title: Meander content: small secluded valley, an alcove or angular recess in a cliff, or a bend in a river. The meanders of a stream or river that has cut its bed down into the bedrock are known as either incised, intrenched, entrenched, inclosed or ingrown meanders. Some Earth scientists recognize and use a finer subdivision of incised meanders. Thornbury argues that "incised" or "inclosed meanders" are synonyms that are appropriate to describe any meander incised downward into bedrock and defines "enclosed" or "entrenched meanders" as a subtype of incised meanders (inclosed meanders) characterized by a symmetrical valley sides. He argues that the


title: Meander content: symmetrical valley sides are the direct result of rapid down-cutting of a watercourse into bedrock. In addition, as proposed by Rich, Thornbury argues that incised valleys with a pronounced asymmetry of cross section, which he called "ingrown meanders", are the result of the lateral migration and incision of a meander during a period of slower channel downcutting. Regardless, the formation of both entrenched meanders and ingrown meanders is thought to require that base level falls as a result of either relative change in mean sea level, isostatic or tectonic uplift, the breach of an ice or landslide dam, or regional


title: Meander content: tilting. Classic examples of incised meanders are associated with rivers in the Colorado Plateau, the Kentucky River Palisades in central Kentucky, and streams in the Ozark Plateau. As noted above, it was initially either argued or presumed that an incised meander is characteristic of an antecedent stream or river that had incised its channel into underlying strata. An antecedent stream or river is one that maintains its original course and pattern during incision despite the changes in underlying rock topography and rock types. However, later geologists argue that the shape of an incised meander is not always, if ever, "inherited,"


title: Meander content: e.g., strictly from an antecedent meandering stream where it meander pattern could freely develop on a level floodplain. Instead, they argue that as fluvial incision of bedrock proceeds, the stream course is significantly modified by variations in rock type and fractures, faults, and other geological structures into either "lithologically conditioned meanders" or "structurally controlled meanders". The oxbow lake, which is the most common type of fluvial lake, is a crescent-shaped lake that derives its name from its distinctive curved shape. Oxbow lakes are also known as cutoff lakes. Such lakes form regularly in undisturbed floodplains as a result of the


title: Meander content: normal process of fluvial meandering. Either a river or stream forms a sinuous channel as the outer side of its bends are eroded away and sediments accumulate on the inner side, which forms a meandering horseshoe-shaped bend. Eventually as the result of its meandering, the fluvial channel cuts through the narrow neck of the meander and forms a cutoff meander. The final break-through of the neck, which is called a neck cutoff, often occurs during a major flood because that is when the watercourse is out of its banks and can flow directly across the neck and erode it with


title: Meander content: the full force of the flood. After a cutoff meander is formed, river water flows into its end from the river builds small delta-like feature into either end of it during floods. These delta-like features block either end of the cutoff meander to form a stagnant oxbow lake that is separated from the flow of the fluvial channel and independent of the river. During floods, the flood waters deposit fine-grained sediment into the oxbow lake. As a result, oxbow lakes tend to become filled in with fine-grained, organic-rich sediments over time. A point bar, which is also known as a


title: Meander content: meander bar, is a fluvial bar that is formed by the slow, often episodic, addition of individual accretions of noncohesive sediment on the inside bank of a meander by the accompanying migration of the channel toward its outer bank. This process is called lateral accretion. Lateral accretion occurs mostly during high water or floods when the point bar is submerged. Typically, the sediment consists of either sand, gravel, or a combination of both. The sediment comprising some point bars might grade downstream into silty sediments. Because of the decreasing velocity and strength of current from the thalweg of the channel


title: Meander content: to the upper surface of point bar when the sediment is deposited the vertical sequence of sediments comprising a point bar becomes finer upward within an individual point bar. For example, it is typical for point bars to fine upward from gravel at the base to fine sands at the top. The source of the sediment is typically upstream cut banks from which sand, rocks and debris has been eroded, swept, and rolled across the bed of the river and downstream to the inside bank of a river bend. On the inside bend, this sediment and debris is eventually deposited


title: Meander content: on the slip-off slope of a point bar. Scroll-bars are a result of continuous lateral migration of a meander loop that creates an asymmetrical ridge and swale topography on the inside of the bends. The topography is generally parallel to the meander, and is related to migrating bar forms and back bar chutes, which carve sediment from the outside of the curve and deposit sediment in the slower flowing water on the inside of the loop, in a process called lateral accretion. Scroll-bar sediments are characterized by cross-bedding and a pattern of fining upward. These characteristics are a result of


title: Meander content: the dynamic river system, where larger grains are transported during high energy flood events and then gradually die down, depositing smaller material with time (Batty 2006). Deposits for meandering rivers are generally homogeneous and laterally extensive unlike the more heterogeneous braided river deposits. There are two distinct patterns of scroll-bar depositions; the eddy accretion scroll bar pattern and the point-bar scroll pattern. When looking down the river valley they can be distinguished because the point-bar scroll patterns are convex and the eddy accretion scroll bar patterns are concave. Scroll bars often look lighter at the tops of the ridges and


title: Meander content: darker in the swales. This is because the tops can be shaped by wind, either adding fine grains or by keeping the area unvegetated, while the darkness in the swales can be attributed to silts and clays washing in during high water periods. This added sediment in addition to water that catches in the swales is in turn is a favorable environment for vegetation that will also accumulate in the swales. Depending upon whether a meander is part of an entrenched river or part of a freely meandering river within a floodplain, the term slip-off slope can refer to two


title: Meander content: different fluvial landforms that comprise the inner, convex, bank of a meander loop. In case of a freely meandering river on a floodplain, a "slip-off slope" is the inside, gently sloping bank of a meander on which sediments episodically accumulate to form a point bar as a river meanders. This type of slip-off slope is located opposite the cutbank. This term can also be applied to the inside, sloping bank of a meandering tidal channel. In case of an entrenched river, a "slip-off slope" is a gently sloping bedrock surface that rises from the inside, concave bank of an asymmetrically


title: Meander content: entrenched river. This type of slip-off slope is often covered by a thin, discontinuous layer of alluvium. It is produced by the gradual outward migration of the meander as a river cuts downward into bedrock. A terrace on the slip-off slope of a meander spur, known as slip-off slope terrace, can formed by a brief halt during the irregular incision by an actively meandering river. The meander ratio or sinuosity index is a means of quantifying how much a river or stream meanders (how much its course deviates from the shortest possible path). It is calculated as the length of


title: Meander content: the stream divided by the length of the valley. A perfectly straight river would have a meander ratio of 1 (it would be the same length as its valley), while the higher this ratio is above 1, the more the river meanders. Sinuosity indices are calculated from the map or from an aerial photograph measured over a distance called the reach, which should be at least 20 times the average fullbank channel width. The length of the stream is measured by channel, or thalweg, length over the reach, while the bottom value of the ratio is the downvalley length or


title: Meander content: air distance of the stream between two points on it defining the reach. The sinuosity index plays a part in mathematical descriptions of streams. The index may require elaboration, because the valley may meander as well—i.e., the downvalley length is not identical to the reach. In that case the valley index is the meander ratio of the valley while the channel index is the meander ratio of the channel. The channel sinuosity index is the channel length divided by the valley length and the standard sinuosity index is the channel index divided by the valley index. Distinctions may become even


title: Meander content: more subtle. Sinuosity Index has a non-mathematical utility as well. Streams can be placed in categories arranged by it; for example, when the index is between 1 and 1.5 the river is sinuous, but if between 1.5 and 4, then meandering. The index is a measure also of stream velocity and sediment load, those quantities being maximized at an index of 1 (straight). Meander A meander is one of a series of regular sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or windings in the channel of a river, stream, or other watercourse. It is produced by a stream or river swinging from


title: "Montenegrin perper" content: Montenegrin perper The perper (; plural перпери) was the currency of Montenegro between 1906 and 1916. It was divided into 100 para. At the end of the 20th century, Montenegro contemplated issuing the perper again. However, it decided to adopt the Deutsche mark instead, and later followed the change to the euro. In 1906, coins were issued in denominations of 1, 2, 10 and 20 para. The 1 and 2 para were bronze, the 10 and 20 para were nickel. The nickel and copper coins were minted in Vienna. In 1909, silver 1 and 5 perpera coins were added, followed


title: "Arkansas Highway 10" content: route for travelers from Fort Smith to the state capitol. AR 10 remains the "scenic path" from Fort Smith, passing through the Ouachita Mountains at a slower pace than the bustling four-lane limited-access highway. Mile markers reset at concurrencies. Arkansas Highway 10 Arkansas Highway 10 is an east–west state highway in West Arkansas. The route runs from Oklahoma State Highway 120 near Hackett east to Interstate 30 in Little Rock, the state's capitol. The highway serves both the Fort Smith metropolitan area and the Little Rock – North Little Rock – Conway metropolitan area. Aside from Little Rock in Pulaski


title: "Alexander Nevsky (Prokofiev)" content: and music changes hardly at all, and the best music is not only preserved, but improved by larger instrumental forces, richer orchestration, added choral accompaniments, greater dynamic contrasts, and, obviously, greater continuity. Furthermore, in 'The Crusaders in Pskov', 'The Battle on the Ice', and 'Alexander's Entry into Pskov', Prokofiev indulges in more frequent juxtaposition and overlap of themes, resulting in greater rhythmic complexity and some jarring dissonances. The world premiere of the cantata took place on 17 May 1939. Sergei Prokofiev conducted the Moscow Philharmonic Orchestra and Chorus in the Great Hall of the Moscow Conservatory, with soloist Varvara Gagarina


title: "Cato Guntveit" content: for Brann's success in 1999, when the club finished 3rd in the Norwegian Premier League and reached the cup final. In 1999, Cato Guntveit was signed by the Scottish Premier League club Aberdeen as a free transfer. He gained a reputation as a committed player, but his career in the Scottish outfit was hampered due to several injuries. In summer 2002 he returned to Brann after being released from Aberdeen, having played 69 games and scored 5 goals. After returning to Brann, it took Guntveit nearly a year to make his debut, due to a mysterious injury. When he finally


