title: Car content: the most regular word for "car". The first working steam-powered vehicle was designed — and quite possibly built — by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672. It was a 65-cm-long scale-model toy for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger. It is not known with certainty if Verbiest's model was successfully built or ran. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle or car in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle. He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army,


title: Car content: one of which is preserved in the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts. His inventions were, however, handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure. In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods, and was of little practical use. The development of external combustion engines is detailed as part of the history of the car, but often treated separately from the development of true cars. A variety of steam-powered


title: Car content: road vehicles were used during the first part of the 19th century, including steam cars, steam buses, phaetons, and steam rollers. Sentiment against them led to the Locomotive Acts of 1865. In 1807, Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude created what was probably the world's first internal combustion engine (which they called a Pyréolophore), but they chose to install it in a boat on the river Saone in France. Coincidentally, in 1807 the Swiss inventor François Isaac de Rivaz designed his own 'de Rivaz internal combustion engine' and used it to develop the world's first vehicle to be powered by


title: Car content: such an engine. The Niépces' Pyréolophore was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dried spores of the Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal dust and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. Neither design was very successful, as was the case with others, such as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir with his hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usually adapted carriages or carts) powered by internal combustion engines. In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé demonstrated the first working (three-wheeled) car powered by electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity,


title: Car content: Paris. Although several other German engineers (including Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Marcus) were working on the problem at about the same time, Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of the modern car. In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other inventions made the use of the internal combustion engine feasible for powering a vehicle. His first "Motorwagen" was built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 January 1886 (under the auspices


title: Car content: of his major company, Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883). Benz began promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model intended for affordability. They also were powered with four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because France was more open to the early cars, initially more were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz sold in


title: Car content: Germany. In August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife of Karl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove the road-worthiness of her husband's invention. In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal-combustion flat engine, called "boxermotor". During the last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the largest car company in the world with 572 units produced in 1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a joint-stock company. The first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in the world, was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed


title: Car content: to Tatra) in 1897, the Präsident automobil. Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their first car in 1892 under the brand name "Daimler". It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, which they retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel Hermann, where they set up shop after disputes with their backers. Benz, Maybach and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other's early work. They never worked


title: Car content: together; by the time of the merger of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no longer part of DMG. Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach designed an engine named "Daimler-Mercedes" that was placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications set by Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG car was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp. Maybach quit DMG shortly thereafter and


title: Car content: opened a business of his own. Rights to the "Daimler" brand name were sold to other manufacturers. Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to deteriorate in Germany following the First World War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider it initially. Negotiations between the two companies resumed several years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000. Both enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or marketed their car models jointly, although keeping their respective brands.


title: Car content: On 28 June 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the Daimler-Benz company, baptizing all of its cars Mercedes Benz, as a brand honoring the most important model of the DMG cars, the Maybach design later referred to as the 1902 Mercedes-35 hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929, and at times his two sons also participated in the management of the company. In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the


title: Car content: foundation of the automotive industry in France. In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a gasoline-powered vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler powered Peugeot Type 3 completed from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again. They were attached to the first Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle race, but finished 6 days after the winning cyclist, Charles Terront. The first design for an American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a patent for a car in 1879, but the


title: Car content: patent application expired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent () for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of cars in the United States. His patent was challenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911. In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893, on


title: Car content: Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield. The Studebaker Automobile Company, subsidiary of a long-established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to build cars in 1897 and commenced sales of electric vehicles in 1902 and gasoline vehicles in 1904. In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam cars with varying degrees of success, with Thomas Rickett even attempting a production run in 1860. Santler from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of Great Britain as having made the first gasoline-powered car in the country in 1894, followed by Frederick William Lanchester in 1895, but these were both one-offs.


title: Car content: The first production vehicles in Great Britain came from the Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry J. Lawson in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson's company made its first car in 1897, and they bore the name "Daimler". In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a "New Rational Combustion Engine". In 1897, he built the first diesel engine. Steam-, electric-, and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the


title: Car content: conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success. All in all, it is estimated that over 100,000 patents created the modern automobile and motorcycle. Large-scale, production-line manufacturing of affordable cars was started by Ransom Olds in 1901 at his Oldsmobile factory in Lansing, Michigan and based upon stationary assembly line techniques pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth Block Mills, England, in 1802. The assembly line style of mass production and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in the U.S. by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at the Springfield Armory


title: Car content: in Springfield, Massachusetts. This concept was greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1913 with the world's first "moving" assembly line for cars at the Highland Park Ford Plant. As a result, Ford's cars came off the line in fifteen-minute intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing productivity eightfold, while using less manpower (from 12.5-man-hours to 1 hour 33 minutes). It was so successful, paint became a bottleneck. Only Japan black would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the variety of colors available before 1913, until fast-drying Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the source of


title: Car content: Ford's apocryphal remark, "any color as long as it's black". In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a Model T with four months' pay. Ford's complex safety procedures—especially assigning each worker to a specific location instead of allowing them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of injury. The combination of high wages and high efficiency is called "Fordism," and was copied by most major industries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also coincided with the economic rise of the United States. The assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace with very repetitive motions which led


title: Car content: to more output per worker while other countries were using less productive methods. In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroen was the first native European manufacturer to adopt the production method. Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk going broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had disappeared. Development of automotive technology was rapid, due in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers competing to gain the world's attention. Key developments included


title: Car content: electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company in 1910–1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel brakes. Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans often have heavily influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who established the idea of different makes of cars produced by one company, called the General Motors Companion Make Program, so that buyers could "move up" as their fortunes improved. Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume resulted in lower costs for


title: Car content: each price range. For example, in the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, Chevrolet shared hood, doors, roof, and windows with Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate powertrains and shared platforms (with interchangeable brakes, suspension, and other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers could afford high costs, and even companies with decades of production, such as Apperson, Cole, Dorris, Haynes, or Premier, could not manage: of some two hundred American car makers in existence in 1920, only 43 survived in 1930, and with the Great Depression, by 1940, only 17


title: Car content: of those were left. In Europe, much the same would happen. Morris set up its production line at Cowley in 1924, and soon outsold Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford's practice of vertical integration, buying Hotchkiss (engines), Wrigley (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as well as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris had 41% of total British car production. Most British small-car assemblers, from Abbey to Xtra, had gone under. Citroen did the same in France, coming to cars in 1919; between them and other cheap cars in reply such as Renault's 10CV and Peugeot's 5CV,


title: Car content: they produced 550,000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and others could not compete. Germany's first mass-manufactured car, the Opel 4PS "Laubfrosch" (Tree Frog), came off the line at Russelsheim in 1924, soon making Opel the top car builder in Germany, with 37.5% of the market. In Japan, car production was very limited before World War II. Only a handful of companies were producing vehicles in limited numbers, and these were small, three-wheeled for commercial uses, like Daihatsu, or were the result of partnering with European companies, like Isuzu building the Wolseley A-9 in 1922. Mitsubishi was also partnered with


title: Car content: Fiat and built the Mitsubishi Model A based on a Fiat vehicle. Toyota, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, and Honda began as companies producing non-automotive products before the war, switching to car production during the 1950s. Kiichiro Toyoda's decision to take Toyoda Loom Works into automobile manufacturing would create what would eventually become Toyota Motor Corporation, the largest automobile manufacturer in the world. Subaru, meanwhile, was formed from a conglomerate of six companies who banded together as Fuji Heavy Industries, as a result of having been broken up under "keiretsu" legislation. Most cars in use in the 2010s are propelled by an


title: Car content: internal combustion engine, fueled by the deflagration (rather than detonation) combustion of hydrocarbon fossil fuels, mostly gasoline (petrol) and diesel, as well as some Autogas and CNG. Hydrocarbon fuels cause air pollution and contribute to climate change and global warming. Rapidly increasing oil prices, concerns about oil dependence, tightening environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power systems for cars. Efforts to improve or replace existing technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles, plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Vehicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also


title: Car content: gaining popularity in some countries. Cars for racing or speed records have sometimes employed jet or rocket engines, but these are impractical for common use. Oil consumption in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been abundantly pushed by car growth; the 1985–2003 oil glut even fuelled the sales of low-economy vehicles in OECD countries. The BRIC countries are adding to this consumption; in December 2009 China was briefly the largest car market. Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, passenger comfort and safety, normally operated by a combination of the use of feet and hands, and occasionally by voice


title: Car content: on 2000s-era cars. These controls include a steering wheel, pedals for operating the brakes and controlling the car's speed (and, in a manual transmission car, a clutch pedal), a shift lever or stick for changing gears, and a number of buttons and dials for turning on lights, ventilation and other functions. Modern cars' controls are now standardised, such as the location for the accelerator and brake, but this was not always the case. Controls are evolving in response to new technologies, for example the electric car and the integration of mobile communications. Since the car was first invented, its controls


