title: "Plantago major" content: (which reduces pain and discomfort). Plantain has astringent properties, and a tea made from the leaves can be ingested to treat diarrhea and soothe raw internal membranes. Broadleaf plantain is also a highly nutritious leaf vegetable that is high in calcium and vitamins A, C, and K. The young, tender leaves can be eaten raw, and the older, stringier leaves can be boiled in stews and eaten. "Plantago major" is an herbaceous perennial plant with a rosette of leaves 15–30 cm in diameter. Each leaf is oval-shaped, 5–20 cm long and 4–9 cm broad, rarely up to 30 cm long


title: "Plantago major" content: and 17 cm broad, with an acute apex and a smooth margin; there are five to nine conspicuous veins. The flowers are small, greenish-brown with purple stamens, produced in a dense spike 5–15 cm long on top of a stem 13–15 cm tall (rarely to 70 cm tall). Plantain is wind-pollinated, and propagates primarily by seeds, which are held on the long, narrow spikes which rise well above the foliage. Each plant can produce up to 20,000 seeds, which are very small and oval-shaped, with a bitter taste. There are three subspecies: "Plantago major" grows in lawns and fields, along


title: "Plantago major" content: roadsides, and in other areas that have been disturbed by humans. It does particularly well in compacted or disturbed soils. It is believed to be one of the first plants to reach North America after European colonisation. Reportedly brought to the Americas by Puritan colonizers, plantain was known among some Native American peoples by the common name "white man's footprint", because it thrived in the disturbed and damaged ecosystems surrounding European settlements. The ability of plantain to survive frequent trampling and colonize compacted soils makes it important for soil rehabilitation. Its roots break up hardpan surfaces, while simultaneously holding together


title: "Plantago major" content: the soil to prevent erosion. The seeds of plantain are a common contaminant in cereal grain and other crop seeds. As a result, it now has a worldwide distribution. The leaves are edible as a salad green when young and tender, but they quickly become tough and fibrous as they get older. The older leaves can be cooked in stews. The leaves contain calcium and other minerals, with 100 grams of plantain containing approximately the same amount of vitamin A as a large carrot. The seeds are so small that they are tedious to gather, but they can be ground


title: "Plantago major" content: into a flour substitute or extender. Plantain is found all over the world, and is one of the most abundant and accessible medicinal herbs. It contains many bioactive compounds, including allantoin, aucubin, ursolic acid, flavonoids, and asperuloside. Scientific studies have shown that plantain extract has a wide range of biological effects, including "wound healing activity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, weak antibiotic, immuno modulating and antiulcerogenic activity". For millennia, poultices of plantain leaves have been applied to wounds, sores, and stings to promote healing. (The clown Costard cries out for a plantain after cutting his shin in Shakespeare's "Love's Labour's Lost".) The


title: "Plantago major" content: active constituents are the anti-microbial compound aucubin, the cell-growth promoter allantoin, a large amount of soothing mucilage, flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives, and alcohols in the wax on the leaf surface. The root of plantain was also traditionally used to treat wounds, as well as to treat fever and respiratory infections. The mature plant contains pliable and tough fibres that can be used in survival situations to make small cords, fishing line, sutures, or braiding. Some cultivars are planted as ornamentals in gardens, including 'Rubrifolia' with purple leaves, and 'Variegata' with variegated leaves. Plantago major Plantago major (broadleaf plantain, white man's


title: "Jaja of Opobo" content: however, the other European powers designated Opobo as British territory, and the British soon moved to claim it. When Jaja refused to cease taxing British traders, Henry Hamilton Johnston, a British vice consul, invited Jaja to negotiations in 1887. When Jaja arrived, the British arrested him and tried him in Accra in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) then took him to London for some time, where he met Queen Victoria and was her guest in Buckingham Palace. After some other turbulent history, he was exiled to Saint Vincent in the West Indies. Plans were also made for him to be


title: "Joy Bright Hancock" content: year later, she obtained employment with the Bureau of Aeronautics, where her duties including editing the Bureau's "News Letter", which later evolved into the magazine "Naval Aviation News". In 1924, she left the Bureau to marry Lieutenant Commander Lewis Hancock, Jr., who lost his life when airship crashed in September 1925. Joy Bright Hancock returned to the Bureau after attending Foreign Service School and obtaining a private pilot's license. For more than a decade before World War II and into the first year of that conflict, she was responsible for the Bureau's public affairs activities. On October 15, 1942, she


title: "Adventures in the Magic Kingdom" content: Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Adventures in the Magic Kingdom is a video game released on June 1, 1990 for the Nintendo Entertainment System. Its soundtrack was composed by Yoko Shimomura. The game was released in five different regions (British Isles, North America, France, Scandinavia, and Australasia), using three different retail covers. The game places the player as a nameless main character, for whom the player can enter a name at the start of the game. Goofy left the golden key for the castle gate inside, and Mickey Mouse asks for the player's help to find six silver keys needed


title: Alsdorf content: Alsdorf Alsdorf () is a municipality in the district of Aachen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Until the 21st century Alsdorf was a mining area, but now many service companies have established themselves in Alsdorf. Besides, Alsdorf has an indoor arena, a cinema, a mining museum and a zoo. One of Alsdorf's famous sights is the old Castle. Alsdorf is located near the border triangle Germany/Belgium/Netherlands in the west of Germany. Communes bordering Alsdorf are Baesweiler, Aldenhoven, Eschweiler, Würselen, Herzogenrath and Übach-Palenberg. Alsdorf belongs to the district of Aachen. Today´s city of Alsdorf is a very complex mixture of very different


title: "Euros Childs" content: In his NME review that rated the album 8/10, Tom Pinnock called it "a set of witty piano-pop songs" with "a grim undertone". He opined that the closing 14-minute track "Trick of the Mind" was "perhaps Childs' most beautiful song ever". In late 2014, Childs released his new album "Eilaag", on CD and download through his website. Seven of the nine tracks are instrumental pieces for solo piano, the other two being solo vocal pieces accompanied by solo piano. His 11th studio album, "Sweetheart" came out on 2 October 2015. It featured a full band consisting of Marco Rea (guitar/backing


title: "Mary Ellen Pleasant" content: adept at finding jobs for those brought in by Underground Railroad activities. Some of the people she sponsored became important black leaders in the city. She left San Francisco from 1857 to 1859 to help John Brown. She was said to have actively supported his cause with money and work. There was a note from her in his pocket when he was arrested after the Harpers Ferry Armory incident, but as it was only signed with the initials "MEP" (which were misread as "WEP"). She was not caught. She returned to San Francisco to continue her work there, where she


title: "Wil Shriner" content: For one season in the 1980s (1987–88), he hosted "The Wil Shriner Show", a nationally syndicated Group W television talk show. "TV Guide" described the program as "a daily variety-talk show featuring celebrity guests, segments on health and fitness, and interviews with authors and experts." He also hosted two game shows, the American version of "That's My Dog" (replacing Steve Skrovan) from 1993 until its cancellation in 1995 and "Small Talk". During the early 1990s, he also hosted a weekly syndicated series about amateur and well-known inventors called "Why Didn't I Think of That?", which ran for two years. He


title: "NetApp filer" content: filer to process more read intensive work without adding any further disk to the underlying RAID since read operations do not require redundancy in case of Flash Cache failure. Flash Cache works on controller level and accelerates only read operations. Each separate volume on the controller can have a different caching policy or read cache could be disabled for a volume. Flash Cache caching policies applied on FlexVol level. Flash Cache technology compatible with the FlexArray feature. Starting with 9.1 a single FlexVol volume can benefit from both FlashPool & FlashCache caches simultaneously. MetroCluster (MC) is free functionality for FAS


title: "Collared peccary" content: Collared peccary The collared peccary ("Pecari tajacu") is a species of mammal in the family Tayassuidae found in North, Central, and South America. They are commonly referred to as javelina, saíno or báquiro, although these terms are also used to describe other species in the family. The species is also known as the musk hog. In Trinidad, it is colloquially known as quenk. Although somewhat related to the pigs and frequently referred to as one, this species and the other peccaries are no longer classified in the pig family, Suidae. The collared peccary stands around tall at the shoulder and


title: "Collared peccary" content: is about long. It weighs between . The dental formula is as followed: 2/3,1/1,3/3,3/3. The collared peccary has small tusks that point toward the ground when the animal is upright. It also has slender legs with a robust or stocky body. The tail is often hidden in the coarse fur of the peccary. The collared peccary is a widespread creature found throughout much of the tropical and subtropical Americas, ranging from the Southwestern United States to northern Argentina in South America. The only Caribbean island where it is native, however, is Trinidad. It inhabits deserts and xeric shrublands, tropical and


title: "Collared peccary" content: subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, flooded grasslands and savannas, tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, and several other habitats, as well. In addition, it is well adapted to habitats shared by humans, merely requiring sufficient cover; they can be found in cities and agricultural land throughout their range, where they consume garden plants. Notable populations are known to exist in the suburbs of Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona. Collared peccaries normally feed on cactus, mesquite beans, fruits, roots, tubers, palm nuts, grasses, invertebrates, and small vertebrates. In areas inhabited by humans, they will also consume cultivated crops and ornamental plants, such


title: "Collared peccary" content: as tulip bulbs. Collared peccaries are diurnal creatures that live in groups of up to 50 individuals, averaging between 6 and 9 members. They sleep in burrows, often under the roots of trees, but sometimes can be found in caves or under logs. However, collared peccaries are not completely diurnal. In central Arizona they are often active at night, but less so in daytime. Although they usually ignore humans, they will react if they feel threatened. They defend themselves with their tusks. A collared peccary will release a strong musk or give a sharp bark if it is alarmed. Collared


title: "Ken Lum" content: XI in 2002. Other exhibitions include Johannesburg Biennale 1997, Liverpool Biennial 2006, Tang Contemporary Art (Beijing), Istanbul Biennial 2007 and the 2008 Gwangju Biennale (Gwangju, South Korea) and Arrow Factory Beijing in 2010. A retrospective survey of Lum's work opened in February 2011 at the Vancouver Art Gallery. Lum participated and gave a presentation at the Moscow Biennale 2011. In 2014, he exhibited at the Rosenwald-Wolf Gallery of the University of the Arts (Philadelphia). The Whitney Museum of American Art invited Lum to exhibit as part of the 2014 Whitney Biennial. Lum has served on numerous public committees, including directorship


title: "P. J. Forbes" content: Angeles Dodgers organization as manager of the Arizona League Dodgers in the Arizona Rookie League and he was then promoted to manage the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes of the California League for 2014. He resigned his job with the Quakes on February 2, 2015, citing family reasons. P. J. Forbes Patrick Joseph Forbes (born September 22, 1967) is a former Major League Baseball infielder who played from 1998 to 2001 for the Baltimore Orioles and Philadelphia Phillies, and was later a minor league baseball manager in the Pittsburgh Pirates and Los Angeles Dodgers organizations. He played in High School at St.