title: WDDW content: Communications was sold to NextMedia in 2000, though no major format changes were made. In February 2004 NextMedia turned on their new Oak Creek transmitter, which gave the station an improved signal into the Milwaukee area. The format was tweaked on March 6, 2004, when it evolved into a mixture of current and classic country as "104-7 The Wolf". Instead of a jingle, The Wolf would usually play a wolf howling between songs. On October 13, 2005, Bustos Media agreed to purchase the station from NextMedia Group for $10.2 million, with the intention of flipping to a Spanish-language format. On


title: "Milwaukee Chicks" content: the Chicks moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan prior to the 1945 season. On August 27, 2000, the surviving Chicks were honored by the Milwaukee Brewers before a game against the San Diego Padres. Tributes to the club may be found in Miller Park. Milwaukee Chicks The Milwaukee Chicks were a women's professional baseball team which played in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League during the season. They were managed by Max Carey, former star player for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Brooklyn Robins and a future Hall of Famer. They were also known colloquially as the "Brewettes", after the city's established


title: "Fry and the Slurm Factory" content: but are pursued by the Slurm Queen. Slurms McKenzie, exhausted from his years of partying, arrives and sacrifices himself to save Fry, Leela, his two super models, and Bender. When they escape, the Slurm Queen yells that the company is ruined by the discovery of the secret. Professor Farnsworth contacts a government agent to reveal the secret of Slurm. However, Fry is so addicted to Slurm that he tells the government agent that "grampa's making up crazy stories again", so that it can continue to be produced. In the end, the entire Planet Express crew holds a toast to Slurms


title: "Nazarín" content: for them. Andara and Nazario are arrested and taken to jail, but Beatriz begs for his release. Pinto finds out what happened and says he will convince Beatriz's mother that Beatriz should go with him. Later, when Beatriz meets her mother, she sings Nazario's praises and speaks of his miracles. Her mother's response that Beatriz loves Nazario "like a man" sends the girl into another psychotic episode. Nazario has it no better. He is tormented by his cellmates, who insult him and physically abuse him. Nazario suffers a crisis of faith, shouting, ""For the first time in my life, I


title: "Skull cup" content: of the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I (811 AD) after killing him in the Battle of Pliska. The Russian Primary Chronicle reports that the skull of Svyatoslav I of Kiev was made into a chalice by the Pecheneg Khan Kurya in 972 AD. He likely intended this as a compliment to Sviatoslav; sources report that Kurya and his wife drank from the skull and prayed for a son as brave as the deceased Rus warlord. According to George Akropolites the skull of Baldwin I of Constantinople was made into a drinking cup by the Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria (c. 1205). According


title: "Gold Strike Casino Resort" content: previously devoted mostly to agriculture. In 2009, the resort underwent another multimillion-dollar renovation during which time the property remained opened. Gold Strike Casino Resort Gold Strike Casino Resort (formerly Circus Circus Tunica) in Tunica Resorts, Mississippi is an MGM Resorts International resort located 20 minutes south of Memphis, Tennessee. In 2008, MGM Mirage made a large investment in Gold Strike Casino Resort and a commitment to the Tunica market with a multimillion-dollar renovation and remodeling project. The upgrade, which took two years to complete and is the largest in the casino resort’s history, included all of Gold Strike’s 1,133 oversized


title: "Robert Delford Brown" content: Lester Young, they all showed up. And I was like 15 years old. My mother would drive me and sit outside while I was in there …a little white boy with all these black people. And the black guys… they’d be passing quarts of vodka around.” He didn’t partake despite being introduced to beer at 15. He was there for the music. As a student at Long Beach State College, Brown met the painter Ed Moses (artist) who had just gotten out of the service. Moses later introduced him to the L.A. gallery owner Virginia Dwan, who rented him a


title: "Fontana del Moro" content: Fontana del Moro Fontana del Moro ("Moor Fountain") is a fountain located at the southern end of the Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy. It represents a Moor, or African (perhaps originally meant to be Neptune), standing in a conch shell, wrestling with a dolphin, surrounded by four Tritons. It is placed in a basin of rose-colored marble. The fountain was originally designed by Giacomo della Porta in 1575 with the dolphin and four Tritons. In 1653, the statue of the Moor, by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, was added. In 1874, during a restoration of the fountain, the original statues were moved


title: "Fontana del Moro" content: to the Galleria Borghese and replaced with copies. In September 2011, the fountain was damaged after a vandal attacked it with a hammer. The vandal also damaged the "Trevi Fountain" that night. Fontana del Moro Fontana del Moro ("Moor Fountain") is a fountain located at the southern end of the Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy. It represents a Moor, or African (perhaps originally meant to be Neptune), standing in a conch shell, wrestling with a dolphin, surrounded by four Tritons. It is placed in a basin of rose-colored marble. The fountain was originally designed by Giacomo della Porta in 1575


title: "History of the papacy" content: view of a relation with Christ: On February 11, 2013, Pope Benedict XVI announced that he would tender his resignation on February 28, 2013, less than three weeks later. On March 13, 2013, Pope Francis—the first Jesuit pope and the first pope from the Americas—was elected to the papacy. History of the papacy The history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Roman Catholic Church, according to Catholic doctrine, spans from the time of Peter to the present day. During the Early Church, the bishops of Rome enjoyed no temporal power until the time


title: "Washington Park, Denver" content: a lawn bowling/croquet field, and two playgrounds. A recreation center with an indoor pool, free weights, and other athletic facilities is also located in the park. Smith Lake has a boathouse that can be rented out for various events. The park connects to the city via a number of bike trails at Exposition Avenue, Marion St. and Louisiana Avenue. The system of asphalt and gravel paths facilitates diverse uses: bicyclists, pedestrians, roller bladers, skateboarders, strollers, pet walkers, rented surreys, etc. The grove tree plantings planted at intervals allow views of the Front Range mountains west of the park. The park


title: "City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health" content: City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, 462 U.S. 416 (1983), was a case in which the United States Supreme Court affirmed its abortion rights jurisprudence. The case struck down several provisions of an Ohio abortion law. In an opinion by Justice Powell, the Court struck down each of the challenged provisions. One provision of the statute required abortions after the first trimester to be performed in a hospital. The Court found that to be unconstitutional. The state has a compelling interest in regulating abortion after the first trimester,


title: "Dangerfield (TV series)" content: Edward Hardwicke, Anita Dobson, Brigit Forsyth, Michael Elphick, Rachel Davies, Helen Baxendale, David Daker, Hilda Braid, Jean Marsh, John Duttine, Owen Teale, Andrew Lancel, Jim Carter, Mary Healey, Tom Bell, Joe McGann, Haydn Gwynne, Simon Williams, Michelle Holmes, Phyllida Law, Miles Anderson, Robert Pugh, Elizabeth Bennett, Roger Brierley, Colin Baker and Richard Lumsden. Some future stars who also appeared included Kevin Bishop, Adrian Bower, Hannah Waterman and Daniel Ryan. In addition, Alan Towers, the former main anchor on the local news programme Midlands Today, appeared as a local television reporter in a few episodes. This was the first series to


title: "Darkesville, West Virginia" content: Darkesville, West Virginia Darkesville is an unincorporated community in Berkeley County, West Virginia, United States. Established in 1791, Darkesville has been nationally recognized as a historic district. A post office and school (now closed) once operated in Darkesville. Darkesville lies between Inwood and Martinsburg along U.S. Route 11. The community's elevation is 531 feet (162 m), and it is located at about (39.3738500, -78.0248602). Middle Creek flows through the center of Darkesville. Established by an act of the Virginia General Assembly on December 7, 1791 on the property of James Buckells, Darkesville is named for William Darke, a Virginia military


title: "Battle of Wahoo Swamp" content: went home. Osceola himself led hit-and-run raids against vulnerable Army detachments and outposts until he was captured on October 21, 1837, under a white flag of truce near Fort Peyton a few miles south of St. Augustine, by Gen. Joseph Marion Hernández, per Gen. Jesup's orders. Battle of Wahoo Swamp The Battle of Wahoo Swamp was an extended military engagement of the Second Seminole War fought in late 1836 in the Wahoo Swamp, approximately 50 miles northeast of Fort Brooke in Tampa and 35 miles south of Fort King in Ocala. An army of militia, Tennessee volunteers, Creek mercenaries and


title: "Shankar Dada M.B.B.S." content: Dutt, KL Narayana, KS Rama Rao, Allu Arvind, Vijaya Bapineedu, Shyam Prasad Reddy, C Kalyan, KC Sekhara Babu, Tagore Madhu, Dil Raju, Ashok Kumar, Chanti Affala, Arjuna Raju, Burugapally Sivarama Krishna, VV Vinayak, Seenu Vytla, Satya Murthy, Allu Arjun, Ali, Rohit etc. Raghu Kunche and Bhargavi anchored this event. Later after the completion of 50 days, two songs "Sande Poddu" (performed by Shankar Mahadevan & Kalpana, written by Sahithi) and "Tellarindo Maava" (performed & written by Devi Sri Prasad) were added to the official track list and The Audio was Re-Released. Both versions were well received. | 2004 Shankar Dada


title: "HMAS Torrens (D67)" content: guns. Later in the ship's career, two depth charge throwers and four depth charge chutes were installed. "Torrens" was laid down by Cockatoo Docks and Engineering Company at Cockatoo Island, New South Wales on 25 January 1913. She was launched on 28 August 1915 by the wife of Lord Munro Ferguson, the Governor-General of Australia. The destroyer was commissioned into the RAN on 3 July 1916, twelve days before construction completed. The ship's name comes from the River Torrens in South Australia. "Torrens" and sister ship were first assigned to the British Far East Patrol. From September 1916 to May


title: "Club Nintendo" content: Club Nintendo Club Nintendo was the name of several publications and a better-known customer loyalty program provided by Nintendo. The loyalty program was free to join and provided rewards in exchange for consumer feedback and loyalty to purchasing official Nintendo products. Members of Club Nintendo earned credits or "coins" by submitting codes found on Nintendo products and systems, which could be traded in for special edition items only available on Club Nintendo. Rewards included objects such as playing cards, tote bags, controllers, downloadable content, and warranty extensions on select Nintendo products. On January 20, 2015, it was announced that Club


title: "Wavelet transform" content: Wavelet transform In mathematics, a wavelet series is a representation of a square-integrable (real- or complex-valued) function by a certain orthonormal series generated by a wavelet. This article provides a formal, mathematical definition of an orthonormal wavelet and of the integral wavelet transform. A function formula_1 is called an orthonormal wavelet if it can be used to define a Hilbert basis, that is a complete orthonormal system, for the Hilbert space formula_2 of square integrable functions. The Hilbert basis is constructed as the family of functions formula_3 by means of dyadic translations and dilations of formula_4, for integers formula_6. If


