title: "Junonia coenia" content: Junonia coenia Junonia coenia, known as the common buckeye or buckeye, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Its original ancestry has been traced to Africa, which then experiences divergence in Asia. Caterpillars of these butterflies appear to prefer plants that produce iridoid glycosides, which are bitter compounds that release a hormone called gastrin that activates the digestive system (i.e. hunger); therefore, iridoid glycoside producing plants stimulate and attract their appetites particularly when found in plants like "Plantago lanceolata". In fact, the presence of these metabolites may trigger oviposition behaviors in female butterflies so that descendant larval bodies may better


title: "Junonia coenia" content: incorporate iridoid glycosides. Iridoid glycolyside metabolites appear to have a growth-stimulating effect on caterpillars but a growth-reducing effect on predators. Predators like ants, wasps, birds, and small animals prefer to feed on iridoid glycoside poor caterpillars rather than iridoid glycoside rich larvae, potentially due to these effects. Therefore, immunity of "J. coenia" larvae to predators like ants appears to be strongly related to the concentration of iridoid glycosides sequestered in their bodies. However, too much iridoid glycosides in the diet can negatively affect the immune response of these larvae and lead to increased susceptibility to parasitism. Adult butterflies feed on


title: "Junonia coenia" content: flowers with certain pollinator cues: yellow flowers that are 'pre-change', or flowers whose color has not been changed due to insect visitation or other factors. Common buckeye caterpillars feed in isolation rather than relying upon grouping behaviors. Vulnerability to the "Junonia coenia" densovirus is another concern for survivorship of common buckeye larvae. Common buckeye butterflies are colored brown with eyespots that tend to be large. They also exhibit green overtones and have wings that span between 2 and 2.5 inches. The caterpillars are colored black and have orange spots. Along their lengths, they have spines that branch out and appear


title: "Junonia coenia" content: blue at the roots. These caterpillars can be up to 1.5 inches in length. "Junio" probably arose from one African colonizing ancestor. In Asia, this diverged into “"J. atlites, J. iphita, and J. hedonia"” that resembled the African ancestor. These species then diverged into “"J. almanac, J. lemonias, and J. villida"” that began to differ morphologically from African ancestors. The Taxon Pulse Hypothesis is invoked to explain the vicariance as well as dispersal exhibited by this species where there is dispersal as the species expands until they find appropriate habitats. This then allows for speciation to occur in several isolated


title: "Junonia coenia" content: habitats. In "Junonia" the species may have expanded from Africa into Asia and then from Asia throughout “Australasia, Africa, and South America.” Iridoid glycosides trigger feeding behaviors of "J. coenia" larvae in northern California, serving as attractants and as stimulants. It also allows for higher growth and survival rates that appear to be best promoted in the plant "Plantago lanceolata", an invasive plant in California. In fact, leaves from this plant were preferred over artificial diets with just the iridoid glycosides, indicating the presence of additional sources in "P. lanceolata" that might play a role in food preferences. Naturally, "J.


title: "Junonia coenia" content: coenia" consider iridoid glycosides in the host plant selection for larvae. This inclination for iridoid glycosides may also reflect its role in oviposition and microhabitat selection. Aucubin and catalpol are two other chemicals that can be stimulants aiforniand attractants for larval feeding behaviors. In the case of "Lantana camara" flowers, "J. coenia" preferentially feed on flowers in the yellow stage at a significantly higher rate that suggests associative learning. During early life stages, the butterfly feeds upon yellow and red flowers almost equally but over time focuses only on those flowers that are yellow and 'pre-change.' This is especially advantageous


title: "Junonia coenia" content: because the flower’s color can be linked to its viability as well as the nectar reward that it can provide the pollinator. With this signal the pollinator can visit the right plant at the right time maximizing both its reproductive advantage as well as that of the flower. Moreover, the amount of nectar found within the flower can also influence the duration of a pollinator’s visit to the plant. In the process of oviposition, contact chemoreception is an important sense used to detect allelochemicals on individual leaves that promote or discourage oviposition. Females detect iridoid glycosides found in plants like


title: "Junonia coenia" content: "P. lanceolata" as oviposition cues. Similarly, a mix of catalpol and aucubin, as well as catalpol alone, also promotes oviposition. In addition, the quantity of catalpol also seems to play a role in oviposition because females choose to lay eggs in regions that are most concentrated with catalpol. Just one iridoid glycoside molecule is enough to promote oviposition to the same degree that would be seen on a hostplant leaf. However, with that said, females did prefer plants with more iridoid glycosides. Larvae concentrate large amounts of iridoid glycosides, and theoretical explanations for this include protection from predators. Therefore, evolution


