title: "Allium ursinum" content: helpful, but if the smell remains on the hands, one can mistake a subsequent poisonous plant for bear garlic. When the leaves of "A. ursinum" and "Arum maculatum" first sprout, they look similar, but unfolded "Arum maculatum" leaves have irregular edges and many deep veins, while ramsons leaves are convex with a single main vein. The leaves of lily of the valley are paired, dull green and come from a single reddish-purple stem, while the leaves of "A. ursinum" emerge individually and are bright green. The Latin name is due to the brown bear's taste for the bulbs and its


title: "Allium ursinum" content: habit of digging up the ground to get at them; they are also a favourite of wild boar. "Allium ursinum" is the primary larval host plant for a specialised hoverfly, ramsons hoverfly ("Portevinia maculata") Allium ursinum Allium ursinum – known as ramsons, buckrams, wild garlic, broad-leaved garlic, wood garlic, bear leek, or bear's garlic is a bulbous perennial flowering plant in the lily family Amaryllidaceae. It is a wild relative of onion, native to Europe and Asia, where it grows in moist woodland. "Allium ursinum" is a bulbous, perennial herbaceous monocot, that reproduces primarily by seed. The narrow bulbs are


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Ford Fiesta The Ford Fiesta is a supermini marketed by Ford since 1976 over seven generations and manufactured globally, including in Europe, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, India, Thailand, and South Africa. In 2008, the seventh generation Fiesta (Mark VII) was introduced worldwide, making it the first Fiesta model to be sold in North America since the Fiesta Mark I was discontinued at the end of 1980. Ford has sold over 16 million Fiestas since 1976, making it one of the best selling Ford marques behind the Escort and the F-Series. The Fiesta was originally developed under the project name


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: "Bobcat" (not to be confused with the subsequent badge engineered Mercury variant of the Ford Pinto) and approved for development by Henry Ford II in September 1972, just after the launch of two comparable cars – the Fiat 127 and Renault 5. More than a decade earlier, Ford had decided against producing a new small car to rival BMC's Mini as the production cost was deemed too high, but the 1973 oil crisis saw a rise in the already growing demand for smaller cars. The Fiesta was an all new car in the supermini segment, and was the smallest car


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: yet made by Ford. Development targets indicated a production cost US$100 less than the current Escort. The car was to have a wheelbase longer than that of the Fiat 127, but with overall length shorter than that of Ford's Escort. The final proposal was developed by Tom Tjaarda at Ghia. The project was approved for production in late 1973, with Ford's engineering centres in Cologne and Dunton (Essex) collaborating. Ford estimated that 500,000 Fiestas a year would be produced, and built an all-new factory near Valencia, Spain; a trans-axle factory near Bordeaux, France; factory extensions for the assembly plants in


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Dagenham, UK. Final assembly also took place in Valencia. The name "Fiesta" (meaning "party" in Spanish) belonged to General Motors, used as a trim level on Oldsmobile station wagons, when the car was designed and was freely given for Ford to use on their new B-class car. After years of speculation by the motoring press about Ford's new car, it was subject to a succession of carefully crafted press leaks from the end of 1975. A Fiesta was on display at the Le Mans 24 Hour Race in June 1976, and the car went on sale in France and Germany


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: in September 1976; to the frustration of UK dealerships, right hand drive versions only began to appear in January 1977. Its initial competitors in Europe, apart from the Fiat 127 and Renault 5, included the Volkswagen Polo and Vauxhall Chevette. Chrysler UK were also about to launch the Sunbeam by this stage, and British Leyland was working on a new supermini which was launched as the Austin Metro in 1980. The Fiesta was initially available in Europe with the Valencia I4 (high compression and low compression options), and engines and in Base, Popular, Popular Plus, L, GL (1978 onward), Ghia


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: and S trim, as well as a van. The US Mark I Fiesta was built in Cologne, West Germany, but to slightly different specifications; US models were Base, Decor, Sport, and Ghia, the Ghia having the highest level of trim. These trim levels changed very little in the Fiesta's three-year run in the US, from 1978 to 1980. All US models featured the more powerful engine, (which was the older "Crossflow" version of the Kent, rather than the Valencia) fitted with a catalytic converter and air pump to satisfy strict Californian emission regulations), energy-absorbing bumpers, side-marker lamps, round sealed-beam headlamps,


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: improved crash dynamics and fuel system integrity as well as optional air conditioning (a/c was not available in Europe). In the US market, the Ford Escort replaced both the Fiesta and the compact Pinto in 1981, competing with the Chevrolet Chevette and Chevrolet Cavalier. A sporting derivative (1.3 L Supersport) was offered in Europe for the 1980 model year, using the Kent Crossflow engine, effectively to test the market for the similar XR2 introduced a year later, which featured a 1.6 L version of the same engine. Black plastic trim was added to the exterior and interior. The small square


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: headlights were replaced with larger circular ones, with the front indicators being moved into the bumper to accommodate the change. For the 1979 auto show season, Ford in conjunction with its Ghia Operations in Turin, Italy, produced the Ford Fiesta Tuareg off-road car. It was touted in press materials as "a concept vehicle designed and equipped for practical, off-road recreational use." Minor revisions appeared across the range in late 1981, with larger bumpers to meet crash worthiness regulations and other small improvements in a bid to maintain showroom appeal ahead of the forthcoming second generation. The Fiesta Mark II appeared


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: in August 1983 with a revised front end and interior, and a bootlid mirroring the swage lines from the sides of the car. The 1.3 L OHV engine was dropped, being replaced in 1984 by a CVH powerplant of similar capacity, itself superseded by the lean burn 1.4 L two years later. The 957 and 1,117 cc Kent/Valencia engines continued with only slight alterations and for the first time a Fiesta diesel was produced with a 1,600 cc engine adapted from the Escort. The new CTX continuously variable transmission, also fitted in the Fiat Uno, eventually appeared early in 1987


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: on 1.1 L models only. The Mk2 Fiesta core range (excluding special editions) was made up of the following model variants; Popular, Popular Plus, L, Ghia, 1.4S (1986 onwards) and, finally, the XR2. The second generation Fiesta featured a different dashboard on the lower-series trim levels compared to the more expensive variants. The XR2 model was thoroughly updated with a larger bodykit. It also featured a 1.6 L CVH engine as previously seen in the Ford Escort XR3, and five-speed gearbox (also standard on the 1.3 L CVH models), rather than the four-speed gearbox which had been used on the


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: previous XR2 and on the rest of the Fiesta range. The engine was replaced by a lean-burn variant in 1986 which featured a revised cylinder head and carburettor; it was significantly cleaner from an environmental viewpoint but was slightly less powerful as a result (). A truly "hot" Fiesta was never produced by the factory to avoid impacting on sales of performance Ford Escort variants but many aftermarket conversions were available, the best-known being that by the English firm Turbo Technics boosting power to a well documented , which easily outclassed its "standard" rivals. Ford appreciated the high quality of


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: this conversion and was keen to look after its customers: the installation was undertaken by approved fitting centres and all the warranties remained valid after. The facelifted Fiesta, facing competition from the Austin Metro, Fiat Uno, Nissan Micra, Peugeot 205, Toyota Starlet, Vauxhall Nova and the Volkswagen Polo was one of the UK's top superminis. In its best-ever year, 1987, over 150,000 Fiesta models were sold in the UK, though it finished second in the sales charts to the Ford Escort. It was available in Japan, sold at Ford/Mazda dealerships called "Autorama"; it complied with Japanese government dimension regulations and


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: the engine displacement was in the more favourable Japanese road tax bracket which helped sales. The third generation Fiesta Mark III, codenamed "BE-13" was unveiled at the end of 1988 and officially went on sale in February 1989. The car was based on a new platform ditching the old car's rear beam axle for a semi-independent torsion beam arrangement and looked radically different, addressing the principal weakness of the previous generation – the lack of a 5-door derivative, something that was by then available in its major rivals such as the Fiat Uno, Peugeot 205 and 106 and Opel Corsa/Vauxhall


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Nova. The other main change was to the running gear – the improved HCS (High Compression Swirl) version of the Kent/Valencia powerplant. The CVH units from the second generation were carried over largely unmodified. The diesel engine was enlarged to a 1.8L capacity. As for sports models, the XR2i was launched in August 1989 with an eight-valve CVH (standing for "compound valve-angle hemispherical combustion chamber") engine with . This was the first Fiesta to have a fuel-injected engine. This was then replaced by a Zetec 16 valve version in 1992, which also saw the RS Turbo being supplanted by the


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: RS1800 as the CVH engine was being phased out. The RS1800 shared its 1.8 litre Zetec fuel-injected engine with the version of the then current Ford Escort XR3i and had a top speed of . The XR2i name was also dropped in early 1994, and the insurance-friendly "Si" badge appeared in its place on a slightly less sporty-looking model with either the 1.4 L PTE (a development of the CVH) or the 1.6 L Zetec engine. From 1995 the vehicle was built and sold at the same time as the new Mark IV. To distinguish the car, trim levels were


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: revised, and it was marketed as the "Fiesta Classic". This version continued until production finally ceased in 1997. The Fiesta Mark IV (internal code name was "BE91") was launched in 1995 and became Britain's best-selling car from 1996 to 1998. The model featured a range of new Zetec-SE engines, available in 1.25 L and 1.4 L forms, the 1.8 litre diesel engine was slightly modified for the Mark IV, now marketed as the "Endura DE". Lower specification models remained available with what would be the final edition of the Kent 1.3 L OHV engine, now known as Endura-E. As well


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: as the major changes to the chassis, the Mark IV also benefited from a new interior and exterior styling, including a soft painted instrument panel for the first year of production, albeit maintaining similar dimensions to the Mark III, along with the platform and the basic body structure, most noticeably the side door openings. The RS1800 and RS Turbo models were not carried over to the updated Fiesta range. The Mark IV Fiesta shared a production line and design with the Mazda 121, which sold in much lower volumes than the Fiesta did. In Brazil a 1.0 litre (Endura Engine)


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: version was available in Popular trim level. Also a 1.3 litre (Endura) and a 1.4 litre 16V (Zetec-SE) was available in CLX trim level; it was sold in Argentina and Chile. The UK trim level line up had relatively few changes over the years: (1995, Encore, LX, Si, Ghia; 1996, Ghia X added as range-topper; 1998, Si replaced by Zetec, petrol LX models briefly renamed Zetec LX, Ghia X models axed; 1999, Finesse added between Encore and Zetec). In 1997, the Mark IV was introduced in South Africa, the first time the Fiesta had been sold in that market. Only