title: "Pederasty in ancient Greece" content: understand the institution of pederasty. The age of youth depicted has been estimated variously from 12 to 18. A number of Athenian laws addressed the pederastic relationship. In Thebes, the main polis in Boeotia, renowned for its practice of pederasty, the tradition was enshrined in the founding myth of the city. In this instance the story was meant to teach by counterexample: it depicts Laius, one of the mythical ancestors of the Thebans, in the role of a lover who betrays the father and rapes the son. Another Boeotian pederastic myth is the story of Narcissus. According to Plutarch, Theban


title: "Kabul Expedition (1842)" content: supplies of food. He repeated the sortie on 7 April, defeating the besiegers and forcing them to raise the siege. While Akbar Khan had been absent conducting the siege of Jalalabad, Shah Shuja had restored his authority around Kabul. After temporising for several weeks and secretly asking for British help from India, he reluctantly emerged from the Bala Hissar at the end of March to join the jihad proclaimed by Akbar Khan. He was assassinated by adherents of Nawab Zaman Khan, an influential chieftain who resented the favour shown by Shah Shuja to his rival Naib Aminullah Khan. One of


title: Kopaonik content: Kopaonik Kopaonik (, ; ) is a mountain in Serbia and Kosovo. It is the largest mountain range in Serbia. The highest point is the Pančić's Peak with . Kopaonik is a major ski resort in Serbia is the largest in Southeast Europe. There are 25 ski lifts with capacity of 32,000 skiers per hour. The central part of the Kopaonik plateau was declared a national park in 1981 which today covers an area of . Stretching for in the north-south direction, between the rivers of Lab and Sitnica on the south and Jošanica on the north, Kopaonik is the


title: Kopaonik content: largest and longest mountain range in Serbia. It belongs to the region of Raška. The Kopaonik mountain massif ("Kopaoničke planine") includes the mountains of Kopaonik, Željin, Goč and Stolovi. The Pančić's Peak, with , is the highest point of the mountain. Kopaonik has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification: "Dfc") with short, fresh summers, and long, cold winters with abundant snowfall. The snow season lasts from November to May, while there are around 200 sunny days. Kopaonik was hit 5 times by earthquakes of Mercalli intensity VII to VIII between 1978 and 1985. The 1983 earthquake had an intensity of


title: Kopaonik content: VIII ("Severe") and affected 7 villages, leaving 200 homeless, and 1,200 buildings and dwellings damaged. </div> Due to its rich mines, Kopaonik was originally named Silver Mountain () and that name was also used by the Romans, Venetians and Ottomans. Its current name, originally "Kopalnik", is also connected to the ore mining as it comes from "kopati", Serbian for digging. Kopaonik has a rich historical heritage. Oldest findings are from the Paleolithic and already show that local people used metals. Localities include Bela Stena, Veliki Krš and Jasova Bačija. Neolithic remains were discovered on the localities of Gornji Kaznovići (Rosulja


title: Kopaonik content: and Lug), Greblje, Tomovićko Brdo and the Neolithic range of Beglučka. The mining fully developed during the Classical antiquity. The Romans began to dig the first proper mines and to build the surrounding settlements. The remains from this period include the archaeo-metallurgic complex Zajačak and the locality of Dobrinac in Rvati. Dobrinac originates from the 3rd or 4th century AD and it was the administrative center of the mining and metallurgic operations on the western slope of the mountain. The area remained an important mining center in the Middle Ages and by the 14th century it became the main mining


title: Kopaonik content: area of Serbia. Emperor Dušan visited the Silver Mountain in August 1336. In 1412 despot Stefan Lazarević granted the Law on mines which mentions the mines of gold, silver, iron, copper, lead and zinc in the area. By that time, the mountain already hosted the colonies of Saxons, Kotorans and Ragusians. Besides old churches and monasteries like Đurđevi stupovi, Studenica monastery, Sopoćani and Gradac Monastery, there are also several early and medieval fortresses locally, built by Serbian dynasties. The nearest Serbian medieval castle is Maglič. During the Ottoman period, from the 15th century, the mining gradually ceased, but they developed


title: Kopaonik content: the thermal springs, building Turkish baths. Remains of one are found in modern spa of Jošanička Banja. First scientific exploration of the mountain's flora came in 1836-38 when the geologist Ami Boué visited the mountain. He made a collection of Kopaonik's plant life which is today kept in the Imperial Natural History Museum in Vienna. Botanist Josif Pančić gave the greatest scientific contribution to the plant life on Kopaonik. In 1851 he explored the mountain for the first time, followed by another 18 expeditions. During World War II the Yugoslav Partisans were active in the region. With territorial reorganization in


title: Kopaonik content: the mid-1950s, the southern parts of Kopaonik were to be ceded from NR Serbia to its autonomous province Kosovo and Metohija. In 1959, Leposavić was incorporated into the province. In Pančić's honor, marking the 100th anniversary of his first expedition, the highest point was renamed from Milan's Peak ("Milanov vrh") to Pančić's Peak in 1951. A mausoleum was built on the peak and the remains of Pančić and his wife were reinterred in it. They were buried in the coffins made of Serbian spruce, which Pančić discovered. In 1981, due to its location, climate, rich forests, variety of herbs, and


title: Kopaonik content: area for holiday and recreation, of the range were proclaimed a national park. The national park is situated on a relatively flat region, at an altitude of about . This central Kopaonik plateau is called Suvo Rudište. It is surrounded by mountain peaks. To the north and northwest of this plateau stretches Banjski Kopaonik, which is the location of Jošanička Banja spa, whose strong springs' waters reach the temperature of . Directly below the Suvo Rudište plateau starts the valley of the Samokovska River, with its steep run, numerous rapids, falls and gorges. Kopaonik has over 200 sunny days annually


title: Kopaonik content: and over 160 days covered by snow. There is also the Jelovarnik falls, one of the highest in Serbia. Kopaonik has several excellent natural lookouts: Suvo Rudište, Gobelja, Karaman, Kukavica, Vučak and Treska. On a clear day, a distant mountains in Montenegro, Bulgaria and Albania can be observed. There are 13 localities within the park which are declared a strict nature reserves: Barska Reka, Bele Stene, Vučak, Gobelja, Duboka, Jankove Bare, Jelak, Jelovarnik, Kozje Stene, Mrkonje, Metođe, Samokovska Reka and Suvo Rudište. Soil erosion is a threat as there is a lot of logging and deforestation in the park. Kopaonik's


title: Kopaonik content: flora has a large number of autochthonous plant species (Balkan beech, fir, spruce, yew, several kinds of maple, pine and oak). Deciduous forests and native coniferous woodland make up most of the forested land in the park. There are also forests of willow, poplar, common hornbeam, durmast oak and Turkey oak. In total, there are 1,600 plant species in the park, out of which 200 grow only on Kopaonik. It also includes over 200 species of fungi. Special value of Kopaonik in terms of biological diversity is that 11.9% of the high mountain endemic species in the Balkans inhabits the


title: Kopaonik content: mountain. Endemic species which grow only on Kopaonik include Kopaonik's houseleek, Kopaonik's violet and Pančić's bittercress. Other endemites include sea thrift, Balkan docks ("Rumex balcanicus"), "Pancicia serbica", Blečić's columbine ("Aquilegia blecicii"), Bosnian marsh orchid, Bulgarian achillea ("Achillea bulgarica"), "Alyssum", aconite and Yugoslav bell ("Edrianthus jugoslavicus"). There are several "botanical monuments" in the park. Those are trees which are very old, large in size and still vital. Among them are the fir "of the hundred elbows" in Samokovska Reka, a spruce in Gobeljska Reka and three mountain sycamores in Kriva Reka. The fauna is also diverse but its concentration varies, depending


title: Kopaonik content: on the quality of the habitat. An endemic butterfly, the Balkan postman, lives on the mountain. Kopaonik has 175 species of birds, including the protected ones like woodpecker and thrush. Other species include rock partridge, scops owl, red-backed shrike and wood lark. Major representatives of the mammalian fauna are wild boar and wild cat. Kopaonik is the largest centre of winter tourism in Serbia. Sports and recreation are key factors to the tourism of Kopaonik. Kopaonik is mainly a destination for skiing and snowboarding. There are various other activities as well, such as tennis. There are several hotels, one hostel,


title: Kopaonik content: cafes, bars and night clubs. It has 27 ski lifts, with of ski slopes for all categories. Currently under construction is a gondola that is planned to connect Brzece and the ski resort. The duration and quality of snowfall and skiing grounds have attracted an increasing number of guests. Kopaonik has mild winters with high levels of snowfall. There are on average about 200 sunny days annually with 160 days covered with snow. There is also a music "Big Snow" Festival from March 23 to March 29 every year. The festival gathers international reggae, jazz and electronic music performers. The


title: Kopaonik content: ski resort has a "Snow Park" for extreme skiers and snowboarders. The park has expanses of grassland, forests composed of a variety of tree species, beauty spots, and river gorges. The snow blanket lasts a long time on this mountain and there are favorable conditions for the expansion of winter tourism there. The tourist resort on the Kopaonik includes hotels, rest houses, chairlifts, ski slopes, spa's, and other tourist facilities. Kopaonik is well-connected with the main transport routes in Serbia. The central part of Kopaonik with the tourist center and ski slopes are linked with the Ibar highway, and the


title: Kopaonik content: nearest international airport is in Niš. A public heliport is located in a military base half a mile north of the resort. Kopaonik Kopaonik (, ; ) is a mountain in Serbia and Kosovo. It is the largest mountain range in Serbia. The highest point is the Pančić's Peak with . Kopaonik is a major ski resort in Serbia is the largest in Southeast Europe. There are 25 ski lifts with capacity of 32,000 skiers per hour. The central part of the Kopaonik plateau was declared a national park in 1981 which today covers an area of . Stretching for


title: "Norbert Meier" content: Norbert Meier Norbert Meier (born 20 September 1958) is a German former football player, who played as a midfielder and last managed 1. FC Kaiserslautern. Meier's career as a player was spent mostly at SV Werder Bremen where he played first team football from 1980–1990. During this time he also made 16 appearances for West Germany in midfield scoring twice. Meier ended his playing days at Borussia Mönchengladbach, where he played two and a half years. Meier started his coaching career by taking over the reserve side of Borussia Mönchengladbach on1 July 1996. Meier coached them until 30 November 1997.