title: "Steve Wojciechowski" content: Year Felipe López, and against future Duke teammates Trajan Langdon and Ricky Price. During Wojciechowski's career, the Duke Blue Devils achieved an 87–44 record and played in the NCAA South Regional final in the 1997–98 season. During his senior year, Wojciechowski earned NABC Defensive Player of the Year honors, and was an honorable mention All-American. He is ranked eighth at Duke for career steals (203) and eighth for career assists (505). He also achieved the second highest number of steals in a single season with 82 in 1997. Following his graduation from Duke, Wojciechowski was undrafted in the 1998 NBA


title: ECRM content: profits for online retailers because they incur less costs of recruiting new customers, plus they have an increase in customer retention. Together with the creation of sales force automation (SFA), where electronic methods were used to gather data and analyze customer information, the trend of the upcoming Internet can be seen as the foundation of what we know as eCRM today. (Nenad Jukic et al., 2003) As we implement eCRM process, there are three steps life cycle: eCRM can be defined as activities to manage customer relationships by using the Internet, web browsers or other electronic touch points. The challenge


title: "NATO Parliamentary Assembly" content: the part of legislators to give substance to the premise of the Washington Treaty of 1949 (also known as the North Atlantic Treaty) that NATO was the practical expression of a fundamentally political transatlantic alliance of democracies. The foundation for cooperation between NATO and the NATO-PA was strengthened in December 1967 when the North Atlantic Council (NAC) authorized the NATO Secretary General to study how to achieve closer cooperation between the two bodies. As a result of these deliberations over the following year, the NATO Secretary General, after consultation with the NAC, implemented several measures to enhance the working relationship


title: "Warsow (video game)" content: doing other things at the same time. The various movement tricks combine to add an extra dimension to the gameplay; as the player's proficiency at moving increases, they are able to collect health, armor and weapons more quickly, and to overpower less capable enemies. The variety and flexibility of the physics has spawned an entire community dedicated to competing on the various "Race" maps that the game offers. "Warsow" was mentioned on "Good Game" in the episode on 14 April 2008 in a segment listing the best free to play games available. Warsow was reviewed with 8 of 10 by


title: "Andira inermis" content: Andira inermis Andira inermis is a nitrogen-fixing tree native to the area from southern Mexico through Central America to northern South America (Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil); it has been introduced to the Caribbean, the Antilles, Florida, and Africa. The tree has many names due to its wide distribution and multiple uses: it is also known as the cabbage bark (in Belize), almendro macho (in El Salvador), almendro de río or river almond (Honduras), bastard cabbage tree, cabbage angelin (United States), cabbage bark (United States), cabbage tree, carne asada (Costa Rica), guacamayo (Honduras), Jamaica cabbage tree, moca (Puerto Rico), partridge wood


title: "Andira inermis" content: (United States), worm bark, or yellow cabbage tree. The tree grows to approximately 35 metres in height and 0.7 metre in diameter. It is evergreen and unbuttressed and has a dense crown and pink flowers. It grows primarily in riparian zones in forests along rivers. It can also be found in drier areas, including roadsides, pastures, and woodlands. The tree's wood is used for lumber, and its smooth gray bark reportedly has narcotic, laxative, and vermifuge properties. Andira inermis Andira inermis is a nitrogen-fixing tree native to the area from southern Mexico through Central America to northern South America (Peru,


title: Vasad content: incidence of oral cancer and lung cancer in Vasad. The land of Vasad is full of gorges. Soil conservation and water research institute has been established by the Central government in Vasad to reduce soil erosion and water management in this part of Gujarat. Two printing presses are located in Vasad. People from Kutch and Saurashtra run timber saw mills in Vasad. Other industries of Vasad include poultries, dairy farms and milk production. Sand business is also being carried out on large basis in Vasad. Cooperative institutions established by farmers and others sell chemical fertilizers. The name of Vasad has


title: "St Leonard's, Shoreditch" content: St Leonard's, Shoreditch St Leonard's, Shoreditch is the ancient parish church of Shoreditch, often known simply as Shoreditch Church. It is located at the intersection of Shoreditch High Street with Hackney Road, within the London Borough of Hackney. The current building dates from about 1740. The church is mentioned in the line ""When I grow rich, say the bells of Shoreditch"" from the nursery rhyme "Oranges and Lemons" and is noted as being the resting place of many actors from the Tudor period. The original church is possibly Saxon in origin, though the first historical reference to it occurs in


title: "Bijapur district, Karnataka" content: 1,806,918 (2001 census), an increase of 17.63% since the 1991 census. The district is 21.92% urban. Bijapur is rich in historical attractions. For the many attractions in Bijapur city, including Gol Gumbaz, the Jumma Masjid mosque, the Uppali Buruj tower and the tomb of Ibrahim Adil Shah II (Ibrahim Rauza), see Attractions of Bijapur city. Yankanchi : this village is located around 75km from Vijayapur Contains Shree DawalMalika Temple. Two of these trees, commonly known as the baobab trees, have been listed and identified in Bijapur. One is near the Ibrahim Roza monument in Bijapur with a girth of 10.84


title: "Oklahoma State Highway 7" content: with US-62 between the Texas border and Lawton and with US-70 between Broken Bow and the Arkansas border. The eastern portion of SH-7 that was concurrent with US-70 between Broken Bow and the Arkansas border was truncated in 1963 to its junction with US-70 in Broken Bow. The western section of SH-7 concurrent with US-62 from Lawton to the Texas border was truncated in 1970, when the highway's western terminus was pushed back to the intersection of Cache Road (US-62) and Sheridan Road in Lawton, and a few miles further back in 2003 to its current terminus at Interstate 44


title: "Oklahoma State Highway 7" content: on a new and straighter alignment (including both multi-lane divided highway and two-lane roadway) that bypassed the old SH-7 alignment through the oil fields of eastern Stephens County along with the town of Velma. In the 1980s, the new SH-7 was extended east of Velma past the small community of County Line on the Stephens–Carter county line to west of Ratliff City in Carter County. By 1985, the eastern terminus of SH-7 was pushed back to its intersection with SH-3 and US-69/75 in Atoka when SH-7 was again truncated and lost its concurrency with SH-3 from Atoka to Broken Bow.


title: Buddhism content: impact on Buddhist institutions, though the situation has improved somewhat since the 80s and 90s. While there were some encounters of Western travelers or missionaries such as St. Francis Xavier and Ippolito Desideri with Buddhist cultures, it was not until the 19th century that Buddhism began to be studied by Western scholars. It was the work of pioneering scholars such as Eugène Burnouf, Max Müller, Hermann Oldenberg and Thomas William Rhys Davids that paved the way for modern Buddhist studies in the West. The English words such as Buddhism, "Boudhist", "Bauddhist" and Buddhist were coined in the early 19th-century in


title: "Bazil Broketail" content: and has seen several empires in its history. The first is Veronath, which was known as the Golden Kingdom. It was brought down by the machinations of the demon lord Mach Ingbok, servant of wizards known as the Masters of Padmasa. Outside of the area of Veronath there are small islands known as the Cunfshon Isles. The Cunfshon Isles eventually created an army and pushed the Demonlord out of his hold to form a new empire, the Argonath. The Argonath empire was built on the ruins of the ancient kingdom of Veronath. This empire has stood ever since, gaining a


title: "Romanian Front" content: to tackle the effects of the Great Depression, and was brutal in its handling of the Grivița workers' strike. The growing rift inside the government party, but also evidence of the Prime Minister's complicity with the Guard, caused additional dissatisfaction among sections of the electorate. The cabinet ultimately fell when the PNȚ's left-wing published a pamphlet against the king, which the latter used as a pretext for demanding Vaida-Voevod's resignation. The National Liberal Party (PNL), imposing itself on the king with the threat of "civic resistance", was returned to power, and Gheorghe Tătărescu became Prime Minister. In late 1933, Tătărescu


title: STS-122 content: the extension of the orbiter docking system ring. A majority of the day's activities was devoted to inspecting the shuttle's thermal protection system using the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS). Early in the morning, the crew performed a burn of the Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines to adjust the orbit in preparation for docking with the International Space Station. During interviews with CBS and NBC in the morning, Expedition 16 Commander Peggy Whitson told reporters that since her birthday was Saturday, "My present is a new module that we're going to install on the station, I'm really looking forward to


title: "Ghost in the Shell (manga)" content: read from left to right. It was later collected into a single volume in trade paperback format on January 12, 2005. The manga was later republished by Kodansha Comics on August 10, 2010. Four chapters that were not released in "tankōbon" format from previous releases were later collected into a single volume titled "Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor". The manga was published in July 23, 2003, by Kodansha. It contained a booklet and a CD-ROM featuring the full stories, adding music to the manga scenes, and a screen saver. Dark Horse Comics announced an English version at the


title: "Ursula (The Little Mermaid)" content: Musker's Rae versus Ashman's Stritch, the latter of whom ultimately won the role over Rae with her preferred rendition of Ursula's song "Poor Unfortunate Souls". Musker described Stritch's approach to Ursula as "an eccentric, loopy reading". However, Stritch and Ashman soon began to experience creative differences over "Poor Unfortunate Souls" because the actress refused to follow the lyricist's "very specific directions". After refusing to perform the song at Ashman's preferred tempo (combined with her alcoholism), the songwriter fired Stritch from the project, thus forcing Clements and Musker to find a replacement with yet another round of auditions. Carroll first learned


title: Self-disclosure content: the therapist. The atmosphere in which the therapy takes place is crucial too. Research shows that "soft" architecture and decor in a room promotes disclosure from clients. This is achieved with rugs, framed photos, and mellow lighting. It is thought that this environment more closely imitates the setting in which friends would share feelings, and so the same might be facilitated between counselor and client. Further, a room should not be too crowded nor too small in order to foster good disclosures from the client The efficacy of self-disclosure is widely debated by researchers, and findings have yielded a variety


title: Energetics content: storages under transformation, defined here as phenomena which behave like historical invariants under repeated observations. When some critical number of people have observed such invariance, such a principle is usually then given the status of a 'fundamental law' of science. As in all scientific inquiry, whether a theorem or principle is considered a fundamental law appears to depend on how many people agree to the proposition. The ultimate aim of energetics therefore is the description of fundamental laws. Philosophers of science have held that the fundamental laws of thermodynamics can be treated as laws of energetics, (Reiser 1926, p. 432).