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: one engine was available, the 1.3 litre Endura E. It subsequently won the South African Car of the Year award. The 1.3 litre engine was replaced with the 1.4 litre PTE (CVH) engine in 1999. The Mark IV was not sold in North America. The German-built Ford Puma was based on the Mark IV, sharing its underpinnings. For this reason the 1.7 VCT engine from the Ford Puma has become an extremely popular engine swap into the Mark IV and Mark IV facelift Fiesta. This gives the popular hatchback an extra 100 cc over the previous largest engine size available,


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: variable cam timing and better ratio gearbox while still retaining a factory finish as all components are a direct swap. As an exercise in badge engineering, the Mazda 121 and Ford Fiesta were built on the same production lines and used almost all the same parts. In the JD Power reliability surveys at the time, the Mazda was reported to be significantly more reliable and attracted higher levels of customer satisfaction, despite it being a slower seller than the Fiesta. In 1999, the Fiesta received a minor facelift aimed at giving the car a New Edge look, with a Focus-inspired


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: face, new bumpers and wheel designs. The facelift was known as Mark V in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Other changes include 1.6i 16V Zetec engine, fitted to the new Zetec S model, and later available in Ghia and Freestyle trims. New features such as side airbags and (after launch) the reintroduction of leather trim. An environmentally friendly "E-Diesel" model for 2001, with CO emissions of 120 g/km. The Lynx 1.8 TDDi engine (also introduced after launch). The fourth generation facelift was the last generation of Fiesta to be built at Dagenham in England, and was indeed the final Ford


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: model to be built at Dagenham prior to the closure of the car assembly plant in 2002. The internal code name of this Fiesta was still BE91. The UK trim level line-up consisted of: 1999, Encore, Finesse, Zetec, LX, Ghia; 2000, Zetec S added; 2001, E-Diesel added at bottom of range. Seeing the production of the fifth generation Fiesta, the Flight and Freestyle trims were respectively replaced by Finesse and Zetec. In South Africa, the facelift used the Port Elizabeth-built 1.3 L and 1.6 L Rocam engines, instead of the European Sigma 16-valve engines. This model formed the basis of


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: the Ford Ikon (code name C195), which is a four-door saloon designed for India, where Ford was then producing cars in a joint venture with Mahindra. The Ikon was also introduced in other developing countries, such as Brazil (where it is known as the Fiesta Sedan), South Africa, Mexico (where it was called Fiesta Ikon) and China, where saloons are preferred to hatchbacks. They are extremely reliable, and became one of Ford's successes. There were also four utility variants, the simplest being the "Fiesta Van" which was a three-door hatchback with the rear quarter windows blanked over and the rear


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: seat omitted (in other words, a sedan delivery). Another van with a boxy rear body and stretched wheelbase used the Courier nameplate and formed the basis of two coupe utility models, one with the short doors of the 5-door hatchback and small quarterlights in the style of larger extended cab pick-ups, made in South Africa as the Ford Bantam; and another with the 3-door's longer doors and no quarter windows, made in Brazil as the Ford Courier. The Fiesta was still Britain's best-selling supermini in 2001, by which time it was making use of a design over a decade old


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: (though heavily updated visually and mechanically). In three-door form, it was sold alongside the fifth generation Fiesta from April to December 2002 and in its final years in Brazil, it was sold as the Fiesta Street until 2006. The Zetec S was the highest Fiesta trim, and although its 1.6 L 16v Sigma engine was available in other Fiestas (such as the Freestyle) the Zetec S pushed out , and had major alterations to the suspension, with stiffer anti-roll bars and uprated brakes shared with the Puma. The fifth generation facelift Zetec S has a sizeable following, with many websites


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: dedicated to the vehicle. There is also a tuning culture devoted to this model, with reputable companies such as Milltek Sport and Shawspeed developing performance parts solely for the Sigma engine. On April 1, 2002, the all new fifth generation car was unveiled. Production at Almussafes Plant started on April 29, 2002. Of this Fiesta Mark V, most engines were carried over from the previous Fiesta, but renamed "Duratec", as the "Zetec" name was now solely used for sportier models. The previous push-rod 1.3 L engine was initially available in the UK, but this was quickly replaced with a Rocam


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: 1.3 L, both under the name Duratec 8v. Trim levels available initially were Finesse, LX, Zetec and Ghia, with limited edition variants soon following. The fifth generation was also the first Fiesta to feature the Anti-lock Braking System and passenger airbags as standard. The fifth generation was occasionally referred to as Mark VI in United Kingdom and elsewhere due to the fourth generation facelift being commonly referred to as the Mark V. This generation became the best-selling Ford Fiesta generation to date. Engines available include 1.25 L, 1.3 L, 1.4 L, 1.6 L, 2.0 L petrol, plus 1.4 L 8v


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: and 1.6 L 16v Duratorq TDCi common-rail diesels built in a joint venture with PSA. This was also the first Fiesta to be sold in Asia and Australasia (all 1.6 L LX 3dr/5dr, Zetec 3dr, Ghia 5dr), replacing the Kia-based Festiva. In Brazil and Argentina, a Fiesta saloon version was introduced in late 2004. A similar Fiesta saloon model, with a different front end, was released in India in late 2005. This Fiesta generation was ergonomically and mechanically more advanced than any previous generation. The 2005 facelift came with an improved exterior. In Brazil, the engine options also include 1.0


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: L 8v Flex and 1.6 L 8v Flex engines called Rocam, that runs on ethanol, petrol or any mixture of both. The internal codename of this model is B256 (5-door) and B257 (3-door). In other Mercosur countries the Fiesta features a 1.6 L SOHC Zetec engine has a standard with the choice of either a 4-speed automatic or 5-speed manual transmission. There is also a 1.4 L diesel engine available. For the Colombian market a 1.0 L 8v Rocam engine was sold with a supercharger, producing . This was discontinued in 2009 and replaced by the Mark VI imported from


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Mexico. In Chile the model is imported from Mexico because the Mercosur model does not meet the requirements of the country. The South American market Fiesta was facelifted in early 2007 as a 2008 model, with new rectangular headlights and grille. In early 2010 the Fiesta was facelifted as a 2011 model, with new headlights and grille, very similar to those on the mark VI Fiesta available in other markets around the world, but keeping all other features nearly the same as the previous model. Its name varies from country to country, called "Fiesta One" in Argentina, "Fiesta Move" in


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Venezuela, and "Fiesta Rocam" in Brazil. This generation was sold in Mexico until 2010, when it was replaced with the Ikon Hatch (a Ford Figo imported from India and still based on the fifth generation Fiesta). This new model coincided with the 2010 facelift and re-branding of the Fiesta Sedan to Ikon. Since the Ikon's discontinuation in 2012, the Ikon Hatch is sold alongside the sixth generation Fiesta. In the Indian market Ford produced the Ford Ikon (based on the Mark IV model) and the fifth generation Fiesta (with four-door, three-box bodywork only) in parallel for the saloon market until


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: April 2011. The Fiesta was sold in India since September 2005, with either a 1.6 litre Duratec petrol engine (also in sports version namely 1.6 S) or with a 1.4 TDCi diesel engine. The bodywork was specific to the Indian market, not related to the Mark V sedan as sold in Latin America. The car sold well from the beginning, with more than two thirds of initial sales being of the more economic diesel model. In 2010, the Ford Figo was added to the range, a hatchback based on the Mark V model. Production of the Ford Ikon was discontinued


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: when the Bharat IV emission requirements came into effect for metropolitan areas. Ford then announced the launch of the Fiesta Mark VI at a lower price and new features, including dual airbags, bringing the Fiesta in line with competitors such as the Honda City, Suzuki SX4, Volkswagen Vento and Hyundai Verna. In July, Ford introduced the sixth generation Fiesta, marketed in India only with saloon bodywork. Around the time of the introduction of the Mark VI, in April 2011, the name of the Mark V was changed to "Ford Fiesta Classic". After about a year on the market as the


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Ford Fiesta Classic, the rebodied version dropped the "Fiesta" portion and simply became the Ford Classic in July 2012. This coincided with a drop in prices and the introduction of a new variant called "Titanium". It is offered with a 1.6 litre Duratec petrol engine or with a 1.4 TDCi diesel engine. The petrol version offers while the diesel has . The Fiesta was briefly sold from 2004 through 2007, sharing its platform with the Mazda Demio. The only bodystyle was the 5-door hatchback, with the 1.6 litre engine in GLX trim, with the Fiesta ST offered only in 2005.


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: The Fiesta Sportizm was sold in Japan and was limited to 50 cars. The model is based on the 1.6 litre GHIA and is equipped with sporty body kits, a rear spoiler and 'Sportizm' badging on the exterior and floormats. The Sportizm was only sold in the 'Colorado Red' colour. The Fiesta ST/XR4 was the performance model of this Fiesta. It includes a 2.0 L Duratec petrol engine rated at in standard form, with a top speed of . The Fiesta ST also features alloy wheels, disc brakes to all wheels, different front and rear bumpers, side skirts, body colour


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: handles and bump strips, partial leather seats or an optional extra of heated full leather seats and a ST logo on the front seat backs and on the steering wheel. In Australia, the Fiesta ST was sold as the Fiesta XR4. To stay in line with all sports model Fords sold in Australia it received the 'XR' badging, instead of the 'ST' badging used in Europe. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show. This is a British 3-door concept car designed by Ford RallyeSport and Ford Design Europe, designed for the Super 1600 rally. The 1.6 L


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Duratec engine was rated . It includes four-two-one Arvin Meritor exhaust, 6-speed Hewland sequential gearbox, MacPherson strut front and twist-beam rear suspensions, 15-spoke magnesium wheels with 18" Pirelli P-Zero tyres. The car was unveiled at the Birmingham Auto Show. This is a concept model based on the 2002 Fiesta RallyeConcept. It includes many of the RallyeConcept Fiesta features such as the cooling vents in the front bumper, deep side rockers, white ceramic-coated brake calipers and exhaust tips, and a large rear spoiler. It also includes 18-inch alloy wheels with low-profile tyres, extended wheel arches, and lowered and stiffened suspension. The