title: "Cape Town City Hall" content: Cape Town City Hall Cape Town City Hall is a large Edwardian building in Cape Town city centre which was built in 1905. It is located on the Grand Parade to the west of the Castle and is built from honey-coloured oolitic limestone imported from Bath in England. The building was designed as the result of a public competition, the winning architects being Messrs Harry Austin Reid and Frederick George Green, with the contractors being Messrs T. Howard and F. G. Scott. Much of the building material, including fixtures and fittings was imported from Europe. The Organ was built by


title: "Cape Town City Hall" content: Messrs Norman and Beard of London and Norwich, the specifications were drawn up by Sir George Martin, organist of St Paul's Cathedral in London especially for the City Hall. The workmanship and materials are of high quality, and the organ made from mahogany, teak and pine. Sir George Martin spoke of it as “a magnificent instrument in every gradation of tone, from the softest stop to the most powerful tuba being found in the organ, and all under the most perfect control, and that altogether the instrument must be regarded as an artistic and mechanical triumph”. There are altogether 3165


title: "Cape Town City Hall" content: pipes varying from to . The wind was supplied by a Kinetic Blower worked by an electric motor. The tower of the City Hall has a Turret Clock which strikes the hours and chimes the Westminster quarters. The faces of the clock are made from 4 skeleton iron dials filled with opal. The clock has a 24-hour wheel and lever. The bells were cast by Messrs John Taylor and Co of Loughborough and the clock was supplied by JB Joyce & Co of Whitchurch. The City Hall's carillon was installed as a World War I war memorial, with 22 additional


title: "Cape Town City Hall" content: bells being added in 1925 with the visit of the Prince of Wales. On February 11, 1990, only hours after his release from prison, Nelson Mandela made his first public speech after his release from the balcony of Cape Town City Hall. The City Hall has become a central venue for creative and cultural events such as art exhibitions and concerts. One of these events includes the City Hall Sessions. Perhaps the most widely publicized event held at the Cape Town City Hall is the Festive Lights Switch On, hosted by the City of Cape Town. The event is free


title: "Cape Town City Hall" content: to all, and includes top local performers, musicians and a projection mapping display on the facade of the building. The City Hall no longer houses the offices of the City of Cape Town, which are located in the Cape Town Civic Centre. The auditorium is regularly used for concerts, while the City Library was recently moved to the adjacent Old Drill Hall. The future use and restoration of the City Hall is in 2009 under review by the City of Cape Town. On 24 July 2018, a statue of Nelson Mandela on the balcony overlooking the Grand Parade was unveiled.


title: "Cape Town City Hall" content: It was on the same spot where he made a speech when he was released from prison on 11 February 1990. Cape Town City Hall Cape Town City Hall is a large Edwardian building in Cape Town city centre which was built in 1905. It is located on the Grand Parade to the west of the Castle and is built from honey-coloured oolitic limestone imported from Bath in England. The building was designed as the result of a public competition, the winning architects being Messrs Harry Austin Reid and Frederick George Green, with the contractors being Messrs T. Howard and


title: "Concrete Cows" content: site, and the cows are currently located in a real field. On their site in a public park, the "Cows" have suffered many indignities – though it could be argued that these were consistent with their conceptual origins. Sometimes they have simply been vandalised, while at other times they have been painted pink, become zebras, become skeletal, had pyjama bottoms added, have been beheaded in the style of Damien Hirst, have acquired BSE (mad cow disease) graffiti, had one of the calves kidnapped (with ransom notes to the local papers). One of the "Cows" briefly enjoyed the services of a


title: "Savilian Professor of Astronomy" content: London and the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford; he held the professorship at the time of his commission to rebuild the cathedral after it was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666. Three professors have been awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society: Charles Pritchard (1870–93), Harry Plaskett (1932–60) and Joseph Silk (1999–2012). The two Savilian chairs have been linked with professorial fellowships at New College, Oxford, since the late 19th century. In the past, some of the professors were provided with an official residence, either near New College or at the Radcliffe Observatory, although this practice


title: "Markos Mamalakis" content: Markos Mamalakis Markos Mamalakis (Greek: Μάρκος Μαμαλάκης; born October 30, 1932) is a Greek economist specialising in development economics, particularly in Latin America. Born in Salonika, he graduated from the Experimental High School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in 1950, then attended the Law School of the University and received a B.A. in Law, with the distinction "summa cum laude" in 1955. He did graduate work at Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich from 1955 to 1957, and University of California, Berkeley from 1957 to 1962, where he received his M.A. (1959), and Ph.D. (1962) with a dissertation entitled "Inflation


title: "Paul Berendt" content: state Democratic Party, along with the Republicans and Libertarians, sued and successfully overturned the state's former blanket primary election system after the United States Supreme Court found California's similar system unconstitutional in "California Democratic Party v. Jones". They also successfully fought the implementation of a Louisiana-style "top two" primary, in which the top two vote-getters, regardless of party, would advance to the general election. During Berendt's tenure, Washington State Democrats had the best record of any state party in the nation of getting Democratic candidates elected, including US Senator Maria Cantwell. Democrats also won four Congressional seats plus majorities in


title: "Alan Dershowitz" content: O. J. Simpson's defense team during the trial, and later wrote a book about it, "Reasonable Doubts: The Criminal Justice System and the O. J. Simpson Case" (1996). He wrote: "the Simpson case will not be remembered in the next century. It will not rank as one of the trials of the century. It will not rank with the Nuremberg trials, the Rosenberg trial, Sacco and Vanzetti. It is on par with Leopold and Loeb and the Lindbergh case, all involving celebrities. It is also not one of the most important cases of my own career. I would rank it


title: "Dynamic energy budget theory" content: and have different scope of applicability. In addition to a more general applicability, the DEB theory does not suffer from consistency issues pointed out for the WBE theory. Many more examples of applications have been published in scientific literature. Dynamic energy budget theory The Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is a formal metabolic theory which provides a single quantitative framework to dynamically describe the aspects of metabolism (energy and mass budgets) of all living organisms at the individual level, based on assumptions about energy uptake, storage, and utilization of various substances. The DEB theory adheres to stringent thermodynamic principles, is


title: "The American (novel)" content: hint or ignores it, and he leaves her to her work. He pays a visit to the Bellegarde estate, where he meets Claire's two brothers: the cheerful Valentin and the aloof Marquis de Bellegarde, who coldly rebuffs him. Newman and Valentin become good friends, and eventually he tells Valentin that he wishes to marry Claire; Valentin tells Newman that he has his support but he will find it hard going against the class prejudices of the Marquis and his mother, royalist supporters of the Bourbons. Newman proposes to Claire; after hesitating, because her first husband was abusive, Claire says she


title: "Summer learning loss" content: developing their literacy skills (Graham, 2011). Timmons (2008) also identifies the importance of providing literacy education to parents and children, while also bringing them together to work collaboratively in group situations. The active involvement of caregivers in their child’s educational career only enhances academic achievement, as research indicates the significant influence that family involvement has on successful student outcomes (Timmons, 2008). Effective summer reading programs provide families with meaningful strategies and resources that can be carried over and implemented in their home, which ensures continuity of summer reading programs throughout year, after the intervention has concluded (Timmons, 2008). The Learning


title: "WWF WrestleFest" content: gave the game a 3 out of 5, saying that while the graphics were cartoony, the game does "still manage to project the aggression of life in the ring." Sinclair User rated the game with an 88 out of 100, citing the game's variety of characters and high replay value. Computer and Video Games also gave the game a positive review, describing the gameplay as "highly enjoyable." On February 21, 2012, THQ released a remake of the game for iOS under the title WWE WrestleFest. The remake features modern WWE stars The Undertaker, John Cena, Randy Orton and Rey Mysterio,


title: "Bathinda district" content: of Bathinda, Sangat, Nathana, Rampura, Phul, Maur, Balianwali, Bhagta Bhai ka and Talwandi Sabo. Bathinda district Bathinda district is in Malwa region of Punjab, India. The districts encompasses an area of 3,344 square kilometres. It is bounded by Faridkot district and Moga district on the north, Mukatsar district on the west, Barnala and Mansa districts on the east, and the state of Haryana on the south. Bathinda is cotton producing belt of Punjab. The district of Bathinda came into existence with the formation of the PEPSU in 1948. It had its headquarters at Faridkot, which were shifted to Bathinda in


title: "Holodiscus discolor" content: Holodiscus discolor Holodiscus discolor, commonly known as ocean spray or oceanspray, creambush, or ironwood, is a shrub of western North America. The plant is common in the Pacific Northwest, and throughout California in diverse habitats including California mixed evergreen forest, California oak woodlands, chaparral, Coast redwood forest, Douglas-fir forest, Yellow pine forest, Red fir forest, and Lodgepole pine forest. It is native to regions of California including the High Sierra Nevada, Northern and Southern California Coast Ranges, Klamath Mountains, Santa Cruz Mountains, Western Transverse Ranges, and the San Gabriel Mountains. It is found in both openings and the common understory


title: "Holodiscus discolor" content: shrub in a variety of forest overstories from in elevation. It is found in a variety of habitats, from moist coastal forests to drier, cooler mountains of inland California. The plant is found in areas prone to wildfire, and it is often the first green shoot to spring up in an area recovering from a burn. It is commonly found in chaparral communities, a fire ecology ecosystem which evolved with burning periodically. It also may grow in areas cleared by logging. In the California black oak woodland plant community, common understory associate species include Western poison-oak ("Toxicodendron diversilobum"), toyon ("Heteromeles


title: "Holodiscus discolor" content: arbutifolia"), and coastal wood fern ("Dryopteris arguta"). "Holodiscus discolor" is a fast-growing deciduous shrub usually from to in height, and up to tall. Its alternate leaves are small, 5–9 cm long and 4–7 cm broad, lobed, juicy green when new. Cascading clusters of white flowers drooping from the branches give the plant its two common names. The flowers have a faint sweet, sugary scent. The bloom period is May to July. It bears a small, hairy fruit containing one seed which is light enough to be dispersed by wind. Historically, the plant has been used by Indigenous peoples for many