title: Car content: have become fewer and simpler through automation. For example, all cars once had a manual controls for the choke valve, clutch, ignition timing, and a crank instead of an electric starter. However new controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more complex. Examples include air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of physical knob and switches for secondary controls with touchscreen controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's MyFord Touch. Another change is that while early cars' pedals were physically linked to the brake mechanism and throttle, in the 2010s, cars have


title: Car content: increasingly replaced these physical linkages with electronic controls. Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These include headlights, which are used to illuminate the way ahead and make the car visible to other users, so that the vehicle can be used at night; in some jurisdictions, daytime running lights; red brake lights to indicate when the brakes are applied; amber turn signal lights to indicate the turn intentions of the driver; white-coloured reverse lights to illuminate the area behind the car (and indicate that the driver will be or is reversing); and on some vehicles, additional lights (e.g.,


title: Car content: side marker lights) to increase the visibility of the car. Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are usually fitted for the driver and passengers. Some vehicles also have a trunk light and, more rarely, an engine compartment light. In the United States, "from 1975 to 1980, average [car] weight dropped from , likely in response to rising gasoline prices" and new fuel efficiency standards. The average new car weighed in 1987 but in 2010, due to modern steel safety cages, anti-lock brakes, airbags, and "more-powerful—if more-efficient—engines." Heavier cars are safer for the driver, from an accident perspective, but


title: Car content: more dangerous for other vehicles and road users. The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and decreased performance. The SmartFortwo, a small city car, weighs . Heavier cars include full-size cars, SUVs and extended-length SUVs like the Suburban. According to research conducted by Julian Allwood of the University of Cambridge, global energy use could be heavily reduced by using lighter cars, and an average weight of has been said to be well achievable. In some competitions such as the Shell Eco Marathon, average car weights of have also been


title: Car content: achieved. These cars are only single-seaters (still falling within the definition of a car, although 4-seater cars are more common), but they nevertheless demonstrate the amount by which car weights could still be reduced, and the subsequent lower fuel use (i.e. up to a fuel use of 2560 km/l). Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Cars with five seats typically seat two passengers in the front and three in the rear. Full-size cars and large sport utility vehicles can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the


title: Car content: seats. On the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with only two seats. The differing needs for passenger capacity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station wagon/estate, and minivan. Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury-related deaths worldwide. Mary Ward became one of the first documented car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, Ireland, and Henry Bliss one of the United States' first pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City. There


title: Car content: are now standard tests for safety in new cars, such as the EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests, and insurance-industry-backed tests by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). Worldwide, road traffic is becoming ever safer, in part due to efforts by the government to implement safety features in cars (e.g., seat belts, air bags, etc.), reduce unsafe driving practices (e.g., speeding, drinking and driving and texting and driving) and make road design more safe by adding features such as speed bumps, which reduce vehicle speed, and roundabouts, which reduce the likelihood of a head-on-collision (as compared with an intersection).


title: Car content: The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance, are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits – perceived and real – of vehicle usage. The benefits may include on-demand transportation, mobility, independence and convenience. During the 1920s, cars had another benefit: "[c]ouples finally had a way to head off on unchaperoned dates, plus they had a private space to snuggle up close at the end of the night." Similarly the costs to society of encompassing


title: Car content: car use, which may include those of: maintaining roads, land use, air pollution, road congestion, public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life, can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use generates. The societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the opportunities. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies. While


title: Car content: there are different types of fuel that may power cars, most rely on gasoline or diesel. The United States Environmental Protection Agency states that the average vehicle emits 8,887 grams of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide () per gallon of gasoline. The average vehicle running on diesel fuel will emit 10,180 grams of carbon dioxide. Many governments are using fiscal policies (such as road tax or the US gas guzzler tax) to influence vehicle purchase decisions, with a low figure often resulting in reduced taxation. Fuel taxes may act as an incentive for the production of more efficient, hence less


title: Car content: polluting, car designs (e.g. hybrid vehicles) and the development of alternative fuels. High fuel taxes may provide a strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, or to not drive. On average, today's cars are about 75 percent recyclable, and using recycled steel helps reduce energy use and pollution. In the United States Congress, federally mandated fuel efficiency standards have been debated regularly, passenger car standards have not risen above the standard set in 1985. Light truck standards have changed more frequently, and were set at in 2007. The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and many


title: Car content: manufacturers now report on the environmental performance of their factories, including energy usage, waste and water consumption. The growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by car resulting in inactivity and obesity, which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases. Transportation (of all types including trucks, buses and cars) is a major contributor to air pollution in most industrialised nations. According to the American Surface Transportation Policy Project nearly half of all Americans are breathing unhealthy air. Their study showed air quality in dozens of metropolitan areas has


title: Car content: worsened over the last decade. Animals and plants are often negatively impacted by cars via habitat destruction and pollution. Over the lifetime of the average car the "loss of habitat potential" may be over based on primary production correlations. Animals are also killed every year on roads by cars, referred to as roadkill. More recent road developments are including significant environmental mitigations in their designs such as green bridges to allow wildlife crossings, and creating wildlife corridors. Growth in the popularity of vehicles and commuting has led to traffic congestion. Brussels was considered Europe's most congested city in 2011 according


title: Car content: to TomTom. Car propulsion technologies that are under development include gasoline/electric and plug-in hybrids, battery electric vehicles, hydrogen cars, biofuels, and various alternative fuels. Research into future alternative forms of power include the development of fuel cells, Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), stirling engines, and even using the stored energy of compressed air or liquid nitrogen. New materials which may replace steel car bodies include duralumin, fiberglass, carbon fiber, biocomposites, and carbon nanotubes. Telematics technology is allowing more and more people to share cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car share and carpool schemes. Communication is also evolving due to


title: Car content: connected car systems. Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, already exist in prototype (such as the Google driverless car), and are expected to be commercially available around 2020. According to urban designer and futurist Michael E. Arth, driverless electric vehicles—in conjunction with the increased use of virtual reality for work, travel, and pleasure—could reduce the world's 800 million vehicles to a fraction of that number within a few decades. This would be possible if almost all private cars requiring drivers, which are not in use and parked 90% of the time, would be traded for public self-driving taxis


title: Car content: that would be in near constant use. This would also allow for getting the appropriate vehicle for the particular need—a bus could come for a group of people, a limousine could come for a special night out, and a Segway could come for a short trip down the street for one person. Children could be chauffeured in supervised safety, DUIs would no longer exist, and 41,000 lives could be saved each year in the US alone. There have been several projects aiming to develop a car on the principles of open design, an approach to designing in which the plans


title: Car content: for the machinery and systems are publicly shared, often without monetary compensation. The projects include OScar, Riversimple (through 40fires.org) and c,mm,n. None of the projects have reached significant success in terms of developing a car as a whole both from hardware and software perspective and no mass production ready open-source based design have been introduced as of late 2009. Some car hacking through on-board diagnostics (OBD) has been done so far. Car-share arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly popular, in the US and Europe. For example, in the US, some car-sharing services have experienced double-digit growth in revenue and membership


title: Car content: growth between 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing offering a residents to "share" a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighborhoods. The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles. In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide. In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new cars were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in Europe, 21.4 million in the Asia-Pacific Region, 19.4 million in the USA and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America, 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa. The


title: Car content: markets in North America and Japan were stagnant, while those in South America and other parts of Asia grew strongly. Of the major markets, China, Russia, Brazil and India saw the most rapid growth. About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India. In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting


title: Car content: the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars. The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems. In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage. Roughly half of the US's


title: Car content: fifty-one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years, with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade. Combined with robust growth in China, in 2009, this resulted in China becoming the largest car producer and market in the world. China 2009 sales had increased to 13.6 million, a significant increase from one million of domestic car sales in 2000. Since then however, even in China and other BRIC countries, the automotive production is again falling. Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include public


title: Car content: transit such as buses, trolleybuses, trains, subways, tramways light rail, cycling, and walking. Bike-share systems have been tried in some European cities, including Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Similar programs have been experimented with in a number of US Cities. Additional individual modes of transport, such as personal rapid transit could serve as an alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted. The term "motorcar" has formerly also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often


title: Car content: used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems. Car A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation. Most definitions of "car" say they run primarily on roads, seat one to eight people, have four tires, and mainly transport people rather than goods. Cars came into global use during the 20th century, and developed economies depend on them. The year 1886 is regarded as the birth year of the modern car when German inventor Karl Benz patented his Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Cars became widely available in the early 20th century. One of the first cars


title: "First Battle of Yeonpyeong" content: that had illegally trespassed in the North's territorial waters. The following day, three North Korean patrol boats and thirteen fishing boats belonging to the North Korean Navy crossed the NLL off Yeonpyeong. The South Korean Navy responded by sending five fast boats and four patrol ships in a bid to prevent the North Koreans from crossing the NLL. On 8 June, seven North Korean patrol boats and seventeen fishing vessels repeatedly crossed the NLL between 05:55 and 23:20 local time. Twelve South Korean fast boats and four patrol ships were deployed and South Korean fishing boats were ordered to leave


title: "First Rohilla War" content: near Loll Dong. Rohilkhand fell to Awadh, was plundered and occupied. The majority of the Rohillas left. They fled across the Ganges in numbers, to start a guerilla war; or emigrated. A Rohilla state under British protection was set up in Rampur. There was a Second Rohilla War, in 1794. The war became a matter of Westminster politics during the Impeachment of Warren Hastings. Charges of destroying a nation were brought against Hastings by Edmund Burke and later Thomas Macaulay. First Rohilla War The First Rohilla War of 1773–1774 was a punitive campaign by Shuja-ud-Daula, Nawab of Awadh, against the