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: engine is rated at over . In November 2005, a revised version of the fifth generation Fiesta was launched for the 2006 model year, also known as the Mk 6 facelift (Mk6.5). The exterior changes include new bumpers and grille, new headlamps, new rear lamps, re-designed door mirrors and thicker body side mouldings, with body coloured handles, mirrors and side mouldings on selected models. New vibrant exterior colours were added, to include 'Tango Red', 'Amethyst', 'Sublime' and 'Apple'. Inside, the redesign concentrated on improving the feeling of quality and space. This included a new fascia, with easier to read 'analogue'


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: instruments, and a soft-feel upper section to the instrument panel, following criticisms of the hard and cheaply textured original. The facelift also included a range of new 'big car' technologies, including Voice Control, Bluetooth, trip computer, Electronic Automatic Temperature Control (EATC), rain-sensing wipers, automatic headlights, power-fold door mirrors, and MP3 connectivity. These new features were publicised in the UK through a 'Clever Fiesta, Stupid Dogbot' TV advertising campaign, and Ford microsite. In the UK, the car was initially available in Studio, Style, Style Climate, Zetec, Zetec Climate, Zetec S, ST and Ghia trim levels. This was the last Fiesta sold


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: with the Ghia trim level. The changes had an immediate effects on sales. After years being outsold by Vauxhall's Corsa, among others, in February 2006 Ford announced sales in the preceding month were up 25% on January 2005 for the previous model. Furthermore, the Fiesta captured the title of Britain's most popular supermini in both 2006 and 2007, for the first time since 2001. Pre-facelift styling Post-facelift styling The Zetec S "Anniversary" was a limited edition of 400 cars based on the Zetec S and included a Radian Yellow body, chequered roof, black mirrors and door handles, tinted glass, alloy


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: wheels, black roof spoiler, sports seats, leather trim, an alarm, and an iPod socket. The car went on sale in the UK in March 2007 for £12,595. Despite the name, the Ford Fiesta was 31 years old when the anniversary model was released. The Zetec S "Celebration" was a limited (400 cars) edition based on the Zetec S and included a Celebration Green body, black and white chequered roof decal, unique identity number, chequered scuff plates and mats, full 'Ebony Haze' leather interior, privacy glass and Panther Black door mirrors, bodyside mouldings, roof spoiler, tailgate handle, alloy wheels, air conditioning,


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: trip computer, electric windows, CD player with portable music connection socket, sports front seats and lowered sports suspension. The car went on sale in the UK for £12,595. The Zetec S Red was a limited (500 cars) edition based on the Zetec S and included a Colorado Red body, black-and-white chequered roof decal, dark privacy glass on the rear windows, panther black door mirrors, door handles, bodyside mouldings, roof spoiler and tailgate handle; Quickclear heated front windscreen, ebony leather seats, alloy wheels, air conditioning and heated electrically operated door mirrors. The car went on sale in the UK for £13,000.


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: In 2008, Ford offered Mountune Performance options for Fiesta ST vehicles, available at specialist British Ford dealers beginning in March 2008. These were developed by Roush Technologies Ltd, which owns the Mountune Racing motorsport brand. The Mountune Performance Stage 1 (£1,435) includes a high flow catalyst and tubular manifold, and re-calibration of the engine to produce . The Mountune Performance Stage 2 package (£1,838) adds new camshafts and valve springs to the basic package to deliver . The ST 500 was a limited production (500 vehicles) model of the Fiesta ST. It includes 11-spoke black alloy wheels, red brake callipers


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: and carbon fibre pattern interior trim. The interior also features a Sony audio system and ebony leather heated seats. The vehicle cost £15,000. In November 2007 Ford announced the special edition 'Zetec Blue', introduced as a 'swan song' for the UK Mk6. The Zetec Blue was available as a 3 or 5-door, with a choice of the 1.25 and 1.4 petrol, and 1.4TDCi diesel engines. Prices started at £9,995; in between the existing Style Climate and Zetec Climate models. The seat trim was a unique blue derivative of the 'Kyoto' type featured in the Style Climate, and whilst the Zetec


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Blue didn't feature a chrome grille; the model was otherwise specified as the Zetec Climate model, adding additionally; 16" 7-spoke alloy wheels, Sony CD audio system with remote controls and premium speakers, and co-ordinated blue bezel, air vent and gaiter surrounds. To boost final sales before the introduction of the Mk7, the specification of the Zetec Blue was increased in the summer of 2008, with the inclusion of Bluetooth and Voice Control, and the Technology Pack (automatic headlights, rain-sensing wipers, power-fold door mirrors) as standard, which was promoted until September 30, 2008. The sixth generation, or Ford Fiesta Mark VI,


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: was shown in concept form as the Ford Verve at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2007 and marketed in principal European markets, Australia and the United States. This model is based on Ford's new global B-car platform. The sixth generation is known as Mark VII in the United Kingdom. Production started at Ford's Cologne plant in Germany in August 2008. A second plant in Valencia, Spain started production in early 2009. Productions in China, Thailand and Mexico started from late 2008 to 2010. In Brazil the production of the hatch version started in the end of 2012, in São


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Bernardo do Campo in São Paulo. Soon, the saloon version will be produced in the same place. A saloon version was launched in November 2008 at the Guangzhou Auto Show. It started sales the following year in China and from 2010 it became available across Asia and North America. It is not marketed in Europe, but marketed in Russia from 2015. The Ford Verve concepts are a series of subcompact car concepts from Ford Motor Company which the sixth generation Ford Fiesta (Mark VI) was based upon. The Ford Verve was intended to meet market demands for smaller, more fuel-efficient


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: cars. The Verve was created in both four- and three-door body styles. The 3-door hatchback and 4-door saloon versions of the Fiesta were both based on the Verve, with the 5-door hatchback and the 3-door van being their derivatives. The Verve concept was first shown at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. It continued Ford's Kinetic Design family styling theme, first seen on the Ford S-MAX. Martin Smith, executive director of design for Ford of Europe, described the Verve as "a chic, modern and individualistic statement for a sophisticated, fashion-aware generation." The concept was created by a team of designers from


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Ford studios in Dunton, England, and Cologne, Germany. The interior featured leather in different hues, along with multimedia equipment. The three-door hatchback featured a panoramic glass roof, pillarless side glass, LED headlamps, high-mounted LED taillamps, integrated tailgate spoiler and dark-chrome lower diffuser with integrated centre exhaust outlet. The car rode on 18-inch low-profile tyres mounted on two-piece, 12-spoke alloy wheels. On November 19, 2007, Ford unveiled its second Verve concept. This second version took the form of a four-door notchback and was styled similarly to the Frankfurt version of the car. It was finished in frosted grape. Another four-door Verve


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: concept car for North America was revealed at the North American International Auto Show in January 2008. It was finished in Rouge Red, and unique to this version, featured a modified front fascia. The most notable changes were in a deeper upper grille, with Ford of North America's trademark 'three-bar' graphic, and a downsized lower inverted trapezoidal grille. In late 2008 "Motor Trend" called the new generation of Fiesta a "superb little car" whose "greatest problem is that it's still a year away", a reference to the fact that the Fiesta would not arrive in the US until early 2010.


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: British magazine "Auto Express" called the car a "new class leader"; UK's "Car Magazine" said it was a "huge achievement" which will "please just about everyone". The February 2009 issue of Britain's "What Car?" magazine named the new Fiesta "Car of the Year" and the Ford Mondeo "Best Family Car" and "Best Estate." According to "What Car?", there is plenty of space in the front of the cabin, however, the rear knee space is rather limited and the backrests do not fold flat onto the base, making an uneven floor for the expanded boot. The Fiesta was featured on episode


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: 6 of series 12 of "Top Gear" in a series of "serious" road tests conducted by presenter Jeremy Clarkson, from escaping 'baddies' driving a Chevrolet Corvette C6 in the Festival Place Basingstoke shopping mall, to participating in an amphibious beach assault with the Royal Marines. In its first two years since the latest generation Fiesta went on sale in October 2008, more than 940,000 Fiestas had been purchased by customers around the world, with 810,000 (86%) being sold in Europe (September 2010). There are four body styles, including three- and five-door hatchbacks, four-door saloon, and a three-door van. They are


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: sold separately depending on the country. The 2008 Fiesta includes Ford's Convers+ menu system, as seen on the Mondeo, S-MAX and Galaxy, and complemented by steering wheel button controls. Ford initially anticipated that over 85% of Fiesta orders would include this multifunction display. Other new equipment includes keyless entry with a 'Ford Power' starter button, reach and rake adjustable steering wheel, electric power steering, and a USB port for portable music players. Ford Easyfuel, the capless refuelling system recently introduced with the Ford Mondeo, will also be a feature, while 'ambient lighting,' casting a soft red glow over the interior,


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: will be an option. For the 2011 US market model, the Ford Sync in-car communications and entertainment system will be available as an option. UK trim levels for the new Fiesta include Studio, Edge, Metal, Style, Style Plus, ECONetic, Zetec, Zetec S, Titanium and Titanium Individual. In 2008 Ford revealed details of an ECOnetic model, which Ford stated would emit 98g/km of carbon dioxide. The car was launched in 2009. It uses the 1.6 litre Duratorq TDCi diesel engine, but with an added diesel particulate filter. The Fiesta ECOnetic achieves its environmental credentials through weight loss and aerodynamic adjustments, and


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: its emission figure exempts the car from UK vehicle excise duty. The ECOnetic gets an estimated fuel consumption of . When tested on the highway mileage and emissions test schedules, on which hybrids are designed to perform well, the ECOnetic outperforms the Toyota Prius. The model will not be available in the US because, as "Business Week" noted, the company "doesn't believe it could charge enough to make money on an imported ECOnetic" and does not think it would sell enough of the model (350,000/year) to justify the $350 million in upgrades required at their Mexico plant to manufacture it


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: in North America. In 2013 the Ford Fiesta received a facelift (Mk 7.5) which was the first to use the new trapezoidal grille, now used on the Ford Focus, Fusion and Mustang. Trim levels in Britain became: Studio, Style, Zetec, Zetec S, Titanium, Titanium X and the newly introduced ST. Luxurious equipment from the Focus and Mondeo was also made available on the facelifted Titanium X model. Engines were also changed, with the 1.0 litre Ecoboost from the Focus debuting, with 100 and 120 hp, and a naturally aspirated version of the same engine producing 80 hp. A new facelift


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: was introduced at the Torino Motor Show in June featuring a new front and rear fascia and front fenders. Produces either 59hp or 82 hp, and available with a 5-speed manual. All-new naturally aspirated engine will eventually replace 1.25 Duratec, and comes with 80 hp, as a 5-speed manual and start/stop. Award winning engine, producing either 100, 125 or 140 (Red/Black special editions) hp, with the manual or Powershift transmission (100 hp only). 96 hp, comes usually as a 4-gear automatic or 5-gear manual 120 hp, as a 5-speed manual. Soon to be replaced by 1.6 litre Duratec, with 105