title: "Junonia coenia" content: would favor female "J. coenia" that can detect more iridoid glycosides on host plants so that larvae can incorporate that into their diet and thus gain better protective mechanisms for survival. Caterpillars tend to feed individually and in isolation. For example, even in the case that multiple caterpillars are feeding upon the same plant, they will not be doing so cooperatively or based in a group dynamic. Common buckeyes move to the south along with tailwinds directed to the north or northwest after the cold fronts from September or October. They are sensitive to the cold and cannot spend the


title: "Junonia coenia" content: winter in northern regions that will experience extreme cold temperatures. However, they will migrate back from the south during the spring. "J. coenia" appears to readily migrate on a local scale between patches that are connected by corridors over those that are not connected by corridors. They could also affect large scale immigration by making patches more accessible to immigrating butterflies if they are connected by corridors as opposed to if they are unconnected. As a result, this would play a role in increasing the population densities of these habitats, which would then affect resource availability for affected individuals. Predators


title: "Junonia coenia" content: for these organisms include ants, wasps, birds, and small animals. Predators appear to select larvae that feed on artificial diets deprived of iridoid glycoside (iridoid glycoside poor) rather than those that consume organic leaf material (iridoid glycoside rich larvae), which may indicate the role of iridoid glycoside consumption. This selection then favors larvae that have diets including iridoid glycosides as well as females who oviposition on those sites by providing offspring with necessary defense mechanisms. Prey which contain iridoid glycosides can affect invertebrate predators differently. Chemical differences as a result of leaf age can affect the development of these butterflies,


title: "Junonia coenia" content: which can then affect the quality of these butterflies as food sources for spiders. One such observation indicated that iridoid glycosides may diminish growth of predators so that predators select for caterpillars that do not feed on iridoid glycoside-rich substrates. Iridoid glycosides have been shown to stimulate growth in prey while decreasing growth in predators, which may then be responsible for its role in providing chemical protection to butterflies. The densovirus "Junonia coenia" infects the common buckeye larvae by focusing on targeting dividing cells in order to propagate. It consists of single stranded DNA genomes with a smooth, sphere-shaped capsid.


title: "Junonia coenia" content: It is from the family Parvoviridae and has been considered a potential insecticide, as is hypothesized for other one-species densoviruses. The "Junonia coenia" densovirus is unique in its separation of DNA strands for structural proteins versus nonstructural proteins. High intake of iridoid glycosides by "J. coenia" can have a negative effect on their immune response. This can then lead to higher susceptibility to parasitoids as well as a decreased ability to resist parasitism. Therefore, it is necessary to balance the chemical defense provided by these secondary metabolites with their immunological cost that correlates with increased risk of parasitism. Specifically, secondary


title: "Junonia coenia" content: metabolites may be hindering the immune response by operating through decreased melanization. This becomes even more problematic since parasitism is a prominent cause of mortality for caterpillars. This relationship exemplifies the vulnerable host hypothesis. Common predators of "J. coenia" larvae are ants, and chemical defense appears to be a strong survival mechanism for these organisms against predation. The concentration of iridoid glycoside sequestered by larvae seems to be a strong predictor for the decreased likelihood that they will be predated. In order to find a host plant for oviposition, females search for appropriate concentrations of catalpol or iridoid glycosides. Therefore,


title: "Junonia coenia" content: they practice drumming, which allows them to pierce the plant exterior and ‘taste’ the variety of allelochemicals that are present within its structure. This can be detected through the female "J. coenia" foretarse chemoreceptors. Larvae also appear to weakly adopt automimicry as a survival strategy. In the presence of caterpillars that have sequestered iridoids (making them unpalatable to predators) and those that have not sequestered iridoids (making them palatable to predators), palatable caterpillars are able to escape predation. However, this trend is a weak example because it also may be the consequence of predators entirely avoiding this species of caterpillars


title: "Junonia coenia" content: rather than predators rejecting caterpillars. The common buckeye was featured on the 2006 United States Postal Service 24-cent postage stamp. Junonia coenia Junonia coenia, known as the common buckeye or buckeye, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. Its original ancestry has been traced to Africa, which then experiences divergence in Asia. Caterpillars of these butterflies appear to prefer plants that produce iridoid glycosides, which are bitter compounds that release a hormone called gastrin that activates the digestive system (i.e. hunger); therefore, iridoid glycoside producing plants stimulate and attract their appetites particularly when found in plants like "Plantago lanceolata". In