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: Sarcoscypha coccinea Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, scarlet elf cap, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales. The fungus, widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, has been found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia. The type species of the genus "Sarcoscypha", "S. coccinea" has been known by many names since its first appearance in the scientific literature in 1772. Phylogenetic analysis shows the species to be most closely related to other "Sarcoscypha" species that contain numerous small oil droplets in their spores,


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: such as the North Atlantic island species "S. macaronesica". Due to similar physical appearances and sometimes overlapping distributions, "S. coccinea" has often been confused with "S. occidentalis", "S. austriaca", and "S. dudleyi". The saprobic fungus grows on decaying sticks and branches in damp spots on forest floors, generally buried under leaf litter or in the soil. The cup-shaped fruit bodies are usually produced during the cooler months of winter and early spring. The brilliant red interior of the cups—from which both the common and scientific names are derived—contrasts with the lighter-colored exterior. The edibility of the fruit bodies is not


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: clearly established, but its small size, tough texture and insubstantial fruitings would dissuade most people from collecting for the table. The fungus has been used medicinally by the Oneida Indians, and also as a colorful component of table decorations in England. "Molliardiomyces eucoccinea" is the name given to the imperfect form of the fungus that lacks a sexually reproductive stage in its life cycle. The species was originally named "Helvella coccinea" by the Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1772. Other early names include "Peziza coccinea" (Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, 1774) and "Peziza dichroa" (Theodor Holmskjold, 1799). Although some authors


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: in older literature have applied the generic name "Plectania" to the taxon following Karl Fuckel's 1870 name change (e.g. Seaver, 1928; Kanouse, 1948; Nannfeldt, 1949; Le Gal, 1953), that name is now used for a fungus with brownish-black fruit bodies. "Sarcoscypha coccinea" was given its current name by Jean Baptiste Émil Lambotte in 1889. Obligate synonyms (different names for the same species based on one type) include "Lachnea coccinea" Gillet (1880), "Macroscyphus coccineus" Gray (1821), and "Peziza dichroa" Holmskjold (1799). Taxonomic synonyms (different names for the same species, based on different types) include "Peziza aurantia" Schumacher (1803), "Peziza aurantiaca" Persoon


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: (1822), "Peziza coccinea" Jacquin (1774), "Helvella coccinea" Schaeffer (1774), "Lachnea coccinea" Phillips (1887), "Geopyxis coccinea" Massee (1895), "Sarcoscypha coccinea" Saccardo ex Durand (1900), "Plectania coccinea" (Fuckel ex Seaver), and "Peziza cochleata" Batsch (1783). "Sarcoscypha coccinea" is the type species of the genus "Sarcoscypha", having been first explicitly designated as such in 1931 by Frederick Clements and Cornelius Lott Shear. A 1990 publication revealed that the genus name "Sarcoscypha" had been used previously by Carl F. P. von Martius as the name of a tribe in the genus "Peziza"; according to the rules of Botanical Nomenclature, this meant that the generic


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: name "Peziza" had priority over "Sarcoscypha". To address the taxonomical dilemma, the genus name "Sarcoscypha" was conserved against "Peziza", with "S. coccinea" as the type species, to "avoid the creation of a new generic name for the scarlet cups and also to avoid the disadvantageous loss of a generic name widely used in the popular and scientific literature". The specific epithet "coccinea" is derived from the Latin word meaning "deep red". The species is commonly known as the "scarlet elf cup", the "scarlet elf cap", or the "scarlet cup fungus". "S. coccinea" var. "jurana" was described by Jean Boudier (1903)


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: as a variety of the species having a brighter and more orange-colored fruit body, and with flattened or blunt-ended ascospores. Today it is known as the distinct species "S. jurana". "S. coccinea" var. "albida", named by George Edward Massee in 1903 (as "Geopyxis coccinea" var. "albida"), has a cream-colored rather than red interior surface, but is otherwise identical to the typical variety. Within the large area that includes the temperate to alpine-boreal zone of the Northern Hemisphere (Europe and North America), only "S. coccinea" had been recognized until the 1980s. However, it had been known since the early 1900s that


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: there existed several macroscopically indistinguishable taxa with various microscopic differences: the distribution and number of oil droplets in fresh spores; germination behavior; and spore shape. Detailed analysis and comparison of fresh specimens revealed that what had been collectively called ""S. coccinea"" actually consisted of four distinct species: "S. austriaca", "S. coccinea", "S. dudleyi", and "S. jurana". The phylogenetic relationships in the genus "Sarcoscypha" were analyzed by Francis Harrington in the late 1990s. Her cladistic analysis combined comparisons of the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer in the non-functional RNA with fifteen traditional morphological characteristics, such as spore features, fruit body


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: shape, and degree of curliness of the "hairs" that form the tomentum. Based on her analysis, "S. coccinea" is part of a clade that includes the species "S. austriaca", "S. macaronesica", "S. knixoniana" and "S. humberiana". All of these "Sarcoscypha" species have numerous, small oil droplets in their spores. Its closest relative, "S. macaronesica", is found on the Canary Islands and Madeira; Harrington hypothesized that the most recent common ancestor of the two species originated in Europe and was later dispersed to the Macaronesian islands. Initially spherical, the fruit bodies are later shallowly saucer- or cup-shaped with rolled-in rims, and


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: measure in diameter. The inner surface of the cup is deep red (fading to orange when dry) and smooth, while the outer surface is whitish and covered with a dense matted layer of tiny hairs (a tomentum). The stipe, when present, is stout and up to long (if deeply buried) by thick, and whitish, with a tomentum. Color variants of the fungus exist that have reduced or absent pigmentation; these forms may be orange, yellow, or even white (as in the variety "albida"). In the Netherlands, white fruit bodies have been found growing in the polders. "Sarcoscypha coccinea" is one


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: of several fungi whose fruit bodies have been noted to make a "puffing" sound—an audible manifestation of spore-discharge where thousands of asci simultaneously explode to release a cloud of spores. Spores are 26–40 by 10–12 µm, elliptical, smooth, hyaline (translucent), and have small lipid droplets concentrated at either end. The droplets are refractive to light and visible with light microscopy. In older, dried specimens (such as herbarium material), the droplets may coalesce and hinder the identification of species. Depending on their geographical origin, the spores may have a delicate mucilaginous sheath or "envelope"; European specimens are devoid of an envelope


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: while specimens from North America invariably have one. The asci are long and cylindrical, and taper into a short stem-like base; they measure 300–375 by 14–16 µm. Although in most Pezizales all of the ascospores are formed simultaneously through delimitation by an inner and outer membrane, in "S. coccinea" the ascospores located in the basal parts of the ascus develop faster. The paraphyses (sterile filamentous hyphae present in the hymenium) are about 3 µm wide (and only slightly thickened at the apex), and contain red pigment granules. Anamorphic or imperfect fungi are those that seem to lack a sexual stage


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: in their life cycle, and typically reproduce by the process of mitosis in structures called conidia. In some cases, the sexual stage—or teleomorph stage—is later identified, and a teleomorph-anamorph relationship is established between the species. The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants permits the recognition of two (or more) names for one and the same organism, one based on the teleomorph, the other(s) restricted to the anamorph. The name of the anamorphic state of "S. coccinea" is "Molliardiomyces eucoccinea", first described by Marin Molliard in 1904. Molliard found the growth of the conidia to resemble those of


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: the genera "Coryne" and "Chlorosplenium" rather than the Pezizaceae, and he considered that this suggested an affinity between "Sarcoscypha" and the family Helvellaceae. In 1972, John W. Paden again described the anamorph, but like Molliard, failed to give a complete description of the species. In 1984, Paden created a new genus he named "Molliardiomyces" to contain the anamorphic forms of several "Sarcoscypha" species, and set "Molliardiomyces eucoccinea" as the type species. This form produces colorless conidiophores (specialized stalks that bear conidia) that are usually irregularly branched, measuring 30–110 by 3.2–4.7 µm. The conidia are ellipsoidal to egg-shaped, smooth, translucent (hyaline),


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: and 4.8–16.0 by 2.3–5.8 µm; they tend to accumulate in "mucilaginous masses". Similar species include "S. dudleyi" and "S. austriaca", and in the literature, confusion amongst the three is common. Examination of microscopic features is often required to definitively differentiate between the species. "Sarcoscypha occidentalis" has smaller cups (0.5–2.0 cm wide), a more pronounced stalk that is 1–3 cm long, and a smooth exterior surface. Unlike "S. coccinea", it is only found in the New World and in east and midwest North America, but not in the far west. It also occurs in Central America and the Caribbean. In North


