title: "Matthew Gray Gubler" content: a year later on March 16, 2011. The episode "Lauren" included the exit of "Criminal Minds" series regular Paget Brewster, who maintains a friendship with Gubler outside of work on the show. Brewster specifically asked Gubler to direct her last episode, although it was announced later that she would return for season 7. Gubler has since directed the "Criminal Minds" episodes "Heathridge Manor" (7x19), which aired April 4, 2012, "The Lesson" (8x10), which aired December 5, 2012, "Alchemy" (8x20), "Gatekeeper"(9x07), "Blood Relations" (9x20), "Mr. Scratch" (10x21), "A Beautiful Disaster" (11x18), which included the departure of series regular Shemar Moore, "Elliott's


title: "Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)" content: Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency) Buckinghamshire is a former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituency. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1885. Its most prominent member was Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. This county constituency consisted of the historic county of Buckinghamshire, in south-eastern England to the north-west of the modern Greater London region. Its southern boundary was the River Thames. See History of Buckinghamshire for maps of the historic county and details about


title: "Joe Saunders" content: Saunders returned to the Baltimore Orioles, signing a minor league contract with the club. He was called up to the big leagues on September 1 as part of the September roster expansion Saunders signed a minor league deal with the Seattle Mariners on February 20, 2015. He opted out of his minor league deal with the Mariners on May 1, 2015. Saunders has never been a strikeout pitcher, having a K/9 of less than 6. He has been durable throughout his career. Saunders relies on a fastball at around 89 to 91 MPH with sink to it, a curveball, a


title: "Littlestown Area School District" content: each school district and charter school. Beginning in 2002, the federal funding committed to Title II was $3,175,000,000. Public school district administrations must apply to the state annually for the Title II funds. In 2012-13, Littlestown Area School District received $79,709 in federal Title II funding. In 2014-15, Littlestown Area School District applied for and received $73,060. The Federal government provides annual grants to schools to assist in educating immigrant children and children who are identified as limited English proficient. Upon registering for school a language survey is done for all new enrollment pupils, typically in kindergarten or preschool. They


title: "Songs from Instant Star" content: include; a snippet of the song "Frozen" performed by Alexz in the show. Also the song "Shatter Me" performed by Alexz that can be heard in an episode, was never released but later leaked in full online. Songs from Instant Star Songs from Instant Star is the soundtrack for the first season of the television series "Instant Star". The entire album is sung by Alexz Johnson, who portrays the show's protagonist Jude Harrison. There are covers in the album: "Stupid Girl" was originally a single for the band Garbage in 1996. Additionally, "Temporary Insanity" would later be recorded as a


title: "Wingecarribee Shire" content: Wingecarribee Shire Wingecarribee Shire is the local government area of the Southern Highlands in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Wingecarribee Shire is around southwest of the Sydney central business district and is part of regional Capital Country and to some extent can be considered part of the Southern Tablelands. Wingecarribee Shire covers an area of that is typically referred to as the "Southern Highlands". Wingecarribee Shire is an important catchment area for water supply to Sydney, Wollongong and the Northern Shoalhaven. The Mayor of Wingecarribee Shire is Cr. Duncan Gair. The Council seat and Chambers is based


title: "Globus pharyngis" content: Globus pharyngis Globus pharyngis is the persistent sensation of having phlegm, a pill or some other sort of obstruction in the throat when there is none. Swallowing can be performed normally, so it is not a true case of dysphagia, but it can become quite irritating. One may also feel mild chest pain or even severe pain with a clicking sensation when swallowing. It is also known as Globus pharyngeus, globus sensation, globus or, somewhat outdatedly, globus hystericus, commonly referred to as having a "lump in one's throat". The "lump in the throat" sensation that characterizes globus pharyngis is often


title: "Love Is Like a Butterfly" content: her 2014 album "Blue Smoke" was made available for pre-order. All songs are written by Dolly Parton, except where indicated. Love Is Like a Butterfly Love Is Like a Butterfly is the fifteenth solo studio album by Dolly Parton. It was released on September 16, 1974, by RCA Victor. The title track was the third consecutive single to reach #1 on the U.S. country charts for Parton. For the few years before her pop chart success, "Butterfly" was considered Parton's signature song and was used as the theme song for her 1976 syndicated music series "Dolly!". The album peaked at


title: Padosan content: history. Mehmood's portrayal of a south Indian music teacher was one of his noted performances and a key highlight of the film. Kishore Kumar's character of a comical theater director was also well received. "Indiatimes Movies" ranked the movie amongst the "Top 25 Must See Bollywood Films". Music was composed by R.D. Burman and was a huge success. Kishore Kumar sang for himself while Manna Dey sang for Mehmood. It is based on the Bengali story "Pasher Bari" by Arun Chowdhury, which was first adapted in Bengali in 1952 as "Pasher Bari" directed by Sudhir Mukherjee and starring Bhanu Bannerjee.


title: "Coati Mundi (musician)" content: from doing anything." He cited an example of this regarding the "Gichy Dan and Beachwood 9" record produced by Ron Rogers and August Darnell. He was being interviewed for the job of arranger-orchestrator by the head of A&R at RCA records. Asked if he knew how to arrange for strings, he replied without hesitation, "Of course", and convinced them to give him the job. In actuality, he did not know a thing about string arrangements. Immediately after the interview, he bought a book on arranging for strings and woodshedded day and night. The result was a successful arrangement job; his


title: "Miguel Olivo" content: was suspended for six games and barred from that year's All-Star Futures Game for using a corked bat. Olivo maintained the bat, which had an A's logo on it, had been given to him by a former teammate while playing in the Athletics system. He made his major league debut on September 15, 2002 with the White Sox and hit a home run in his first Major League at-bat, off Andy Pettitte of the New York Yankees. He played 6 games that year, with 4 hits in 19 at-bats. He was the backup catcher for the White Sox for all


title: "Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana)" content: Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana) The Chapel of the Resurrection is the centerpiece structure on the campus of Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Indiana. It has been described as the largest collegiate chapel in the United States and the second largest collegiate chapel in the world. Because judgments about the relative size of such buildings can be difficult, other universities have made similar claims (e.g., Duke Chapel, Stanford Memorial Church). Primarily used to facilitate many Lutheran campus worship services, the Chapel of the Resurrection also serves as a site for convocations, musical performances, guest lectures, and commencement ceremonies. The chapel's


title: "Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana)" content: chancel is high and is circular in shape; the roof of the apse is shaped like a nine-pointed star. The nave is high and long. The building capacity is around 2000, although this number is flexible depending upon the configuration of the chairs, which recently replaced the pews. To the southwest of the Chapel lies the Brandt Campanile, a 12-bell tower rising tall. Clearly visible from U.S. Route 30 and throughout the surrounding community, the building is located on the highest point of ground on the Valparaiso University campus and is a Northwest Indiana landmark. Groundbreaking for the Chapel construction


title: "Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana)" content: took place in 1956. The building was designed by the architectural firm Charles Stade and Associates of Park Ridge, Illinois, though certain elements and features (e.g., the stone baptistry, the stained glass windows, etc.) were designed by other artists. Peter Dohmen Studios of St. Paul, Minnesota designed the high stained glass windows, as well as the marble interzia altar, and the mosaic at the entrance of the chapel. Adalbert Raphael Kretzmann, pastor and brother of Valparaiso University president O. P. Kretzmann, joined Charles Stade in the building's design. The altar is long, made of various types of Italian marble. Peter


title: "Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana)" content: Dohmen designed the inlaid marble pedestals to depict, with symbols, the four evangelists. Matthew is represented by an angel, Mark by a lion, John by an eagle, and Luke by an ox. Peter Dohmen learned his skills at the top art academies of Europe. He became a well-known artist in Germany during the 1930s, executing major art works, such as stained glass windows, frescos on major public buildings, mosaics, etc. During the early 1940s he was blackballed by the government because of his outspoken opposition of the Nazi party. He immigrated to the United States with his family in 1951


title: "Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana)" content: and continued his artistic trade with great success. Amongst some of his major works are the stained glass windows in the library of the University of Notre Dame. Total construction costs of the chapel were about $7.5 million, much of which came through individual donations. The building was dedicated in 1959, part of Valparaiso University's centennial celebration, and officially designated as the Chapel of the Resurrection at the 10th anniversary service in 1969. In July and August 2005, the university built a medieval-style prayer labyrinth on the east side of the Chapel, 64 feet in diameter. The university is adding


title: "Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana)" content: to the building in 2014, known as the Helge Center. The Reddel Organ in the Chapel was built by organ builder Herman Schlicker of Buffalo, New York. A contract for the organ was signed on September 27, 1957 at a cost of $68,000. These funds paid for about three-quarters of the entire specification, the price of which would have been $98,000. Paul Bunjes of Concordia College, River Forest, Illinois, was retained as consultant. The instrument was dedicated at the morning Eucharist on September 27, 1959, and was featured that evening in a recital by E. Power Biggs to a record


title: "Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana)" content: audience of over 2,000 people. It was rebuilt and enlarged in 1995-1996 by Dobson Pipe Organ Builders of Lake City, Iowa. Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana) The Chapel of the Resurrection is the centerpiece structure on the campus of Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Indiana. It has been described as the largest collegiate chapel in the United States and the second largest collegiate chapel in the world. Because judgments about the relative size of such buildings can be difficult, other universities have made similar claims (e.g., Duke Chapel, Stanford Memorial Church). Primarily used to facilitate many Lutheran campus worship services,


title: Albatross content: Albatross Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific. They are absent from the North Atlantic, although fossil remains show they once occurred there and occasional vagrants are found. Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the genus great albatrosses have the longest wingspans of any extant birds, reaching up to . The albatrosses are usually regarded as falling into four genera, but disagreement exists over the number of species. Albatrosses