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: Heliconius charithonia Heliconius charithonia, the zebra longwing or zebra heliconian, is a species of butterfly belonging to the subfamily Heliconiinae of the family Nymphalidae. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1767 12th edition of "Systema Naturae". The boldly striped black and white wing pattern is aposematic, warning off predators. The species is distributed across South and Central America and as far north as southern Texas and peninsular Florida; there are migrations north into other American states in the warmer months. Zebra longwing adults roost communally at night in groups of up to 60 adults for safety from


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: predators. The adult butterflies are unusual in feeding on pollen as well as on nectar; the pollen enables them to synthesize cyanogenic glycosides that make their bodies toxic to potential predators. Caterpillars feed on various species of passionflower, evading the plants' defensive trichomes by biting them off or laying silk mats over them. Mass spraying of naled has decimated the zebra longwing population in Miami-Dade County, Florida. There has been mass collapse of the colonies with impacts on the balance of the ecosystem. Further studies are needed to evaluate any potential for recolonization. The caterpillars are white with black spots


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: and have numerous black spikes along their body. Adult butterflies are monomorphic of medium size with long wings. On the dorsal side, the wings are black with narrow white and yellow stripes, with a similar pattern on the ventral side, but paler and with red spots. The wingspan ranges from 72 to 100 mm. "H. charithonia" is found in South America, Central America, the West Indies, Mexico, south Texas and peninsular Florida. Adults sometimes migrate north to New Mexico, South Carolina, and Nebraska during the warmer months. The geographic distribution of "H. charithonia" overlaps with the ranges of other butterflies


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: which sometimes leads to conflict. For example, the ranges of "H. charithonia" and the gulf fritillary overlap; in some cases, gulf fritillaries can sometimes be subjected to competition and fighting from "Heliconius charithonia vazquezae" when those species have breeding populations in similar areas and within the same geographic range. It was declared the official butterfly for the state of Florida in the United States in 1996. The species frequents tropical hammocks, moist forests, edges, or fields. Although "H. charithonia" is to some extent static, maintaining a home range, adults do move between territories. Butterflies with Mexican origins migrate north into


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: Texas, following the retracting temperature gradient. Rainfall has no effect on migration patterns. Arrival dates and duration of stay depend on the distance traveled: the longer the distance traveled, the shorter the duration of stay. Adults roost in groups of up to 60 individuals on a nightly basis, returning to the same roost every night. These roosts provide protection to adults, the large groups deterring predators and retaining warmth. Solitary individuals, or very small roosts, avoid exhibiting proper warning signals so as not to attract predators. Pre-roosting interactions, which consist of sitting near one another, chasing each other briefly while


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: fluttering, or basking, occur between butterflies from separate roosts, indicating that the butterflies are aware of other roosts in their home range. Despite this, the zebra longwing chooses to form smaller aggregations. The optimal roost size for predator deterrence is five individuals; roost size is also influenced by resource availability and foraging. "H. charithonia" roosts to display collective aposematism, deterring predators by conspicuously advertising their unpalatable taste. "H. charithonia" adults form communal roosts nightly. Communal roosting occurs when individuals aggregate at a particular site for more than a few hours. Roosting begins as early as three hours before sunset and


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: usually ends within two hours after sunrise. Since roosting is at night, adults need to be able to see at low light levels to locate roost sites, either when looking for twigs, tendrils, and dry leaves to land on to start a roost, or when searching for conspecifics that are already roosting. Their eyes also help them to recognize color patterns in conspecifics. UV rhodopsins in the eye help them to distinguish between 3-OHK yellow pigments, or ultraviolet colors, and other yellow pigments, which to the human eye is indistinguishable. At shorter distances, the butterflies recognize conspecifics via chemical cues.


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: These chemical cues include volatile and nonvolatile substances. The significance of this chemical communication remains largely unknown for "Heliconius" in general. However, in "H. melpomene", (E)-?-ocimene was found to attract males and females in diurnal situations. The adults are unusual among butterflies in that they eat pollen as well as sip nectar. This ability contributes to their longevity—they can live up to 3 months as adults in the wild and 4–5 months in the lab. The behavior facilitated the evolution of aposematism and mimicry among "Heliconius" species. Butterflies that feed on pollen are more distasteful to predators, more brightly colored,


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: and show superior mimetic diversity to those that do not. Adult butterflies choose their home ranges based on collections of pollen plants. An adult collects pollen by inserting its proboscis into the flower while making particular movements to secure adhesion to the pollen grains. Digestion occurs immediately after ingestion when the pollen makes contact with saliva, and amino acids are dissolved. Optimal amino acid intake occurs through abundant saliva production and gentle and slow mastication. During the night, the butterflies digest pollen since optimal nutritional resources are obtained while resting or sleeping. Pollen feeding is correlated with higher overall fitness.