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: hp and Powershift transmission. Exclusive to ST, this engine makes 180 hp (up to 197 horsepower on a 15-second "overboost"), with a 6-speed manual. Replaces 1.4 TDCi, and soon 1.6 TDCi, with a hp output of 75 and 95 depending on model. Top of the range diesel with one version, 95 hp, with the option of start/stop. Will be replaced by 1.5 TDCi 95 from the Ford Focus in the future. In 2011, Ford revealed the Fiesta ST concept based on the Fiesta MK6/MK7. The final production model was announced at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2012. The Fiesta


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: ST is powered by a 1.6 litre Ford EcoBoost engine to deliver performance while still providing good fuel efficiency. The 1.6 litre Ford EcoBoost Turbocharged engine features Twin-independent Variable Camshaft Timing (Ti-VCT) and put out with of torque providing an acceleration time of under 7 seconds (0–100 km/h) and a top speed of 136 mph. This engine features "overboost," allowing delivery of up to 197bhp for a maximum of 15 seconds. In the US, Ford is permitted to market the engine offering its overboost power figure; by contrast, in other countries such as the UK, a manufacturer is not permitted


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: to market an engine's temporary output. The engine is mated to a 6 speed manual transmission which features Ford’s Torque Vectoring Control system to brake the inside front wheel to aid agility, and has three ESP modes. The car is expected to provide high fuel economy while not sacrificing performance, with Ford claiming higher fuel economy than the Volkswagen Golf GTI. The ST features a redesigned front fascia similar to the one seen on the Focus ST, a large rear spoiler, aggressive rear diffuser with a dual exhaust system, completed with 17-inch wheels on Bridgestone Potenza tires. On the inside,


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: the ST provides heavily bolstered Recaro front seats (optional in North America with partial leather, and available with either partial leather or cloth-only in other territories) and sportier décor; North American versions are offered with the MyFord Touch infotainment system. The Fiesta ST production model went on sale in both Europe and North America in 2013. In the North American market, the Fiesta ST became available in early 2013 for the 2014 model year, unveiled at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show as part of a larger mid-cycle refresh for the Fiesta. The North American Fiesta ST is offered as


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: a five-door hatchback variant (curb weight 2,720 lbs, 1,234 kg, manufactured in Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico) instead of the three-door hatchback offered in Europe, China, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa (curb weight 2563 lbs, 1163 kg, manufactured in Cologne, Germany). The North American model is only sold in hatchback body and with four doors, and includes a 1.6 litre EcoBoost four-cylinder engine, six-speed manual transmission, overall steering ratio of 13.6:1, increased roll stiffness at rear axle, 15 millimetres lower body height than base model, electronic Torque Vectoring Control and 3-mode electronic stability control (standard, sport or off). The Ford Fiesta


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: ST won "Top Gear"'s Car of the Year for 2013. In 2016, Ford released the Fiesta ST200 limited edition in Europe. On the outside, it featured bespoke grey paint as the only colour available, and unique 17-inch black alloy wheels. Inside, it featured Recaro bucket seats and illuminated tread plates as standard. Power and torque were both increased. As the name suggests, power was up to , while torque was boosted to . The chassis remained the same, but torque vectoring (powered by braking the inside wheels rather than an active differential) helped to reduce understeer whilst cornering. Thanks to


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: the increase in power and also to a shorter final drive ratio, was reduced to 6.7 seconds. The 1.6 L Duratorq TDCi with is sold instead of, in some countries alongside with the 1.4 L TDCi. The 1.6 Duratorq TDCi with torque is used on non-van models only. Vans with the 1.6 Duratorq TDCi are rated torque. Transmission choices include a 5-speed manual, a 4-speed automatic and a dual-clutch 6-speed automatic. The 4-speed automatic is only offered with the 1.4 L Duratec engine. The "Powershift" 6-speed dual-clutch gearbox is available in North America as an option in addition to the


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: 5-speed manual, which may be sold with a diesel in Europe in the future. This dual-clutch gearbox is also standard on some models in Thailand, and is available as an option in India. Thailand was the last plant to start assembling Ford Fiesta for ASEAN countries. A 6-speed "Powershift" dual-clutch transmission was made available as standard transmission initially for the 1.6L Ti-VCT engines in 2011 and 2012 in Thailand, and currently also for the 1.5 Ti-VCT variant (officially from March 2012 onwards). Curiously, the Thai-made Fiesta versions – both saloon and five-door hatch – feature a 100 mm pitch circle


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: diameter (PCD) wheel lug mount measurement identical to the Mazda2, as opposed to the 108 mm one as found in other global versions. There were 3 models at launch; 1.4 "Style", 1.6 "Trend" and 1.6 "Sport". All models feature ABS, driver airbag, air conditioning, electric windows and mirrors; the top-of-the-range 1.6 Ti-VCT 'Sport' and (from 2013) 1.5 Ti-VCT 'Sport' models featuring front passenger airbag, alloy wheels and stability control across the range, along with voice command in-car entertainment system and Bluetooth connectivity. Some of the paint options available for the Fiesta in Thailand (such as 'True Red' (a colour shared


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: with the new Ford Ranger Pick-up)) are also shared with the Mazda2 (known as 'Race Red'). Later, the "Sport+" models with added features was added to the line-up, as was "Sport Ultimate" model with 7 airbags (dual front, side, curtain and driver knee) as standard, which was a first in the subcompact segment in Thailand. They both used 1.6-litre engine with automatic transmission. In March 2012, the 1.5-litre Ti-VCT engine with 109ps replaced the 1.6-litre Ti-VCT engine in "Trend" and "Sport" but with no change on automatic transmissions. In Brazil, the Mexican Fiesta is named New Fiesta and is sold


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: both in 4-door version and 5-door version. The Brazilian-made Sigma 1.6-litre 16v engine is flex fuel. The power output and torque are with petrol and with ethanol. The 2014 Ford Fiesta features redesigned front and rear fascias. The SFE package based on the SE model includes a 1.0-litre three-cylinder EcoBoost engine. As of February 2014, the 2014 Fiesta ranked number one among Affordable Subcompact Cars according to US News & World Report. In June 2014, Ford claimed the largest market share in the UK of 12.87% – and almost half of those registrations belonged to the Fiesta. Unveiled at the


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: 2009 Los Angeles Auto Show in December, the sixth generation subcompact Fiesta is available in North America as a four-door sedan and five-door hatchback, with manual transmission or Ford's dual clutch automatic transmission. All models are manufactured at Ford's Cuautitlán Assembly Plant. Ford dealers in the US offer optional laminated vinyl graphics applied to the car's exterior, expected to last 3 to 5 years before replacement. Also, certain dealers partaking in a new Ford Retail program provide an "unwrapping" digital package loaded with a photograph of the buyer taking delivery of his/her new car. A 19 minute audio description of


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: the car and its features is included, which can be played on the way home, then loaded along with its interactive program into the home computer via its USB connection. There are multiple lawsuits filed against Ford on behalf of Focus and Fiesta owners with dual-clutch transmissions alleging defective transmissions. According to court documents, Ford issued multiple technical service bulletins but the problems were never fully resolved. For the North American Fiesta, Ford initiated a marketing campaign in early 2009 called the Fiesta Movement, distributing examples of European Fiestas to applicants across the United States—to have the test drivers use


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: popular Internet sites to share their experiences. Subsequently, Ford brought the cars to public venues nationwide to offer 100,000 test drives over eight months. One such event was offering free shuttle service in Chicago from a site near the Union Station commuter rail terminal to the Taste of Chicago event in Grant Park the week starting June 29, 2009. Late in July, six European Fiestas arrived in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to begin a similar demonstration tour across Canada. Following on the success of Fiesta Movement, Ford initiated Fiesta Movement 2 in December 2009 by calling for video applications to be


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: submitted by the end of January 2010 for activities to begin mid-February. In March 2010, Ford worked with the television series "American Idol" to promote the Ford Fiesta in North America. Working with Ford designers, the final 12 contestants of the show created their own custom graphics on a Ford Fiesta, which were subsequently revealed on the show with fans given the chance to win one of the personalised cars. Production of Ford Fiesta for the North American market started in May 2010. Ford planned to have cars available for sale soon after. On June 18, 2010, it was reported


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: that although dealers took deposits from over 2,000 customers for Fiesta and placed large orders as the car was heavily marketed, dealers and customers had not received cars that they expected to have arrived weeks ago in May. In July, Ford said initial shipments were delayed for up to two weeks by Hurricane Alex that hit Northern Mexico in late June, and subsequently by Tropical Storm Bonnie. As a result of the delays, Ford sent out US$50 gift certificates. By August 2010, Ford delayed some shipments because of a 'quality problem'. Ford claimed the issue was fixed and it was


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: unlikely cars with defective parts would reach customers. In 2017, Ford recalled 2014–2015 Ford Fiesta ST with 1.6 ecoboost engines because of a risk of engine fires caused by a “lack of coolant circulation”. The recall partly contributed to a charge of US$300 million by Ford. In North America, the Ford Fiesta is available in several trim levels: S (2011–2013): The S was the most basic trim level of Ford Fiesta from 2011–2013. It included the following standard equipment: black steel wheels with plastic wheel covers, an A/M-F/M stereo with auxiliary input and four front speakers (no rear speakers), manual


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: windows and door locks, cloth seating surfaces, manually-adjustable front seats, air conditioning, a 1.6L Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, and a five-speed manual transmission. While some options were available for the S, no option packages were available, as this was the base model of Ford Fiesta. It was only available as a Sedan. S (2014–present): The S trim level is the most basic trim level of Ford Fiesta. It includes the following standard equipment: black steel wheels with plastic wheel covers, an A/M-F/M stereo with Ford SYNC, a single-disc CD/MP3 player, auxiliary and USB inputs, and four front speakers (no rear


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: speakers), manual windows, power door locks with keyless entry, manually-adjustable front seats, air conditioning, a 1.6L Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, and a five-speed manual transmission. As a base model, the Ford Fiesta S offers no additional packages or options. It is available either as a Sedan, or, for the first time, a Hatchback. SE (2011–2013): The SE trim level was the mid-level trim level of the Ford Fiesta from 2011–2013. It added the following equipment to the base S: an A/M-F/M stereo with single-disc CD/MP3 player and auxiliary input, six speakers, and power windows and door locks with keyless entry.