title: Albatross content: are highly efficient in the air, using dynamic soaring and slope soaring to cover great distances with little exertion. They feed on squid, fish, and krill by either scavenging, surface seizing, or diving. Albatrosses are colonial, nesting for the most part on remote oceanic islands, often with several species nesting together. Pair bonds between males and females form over several years, with the use of "ritualised dances", and last for the life of the pair. A breeding season can take over a year from laying to fledging, with a single egg laid in each breeding attempt. A Laysan albatross, named


title: Albatross content: Wisdom, on Midway Island is recognised as the oldest wild bird in the world; she was first banded in 1956 by Chandler Robbins. Of the 22 species of albatrosses recognised by the IUCN, all are listed as at some level of concern; three species are critically endangered, five species are endangered, seven species are near threatened, and seven species are vulnerable. Numbers of albatrosses have declined in the past due to harvesting for feathers, but today, the albatrosses are threatened by introduced species, such as rats and feral cats that attack eggs, chicks, and nesting adults; by pollution; by a


title: Albatross content: serious decline in fish stocks in many regions largely due to overfishing; and by longline fishing. Longline fisheries pose the greatest threat, as feeding birds are attracted to the bait, become hooked on the lines, and drown. Identified stakeholders such as governments, conservation organisations, and people in the fishing industry are all working toward reducing this bycatch. The "albatross" designation comprises between 13 and 24 species (the number is still a matter of some debate, 21 being the most commonly accepted number) in four genera. These genera are the great albatrosses ("Diomedea"), the mollymawks ("Thalassarche"), the North Pacific albatrosses ("Phoebastria"),


title: Albatross content: and the sooty albatrosses or sooties ("Phoebetria"). The North Pacific albatrosses are considered to be a sister taxon to the great albatrosses, while the sooty albatrosses are considered closer to the mollymawks. The taxonomy of the albatross group has been a source of much debate. The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy places seabirds, birds of prey, and many others in a greatly enlarged order, the Ciconiiformes, whereas the ornithological organisations in North America, Europe, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand retain the more traditional order Procellariiformes. The albatrosses can be separated from the other Procellariiformes both genetically and through morphological characteristics, size, their


title: Albatross content: legs, and the arrangement of their nasal tubes (see below: Morphology and flight). Within the family, the assignment of genera has been debated for over 100 years. Originally placed into a single genus, "Diomedea", they were rearranged by Reichenbach into four different genera in 1852, then lumped back together and split apart again several times, acquiring 12 different genus names in total (though never more than eight at one time) by 1965 ("Diomedea", "Phoebastria", "Thalassarche", "Phoebetria", "Thalassageron", "Diomedella", "Nealbatrus", "Rhothonia", "Julietata", "Galapagornis", "Laysanornis", and "Penthirenia"). By 1965, in an attempt to bring some order back to the classification of albatrosses,


title: Albatross content: they were lumped into two genera, "Phoebetria" (the sooty albatrosses which most closely seemed to resemble the procellarids and were at the time considered "primitive" ) and "Diomedea" (the rest). Though a case was made for the simplification of the family (particularly the nomenclature), the classification was based on the morphological analysis by Elliott Coues in 1866, and paid little attention to more recent studies and even ignored some of Coues's suggestions. More recent research by Gary Nunn of the American Museum of Natural History (1996) and other researchers around the world studied the mitochondrial DNA of all 14 accepted


title: Albatross content: species, finding four, not two, monophyletic groups within the albatrosses. They proposed the resurrection of two of the old genus names, "Phoebastria" for the North Pacific albatrosses and "Thalassarche" for the mollymawks, with the great albatrosses retaining "Diomedea" and the sooty albatrosses staying in "Phoebetria". Both the British Ornithologists' Union and the South African authorities split the albatrosses into four genera as Nunn suggested, and the change has been accepted by the majority of researchers. While some agree on the number of genera, fewer agree on the number of species. Historically, up to 80 different taxa have been described by


title: Albatross content: different researchers; most of these were incorrectly identified juvenile birds. Based on the work on albatross genera, Robertson and Nunn went on in 1998 to propose a revised taxonomy with 24 different species, compared to the 14 then accepted. This expanded taxonomy elevated many established subspecies to full species, but was criticised for not using, in every case, peer reviewed information to justify the splits. Since then, further studies have in some instances supported or disproved the splits; a 2004 paper analysing the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites agreed with the conclusion that the Antipodean albatross and the Tristan albatross were


title: Albatross content: distinct from the wandering albatross, per Robertson and Nunn, but found that the suggested Gibson's albatross, "Diomedea gibsoni", was not distinct from the Antipodean albatross. For the most part, an interim taxonomy of 21 species is accepted by ITIS and many other researchers, though by no means all—in 2004 Penhallurick and Wink called for the number of species to be reduced to 13 (including the lumping of the Amsterdam albatross with the wandering albatross), although this paper was itself controversial. On all sides is the widespread agreement on the need for further research to clarify the issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's


title: Albatross content: molecular study of the evolution of the bird families has put the radiation of the Procellariiformes in the Oligocene period 35–30 million years ago (Mya), though this group probably originated earlier, with a fossil sometimes attributed to the order, a seabird known as "Tytthostonyx", being found in late Cretaceous rocks (70 Mya). The molecular evidence suggests that the storm petrels were the first to diverge from the ancestral stock, and the albatrosses next, with the procellarids and diving petrels separating later. The earliest fossil albatrosses were found in Eocene to Oligocene rocks, although some of these are only tentatively assigned


title: Albatross content: to the family and none appear to be particularly close to the living forms. They are "Murunkus" (Middle Eocene of Uzbekistan), "Manu" (early Oligocene of New Zealand), and an undescribed form from the Late Oligocene of South Carolina. Similar to the last was "Plotornis", formerly often considered a petrel, but now accepted as an albatross. It is from the Middle Miocene of France, a time when the split between the four modern genera was already underway as evidenced by "Phoebastria californica" and "Diomedea milleri", both being mid-Miocene species from Sharktooth Hill, California. These show that the split between the great


title: Albatross content: albatrosses and the North Pacific albatrosses occurred by 15 Mya. Similar fossil finds in the Southern Hemisphere put the split between the sooties and mollymawks at 10 Mya. The fossil record of the albatrosses in the Northern Hemisphere is more complete than that of the Southern, and many fossil forms of albatross have been found in the North Atlantic, which today has no albatrosses. The remains of a colony of short-tailed albatrosses have been uncovered on the island of Bermuda, and the majority of fossil albatrosses from the North Atlantic have been of the genus "Phoebastria" (the North Pacific albatrosses);


title: Albatross content: one, "Phoebastria anglica", has been found in deposits in both North Carolina and England. Due to convergent evolution in particular of the leg and foot bones, remains of the prehistoric pseudotooth birds (Pelagornithidae) may be mistaken for those of extinct albatrosses; "Manu" may be such a case, and quite certainly the supposed giant albatross femur from the Early Pleistocene Dainichi Formation at Kakegawa, Japan, actually is from one of the last pseudotooth birds. For more data on fossil species of the living albatross genera, see the generic articles. The albatrosses are a group of large to very large birds; they


title: Albatross content: are the largest of the Procellariiformes. The bill is large, strong, and sharp-edged, with the upper mandible terminating in a large hook. This bill is composed of several horny plates, and along the sides are the two "tubes", long nostrils that give the order its former name. The tubes of all albatrosses are along the sides of the bill, unlike the rest of the Procellariiformes, where the tubes run along the top of the bill. These tubes allow the albatrosses to measure the exact airspeed in flight; the nostrils are analogous to the pitot tubes in modern aircraft. The albatross


title: Albatross content: needs accurate airspeed measurement in order to perform dynamic soaring. Like other Procellariiformes, they use their uniquely developed sense of smell to locate potential food sources, whereas most birds depend on eyesight. The feet have no hind toe and the three anterior toes are completely webbed. The legs are strong for Procellariiformes, making them and the giant petrels the only members of that order that can walk well on land. Albatrosses, along with all Procellariiformes, must excrete the salts they ingest in drinking sea water and eating marine invertebrates. All birds have an enlarged nasal gland at the base of


title: Albatross content: the bill, above their eyes. This gland is inactive in species that do not require it, but in the Procellariiformes, it acts as a salt gland. Scientists are uncertain as to its exact processes, but do know in general terms that it removes salt by secreting a 5% saline solution that drips out of their noses or is forcibly ejected. The adult plumage of most of the albatrosses is usually some variation of dark upper-wing and back with white undersides, often compared to that of a gull. The extent of colouration varies: the southern royal albatross is almost completely white


title: Albatross content: except for the ends and trailing edges of the wings in fully mature males, while the Amsterdam albatross has an almost juvenile-like breeding plumage with a great deal of brown, particularly a strong brown band around the chest. Several species of mollymawks and North Pacific albatrosses have face markings like eye patches or have grey or yellow on the head and nape. Three albatross species, the black-footed albatross and the two sooty albatrosses, vary completely from the usual patterns and are almost entirely dark brown (or dark grey in places in the case of the light-mantled albatross). Albatrosses take several


title: Albatross content: years to get their full adult breeding plumage. The wingspans of the largest great albatrosses (genus "Diomedea") are the largest of any bird, exceeding , although the other species' wingspans are considerably smaller at no more than . The wings are stiff and cambered, with thickened streamlined leading edges. Albatrosses travel huge distances with two techniques used by many long-winged seabirds: dynamic soaring and slope soaring. Dynamic soaring involves repeatedly rising into wind and descending downwind, thus gaining energy from the vertical wind gradient. The only effort expended is in the turns at the top and bottom of every such


title: Albatross content: loop. This maneuver allows the bird to cover almost 1000 km/day without flapping its wings. Slope soaring uses the rising air on the windward side of large waves. Albatross have high glide ratios, around 22:1 to 23:1, meaning that for every metre they drop, they can travel forward 22 metres. They are aided in soaring by a shoulder-lock, a sheet of tendon that locks the wing when fully extended, allowing the wing to be kept outstretched without any muscle expenditure, a morphological adaptation they share with the giant petrels. Albatrosses combine these soaring techniques with the use of predictable weather