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: America, "S. austriaca" and "S. dudleyi" are found in eastern regions of the continent. "S. dudleyi" has elliptical spores with rounded ends that are 25–33 by 12–14 µm and completely sheathed when fresh. "S. austriaca" has elliptical spores that are 29–36 by 12–15 µm that are not completely sheathed when fresh, but have small polar caps on either end. The Macaronesian species "S. macaronesica", frequently misidentified as "S. coccinea", has smaller spores, typically measuring 20.5–28 by 7.3–11 µm and smaller fruit bodies—up to wide. A saprobic species, "Sarcoscypha coccinea" grows on decaying woody material from various plants: the rose family,


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: beech, hazel, willow, elm, and, in the Mediterranean, oak. The fruit bodies of "S. coccinea" are often found growing singly or clustered in groups on buried or partly buried sticks in deciduous forests. A Hungarian study noted that the fungus was found mainly on twigs of European hornbeam ("Carpinus betulus") that were typically less than long. Fruit bodies growing on sticks above the ground tend to be smaller than those on buried wood. Mushrooms that are sheltered from wind also grow larger than their more exposed counterparts. The fruit bodies are persistent and may last for several weeks if the


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: weather is cool. The time required for the development of fruit bodies has been estimated to be about 24 weeks, although it was noted that "the maximum life span may well be more than 24 weeks because the decline of the colonies seemed to be associated more with sunny, windy weather rather than with old age." One field guide calls the fungus "a welcome sight after a long, desperate winter and ... the harbinger of a new year of mushrooming." Common over much of the Northern Hemisphere, "S. coccinea" occurs in the Midwest, in the valleys between the Pacific coast,


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: the Sierra Nevada, and the Cascade Range. Its North American distribution extends north to various locations in Canada and south to the Mexican state Jalisco. The fungus has also been collected from Chile in South America. It is also found in the Old World—Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, and India. Specimens collected from the Macaronesian islands that once thought to be "S. coccinea" were later determined to be the distinct species "S. macaronesica". A 1995 study of the occurrence of British "Sarcoscypha" (including "S. coccinea" and "S. austriaca") concluded that "S. coccinea" was becoming very rare in Great Britain. All species


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: of "Sarcoscypha", including "S. coccinea", are Red-Listed in Europe. In Turkey, it is considered critically endangered. The red color of the fruit bodies is caused by five types of carotenoid pigments, including plectaniaxanthin and β-carotene. Carotenoids are lipid-soluble and are stored within granules in the paraphyses. British-Canadian mycologist Arthur Henry Reginald Buller suggested that pigments in fruit bodies exposed to the Sun absorb some of the Sun's rays, raising the temperature of the hymenium—hastening the development of the ascus and subsequent spore discharge. Lectins are sugar-binding proteins that are used in blood typing, biochemical studies and medical research. A lectin


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: has been purified and characterized from "S. coccinea" fruit bodies that can bind selectively to several specific carbohydrate molecules, including lactose. "Sarcoscypha coccinea" was used as a medicinal fungus by the Oneida Indians, and possibly by other tribes of the Iroquois Six Nations. The fungus, after being dried and ground up into a powder, was applied as a styptic, particularly to the navels of newborn children that were not healing properly after the umbilical cord had been severed. Pulverized fruit bodies were also kept under bandages made of soft-tanned deerskin. In Scarborough, England, the fruit bodies used to be arranged


title: "Sarcoscypha coccinea" content: with moss and leaves and sold as a table decoration. The species is said to be edible, inedible, or "not recommended", depending on the author. Although its insubstantial fruit body and low numbers do not make it particularly suitable for the table, one source claims "children in the Jura are said to eat it raw on bread and butter; and one French author suggests adding the cups, with a little Kirsch, to a fresh fruit salad." The fruit bodies have been noted to be a source of food for rodents in the winter, and slugs in the summer. Sarcoscypha coccinea


title: "Mosafer (TV series)" content: won, they join with Majid, Manije's uncle, (Abolfazl Poorarab) to plan this. Majid is also an outlaw and addicted and has many plans for Afsane. She has become a doctor and works in a hospital. The Chairman of Hospital, Dr.Saremi (Hamidreza Afshar), wants to marry Afsane and Afsane's friend (Shiva Ebrahimi) is aware of this. Dr. Saremi tries to expose Majid plans but Majid, together with his relatives and Kamran (Fardad Safakhoo), a friend, goes on until... Mosafer (TV series) Mosafer (, literally " Passenger") is a 2000 television series broadcast by the IRIB network. The Director, producer and script-writer


title: "Maccabean Revolt" content: After Mattathias's death about one year later in 166 BCE, his son Judah Maccabee led an army of Jewish dissidents to victory over the Seleucid dynasty in guerrilla warfare, which at first was directed against Hellenized Jews, of whom there were many. The Maccabees destroyed pagan altars in the villages, circumcised boys and forced Hellenized Jews into outlawry. Judah's nickname "Maccabbeus," now used in popular culture to describe the Jewish partisans as a whole, is taken from the Hebrew word for "hammer". The revolt itself involved many battles, in which the light, quick and mobile Maccabean forces gained notoriety among


title: "74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot" content: jumping overboard and swimming to the lifeboats would mostly likely upset those boats and endanger the civilian passengers. 357 men drowned. The regiment's commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Seton, together with one of his ensigns and forty-eight of his other ranks, were among those that perished. The regiment embarked for India in 1854 and helped to suppress the Indian Rebellion in 1857 before returning home in 1864. It was deployed to Gibraltar in 1868, to Malta in 1872 and to the Straits Settlements in 1876. It went on to Hong Kong in 1878 before returning to the Straits Settlements in


title: "Religion in South America" content: rituals. Protestantism has been a presence since the nineteenth century, as a minority, but has had a strong increase since the 1980s. The majority of Latin American Protestants in general are Pentecostals. Brazil today is the most evangelical country in South America, where 89% of Brazilians evangelicals are Pentecostals, in Chile represents 79% of the total evangelicals in that country, 69% in Argentina and 59% in Colombia. On the other part, in Uruguay 66% of evangelicals are Methodists, while only 20% are Pentecostal. Brazil is the country with more practitioners in the world of Allan Kardec's codification of the Spiritism,


title: "Hypercomplex cell" content: discovered to also exist in the primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17). By 1968, Geoffrey Henry and Bogdan Dreher discovered simple and complex cells with end-stopping properties. Subsequently, hypercomplex cells were no longer recognized as a distinct class but rather a subtype of simple and complex cells. Currently, "simple end-stopped" and "complex end-stopped cells" are the terms of choice to describe neurons with end-stopping properties. Knowledge of cortical function was relatively limited by the 1950s. However, towards the end of the decade, the platform for understanding the cortex was being laid out. Investigations into the localization of function as well


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: Large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, known as the large milkweed bug, is a medium-sized hemipteran (true bug) of the family Lygaeidae. It is distributed throughout North America. It ranges from Central America through Mexico and the Caribbean to southern areas in Canada. Costa Rica represents this insect's southern limit. It inhabits disturbed areas, roadsides and open pastures. Due to this widespread geographic distribution, this insect exhibits varying life history trade-offs depending on the population location. Adults can range from 10–18 mm in length and have a red/orange and black X-shaped pattern on their wings underneath the triangle that is typical


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: to hemipterans. This feature makes the bug easily seen, acting as a aposematic warning to predators of distastefulness. "O. fasciatus" exhibits müllerian mimicry and is noxious to predators. The ventral side of the fourth abdominal segment bears a black band in the male and two black spots in the female. Juveniles are born mostly red with black antennae and a few black spots, throughout growth the black spots are developed as well as wing pads. Eggs of this insect are bright orange and easily detectable. This large milkweed bug is a hemimetabolous insect, meaning it grows in stages called instars


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: and goes through incomplete metamorphosis exhibiting small changes throughout development such as coloration changes, development of wings and genitalia. "O. fasciatus" begins as an egg and experiences four nymphal stages over 28–30 days before moulting to adulthood. Females become sexually receptive within a few days of adulthood. Geographic location has a large effect on egg production rate and clutch size, although the intrinsic increase in reproduction depends on what the individual is acclimated to. For example, two close populations (60 km apart) residing on a sharp incline have differing optimal reproduction temperatures where the cooler (higher) adapted population is at


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: 23 °C and the warmer (lower) population is adapted to 27 °C. Highest clutch size occurs in Puerto Rico, Florida and Texas populations at 30-50 eggs per clutch. Lowest clutch size was found in California at 25-30 eggs per clutch. Iowa and Maryland (northern populations) exhibited a clutch size in between the two extremes from 25-35 eggs per clutch. In favourable conditions (tropics) reproduction occurs continuously all year round, in less-favourable conditions (temperate zones) reproduction occurs during the warmer months. Reproducing when migrants arrive introduces gene flow between northern and southern populations, this provides an advantage to the mid-range populations