title: "Buchan Oil Field" content: mbo in 2002. This was put down to increased knowledge of the field as well as improvement in extraction methods. BP continued to be the principal operator of the field alongside Texaco, which had been awarded the 20/5(a) block. This continued until August 1996 when the field was sold along with the Beatrice Oil Field and Clyde Oil Field fields to Talisman Energy, a Canadian oil company that specialises in fields that are nearing their abandonment stage. As of 2002 the field was thought to still have a further of recoverable oil. Due to advancements in technology and better understanding


title: "History of telecommunication" content: in addition to voice telecommunications. The concept of videotelephony was first popularized in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. The development of the crucial video technology first started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and


title: "3 Ninjas Kick Back" content: the cave, and Koga, now realizing the price of his greed, apologizes and leaves the group unharmed. Rocky realizes that they are a day ahead of America and that they can still make it home by the championship game. At the game, the boys overcome their flaws. Down by two in the last inning, one of the opposing team antagonists gets a hit off Rocky's pitch which is almost a home run, until a recent roster add, revealed to be Miyo, catches the ball. In the bottom of the inning, Colt focuses and hits a home run, allowing all three


title: "Mingo Oak" content: Department of Silvics estimated the tree's volume to contain of board lumber. In 1938, engineers of the Island Creek Coal Company estimated that the tree's trunk contained of board lumber. Following the tree's felling in 1938, it was estimated to weigh approximately . Various estimates place the tree's seeding sometime between 1354 and 1361 AD. Using borings from the tree, the Smithsonian Institution determined that the Mingo Oak was the oldest tree of its species. In September 1932, West Virginia state forester D. B. Griffin and Emmett Keadle, president of the Mingo County Fish and Game Protective Association in Williamson,


title: "Babushkin (town)" content: District. Babushkin is a depot for wood transport on the Trans-Siberian Railway, as well as a tourist center for tours on southern Lake Baikal. Babushkin (town) Babushkin (), known as Mysovsk () before 1941, is a town in Kabansky District of the Republic of Buryatia, Russia, located on the southern shore of Lake Baikal on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Population: 9,000 (1967). It was founded in 1892 as a postal station Mysovaya (), its name derived from the Russian word "Mys" meaning "cape", referring to its location on the shores of Lake Baikal. A few years later it was chosen as


title: "Brachychiton acerifolius" content: Brachychiton acerifolius Brachychiton acerifolius, commonly known as the Illawarra flame tree, is a large tree of the family Malvaceae native to subtropical regions on the east coast of Australia. It is famous for the bright red bell-shaped flowers that often cover the whole tree when it is leafless. Along with other members of the genus "Brachychiton", it is commonly referred to as a Kurrajong. Similarly to its kurrajong relatives the leaves are variable, with up to 7 deep lobes. It is deciduous - shedding its leaves after the dry season. The spectacular flowering occurs in late spring and new foliage


title: "Brachychiton acerifolius" content: is ready for the summer rains. In areas where the winter is not particularly dry, this natural rhythm may become somewhat erratic and the tree may flower only partially. Flowers are scarlet bells with 5 partially fused petals. The pod-like fruits (technically known as follicles) are dark brown, wide, boat-shaped and about 10 cm long. They contain masses of thin bristles that stick in the skin of humans, as well as yellow seeds. These are nutritious and are traditionally eaten by Aborigines after toasting. "Brachychiton acerifolius" was first described in 1855 by W. Macarthur and C. Moore. It is sometimes


title: "Brachychiton acerifolius" content: spelled as "Brachychiton acerifolium", under the assumption that the genus name "Brachychiton" is (Greek) neuter. In fact, "Brachychiton" is masculine (it is a bahuvrihi, and its first component is the descriptive component), and hence the correct species epithet is "acerifolius". The name "Brachychiton" is derived from the Greek "brachys," meaning short, and "chiton," a type of tunic, as a reference to the coating on the seed. The specific epithet "acerifolius" suggests the appearance of the foliage is similar to that of the genus "Acer," the maples. In his landmark "Flora Australiensis", English botanist George Bentham published the first key for


title: "Brachychiton acerifolius" content: the nine described species of "Brachychiton", and relegated them to a section of "Sterculia". Hence the Illawarra flame tree became "Sterculia acerifolia". Von Mueller maintained his recognition of "Brachychiton" as a separate genus. German botanist Otto Kuntze challenged the generic name "Sterculia" in 1891, on the grounds that the name "Clompanus" took precedence. He republished the Illawarra flame tree as "Clompanus Haenkeana". This tree is tolerant of temperate climates and is now cultivated world-over for its beauty. However, the maximum height of is reached only in the original, warmer, habitat. It usually grows to be about . Brachychiton acerifolius Brachychiton


title: "High Court (Singapore)" content: Generally, except in probate matters, a civil case must be commenced in the High Court if the value of the claim exceeds S$250,000. Probate matters are commenced in the High Court only if the value of the deceased's estate exceeds $3 million, or if the case involves the resealing of a foreign grant of probate or letters of administration. Written laws also specify that some criminal matters should be tried in the Subordinate Courts rather than in the High Court. A District Court, for instance, has jurisdiction to try all offences with a maximum term of imprisonment not exceeding ten


title: "Dog meat" content: the capital city of Seoul, the sale of dog meat was outlawed by regulation on February 21, 1984, by classifying dog meat as "repugnant food" (혐오식품, 嫌惡食品, "hyeom-o sigpum"), but the regulation was not rigorously enforced except during the 1988 Seoul Olympics. In 2001, the Mayor of Seoul announced there would be no extra enforcement efforts to control the sale of dog meat during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, which was partially hosted in Seoul. In March 2008, the Seoul Metropolitan Government announced its plan to put forward a policy suggestion to the central government to legally classify slaughter dogs


title: "Lo Hsing Han" content: important figure in the Asian drug trade, particularly in the trafficking of 'China White' heroin. In August 1973, he was arrested in Thailand and handed over to the Burmese government. He was sentenced to death for treason on the grounds of his brief association with the insurgent Shan State Army (SSA). He was released in the 1980 during a General Amnesty. When the Kokang and Wa insurgent troops mutinied and toppled the Communist leadership in 1989, military intelligence chief Khin Nyunt found in Lo a useful intermediary in quickly arranging cease-fire agreements and, in return, Lo was given lucrative business


title: "Operation Tungsten" content: from view. The second attack on "Tirpitz" was similar to the first. It began with Hellcat fighters strafing the anti-aircraft batteries while Wildcats attacked the battleship. The fighters also attacked German ships in Kaafjord and a radio or radio direction finding station. The Barracudas executed their dive bombing attack at 6:36 am and struck "Tirpitz" with a 1,600-pound bomb and four 500-pound bombs within a minute. The German defences at Kaafjord received little warning of the incoming raid, and the smokescreen hid the British aircraft from sight. As a result, the gunners had to fire blindly and only shot down


title: "Kurt Benson" content: Kurt is described as being "despaired at [Tony's] submissive nature" while his brother Ollie is described as the "constant bane of his life". Kurt is described by British newspaper "The Independent" as being the Alpha male. They also go on to state: "A clean-cut guitarist with a quiff of dark hair and jeans that are unpleasantly loose, bagged together by a tight belt. He's chased by a panda car wherever he goes, though it's not clear what he's done wrong." MSN described him as the serial's "original bad boy". Virgin Media described him as "good looking, cheeky and often in


title: "New Brunswick Hawks" content: Binghamton Whalers four games to one in the finals. In the summer of 1982, the Black Hawks pulled out of the team and the Maple Leafs moved the franchise to St. Catharines, Ontario to establish the St. Catharines Saints as their farm team. However, the same off-season the Edmonton Oilers purchased an AHL franchise and formed the Moncton Alpines to replace the departed team. The Moncton-based New Brunswick Hawks were established in 1978 as members of the American Hockey League (AHL), and were jointly operated by the Chicago Black Hawks and the Toronto Maple Leafs as their farm team. Maple


title: "Upper Burgundy" content: Upper Burgundy The Kingdom of Upper Burgundy was a Frankish dominion established in 888 by the Welf king Rudolph I of Burgundy on the territory of former Middle Francia. It grew out of the Carolingian margraviate of Transjurane Burgundy ("Transjurania", ) southeast of ('beyond') the Jura Mountains together with the adjacent County of Burgundy ("Franche-Comté") in the northwest. The adjective 'upper' refers to its location further up the Rhône river, as distinct from Lower Burgundy (Cisjurane Burgundy and Provence) and also from the Duchy of Burgundy west of the Saône river. Upper Burgundy was reunited with the Kingdom of Lower


title: "Joseph Lee Heywood" content: the safe. Heywood finally lied and told him that there was a chronometer (time lock) on the safe and it could not be opened. (There was a chronometer on the safe, it had not been set and the safe itself was unlocked.) Bunker then noticed that the second outlaw was guarding Wilcox and the third outlaw was busy collecting money. He made a dash out the back door. The third outlaw gave chase, following him out the door and fired, wounding Bunker in the shoulder. Gang member Clell Miller, who was keeping watch on the street—which by this time was


title: "Nick Tilsley" content: at the Underworld factory. When Janice Battersby (Vicky Entwistle) made fun of him, he had her sacked but was forced to reinstate her when Harry Flagg, (Iain Rogerson) reveals that he saw what Nick did. When Janice accidentally started a fire at the factory in March 2004, Nick saved her. At the hospital where Todd worked as a porter, Todd confessed to Karl Foster (Chris Finch), that he kissed Nick. Nick reconciled with Maria and they moved into No. 8, despite Gail's disapproval. Leanne returned to Weatherfield around the same time, following a chance encounter with her dad Les Battersby