title: "Holodiscus discolor" content: purposes. Many tribes used the wood and bark for making tools and furniture. Noted for the strength of its wood, it was often used for making digging sticks, spears, arrows, bows, harpoons and nails. The wood, like with many other plants, was often hardened with fire and was then polished using horsetail. Comox Indians use oceanspray when flowering as an indicator of the best time to dig for butter clams. The Lummi used the flowers as an antidiarrheal and the leaves as a poultice. Several Native American tribes, such as the Stl'atl'imx, would steep the berries in boiling water to


title: "Holodiscus discolor" content: use as a treatment for diarrhea, smallpox, chickenpox and as a blood tonic. It is of special value as a pollinator plant for native bees and butterflies. Holodiscus discolor Holodiscus discolor, commonly known as ocean spray or oceanspray, creambush, or ironwood, is a shrub of western North America. The plant is common in the Pacific Northwest, and throughout California in diverse habitats including California mixed evergreen forest, California oak woodlands, chaparral, Coast redwood forest, Douglas-fir forest, Yellow pine forest, Red fir forest, and Lodgepole pine forest. It is native to regions of California including the High Sierra Nevada, Northern and


title: Butare content: Stade Huye (Butare Stadium). The Belgian colonial rulers established it in the 1920s and named the city Astrida, in honor of Queen Astrid of Belgium, and the name was changed after Rwanda became a republic in 1962. The first Catholic mission in 1900 in the country was only a few kilometers from the town center, at Save Hill. Butare used to be home to the National University of Rwanda which is now part of University of Rwanda. Due to the large number of university students and student-centered activities in the city, Butare is often regarded as a university city. In


title: "Women's music" content: gender as well as the right of privacy concerning abortion and birth control. With the goal of breaking down the gender divide and level the gender differences, some women in this genre of music "adopt[ed] male dress codes and hair styles". Women also voiced their opinions and the goals of the feminist movement through lyrical contributions. In "I Am Woman," Helen Reddy sings, "I am woman/hear me roar/And I've been down there on the floor/No one's ever gonna keep me down again. Reddy creates a feeling of "girl power" that reflected the ambitions of the feminist movement. Olivia Records, the


title: "Belfast Film Festival" content: industry. Festival Director: Michele Devlin Programmer: Stephen Hackett Maysles Brothers Competition Curator: Stuart Sloan Marketing Manager: Mary Lindsay Marketing Assistant: Rebekah Davis Marketing Intern: Caoilfhionn MacEoin-Manus Outreach Development: Vittoria Cafolla Administrator/Finance: Laura McKeown Technician: Jason Mills Board of directors: Mark Cousins (Chair), Brian Henry Martin, Lisa Barros D' Sa, Laurence McKeown, Louise O'Meara, Kevin Jackson, Sarah Jones, Cahal McLaughlin Patrons: Terry George, David Holmes, Pat Murphy, William Crawley and Stephen Rea. Key funders are Belfast City Council, Northern Ireland Screen and the British Film Institute. 2013: Peroni & Selective Travel 2014: Peroni & 02 International Sim 2015: O2 International Sim,


title: "Jeff Habay" content: a political prosecution pushed by vindictive former employees and political opponents. They argued that even if his employees had performed such political work during daylight hours, they nonetheless completed the required 37.5 hours of work per week. The judge did not permit the defense team to call Attorney General Jerry Pappert and former Attorney General D. Michael Fisher to testify, ruling that their testimony would be irrelevant. Habay testified in his own defense. On December 12, 2005, Habay was found guilty of the conflict of interest charge, but did not convict him of the theft of services charge. Following the


title: "Graeme Samuel" content: Melbourne and Hawthorn. On 3 May 1995, "The Age" highlighted Samuel’s vision for the future of the AFL under the title 'The Samuel Vision' — which included the following major points: Samuel was also the chairman of the Melbourne and Olympic Parks Trust, which oversees both Melbourne Park and Olympic Park, Melbourne. In July 2012, Samuel was appointed Chairman of the Victorian Taxi Services Commission following the Victorian Government's initiative to clean up and provide better regulation around the taxi cab industry. The Government's Taxi Industry Inquiry headed by Professor Allan Fels recommended sweeping reforms to improve taxi services in


title: "Inga Arvad" content: was a German spy, as well as for previously being photographed meeting Hitler. When the FBI discovered that the "ensign Jack" who had been visiting Arvad was, in fact, a Kennedy, they extended their investigation through wiretaps. There was no evidence found to show Arvad, who was married, guilty of "any wrongdoing". But that did not deter Hoover's FBI from the continued use of listening devices when Arvad and Kennedy were together. Kennedy's superior officer at the time, Captain Seymour A. D. Hunter, was quoted as saying that the U.S. Navy looked at Arvad as similar to Mata Hari. They


title: "Arundo donax" content: Arundo donax Arundo donax, giant cane, is a tall perennial cane, is one of several so-called reed species. Its other common names include Carrizo, Arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, and giant reed. "Arundo donax" grows in damp soils, either fresh or moderately saline, and is native to the Mediterranean Basin and middle east Asia, and probably also parts of Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula. It has been widely planted and naturalised in the mild temperate, subtropical and tropical regions of both hemispheres (Herrera & Dudley 2003), especially in the Mediterranean, California, the western Pacific and the


title: "Arundo donax" content: Caribbean. It forms dense stands on disturbed sites, sand dunes, in wetlands and riparian habitats. "Arundo donax" generally grows to , or in ideal conditions can exceed . The hollow stems are in diameter. The grey-green swordlike leaves are alternate, long and wide with a tapered tip, and have a hairy tuft at the base. Overall, the plant resembles an outsize common reed ("Phragmites australis") or a bamboo (subfamily Bambusoideae). "Arundo donax" flowers in late summer, bearing upright, feathery plumes long, that are usually seedless or with seeds that are rarely fertile. Instead, it mostly reproduces vegetatively by tough, fibrous


title: "Arundo donax" content: underground rhizomes that form knotty, spreading mats which penetrate deep into the soil, up to deep (Alden et al., 1998; Mackenzie, 2004). Stem and rhizome pieces less than long and containing a single node could sprout readily under a variety of conditions (Boose and Holt, 1999). This vegetative propagation appears well adapted to floods, which may break up individual "A. donax" clumps, spreading the pieces, which may sprout and colonise downstream (Mackenzie 2004). "Arundo donax" (L.) is a tall, perennial grass species belongs to the subfamily Arundinoideae of the Poaceae family. Stems produced during the first growing season are unbranched


title: "Arundo donax" content: and photosynthetic. In the Mediterranean, where a temperate climate is characterized by warm and dry summer and mild winter, new shoots of giant reed emerge around March, growing rapidly in June and July and producing stems and leaves. From late July the lower leaves start to dry, depending on seasonal temperature patterns. Drying accelerates during autumn when anthesis occurs from the beginning of October to the end of November. In this phenological stage moisture content falls significantly. In the low temperatures of winter giant reed stops its growth; regrowth occurs in springtime. Giant reed behaves as an annual in Central


title: "Arundo donax" content: Europe where soil temperatures are low, due to poor freeze tolerance of the rhizomes. The base growth temperature reported for giant reed is 7 °C, with a maximum temperature of 30 °C. It has a high photosynthetic capacity, associated with absence of light saturation. Carbon dioxide exchange rates are high compared to other and species; maximum CO uptake ranged from 19.8 to 36.7 µmol m s under natural conditions, depending on irradiance and leaf age. Carbon dioxide exchange is regulated by leaf conductance. In most areas where giant reed grows (Mediterranean area and US), viable seeds are not produced. It


title: "Arundo donax" content: is reported that sterility of giant reed results from failure of the megaspore mother cell to divide. This sterility, which drastically limits genetic variability, is an obstacle for breeding programs which aim to increase the productivity and biomass quality for energy conversion. A total of 185 clones of "A. donax" were collected from California to South Carolina and genetically fingerprinted with the SRAP and TE-based markers. Giant reed exhibited no molecular genetic variation despite the wide genomic coverage of the markers used in this study. The molecular data strongly point to a single genetic clone of "A. donax" in the


title: "Arundo donax" content: United States, although multiple introductions of this plant into the United States have been documented. Another study conducted in the Mediterranean area sampled giant reed from 80 different sites, and demonstrated low gene diversity in this region as well. Results indicate the occurrence of post-meiotic alterations in the ovule and pollen developmental pathway. AFLP data support a monophyletic origin of giant reed and suggest that it originated in Asia, spreading from there into the Mediterranean Basin. Giant reed is adapted to a wide variety of ecological conditions, but is generally associated with riparian and wetland systems. It is distributed across


title: "Arundo donax" content: the southern United States from Maryland to California. Plants can grow in a variety of soils, from heavy clays to loose sands and gravelly soils, but prefer wet drained soils, where they produce dense monotypic stands. Giant reed was found to grow rapidly in soil contaminated with arsenic, cadmium and lead; limited metal translocation from roots to shoots accounted for its strong tolerance to heavy metals. The same study determined that accumulations of As, Cd and Pb were high in roots but low in shoots, where SEM images showed thick and homogeneous stem tissue characteristics. In Pakistan, where the presence


title: "Arundo donax" content: of arsenic has made risky the use of ground waters as a source of drinking water, a research study highlighted the phytoremediation potential of "A. donax" when grown in hydroponics cultures containing arsenic concentrations up to 1000 µg l. Giant reed was able to translocate the metals absorbed into the shoot and to accumulate metals in the stalk and leaves above the root concentration, showing no toxic effects at As concentrations up to 600 µg l. Furthermore, the plant is not consumed by herbivores, a positive trait in phytoremediation plants. An increased environmental concern is the health of soil system


title: "Arundo donax" content: as one of the main factor affecting quality and productivity of agroecosystems. Around the world, several regions are subjected to a decline of fertility due to an increasing degradation of soils, loss of organic matter and increasing desertification. Recently research was carried out to evaluate, in the same pedological and climatic conditions, the impact of three long-term (14 years) agricultural systems, continuous giant reed, natural grassland, and cropping sequence, on the organic-matter characteristics and microbial biomass size in soil. The study pointed out that a long term Giant reed cropping system, characterized by low tillage intensity, positively affect the amount