title: Albatross content: systems: albatrosses in the Southern Hemisphere flying north from their colonies take a clockwise route, and those flying south fly counterclockwise. Albatrosses are so well adapted to this lifestyle that their heart rates while flying are close to their basal heart rate when resting. This efficiency is such that the most energetically demanding aspect of a foraging trip is not the distance covered, but the landings, take-offs and hunting they undertake having found a food source. A common assumption is that albatrosses must be able to sleep in flight, although no direct evidence has ever been obtained. This efficient long-distance


title: Albatross content: travelling underlies the albatross's success as a long-distance forager, covering great distances and expending little energy looking for patchily distributed food sources. Their adaptation to gliding flight makes them dependent on wind and waves, but their long wings are ill-suited to powered flight and most species lack the muscles and energy to undertake sustained flapping flight. Albatrosses in calm seas rest on the ocean's surface until the wind picks up again, as using powered flight is not energetically worthwhile though they are capable of flight to avoid danger. The North Pacific albatrosses can use a flight style known as flap-gliding,


title: Albatross content: where the bird progresses by bursts of flapping followed by gliding. When taking off, albatrosses need to take a run up to allow enough air to move under the wing to provide lift. The dynamic soaring of albatrosses is inspiring to airplane designers: German aerospace engineer Johannes Traugott and colleagues have charted the albatross's nuanced flight pattern and are looking for ways to apply this to aircraft, especially in the area of drones and unmanned aircraft. Most albatrosses range in the Southern Hemisphere from Antarctica to Australia, South Africa and South America. The exceptions to this are the four North


title: Albatross content: Pacific albatrosses, of which three occur exclusively in the North Pacific, from Hawaii to Japan, California, and Alaska; and one, the waved albatross, breeds in the Galápagos Islands and feeds off the coast of South America. The need for wind to enable gliding is the reason albatrosses are for the most part confined to higher latitudes: being unsuited to sustained flapping flight makes crossing the doldrums extremely difficult. The exception, the waved albatross, is able to live in the equatorial waters around the Galápagos Islands because of the cool waters of the Humboldt Current and the resulting winds. It is


title: Albatross content: not known for certain why the albatrosses became extinct in the North Atlantic, although rising sea levels due to an interglacial warming period are thought to have submerged the site of a short-tailed albatross colony that has been excavated in Bermuda. Some southern species have occasionally turned up as vagrants in the North Atlantic and can become exiled, remaining there for decades. One of these exiles, a black-browed albatross, returned to gannet colonies in Scotland for many years in an attempt to breed. The use of satellite tracking is teaching scientists a great deal about the way albatrosses range across


title: Albatross content: the ocean to find food. They undertake no annual migration, but disperse widely after breeding—Southern Hemisphere species often undertake circumpolar trips. Evidence also exists of separate ranges for different species at sea. A comparison of the foraging niches of two related species that breed on Campbell Island, the Campbell albatross and the grey-headed albatross, showed the Campbell albatross primarily fed over the Campbell Plateau, whereas the grey-headed albatross fed in more pelagic, oceanic waters. Wandering albatrosses also react strongly to bathymetry, feeding only in waters deeper than 1000 m (3281 ft); so rigidly did the satellite plots match this contour


title: Albatross content: that one scientist remarked, "It almost appears as if the birds notice and obey a 'No Entry' sign where the water shallows to less than 1000 m". Also, evidence shows different ranges for the two sexes of the same species; a study of Tristan albatrosses breeding on Gough Island showed that males foraged to the west of Gough and females to the east. Birdlife has satellite tracking records for each of the 22 species of albatross in their seabird-tracking database. The albatross diet is predominantly cephalopods, fish, crustaceans, and offal (organ meat), although they will also scavenge carrion and feed


title: Albatross content: on other zooplankton. It should be noted that for most species a comprehensive understanding of diet is known for only the breeding season, when the albatrosses regularly return to land and study is possible. The importance of each of these food sources varies from species to species, and even from population to population; some concentrate on squid alone, others take more krill or fish. Of the two albatross species found in Hawaii, one, the black-footed albatross, takes mostly fish while the Laysan feeds on squid. The use of data loggers at sea that record ingestion of water against time (providing


title: Albatross content: a likely time of feeding) suggests that albatrosses predominantly feed during the day. Analysis of the squid beaks regurgitated by albatrosses has shown that many of the squid eaten are too large to have been caught alive, and include mid-water species likely to be beyond the reach of albatross, suggesting that, for some species (like the wandering albatross), scavenged squid may be an important part of the diet. The source of these dead squid is a matter of debate; some certainly comes from squid fisheries, but in nature it primarily comes from the die-off that occurs after squid spawning and


title: Albatross content: the vomit of squid-eating whales (sperm whales, pilot whales and southern bottlenose whales). The diet of other species, like the black-browed albatross or the grey-headed albatross, is rich with smaller species of squid that tend to sink after death, and scavenging is not assumed to play a large role in their diet. The waved albatross has been observed practising kleptoparasitism, harassing boobies to steal their food, making it the only member of its order to do so regularly. Until recently, albatrosses were thought to be predominantly surface feeders, swimming at the surface and snapping up squid and fish pushed to


title: Albatross content: the surface by currents, predators, or death. The deployment of capillary depth recorders, which record the maximum dive depth undertaken by a bird, has shown that while some species, like the wandering albatross, do not dive deeper than a metre, some species, like the light-mantled albatross, have a mean diving depth of almost 5 m and can dive as deep as 12.5 m. In addition to surface feeding and diving, they have also been observed plunge diving from the air to snatch prey. Albatrosses are colonial, usually nesting on isolated islands; where colonies are on larger landmasses, they are found


title: Albatross content: on exposed headlands with good approaches from the sea in several directions, like the colony on the Otago Peninsula in Dunedin, New Zealand. Many Buller's albatrosses and black-footed albatrosses nest under trees in open forest. Colonies vary from the very dense aggregations favoured by the mollymawks (black-browed albatross colonies on the Falkland Islands have densities of 70 nests per 100 m) to the much looser groups and widely spaced individual nests favoured by the sooty and great albatrosses. All albatross colonies are on islands that historically were free of land mammals. Albatrosses are highly philopatric, meaning they usually return to


title: Albatross content: their natal colony to breed. This tendency is so strong that a study of Laysan albatrosses showed that the average distance between hatching site and the site where a bird established its own territory was . Albatrosses live much longer than other birds; they delay breeding for longer and invest more effort into fewer young. Most species survive upwards of 50 years, the oldest recorded being a Laysan albatross named Wisdom that was ringed in 1956 as a mature adult and hatched another chick in February 2017, making her at least 66 years old. She is the oldest confirmed wild


title: Albatross content: bird and the oldest banded bird in the world. Albatrosses reach sexual maturity slowly, after about five years, but even once they have reached maturity, they do not begin to breed for another few years (even up to 10 years for some species). Young nonbreeders attend a colony prior to beginning to breed, spending many years practising the elaborate breeding rituals and "dances" for which the family is famous. Birds arriving back at the colony for the first time already have the stereotyped behaviours that compose albatross language, but can neither "read" that behaviour as exhibited by other birds nor


title: Albatross content: respond appropriately. After a period of trial and error learning, the young birds learn the syntax and perfect the dances. This language is mastered more rapidly if the younger birds are around older birds. The repertoire of behaviour involves synchronised performances of various actions such as preening, pointing, calling, bill clacking, staring, and combinations of such behaviours (such as the sky-call). When a bird first returns to the colony, it dances with many partners, but after a number of years, the number of interactions drops, until one partner is chosen and a pair is formed. They then continue to perfect


title: Albatross content: an individual language that will eventually be unique to that one pair. Having established a pair bond that will last for life, however, most of that dance will never be used again. Albatrosses are held to undertake these elaborate and painstaking rituals to ensure that the appropriate partner has been chosen and to perfect partner recognition, as egg laying and chick rearing is a huge investment. Even species that can complete an egg-laying cycle in under a year seldom lay eggs in consecutive years. The great albatrosses (i.e. wandering albatross) take over a year to raise a chick from laying


title: Albatross content: to fledging. Albatrosses lay a single subelliptical egg, white with reddish-brown spots, in a breeding season; if the egg is lost to predators or accidentally broken, then no further breeding attempts are made that year. The larger eggs weigh from . The "divorce" of a pair is a rare occurrence, due to the diminished lifetime reproductive success it causes, and usually happens only after several years of breeding failure. All the southern albatrosses create large nests for their egg, using grass, shrubs, soil, peat, and even penguin feathers, whereas the three species in the North Pacific make more rudimentary nests.


title: Albatross content: The waved albatross, though, makes no nest and even moves its egg around the pair's territory, as much as , sometimes causing it to lose the egg. In all albatross species, both parents incubate the egg in stints that last between one day and three weeks. Incubation lasts around 70 to 80 days (longer for the larger albatrosses), the longest incubation period of any bird. It can be an energetically demanding process, with the adult losing as much as of body weight a day. After hatching, the chick, which is semialtricial, is brooded and guarded for three weeks until it


title: Albatross content: is large enough to defend and thermoregulate itself. During this period, the parents feed the chick small meals when they relieve each other from duty. After the brooding period is over, the chick is fed in regular intervals by both parents. The parents adopt alternative patterns of short and long foraging trips, providing meals that weigh around 12% of their body weight (around ). The meals are composed of fresh squid, fish, and krill, as well as stomach oil, an energy-rich food that is lighter to carry than undigested prey items. This oil is created in a stomach organ known


title: Albatross content: as a proventriculus from digested prey items by most Procellariiformes, and gives them their distinctive musty smell. Albatross chicks take a long time to fledge. In the case of the great albatrosses, it can take up to 280 days; even for the smaller albatrosses, it takes between 140 and 170 days. Like many seabirds, albatross chicks will gain enough weight to be heavier than their parents, and prior to fledging they use these reserves to build up body condition (particularly growing all their flight feathers), usually fledging at the same weight as their parents. Between 15% and 65% of those