title: "Ulmus crassifolia" content: Ulmus crassifolia Ulmus crassifolia , the Texas cedar elm or simply cedar elm, is a deciduous tree native to south central North America, mainly in southern and eastern Texas, southern Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana, with small populations in western Mississippi, southwest Tennessee and north central Florida; it also occurs in northeastern Mexico. It is the most common elm tree in Texas. The tree typically grows well in flat valley bottom areas referred to as 'Cedar Elm Flats'. The common name 'cedar elm' is derived from the trees' association with juniper trees, locally known as cedars. The cedar elm is a


title: "Ulmus crassifolia" content: medium to large deciduous tree growing to 24–27 m tall with a rounded crown. The leaves are small, 2.5–5 cm long by 1.3–2 cm broad, with an oblique base, and distinguish it from "Ulmus serotina" with which it readily hybridizes in the wild. Leaf fall is late, often in early winter. The wind-pollinated apetalous perfect flowers are produced in the late summer or early fall; they are small and inconspicuous, with a reddish-purple color. The fruit is a small winged samara 8–10 mm long, maturing quickly after the flowering in late fall. Cedar elm is susceptible to Dutch elm disease


title: "Ulmus crassifolia" content: (DED), though less so than American elm, and moderately damaged by the elm leaf beetle "Xanthogaleruca luteola". The tree also suffers from a vascular wilt, the symptoms often confused with those of DED. Cedar elms are very susceptible to mistletoe. Mistletoe is a parasite that roots itself in to the vascular system of the tree, thus stealing valuable nutrients and water. In some cases, if not removed the parasite can be devastating to large sections of trees and even fatal. They create club like branches that die out at the ends. These "club" branches create openings for future pests like


title: "Ulmus crassifolia" content: the elm beetles and carpenter ants. There are no known treatments that are safe enough to kill mistletoe without killing the tree. Removing the mistletoe manually is not a guarantee, however it is the best known method for control. It is extremely rare in cultivation in Europe, and Australasia. Henry (1913) and Bean (1988) note that it does not thrive in northern Europe, where the branchlets often die back. Specimens supplied by the Späth nursery to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902 as "U. crassifolia" may survive in Edinburgh as it was the practice of the garden to distribute


title: "Ulmus crassifolia" content: trees about the city (viz. the Wentworth elm). The USA National Champion, measuring 37 m high in 2001, grows in the Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park Tennessee. Widely available None known. Ulmus crassifolia Ulmus crassifolia , the Texas cedar elm or simply cedar elm, is a deciduous tree native to south central North America, mainly in southern and eastern Texas, southern Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana, with small populations in western Mississippi, southwest Tennessee and north central Florida; it also occurs in northeastern Mexico. It is the most common elm tree in Texas. The tree typically grows well in flat valley bottom


title: "History of Darwin" content: in Darwin. The city enacted a permit system. Permits were only issued to those who were involved in either the relief or reconstruction efforts, and were used to prevent the early return of those who were evacuated. The city was subsequently rebuilt with newer materials and techniques during the late 1970s by the Darwin Reconstruction Commission. A satellite city of Palmerston was built south of Darwin in the early 1980s. As a result of air raids and cyclones, Darwin has few historic buildings although some of the stronger stone structures survived and have been restored. Since Cyclone Tracy all buildings


title: "Janice Vidal" content: Men Believe" (男人信甚麼), with JW, won her "Best Song of the Year" at the TVB 2010 Jade Solid Gold Music Awards. Janice Vidal Janice M. Vidal (born 13 April 1982) is a Hong Kong Cantopop singer of mixed Filipino and Korean descent. Vidal was first discovered by music producer Mark Lui and initially began her career as a back-up singer for Leon Lai. She debuted as a solo artist in 2004 under Lai's label, Amusic, where she remained until signing with Warner Music in 2015. She is the twin sister of singer Jill Vidal. Vidal was born in Kowloon, Hong


title: "Drain fly" content: appearance, with a pair of hairy wings held pitched-roof-like over the body. The wings have the most elementary venation of any of the Diptera, having little more than a series of parallel veins without crossveins. The adults are typically nocturnal, though they orient themselves around lights and may appear to be attracted to light and odors. They are erratic fliers, and are often seen walking or running rapidly as well as taking flight. They are most active at night, but may also be seen during daylight, or near windows, lights, or illuminated display panels. The adults live for about 20


title: "Edward John Dent" content: a tallow chandler. Under the terms of the indenture – dated 20 August 1804 – John Wright Dent was expected to find suitable lodgings for his apprentice. Fortunately, Edward John Dent's cousin, Richard Rippon, was willing to have him. Rippon was an expert watchmaker and Dent became fascinated by watchmaking and less interested in the business of making and selling candles. Indeed, Dent became so interested in the watchmaking craft that, on 13 February 1807, his grandfather agreed to transfer the remaining years of the seven-year apprenticeship as a tallow chandler to Edward Gaudin, Watchmaker. In 1814, when Dent was


title: "Bootle, Cumbria" content: as Muncaster with a total population of 1,300. Most common surnames in Bootle at the time of the United Kingdom Census of 1881, by order of incidence: Bootle, Cumbria Bootle ("oo" as in "boot") is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Copeland in Cumbria, England. According to the 2001 census, it had a population of 745. Historically in Cumberland, the village is in the Lake District National Park, and is close to the Irish Sea coast. Near to Bootle is the Eskmeals Firing Range, which was a large employer but in the mid to late 1990s reduced


title: "Tweak programming environment" content: of Morphic. Etoys was a major influence on a similar Squeak-based programming environment known as Scratch. Tweak programming environment Tweak is a graphical user interface (GUI) layer written by Andreas Raab for the Squeak development environment, which in turn is an integrated development environment based on the Smalltalk-80 computer programming language. Tweak is an alternative to an earlier graphic user interface layer called Morphic. Development began in 2001. Applications that use the Tweak software include Sophie (version 1), a multimedia and e-book authoring system, and a family of virtual world systems: Open Cobalt, Teleplace, OpenQwaq, 3d ICC's Immersive Terf and


title: "Coins of the Newfoundland dollar" content: OF SHOP & STORE GOODS'. These pieces do not bear either an issuer's name or a place name. There were two issues of these pieces: a Halfpenny dated 1858 and a Halfpenny dated 1860. The 1858 Halfpenny token, which is very rare, has a ship on the obverse similar to the Ship Halfpenny tokens from Prince Edward Island. The date 1858 alone appears across the centre of the reverse. The 1860 Halfpenny token, which is scarce has the date 1860 in the centre of the obverse inside a circle. The inscription "FISHERY RIGHTS FOR NEWFOUNDLAND" is enclosed outside the inner


title: "Kevin Locke (musician)" content: in March 2016. His performances usually consist of flute playing, singing Lakota songs (some in English), and demonstrations of the Sioux hoop dance, using 28 wooden hoops. Of his presentations, Locke has said "I see myself strictly as a preservationist... I base my repertoire on the old songs. I try to show younger people what was there, and maybe some of the younger people will pick up from there and compose new music." Locke has served as cultural ambassador for the United States Information Service since 1980, was a delegate to the 1992 Earth Summit in Brazil and was a


title: "Dee Brown (basketball, born 1984)" content: earned Mr. Basketball honors in state of Illinois following his senior season, and was the ninth Mr. Basketball to attend Illinois since the award began in 1981. Brown was named Illinois' Gatorade Player of the Year in 2002, McDonald's All-American, Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette Illinois Player of the Year in 2002, First-Team All-State pick by the IBCA, Chicago Tribune, Chicago Sun-Times, and the Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette. Brown finished his high school career as Proviso East's all-time leader in scoring, assists and steals, averaging 25.6 points, 5.5 assists and 2.9 steals per game as a senior. He shot 44 percent from the three-point arc


title: "Goshen High School (Indiana)" content: Goshen High School (Indiana) Goshen High School is a public high school in Goshen, Indiana, in the United States. In the 2016-17 school year, total enrollment is at 1,867 students. Goshen High School has a diverse student population with Hispanic being the largest minority population. In the 2016-17 school year the ethnicity breakdown was: White - 44.0% Hispanic - 49.0% Black - 2.0% Asian - 1.4% Multi-racial - 3.3% There is a student to teacher ratio of 18:1. In 2011, 45% of the graduating class passed an advanced program. (Advance Placement, International Baccalaureate or Dual Credit) (311 students graduated, 140


title: "Ilyas Babar" content: Ilyas Babar Mohammad Ilyas Babar (1926 – 30 July 2002) was an Indian athletic coach. Babar was born in Gulbarga in Karnataka. He became an outstanding university athlete in Hyderabad and was the state champion in 110m hurdles between 1950 and 1957, and in long jump. He graduated in commerce from the Osmania University. He obtained a diploma in coaching from the National Institute of Sports in Patiala in 1961. He coached for a while in Secunderabad before moving to Delhi. There he joined the Rajputana Rifles and served until 1999. His trainees included Jagmal Singh, BV Satyanarayana, BS Barua,


title: "Hurricane Alma (1966)" content: in Havana, Matanzas, Camagüey, Pinar del Río, and Las Villas. The hurricane destroyed 1,083 houses, and overall damage was estimated at $200 million. Alma killed 12 people in the country and injured 78 others. In the storm's aftermath, Cuban officials sent about 100,000 people from Havana to the cities around the capital to repair storm damage. Such forced labor was a complaint about the rule of Fidel Castro, after the food and supply shortages. Hurricane Alma affected the entire state of Florida with strong winds and rainfall. While the hurricane passed east of the Dry Tortugas, a station recorded winds


title: "Mail forwarding" content: Mail forwarding Post offices and other mail service providers typically offer a mail forwarding service, commonly known as hybrid mail or virtual post office box services, to redirect mail addressed to one location to another address – usually for a given period. In the case of the United States Postal Service's First Class Mail, it is generally for a period of one year. British Royal Mail provides a service called "Mail Redirection", enabling redirection for up to two years. Customers of such a service usually, but not exclusively, use mail forwarding when they change address. The mail forwarding service offered


title: "Our Lady of Walsingham" content: Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham. The Holy House had been rebuilt at the Church of the Annunciation at King's Lynn (Walsingham was part of this Roman Catholic parish in 1897). The Anglican Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham was created in 1938. In 1921, Fr Hope Patten was appointed Vicar of Walsingham. He set up a statue of Our Lady of Walsingham, based on the image depicted on the seal of the medieval priory, in the Parish Church of St Mary. As the number of pilgrims to the site increased, a new chapel was dedicated in 1931 and the