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Available as either a Hatchback, or as a Sedan, the Ford Fiesta SE offered some option packages that added additional equipment. SE (2014–present): The SE trim level is the mid-level trim level of the Ford Fiesta. It adds the following equipment to the base S: six speakers, power windows and door locks with keyless entry, and alloy wheels. Available as either a Hatchback or as a Sedan, the Ford Fiesta SE offers some option packages that add additional equipment. SES (2011; USA): The SES (2011) for the North America market was the top-of-the-line trim level of the Ford Fiesta during


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: the year 2011. It added the following equipment to the mid-level SE: Ford SYNC with 1x USB port, and 1x auxiliary input, leather seats with leather piping, a manually adjustable front driver and passenger seat, heated front seats, sixteen-inch alloy wheels, and touch-button security system with a push-button start using a key-fob. Only available as a Hatchback, the Ford Fiesta SES offered additional options or packages such as Winter Driving Package with heated mirrors and a single-color LCD head unit as the top-of-the-line Ford Fiesta model at the time. SEL (2011–2012) and Titanium (2013): The SEL (2011 and 2012 models),


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: or Titanium (2013 models only), was the top-of-the-line trim level of the Ford Fiesta between 2011 and 2013. It added the following equipment to the mid-level SE: Ford SYNC with USB and auxiliary inputs, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a power front driver's seat, heated front seats, seventeen-inch alloy wheels, and security system. Available as either a Hatchback or as a Sedan, the Ford Fiesta SEL and Titanium offered no additional options or packages as the top-of-the-line Ford Fiesta model. Titanium (2014–present): The Titanium trim level is the top-of-the-line Ford Fiesta trim level. It adds the following equipment to the mid-level SE:


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Ford SYNC with MyFord Touch (2014–2015 models), or Ford SYNC with SYNC3 infotainment system with touch screen, a 100-watt Sony premium audio system with external amplifier and rear-mounted subwoofer, leather-trimmed seating surfaces, a power front driver's seat, heated front seats, seventeen-inch alloy wheels, and security system. Available as either a Hatchback or as a Sedan, the Ford Fiesta Titanium offers no additional options or packages as the top-of-the-line Ford Fiesta model. ST (2014–present) : The ST trim level is the high-performance Ford Fiesta trim level. Based on the SE trim level, the Ford Fiesta ST adds the following equipment: a


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: 1.6L EcoBoost Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine, a six-speed manual transmission, Recaro manually-adjustable front bucket seats, seventeen-inch grey-finished alloy wheels, and a unique front clip and body kit. Options include leather-and-suede-trimmed seating surfaces, navigation system, and sunroof. The Ford Fiesta ST is only available as a Hatchback. For the start of the 2012 model year, two new premium leather trim options and a sport exterior appearance package were made available for SES/SEL models, while several new colours were added for all models. At midyear, the hatchback became available in the previously saloon-only S trim level; as it includes a rear


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: wiper and the same body colour one-slot grille as fancier models, externally only badging and a limited choice of colours distinguish it from the SE. For 2013 option packages have been simplified and a Titanium trim level replaces the former SES/SEL. Fiesta sales for Canada began in June 2010 for model year 2011. Sales for the 5 door hatchback variant in Mexico started in 2011. The sixth generation saloon was launched in India in July 2011 with both petrol and diesel variants. The Fiesta received a September 2012 facelift with changes to the front, back and the interior. Ford Fiesta


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: for the Indian market has been finalised in both saloon and hatchback versions. It was put on show on April 15, 2011 in a Delhi mall. The model on show was a TDCi 1.6 Fiesta saloon but the variant was not disclosed. The sedan version has been launched in India. The top model comes with Bluetooth, Cruise control, Pull control, USB and Bluetooth / Voice Control as standard features. The other cars it will compete against will include Fiat Linea and Volkswagen Vento both of which have extended wheelbases, which the Fiesta does not. A red/black edition debuted with an


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: even more powerful version of the 1.0 EcoBoost 3-cylinder with 138-hp and 155-lb ft. On November 29, 2016, the seventh generation Fiesta (Mark VII, or Mark VIII in UK) was announced in Germany, being bigger, roomier, safer, more efficient and more upmarket. The Fiesta range will expand to include new additions: a compact crossover, called the Fiesta Active, and the luxury Fiesta Vignale. On July 20, 2017, Ford UK released an advert of the Fiesta featuring actress Keeley Hawes. On February 24, 2017, the seventh generation derived Fiesta ST was announced. It features an all-new 200 PS 3-cylinder 1.5-litre Ecoboost


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: engine with turbocharger and cylinder deactivation technology. On March 12, 2018, Ford announced that a Quaife Limited-Slip Differential would be offered as an option for the first time on the Fiesta ST. The Fiesta ST was released on May 7, 2018. Despite being heavier than the previous ST model, the new ST can go from a standstill to in 6.5 seconds. Power and torque have been increased to and respectively, which match the figures of the limited edition Fiesta ST200 of the previous generation. From launch, it is available in either a three-door or five-door body style, and comes standard


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: with a six speed manual gearbox, with no option of an automatic. All six generations of the Fiesta have been available in sedan delivery/panel van format, although not in all markets. The Mark I, II and III versions feature the standard 3 door bodyshell with the rear side glass replaced by body coloured metal and a flat floorpan instead of the rear seats. In 1991, a "high-cube" style van based on the Mark III front bodyshell but with longer wheelbase and Renault-derived rear torsion bar suspension was introduced and was named the Ford Courier. The Courier continued in the Mark


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: IV style through until 2002, when it was replaced by the Ford Transit Connect. For the Mark V, the standard Fiestavan version was based on the 3-door bodyshell rather than the taller 5-door version. The Mark VI Fiesta van was first introduced in the European market in mid-2009, a year after the original launch. Two Ford Fiestas starred in the 1979 Monte Carlo Rally — the British entry driven by Roger Clark and aided by co-driver Jim Porter, and a German entry piloted by Ari Vatanen and co-driven by David Richards. Both cars were highly modified with special motorsport components


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: throughout and featured pioneering Limited-slip differential (LSD) technology. The cars were powered by competition tuned versions of the 1,600 cc Kent crossflow engine — a later version of which appeared in the Mk 1 Fiesta XR2. The two rally cars performed well in the arduous ice and snow that year. Roger Clark did not set any records but the German car achieved 9th position overall — a very encouraging result which sparked demand for sportier Fiestas. Since this there have been sporting and "hot hatch" editions. Versions include Supersport, XR2, S(Sport), XR2i, Si, RS Turbo, RS1800, Zetec S, Zetec RS,


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: and ST. All of these were powered by a range of engines from the Ford Kent engine to the Ford Duratec engine. The Ford RallyeConcept in 2002 and Fiesta JWRC. Ford RallyeConcept has been realised through an intensely close collaboration between Ford RallyeSport, the motorsport experts behind the Puma Super 1600 and the Focus WRC rally cars, and Ford Design Europe, the creative team responsible for the new three-door Fiesta on which the RallyeConcept is based. Ford RallyeConcept's marriage of the motorsport engineer's objective for performance functionality with the eye for detail of the designer has been so effective that


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Ford has committed to an engineering development programme to bring a Fiesta-based rally car to reality. Aiming for FIA homologation by mid-2003, Ford RallyeSport is hoping that it will become Ford's next success story in national and international rallying. Fiesta Super 1600 debut Rally Greece 2004. The "Fiesta Sporting Trophy" is a "One Make" Championship; beginning its 1st season in March 2006. It combines keen competition with equal performance and leaves the decision about winning or losing to the drivers and co-drivers capabilities. The driver, co-driver and mechanics work as a team to compete against the toughest adversary of all—the


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: clock. The Fiesta Sporting Trophy will be based around the Fiesta ST Group N car. The car has from the 2 L Duratec ST engine which when combined with the conversion kit from M-Sport, has been designed to provide all of the safety equipment and performance upgrades to enable the car to be competitive and reliable at any event around the world. In March 2007, the Pirtek Rally Team introduced the Ford Fiesta Super 2000 rally car, which will compete in the Australian Rally Championship. On November 18, 2009, Ford with M-Sport unveiled the Ford Fiesta S2000 Mark VI. Although


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: not due for homologation until January 2010 it is set to make its debut as course car on the final round of the IRC series, Rally Scotland. The car had been built to compete mainly in the Super 2000 World Rally Championship. In 2013, M-Sport developed the Ford Fiesta R5, the successor of the Fiesta S2000; this was based on the 1.6 litre Fiesta ST, and was designed for the Group R5 class of rallying. Fiesta R5 got Evo update in early 2016. With new WRC regulations coming in 2011, M-Sport developed the Fiesta RS WRC, based on Fiesta S2000.


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: It won six WRC rounds in 2011 and 2012, driven by Jari-Matti Latvala, Mikko Hirvonen and Mads Ostberg, but since M-Sport lost most of its manufacturer support for the 2013 season the car hasn't been able to win. In 2013, Thierry Neuville was the world championship runner-up, being a M-Sport junior works driver. Fiesta RS WRC has been very popular among private drivers, due to its good driveability, reasonable price and good availability. The WRC regulations will be altered for 2017 and M-Sport has thus started developing the Mk7 Fiesta World Rally Car. The Fiesta Rallycross Supercars version is a


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: racecar with a 2.0 L Duratec turbocharged four-cylinder engine, running on petrol or E85 (85% ethanol/15% petrol). It produces over and . That propels the rallycross-prepped Fiesta up to sixty in 2.2 seconds. The cars were more powerful (another 200bhp) than WRC cars. The Fiesta Mk6 Rallycross cars made their US debuts in the 2009 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb in Colorado. Swedish team Olsbergs MSE announced the cars would later appear in ESPN's X Games 15 on 2009-08-02. The two Olsbergs MSE Fiesta Mk7 Rallycross cars were based on the Fiesta hatchback model road cars, one with 3 doors,


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: the other one a 5-doors version, but with all-wheel drive, powered by 2.0 L Duratec Ford engines capable of more than (for PPIHC only). British company M-Sport also builds Fiesta Rallycross Supercars to Global Rallycross Championship teams Hoonigan Racing Division, Chip Ganassi Racing and Bryan Herta Autosport. Driving a Fiesta, Tanner Foust won the 2011 and 2012 Global RallyCross Championship and was runner-up in the 2011 and 2012 FIA European Rallycross Championship. Toomas Heikkinen won the Global RallyCross Championship in 2013 and Joni Wiman and 2014. Other notable drivers include Marcus Grönholm, Ken Block and Brian Deegan. An Olsbergs MSE