title: "Arundo donax" content: and quality of soil organic matter. Arundo donax showed greater values than tilled management system for total soil organic carbon, light fraction carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon. Regarding the humification parameters, there were noticed any statistically differences between giant reed and a cropping sequence (cereals-legumes cultivated conventionally). Arundo is a highly invasive plant in southwestern North American rivers, and its promotion as a biofuel in other regions is of great concern to environmental scientists and land managers. "Arundo donax" was introduced from the Mediterranean to California in the 1820s for roofing material and erosion control in drainage


title: "Arundo donax" content: canals in the Los Angeles area (Bell 1997; Mackenzie 2004). Through spread and subsequent plantings as an ornamental plant, and for use as reeds in woodwind instruments, it has become naturalised throughout warm coastal freshwaters of North America, and its range continues to spread. It has been planted widely through South America and Australasia (Boose and Holt 1999; Bell 1997) and in New Zealand it is listed under the National Pest Plant Accord as an "unwanted organism". Despite its invasive characteristics in regions around the world where it is not native, Arundo is being promoted by the energy industry as


title: "Arundo donax" content: a bio-fuel crop. Some of the regions, such as the southeastern United States have natural disturbances, such as hurricanes and floods, that could widely disperse this plant. It is among the fastest-growing terrestrial plants in the world (nearly / day; Dudley, 2000). To present knowledge, Arundo does not provide any food sources or nesting habitats for wildlife. Replacement of native plant communities by Arundo results in low-quality habitat and altered ecosystem functioning (Bell 1997; Mackenzie 2004). For example, it damages California's riparian ecosystems by outcompeting native species, such as willows, for water. "A. donax" stems and leaves contain a variety


title: "Arundo donax" content: of harmful chemicals, including silica and various alkaloids, which protect it from most insect herbivores and deter wildlife from feeding on it (Bell 1997; Miles et al. 1993; Mackenzie 2004). Grazing animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats may have some effect on it, but are unlikely to be useful in keeping it under control (Dudley 2000). "Arundo donax" appears to be highly adapted to fires. It is highly flammable throughout the year, and during the drier months of the year (July to October), it can increase the probability, intensity, and spread of wildfires through the riparian environment, changing the


title: "Arundo donax" content: communities from flood-defined to fire-defined communities. After fires, "A. donax" rhizomes can resprout quickly, outgrowing native plants, which can result in large stands of "A. donax" along riparian corridors (Bell 1997; Scott 1994). Fire events thus push the system further toward mono-specific stands of "A. donax". A waterside plant community dominated by "A. donax" may also have reduced canopy shading of the in-stream habitat, which may result in increased water temperatures. This may lead to decreased oxygen concentrations and lower diversity of aquatic animals (Bell 1997). As the impact of "Arundo donax" increased in the environment and native species various


title: "Arundo donax" content: efforts have been taken to reduce its population. It has few natural enemies in its introduced range. Several Mediterranean insects have been imported into the United States as biological control agents (Bell, 1997; Miles et al. 1993; Mackenzie 2004, Goolsby 2007). The Arundo wasp, "Tetramesa romana", the Arundo scale insect, "Rhizaspidiotus donacis", and the Arundo fly, "Cryptonevra" are known to have some effect in damaging the plant. "Tetramesa romana" and more recently "Rhizaspidiotus donacisis" were registered in the US as biological control agents. Other remedies like using mechanical force have also been employed, since outside its native range "Arundo donax"


title: "Arundo donax" content: doesn’t reproduce by seeds, so removing its root structure can be effective at controlling it. Also preventing it from getting sunlight will deplete the plant of its resources and eventually kill it (Mackenzie 2004). Systemic herbicides and glyphosate are also used as chemical remedies. The US Department of Homeland Security considers this plant invasive and in 2007 began researching biological controls. In 2015, Texas Senator Carlos Uresti passed legislation to create a program to eradicate "Arundo donax" using herbicides and the Arundo wasp. In New Zealand's northernmost region, "Arundo donax" crowds out native plants, reduces wildlife habitat, contributes to higher


title: "Arundo donax" content: fire frequency and intensity, and modifies river hydrology. Energy crops are plants which are produced with the express purpose of using their biomass energetically and at the same time reduce carbon dioxide emission. Biofuels derived from lignocellulosic plant material represent an important renewable energy alternative to transportation fossil fuels. Perennial rhizomatous grasses display several positive attributes as energy crops because of their high productivity, low (no) demand for nutrient inputs consequent to the recycling of nutrients by their rhizomes, exceptional soil carbon sequestration - 4X switchgrass, multiple products, adaptation to saline soils and saline water, and resistance to biotic and


title: "Arundo donax" content: abiotic stresses. Giant reed is one of the most promising crops for energy production in the Mediterranean climate of Europe and Africa, where it has shown advantages as an indigenous crop (already adapted to the environment), durable yields, and resistant to long drought periods. Several field studies have highlighted the beneficial effect of giant reed crop on the environment due to its minimal soil tillage, fertilizer and pesticide needs. Furthermore, it offers protection against soil erosion, one of the most important land degradation processes in Mediterranean and US environments. "A. donax" bioenergy feedstock has an impressive potential for several conversion


title: "Arundo donax" content: processes. Dried biomass has a direct combustion high heating value of . In Italy, "Arundo donax" was used in one instance from 1937 to 1962 on a large-scale industrial basis for paper and dissolving pulp. This interest was stimulated primarily by the desire of the dictatorship, just before World War II, to be independent of foreign sources of textile fibres and the desire for an export product. According to historical records made by Snia Viscosa, giant reed was established on 6 300 ha in Torviscosa (Udine), reaching the average annual production of 35 t ha. Today several screening studies on


title: "Arundo donax" content: energy crops have been carried out by several Universities in the US as well as in EU to evaluate and identify best management practices for maximizing biomass yields and assess environmental impacts. Establishment is a critical point of cultivation. Stem and rhizome have a great ability to sprout after removal from mother plant and both can be used for clonal propagation. The use of rhizomes were found to be the better propagation method for this species, achieving better survival rate. In this field study, it was noticed how the lowest density (12 500 rhizomes ha) resulted in taller and thicker


title: "Arundo donax" content: plants compared to denser plantation (25 000 rhizomes ha). Seedbed preparation is conducted in the spring, immediately before planting, by a pass with a double-disk harrowing and a pass with a field cultivator. Giant reed has the possibility of adopting low plant density. The rhizomes were planted at of soil depth, with a minimum plant density of 10 000 plants per ha), while mature stems, with two or more nodes, can be planted deep. In order to ensure good root stand and adequate contact with the soil, sufficient moisture is needed immediately after planting. Pre-plant fertilizer is distributed according to


title: "Arundo donax" content: the initial soil fertility, but usually an application of P at a rate of ha is applied. "A. donax" maintains a high productive aptitude without irrigation under semi-arid climate conditions. In South Italy, a trial was carried out testing the yields performance of 39 genotypes, and an average yields of 22.1 t ha dry matter in the second year were reached, a comparable result with others results obtained in Spain (22.5 t ha) as well as in South Greece (19.0 t ha). Several reports underlined that it is more economical to grow giant reed under moderate irrigation. In order to


title: "Arundo donax" content: evaluate different management practices, nitrogen fertilizer and input demand was evaluated in a 6-year field study conducted at the University of Pisa. Fertilizer enhanced the productive capacity in the initial years, but as the years go by and as the radical apparatus progressively deepens, the differences due to fertilizer decrease until disappearing. Harvest time and plant density were found to not affect the biomass yields. Due to its high growth rate and superior resource-capture capacity (light, water and nutrients), "A. donax" is not affected by weed competition from the second year. An application of post-emergence treatment is usually recommended. Giant


title: "Arundo donax" content: reed has few known disease or insect pest, but in intensive cultivation, no pesticides are used. To remove giant reed at the end of the crop cycle, there are mainly two methods: mechanical or chemical. An excavator can be useful to dig out the rhizomes or alternatively a single late-season application of 3% glyphosate onto the foliar mass is efficient and effective with least hazardous to biota. Glyphosate was selected as the most appropriate product for specific considerations on efficacy, environmental safety, soil residual activity, operator safety, application timing, and cost-effectiveness. However, glyphosate is only effective in fall when plants


title: "Arundo donax" content: are actively transporting nutrients to the root zone, and multiple retreatments are usually needed. Other herbicides registered for aquatic use can be very effective in controlling Arundo at other times of the year. "Arundo donax" is a strong candidate for use as a renewable biofuel source because of its fast growth rate and its ability to grow in different soil types and climatic conditions. "A. donax" will produce an average of three kilograms of biomass per square metre (25 tons per acre) once established. The energy density of the biomass produced is 17 MJ/Kg regardless of fertilizer usage. Outside its


title: "Arundo donax" content: native range, this needs to be balanced against its major invasive potential. Studies in the European Union have identified "A. donax" as the most productive and lowest impact of all energy biomass crops (see FAIR REPORT E.U. 2004). "Arundo donax"'s ability to grow for 20 to 25 years without replanting is also significant. In the UK it is considered suitable for planting in and around water areas. "Arundo donax" grown in Australia was demonstrated as potential feedstock for producing advanced biofuels through hydrothermal liquefaction. Studies have found this plant to be rich in active tryptamine compounds, but there are more


title: "Arundo donax" content: indications of the plants in India having these compounds than in the United States. Toxins such as bufotenidine and gramine have also been found. The dried rhizome with the stem removed has been found to contain 0.0057% DMT, 0.026% bufotenine, 0.0023% 5-MeO-MMT. The flowers are also known to have DMT and the 5-methoxylated N-demethylated analogue, also 5-MeO-NMT. The quite toxic quaternary methylated salt of DMT, bufotenidine, has been found in the flowers, and the cyclic dehydrobufotenidine has been found in the roots. "A. donax" is also known to release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), mainly isoprene. "Arundo donax" has been cultivated


title: "Arundo donax" content: throughout Asia, southern Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptians wrapped their dead in the leaves. The canes contain silica, perhaps the reason for their durability, and have been used to make fishing rods, and walking sticks. Its stiff stems are also used as support for climbing plants or for vines. This plant may have been used in combination with harmal ("Peganum harmala") to create a brew similar to the South American ayahuasca, and may trace its roots to the Soma of lore. Mature reeds are used in construction as raw material, given their