title: "Pretty Little Picture (Desperate Housewives)" content: calls up John to invite him to come over and "help her" feel better. John comes over after school, in his gym sweats and begins to take them off as the two make out. Their kissing is interrupted however when a little girl catches them from Gabrielle's door. Gabrielle quickly runs after the little girl and continues to search for her throughout the afternoon. When she finally finds her, she is shaking hands with Carlos who tells Gabrielle that Ashley and her mom are new neighbors. The following day, Gabrielle visits Ashley who is playing with sidewalk chalk and gives


title: "Threshold (Star Trek: Voyager)" content: "Voyager"s internal systems, and kidnaps Janeway on the "Cochrane". By the time the crew restores the damage Paris had done, the "Cochrane" has taken off to Warp 10. As "Voyager" follows the shuttle's trail, eventually coming to a planet covered with swamps, the Doctor explains that the mutation patterns in Paris' DNA are consistent with those of evolution. Near the shuttle, they discover two amphibian beings, with trace DNA of Paris and Janeway. The two have mated and have had three offspring. The crew-members recover their transformed crew-members to be returned to human by the Doctor, and leave the offspring


title: "Heavy Weather (Wodehouse novel)" content: guard the pig closely. He is released by Monty Bodkin, who he persuades to steal the book by offering him a year's guaranteed employment—he is worried about his tenure at the castle, as Lord Emsworth suspects him, being the nephew of his rival Parsloe-Parsloe, of scheming to nobble his pig, the Empress. Beach, catching Pilbeam in the act of grabbing the book, tells Galahad and is instructed to guard the book himself. When he overhears Tilbury and Bodkin plotting in the garden at the Emsworth Arms however, he sees the task is too much for him and hands the book


title: "Concerned Alumni of Princeton" content: that the male enrollment would be maintained at 800 per entering class. The subsequent adoption of an equal-access admissions policy last Jan. 19, along with the decision to retain undergraduate population at current levels, are expected to result in a decrease in the number of males matriculating each year. "Many Princeton graduates are unhappy over the fact that the administration has seen fit to abrogate the virtual guarantee that 800 would continue to be the number of males in the graduating class," Mr. Bushnell said. "Co-education has ruined the mystique and the camaraderies that used to exist," Mr. Jones added.


title: Somerled content: the Scots, suffering "innumerable" casualties at the hands of a much smaller force. According to the "Carmen de Morte Sumerledi", although Somerled's forces were vastly superior to those he encountered, he fell in the outset of battle, against a hastily gathered force of local levies led by the Bishop of Glasgow. Although later tradition, preserved in the "History of the MacDonalds" and the "Book of Clanranald", maintained that Somerled fell by treachery, contemporary sources indicate that he more likely fell in battle. The "Carmen de Morte Sumerledi", written by an eyewitness, records that Somerled was "wounded by a [thrown] spear


title: "Trajan's Market" content: Trajan's Market Trajan's Market (, ) is a large complex of ruins in the city of Rome, Italy, located on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, at the opposite end to the Colosseum. The surviving buildings and structures, built as an integral part of Trajan's Forum and nestled against the excavated flank of the Quirinal Hill, present a living model of life in the Roman capital and a glimpse at the restoration in the city, which reveals new treasures and insights about Ancient Roman architecture. Thought to be the world's oldest shopping mall, the arcades in Trajan's Market are now believed


title: "Trajan's Market" content: by many to be administrative offices for Emperor Trajan. The shops and apartments were built in a multi-level structure and it is still possible to visit several of the levels. Highlights include delicate marble floors and the remains of a library. Trajan's Market was probably built in 100-110 AD by Apollodorus of Damascus, an architect who always followed Trajan in his adventures and to whom Trajan entrusted the planning of his Forum, and inaugurated in 113 AD. During the Middle Ages the complex was transformed by adding floor levels, still visible today, and defensive elements such as the Torre delle


title: "Trajan's Market" content: Milizie, the "militia tower" built in 1200. A convent, which was later built in this area, was demolished at the beginning of the twentieth century to restore Trajan's Markets to the city of Rome. The Museum of the Imperial Fora (), which opened in 2007, houses a wealth of artifacts from all of ancient Rome's forums. The modern entrances to Trajan's Market are at Via Quattro Novembre, 94, and Piazza Madonna di Loreto. Immediately, the visitor enters into a shopping area, disposed on two different sides, where free wheat was once distributed to the people of Rome. At the end


title: "Trajan's Market" content: of this hall, a large balcony offers a beautiful view of the markets, Trajan's Forum, and the Vittoriano. This is actually a part of the Via Biberatica (from the Latin "bibo, bibere" meaning "to drink"; the street was the location for several of the Roman taverns and grocers' shops in the area). The road cuts through Trajan's Market. On the lower part there are also two large halls, probably used for auditions or concerts. A shop housed in the Market is known as a "taberna". The giant exedra formed by the market structure was originally mirrored by a matching exedral


title: "Trajan's Market" content: boundary space on the south flank of Trajan's Forum. The grand hall of the market is roofed by a concrete vault raised on piers, both covering and allowing air and light into the central space. The market itself is constructed primarily out of brick and concrete. Trajan's Market Trajan's Market (, ) is a large complex of ruins in the city of Rome, Italy, located on the Via dei Fori Imperiali, at the opposite end to the Colosseum. The surviving buildings and structures, built as an integral part of Trajan's Forum and nestled against the excavated flank of the Quirinal


title: "Sunderland station" content: and lines lie in a cutting running north and south bounded by retaining walls to the east and west. Its single entrance and street-level buildings were at the North End, but a second entrance and associated buildings at the south were added five years later. The platform area was covered by an over-all semi-elliptical arched-rib roof which together with the North End buildings, was badly damaged by bombs in 1943. In 1953, the old roof was replaced by umbrella-type roofing and the south end buildings were given an interim facelift, the complete rebuilding being deferred to enable advantage to be


title: "Gordon Chater" content: series. His fellow actors included Ray Barrett, Stewart Ginn and Charles "Bud" Tingwell, among others. Amongst work in many other shows, Chater appeared in: Gordon Chater later worked in the United States, including appearing on Broadway. In the 1970s Chater was particularly associated with the play "The Elocution of Benjamin Franklin" by Steve J. Spears, the stage role for which he became best known. The play broke new ground in Australian theatre with its shocking opening scene (in which Chater walked onstage naked) and its discussion of paedophilia. Gordon Chater Gordon Maitland Chater AM (6 April 1922 – 12 December


title: "Uruguay national rugby union team" content: Russia by an aggregate score of 57–49 in the two-game series, winning the second game at home 36–27 in front of 14,000 fans at the Charrua Stadium. Uruguay claimed three wins and two losses at the 2016 Americas Rugby Championship, but ranked fourth out of six because they only scored two bonus points. In 2017 the team also claimed three wins and two losses, finishing third. On February 3, 2018, Los Teros qualified for 2019 Rugby World Cup as Americas 2 after beating Canada in the home-away leg. Up until the 4 December 2012, Uruguay has won 81 of their


title: "History of merit badges (Boy Scouts of America)" content: awarded by the BSA. Merit badges have been an integral part of the Scouting program since the start of the movement in the United Kingdom on August 1, 1907, and are an important part of the uniform and insignia of the Boy Scouts. Scouting came to the United States in 1910; the BSA quickly issued an initial list of just 14 merit badges, but did not produce or award them. In 1911, the BSA manufactured the first official 57 merit badges and began awarding them. The number of badges available has been as high as 127 in 1975 and again


title: Sollas content: Sollas Sollas () is a small crofting township on the northern coast of the island of North Uist, Scotland. From Sollas, the road that heads towards Bayhead is known as the "Committee Road". It is called this as it was organised by a committee charged with providing famine relief in the 1840s. The Battle of Sollas took place in 1849 during the time of the clearances Today, the village of Sollas has a local supermarket and the old school building has been turned into a community centre - Taigh Sgire Sholais. Every July, the residents of Sollas host a series


title: "Fork Union Military Academy" content: 9th grade through Postgraduate year. The Upper School cadets reside in Jacobson Hall which is home to Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta, and Echo Companies. There is also a drill team company, Retan Rifle (which exists for special events only), that performs in parades across Virginia. Members of the Upper School marching band march in parades on campus (there are five parades per year at Fork Union's campus; there is one parade in October and there are four in May) and around the state along with Retan Rifles and Fork Union’s Bagpipe Corps, which falls under the purview of the marching


title: "Joe Ledley" content: League Cup, on 21 September 2004, coming on as a 63rd-minute substitute in a 4–1 win over Milton Keynes Dons He made his league debut the next month, on 16 October, in a 2–0 win over Rotherham United, again coming on as a substitute. Three days later he had his first start for the club in a 1–1 draw with Brighton & Hove Albion, he had several chances to score during the match including a header that hit the woodwork. After the match, Cardiff's goalscorer, Lee Bullock said that Ledley had been brilliant in his first start; creating chances as


title: "Alternative periodic tables" content: the elements written on the front and the back. The first billboard has the group 1 elements on the front and the group 2 elements at the back, with hydrogen and helium omitted altogether. At a 90° angle the second billboard contains the groups 13 to 18 front and back. Two more billboard each making 90° angles contain the other elements. Ronald L. Rich has proposed a periodic table where elements appear more than once when appropriate. He notes that hydrogen shares properties with group 1 elements based on valency, with group 17 elements because hydrogen is a non-metal but


title: "Dates of classical music eras" content: Dates of classical music eras Music historians divide the European classical music repertory into various eras based on what style was most popular as taste changed. These eras and styles include Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and 20th century. Some of the terms, such as "Renaissance" and "Baroque", are borrowed from Western art history. Approximate dates can be assigned to the beginning and ending of each of these eras, which can be useful in describing changes in taste and to estimate the style of a work composed in a particular year. However, these dates are approximate and even good approximations