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: RX Supercar Lite from FIA Rallycross Lite is also based on Ford FIesta. In the UK, the Fiesta is commonly used in club level motorsport series but has its national one-make series called the "Ford Fiesta Championship". During its peak in the 1980s and 1990s, it had manufacturer support and it even was a support race to the British Grand Prix and numerous British Touring Car Championship rounds. The series has gone through numerous name changes including "Ford Credit Fiesta Championship", "Ford Fiesta Zetec Championship" and "BRSCC Ford Si Challenge" and is nowadays run by the BRSCC (British Racing and


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: Sports Car Club) as a club racing championship. The organisation also run the other series that consists of Fiestas. The car has also been raced in the Touring-Light division of the Russian Touring Car Championship. Fiesta drivers won the Super 1600 class of the European Touring Car Cup seven times from 2008 to 2016. The Fiesta has been Britain's most popular new car in 1990, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1998, and each year from 2009-2014. By the time of the MK2 Fiesta's demise in early-1989, just under 1,300,000 had been sold in Britain since its launch twelve years earlier. By July


title: "Ford Fiesta" content: 2014, the Fiesta became the UK's best-selling car of all time, with 4,115,000 sold. In the US, Ford sold 23,273 Fiestas in 2010. The 2011 Fiesta was one of the five finalists for the 2011 Green Car of the Year awarded by the Green Car Journal in November 2010, competing with two plug-in electric vehicles, the Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt (the winner), and two hybrid electric vehicles. Ford Fiesta The Ford Fiesta is a supermini marketed by Ford since 1976 over seven generations and manufactured globally, including in Europe, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, India, Thailand, and South


title: "50 First Dates" content: #1 on the Top Soundtracks chart and Top Reggae Albums chart in the United States. Despite being prominently featured in the film, neither Israel Kamakawiwoʻole's "Somewhere Over the Rainbow"/"What a Wonderful World" nor The Beach Boys' "Wouldn't It Be Nice" were included on the soundtrack. The soundtrack was produced by 311's frontman, Nick Hexum. 311 provided a cover of The Cure's Lovesong for the soundtrack. It is heard over the film's end credits. 50 First Dates 50 First Dates is a 2004 American romantic comedy film directed by Peter Segal and written by George Wing. The film stars Adam Sandler


title: "MTV Video Music Award for Best Visual Effects" content: the House") and Adam Jones from Tool ("Prison Sex") have been nominated for doing such work. MTV Video Music Award for Best Visual Effects The MTV Video Music Award for Best Visual Effects is a craft award given to the artist, the artist's manager, and the visual effects artists and/or visual effects company of the music video. From 1984 to 2006, the award's full name was Best Special Effects in a Video, and after a brief removal in 2007, its name was shortened to Best Special Effects between 2008 and 2011. In 2012, the category acquired its current name. The


title: "United States ten-dollar bill" content: Trumbull's 1805 painting of Hamilton that belongs to the portrait collection of New York City Hall. The $10 bill is unique in that it is the only denomination in circulation in which the portrait faces to the left. It also features one of two non-presidents on currently issued U.S. bills, the other being Benjamin Franklin on the $100 bill. Hamilton is also the only person not born in the continental United States or British America (he was from the West Indies) currently depicted on U.S. paper currency; three others have been depicted in the past: Albert Gallatin, Switzerland ($500 1862/63


title: "Yellowstone River" content: Fort Abraham Lincoln on the Missouri River. After the US achieved victory the tribes were forced onto reservations. The Sioux and allies were forced from eastern Montana and Wyoming: some bands fled to Canada, while others suffered forced removal to distant reservations, primarily in present-day South Dakota and Nebraska west of the Missouri River. Crow warriors had enlisted as scouts with the US Army during the war and the Crow Indian Reservation was established in south-central Montana. The Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation is south of the Yellowstone in Montana. Many of the early expeditions to the area that would later


title: "Mary Higgins Clark" content: marry and start a family. She supplemented the family's income by writing short stories. After her husband died in 1964, Higgins Clark worked for many years writing four-minute radio scripts until her agent persuaded her to try writing novels. Her debut novel, a fictionalized account of the life of George Washington, did not sell well, and she decided to exploit her love of mystery/suspense novels. Her suspense novels became very popular, and her books had sold more than 80 million copies in the United States alone. Her daughter Carol Higgins Clark and former daughter-in-law Mary Jane Clark, are also writers.


title: "Gennady Zyuganov" content: well as the support of Alexander Lebed, and eventually won the two-man showdown by 53.8% against 40.7%. It has been alleged that Yeltsin may not have legitimately won the 1996 presidential election, but instead employed electoral fraud. Some results, largely from Russia's ethnic republics of Tatarstan, Dagestan and Bashkortostan, showed highly unlikely changes in voting patterns between the two rounds of voting. At a meeting with opposition leaders in 2012, then-president Dmitri Medvedev was reported to have said, "There is hardly any doubt who won [that race]. It was not Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin." Political observers suggested that Zyuganov was still


title: Gournia content: Gournia Gournia () is the site of a Minoan palace complex on the island of Crete, Greece, excavated in the early 20th century by the American archaeologist, Harriet Boyd-Hawes. The original name for the site is unknown. The modern name comes from the abundant hollow vessels found all over the site. Gournia lies in the municipality of Ierapetra in the prefecture of Lasithi. The overarching term "Bronze Age" means something different depending on the culture and region of the world being studied. The Aegean Bronze Age is defined according to the place, which are mainland, Aegean islands, and Crete. These


title: Gournia content: are referred to as Helladic, Cycladic, and Minoan respectively. Although Crete is an island in the Aegean, their culture is so distinctive from the ones considered to be Cycladic that it stands on its own. Archaeologists abbreviate the chronological periods using two prefixes. The first one always refers to the major Bronze Age period which are Early, Middle and Late. The second letter stands for the place: H for Helladic, M for Minoan and C for Cycladic. Lastly, some of these periods are further divided and distinguished from each other by adding Roman numerals and sometimes letters for subperiods. Thus,


title: Gournia content: EM IIB refers to the last half of the second period of the Early Minoan Bronze Age. Besides using this notation, since the Bronze Age in Crete is based on the building, use, and destruction of important architectural structures known as "palaces" found throughout the island, Minoan archaeologists tend to employ and use these as criteria to name the periods as Pre-palatial, Protopalatial, Neopalatial and Post-palatial. Harriet Boyd Hawes excavated the Minoan village for three field seasons in 1901, 1903 and 1904. Boyd and her team were able to expose almost the entire town, uncovering sixty houses, a central building


title: Gournia content: which she called "palace", the cemetery and a road system connecting all these features. Gournia and other Minoan sites were settled along the north coast where seasonal storms, particularly in the winter, bring the salt inland making the land unsuitable for crops. Nonetheless, the location of the settlement is strategic due to being at the island’s narrowest point, connecting not only the east to the west but the north with the south. This makes Gournia the main trading center of the island in Minoan times. There is evidence that the Minoans traded with the Egyptians as evident by the Cretan


title: Gournia content: artifacts found in Egyptian sites and the opposite is also true. Moreover, the influence of this relationship can be seen in art, where the Minoans borrowed techniques and imagery from Egyptian art. Sphoungaras is located 150 to 200 meters from the Gournia ridge, looking over the coast. Its natural rock shelters, openings in the rock, provided the Minoans for a suitable space to bury their dead without the need for physical labor to create or built tombs. The cemetery was in continuous used from EM II to the end of LM I. Inhumation was the preferred mode of body disposal


title: Gournia content: from early Bronze Age until the pithos burial, where the bodies were placed inside a large storage container, was introduced and became the norm around 1900-1800 BC. These burials were first excavated by Harriet Boyd and later revisited by Richard Seager in 1910 and Soles and Davaras in 1970. Some of the artifacts found were various types of complete vases, jewelry, and seals made out of ivory. The North cemetery is located along a steep and rocky ridge about 80 meters from Gournia. First discovered by Boyd and her team in 1901, she discovered what she described as “intramural burials,”


title: Gournia content: later coining the term “house tombs” to refer to them. Unlike the cemetery in Sphoungaras, people were buried in built structures here. The remains were deposited in no particular order on a charnel house manner. The house tomb is a square building measuring approximately 4 meters in all its sides. It is located on the east slope of the North cemetery. First excavated by Boyd, in 1971 it was revisited by a different team of archaeologists, yielding numerous artifacts presumed to be funerary offerings. Among the findings were two small vases, a miniature jug, a mug with no handles from


title: Gournia content: MM Ia found in situ; as well as a silver kantharos, two bird's nest bowls, a pair of bronze tweezers, stone vases, seals, jewelry and fragmentary sarcophagi with remains of 8 skulls and other unidentified bones. Together with Tomb I, the second house tomb are the best preserved funerary structures are Gournia. Unlike Tomb I, this house tomb is rectangular and consists of two rooms; it is the only tomb that has an altar. Altars are commonly found outside of tholoi, round structures where the dead were commonly deposited, in other sites from the South of Crete. Nonetheless, both Tomb


title: Gournia content: I and II would have appeared like normal houses to outsiders without the presence of the shrine due to the use of the same construction techniques and architectural style applied to build the town's structures. Some of the artifacts found in this house tomb were stone seals, fruitstands, three bronze tweezers, terracotta vases, cups, jugs, pithoi, and larnakes. Among these were fragmentary bones with only one salvageable skull. The accumulation and pattern of deposition of the human remains suggest that these were moved to the side once fully skeletonized to make space for more bodies. This was a common practice


title: Gournia content: among the ancient Greeks and is still practiced today in many other cultures. Gournia Gournia () is the site of a Minoan palace complex on the island of Crete, Greece, excavated in the early 20th century by the American archaeologist, Harriet Boyd-Hawes. The original name for the site is unknown. The modern name comes from the abundant hollow vessels found all over the site. Gournia lies in the municipality of Ierapetra in the prefecture of Lasithi. The overarching term "Bronze Age" means something different depending on the culture and region of the world being studied. The Aegean Bronze Age is


title: SWV content: at twenty-two on the Hot 100 and number six on the R&B chart. The last single, "It's All About U", found Taj taking most of the lead as opposed to Coko. The album was certified platinum for shipping 1,000,000 copies in the U.S. alone. Also, in 1995 SWV appeared on the "", recording the track, "All Night Long". "Release Some Tension" is SWV's third album. Guest appearances are made by E-40, Puff Daddy, Missy Elliott, Foxy Brown, Lil' Cease, Lil' Kim, Snoop Doggy Dogg, Queen Latifah, A Tribe Called Quest, MC Lyte, and Redman. The album features hits like "Rain"


title: Siamang content: Siamang The siamang ("Symphalangus syndactylus") is an arboreal black-furred gibbon native to the forests of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The largest of the gibbons, the siamang can be twice the size of other gibbons, reaching 1 m in height, and weighing up to 14 kg. The siamang is the only species in the genus Symphalangus. The siamang is distinctive for two reasons. The first is that two digits on each foot are partially joined by a membrane—hence the name "syndactylus", from the Ancient Greek "sun-", "united" + "daktulos", "finger". The second is the large gular sac (found in both males


title: Siamang content: and females of the species), which is a throat pouch that can be inflated to the size of the siamang's head, allowing it to make loud, resonating calls or songs. Two subspecies of the siamang may exist. If so, they are the nominate Sumatran siamang ("S. s. syndactylus") and the Malaysian siamang ("S. s. continentis", in peninsular Malaysia). Otherwise, the Malaysian individuals are only a population. The siamang occurs sympatrically with other gibbons; its two ranges are entirely within the combined ranges of the agile gibbon and the lar gibbon. The siamang can live to around 40 years in captivity.