title: "Arundo donax" content: excellent properties and tubular shape. Its resemblance to bamboo permits their combination in buildings, though Arundo is more flexible. In rural regions of Spain, for centuries there has existed a technique named ", consisting of rectangles of approximately 2 by 1 meters of woven reeds to which clay or plaster could be added. A properly insulated " in a roof could keep its mechanical properties for over 60 years. Its high silicon content allows the cane to keep its qualities through time. Its low weight, flexibility, good adherence of the "" fabric and low price of the raw material have


title: "Arundo donax" content: been the main reasons that made this technique possible to our days. However, in the last decades, the rural migration from the countryside to urban centres and the extensive exploitation of land has substituted traditional crops. This has threatened very seriously its continuity. Recently, initiatives are being taken to recover the use of this material, combining ancient techniques from southern Iraq "mudhif" (reed houses) with new materials. Diverse associations and collectives, such as CanyaViva, are pioneering in the research in combination with Spanish universities. Ancient Greeks used cane (called Kalamos: A. donax) to make flutes, known as kalamavlos; this is


title: "Arundo donax" content: a compound word, from kalamos (cane) + avlos (flute). At the time, the best cane for flutes came from the banks of river Kephissos, in Attica, Greece. Several kalamavlos tuned differently and tied together, made a syrinx or Panpipes. "A. donax" is still the principal source material of reed makers for clarinets, saxophones, oboes, bassoons, bagpipes, and other woodwind instruments. The Var country in southern France contains the best-known supply of instrument reeds. Additionally, giant reed has been used to make flutes for over 5,000 years. The pan pipes consist of ten or more pipes made from the cane. Also,


title: "Arundo donax" content: the ancient end-blown flute ney (a) is made from the same reeds. When young, "A. donax" is readily browsed by ruminants, but it becomes unpalatable when maturing. "A. donax" has also been used in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Arundo donax Arundo donax, giant cane, is a tall perennial cane, is one of several so-called reed species. Its other common names include Carrizo, Arundo, Spanish cane, Colorado river reed, wild cane, and giant reed. "Arundo donax" grows in damp soils, either fresh or moderately saline, and is native to the Mediterranean Basin and middle east Asia, and probably also parts


title: "Carya cordiformis" content: Carya cordiformis Carya cordiformis, the bitternut hickory, also called bitternut or swamp hickory, is a large pecan hickory with commercial stands located mostly north of the other pecan hickories. Bitternut hickory is cut and sold in mixture with the true hickories. It is the shortest-lived of the hickories, living to about 200 years. It is a large deciduous tree, growing up to tall (exceptionally to ), with a trunk up to diameter. The leaves are long, pinnate, with 7–11 leaflets, each leaflet lanceolate, long, with the apical leaflets the largest but only slightly so. The flowers are small wind-pollinated catkins,


title: "Carya cordiformis" content: produced in spring. The fruit is a very bitter nut, long with a green four-valved cover which splits off at maturity in the fall, and a hard, bony shell. Another identifying characteristic is its bright sulfur-yellow winter bud. It is closely related to the pecan, sharing similar leaf shape and being classified in the same section of the genus "Carya" sect. "Apocarya", but unlike the pecan, it does not have edible nuts. It is most readily distinguished from the pecan by the smaller number of leaflets, with many leaves having only 7 leaflets (rarely fewer than 9, and often 11–13,


title: "Carya cordiformis" content: in the pecan). Hybrids with the pecan are known, and named "Carya" × "brownii". A hybrid between the shagbark hickory ("C. ovata") is also recognized, and is known as Laney's hickory ("Carya" ×"laneyi"). Bitternut hickory grows in moist mountain valleys along streambanks and in swamps. Although it is usually found on wet bottom lands, it grows on dry sites and also grows well on poor soils low in nutrients. The species is not included as a titled species in the Society of American Foresters forest cover types because it does not grow in sufficient numbers. Bitternut hickory grows throughout the


title: "Carya cordiformis" content: eastern United States from southwestern New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, and southern Quebec; west to southern Ontario, central Michigan, and northern Minnesota; south to eastern Texas; and east to northwestern Florida and Georgia. It is most common, however, from southern New England west to Iowa and from southern Michigan south to Kentucky. It is probably the most abundant and most uniformly distributed of all the hickories. Bitternut is used for lumber and pulpwood. Because bitternut hickory wood is hard and durable, it is used for furniture, paneling, dowels, tool handles and ladders. Like other hickories, the wood is used for smoking


title: "Carya cordiformis" content: meat, and by Native Americans for making bows. Bitternut hickory seeds and its bark are eaten by wildlife. Bitternut hickory is a 32 chromosome species that readily hybridizes with other hickory species with a few named hican varieties available. The pecan variety "Major" has several bitternut markers indicating a cryptic cross that may also have involved C. Ovata. Carya cordiformis Carya cordiformis, the bitternut hickory, also called bitternut or swamp hickory, is a large pecan hickory with commercial stands located mostly north of the other pecan hickories. Bitternut hickory is cut and sold in mixture with the true hickories. It


title: "Woodward–Hoffmann rules" content: given by σπ, which has symmetry SA=S. The first excited state (ES-1') is again formed from a promotion of an electron from the HOMO to the LUMO, so in this case it is represented as σππ. The symmetry of this state is SAS=A. The ground state ΨΨ of 1,3-butadiene correlates with the ground state σπ of cyclobutene as demonstrated in the MO correlation diagram above. Ψ correlates with π and Ψ correlates with σ. Thus the orbitals making up ΨΨ must transform into the orbitals making up σπ under a conrotatory mechanism. However, the state ES-1 does not correlate with


title: "Woodward–Hoffmann rules" content: case is the reaction of 1,3-butadiene with ethylene to form cyclohexene shown to the left. There is only one conserved symmetry element in this transformation – the mirror plane through the center of the reactants as shown to the left. From this we can assign the symmetry of the molecular orbitals of the reactants very simply. The molecular orbitals of the reactants are merely the set {Ψ, Ψ, Ψ, Ψ} of molecular orbitals of 1,3-butadiene shown above, along with π and π of ethylene. Ψ is symmetric, Ψ is antisymmetric, Ψ is symmetric, and Ψ is symmetric with respect to


title: "Performance Handicap Racing Fleet" content: as those utilizing mathematical computation models also assume shapes are perfect, as designed - not worn, dirty, blown out, sagging, or deliberately altered. PHRF is often viewed as political since the empirically based calculations are adjusted by historical performance, and rating values can be challenged to a committee of judges. The perception of it being political is based largely upon the requirement to follow a formal dispute process, which many find intimidating and creates a bias to those willing to put in the effort to present their case. There are claims that PHRF officials are able to influence ratings of


title: "Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)" content: numbers, with entire units changing sides. In fact, the actual desertion rate was much lower; nonetheless about 150 Polish soldiers joined the Haitian rebels. The loss of that many patriotic military personnel in the Caribbean was a serious blow to the Polish aspirations for regaining independence. The Haitian experience cast further doubts among Poles about France's and Napoleon's good intentions toward Poland. By 1805, during the War of the Third Coalition, the Polish troops in Italy had been renamed the 1st Polish Legion (1e Legion Polonaise) and attached to the Kingdom of Italy. In 1806, all that was left of


title: "Michigan Government Television" content: 1996 with his start date of April 1, 1996. MGTV was launched on July 15, 1996, programming included House and Senate committees, board meetings from within the executive branch, press conferences, speeches by policy makers and events made available by the state’s universities. In October 1996, MGTV made Michigan only the second state to air oral arguments from the state's Supreme Court. For the first year, the channel was only available three Lansing area cable providers, TCI, Media One and Horizon. Satellite uplink was provisioned from Videocom after considering Michigan Information Technology Network's Ku band uplink, which had rain fade.


title: "Neil Kerley" content: Captain-Coach of the Bloods in 1963. Kerley and Thomas had remained friends as Kerley’s beef from 1962 was with the then board of the club and not Thomas who only agreed to the coaching role in a bid to bring stability to the club. His impact at Richmond was immediate, steering the Bloods to fifth place and their first finals series since 1977. With strong recruiting of former VFL players such as Ian Borchard, Larry Watson, Craig Williams, Mike Smith, Mark Dreher and Bernie Conlen, as well as young stars Roger Luders, Bruce Lindner, Mark Mickan and Grantley Fielke mixing


title: Baghpat content: in 2011. The city also has private hospitals: Aastha Multispeciality Hospital, Delhi Nurshing Home, Jeevandeep Hospital, Raksha Hospital, and Vanjaksh Nature Care Hospital. Some of the colleges located in Baghpat are: Some of the schools located in Baghpat are: Trilok Teerth Dham is a Jain temple in Bada Gaon. This temple is built in shape of Jain Emblem. This temple is 317 feet in height out of which 100 feet is below the ground and 217 feet above the ground. On top of the temple there is a 31 feet tall statue of Rishabhdev made up of "Ashtadhatu" (8 metals)


title: "Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)" content: Test century 123 not out, reaching triple figures in only 66 balls. With tail-ender Bryce McGain for company, Johnson decided to take on the bowling and struck Dale Steyn for six to reach his century. Although Australia went on to lose the Test match by an innings, Johnson was named man of the series, with 16 wickets and over 250 runs in 3 matches. During the 2009 Ashes tour he was criticised for his poor bowling and his lack of control. Johnson's position as spearhead of the Australian seam-attack was called into question, with match figures of 3/200 in the


title: "Aesculus californica" content: Aesculus californica Aesculus californica, commonly known as the California buckeye or California horse-chestnut, is a species of buckeye native to California and southwestern Oregon. It is a large deciduous shrub or small tree, up to tall, with gray bark often coated with lichens and mosses. It typically is multi-trunked, with a crown as broad as it is high. Trees are long lived, with an estimated lifespan between 250-280 (300 maximum) years. The leaves are dark green, palmately compound with five (rarely seven) leaflets. Each leaflet is long, with a finely toothed margin and (particularly in spring) downy surfaces. The leaves


title: "Aesculus californica" content: are tender and prone to damage from both spring freezing or snow and summer heat and desiccation. The flowers are sweet-scented, white to pale pink, borne on erect panicles long and broad. The fruit is a fig-shaped capsule long, containing a large (), round, orange-brown seed; the seeds are poisonous. This seed is the largest known of any temperate (non-tropical) plant species. "A. californica" has adapted to its native Mediterranean climate by growing during the wet late winter and spring months and entering dormancy in the dry summer months, though those growing in coastal regions tend to hold on to