title: "Savoy cabbage" content: Savoy cabbage Savoy cabbage ("Brassica oleracea" var. "sabauda" L. or "Brassica oleracea" Savoy Cabbage Group), is a variety of the plant species "Brassica oleracea". Savoy cabbage is a winter vegetable and one of several cabbage varieties. It is thought to originate from England and the Netherlands. In the 18th century, it was introduced into Germany as "Savoyer Kohl". It is named after the Savoy Region in France. It is known as 'cavolo verza' in Italy. It has crinkled, emerald green leaves. The leaves are crunchy and tender. Known cultivars include 'Savoy King' (in the US), 'Tundra' (green with a firm,


title: "Savoy cabbage" content: round heart) and 'Winter King' (with dark crumpled leaves). Savoy cabbage does not turn into mush when cooked. It has the same flavor and appearance as regular cabbage when cooked but retains a firm texture which is desired in some recipes. Savoy cabbage can be used in a variety of recipes. It pairs well with red wine, apples, spices, horseradish and meat. It can be used for roulades, in stews and soups, such as borscht, as well as roasted plain and drizzled with olive oil. It can be used in preserved recipes such as kimchi or sauerkraut, and with strong


title: "Savoy cabbage" content: and unusual seasonings such as juniper. Signs of desirable quality include cabbage that is heavy for its size with leaves that are unblemished and have a bright, fresh look. Peak season for most cabbages in the Northern Hemisphere runs from November through April. Fresh whole cabbage will keep in the refrigerator for one to six weeks depending on type and variety. Hard green, white or red cabbages will keep the longest while the looser Savoy and Chinese varieties such as napa and bok choy need to be consumed more quickly. It is necessary to keep the outer leaves intact without


title: "Savoy cabbage" content: washing when storing since moisture hastens decay. The cabbage provides fiber, vitamins A, C, K and B6, folate, potassium, manganese, thiamin, calcium, iron and magnesium. Savoy can be difficult to grow as it suffers from caterpillars, pigeons and club root disease. It does best in full sun, and is winter-hardy, able to tolerate the cold, frost and snow. Savoy cabbage Savoy cabbage ("Brassica oleracea" var. "sabauda" L. or "Brassica oleracea" Savoy Cabbage Group), is a variety of the plant species "Brassica oleracea". Savoy cabbage is a winter vegetable and one of several cabbage varieties. It is thought to originate from


title: "Everybody's Fool" content: song to herself. Another segment shows her breaking a mirror with her bare hand, which starts to bleed uncontrollably. In the final scene, she stands on the balcony of a building, crying and screaming at a billboard featuring one of her advertisements, saying that the model side of her isn't "real and you can't save me", and that the public is oblivious to how she really lives. The song was part of the set list of Evanescence's first worldwide tour, Fallen Tour. An acoustic version is performed on the behind-the-scenes section on their first live album, "Anywhere but Home" (2004)


title: "Denise Galik" content: and "Career Opportunities" (1991). Denise Galik Denise Galik-Furey (born December 4, 1950) is an American actress who has starred on television and in film. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Galik has starred on television series and soap operas. Her first soap opera role was in the 1980s CBS soap opera "Knots Landing" as Linda Stricker from 1980 to 1981. She has also appeared in "Flamingo Road" as Christie Kovacs and "General Hospital" as Rhonda Wexler from 1992 to 1994. Denise reprised her role as Rhonda Wexler on "Port Charles" in 1997 and 2001. Galik's other well-known television roles are on the


title: "Hose coupling" content: The Guillemin symmetrical clutch, also called Guillemin coupling, is widely used in France and in Belgium to couple hoses and resembles a DSP coupling, which is used in firefighting. It can be fastened by hand, but it is also possible to use a tricoise wrench. It has quarter-turn closing and is sexless (symmetrical). It may be fabricated from aluminum, stainless steel, brass or polypropylene. The standard for this kind of coupling is EN14420-8/NF E 29-572, and there is a special standard DIN14420-8 for unique assemblies with ferrule and safety clamp. Guillemin couplings are available in the following sizes: Hose link


title: "Northport High School" content: Northport High School Northport High School is a four-year secondary school in East Northport, New York, that serves as the high school for the Northport-East Northport Union Free School District which is composed of Northport, Eatons Neck, Asharoken and much of East Northport, all located in the Town of Huntington. Northport High School is home to over 2,000 students and 270 staff members and offers the International Baccalaureate program, two National Academy programs (Finance & Information Technology), Project Lead the Way, Project P.A.T.C.H. and more than 20 Advanced Placement courses. The school's athletic teams are known as the Tigers. Northport


title: "William Curtis Farabee" content: Archaeology and Anthropology in Philadelphia, where he was employed as a researcher and curator. He made three trips to the Amazon basin, each lasting several years. During his last trip he contracted an illness that led to his death. While in South America, Farabee traveled into very remote regions. He helped to fill in maps of locations where there had not been any previous exploration. On several occasions he was the first man of European descent that the natives had seen. In other locations he witnessed the atrocities that were taking places by slave hunters, such as the story of


title: R.E.O./T.W.O. content: R.E.O./T.W.O. R.E.O./T.W.O. is the second studio album released by the Illinois-based rock band REO Speedwagon, released in 1972. Under the leadership of guitarist Gary Richrath, this album continued the musical direction set on 1971's "REO Speedwagon" with Richrath's own classic compositions carrying the record. "R.E.O./T.W.O" launched REO on its first national tour and presented a more polished production than the band‘s debut album; however it still retained the progressive rock leanings that they were to ditch following the arrival of Mike Murphy and did not even have a slightly successful single to rival “Sophisticated Lady”. Despite this and "R.E.O./T.W.O."’s failure


title: Flutamide content: those used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Although flutamide continues to be used for these indications, its use in recent years has been limited due to the risk of potentially fatal hepatotoxicity, and it is no longer recommended as a first- or second-line therapy. The related NSAA bicalutamide has also been found to be effective in the treatment of hirsutism in women and appears to have comparable effectiveness to that of flutamide, but has a far lower and only small risk of hepatotoxicity in comparison. Flutamide has been found to be effective in the treatment of acne and seborrhea


title: "Donnchad Midi" content: churches with some regularity. Donnchad was certainly married to Bé Fáil ingen Cathail, daughter of Cathal mac Muiredaig, eponym of the Leth Cathail in Ulster. Her death is recorded by the "Annals of Ulster" in 801: "Be Fáil daughter of Cathal, Donnchad's queen, died." Their children included Óengus and Máel Ruanaid. Donnchad is less certainly believed to have been married to one Fuirseach, daughter of a Dál nAraidi king named Congal, said to have borne him Conchobar. The mother of his sons Ailill, Conn, Domnall and Falloman and his daughters Gormlaith and Euginis is not recorded. Eithne, who married Bran


title: "1945 in Canadian football" content: do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions." "NOTE: During this time most players played both ways, so the All-Star selections do not distinguish between some offensive and defensive positions." 1945 in Canadian football On Thursday, September 27 a new football team was formed in Calgary. On October 10, it was decided that the new team would play as the Calgary Stampeders. The Stampeders joined the WIFU with blue and gold colours. The IRFU would resume play, but the WIFU still suspended operations. "Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF =


title: "X-Video Motion Compensation" content: also MPEG-4 ASP video on VIA Unichrome (S3 Graphics Chrome Series) hardware. XvMC was the first UNIX equivalent of the Microsoft Windows DirectX Video Acceleration (DxVA) API. Popular software applications known to take advantage of XvMC include MPlayer, MythTV, and xine. Each hardware video GPU capable of XvMC video acceleration requires a X11 software device driver to enable these features. There are currently three X11 Nvidia drivers available: a 2D-only open source but obfuscated driver maintained by Nvidia called nv, a proprietary binary driver by Nvidia, and an open source driver based on reverse engineering of the binary driver developed


title: "Cycle of violence" content: generally follows the following pattern: A cyclical nature of domestic violence is most prevalent in intimate terrorism (IT), which involve a pattern of ongoing control using emotional, physical and other forms of domestic violence and is what generally leads victims, who are most often women, to women's shelters. It is what was traditionally the definition of domestic violence and is generally illustrated with the "Power and Control Wheel" to illustrate the different and inter-related forms of abuse. Intimate terrorism is different from situational couple violence, which are isolated incidents of varying degrees of intensity. A general, intricate and complicated cycle


title: Castaway content: Jan Pelgrom and Wouter Loos were marooned on the Australian mainland, probably at or near the mouth of Hutt River in Western Australia, on 16 November 1629. They were the first Europeans to reside in Australia. Abel Tasman (whose last name now names Tasmania) was subsequently ordered to search for the castaways on his voyage along the coasts of northern Australia in 1643-44 but did not sail that far south. They were not seen again by Europeans. It has been argued by Rupert Gerritsen in "And Their Ghosts May Be Heard" and subsequent publications that they survived and had a


title: "Rubjerg Knude lighthouse" content: Rubjerg Knude lighthouse Rubjerg Knude Lighthouse (Danish: "Rubjerg Knude Fyr") is located on the coast of the North Sea in Rubjerg, in the Jutland municipality of Hjørring in northern Denmark. It was first lit on December 27, 1900. Construction of the lighthouse began in 1899. The lighthouse is on the top of Lønstrup Klint (cliff), above sea level. Until 1908 it operated on gas which it produced from a gasworks on the site. Both shifting sands and coastal erosion are a serious problem in the area. The coast is eroded on average a year, which can be seen most clearly


title: "Rubjerg Knude lighthouse" content: at the nearby Mårup Church. Built around 1250, the church was originally from the coast, but was dismantled in 2008 to prevent its falling into the sea. The lighthouse ceased operating on August 1, 1968. For a number of years, the buildings were used as a museum and coffee shop, but continually shifting sands caused them to be abandoned in 2002. By 2009, the small buildings were severely damaged by the pressure of the sand and were later removed. It is expected that the tower will fall into the sea by 2023. Rubjerg Knude lighthouse Rubjerg Knude Lighthouse (Danish: "Rubjerg


title: "George Hull Ward" content: he was wounded in action at the Battle of Ball's Bluff and his left foot was amputated. In 1862, Ward was promoted to the rank of colonel, and in 1863, he commanded the 15th Massachusetts, which was part of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, II Corps in the Army of the Potomac. On July 2, 1863, during the Battle of Gettysburg, Ward's regiment was heavily engaged on the Union left-center along Cemetery Ridge and Colonel Ward, along with 36 others, was mortally wounded. He died the following day and is buried in the Rural Cemetery, Worcester. On July 17, 1868,