title: Siamang content: While the illegal pet trade takes a toll on wild populations, the principal threat to the siamang is habitat loss in both Indonesia and Malaysia. The palm oil production industry is clearing large swaths of forest, reducing the habitat of the siamang, along with that of other species, such as the Sumatran tiger. The siamang has long, dense, shaggy hair which is the darkest shade of all gibbons. The ape has long, gangling arms that are longer than its legs. The average length of a siamang is 90 cm, but the largest they have ever grown is 1 m 50


title: Siamang content: cm. The face of this large gibbon is mostly hairless apart from a thin mustache. The siamang inhabits the forest remnants of Sumatra Island and the Malay Peninsula, and is widely distributed from lowland forest to mountain forest—even rainforest—and can be found at altitudes up to 3800 m. The siamang lives in groups of up to six individuals (four individuals on average) with an average home range of 23 hectares. Their day ranges are substantially smaller than those of sympatric "Hylobates" species, often less than 1 km. The siamang's melodious singing breaks the forest's silence in the early morning after


title: Siamang content: the agile gibbons' or lar gibbons' calls. The siamang in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula are similar in appearance, but some behaviors differ between the two populations. The siamang eats mainly various parts of plants. The Sumatran siamang is more frugivorous than its Malayan relative, with fruit making up to 60% of its diet. The siamang eats at least 160 species of plants, from vines to woody plants. Its major food is figs ("Ficus" spp. The siamang prefers to eat ripe rather than unripe fruit, and young rather than old leaves. It eats flowers and a few animals, mostly insects.


title: Siamang content: When the siamang eats large flowers, it eats only the corollae (petals), but it eats all parts of smaller flowers, with the small fruit collected in its hand before being consumed. When it eats big and hard seeds or seeds with sharp edges, it peels out the fruit flesh and throws away the seed. Although its diet consists of substantial portions of fruit, it is the most folivorous of all members of Hylobatidae. As it is also the largest gibbon, it fits well with the general primate dietary trend in which larger primates tend to be more folivorous. A group


title: Siamang content: of siamangs normally consists of an adult dominant male, an adult dominant female, with offspring, infants, and sometimes a subadult. The subadult usually leaves the group after attaining the age of 6–8 years; subadult females tend to leave the group earlier than subadult males. Siamang gestation period is between 6.2 and 7.9 months; after the infant is born, the mother takes care of the infant for the first year of its life. Siamang males tend to offer more paternal care than do other members of the family Hylobatidae, taking up a major role in carrying an infant after it is


title: Siamang content: about 8 months old. The infant typically returns to its mother to sleep and nurse. The infant begins to travel independently from its parents by its third year of life. Siamangs are generally known to have monogamous mating pairs, which have been documented to spend more time in close proximity to each other, in comparison to other gibbon species. However, both monogamous and polyandrous groups are found in south Sumatra. In studying these populations, infants belonging to monogamous groups were found to receive more overall male care than infants in the polyandrous groups. This reduced care is most likely due


title: Siamang content: to reduced certainty of paternity in these groups. Habitat disturbance affects siamang group composition; it is varied in age-sex structure between intact forest and burnt, regrown forest. The burnt, regrown forest population contained more adult and subadults than the intact forest population, which had more infants, small juveniles, and large juveniles. Infant survival rates in burnt, regrown forest groups are lower than in intact forest groups. The number of individuals in the latter is higher than in the former. The siamang in disturbed forests live in small groups and have a density lower than in intact forests because of lack


title: Siamang content: of food resources and trees for living. In the 1980s, the Indonesian population of the siamang in the wild was estimated to be 360,000 individuals. This seems overestimated today, as an example, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park is the third-largest protected area (3,568 km²) in Sumatra, of which roughly 2,570 km² remain under forest cover inhabited by 22,390 siamangs (in 2002 censuses). In Sumatra, the siamang prefers to inhabit lowland forest between 500 and 1000 m above sea level. The siamang tends to rest for more than 50% of its waking period (from dawn to dusk), followed by feeding, moving,


title: Siamang content: foraging, and social activities. It takes more rest during midday, taking time to groom others or play. During resting time, it usually uses a branch of a large tree, lying on its back or stomach. Feeding behaviors, foraging, and moving are most often in the morning and after resting time. Grooming is one of the most important social interactions among family members. Grooming takes place between the adults earlier in the day, and then the adults groom the juveniles later in the day. Adult males are the most involved in grooming. In the dry season, the size of the siamang's


title: Siamang content: daily range is larger than in the rainy season. The siamang in southern Sumatra undertakes less foraging than the siamang in other places because it eats more fruit, so consumes more nutrients, which results in less time needed for looking for food. Sometimes, the siamang spends all day in one big fruiting tree, just moving out when it wants to rest and then coming back again to fruiting trees. Siamangs are a very social species of primates and exhibit a variety of tactile and visual gestures, along with actions and facial expressions to communicate and increase social bonds within their


title: Siamang content: family group. Siamangs are also territorial and interact with other family groups by making loud calls to let other groups know where their territory is. The calls may be asynchronous, where they are not directed at a particular neighboring group, or simultaneous group calls may take place across the territory boundary. In addition, males chase each other across the boundary. Grooming frequency between males and females has been found to correlate to copulation frequency, as well as bouts of aggression. Pairs copulate during four to five months at intervals of two to three years. The peak of their reproductive activity


title: Siamang content: is often during the time when fruit is most abundant. Dorsoventral copulation is the most common type in siamangs, where the female is squatting and the male hangs by his arms and grips the female with his legs, whereas ventroventral copulation, where both primates are suspended, occurs only one in 60 times on average. The siamang starts its day by calling in the early morning; it calls less after midday, with the peak of the calls around 9:00 to 10:00 am. Most of the siamang's calls are directed to its neighbours rather than to inside its home range. This means


title: Siamang content: the siamang's calling is in response to disturbances and to defend its territory. Calls in the late morning typically happen when it meets or sees another siamang group. The edge of the siamang's home range, which may overlap another, is often the place where calling is made. Counter (co-response) calling occasionally happens near the border or in the overlap area. Calls are numerous when fruit is more abundant rather than when it is less available. Branch shaking, swinging, and moving around the tree crowns accompany the calling. This movement might be to show the other groups where they are. The


title: Siamang content: siamang prefers calling in the living, high, and big trees, possibly where another group is easy to see. Besides that, living, big, and tall trees can support siamang movement. Calling trees are usually near feeding trees, but sometimes they call in the feeding trees. Mated pairs produce loud, well-patterned calling bouts, which are referred to as duetting. These calls function to advertise the presence and status of a mated pair. Newly formed pairs spend more time singing than an established pair. Advertising the presence of a strong bond is advantageous in territorial defense. Siamang duetting differs from other species because


title: Siamang content: it has a particularly complex vocal structure. Four distinct classes of vocalizations have been documented: booms, barks, ululating screams, and bitonal screams. Females typically produce long barks and males generally produce bitonal screams, but both sexes have been known to produce all four classes of vocalizations. As a frugivorous animal, the siamang disperses seeds through defecation as it travels across its territory. The siamang can carry seed and defecate over 300 m with the shortest distance being 47.6 m from the seed resource, which supports the forest regeneration and succession. The siamang, as an arboreal primate, absolutely depends on the


title: Siamang content: forest for existence, so is facing a population decrease due to habitat loss, poaching, and hunting. A major threat to the siamang is habitat loss due to plantation, forest fire, illegal logging, encroachment, and human development. Firstly, palm oil plantations have removed large areas of the siamang's habitat in the last four decades. Since 2002, 107,000 km of oil palm have been planted, which has replaced much rainforest in Indonesia and Malaysia, where the siamang originally lived. Secondly, in the last two decades, forest fire destroyed more than 20,000 km of Sumatran rainforest, mainly in the lowland area where most


title: Siamang content: of the siamangs live. Thirdly, the rate of illegal logging in Indonesia increased from 1980 to 1995 and even more rapidly after the reformation era beginning in 1998. These illegal activities devastated the remaining tropical rainforest, especially in Sumatra. Fourthly, forest encroachments change forest cover into cultivated land; for example, the rising price of coffee in 1998 has been encouraging people in Sumatra to replace the forest with coffee plantation. Fifthly, development in many areas needs infrastructure, such as roads, which now divide conservation areas and have caused forest fragmentation and edge effects. Unlike other parts of Asia, primates are


title: Siamang content: not hunted for their meat in Indonesia. They are poached and hunted for the illegal pet trade, mostly for infant siamangs. Poachers often kill the mothers first, since siamang females are highly protective of their infants, and removing the infant without first killing the mother is difficult. Most siamangs on the market are infants, which often die during transportation. The siamang is known to occur in at least 10 protected areas: Kerinci Seblat National Park, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Gunung Leuser National Park, Way Kambas National Park, and West Langkat Reserve in Indonesia, Fraser's Hill Reserve, Gunong Besout Forest