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: (variable climates) because females then can ensure genetic variability. The milkweed bug can produce from one to three generations per year depending on climate and geographic location. "O. fasciatus" exhibits strong selection for survival and will halt reproduction as a trade-off if conditions are not ideal. Diapause occurs on short days and on cold days in temperate regions and occasionally occurs during dry season in tropical regions. Most populations of the milkweed bug overwinter; usually after migration to their overwintering sites due to environmental triggers such as temperature and photoperiod. However, photoperiod only predicts overwintering in areas where day length


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: effects the maturation of milkweeds. Therefore, no overwintering occurs in tropical regions as it does not supply an adaptive advantage. "O. fasciatus" can be separated into migrators and non-migrators. Palmer and Dingle showed that northern populations such as the one in Iowa show the greatest tendency for long distance flight and are highly migratory. Oppositely, southern populations such as those in Puerto Rico show the lowest tendency and are sedentary. South populations grow seasonally as migrants first appear in late spring and mid-summer. A migratory syndrome has been described in the northern population, meaning that traits such as wing length,


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: fecundity, developmental time and flight duration are all genetically correlated. Groeters and Dingle suggested that selection is specific to the populations environment due to the small correlations between life history strategies across geographic ranges. A trade-off between migration and life history traits may be the causation of such a wide geological distribution. Attisano suggested that genetic factors as well as environmental cues trigger migration in some individuals. Since long duration flights decrease with decreasing latitude, temperature is a strong factor influencing the migration. Also, this movement correlates with flowering of milkweeds which provides further evidence that environmental triggers relate to


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: migration. Larger females are thought to allocate resources to migration simply because they have more to spare. Smaller individuals are thought to deploy alternative mechanisms; one being the reabsorption of oocytes for energy. The fact that these insects return to northern environments after migration could be the influence of a genetic predisposition or selected for due to crowding and increased intraspecific competition for resources in the southern areas. Tropical populations migrate shorter distances than temperate populations because spatial variation of their choice host is much greater, so it is advantageous to seek new plant congregations rather than tolerate the depletion


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: of resources. "O. fasciatus" is an intermittent feeding herbivore specialist that relies mainly on the common milkweed seed, "Asclepias syriaca" but can also feed on other species in the Apocynaceae family. Some other species it has been shown to feed on when milkweed is low are "A. nivea", "Sarcostemma clausa" and "Calotropis procera", and "Nerium oleander". The southern population’s primary host is "Asclepias curassavica," a tropical milkweed. When given sunflower seeds in a lab setting the insect absorbed 90% of its lipids, 50% of its protein and 20% of its carbohydrates, making it an efficient feeder. Toxic compounds in the


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: milkweed are also sequestered, giving this insect its toxicity. Adults wander during the daytime in search of food since milkweeds live in patches that can vary in size and distance apart from one another. When a seed is found, they inject saliva into it through a long rostrum, this pre-digests the seed and allows "O. fasciatus" to suck it up through their anterior pump and pharynx. Often there are multiple adults feeding on one seed, suggesting that a signal is released by feeding individuals that indicate a good food source. It has been shown that adults are more likely to


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: find a food source when another adult is already feeding on it, further supporting the signaling concept. Occasionally, females are seen feeding on shedding exoskeletons from moulting individuals. Rarely, cannibalization is observed in laboratory settings. Juvenile "O. fasciatus" require the seed of milkweed plants for development and growth. Adults can survive on other types of seeds such as: sunflower, watermelon, almond and cashew, as shown in lab populations. Nymphs live in large groups of about 20 individuals on the plant. Juveniles have an advantageous discontinuous three-part gut that acts similarly to a crop, ventriculus and ileum however they are lacking


title: "Large milkweed bug" content: definitive parts. During the final instar of development, oil accumulates to allow for more efficient absorption of nutrients as well as aid in osmoregulation. This insect is often used as a model organism and reared for laboratory experiments due to the insect being easy to rear and handle, short developmental time, few instars and a high fecundity. The phylogenetic placement of "O. fasciatus" is ideal to use as an outgroup to make comparisons to more derived holometabolous insects, acting as a valuable organism for the study of evolutionary patterns. Large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, known as the large milkweed bug,


title: "Ancient Theatre of Ohrid" content: Ancient Theatre of Ohrid The Ancient theatre of Ohrid of the Hellenistic period is located in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. It was built in 200 BC and is the only Hellenistic-type theatre in the country as the other three in Scupi, Stobi and Heraklea Lynkestis are from Roman times. It is unclear how many people the original theater used to seat, as only the lower section still exists. The open theater has a perfect location: the two hills that surround it keep it protected from winds that could interfere with acoustics during performances. During Roman times, the theater was also


title: "Ancient Theatre of Ohrid" content: used for gladiator fights. However, since the theater was also a site of executions of Christians by the Romans, it rapidly turned to a highly disliked site by the locals. In fact, as a result of this dislike, the theater was abandoned and buried by the locals after the demise of the Roman Empire. This allowed for most of the structure to be well preserved, only to be uncovered accidentally in the 1980s. Namely, during construction work around some of the houses in the area, large stone blocks with carvings of the Greek god Dyonisius and the muses were showing


title: "Ancient Theatre of Ohrid" content: up, which led archaeologists to believe that a Greek theater (Dyonisius and the muses were related to the performance arts) must have been located nearby. Since the late 1980s, the theater is again a site of public performances, such as plays, concerts, operas, ballet performances. Recently, high-profile cultural performances such as those by the Bolshoi and José Carreras take place each summer as part of the Ohrid Summer Festival. Ancient Theatre of Ohrid The Ancient theatre of Ohrid of the Hellenistic period is located in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. It was built in 200 BC and is the only Hellenistic-type


title: "Humayun Kabir Dhali" content: etc. Have some books edit by him: Begum Rokeya Rachana Samogra, "Nirbachito Vuter Galpo", Maakey Niye Eksho Chara, Pakhir Galpo Pakhir Chara, Sera Kishor Rupkatha, Sresto Vuter Galpo etc. His children book "Tiye Pakhir Janmadinay"'s English version "On the Birthday of a Parrot" has been included in the curriculum of Keben primary school, Turkey. His another children book "Cowboy and a Magic Mango Tree" has been included in the curriculum of 9th State primary school of Yannitsa,Municipality of Pella, Greece. His science fiction "Neel Graher Rohossho" has published by Nirmal Book Agency, Kolkata, India. 2. arthonitiprotidin.com/2013/07/20/চোখ-সাহিত্য-পুরস্কার-পেল/ Humayun Kabir Dhali Humayun


title: "Northwest Flower and Garden Show" content: gardening supplies, botanical art, vintage garden art and locally sourced artisan gourmet foods - the largest Marketplace of any garden show in the U.S. The Northwest Flower & Garden Show serves the west coast of North America from Alaska and Vancouver, BC to San Francisco, California, as well as the western US. Attendance has ranged from 60,000–65,000. The show runs from Wednesday through Sunday, and is typically held in February. There are three main components: approximately 22 display gardens built in three days and ranging from in area, over 350 exhibitors selling garden-related products, and over 100 free seminars on


title: "Structuralist theory of mythology" content: parts of the myth, but rather within the composition of these parts. Although myth and language are of similar categories, language functions differently in myth. Finally, language in myth exhibits more complex functions than in any other linguistic expression. From these suggestions, he draws the conclusion that myth can be broken down into constituent units, and these units are different from the constituents of language. Finally, unlike the constituents of language, the constituents of a myth, which he labels “mythemes,” function as "bundles of relations." This approach is a break from the “symbolists”, such as Carl Jung, who dedicate themselves


title: "Geology of Chile" content: Llanquihue it is at , and in the Magallanes. The Intermediate Depression, a series of faults running north to south, separates the Andes from the Coast Range with a steady decrease in altitude as the latitude increases. In Norte Grande the Intermediate Depression is partially covered by a series of salt flats, and has the world's largest potassium nitrate deposits. In Norte Chico, the depression disappears briefly before reappearing in a narrow valley at Santiago. From the narrows southward the valley widens until it is interrupted near Loncoche by the Bahía Mansa Metamorphic Complex (part of the Coast Range), then


title: "Know Nothing" content: his anti-immigration policies. The American Party was represented in the 2002 film "Gangs of New York", led by William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting (Daniel Day-Lewis), the fictionalized version of real-life Know Nothing leader William Poole, who was also the real life leader of the Bowery Boys. The Know Nothings also play a prominent role in the historical fiction novel "Shaman" by novelist Noah Gordon. Know Nothing The Native American Party, renamed the American Party in 1855 and commonly known as the Know Nothing movement, was an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s. It was primarily anti-Catholic,


title: "History of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina" content: independent armoured company. Eight Bosnian-Croat HVO units were incorporated into the ABIH. Crni Labudovi was a PL unit formed in April 1992 from refugees in Konjic under the 4th Corps (later 1st Corps), they eventually numbered 800 men and also earned a reputatiaon for battlefield bravery. Some PL units after the absorption by the TORBIH still operated independently. PL personnel wore "Green Berets" as did many ABIH units. The ABIH assigned 15 mixed aircraft to corps HQs to supply 5th corps in Bihac and 2nd corps in the Goražde, Srebrenica and Žepa area. The Bosnian Police (Policija Republike Bosne i