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: Individuals that feed on pollen live longer than those that feed only on nectar or sugar water. Females carry more pollen than males since nutrients such as amino acids from pollen are needed for egg production. Oogenesis is greatly affected by pollen intake. When pollen is absent in the diet, oviposition rates decrease and lifetime fecundity, or the number of eggs produced, drops significantly. Pollen feeding also correlates with unpalatibility to predators. Amino acids from pollen are used as precursors to synthesize cyanogenic glycosides that are stored in larval and adult tissues, accounting for their toxicity. When pollen availability is


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: low, adult butterflies recycle cyanogenic glycosides they synthesized previously. With less expectation of pollen quality, females reallocate their cyanogens to reproductive input, as larvae benefit the most from cyanogenesis; a lack of amino acids in adult diet does not necessarily correlate with reduced cyanogenic defense. The caterpillar feeds on yellow passionflower ("Passiflora lutea"), corky-stemmed passionflower ("Passiflora suberosa"), and two-flower passionflower ("Passiflora biflora"). Larvae regulate their nutritional input to an equal protein-carbohydrate ratio. They feed on the "Passiflora" plants on which their mother laid their eggs. "Passiflora" plants have trichomes, structures that reduce herbivore attack physically or chemically. "H. charithonia" larvae


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: can avoid the effects of trichomes, being able to free themselves from the entrapment of a trichome by pulling their legs from the hold of the trichome hook, and laying silk mats on the trichomes, providing a surface to walk on more easily, and they remove the tips of the trichomes by biting them. Trichome tips are found in the faeces of these individuals. Larvae often try to avoid areas where trichome density is highest by staying on the under surface of the leaves. Male butterflies seek visual, olfactory, tactile, and auditory cues from females during mating. In "H. charithonia",


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: certain host plants provide these cues to males, thereby influencing the time and location of reproduction. This happens because as larvae damage the plant upon eating it, green-leaf volatiles, six carbon alcohols, aldehydes, and acetates, are released. They give olfactory cues to the male, thereby indicating the location of the pupae (mate). Since these pupae are camouflaged and lack strong sexual pheromones, males rely on the olfactory cue from the damaged plant to find mates. The odors also trigger the males to learn the location of the plant for future copulations. The butterfly's spatial memory is good enough to enable


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: them to return regularly to roosts and mating sites. A common problem among all butterflies is to avoid mating with other butterfly species. Mistakes are rare as males can distinguish between the emissions produced when the larvae and other herbivores eat the plant. The larvae release volatiles similar chemically to those emitted by the plant. "H. charithonia" mating cues are controlled by multiple genes (they are pleiotropic), particularly in regards to Müllerian mimicry. Adults exhibit pupal mating in which males wait for a female to emerge from her pupa. Upon emergence, two or more males may fight to win a


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: copulation. The winner mates with the females and prevents other males from doing so through a chemical transfer, passing a nutrient-rich spermatophore to the female that reduces her attractiveness to other potential mates. Pupal mating arose exactly once during the evolution of "Heliconius", and these species form a clade on the evolutionary tree. Although pupal mating is observed quite frequently in insectaries, it is rarely seen in nature. Males perform precopulatory mate guarding behavior, in which males find and perch on pupae, followed by copulation with the female. Upon reaching the pupae, males often have to compete to copulate with


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: the female, who is teneral (freshly emerged). Typically, a male visits the same pupa for at least a week, during which time he periodically swarms it, fighting with other males over positioning. Fights consist of males fending off other males that attempt to land on the same pupa by opening their wings. If this does not work, the male tries to throw the intruder off with the pressure of his head and antennae. If more males attempt to swarm the pupa, the two original males work together to fend off the others by simultaneously opening their wings, momentarily forgetting that


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: they were originally competitors. Fights usually last one or two hours, but continue throughout the pupa's development. The act of pupal mating consists of the male inserting his abdomen into the pupa. If a second male appears, he fends off other males by opening his wings while he copulates, rather than attempting to mate with the female himself by inserting his abdomen. After two or three hours of mating, the female comes out, and copulation continues for another hour. During the process, females remain relatively still, except for spreading their wings and discharging meconium. As copulation proceeds, fewer males attempt


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: to approach the female. However, if this does occur, the copulating male continues to fend them off by opening his wings. After copulation is done, the male and female sit side by side for some time. During this brief period, no other males attempt to mate with the female. Males transfer a protein-rich spermatophore to females upon mating. Spermatophores are nuptial gifts which serve different functions, one of which is to provide chemicals (cyanogens) that protect the mother and future offspring from predators. For females, this is beneficial because egg laying depletes her defensive chemicals. Among nine "Heliconius" species studied,