title: Albatross content: fledged survive to breed. Albatross chicks fledge on their own and receive no further help from their parents, which return to the nest after fledging, unaware their chick has left. Studies of juveniles dispersing at sea have suggested an innate migration behaviour, a genetically coded navigation route, which helps young birds when they are first out at sea. The name "albatross" is derived from the Arabic "al-qādūs" or "al-ḡaṭṭās" (a pelican; literally, "the diver"), which travelled to English via the Portuguese form "alcatraz" ("gannet"), which is also the origin of the name of the former prison, Alcatraz. The "Oxford English


title: Albatross content: Dictionary" notes that the word alcatraz was originally applied to the frigatebird; the modification to albatross was perhaps influenced by Latin "albus", meaning "white", in contrast to frigatebirds, which are black. In modern Portuguese, the word used for the bird, "albatroz", is in turn derived from the English "albatross". They were once commonly known as goonie birds' or gooney birds, particularly those of the North Pacific. In the Southern Hemisphere, the name mollymawk is still well established in some areas, which is a corrupted form of "malle-mugge", an old Dutch name for the northern fulmar. The name "Diomedea", assigned to


title: Albatross content: the albatrosses by Linnaeus, references the mythical metamorphosis of the companions of the Greek warrior Diomedes into birds. Finally, the name for the order, Procellariiformes, comes from the Latin word "procella" meaning "a violent wind" or "a storm". Albatrosses have been described as "the most legendary of all birds". An albatross is a central emblem in "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge; a captive albatross is also a metaphor for the "poète maudit "in a poem by Charles Baudelaire. The albatross metaphor is derived from the Coleridge poem; someone bearing a burden or facing an obstacle


title: Albatross content: is said to have "an albatross around his neck", the punishment given in the poem to the mariner who killed the albatross. A widespread myth holds that sailors believe shooting or harming an albatross is disastrous, due in part to the poem; in truth, sailors regularly killed and ate them, as reported by James Cook in 1772. However, sailors reportedly caught the birds but let them free again; the possible reason is that albatrosses were often regarded as the souls of lost sailors, so killing them was supposed to bring bad luck. The head of an albatross being caught with


title: Albatross content: a hook is used as the emblem of the Cape Horners, i.e. sailors who have rounded Cape Horn on freighters under sail; captains of such ships even received themselves the title "albatrosses" in the Cape Horners' organisation. In golf, shooting three under par on a single hole has recently been termed scoring an "albatross", as a continuation on the birdie and eagle theme. The Maori used the wing bones of the albatross to carve flutes. In Hawaiian mythology, Laysan albatrosses are considered "aumakua", being a sacred manifestation of the ancestors, and quite possibly also the sacred bird of Kāne. Japanese


title: Albatross content: mythology, by contrast, refers to the short-tailed albatross as "aho-dori", "idiot bird", due to its insular habitat making it disregard terrestrial predators, and was considered an excellent target for consumption. Albatrosses are popular birds for birdwatchers, and their colonies are popular destinations for ecotourists. Regular birdwatching trips are taken out of many coastal towns and cities, such as Monterey, Dunedin, Kaikoura, Wollongong, Sydney, Port Fairy, Hobart, and Cape Town, to see pelagic seabirds. Albatrosses are easily attracted to these sightseeing boats by the deployment of fish oil and burley into the sea. Visits to colonies can be very popular: the


title: Albatross content: northern royal albatross colony at Taiaroa Head in Dunedin, New Zealand, attracts 40,000 visitors a year, and more isolated colonies are regular attractions on cruises to subantarctic islands. In spite of often being accorded legendary status, albatrosses have not escaped either indirect or direct pressure from humans. Early encounters with albatrosses by Polynesians and Aleuts resulted in hunting and in some cases extirpation from some islands (such as Easter Island). As Europeans began sailing the world, they, too, began to hunt albatross, "fishing" for them from boats to serve at the table or blasting them for sport. This sport reached


title: Albatross content: its peak on emigration lines bound for Australia, and only died down when ships became too fast to fish from, and regulations forbade the discharge of weapons for safety reasons. In the 19th century, albatross colonies, particularly those in the North Pacific, were harvested for the feather trade, leading to the near-extinction of the short-tailed albatross. Of the 21 albatross species recognised by IUCN on their Red List, 19 are threatened, and the other two are near threatened. Three species (as recognised by the IUCN) are considered critically endangered: the Amsterdam albatross, Tristan albatross, and waved albatross. One of the


title: Albatross content: main threats is commercial longline fishing, as the albatrosses and other seabirds—which will readily feed on offal—are attracted to the set bait, become hooked on the lines and drown. An estimated 100,000 albatross per year are killed in this fashion. Unregulated pirate fisheries exacerbate the problem. On Midway Atoll, collisions between Laysan albatrosses and aircraft have resulted in human and bird deaths, as well as severe disruptions in military flight operations. Studies were made in the late 1950s and early 1960s that examined the results of control methods such as the killing of birds, the levelling and clearing of land


title: Albatross content: to eliminate updrafts, and the destruction of annual nesting sites. Tall structures such as traffic control and radio towers killed 3000 birds in flight collisions during 1964–1965 before the towers were taken down. Closure of Naval Air Facility Midway in 1993 eliminated the problem of collisions with military aircraft. Recent reductions in human activity on the island have helped reduce bird deaths, though lead paint pollution near military buildings continues to poison birds by ingestion. Albatross plumes were popular in the early 20th century. In 1909 alone, over 300,000 albatrosses were killed on Midway Island and Laysan Island for their


title: Albatross content: plumes. Another threat to albatrosses is introduced species, such as rats or feral cats, which directly attack albatrosses or their chicks and eggs. Albatrosses have evolved to breed on islands where land mammals are absent and have not developed defences against them. Even species as small as mice can be detrimental; on Gough Island, the chicks of Tristan albatrosses are attacked and eaten alive by introduced house mice. Introduced species can have other indirect effects; cattle overgrazed essential cover on Amsterdam Island, threatening the Amsterdam albatross; on other islands, introduced plants reduce potential nesting habitat. Ingestion of plastic flotsam is


title: Albatross content: another problem, one faced by many seabirds. The amount of plastic in the seas has increased dramatically since the first record in the 1960s, coming from waste discarded by ships, offshore dumping, litter on beaches, and waste washed to sea by rivers. It is impossible to digest and takes up space in the stomach or gizzard that should be used for food, or can cause an obstruction that starves the bird directly. Studies of birds in the North Pacific have shown that ingestion of plastics results in declining body weight and body condition. This plastic is sometimes regurgitated and fed


title: Albatross content: to chicks; a study of Laysan albatross chicks on Midway Atoll showed large amounts of ingested plastic in naturally dead chicks compared to healthy chicks killed in accidents. While not the direct cause of death, this plastic causes physiological stress and causes the chick to feel full during feedings, reducing its food intake and the chances of survival. Scientists and conservationists (most importantly BirdLife International and their partners, who run the Save the Albatross campaign) are working with governments and fishermen to find solutions to the threats albatrosses face. Techniques such as setting longline bait at night, dyeing the bait


title: Albatross content: blue, setting the bait underwater, increasing the amount of weight on lines, and using bird scarers can all reduce the seabird bycatch. For example, a collaborative study between scientists and fishermen in New Zealand successfully tested an underwater setting device for longliners, which set the lines below the reach of vulnerable albatross species. The use of some of these techniques in the Patagonian toothfish fishery in the Falkland Islands is thought to have reduced the number of black-browed albatrosses taken by the fleet in the last 10 years. Conservationists have also worked on the field of island restoration, removing introduced


title: Albatross content: species that threaten native wildlife, which protects albatrosses from introduced predators. One important step towards protecting albatrosses and other seabirds is the 2001 treaty, the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels, which came into force in 2004 and has been ratified by thirteen countries, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, France, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom and Uruguay. The treaty requires these countries to take specific actions to reduce bycatch, pollution and to remove introduced species from nesting islands. Current thinking divides the albatrosses into four genera. The number of species is a matter


title: Albatross content: of debate. The IUCN and BirdLife International recognise 22 extant species (listed below), ITIS recognise 21 (the 22 below minus "T. steadi"), and one recent paper proposed a reduction to 13 (indicated in parentheses below), comprising the traditional 14 species minus "D. amsterdamensis". Albatross Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific. They are absent from the North Atlantic, although fossil remains show they once occurred there and occasional vagrants are found. Albatrosses


title: "Ludlow Amendment" content: Ludlow Amendment The Ludlow Amendment was a proposed amendment to the Constitution of the United States which called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress, except in cases when the United States had been attacked first. Representative Louis Ludlow (D-Indiana) introduced the amendment several times between 1935 and 1940. Supporters argued that ordinary people, who were called upon to fight and die during wartime, should have a direct vote on their country's involvement in military conflicts. The idea of a national referendum on any declaration of war was first suggested in 1914, and was supported by


title: Kohekohe content: Kohekohe Kohekohe (Dysoxylum spectabile) is a medium-sized tree native to New Zealand. It is found in lowland and coastal forests throughout most of North Island and also occurs in the Marlborough Sounds in the north of the South Island. Mature trees grow up to 15m in height, with a trunk up to a metre in diameter. Kohekohe forest used to be common in damp coastal and lowland areas in the North Island, but these forests have mostly disappeared because the land was used for settlement or they were browsed by possums. A fairly close relative of true mahogany ("Swietenia"), it


title: Kohekohe content: is also called New Zealand mahogany, because its wood is light, strong and polishes to a fine red colour. Kohekohe is notable for having characteristics normally associated with trees growing in the tropics, for example, its white flowers and red fruit grow directly from the trunk or branches (known as cauliflory), and it has large, glossy, pinnate leaves up to 40mm in length. Māori boiled the bark in water and drank it as a tonic. The wood was used for building canoes but is soft and not as durable as hardwoods and tends to rot quickly. It is valued for