title: "Jefferson Township, Tipton County, Indiana" content: the township in 1863. A church was built in 1873 just north of Kempton. As of the early 20th century, farming was the main industry, specifically fruit. The Lake Erie & Western railroad ran east to west through the township providing economic support, transportation and communication. According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , all land. Historically, Jefferson Township was fairly flat with a lot of low, marshy ground. The west side of the township was prairie with some small amounts of trees and shrubs, including willow and scrub oak. In the southern part, the


title: "Breast cancer screening" content: average risk to attend organised screening between 45 and 74 years old. In England, all women were invited for screening once every three years beginning at age 50. There is a trial in progress to assess the risks and benefits of offering screening to women aged 47 to 49 (Public Health England 2017). Public Health England, accessed 19 May 2014</ref> Some other organizations recommend mammograms begin as early as age 40 in normal-risk women, and take place more frequently, up to once each year. Women at higher risk may benefit from earlier or more frequent screening. Women with one or


title: "Muzahim al-Pachachi" content: During the occupation of France in World War II, al-Pachachi stayed in Switzerland. He became active in the 1930s and 1940s in pro-Palestinian activities and opposed the 1948 United Nations truce in Palestine. The prime ministers of Iraq in 1948 were Sayyid Muhammad as-Sadr (January–June) and Muzahim al-Pachachi (June 1948-January 1949), both were distinguished personalities who were not part of the pro-British political circle and whose governments included ministers who identified with the anti-British elements. It was under the leadership of Pachachi that Iraq sent 18,000 troops to Palestine in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, making them the largest Arab force


title: Kisapmata content: of Silayan’s character, "the way he’s portrayed by Vic Silayan makes him also very human, all too unmistakably so, and perhaps all the more terrifying because we realize how familiar we already are with his features." It won a total of eight Gawan Urian Awards and received one FAMAS award nomination. Kisapmata Kisapmata () is a 1981 psychological horror film directed by Mike De Leon, written for the screen by De Leon, Clodualdo del Mundo Jr., and Raquel Villavicencio. The plot was inspired by Nick Joaquin's 1961 article "The House on Zapote Street," which was later republished in Joaquin's non-fiction


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: Haliotis rufescens Haliotis rufescens (red abalone) is a species of very large edible sea snail in the family Haliotidae, the abalones, ormer shells or paua. It is distributed from British Columbia, Canada, to Baja California, Mexico. It is most common in the southern half of its range. Red abalone is the largest and most common abalone found in the northern part of the state of California, and it is the only species of abalone still legally harvested there, though on a restricted basis. Red abalone live in rocky areas with kelp. They feed on the kelp species that grow in


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: their home range, including giant kelp ("Macrocystis pyrifera"), feather boa kelp ("Egregia menziesii"), and bull kelp ("Nereocystis luetkeana"). Juveniles eat coralline algae, bacteria, and diatoms. They are found from the intertidal zone to water more than deep, but are most common between . The red abalone's shell length can reach a maximum of , making it the largest species of abalone in the world. The shell is large, thick, and dome-shaped. It is usually a brick red color externally. Typically the shell has three or four oval holes or respiratory pores. These holes collectively make up what is known as


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: the selenizone which form as the shell grows. The inside of the shell is strongly iridescent and has a large central muscle. This species was used as the subject in a study of the microscopic development of nacre. Below the edge of the shell, the black epipodium and tentacles can be seen. The underside of the foot is yellowish white in color. Red abalones are subject to a chronic, progressive and lethal disease: the withering syndrome or abalone wasting disease. This disease has had a poorly understood impact on the species overall, but populations still seem low. Red abalone has


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: been used since prehistoric times—red abalone shells have been found in Channel Island archaeological sites dated to nearly 12,000 years old. Red abalone middens—refuse deposits where red abalone shells are a major constituent—are abundant in archaeological sites of the Northern Channel Islands dated between about 7500 and 3500 years ago. The Native American Chumash peoples also harvested this species along the Central California coast in the pre-contact era. The Chumash and other California Indians also used red abalone shells to make a variety of fishhooks, beads, ornaments, and other artifacts. In the 1980s, an employee of the California Department of


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: Fish and Wildlife who was privately farming abalone in California imported some South African abalone ("Haliotis midae") and failed to quarantine them. With the abalone were introduced the non-native polychaete worm "Terebrassabella heterouncinata". This worm escaped into the ocean at Cayucos, California, where an abalone farm had long been established. It also entered the wild at many other sites. Scientists at the University of California, Santa Barbara and the Department of Fish and Wildlife joined the staff of the abalone farm and many volunteers to eradicate the pest. Shortly after this, another disease of abalone appeared on Santa Cruz Island.


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: It spread to the other Channel Islands of California and to the mainland of California. This bacterial disease proved to be devastating to both wild and farmed populations. It was named "withering syndrome" because the abalones starved to death even when food was plentiful. This was because the bacterium infested the digestive tract of the abalones and prevented digestion and absorption of kelp, the abalone's primary food source. The bacterium is a member of the family Rickettsiaceae. Coincidentally, withering syndrome first appeared a few years after "H. midae" were imported into California, near Smugglers Cove on Santa Cruz Island, adjacent


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: to the area where seaweed was harvested for an abalone farm at Port Hueneme, California. Its spread was aided by the Department of Fish and Game, which planted infected abalone into the wild north of Point Conception. This bacterium attacks several species of abalone. It causes the viscera and foot muscle to atrophy, causing lethargy and starvation. The infected abalone cannot move along the substrate or right itself when upended. The disease is fatal. Withering syndrome, overfishing, and habitat loss has been responsible for the listing of black abalone and white abalone as Endangered Species. The United States Fish and


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: Wildlife Service will begin a program to reintroduce abalone. Withering syndrome has struck all the abalone farms in California at one time or another, and has also been spread to Iceland and Ireland by the export of infected California Red Abalone, "H. rufescens." Abalone exported to Israel before "H. midae" were imported to California were not reported to have withering syndrome. Black abalone, red abalone, green abalone, white abalone, and two other species of abalone have virtually disappeared from Southern California because of withering syndrome, while the Northern California populations have remained more numerous because of the colder waters. Green


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: abalone and white abalone are now not common in Northern California, whereas they were once numerous in Southern California, and black abalone may become extinct in the near future. Because of the destruction of most wild populations, abalone farming has become a booming business. Unlike some aquaculture operations, the farming of abalone is considered to be a form of sustainable agriculture. Few chemicals are used in the process and the abalone are fed locally harvested kelp, which promptly grows back in abundance. Some algae is grown for the purpose, as well. In 1916, documentation of the modern California fishery began.


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: Fishing for these abalone populations peaked in the 1950s and 1960s and was followed by a decline in all five abalone species, red, green, pink, white, and black. Prior to this point, the fishery seemed sustainable with the increase in species that could be fished and the expansion of fishing areas. Disease and the recovery of sea otter populations contributed to the decline of the abalone, and the California Fish and Game Commission ended fishing for abalone in 1997. In Northern California, however, commercial fishing was only legal for three years during World War II. As a result, a recreational


title: "Haliotis rufescens" content: fishery still exists in northern California. Because scuba diving to harvest abalone is banned, the fishery consists of shore pickers searching the rocks at low tide, and free divers using breath-hold diving to search for them. This essentially creates a reserve for the abalone in the water below , where few divers are skilled enough to go. Currently, the minimum legal size is , and three specimens may be taken per day. There is also an annual legal limit of 12 abalone per person of which only 9 may be taken from Sonoma County. Haliotis rufescens Haliotis rufescens (red abalone)


title: "Will A. Gunn" content: Will A. Gunn Colonel Will A. Gunn is an American lawyer and former officer in the American Armed Forces. He was appointed by President Barack Obama to be the new general counsel for the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. He attended the United States Air Force Academy, graduating in 1980, and Harvard Law School, graduating in 1986. While at Harvard, he was elected President of the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau. In 1990 Gunn was a White House Fellow and Associate Director of Cabinet Affairs. Mr. Gunn also has a Masters of Laws degree in Environmental Law from the George


title: "Lobelia inflata" content: Lobelia inflata Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco, puke weed) is a species of "Lobelia" native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada (Nova Scotia to southeast Ontario) south through the eastern United States to Alabama and west to Kansas. "Lobelia inflata" is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant growing to tall, with stems covered in tiny hairs. Its leaves are usually about long, and are ovate and toothed. they are alternately arranged. It has violet flowers that are tinted yellow on the inside, and usually appear in mid-summer and continue to bloom into fall. The seedcases are small, brown, dehiscent, and