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: "H. chartihonia" had the highest average cyanide concentration in its spermatophores. In most species of butterflies, pheromones play a role in courtship and mate recognition, and can play a role in deterring mates. Spermatophores contain anaphrodisiacs, pheromones that reduce the attractiveness of the females to subsequent males, indicating evolution driven by intrasexual selection between males. These reduce male harassment of mated females. Spermatophores contain nonfertile sperm (apyrene) to increase the anaphrodisiac effect. The transfer of anaphrodisiacs thus reduces female mating choice. Complete spermatophore degradation to an orange or yellow substance occurs in a two-week period. Pupal-mating butterflies like "H. charatonia"


title: "Heliconius charithonia" content: are thought to be monandrous; females rarely participate in more than one mating per lifetime. At eclosion, the ratio is highly female biased, but the rest of the year the sex ratio is overall male biased (68% males). This is because males typically stay near their natal sites to find a mate, while females move around to find oviposition or feeding sites on "Passiflora" plants. Because females are very mobile, males rarely mate with relatives, and inbreeding rates are very low. Heliconius charithonia Heliconius charithonia, the zebra longwing or zebra heliconian, is a species of butterfly belonging to the subfamily


title: "Minnie Maddern Fiske" content: he first set eyes on the future Mrs. Fiske—she was but eight, performing in a Shakespearean role. Her pay was in lollipops. By the time she was 16, she was a leading lady, and was cast in the leading role of Chip in the play "Fogg's Ferry". She was recognized for her unique beauty and singing voice. She married LeGrand White, a theater musician in "Fogg's Ferry", but they divorced shortly thereafter. Two years later, she married Harrison Grey Fiske in March 1890, and took three years off from the stage. Leaving a life of domesticity, she returned to the


title: "Nehru Trophy Boat Race" content: Nehru Trophy Boat Race The Nehru Trophy Boat Tri Race is a popular "Vallam Kali" held in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha, Kerala, India. "Vallam Kali" or "Vallamkali"y literally means boat play/game, but can be translated to boat race in English. The most popular event of the race is the competition of "Chundan Vallams" (snake boats). Hence the race is also known as Snake Boat Race in English. Other categories of boats which participate in various events of the race are "Churulan Vallam", "Iruttukuthy Vallam", "Odi Vallam", "Veppu Vallam (Vaipu Vallam)", "Vadakkanody Vallam" and "Kochu Vallam". The Nehru Trophy Valam


title: "Nehru Trophy Boat Race" content: kali is conducted on the second Saturday of August every year and is a famous tourist attraction Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of Independent India visited Kerala in 1952. He was given a roaring reception by the people of Alleppey, escorted by the huge snake-boats. Having gone through the tremendous excitement of sailing in a snake-boat Jawaharlal Nehru donated a rolling trophy to be awarded to the winner of the race. The trophy is a replica of a snake-boat in silver, placed on wooden abacus on which the following words are inscribed. To the winner of the boat-race which


title: "Nehru Trophy Boat Race" content: is a unique feature of community life in Travancore-Cochin. It was on 1 July 1969 that the trophy was renamed as Nehru Trophy. It was decided in the NTBR meeting held on that day. The course is 1.4 km (0.9 Miles) in Punnamada Lake. The 100–120 feet long canoes made of a wood locally called "Aanjili thadi" (wild jack wood) carrying 90- 110 rowers which moves like a snake through the channels (hence the name), is an eye catching sight for any tourist. The "Chundan Vallam" also has the record as "the biggest water vessel used for sports purpose" .


title: "Nehru Trophy Boat Race" content: Karichal, Kallooparamban, champakulam, Nadubhagom, Paayipaadu, Kaavalam, Alapaatu, Aanari, Cheruthana, Aayaparambu, karuvatta puthen chunden, karuvatta sree vinayakan, St. George, Jawahar Thaayankari, Vallamkulangara, Valiya Divanji, Sri.Ganesh, Paarthasarathy, Ambedkar, Mutteal Kainakary, Ellikkulam, Vadakkeaattupuram and Deva's Chundan are the name of popular snake boats who participate in the "Chundan Vallam" category. The snake boat which holds the record for winning the most number of trophies is th Karichal Chundan(15 times). KARICHAL CHUNDAN holds the record for being the fastest chundan in the race during 2016 where it had a Heats time of 4m:15s. UBC KAINAKARY holds the record for being the club which has


title: "Nehru Trophy Boat Race" content: won the trophy the most number of times(12 times, including two hat tricks). The current hat-trick title for continuously winning three times in a row is held by Kumarakom Town Boat Club under the leadership of Raju Vadakkathu Kumarakom Kottayam. Nehru Trophy Boat Race The Nehru Trophy Boat Tri Race is a popular "Vallam Kali" held in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha, Kerala, India. "Vallam Kali" or "Vallamkali"y literally means boat play/game, but can be translated to boat race in English. The most popular event of the race is the competition of "Chundan Vallams" (snake boats). Hence the race is