title: Siamang content: Reserve, Krau Wildlife Reserve, and Ulu Gombak Wildlife Reserve in Malaysia, and the Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary in Thailand. Siamang The siamang ("Symphalangus syndactylus") is an arboreal black-furred gibbon native to the forests of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The largest of the gibbons, the siamang can be twice the size of other gibbons, reaching 1 m in height, and weighing up to 14 kg. The siamang is the only species in the genus Symphalangus. The siamang is distinctive for two reasons. The first is that two digits on each foot are partially joined by a membrane—hence the name "syndactylus", from


title: Phantazia content: defeated by a strike from Psylocke's psychic blade. After the skirmish, Phantazia departed the island with her teammates. Though the Brotherhood would make several appearances after this, she was not seen among their roster. Phantazia resurfaced in the altered reality of House of M as one of Magneto's. After the timeline was restored, she was confirmed as one of the many mutants who lost their powers on M-Day. She is held in S.H.I.E.L.D.'s psychological ward, apparently having been reduced to a partial catatonic state by the trauma of the reality shift. S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Maria Hill states in a conversation with


title: "Kursk Oblast" content: the forest has been cleared. The chernozem soils cover around 70% of the oblast's territory; podsol soils cover 26%. "Internal": Bryansk Oblast (NW) (border-line length: 120 km), Oryol Oblast (N, 325 km), Lipetsk Oblast (NE, 65 km), Voronezh Oblast (E, 145 km), Belgorod Oblast (S, 335 km). "International": Sumy Oblast of Ukraine (W, 245 km). Kursk Oblast contributes to two major drainage areas: the Dnieper River and the Don River (78% and 22% respectively). There are 902 rivers and streams in the oblast, with their total length of approximately . Major rivers are the Seym and the Psyol. The inland


title: "North York" content: including the North York General Hospital, Humber River Regional Hospital and the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre. An aircraft manufacturing facility and a former military base are located at Downsview. With the end of the Cold War, much of the land was transformed into a large park now called Parc Downsview Park. Also located in the former airfield is Toronto Aerospace Museum. Black Creek Pioneer Village, an authentic nineteenth-century village, and the Ontario Science Centre, which has over 800 science-oriented exhibits, are North York's primary attractions. Not far from Black Creek Pioneer Village is York University's main campus, and the Jane


title: "Baine Kerr" content: Shirt", a memoir of Kerr's experience fighting in the Pacific during World War II. Baine Kerr Baine Perkins Kerr (August 24, 1919 – May 20, 2008) was a prominent Houston lawyer who was a partner in the law firm of Baker and Botts, where he managed the corporate law department, before he joined Pennzoil. Kerr was president of Pennzoil and on the board of directors from 1964 to 1994. He served in World War II, and graduated from the University of Texas at Austin. He married Mildred C. Kerr in 1942, with whom he would raise four children, Baine P.


title: "John Newcombe" content: John Newcombe John David Newcombe, AO, OBE (born 23 May 1944) is a former tennis player from Australia who is one of the few men to have attained a world No. 1 ranking in both singles and doubles. At the majors he won seven singles titles and a former record 17 men's doubles titles. He also contributed to five Davis Cup titles for Australia during an age when Davis Cup was deemed as significant as the majors. "Tennis" magazine rated him the 10th best male player of the period 1965–2005. Newcombe played several sports as a boy before devoting himself


title: "Ken Rosewall" content: Rosewall. After ten years of World touring, Rosewall decided to take several long breaks in order to spend time with his family and entered no competitions in the first half of 1961. He trained his long-time friend Hoad when the pros toured in Australia where Gonzales, back to the courts after a -month retirement, won another World tour featuring Hoad, Olmedo (replacing Rosewall), Gimeno and the two new recruits MacKay and Buchholz (Segura, Trabert, Cooper and Sedgman sometimes replaced the injured players). In the summer Rosewall returned to the circuit and won the two biggest events (all the best players


title: Uranium-235 content: fission are moderated to lower their speed, since the probability for fission with slow neutrons is greater. A fission chain reaction produces intermediate mass fragments which are highly radioactive and produce further energy by their radioactive decay. Some of them produce neutrons, called delayed neutrons, which contribute to the fission chain reaction. In nuclear reactors, the reaction is slowed down by the addition of control rods which are made of elements such as boron, cadmium, and hafnium which can absorb a large number of neutrons. In nuclear bombs, the reaction is uncontrolled and the large amount of energy released creates


title: "Clay-colored sparrow" content: Clay-colored sparrow The clay-colored sparrow or clay-coloured sparrow ("Spizella pallida") is a small sparrow of North America. Adults have light brown upperparts and pale underparts, with darker streaks on the back. They have a pale crown stripe on a dark brown crown, a white line over the eyes, a dark line through the eyes, a light brown cheek patch and brown wings with wing bars. The short bill is pale with a dark tip and the back of the neck is grey; they have a long tail. Non-breeding adults and immature resemble chipping sparrows and Brewer's sparrows; they often form


title: "Clay-colored sparrow" content: flocks with these birds outside the nesting season. Their breeding habitat is shrubby open areas and jack pine woods across central Canada and central northern United States east to the Great Lakes, and is expanding further eastward. The nest is an open cup on the ground or low in a shrub. These birds migrate in flocks to southern Texas and Mexico. They forage on the ground, mainly eating seeds and insects. Outside the nesting season, they often feed in small flocks. While nesting, these birds may feed far from the nest; feeding areas are not defended. The male sings from


title: "Clay-colored sparrow" content: an open perch to indicate his ownership of the nesting territory. The song is a "Bzzzz bzzzz za za". This bird's nests are made of grasses and lined with fine materials or hair. Three to five splotched blue-green eggs are laid and incubated for 11 days. They are often parasitized by the brown-headed cowbird; the nest may be abandoned when this happens. Clay-colored sparrow The clay-colored sparrow or clay-coloured sparrow ("Spizella pallida") is a small sparrow of North America. Adults have light brown upperparts and pale underparts, with darker streaks on the back. They have a pale crown stripe on


title: Ramesseum content: Ramesseum The Ramesseum is the memorial temple (or mortuary temple) of Pharaoh Ramesses II ("Ramesses the Great", also spelled "Ramses" and "Rameses"). It is located in the Theban necropolis in Upper Egypt, across the River Nile from the modern city of Luxor. The name – or at least its French form, Rhamesséion – was coined by Jean-François Champollion, who visited the ruins of the site in 1829 and first identified the hieroglyphs making up Ramesses's names and titles on the walls. It was originally called the "House of millions of years of Usermaatra-setepenra that unites with Thebes-the-city in the domain


title: Ramesseum content: of Amon." Usermaatra-setepenra was the prenomen of Ramesses II. Ramesses II modified, usurped, or constructed many buildings from the ground up, and the most splendid of these, in accordance with New Kingdom royal burial practices, would have been his memorial temple: a place of worship dedicated to pharaoh, god on earth, where his memory would have been kept alive after his death. Surviving records indicate that work on the project began shortly after the start of his reign and continued for 20 years. The design of Ramesses's mortuary temple adheres to the standard canons of New Kingdom temple architecture. Oriented


title: Ramesseum content: northwest and southeast, the temple itself comprised two stone pylons (gateways, some 60 m wide), one after the other, each leading into a courtyard. Beyond the second courtyard, at the centre of the complex, was a covered 48-column hypostyle hall, surrounding the inner sanctuary. An enormous pylon stood before the first court, with the royal palace at the left and the gigantic statue of the king looming up at the back. As was customary, the pylons and outer walls were decorated with scenes commemorating pharaoh's military victories and leaving due record of his dedication to, and kinship with, the gods.


title: Ramesseum content: In Ramesses's case, much importance is placed on the Battle of Kadesh (ca. 1274 BC); more intriguingly, however, one block atop the first pylon records his pillaging, in the eighth year of his reign, a city called "Shalem", which may or may not have been Jerusalem. The scenes of the great pharaoh and his army triumphing over the Hittite forces fleeing before Kadesh, as portrayed in the canons of the "epic poem of Pentaur", can still be seen on the pylon. Only fragments of the base and torso remain of the syenite statue of the enthroned pharaoh, 62 feet (19


title: Ramesseum content: metres) high and weighing more than 1000 tons. This was alleged to have been transported 170 miles over land. This is the largest remaining colossal statue (except statues done in situ) in the world. However fragments of 4 granite Colossi of Ramses were found in Tanis (northern Egypt). Estimated height is 69 to 92 feet (21 to 28 meters). Like four of the six colossi of Amenhotep III (Colossi of Memnon) there are no longer complete remains so it is based partly on unconfirmed estimates. Remains of the second court include part of the internal façade of the pylon and


title: Ramesseum content: a portion of the Osiride portico on the right. Scenes of war and the rout of the Hittites at Kadesh are repeated on the walls. In the upper registers, feast and honour of the phallic god Min, god of fertility. On the opposite side of the court the few Osiride pillars and columns still left can furnish an idea of the original grandeur. Scattered remains of the two statues of the seated king can also be seen, one in pink granite and the other in black granite, which once flanked the entrance to the temple. The head of one of


title: Ramesseum content: these has been removed to the British Museum. Thirty-nine out of the forty-eight columns in the great hypostyle hall (m 41x 31) still stand in the central rows. They are decorated with the usual scenes of the king before various gods. Part of the ceiling decorated with gold stars on a blue ground has also been preserved. The sons and daughters of Ramesses appear in the procession on the few walls left. The sanctuary was composed of three consecutive rooms, with eight columns and the tetrastyle cell. Part of the first room, with the ceiling decorated with astral scenes, and


title: Ramesseum content: few remains of the second room are all that is left. Adjacent to the north of the hypostyle hall was a smaller temple; this was dedicated to Ramesses's mother, Tuya, and to his beloved chief wife, Nefertari. To the south of the first courtyard stood the temple palace. The complex was surrounded by various storerooms, granaries, workshops, and other ancillary buildings, some built as late as Roman times. A temple of Seti I, of which nothing is now left but the foundations, once stood to the right of the hypostyle hall. It consisted of a peristyle court with two chapel


title: Ramesseum content: shrines. The entire complex was enclosed in mud brick walls which started at the gigantic southeast pylon. A cache of papyri and ostraca dating back to the third intermediate period (11th to 8th centuries BC) indicates that the temple was also the site of an important scribal school. The site was in use before Ramesses had the first stone put in place: beneath the hypostyle hall, modern archaeologists have found a shaft tomb from the Middle Kingdom, yielding a rich hoard of religious and funerary artifacts. Unlike the massive stone temples that Ramesses ordered carved from the face of the