title: "Lobelia inflata" content: papery. Propagation is usually accomplished by cuttings or seed. Seeds are sown in containers in mid spring or mid fall. The seeds take about 2 weeks to germinate. "Lobelia inflata" has a long use as a medicinal plant, as an entheogenic, emetic, and a dermatological and respiratory aid. Native Americans used it for respiratory and muscle disorders, as a purgative, and as a ceremonial medicine. The plant was used as a traditional medicinal plant by the Cherokee, Iroquois, Penobscot, and other indigenous peoples. The foliage was burned by the Cherokee as a natural insecticide, to smoke out gnats. It was


title: "Lobelia inflata" content: widely used in the pre-Columbian New England region, long before the time of Samuel Thomson, who was erroneously credited as discovering it. It is still used medicinally in the present day; however, there are adverse effects that limit its use. Side effects can include sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and possibly death. "L. inflata" has been shown to contain 52 different alkaloid compounds, the most studied and medically pertinent being lobeline. Lobelia inflata Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco, puke weed) is a species of "Lobelia" native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada (Nova


title: "Abronia maritima" content: Abronia maritima Abronia maritima is a species of sand verbena known by the common name red sand verbena. This is a beach-adapted perennial plant native to the coastlines of southern California, including the Channel Islands, and northern Baja California. It grows along stable sand dunes near, but not in, the ocean surf. This halophyte requires saline water which it receives mostly in the form of sea spray, and cannot tolerate fresh water or prolonged dry conditions. Its succulent tissues are adapted to isolate and store salt. This sand verbena forms a green mat along the ground, its stems sometimes buried


title: "Abronia maritima" content: under loose sand. It flowers year-round in bright red to pink or purplish clusters of flowers. The mats are thick and provide shelter for a variety of small beach-dwelling animals. This is a rare plant. Its habitat is located in heavily traveled beach areas, where it is disturbed by human activity. Abronia maritima Abronia maritima is a species of sand verbena known by the common name red sand verbena. This is a beach-adapted perennial plant native to the coastlines of southern California, including the Channel Islands, and northern Baja California. It grows along stable sand dunes near, but not in,


title: "Green Gate" content: Green Gate The Green Gate (, , now Grünes Tor) in Gdańsk, Poland, is one of the city's most notable tourist attractions. It is situated between Long Market ("Długi Targ") and the River Motława. With the Golden Gate and the Highland Gate, the Green Gate spans the Long Market and Long Street, together comprising the Royal Route. The Green Gate was clearly inspired by the Antwerp City Hall. It was built 1568-71 as the formal residence of Poland's monarchs. It is a masterpiece by Regnier (or Reiner van Amsterdam), an Amsterdam architect, and reflects Flemish architectural influence in Gdańsk. Hans


title: "Green Gate" content: Kramer from Dresden was responsible for the construction plans. On 11–20 February 1646 the future Queen of Poland, Marie Louise Gonzaga, was entertained here. In the late 18th century the Nature Society was housed here, but soon moved to the Naturalists' House (Research Society House). Today the Green Gate houses the National Museum in Gdańsk. Exhibitions, meetings, conferences and shows are held here. The Gdańsk office of former Polish President Lech Wałęsa is located in one of the rooms. Green Gate The Green Gate (, , now Grünes Tor) in Gdańsk, Poland, is one of the city's most notable tourist


title: "Battle for the A-9 highway" content: Battle for the A-9 highway The Battle for the A-9 highway was fought in March and April 2000 for the control of the Sri Lankan A-9 highway. The A-9 highway connected the Sri Lankan capital with the northern Jaffna peninsula. More importantly, the Elephant Pass military base, was the only land route for Jaffna. If the rebels were going to surround Elephant Pass they would have to take the north-south highway. On March 27, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, or Tamil Tigers, (LTTE), attacked the north-south highway. LTTE rebels attacked a coastal army base with a combined land and


title: "Heinz Oberhummer" content: Csótó und Schlattl were able to derive quantifiable results concerning the fine-tuning of the Universe by investigating the creation of carbon and oxygen in the triple-alpha process in red giants. He was the initiator of "Nuclei in the Cosmos", the most important international conference series in the field of nuclear astrophysics taking place for the tenth time in the year 2008 at Michigan State University in the United States. He was especially engaged in the popularisation of scientific contents, including the new media. He developed Web-based learning and information systems and co-ordinated educational projects funded by the European Commission, such


title: "Noriko Tatsumi" content: of erotic pictures who is persecuted by the government. Though still containing significant erotic content, this is one of Takechi's few films to pass the censor relatively un-edited, perhaps because Eirin feared losing another embarrassing public confrontation with the outspoken director. "Erotic Culture Shock: Swapping Partners" (1969) concerns a woman whose husband is eager to experiment with wife-swapping. She refuses until she discovers that her father is involved in a similar activity. "Packed-Full With Women" (1969) was a sex-comedy which gave Tatsumi little to do but take off her clothes. Noriko Tatsumi Tatsumi made her "pink film" debut in 1967.


title: "Sligo Senior Football League (Division 1)" content: there were no league finals played. The team finishing top of the league table was deemed the winner. Sligo Senior Football League (Division 1) The Sligo Senior Football League is an annual Gaelic Athletic Association club league competition between the top Sligo clubs, operating in Division 1 of the league. The Senior League has been divided in two since 2004, with Division 1 comprising the leading eight sides, with the remainder in Division 1B, now known as Division 2. Tubbercurry are the most successful club, having won on 9 occasions, the last in 1993. Eastern Harps won the 2008 title,


title: "Salvia verbenaca" content: Salvia verbenaca Salvia verbenaca, also known as wild clary or wild sage, is native to the British Isles, the Mediterranean region in Southern Europe, North Africa, and Near East, and in the Caucasus. It can be found as an introduced species that has naturalized in meadows in the Eastern United States. "S. verbenaca" is a tall perennial herb with hairy stems and branches that erectly sprawl out. Its leaves are basal and toothed that vary from long. It has soft purple to violet flowers in mid summer. It is in flower from June to September, and the seeds ripen from


title: "Salvia verbenaca" content: July to October. The flowers are bisexual and are pollinated by bees. Some are also cleistogamous and pollinate themselves. The plant is noted for attracting pollinators and wildlife. It prefers neutral and alkaline soils and needs full sun. This aromatic sage is used as a flavoring in foods and to make tea; the flowers can be added to salads. Salvia verbenaca Salvia verbenaca, also known as wild clary or wild sage, is native to the British Isles, the Mediterranean region in Southern Europe, North Africa, and Near East, and in the Caucasus. It can be found as an introduced species


title: "G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra" content: leaked drafts of the script were criticized by fans, Larry Hama, writer of the comic, was hired as creative consultant, and rewrites were made. Filming took place in Downey, California, and Prague's Barrandov Studios, and six companies handled the visual effects. The film made its world premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood, California on August 6, 2009. The next day, it was widely released worldwide on August 7, 2009, following an extensive marketing campaign focused on the Mid-American public. "The Rise of Cobra" opened at the top of the box office, and grossed over $302 million worldwide by


title: "Redeeming Love" content: and the ECPA Platinum Book Award, which is presented to books that have sold one million copies, in 2009. Redeeming Love Redeeming Love, by Francine Rivers is a historical romance novel set in the 1850s Gold Rush in California. The story is inspired by the Book of Hosea from the Bible. Its central theme is the redeeming love of God towards sinners. The story starts off in New England, 1835. Sarah, a beautiful young girl, meets her father, Alex Stafford, for the first time. Six-year-old Sarah learns that she is the product of Stafford's adulterous affair with her mother, Mae.


title: "György Sándor (footballer)" content: Amidst rumours circulating over Sándor's fitness after a recent ankle injury, the midfielder completed a loan deal taking him to Plymouth Argyle until the end of the season, with a view to make the move permanent, on 24 January 2008 . On 23 April, Sándor returned from the loan to Újpest FC. In January 2009, Sándor was loaned by Bulgarian Litex Lovech. Sándor was given the number 24 shirt. He made his team debut a few days later in Dubai, in an 0-0 friendly draw against FC Bunyodkor. Sándor scored his first goal in the league against PFC Lokomotiv Mezdra.