title: "Aesculus californica" content: their leaves until mid-autumn. "A. californica" is widely distributed in California, growing along the central coast and in the lower elevations of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range. Its range extends to the foothills of the Siskiyou Mountains in the Rogue Valley in Oregon. A small disjunct population is found in the Chino Hills near Chino, California. It is found growing in a wide range of conditions from crowded, moist, semi-shaded canyon bottoms to dry south-facing slopes and hilltops. In the coastal ranges north of Big Sur it is found growing alone on slopes, or intermingled with valley oak ("Quercus


title: "Aesculus californica" content: lobata"), Oregon oak ("Q. garryana"), coast live oak ("Q. agrifolia") and California bay laurel ("Umbellularia californica"). In the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, "A. californica" can be found standing alone in grassland at the lowest elevations, intermingled in blue oak woodlands at intermediate elevations, and in mixed evergreen forests of black oak ("Q. kelloggii"), gray pine ("Pinus sabiniana"), ponderosa pine ("P. ponderosa") and interior live oak ("Q. wislizeni") as it nears the limit of its range. Local Native American tribes, including the Pomo, Yokut, and Luiseño, used the poisonous nuts to stupefy schools of fish in small streams to make


title: "Aesculus californica" content: them easier to catch. The bark, leaves, and fruits contain the neurotoxic glycoside aesculin, which causes hemolysis of red blood cells. Buckeye also makes a good fireboard for a bow drill or hand drill. Native groups occasionally used the nuts as a food supply when the acorn supply was sparse; after boiling and leaching the toxin out of the nut meats for several days, they could be ground into a meal similar to that made from acorns. The nectar of the flowers is toxic to the Asian/European honeybee, so the trees should not be planted near apiaries. When the shoots


title: "Aesculus californica" content: are small and leaves are new, they are lower in toxins and are grazed by livestock and wildlife. The flowers are a rich nectar source for many species of butterflies. It is used as an ornamental plant for its striking leaf buds, lime green foliage, fragrant white flowers, red-brown foliage in mid to late summer, and architectural silver branches through fall. The tree acts as a soil binder, which prevents erosion in hilly regions. 'Aesculus' is Linnaeus' name for horse chestnuts. It is derived from the old Roman name for a different species, "Quercus petraea". 'Californica' means 'native to California'.


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: Jay Pritzker Pavilion Jay Pritzker Pavilion, also known as Pritzker Pavilion or Pritzker Music Pavilion, is a bandshell in Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is located on the south side of Randolph Street and east of the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. The pavilion was named after Jay Pritzker, whose family is known for owning Hyatt Hotels. The building was designed by architect Frank Gehry, who accepted the design commission in April 1999; the pavilion was constructed between June 1999 and July 2004, opening officially on July 16,


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: 2004. Pritzker Pavilion serves as the centerpiece for Millennium Park and is the home of the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Chorus and the Grant Park Music Festival, the nation's only remaining free outdoor classical music series. It also hosts a wide range of music series and annual performing arts events. Performers ranging from mainstream rock bands to classical musicians and opera singers have appeared at the pavilion, which even hosts physical fitness activities such as yoga. All rehearsals at the pavilion are open to the public; trained guides are available for the music festival rehearsals, which are well-attended. Millennium


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: Park is part of the larger Grant Park. The pavilion, which has a capacity of 11,000, is Grant Park's small event outdoor performing arts venue, and complements Petrillo Music Shell, the park's older and larger bandshell. Pritzker Pavilion is built partially atop the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, the park's indoor performing arts venue, with which it shares a loading dock and backstage facilities. Initially the pavilion's lawn seats were free for all concerts, but this changed when Tori Amos performed the first rock concert there on August 31, 2005. The construction of the pavilion created a legal controversy,


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: given that there are historic limitations on the height of buildings in Grant Park. To avoid these legal restrictions, the city classifies the bandshell as a work of art rather than a building. With several design and assembly problems, the construction plans were revised over time, with features eliminated and others added as successful fundraising allowed the budget to grow. In the end, the performance venue was designed with a large fixed seating area, a Great Lawn, a trellis network to support the sound system and a signature Gehry stainless steel headdress. It features a sound system with an acoustic


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: design that replicates an indoor concert hall sound experience. The pavilion and Millennium Park have received recognition by critics, particularly for their accessibility; an accessibility award ceremony held at the pavilion in 2005 described it as "one of the most accessible parks – not just in the United States but possibly the world". The Jay Pritzker Pavilion is a home for the Grant Park Music Festival, which began in 1935 in the original Petrillo Music Shell. Lying between Lake Michigan to the east and the Loop to the west, Grant Park has been Chicago's front yard since the mid-19th century.


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: Its northwest corner, north of Monroe Street and the Art Institute, east of Michigan Avenue, south of Randolph Street, and west of Columbus Drive, had been Illinois Central rail yards and parking lots until 1997, when it was made available for development by the city as Millennium Park. In 2007, Millennium Park trailed only Navy Pier as a Chicago tourist attraction. When the city first determined that a new pavilion should be built, the commission was supposed to go to Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. The original pavilion design was much more modest than the structure that was eventually built, with


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: a smaller shell structure and speakers affixed to poles interspersed throughout the seating area. However, two factors led to the cancellation of the original plans. First, the project's scope changed as a result of additional funds raised by John H. Bryan, former CEO of the Sara Lee Corporation. The second factor was the intervention of the Pritzker family as potential donors. Unimpressed with the pavilion's original design, Cindy Pritzker "mandated that Frank Gehry be involved in its re-design". Jay Pritzker, a prominent Chicago businessman, had died in January 1999; his family own several businesses, including Hyatt Hotels. Jay and Cindy


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: Pritzker had founded the Pritzker Prize in architecture in 1979, and the Pritzker family's Hyatt Foundation continues to award it annually. Architect Frank Gehry had received the Pritzker Prize in 1989. In February 1999, the city announced it was negotiating with Gehry to design a proscenium arch and orchestra enclosure for a bandshell in the new park, as well as a pedestrian bridge over Columbus Drive (which became BP Pedestrian Bridge). The city sought donors to cover Gehry's work, and the "Chicago Tribune" dubbed him "the hottest architect in the universe" for his acclaimed Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. "The Tribune" noted


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: Gehry's designs would not include such Mayor Richard M. Daley trademarks as wrought iron and seasonal flower boxes. Millennium Park project manager Edward Uhlir said "Frank [Gehry] is just the cutting edge of the next century of architecture," and noted that no other architect was being sought. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill architect Adrian Smith approached Gehry several times on behalf of the city, which originally asked him about doing just a facade, but Gehry was uninterested. A few months later the city asked him to get involved in Millennium Park; Gehry felt he would prefer to design a building, but


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: that he could not complete it in time for the Millennium, and that he would need a much larger budget than the city had envisioned. The city wanted Gehry, the donors supported him, and he was interested in the project. The key component in the modern themes strategy was Gehry's acceptance of the commission in April 1999. That month, the city announced that the Pritzker family had donated $15 million to fund Gehry's bandshell and an additional nine donors committed a total of $10 million. The day of this announcement, after it became clear that Cindy Pritzker would fund the


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: project, Gehry agreed to the design request. In November, when his designs for both the pavilion and bridge were unveiled, Gehry already had the basic design for the bandshell, but said the bridge's design was very preliminary and not well-conceived because funding for it was not committed. The BP Pedestrian Bridge is designed to serve as a buffer against street noise, helping the pavilion's acoustics. According to the Guggenheim Museum, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion "suggests musical qualities", much like Gehry's Experience Music Project in Seattle, Washington. The Pritzker Pavilion follows a series of open-air projects by Gehry, such as the


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland, the Concord Performing Arts Center in Concord, California, and numerous renovations to the Hollywood Bowl in Hollywood, California. Jay Pritzker Pavilion cost $60 million, a quarter of which came from the Pritzker family donation. It includes 4,000 fixed seats and a Great Lawn that can accommodate an additional 7,000 people. The pavilion was built above and behind the Harris Theater, which has the benefit that Millennium Park's indoor and outdoor performance venues share a loading dock, rehearsal rooms and other backstage facilities. The bandshell's brushed stainless steel headdress frames the proscenium theatre; the main


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: stage can accommodate a full orchestra and chorus of 150 members. The bandshell is connected to a trellis of interlocking crisscrossing steel pipes that support the innovative sound system, which mimics indoor concert hall acoustics. The pavilion has restrooms on both its east and west sides. It is one of two features in the park to include accessible restrooms; the other is McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. The majority of the park's 123 toilet fixtures (78 for women, 45 for men) are located in underground arcades to the east and west of the pavilion, with the ones on the


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: east being heated for winter use. Millennium Park is built on top of a large underground parking garage. Construction started before the park's design was completed, and in January 2000, 17 additional caissons had to be added to the partially built garage to support the weight of Gehry's pavilion. In April the tops of all these caissons had to be rebuilt for changes in the pavilion's foundation. U.S. Equities Realty was responsible for negotiating contracts with Gehry and all contractors. Walsh Construction and its subcontractors were hired to execute three elements of Gehry's design: the structural steel supporting the stainless


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: steel ribbons, the ribbons themselves and the trellis and associated sound system. The LeJeune Steel Company of Minneapolis was the subcontractor for the structural steel. The pavilion's concrete walls frame the orchestra shell space, which is wide, tall and has no support columns. The pavilion's roof rests on a dozen north–south trusses supported by east–west truss girders. The south side of the orchestra shell space is enclosed by the glass doors of the proscenium, which are about tall, wide and function like aircraft hangar doors made of glass. They were the largest doors that Glass Solutions of Elmhurst, Illinois, ever


title: "Jay Pritzker Pavilion" content: produced; the thickness of the glass was a design problem for the steel supports. Zahner of Kansas City, Missouri, was the subcontractor for the pavilion's ribbons, described as "stainless steel panels that appear to be peeling back from the central opening". The proscenium's metal ribbons are composed of 697 panels that range from and with a thickness of about . They are made from aluminum with a stainless steel outer layer that has a uniform shade across all panels. The structural steel for the ribbons had an abnormally low fit tolerance of , rather than the standard . The proscenium