title: "Eveready Industries India" content: In 2004, Amitabh Bachchan was appointed as brand ambassador for a period of two years, during which the agency came up with another ‘Give me Red’ campaign. Following the Bachchan ads, it was only earlier in 2009 that Eveready released an ad titled ‘Boxing’. Eveready Industries has launched an advertising campaign for Eveready Ultima to highlight its latest offering, Eveready Ultima Batteries. The entire animation has been worked on by creating controlled trails of light concept which is derived out of light painting. Recognizable shapes were made with a torch and captured on a digital still camera. The film comprises


title: "World Fishing Network (Canada)" content: World Fishing Network (Canada) World Fishing Network is a Canadian English language Category B specialty channel owned by Keywest Marketing Ltd. and the Outdoor Sportsman Group subsidiary of Kroenke Sports and Entertainment. World Fishing Network broadcasts fishing-related programming, including recreational and sport fishing and lifestyle programming. Although officially named World Fishing Network since its launch, the channel had often been referred to solely as "WFN" or "WFN: World Fishing Network"; however, with the rebranding of the channel in January 2014, the channel dropped the WFN moniker and officially began referring itself to solely as World Fishing Network. In April 2005,


title: "Jabalpur district" content: Jabalpur district Jabalpur district is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The city of Jabalpur is the administrative headquarters of the district. The area of the district is 5,198 km² with population of 2,167,469 (2001 census). As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Madhya Pradesh (out of 50), after Indore. Jabalpur district is located in the Mahakoshal region of Madhya Pradesh, on the divide between the watersheds of Narmada and the Son, but mostly within the valley of the Narmada, which here runs through the famous gorge known as the Marble rocks, and


title: "Covenant House" content: days a year, 4 PM to 8 PM Eastern Standard Time. Unfortunately, the NINELINE is currently unavailable The toll-free telephone number was (800) 999-9999 (thus, it earned the nickname "the Nineline"). Covenant House previously ran commercials on radio and TV telling people in need of its services to "call 1-800 and then just keep pressing 9". The National Runaway Safeline (NRS) is available at 1-800-RUNAWAY to assist at-risk youth and their families. Its mission is to help keep America's runaway, homeless and at-risk youth safe and off the streets. Volunteer staff provide solution-based support and have access to a resource


title: "A Fishful of Dollars" content: per year for 1,000 years, the balance is now $4.3 billion. Fry goes on a massive spending spree, buying numerous 20th century artifacts, such as Ted Danson's skeleton, an antique robot toy, videotapes of past sitcoms, and the last known tin of anchovies, which were fished to extinction shortly after the Decapodians arrived on Earth in the 23rd century. Professor Farnsworth informs Fry about their extinction after Fry's attempt to order some as a pizza topping causes a robotic waiter to explode due to a circuit overload. However, he finds himself making a rival of Mom, a famous industrialist and


title: "Edward Weston (chemist)" content: instruments for electric current—the modern foundation for the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter. In 1888 he formed the Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation which would become famous for its voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters, ohmmeters, frequency meters, transformers, and transducers. Weston developed a method for producing a "true" permanent magnet. Weston conceived of and built a magnetic speedometer. Weston also developed the dashboard ammeter for Harley-Davidson motorcycles. Also in 1888, Weston became president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) until 1889. Weston invented and patented the saturated cadmium cell in 1893. The cathode in the cell is an amalgam of cadmium with


title: "Hot Hits" content: listeners tuned in, they were more likely to hear a hit and less likely to hear a "stiff" or a "bomb." They often also featured cuts from current chart albums, even if those cuts happened to be songs which had already charted and would have been considered recurrent or gold otherwise. Joseph put lots of effort into making his stations sound "localized" by having his DJs frequently mention cities and towns in the stations' listening areas, as well as streets, high and junior high schools, and other local landmarks. Prior to launching each Hot Hits station, he would spend months


title: WLUM-FM content: later picked up the WLUM call letters. The AM station was long hampered by a weak signal, and when All Pro Broadcasting purchased stronger station WMVP (1290 AM), the format and programming moved there. As a result, 1590 AM went dark in 1988, and its broadcast license turned in to the FCC. WLUM has gone through many changes and tweaks over the years since its debut in 1979. In all incarnations since, they have carried the WLUM call sign. In the beginning, WLUM played Disco and Soul hits, though a different format than its AM sister station. In 1982, the


title: "Eddie Futch" content: Eddie Futch Eddie Futch (August 9, 1911 – October 10, 2001) was a boxing trainer. Among the fighters he trained are Joe Frazier, Ken Norton, Larry Holmes, and Trevor Berbick, four of the five men to defeat Muhammad Ali. Futch also trained Riddick Bowe and Montell Griffin when they handed future Hall of Fame fighters Evander Holyfield and Roy Jones, Jr., their first professional defeats. In Baltimore, Maryland, the Futch Gym boxing gymnasium is named after the trainer. Futch was born in Hillsboro, Mississippi, but moved with his family to Detroit, Michigan when he was five years old. They lived


title: "Hong Kong 1 July marches" content: one by the handicapped protesting at discrimination. chief executive Donald Tsang led senior government officials at the flag-raising ceremony at Wan Chai Golden Bauhinia Square. The police band followed by a sea parade and fly-past by the disciplined services. The 2009 Hong Kong Broadcasting Authority forum followed on 14 July to talk about broadcast freedom. Previously the pan-democracy camp was united in their goal to fight for universal suffrage for the city of 7 million people in 2012 and nothing less. After the consultation document for selecting the Chief exec and Legco politicians was passed in late June, there was


title: "Hotel Europe (Vancouver)" content: Hotel Europe (Vancouver) Hotel Europe is a six-story heritage building located at 43 Powell Street (at Alexander) in the Gastown area of Vancouver, British Columbia. The building was commissioned by hotelier Angelo Calori and built in 1908-1909 by Parr and Fee Architects. Situated on a triangular lot, the building is designed in the flatiron style. It was the first reinforced concrete structure to be built in Canada and the earliest fireproof hotel in Western Canada. Contractors had to be brought in from Cincinnati, Ohio for the necessary expertise; the Ferro-Concrete Construction Company began this project six years after constructing the


title: KBJR-TV content: the company's earliest acquisitions. On December 14, 1997, KBJR's studios were destroyed in a fire late that evening. It left the air temporarily but managed to get back on-the-air the next morning cobbling together a makeshift workspace at its transmitter building. Two days later, the news operation moved in with PBS member station WDSE and sales and business operations moved to open office space at the U.S. Bank building in Downtown Duluth while master control remained at the transmitter. In April 1999, a spring ice storm swept through Duluth. The heavy accumulation of ice severely damaged KBJR's transmitting tower and,


title: "Substitute character" content: be made to resume execution in "background" mode, or be terminated. When entered by a user at their computer terminal, the currently running foreground process is sent a "terminal stop" (SIGTSTP) signal, which generally causes the process to suspend its execution. The user can later continue the process execution by using the "foreground" command (codice_1) or the "background" command (codice_2). The Unicode Security Considerations report recommends this character as a safe replacement for unmappable characters during character set conversion. In many GUIs and applications ( on Mac OS) can be used to undo the last action. In many applications earlier


title: "Queen's University Faculty of Law" content: William R. Lederman Law Library, named after the former dean and respected scholar, which contains over 150,000 legal volumes. The first Faculty of Law at Queen's University was established in 1861, two years later awarding the first honorary Doctor of Laws degree to Sir John A. Macdonald who would go on to serve as Canada's first Prime Minister. The first Dean of Law, Alexander Campbell, was also a "Father of Confederation". This early faculty only lasted a few years and efforts were made to revive the law school in 1880 although, again, after graduating a number of students the law


title: "Societal collapse" content: intertemporal allocation of the stock will inevitably end up with universal economic decline at some future point. A related economic model is proposed by Thomas Homer-Dixon and by Charles Hall in relation to our declining productivity of energy extraction, or energy return on energy invested (EROEI). This measures the amount of surplus energy a society gets from using energy to obtain energy. There would be no surplus if EROEI approaches 1:1. What Hall showed is that the real cutoff is well above that, estimated to be 3:1 to sustain the essential overhead energy costs of a modern society. Part of


title: "Harrison High School (New Jersey)" content: The building formerly known as Harrison High School opened as the new Washington Middle School in September 2007 for students in grades 6-8. Harrison High School (New Jersey) Harrison High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades, located in Harrison, New Jersey, United States, operating as the lone secondary school of the Harrison Public Schools. Students from East Newark attend Harrison High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship with the East Newark School District, though the East Newark district has sought to switch to sending students to Kearny High School, citing


title: "Typhoon Emma (1956)" content: that the low pressures caused the plane's altimeters to give a false reading, and that caused the pilots to assume that they were flying much higher than they actually were, causing them to continue flying on their assumed altitude until they crashed. The theory was also applied to what happened to a hurricane hunter which crashed during Hurricane Janet in 1955. Typhoon Emma (1956) Super Typhoon Emma was a powerful typhoon that brought winds and of rain to Okinawa (then US territory of the Ryukyu Islands) and South Korea. Emma left 77 people dead and over $8 million (1956 USD)


title: "Reggie Young" content: featuring the Waymore Blues Band before Jennings' death in 2002. Young has been nominated for a Grammy, also performing at the Kennedy Center in honor of Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson. 2008 saw the Country Music Hall of Fame recognizing Young as a "Nashville Cat". That same year also saw the debut of Young's first solo album, the independently released, inspirational "Be Still", a collaboration with wife and cellist Jenny Lynn Young. August 2009 saw the Memphis Boys, along with Chips Moman, receive acknowledgement by the Memphis Grammy Chapter for their pioneering work on "Suspicious Minds" during a Graceland fan


title: Meander content: Meander A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings in the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse. It is produced by a stream or river swinging from side to side as it flows across its floodplain or shifts its channel within a valley. A meander is produced by a stream or river as it erodes the sediments comprising an outer, concave bank (cut bank) and deposits this and other sediment downstream on an inner, convex bank which is typically a point bar. The result of sediments being eroded from the


title: Meander content: outside concave bank and their deposition on an inside convex bank is the formation of a sinuous course as a channel migrates back and forth across the down-valley axis of a floodplain. The zone within which a meandering stream shifts its channel across either its floodplain or valley floor from time to time is known as a meander belt. It typically ranges from 15 to 18 times the width of the channel. Over time, meanders migrate downstream, sometimes in such a short time as to create civil engineering problems for local municipalities attempting to maintain stable roads and bridges. The