title: "Russell Conwell" content: the income that he earned from this speech. The book has been regarded as a classic of New Thought literature since the 1870s. After Conwell's death, proceeds from this speech were dedicated to the Sunday Breakfast Association, a homeless shelter in Philadelphia. Other works by Conwell include: Conwell's name lives on in the present-day Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, in South Hamilton, Massachusetts, an interdenominational evangelical theological seminary formed in 1969 by the merging of two former divinity schools, Conwell School of Theology of Temple University in Philadelphia and Gordon Divinity School in Wenham, Massachusetts. Russell Conwell Middle Magnet School in Philadelphia


title: "History of the Jews in Poland before the 18th century" content: by Premysł II, successor of Boleslaw of Kalisz, confirming a previous grant of privileges whereby the Jew Rupin, son of Yoshka, is permitted to dispose of his inheritance, a hill ("montem") situated near the boundary of his estate of Podgozhe. It is difficult to assume that the acquisition of real estate, its transmission by inheritance, and its further cession to the "Jewish elders of Kalisz and their entire community" were permitted on the strength of the charter of privileges granted by Boleslaw of Kalisz to Jewish immigrants, for the charter makes no mention of a Jewish community, nor of the


title: "Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador)" content: Dominion of the British Empire with a population of 240,000, and not yet part of Canada. The 1st Newfoundland Regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay on the Gallipoli peninsula with the 29th British Division in support of the Gallipoli Campaign. With the close of the Gallipoli Campaign the regiment spent a short period recuperating before being transferred to the Western Front in March 1916. In France, the regiment regained battalion strength in preparation for the Battle of the Somme. The infantry assault began on 1 July 1916, and at 8:45 a.m. the Newfoundland Regiment and 1st Battalion of the Essex


title: "Ulster and Delaware Railroad" content: on April 3, 1866, with himself as the first president. With the work of surveying and acquiring rights of way completed, construction started in 1868. Cornell decided to construct this new railroad of 62- and 70-pound rail. It would go from Rondout to the busy city of Oneonta on the upper Susquehanna River, and then to Oswego on the shore of Lake Ontario. The R&O at long reached the summer vacation resort of Olive Branch, near the town of Shokan, on September 30, 1869. By the next year, the first train was run and the railroad was finally operational. In


title: "Cuenca, Batangas" content: Cuenca, Batangas ', officially the ', (), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. Once a part of San Jose, it became an independent town under the name "Cuenca" in 1876. Its main tourist attraction is the mountain, Mount Maculot. The Patron of Cuenca is Saint Isidore the Laborer, the patron of farmers. A celebratory feast is held annually every May 15. Cuenca is located at . According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the has a land area of constituting of the total area of Batangas. Cuenca is politically


title: "Las Navas, Northern Samar" content: (US$0.80) per person. These small boats dock at small docking facilities called "Look" in both Catubig and Las Navas. It only takes 30 minutes to get to Las Navas from Catubig, and boats traverse the river daily, leaving Las Navas at 5:00 a.m. and arrives at around 5:30 a.m. in Catubig (and vice versa). Motorboats and bancas are used in going to the different barangays, although hiking is still practiced by many barangay folks in going to and from the Poblacion. Las Navas today is now connected to the national road system The road and Las Navas bridge was formally


title: "Birds Eye" content: Hewer between then and 1998 e.g. in 1986 advert for Birdsye Fish Fingers. After the retirement of the original actor, the brand was relaunched with a younger man with designer stubble (played by Thomas Pescod), but was less popular, and the character was dropped from Birdeye's advertising. A 2014 redesign of the brand's packaging includes artwork resembling the original Captain Bird's Eye. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, June Whitfield appeared in a series of television advertisements for Birds Eye products, featuring the concluding voice-over line: ".. it can make a dishonest woman of you!". The series was the


title: "Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs" content: showcase prominent musical artists from both North and South America on its "Viva América" program. Included among the contributors were Alfredo Antonini; Terig Tucci; John Serry Sr., Elsa Miranda (Puerto Rican vocalist), Eva Garza (Mexican-American vocalist), Nestor Mesa Chaires (Mexican tenor), Juan Arvizu (Mexican tenor) and Edmund A. Chester Artists working in a variety of disciplines were appointed goodwill ambassadors to Latin America by the OCIAA, which also sponsored a variety of cultural tours. A select listing includes Misha Reznikoff and photojournalist Genevieve Naylor (October 1940–May 1943); Bing Crosby (August–October 1941); Walt Disney (August–October 1941); Aaron Copland (August–December 1941); George