title: Kohekohe content: carving. Kohekohe was probably the dominant vegetation cover on Kapiti Island before it was cleared in the early 19th century for cultivation and farming. The kohekohe forest on Kapiti is recovering after possums were eradicated in 1986. Kohekohe Kohekohe (Dysoxylum spectabile) is a medium-sized tree native to New Zealand. It is found in lowland and coastal forests throughout most of North Island and also occurs in the Marlborough Sounds in the north of the South Island. Mature trees grow up to 15m in height, with a trunk up to a metre in diameter. Kohekohe forest used to be common in


title: "John Biddle (Michigan politician)" content: the Wyandotte estate in 1836. However, Biddle was uninterested in farming the estate, and spent much time on his estate near St. Louis, Michigan. In 1853, he sold the Wyandotte estate to Eber Ward of Eureka Iron, who developed the area into the city of Wyandotte, Michigan. Jefferson Avenue, which stretches from New Baltimore, Michigan to East Rockwood, Michigan, is named Biddle Avenue through Wyandotte. After selling the Wyandotte estate, Biddle and his wife returned to Philadelphia, and later the couple spent much time in Paris. His grandson (William Shepard Biddle's son), also named John Biddle (1859–1936) became Superintendent of


title: "Richard E. Banks" content: and Native Americans of northern Georgia and South Carolina. He was especially noted for treating the Native Americans for smallpox. Banks died in Gainesville on May 6, 1856 and was buried in Alta Vista Cemetery in that city. The Georgia General Assembly named Banks County in his honor on December 11, 1858. Richard E. Banks Richard E. Banks (October 23, 1794 – May 6, 1856) was an American physician and surgeon. Banks was born in Elbert County, Georgia. One of thirteen children, Banks was the only one to attend college. After attending both the University of Georgia (for one year),


title: "Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner" content: until days after the fact. Even though Colbert's performance "landed with a thud" among the live audience, clips of Colbert at the dinner were an overnight sensation, becoming viral videos that appeared on numerous web sites in several forms. Sites offering the video experienced massive increases in traffic. According to CNET's News.com site, Colbert's speech was "one of the Internet's hottest acts". Searches for Colbert on Yahoo! were up 5,625 percent. During the days after the speech, there were twice as many Google searches for "C-SPAN" as for "Jennifer Aniston"—an uncommon occurrence—as well as a surge in Colbert-related searches. Nielsen


title: "City of Poros ship attack" content: almost certainly the ship, but the plan of attack will never be known, due to the premature detonation. It is possible that the attack which followed was a "Plan B" after the failure of the car bomb. One gunman had boarded the ship as part of its normal intake of passengers at Aegina, and then had waited until the ship had left the port and was three miles into its journey before he attacked, at approximately 8.30pm. Using concealed automatic weapons and hand grenades, he opened fire on his fellow passengers, who scattered in panic, many jumping overboard, which inadvertently


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: Bamberg Cathedral The Bamberg Cathedral (, official name Bamberger Dom St. Peter und St. Georg) is a church in Bamberg, Germany, completed in the 13th century. The cathedral is under the administration of the Roman Catholic Church and is the seat of the Archbishop of Bamberg. Since 1993, the cathedral has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Town of Bamberg". It was founded in 1002 by King (and later Emperor) Heinrich II (Henry II) and consecrated in 1012. After the first two cathedrals burned down in the 11th and 12th centuries, the current structure, a late Romanesque building


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: with four large towers, was built in the 13th century. The cathedral is about 94 m long, 28 m broad, 26 m high, and the four towers are each about 81 m high. It contains many works of art, including the marble tomb of the founder and his wife, the Empress Kunigunde, considered a masterpiece of the sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider, and carved between 1499 and 1513. Another well-known treasure of the cathedral is an equestrian statue known as the Bamberg Horseman (). This statue, possibly depicting the Hungarian king Stephen I, most likely dates to the period from 1225 to


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: 1237. Heinrich (Henry), son of Heinrich der Zänker became Duke of Bavaria in 995, replacing his banished father. His favourite dwelling was at Bamberg and he gave that property (probably in spring 1000) to his wife Kunigunde as a wedding gift. In 1002, Heinrich was elected King of Germany and he started to conduct his government business from Bamberg, giving the town various privileges (mint, tolls, market rights). Probably late in 1002 the decision was made to establish a diocese at Bamberg. Henry was pious, he and his wife had no children to leave the property to and the eastern


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: border of his kingdom still lacked a diocese. Against the opposition of the Bishop of Eichstätt, who lost the northern rim of his territory, and of the Bishop of Würzburg, who lost all of the eastern part of his, the "Reichssynode" of All Saints' Day 1007 at Frankfurt established the Diocese of Bamberg. The "Hochstift" was endowed with royal territories, notably around Bamberg and near Villach. Kunigunde contributed Bamberg itself. The first bishop (1007–40) was , Heinrich's former chancellor. He took his home in the former "Königspfalz". In 1007/1020 the diocese came under the direct authority of the pope, and


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: was thus henceforth outside of the control of the Archbishop of Mainz. King Heinrich (he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor only in 1014) became a canon of the cathedral chapter. Construction of this first cathedral had begun in 1002, with work starting on two crypts. It was consecrated on Heinrich's birthday, on 6 May 1012. This first cathedral was a cruciform basilica with the main choir in the west and a second to the east, each above a crypt. Two towers were located on the eastern façade. The nave was covered by a flat wooden ceiling. This cathedral was smaller


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: than the current structure (only around 75 m long). This cathedral burned down in the Easter week of 1081. Whilst the interior art was completely destroyed, damage to the structure was relatively minor. It was quickly rebuilt - by 1087 it was possible to hold a synode here. Bishop Otto had the church rebuilt completely and it was reconsecrated in 1111. This rebuilt church also burned down in 1185. In 1047, the body of Pope Clement II (Bishop of Bamberg, 1040-6) was transferred from Rome to Bamberg and was buried in the cathedral. With the destruction of the tomb of


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: Pope Benedict V at Hamburg at the beginning of the 19th century, this became the only papal grave in Germany. All other popes are buried in France or Italy. The current late Romanesque cathedral was erected (with short intermissions) by three men of the house of Andechs-Merania: (bishop from 1177–96), (bishop 1203-37) and (1237-42). The wealth of the cathedral chapter and the generosity of the House of Andechs-Merania resulted in a large, "splendid" building (see description below). It was consecrated on 6 May 1237. Heinrich had been canonized in 1146, as was Kunigunde in 1200. In 1499-1513, Tilman Riemenschneider created


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: the tomb of the founders (see below). Many other works of art were added during the Gothic period. During the 17th century, the interior of the cathedral was changed to Baroque style in two waves. The first came under Bishop Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen. The medieval coloured windows were removed. After 1626 the interior was whitened, painting over frescoes. A second wave followed after the end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648-53 under Bishop Melchior Otto Voit von Salzburg. The tomb of Heinrich and Kunigunde was moved, the rood screens were demolished and new high altars set up in


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: both choirs. In 1729-33, Balthasar Neumann, architect of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Würzburg Residence added the chapter house with administration offices for the cathedral chapter. In 1802/3, the Bishopric of Bamberg was secularized and became a part of the Electorate of Bavaria. In 1817, Bamberg became an archdiocese. The province includes the dioceses of Speyer, Würzburg and Eichstätt. The Baroque alterations were removed in a "purification" in 1828-37 ordered in 1826 by Ludwig I of Bavaria, who saw the cathedral as a national monument. Altars and other sculptures were auctioned off in an attempt to return the church to


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: its original, medieval state. Baroque art was replaced with Romanesque Revival art. During a renovation of 1969-74, the church was changed in accordance with the Second Vatican Council, e.g. by moving the main altar from the eastern choir to a location in front of the western choir. The cathedral is about long, broad, high, and the four towers are each about high. Due to its long construction process, several styles were used in different parts of the cathedral, particularly the Romanesque and Gothic ones. Between these two styles is the Transitional style, and this is the style which is characteristic


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: of the nave. The current structure is a late Romanesque building with four big towers. The eastern towers were originally lower, but raised to the western towers' height after 1766 by steep pointed gables, added by architect Johann Jacob Michael Küchel. The western towers are early Gothic. The cathedral has a choir at each end. The eastern choir is the oldest part of the cathedral, still in pure Romanesque style. The western choir is early Gothic and its vault was built from 1232. The east chancel, elevated due to the presence of a crypt beneath, is dedicated to St. George.


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: This symbolizes the Holy Roman Empire. Of the figures adorning the southern choir screen, the first three apostles pairs are attributed to the stonemasons who made the "Gnadenpforte" (see below). The others and the twelve prophets on the northern screen reflect a later style. The choir stalls with carved chimeras and lions date from the 14th century. The fresco in the apse is much younger. It was created in 1927/8. The west chancel is dedicated to St. Peter symbolizing the Pope. It contains the cathedra (created in 1904) and behind it, the grave of Pope Clement II. To the left


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: and right are Gothic (late 14th century) choir stalls, richly carved. In the back, the "Kreuzaltar" dominates the choir. The figures of Jesus, Mary, Mary Magdalena and John was created from gold-covered basswood in 1652/3 by , auctioned off during the purification in 1835, bought back in 1915 and erected in 1917. In the front is the 20th-century "Volksaltar" with a large wheel chandelier above. This sandstone base, fitted with various bronze plates showing scenes from the life of Jesus, was made in 1974/5 by . The northern transept holds a late Gothic (c. 1500) altar dedicated to Mary ("Mühlhausener


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: Altar"). It was previously located in the Protestant parish church of Mühlhausen. In 1781, it was replaced and then sold off in 1891. Given to Archbishop , he gifted it in 1904 to the cathedral. The southern transept contains a large Nativity altar made of basswood by the artist Veit Stoss in 1520-3. It was originally intended for a church in Nuremberg ("Karmeliterkloster") but after Reformation came to that city in 1524 the council refused to allow it to be set up. Veit's son Andreas Stoss, who had moved to Bamberg in 1526, managed to have it brought to Bamberg