title: Meander content: degree of meandering of the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse is measured by its sinuosity. The sinuosity of a watercourse is the ratio of the length of the channel to the straight line down-valley distance. Streams or rivers with a single channel and sinuosities of 1.5 or more are defined as meandering streams or rivers. The term derives from the Meander River located in present-day Turkey and known to the Ancient Greeks as Μαίανδρος "Maiandros" (Latin: "Maeander"), characterised by a very convoluted path along the lower reach. As a result, even in Classical Greece (and in later


title: Meander content: Greek thought) the name of the river had become a common noun meaning anything convoluted and winding, such as decorative patterns or speech and ideas, as well as the geomorphological feature. Strabo said: ‘…its course is so exceedingly winding that everything winding is called meandering.’ The Meander River is south of Izmir, east of the ancient Greek town of Miletus, now Milet, Turkey. It flows through a graben in the Menderes Massif, but has a flood plain much wider than the meander zone in its lower reach. Its modern Turkish name is the Büyük Menderes River. When a fluid is


title: Meander content: introduced to an initially straight channel which then bends, the sidewalls induce a pressure gradient that causes the fluid to alter course and follow the bend. From here, two opposing processes occur: (1) irrotational flow and (2) secondary flow. For a river to meander, secondary flow must dominate. Irrotational flow: From Bernoulli's equations, high pressure results in low velocity. Therefore, "in the absence of secondary flow" we would expect low fluid velocity at the outside bend and high fluid velocity at the inside bend. This classic fluid mechanics result is "irrotational vortex flow." In the context of meandering rivers, its


title: Meander content: effects are dominated by those of secondary flow. Secondary flow: A force balance exists between pressure forces pointing to the inside bend of the river and centrifugal forces pointing to the outside bend of the river. In the context of meandering rivers, a boundary layer exists within the thin layer of fluid that interacts with the river bed. Inside that layer and following standard boundary-layer theory, the velocity of the fluid is effectively zero. Centrifugal force, which depends on velocity, is also therefore effectively zero. Pressure force, however, remains unaffected by the boundary layer. Therefore, within the boundary layer, pressure


title: Meander content: force dominates and fluid moves along the bottom of the river from the outside bend to the inside bend. This initiates helicoidal flow: Along the river bed, fluid roughly follows the curve of the channel but is also forced toward the inside bend; away from the river bed, fluid also roughly follows the curve of the channel but is forced, to some extent, from the inside to the outside bend. Ultimately, the downstream velocity of the fluid is convectively transported to the outside bend, resulting in higher velocities at the outside bend. This secondary flow effect dominates over that of


title: Meander content: irrotational flow: In real meandering rivers, we observe higher downstream fluid velocities at the outside bends. The higher (lower) velocities at the outside (inside) bend result in higher (lower) shear stresses and therefore results in erosion (deposition). Thus meander bends erode at the outside bend, causing the river to becoming increasingly sinuous (until cutoff events occur). Deposition at the inside bend occur such that for most natural meandering rivers, the river width remains nearly constant, even as the river evolves. The technical description of a meandering watercourse is termed meander geometry or meander planform geometry. It is characterized as an


title: Meander content: irregular waveform. Ideal waveforms, such as a sine wave, are one line thick, but in the case of a stream the width must be taken into consideration. The bankfull width is the distance across the bed at an average cross-section at the full-stream level, typically estimated by the line of lowest vegetation. As a waveform the meandering stream follows the down-valley axis, a straight line fitted to the curve such that the sum of all the amplitudes measured from it is zero. This axis represents the overall direction of the stream. At any cross-section the flow is following the sinuous


title: Meander content: axis, the centerline of the bed. Two consecutive crossing points of sinuous and down-valley axes define a meander loop. The meander is two consecutive loops pointing in opposite transverse directions. The distance of one meander along the down-valley axis is the meander length or wavelength. The maximum distance from the down-valley axis to the sinuous axis of a loop is the meander width or amplitude. The course at that point is the apex. In contrast to sine waves, the loops of a meandering stream are more nearly circular. The curvature varies from a maximum at the apex to zero at


title: Meander content: a crossing point (straight line), also called an inflection, because the curvature changes direction in that vicinity. The radius of the loop is the straight line perpendicular to the down-valley axis intersecting the sinuous axis at the apex. As the loop is not ideal, additional information is needed to characterize it. The orientation angle is the angle between sinuous axis and down-valley axis at any point on the sinuous axis. A loop at the apex has an outer or concave bank and an inner or convex bank. The meander belt is defined by an average meander width measured from outer


title: Meander content: bank to outer bank instead of from centerline to centerline. If there is a flood plain, it extends beyond the meander belt. The meander is then said to be free—it can be found anywhere in the flood plain. If there is no flood plain, the meanders are fixed. Various mathematical formulae relate the variables of the meander geometry. As it turns out some numerical parameters can be established, which appear in the formulae. The waveform depends ultimately on the characteristics of the flow but the parameters are independent of it and apparently are caused by geologic factors. In general the


title: Meander content: meander length is 10–14 times, with an average 11 times, the fullbank channel width and 3 to 5 times, with an average of 4.7 times, the radius of curvature at the apex. This radius is 2–3 times the channel width. A meander has a depth pattern as well. The cross-overs are marked by riffles, or shallow beds, while at the apices are pools. In a pool direction of flow is downward, scouring the bed material. The major volume, however, flows more slowly on the inside of the bend where, due to decreased velocity, it deposits sediment. The line of maximum


title: Meander content: depth, or channel, is the thalweg or thalweg line. It is typically designated the borderline when rivers are used as political borders. The thalweg hugs the outer banks and returns to center over the riffles. The meander arc length is the distance along the thalweg over one meander. The river length is the length along the centerline. Meander formation is a result of natural factors and processes. The waveform configuration of a stream is constantly changing. Fluid flows around a bend in a vortex. Once a channel begins to follow a sinusoidal path, the amplitude and concavity of the loops


title: Meander content: increase dramatically due to the effect of helical flow sweeping dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend, and leaving the outside of the bend unprotected and therefore vulnerable to accelerated erosion, forming a positive feedback loop. In the words of Elizabeth A. Wood:‘…this process of making meanders seems to be a self-intensifying process…in which greater curvature results in more erosion of the bank, which results in greater curvature…’ The cross-current along the floor of the channel is part of the secondary flow and sweeps dense eroded material towards the inside of the bend. The cross-current then rises to


title: Meander content: the surface near the inside and flows towards the outside, forming the helical flow. The greater the curvature of the bend, and the faster the flow, the stronger is the cross-current and the sweeping. Due to the conservation of angular momentum the speed on the inside of the bend is faster than on the outside. Since the flow velocity is diminished, so is the centrifugal pressure. The pressure of the super-elevated column prevails, developing an unbalanced gradient that moves water back across the bottom from the outside to the inside. The flow is supplied by a counter-flow across the surface


title: Meander content: from the inside to the outside. This entire situation is very similar to the Tea leaf paradox. This secondary flow carries sediment from the outside of the bend to the inside making the river more meandering. As to why streams of any size become sinuous in the first place, there are a number of theories, not necessarily mutually exclusive. The stochastic theory can take many forms but one of the most general statements is that of Scheidegger: ‘The meander train is assumed to be the result of the stochastic fluctuations of the direction of flow due to the random presence


title: Meander content: of direction-changing obstacles in the river path.’ Given a flat, smooth, tilted artificial surface, rainfall runs off it in sheets, but even in that case adhesion of water to the surface and cohesion of drops produce rivulets at random. Natural surfaces are rough and erodible to different degrees. The result of all the physical factors acting at random is channels that are not straight, which then progressively become sinuous. Even channels that appear straight have a sinuous thalweg that leads eventually to a sinuous channel. In the equilibrium theory, meanders decrease the stream gradient until an equilibrium between the erodibility


title: Meander content: of the terrain and the transport capacity of the stream is reached. A mass of water descending must give up potential energy, which, given the same velocity at the end of the drop as at the beginning, is removed by interaction with the material of the stream bed. The shortest distance; that is, a straight channel, results in the highest energy per unit of length, disrupting the banks more, creating more sediment and aggrading the stream. The presence of meanders allows the stream to adjust the length to an equilibrium energy per unit length in which the stream carries away


title: Meander content: all the sediment that it produces. Geomorphic refers to the surface structure of the terrain. Morphotectonic means having to do with the deeper, or tectonic (plate) structure of the rock. The features included under these categories are not random and guide streams into non-random paths. They are predictable obstacles that instigate meander formation by deflecting the stream. For example, the stream might be guided into a fault line (morphotectonic). A cut bank is an often vertical bank or cliff that forms where the outside, concave bank of a meander cuts into the floodplain or valley wall of a river or


title: Meander content: stream. A cutbank is also known either as a river-cut cliff, river cliff, or a bluff and spelled as cutbank. Erosion that forms a cut bank occurs at the outside bank of a meander because helicoidal flow of water keeps the bank washed clean of loose sand, silt, and sediment and subjects it to constant erosion. As a result, the meander erodes and migrates in the direction of the outside bend, forming the cut bank. As the cut bank is undermined by erosion, it commonly collapses as slumps into the river channel. The slumped sediment, having been broken up by


title: Meander content: slumping, is readily eroded and carried toward the middle of the channel. The sediment eroded from a cut bank tends to be deposited on the point bar of the next downstream meander, and not on the point bar opposite it. This can be seen in areas where trees grow on the banks of rivers; on the inside of meanders, trees, such as willows, are often far from the bank, whilst on the outside of the bend, the tree roots are often exposed and undercut, eventually leading the trees to fall into the river. A meander cutoff, also known as either


title: Meander content: a cutoff meander or abandoned meander, is a meander that has been abandoned by its stream after the formation of a neck cutoff. A lake that occupies a cutoff meander is known as an "oxbow lake". Cutoff meanders that have cut downward into the underlying bedrock are known in general as incised cutoff meanders. As in the case of the Anderson Bottom Rincon, incised meanders that have either steep-sided, often vertical walls, are often, but not always, known as rincons in the southwest United States. "Rincon" in English is a nontechnical word in the southwest United States for either a