title: "George Mathewson" content: the convener of Scotland's Council of Economic Advisers. Mathewson started his career as a lecturer at St Andrews University where he did a PhD, before moving to United States to work for Bell Aerospace as an engineer in Buffalo, New York (1967–72). He was attracted back to Scotland by the opening up of the North Sea to oil exploration and joined venture capital group 3i, then called Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation (1972–81). He was chief executive of the state-funded economic regeneration organisation the Scottish Development Agency (now called Scottish Enterprise) during the Margaret Thatcher years (1981–87). In this role


title: "Henriette Davidis" content: Davidis worked in Bremen as a teacher and governess. In 1855 she moved back in with her sister Albertine in Bommern, staying until 1857. During those years she seems to have decided, possibly inspired by the cookbook's success, to write a more comprehensive home economics manual, in addition merely a book of recipes, as well as educational essays for young girls and women. In 1850 "Der Gemüsegarten" (the vegetable garden) was published as part I of a planned "Vollständiges Haushaltsbuch" (complete household book), in the same year she also composed an unpublished book on sick-nursing, 1856 followed "Puppenköchin Anna" (doll


title: "Inverse condemnation" content: put it in "Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon", 260 U.S. 393 (1922), and deprives the owner of the property's value, utility or marketability, denying him or her the benefits of property ownership thus accomplishing a constitutionally forbidden de facto taking without compensation. The Supreme Court of the United States has not elaborated on what "too far" is, and the doctrinal basis for its jurisprudence has been widely criticized as confused and inconsistent. But the court has articulated three situations in which inverse condemnation occurs. These are (a) physical seizure or occupation, (b) the reduction of the regulated property's utility or


title: "Kikuko, Princess Takamatsu" content: Foundation Inc., Tofu Kyokai Foundation, Shadan Houjin Tokyo Jikeikai, Nichifutsu Kyokai, and Nichifutsu Kaikan, and as an honorary vice-president of the Japanese Red Cross Society. In 1991, Princess Takamatsu and an aide discovered a twenty one volume diary, written in Prince Takamatsu's own hand between 1922 and 1947. Despite opposition from the Imperial Household Agency, she gave the diary to the magazine "Chūōkōron" which published excerpts in 1995. The diary revealed that Prince Takamatsu opposed the Kwantung Army's incursions in Manchuria in September 1931, the expansion of the July 1937 Marco Polo Bridge Incident into a full-scale war against China


title: "Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood" content: find out more about the scrapbook her mother sent. She is suffering from emphysema and carries around an oxygen tank for when she needs it. Oldest daughter of Vivi Walker and fiancé of Conner McGill. Sidda is a play director. After an interview with the New York Times, Sidda and her mother stop speaking to each other. She postpones her engagement to Connor and escapes to a friend's family cabin in Washington State. The Ya-Yas surprise her there and help her to learn why her mother was the way she was while Sidda was growing up. Sidda's fiancé, whom she


title: "Edward L. Doheny" content: prices were high. The Mexican Petroleum Company was the largest in Mexico, and Mexico was the largest oil producer in the world. In 1922 Albert B. Fall, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased the oil field at Elk Hills, California, to the Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company. Around the same time, the Teapot Dome Field in Wyoming was leased to Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation. Both oilfields were part of the US Navy's petroleum reserves. Neither lease was subject to competitive bidding. In 1924 rumors about corruption in the deals escalated into the Teapot Dome scandal. Doheny's reputation was somewhat


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: Schinus terebinthifolia Schinus terebinthifolius is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae, that is native to subtropical and tropical South America (southeastern Brazil, northern Argentina, and Paraguay). It is found in these states of Brazil: Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Paraná, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, and Sergipe. Common names include Brazilian peppertree, aroeira, rose pepper, broadleaved pepper tree, wilelaiki (or wililaiki), Christmasberry, and Florida Holly. Brazilian peppertree is a sprawling shrub or small tree, with a shallow root system, reaching


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: a height of 7–10 m. The branches can be upright, reclining, or nearly vine-like, all on the same plant. Its plastic morphology allows it to thrive in all kinds of ecosystems: from dunes to swamps, where it grows as a semiaquatic plant. The leaves are alternate, 10–22 cm long, pinnately compound with (3–) 5–15 leaflets; the leaflets are roughly oval (lanceolate to elliptical), 3–6 cm long and 2–3.5 cm broad, and have finely toothed margins, an acute to rounded apex and yellowish veins. The leaf rachis between the leaflets is usually (but not invariably) slightly winged. The plant is dioecious,