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: in 1543, where it was erected in the church "". It only came to the cathedral in 1937 and is on a permanent loan from the parish. The altar is incomplete (e.g. the predella was never made) and only some parts of it were made by Stoss himself rather than by his workshop. The nave, which connects the eastern and western choir and accounts for about a third of the overall length of the church, contains the imperial tomb, the "Bamberger Reiter", an early 19th-century pulpit and the organ. Two more notable altars are located in the side aisles: The


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: "Kirchgattendorfer Altar" and the so-called "Riemenschneider Altar". The former is dedicated to Mary and dates from the 16th century. It came from the Protestant parish church of Kirchgattendorf in Upper Franconia and was set up here in 1921. The latter was assembled in 1926 from various individual figures of different origin, all dating from around 1500. It is named after the statue of St. Sebastian, which is attributed to the workshop of Riemenschneider. The western crypt was filled in with rubble but reopened in 1987-95. It was discovered that it still contained features of Heinrich's original cathedral. It now serves


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: as the burial site for the Archbishops of Bamberg. The first to be buried there in 1998 was Josef Schneider (1955-76). Under the northwestern tower a chapel ("Häupterkapelle") was created in 1997 to keep the skulls of the two founders, Heinrich and Kunigunde. They are contained within a glass shrine on a stele. Kunigunde's skull was previously kept in a cabinet in the eastern choir, behind the so-called "Sonnenloch" which gave access to the outside of the cathedral. The eastern crypt was created alongside the current cathedral, c. 1200. The tombs now here were only relocated from the nave in


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: the 19th and 20th centuries. These include bishops from the 11th and 12th centuries and the tomb of King Konrad III (Conrad III) who died at Bamberg in 1152 and was initially buried next to Heinrich and Kunigunde. There is also a well used for baptisms. The former chapter hall beneath which members of the cathedral chapter were also buried (these bronze slabs have now been moved to the walls). A wooden Gothic altar from c. 1500 is located in the further, late-Gothic part of the room. The chapel is used to house a nail, supposed to come from the


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: True Cross. This has been venerated at Bamberg since the 14th century. Formerly the Antonius or Gertrude Chapel, this was rededicated in 1974 after the Second Vatican Council. It now serves to store the sacramental bread for the Eucharist. It contains a painting ("Rosenkranzgemälde") attributed to Lucas Cranach the Elder (c. 1520). There are many sculptures both inside the cathedral and adorning the exterior. One of the most notable works of art of the cathedral is the tomb of Emperor Heinrich II, the founder of the cathedral, and his wife, Empress Kunigunde. It was made by sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider from


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: polished Solnhofen limestone and marble from the Franconian Jura. It took him 14 years to carve: between 1499 and 1513. The tomb, located near the eastern choir, is slightly higher than floor level because below there is a crypt. The tomb rises about 1.7 m above the floor. The top is carved with the likeness of Emperor and Empress. Above is a late-Gothic canopy. The carvings round the sides, reflecting the influence of Renaissance art, tell of various episodes in the lives of the imperial couple: The Empress walks across red-hot ploughshares to prove her innocence after being accused of


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: adultery, the payment of the workers who built , the Emperor being cured by Saint Benedict, the Emperor's death and the weighing of his soul by the archangel Michael. Reportedly they are based on sketches by Wolfgang Katzheimer. Near the tomb, on the northwestern choir column, supported by an Acanthus corbel, stands an equestrian statue known as the Bamberg Horseman ("Bamberger Reiter"). There is no consensus on who this knight on horseback really was supposed to represent. During the cathedral’s long history, the favoured version changed. The Romantics thought he was a German emperor from the Hohenstaufen family. The Nazis


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: thought he was a knight who symbolized German perfection, looking towards the east for new lands to conquer. Pictures of the horseman were displayed in schools, hostels and dwellings. It is now thought that he was probably the 11th century Hungarian king Stephen I. This is based on modern technology which has revealed the original colours used to paint the statue. The sculptor carved only his mark into the sculpture, leaving his identity a mystery. He may also have been involved in the creation of figures on the eastern choir screen (Mary and Elisabeth) and possibly of the Last Judgment


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: of the "Fürstenportal". The "Reiter" is probably the oldest statue of a horseman created in post-Roman Germany. Numerous carvings ornament the three major portals. The "Adamspforte" and "Marienpforte" (or "Gnadenpforte") leading into the eastern towers are each guarded by a carved Romanesque lion, a weathered remainder of Heinrich's original cathedral. The former portal sports figures (replicas) of St. Stephen, Kunigunde, Heinrich II, St. Peter and Adam and Eve. The latter is a funnel-shaped portal of the Lombardian style. The tympanum shows Mary, venerated by St. Peter and St. George on one side and by Kunigunde and Heinrich on the other.


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: Figures cowering in the corners are interpreted to be bishop Ekbert (left), a cleric possibly cathedral provost Poppo of Andechs-Merania (right) and a crusader in the centre, maybe based on one "frater Wortwinus", architect of the 1229-31 work. The main portal, not in the west as usual due to the two-choir structure of the cathedral but in the centre of the north wall, is called "Fürstenportal" (princes' portal) and opened only on holy days. It accesses the northern side aisle and was started by late Romanesque artisans (prophets and apostles) but finished by early Gothic workers (Last Judgment in the


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: tympanum). The statues (replicas) topping the columns are Ecclesia and Synagoga (the originals were moved in 1937). There are also statues here of Abraham and the Angel announcing the Last Judgement. The "Veitspforte" is a minor entryway, dating to the early Gothic period. It was inspired by the style the Cistercians had brought from France to southern Germany, as at Ebrach Abbey. The portal gives access to the southern transept. The tomb of Pope Clement II (1005–47) is made from silver-grey marble with carved reliefs from the first half of the 13th century on all four sides: the four Cardinal


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: virtues, death of the pope and St. Michael, rivers of paradise, and John the Baptist (or possibly Christ sitting in judgment over the world). Although many medieval bishops' tombs remain inside the cathedral, most of the later ones where transferred to the Michaelskirche during the 19th-century "purification" of the cathedral. The cathedral first had an organ in 1415. The one that was built in 1868 gave many problems and had to be rebuilt five years later, but it was kept until 1940 because of its good sound. The organ that is present in the cathedral today was built in 1976


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: by the organ builder Rieger. There are four angel figures in the corners of the organ case. The organ has four manuals and pedalboard. All the organs during the cathedral’s history were built against the north wall because the sound was best there. Every year about 40 concerts are given in the cathedral. The cloisters and the nearby chapter house by Balthasar Neumann today house the "" (cathedral museum). The "Domkranz" is a terrace reached by two broad stairways from the "Domplatz". From here the "Adamspforte" and the "Gnadenpforte" give access to the cathedral. The cathedral square is also fronted


title: "Bamberg Cathedral" content: by the Renaissance buildings of the ' and the Baroque ', the palaces of the bishops from the 15th century to 1602 and from 1602 to 1803, respectively. Originally known as "Hofplatz" or "Burgplatz", after secularization the square was renamed "Karolinenplatz" in honour of the then Queen of Bavaria, Karoline. Only in 1949, did "Domplatz" become the official name for the area. Previously, this had been limited to just the immediate surroundings of the cathedral. Bamberg Cathedral The Bamberg Cathedral (, official name Bamberger Dom St. Peter und St. Georg) is a church in Bamberg, Germany, completed in the 13th


title: "Men's role in childbirth" content: or observing. The birth process may have been regarded as private or even embarrassing to the patient or the doctor and there were issues of preventing infection. Around 1910, some states began to outlaw the midwifery practice. Others enacted regulatory requirements which were difficult for many midwives to complete. Since the 1920s, physician assistance has been predominant during childbirth. However, since the 1960s midwifery has returned and grown in popularity and societal acceptance. Even during childbirth with a physician, it is now common for women to have their families, particularly their partners, in the delivery room with them. To help


title: "Bođani Monastery" content: animal-like, winged and tailed demon with a hammer. Iconostasis is a superb work of art of its own. It was made in the mid-18th century by an artisan from Kiev. Bođani Monastery was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1990, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia. The monastery garden is popular among the local population and visitors. It has over 150 different plants from all parts of the world, like Egyptian cedar or numerous plants from the Americas. A project of planting the sequoia trees turned unsuccessful due to the climate. Bođani Monastery The Bođani Monastery


title: "Anoxic waters" content: Upon a bloom’s conclusion, the dead algae sink to the bottom and are broken down until all oxygen is expended. Such a case is the Gulf of Mexico where a seasonal dead zone occurs, which can be disturbed by weather patterns such as hurricanes and tropical convection. Sewage discharge, specifically that of nutrient concentrated “sludge”, can be especially damaging to ecosystem diversity. Species sensitive to anoxic conditions are replaced by fewer hardier species, reducing the overall variability of the affected area. Gradual environmental changes through eutrophication or global warming can cause major oxic-anoxic regime shifts. Based on model studies this


title: "Terry Hill" content: a playing and employment deal with the Western Suburbs Magpies, he was drafted from the Internal Draft pool by Eastern Suburbs. Hill's initial appeal was overturned and he eventually agreed to a three-year contract with Easts. By the end of 1991 the High Court had overturned the draft system and in 1992 Hill was given a release and he was able to move on to Western Suburbs Magpies. Hill moved to the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in 1994. At the end of the 1994 NSWRL season, he went on the 1994 Kangaroo tour. He was the season's top try-scorer in the


title: "1952 Louisiana gubernatorial election" content: 1952 Louisiana gubernatorial election The Louisiana gubernatorial election of 1952 was held in two rounds on January 15 and February 19, 1952. Like most Southern states between the Reconstruction Era and the Civil Rights Movement, Louisiana's Republican Party was virtually nonexistent in terms of electoral support. This meant that the two Democratic Party primary elections held on these dates were the real contest over who would be governor of Louisiana. The 1952 election saw the defeat of Long candidate Carlos Spaht, and the election of Robert F. Kennon as governor. In the low-turnout general election held on April 22, 1952,