title: "Hunter Goodwin" content: "Fox Sports Southwest" as a commentator during the 2005 Texas A&M Football season. Locals may hear his voice before Texas A&M Football games on fan website TexAgs' radio show on Thursdays at 9:00 AM for "The Hunter Goodwin Hour." Goodwin is active with the City of College Station Design Review Board, Scotty's House, and other boards and charities around the Brazos Valley. Hunter Goodwin Hunter Goodwin (born October 10, 1972 in Bellville, Texas), is a former professional American football tight end. Goodwin transferred from Texas A&M–Kingsville to Texas A&M in 1993. While in Kingsville, he was a Lone Star Conference


title: "William Stourton, 18th Baron Stourton" content: shared grandparents, Sir John Smythe, III Baronet of Acton Burnell, and his wife Constantia Blount who were themselves 12C2R, by way of their shared ancestors, of Edward I of England and his second wife Margaret of France; William and Maria were also related by marriage, as mentioned above, William's wife, Catherine Winifred Weld was a niece of Mrs Fitzherbert's first husband, Edward Weld, also, William's sister the Hon. Charlotte Mary Stourton was married to Catherine Winifred Weld's brother, Joseph Weld. They were always on friendly terms, and she came to place great trust in him : she appointed him one


title: "Synchrotron Radiation Source" content: the storage was upgraded with additional focusing to increase the output brightness, the new 'lattice' being termed the HBL (High Brightness Lattice). Dr. John Walker won the 1997 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on ATPase, for which he carried out studies on one of the SRS beamlines. Like all second-generation sources, the SRS was designed to produce synchrotron radiation principally from its dipole magnets, but the initial design foresaw the use of a high-field insertion device to provide shorter-wavelength electromagnetic radiation to particular users. The first storage ring design was a 2 GeV FODO lattice consisting of alternating


title: "Lockheed XF-104" content: the exploding cannon shell the previous December, Salmon believed that the same thing had happened to him and that he had no option but to eject. He later found out that he could have saved "53-7787" by bringing it down to a lower altitude and waiting for his pressure suit to deflate. With the loss of the armament testbed, Lockheed engineers were forced to find an alternative, and armament trials were continued on a modified Lockheed F-94C Starfire. The two XF-104s amassed an approximate total of 2,500 flight hours. Flight testing proved that performance estimates were accurate and that even


title: "Central Utah Project" content: depth of about . The land requiring drains was identified as either drainage-deficient at the time of investigation or likely to develop deficiencies after, the project's development. The Vernal Unit is located near Vernal, in the Ashley Valley of northeastern Utah. The Vernal Unit provides a supplemental water supply for the irrigation of about as well as of municipal and industrial water for the communities of Vernal, Naples, and Maeser. Construction of the Vernal Unit began in 1959 and was completed in 1963. The Uintah Water Conservancy District operates the Vernal Unit. The Vernal Unit consists of Steinaker Dam and


title: "Pont du Carrousel" content: Pont du Carrousel The Pont du Carrousel is a bridge in Paris, which spans the River Seine between the Quai des Tuileries and the Quai Voltaire. Begun in 1831 in the prolongation of the "rue des Saints-Pères" on the Left Bank, the original bridge was known under that name until its inauguration, in 1834, when king Louis-Philippe named it "Pont du Carrousel", because it opened on the Right Bank river frontage of the Palais du Louvre near the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel in front of the Tuileries. The bridge's architect, Antoine-Rémy Polonceau, succeeded in a design that was innovative


title: "Pont du Carrousel" content: in several aspects. For one thing, the new structure was an arch bridge, during a period when most bridge construction had turned to suspension bridges; the necessary towers and cables would have been considered unacceptable additions to the Parisian scenery. The structure combined the relatively new material of cast iron with timber. Its graduated cast-iron circular supports were quickly dubbed "napkin rings" ("ronds de serviette"). At each corner of the bridge were erected classic style stone allegorical sculptures by Louis Petitot, which remain "in situ". They represent "Industry", "Abundance", "The City of Paris" and "The Seine". In 1906, after seven


title: "Pont du Carrousel" content: decades of use, serious restoration was required; the former wooden elements were replaced with beaten iron. Nevertheless, the bridge was too narrow for twentieth-century traffic, and shifted alarmingly. In 1930, its height above the river was judged insufficient for river transportation, and it was decided to scrap it for an entirely new structure to be built a few tens of metres downstream from the former one, and with greater headroom on the river. The architects Malet and Lang attempted to respect the former aspect, which now had become familiar to Parisians. The new bridge of reinforced concrete still crosses the


title: "Pont du Carrousel" content: river in three arches reaching the right bank in front of the Louvre, in direct line with the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel. For its lighting at night, the iron craftsman Raymond Subes conceived an ingenious telescoping system that raised the streetlights from a height of 13 metres in the daytime to 20 metres at nightfall when they were lit; however, the system was too fragile to be of any use and did not function until it was repaired in 1999. The nearest Métro station is Palais Royal - Musée du Louvre. On 1 May 1995, the Moroccan immigrant Brahim


title: "Pont du Carrousel" content: Bouarram drowned after being pushed into the Seine river near the bridge by members of a Front National procession. In 2003, in the name of all the citizens of Paris, the mayor of the city, Bertrand Delanoë, honored the memory of Bouarram and all the victims of racism with a commemorative plaque on the bridge. Pont du Carrousel The Pont du Carrousel is a bridge in Paris, which spans the River Seine between the Quai des Tuileries and the Quai Voltaire. Begun in 1831 in the prolongation of the "rue des Saints-Pères" on the Left Bank, the original bridge was


title: "James H. Burton" content: life of James H. Burton. On January 21, 1860, the Virginia assembly passed a bill "For the better defence [sic] of the State." The old Virginia Manufactory of Arms – renamed the Richmond Armory in 1861 – was reactivated after being shut down for 38 years. When J.R. Anderson & Company was awarded a large contract to supply machinery for the reactivated manufactory, the firm engaged Burton to engineer the Richmond Armory contract in November 1860. On December 4, Burton returned to Harpers Ferry to obtain model rifled musket patterns and components for his new employer, returning to Richmond with


title: "Herman Beukema" content: power and the Nazi’s use of "geopolitik" as a pretext for expansion and world domination. Beukema's teachings ensured that Academy graduates had a solid knowledge of economics, geography, and politics, and their relationship to national power. Because of his focus on Nazi Germany, Beukema earned a reputation as a leading "saber rattler" several years before the onset of World War II. Each year, the Academy presents the Herman Beukema Memorial Award to its top political science graduate. Herman Beukema Herman Beukema (January 29, 1891 – November 26, 1960) was a brigadier general in the United States Army. Beukema was born


title: "2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Malaysia" content: the weekend in the sprint race qualifications and improve this in the main race qualifications in 1'47.648. Swiss driver demonstrate his superiority in the Sepang circuit and take a double pole for Sunday races. The Lebanese cars was found to be under the minimum weight limit during main race qualifying. A1 Team Lebanon start from the back of the grid (22nd), instead of 18th, because of the Chris Alajajian car was found 3 kg under the 705 kg minimum weight limit. There is 29 °C and 78% humidity level on the star of the sprint race. In turn one, Canada


title: "2007–08 A1 Grand Prix of Nations, Malaysia" content: the fast lap at its turn. Again, at turn 2, lap 29, Michael Ammermüller collide unfairly Erik Janis (Czech Republic) and passes.
 After second mandatory pit stop closed, Switzerland is behind Brazil and France. Mexico, Great Britain, USA and Australia are still battling for position. Great Britain gets by Mexico in lap 34 and Ian Dyk (Australia) passes Jonathan Summerton (USA) in final lap. Oliver Jarvis drops USA too.
 The final top ten was: Switzerland, Brazil, France, Netherlands, China, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia and Great Britain. After the race, A1 teams Brazil and Great Britain were penalised to stay


title: "Major League Baseball on superstations" content: and satellite providers (including Cox Communications, Frontier FiOS, AT&T U-verse, DirecTV and Dish Network), with carriage fees increasing over the length of the contract (TWC reduced the fee to $3.50 per household in March 2016, an offer that was rejected; Charter indicated it would restore the carriage fee rate above $4.50 for the 2017 season). This created complaints from fans wanting to watch the final broadcasts of retiring legendary commentator Vin Scully, and led to SportsNet LA entering into an agreement with KTLA owner Tribune Broadcasting on September 2, 2016, in which the station would simulcast six Dodgers games that


title: "Fighter kite" content: a "season" or a special occasion particularly associated with kite flying. Kites used range from 0.5-meter to 1.5 meters across. The usual name for the sport is "gudiparan bazi" and for the cutting line "tar". As elsewhere, the line is traditionally made with a cotton line and coated with a mixture of crushed glass and rice glue. However, nylon string with stronger glue is now often the preferred line. Kites can go up to 3,500 meters in height depending on the size of the kite. From 1996 to 2001, the Taliban government in Afghanistan outlawed kite fighting, and kite flying,


title: Osterfjorden content: Osterfjorden Osterfjorden is a fjord in Hordaland county, Norway. The fjord is one of three fjords surrounding the island of Osterøy. The fjord runs along the municipal border of Lindås and Osterøy municipalities. The fjord begins at the Romarheimsfjorden and flows to the west for before ending near the village of Knarvik at the confluence of four fjords: Osterfjorden, Radfjorden (to the north), Sørfjorden (to the south), and Salhusfjorden (to the west). The Osterfjorden is generally about wide and the deepest point in the fjord reaches a depth of below sea level. The following villages lie along the Osterfjorden: Knarvik,


title: "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies" content: have created profound detrimental environmental effects and/or provided questionable economic benefit such as the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet in southeast Louisiana. Faulty design and substandard construction have been cited in the failure of levees in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. Reforming the Corps' way of doing business has been championed by U.S. Senators Russ Feingold and John McCain. Holding the corps accountable has been proposed by the group Levees.org led by Sandy Rosenthal. One of the difficulties of making changes, however, is the political process itself. Depending on the point of view of any debate on these projects, they may