title: "Japanese cruiser Katori" content: the American attack on Truk of 17–18 February 1944, the American Task Force 58 with nine aircraft carriers, supported by six battleships, ten cruisers and 28 destroyers, launched a massive attack on Truk. "Katori" had departed Truk shortly before the attack, escorting the armed merchant cruiser "Akagi Maru", destroyers and , and minesweeping trawler "Shonan Maru No. 15" towards Yokosuka, but came under attack by Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters and Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo-bombers from the carriers , , , and . "Akagi Maru" was sunk, and "Katori" was hit by a torpedo which did minor damage. However, several hours


title: "King Charles I School" content: bear his name. The original premises, Woodfield House built in 1785, and the Hall built about 1848, are now listed buildings. . When administered by Hereford and Worcester County Council in 1977 the Queen Elizabeth I Grammar School, Hartlebury (all Boys Grammar School) merged with the two Kidderminster grammar schools, King Charles I Grammar School for Boys and the Kidderminster High School for Girls, the latter was founded in 1868, and moved in 1912 to Hillgrove House, which is now also a Grade II listed building. This marked the end of the Grammar School system in Kidderminster as the change


title: "Flags in the Dust" content: instinctively that everyone in town liked John better. Both were superb athletes, and fearless fighters, but as Aunt Jenny frequently points out, "Johnny" Sartoris was friendly, cheerful and good-natured to old and young alike, while Bayard was cold, sullen, and moody even before the war. As a result of all this, Bayard secretly feels that he should have been killed in Johnny's place. That and the family disposition for foolhardy acts push him into a pattern of self-destructive behavior, especially reckless driving in a recently purchased automobile. Eventually young Bayard crashes the car off a bridge. During the convalescence which


title: "Polystichum setiferum" content: Polystichum setiferum Polystichum setiferum, the soft shield-fern, is an evergreen or semi-evergreen fern native to southern and western Europe. The Latin specific epithet "setiferum" means “with bristles”. It is most abundant in Ireland, southwestern Great Britain, western France and northwest Iberia, where it benefits from the combination of mild winters and moist summers, but also occurs more locally north to northern Scotland and east to the Crimea and Turkey; in the Mediterranean it usually grows at high altitudes. It grows in woodlands, often but not always on steep slopes. The fern's bright green fronds are long, usually drooping downslope, with


title: "Polystichum setiferum" content: typically 4-10 fronds on a mature plant. The fronds are soft-textured, bipinnate (single-pinnate on small, young plants), with the pinnae opposite on the stalk. Each pinna is long, with a large upward-pointing pinnule at the base, and the other pinnules decreasing in size toward the pinna tip; the pinnules have softly bristly tips. Individual fronds live for 9 to 15 months and remain attached to the rhizome after withering. The round sori occupy two rows on either side of the midrib of each pinnule and are covered by a centrally-attached, umbrella-like indusium with fringed edges. They produce light yellow spores.


title: "Polystichum setiferum" content: "Polystichum setiferum" is frequently cultivated as an ornamental plant for use in gardens. There are many cultivars available: over 300 have been described although most are no longer in cultivation or not considered sufficiently distinct for an individual name. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit:- Polystichum setiferum Polystichum setiferum, the soft shield-fern, is an evergreen or semi-evergreen fern native to southern and western Europe. The Latin specific epithet "setiferum" means “with bristles”. It is most abundant in Ireland, southwestern Great Britain, western France and northwest Iberia, where it benefits from the combination of


title: "Steadman Marlin" content: was a 19th at Michigan, and had two other top-25 finishes. One of the seven races was for the No. 54 General Creation Chevy, where he crashed to a 42nd place at Memphis Motorsports Park. Marlin made six more starts in 2002, driving for the Sadler Brothers. His best run was at Kentucky Speedway, where he led his first career laps (7), before late race problems led him to 22nd. In his other five starts, Marlin finished no worse than 30th. In 2003, Marlin ran seven races in the No. 30 Keystone/Express Personnel Dodge for Braun Racing. His best run


title: "Great Plains wolf" content: twice that of the modern population. Some haplotypes possessed by the Mexican wolf, the extinct Southern Rocky Mountain wolf and the extinct Great Plains wolf were found to form a unique "southern clade". All North American wolves group together with those from Eurasia, except for the southern clade which form a group exclusive to North America. The wide distribution area of the southern clade indicates that gene flow was extensive across the recognized limits of its subspecies. A study published in 2018 looked at the limb morphology of modern and fossil North American wolves. The major limb bones of the


title: "Souleuvre Viaduct" content: They were built from granite blocks from the Vire region quarries, each of a weight of 350 kg, for a total of 14000 m³ and with mortar sand coming from the Chausey Islands. Before World War II, about fifteen trains a day crossed the viaduct. It was used by the Germans during the War. The Allies tried to destroy the viaduct in 1944, but only managed to partially damage it. More than 500 bombs were dropped around it without hitting it. In August 1944, the viaduct was repaired by the Americans. When the rail line closed in 1960 the viaduct


title: "Kubrat (town)" content: as "Balbunar" ("Honey well") in Turkish, as the town was centred on the Copper Well that is now the town square. A primary school was founded in 1890 and the Cyril and Methodius community centre ("chitalishte") followed on 4 May 1891. The then village acquired its present name in 1934 and was proclaimed a town in 1949. An influx of investment has come from Bulgarians and other nationals since EU accession in 2007 leading to a boost to the local economy. The town is now serviced by over 5 builders merchants which is an indication of the expansion and renovation


title: "Asen's Fortress" content: Asen's Fortress Asen's Fortress (, "Asenova krepost"), identified by some researchers as Petrich (Петрич), is a medieval fortress in the Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains, south of the town of Asenovgrad, on a high rocky ridge on the left bank of the Asenitsa River. Asen's Fortress is above sea level. The earliest archaeological findings date from the time of the Thracians, the area of the fortress being also inhabited during the Ancient Roman and Early Byzantine period. The fortress gained importance in the Middle Ages, first mentioned in the statute of the Bachkovo Monastery as "Petrich" in the 11th century. The fortress


title: "Asen's Fortress" content: was conquered by the armies of the Third Crusade. It was considerably renovated in the 13th century (more precisely 1231) during the rule of Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II to serve as a border fortification against Latin raids, as evidenced by an eight-line wall inscription. The foundations of fortified walls—the outer ones being thick and preserved up to a height of , originally high—a feudal castle, 30 rooms and 3 water repositories have been excavated from this period. The best preserved and most notable feature of Asen's Fortress is the Church of the Holy Mother of God from the 12th-13th


title: "Asen's Fortress" content: century. It is a two-storey cross-domed single-naved building with a wide narthex and a large rectangular tower, and features mural paintings from the 14th century. The conservation and partial restoration works on the church were finished in 1991 (the whole fortress was left to decay after the Ottoman conquest in the 14th century and only the church remained standing in its original appearance as it was used by the local Christians) and now it is in regular use as a Bulgarian Orthodox church. Taken by the Byzantines after Ivan Asen II's death, the fortress was once again in Bulgarian hands


title: "Asen's Fortress" content: at the time of Ivan Alexander in 1344 only to be conquered and destroyed by the Ottomans during their rule of Bulgaria. The town of Asenovgrad takes its modern name from the fortress, formerly being named "Stanimaka". Asen's Fortress Asen's Fortress (, "Asenova krepost"), identified by some researchers as Petrich (Петрич), is a medieval fortress in the Bulgarian Rhodope Mountains, south of the town of Asenovgrad, on a high rocky ridge on the left bank of the Asenitsa River. Asen's Fortress is above sea level. The earliest archaeological findings date from the time of the Thracians, the area of the


title: Cuba content: (but did not ban it entirely) and banned the megahit "Chupi Chupi" by Osmani García, characterizing its description of sex as "the sort which a prostitute would carry out." In December 2012, the Cuban government officially banned sexually explicit reggaeton songs and music videos from radio and television. As well as pop, classical and rock are very popular in Cuba. Cuban cuisine is a fusion of Spanish and Caribbean cuisines. Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish cooking, with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor. Food rationing, which has been the norm in Cuba for the last four


title: "Global warming" content: 64% of the committed 2050 surface warming, and their influence will fade with time compared to the human contribution. Global temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlay long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them. The relative stability in surface temperature from 2002 to 2009, which has since been dubbed the global warming hiatus by the media and some scientists, may be an example of such an episode. 2015 updates to account for differing methods of ocean surface temperature measurements show a positive trend over the recent decade. Sixteen of the seventeen warmest years on record have occurred


title: Calandrino content: When his wife discovers his intentions, she beats Calandrino. Calandrino became the main character in several artistic works, including: Calandrino was a historical person, an Italian Renaissance painter named Nozzo di Perino who lived in the fourteenth century. Whether he really was the simpleton portrayed by Boccaccio in his work is unknown, but common belief is that he was a bit gullible. It is unclear whether this belief arose because of the popularity of the "Decameron", or whether it was already popular belief when Boccaccio wrote the tales. Calandrino Calandrino is a character from Giovanni Boccaccio's the "Decameron", in which


title: "Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic" content: associations: production associations, scientific production associations, and enterprise associations to coordinate economic affairs. Finally, the draft law said that the state was the owner of state enterprises and that the labor collective was the lawful manager of a state enterprise. The labor collective was to elect a labor collective council, which was to ensure that the enterprise director (who acted on behalf of the collective and the state) met the interests of the collective in managing the enterprise. It was unclear how the relationship between the enterprise director and the labor collective would work out in practice. Balancing the interests


title: "Addison station (CTA Red Line)" content: Addison station, which he adopted as part of the CTA's Adopt-A-Station program in 1998. Four large murals feature Cubs legends Billy Williams, Ferguson Jenkins, "Mr. Cub," Ernie Banks and Ryne Sandberg. A smaller painting of Harry Caray was added later. Since 1998, Musgrave has also designed posters commemorating the annual Cubs–Sox crosstown series. Beginning in 2003, the CTA has also issued farecards featuring the poster design. Prior to 2007, southbound afternoon Purple Line Express trains stopped at the station before weekday evening Cubs games, to speed travel times for customers from Evanston, Skokie and Wilmette. In an effort to prevent


title: "Honor Fraser" content: Honor Fraser Honor Fraser (born 1973) is a Scottish art dealer in California and a former fashion model. She is the sister of the 16th Lord Lovat and was brought up at the family seat Beaufort Castle in Scotland. Fraser is the granddaughter of British Commando Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat, and sister of the current Lord Lovat, chief of Clan Fraser. She was born and brought up at the clan seat, Beaufort Castle. She left St. Mary's Calne College with three 'A' levels. After school she began an internship at British Vogue, where it was suggested that she try


title: "The Big Move" content: On May 27, 2013, Metrolinx released its Investment Strategy, which would use the following tools to generate $2 billion annually for RTP projects: On September 18, 2013, the Government of Ontario under Premier Kathleen Wynne announced a panel to review the Investment Strategy, in order to "listen to different concerns and views and to assess them." The panel recommended two variant options of Metrolinx's Investment Strategy recommendations, which relied less on a Harmonized Sales Tax increase, and more on a gas tax increase. In March 2014, Wynne rejected the proposal to raise taxes to fund the RTP outright, in the


title: "F.E.A.R. Extraction Point" content: reach the extraction point and leave the city where the adventure takes place. "Extraction Point" adds new weapons, enemies, and single-player levels, but no new multiplayer content. Additional improvements were also made to the enemy artificial intelligence. The sequel to F.E.A.R., "", ignores the events of both expansion packs. The plot of the expansion starts off exactly where the original game left off; while the huge explosion of the "Origin Facility" has flattened the Auburn district and devastated the city, the helicopter evacuating the survivors of the F.E.A.R. team crash lands in the midst of the chaos. The player is


title: "Gerald Ford" content: died at home on December 26, 2006. At the time of his death, he was the longest-lived president in American history, a record he held until George H. W. Bush surpassed him on November 25, 2017. Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. He was the child of Dorothy Ayer Gardner and Leslie Lynch King Sr., a wool trader. His father was a son of prominent banker Charles Henry King and Martha Alicia King (née Porter). Gardner separated from King just


title: "Cornish diaspora" content: abreast. Straining to the vivid exhortations of six bullock drivers under the leadership of William Woollacott, they hauled the massive jinker for three months, on a 100-mile journey from Adelaide. In April 2001 the Jinker was included in the BankSA Heritage Icons List. An example of the extent of the Cornish diaspora are the miners who worked at the Geraldine mine in Western Australia and had an influence on the nearby town of Northampton. Their produce was shipped out of Port Gregory, Western Australia in small vessels like the tramp steamer SS "Xantho" and then transhipped to the port of


title: "Anabella Drummond" content: (the future Robert III of Scotland) in 1367. Soon, she was enveloped in a power struggle with her husband's brother, Robert. Since Anabella and John did have two daughters, but no sons for several years, he was a supporter of a law that would bar women from inheriting the throne. Anabella was crowned with Robert at Scone Palace when he came to the throne in 1390. She continued bearing children until she was past forty and had her last child, the future James I of Scotland, in 1394. King Robert, an invalid since 1384 due to an accident with a


title: "Nancy Hart Douglas" content: Virginia, south of Richwood. The grave of Joshua Douglas is in the Richwood City Cemetery in Richwood, WV. A mural depicting the famous photograph of Nancy Hart is also in Richwood. Nancy Hart's story has been recreated in the novel "Rebel Hart" by Edith Hemingway and Jacquelin Shields. In 1992, Susan Matthis Johnson's musical drama "Bury Me By Nancy Hart" was produced in Richwood, West Virginia by the Mill Whistle Players. The play was produced with cooperation from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the West Virginia Department of Culture and History. The musical drama retells the story of


title: Alise-Sainte-Reine content: Alise. In 2007 Gerard Taverdet stated that this spring has been the subject of numerous pilgrimages while being exploited for therapy. In 2010 Stephane Gendron, another Toponymist, posed the question: is it from the root *"ales" designating a mountain or the root *"alis" designating the spring? He adds, however, that the village has a mineral source and a sanctuary with a Gallic bathhouse with a therapeutic function. The healing waters site were undoubtedly famous since Celtic times. In the modern era the trade in mineral water from Alise went beyond the borders of Burgundy and even extended to Europe which


title: Kutiyana content: Kutiyana Kutiyana is a city and a municipality in Porbandar district in the Indian state of Gujarat. Kutiyana is located at . It has an average elevation of 30 metres (98 feet). Kutiyana town is spread over almost 2 km range.On the banks of the Bhadar river. Kutiyana is around 42 km away from its district center Porbandar and 40 km away from Airport.Kutiyana taluka have 52 villages. India census, Kutiyana had a population of 17,108. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Kutiyana has an average literacy rate of 63%, higher than the national average of 59.5%:


title: "Greatest Video Hits 1" content: a long time in each seeing them prior to the DVD being recorded. Greatest Video Hits 1 Greatest Video Hits 1 was the first Queen video collection on DVD. Most of the content was released previously on VHS and the long defunct CED Videodisc format as Greatest Flix in 1981. It was released in October 2002, and included video hits of the band between 1973 and 1981. The DVD peaked at number one in UK, with sales of more than 90,000 copies. It was also the best selling DVD of the year in 2002. It was also number one in


title: "Tyler James Williams" content: father, Le’Roy Williams, is a police sergeant. Williams has two younger brothers; Tyrel Jackson Williams (b. 1997) and Tylen Jacob Williams (b. 2001). His younger brothers are both actors, with Tyrel starring on the Disney XD series, "Lab Rats" as Leo Dooley and Tylen starring on the Nickelodeon sitcom "Instant Mom" as James Phillips. Williams had also appeared on "Lab Rats", portraying his brother's character's future self and "Instant Mom" as his younger brother's family cousin Jamal. Williams began his acting career at age four. He later starred in "Little Bill" as the voice of Bobby, briefly replacing Devon Malik


title: "Stephanie St. Clair" content: reform. In the late 1930s, Saint-Clair met her husband, Sufi Abdul Hamid, known as the "Black Hitler" for his anti-Semitic, Nazi fashion of activism. Hamid was a militant activist and was the leader of an Islamic Buddhist cult. Saint-Clair and Hamid's marriage went downhill quickly when he started cheating with a black fortune teller known as "Fu Futtam". Hamid and Futtam attempted to open a business with Saint-Clair's money, and their marriage officially ended in 1938 when Hamid was shot. Saint-Clair was charged for shooting at him and spent 10 years in the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility for Women in


title: Taranchi content: 1800, during the time of the Qing Dynasty. Spirits (alcohol) were introduced during the settlement of northern Xinjiang by Han Chinese flooding into the area. The Qing made a special case in allowing northern Xinjiang to be settled by Han, since they usually did not allow frontier regions to be settled by Han migrants. This policy led to 200,000 Han and Hui settlers in northern Xinjiang when the 18th century came to a close, in addition to military colonies settled by Han called Bingtun. Professor of Chinese and Central Asian History at Georgetown University, James A. Millward wrote that foreigners


title: "Ian O'Brien" content: strength that his torso generated, and his powerful kicks; sports science experiments showed that his vertical jump was especially strong. O'Brien was also known for his efficient start off the block. He often gained a lead of approximately a metre from his dive and underwater glide at the start, and was able to complete 50 m in 31.0 s. During the final training sessions in Tokyo, Talbot organised time trials for the Australians, which were held in front of opposition swimmers in an attempt to intimidate them. O'Brien posted a time of 2 min 33 s, which Talbot felt had


title: "Boku wa Imōto ni Koi o Suru" content: help and stay at his beach cottage. Yori tells Iku that if they had a child together, their parents will never have to separate them. Iku is hesitant at this idea, but agrees, and they make love in an attempt to conceive. Later on, they go to a church to pray, and Yori realizes Iku cannot give sacrifice their family to be with him and decides the right thing to do is to end the relationship. They decide to return home and reconcile with their parents. Yori decides to leave the family and go somewhere he can never be found


title: "Brian Cassidy" content: do. Winters was not bitter that the "SVU" role did not work out, and he wanted to return to the series for many years. During the , "SVU" was filming scenes in front of the building where Winters lived, so he chatted with the cast and crew, especially his former costar Mariska Hargitay. Hargitay helped Winters return to the show for the season finale that year. Winters saw potential in the storyline involving Cragen being framed for the murder of a prostitute and believed the time was right, so he agreed to stay on as a recurring character in the


title: "Leslie Harvey" content: Leslie Harvey Leslie Cameron Harvey (13 September 1944 – 3 May 1972) was a guitarist in several Scottish bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s, most notably Stone the Crows. He was the brother of Alex Harvey. Harvey was born in Govan, Glasgow, Scotland. In the 1960s he was asked to join the Animals by Alan Price, but chose to stay with his brother in the Alex Harvey Soul Band. He later joined the ill-fated Blues Council, another Scottish band. The Blues Council made one record, "Baby Don't Look Down", then, in March 1965, their tour van crashed, killing


title: "Moonshine (Savage album)" content: number twenty-six in Australia. Moonshine (Savage album) Moonshine is the debut solo album of New Zealand hip-hop artist, Savage, released in 2005. The album includes a bonus track featuring Akon. In 2005, it reached number two in the New Zealand charts. The lead single "Swing" was a number-one hit in New Zealand for five consecutive weeks. Later versions of the hit would reach number two in Australia and number forty-five in the United States. The title track was a number-one hit for seven consecutive weeks in New Zealand and reached number nine in Australia. They Don't Know reached number three


title: "European perch" content: European perch Perca fluviatilis, commonly known as the European perch, perch, redfin perch, big-scaled redfin, English perch, Eurasian perch, Eurasian river perch or common perch, is a predatory species of perch found in Europe and northern Asia. The species is a popular quarry for anglers, and has been widely introduced beyond its native area, into Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. They have caused substantial damage to native fish populations in Australia and have been proclaimed a noxious species in New South Wales. European perch are greenish with red pelvic, anal and caudal fins. They have five to eight dark