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: with small white flowers borne profusely in axillary clusters. The fruit is a drupe 4–5 mm diameter, carried in dense clusters of hundreds. The two varieties are: Brazilian pepper is widely grown as an ornamental plant in frost-free regions of South America for its foliage and fruit. It is considered as a melliferous flower and is the main source of food for the bee "Tetragonisca angustula", which is an important honey producer. Although it is not a true pepper ("Piper"), its dried drupes are often sold as pink peppercorns, as are the fruits from the related species "Schinus molle" (Peruvian


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: peppertree). The seeds can be used as a spice, adding a pepper-like taste to food. They are usually sold in a dry state and have a bright pink color. They are less often sold pickled in brine, where they have a dull, almost green hue. In the United States, it has been introduced to California, Texas, Hawaii, Arizona, Nevada, Louisiana, and Florida. Planted originally as an ornamental outside of its native range, Brazilian pepper has become widespread and is considered an invasive species in many subtropical regions with moderate to high rainfall, including parts or all of Australia, the Bahamas,


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: Bermuda, southern China, Cuba, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Mauritius, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Puerto Rico, Réunion, South Africa, and the United States. In drier areas, such as Israel and southern California, it is also grown, but has not generally proved invasive. In California, it is considered invasive in coastal regions by the California Invasive Plant Council (www.cal-ipc.org.) Brazilian pepper is hard to control because it produces basal shoots if the trunk is cut. Trees also produce abundant seeds that are dispersed by birds and ants. This same hardiness makes the tree highly useful


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: for reforestation in its native environment, but enables it to become invasive outside of its natural range. Like many other species in the family Anacardiaceae, Brazilian pepper has an aromatic sap that can cause skin reactions (similar to poison ivy burns) in some sensitive people – although the reaction is usually weaker than that induced by touch of the closely related "Lithraea molleoides", known in Brazil as "wild" aroeira ("aroeira brava"). Conversely, "Schinus terebinthifolius" is commonly known as "tame" aroeira ("aroeira mansa"). In a paper on triterpenes, the ingested fruits are noted to have a “paralyzing effect” on birds. The


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: narcotic and toxic effects on birds and other wildlife has also been noted by others, e.g., Bureau of Aquatic Plant Management. The AMA Handbook of Poisonous and Injurious Plants reports that the triterpenes found in the fruits can result in irritation of the throat, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, and vomiting Like most other members of the Anacardiaceae, Brazilian pepper contains active alkenyl phenols, e.g., urushiol, cardol, which can cause contact dermatitis and inflammation in sensitive individuals. Contact with the “sap” from a cut or bruised tree can result in rash, lesions, oozing sores, severe itching, welts, and reddening and swelling (especially of


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: the eyes). The burning of plant matter releases many airborne irritants, so is not an effective means of control. It is said to have a "mace-like" effect upon nearby people and is highly advised against. Also known as "Florida holly", "Schinus terebinthifolia" was introduced to Florida by at latest 1891, probably earlier, where it has spread rapidly since about 1940, replacing native plants, like mangroves, with thousands of acres occupied. It is especially adept at colonizing disturbed sites and can grow in both wet and dry conditions. Its growth habit allows it to climb over understory trees and invade mature


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: canopies, forming thickets that choke out most other plants. The species, including the seed, is legally prohibited from sale, transport, or planting in Florida, according to the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Noxious Weed List. It is classified as a Category I pest by The Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (FL EPPC). To keep the plant from spreading into native plant communities and displacing them, local regulations and environmental guidelines require eradication of Brazilian pepper wherever possible. The plant and all parts are also illegal for sale or transfer in Texas. As one of the two species sold


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: as pink peppercorn, the other being "Schinus molle", it lacks generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status with the FDA. It is a declared weed in several states of Australia. In South Africa, it is classified as a category 1 invader in KwaZulu-Natal province, where any plants are to be removed and destroyed, and a category 3 invader in all other provinces, meaning it may no longer be planted. Two herbicides are approved for use in the United States to exterminate Brazilian pepper: Triclopyr, using the basal bark method; and glyphosate. Picloram can be used if the stump has been freshly


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: cut, but this is not the preferred nor most effective means of eradication. Peppertree is the subject of extensive folk medicinal lore where it is indigenous. Virtually all parts of this tropical tree, including its leaves, bark, fruit, seeds, resin, and oleoresin (or balsam) have been used medicinally by indigenous peoples throughout the tropics. The plant has a very long history of use and appears in ancient religious artifacts and on idols among some of the ancient Chilean Amerindians. Throughout South and Central America, Brazilian peppertree is reported to be an astringent, antibacterial, diuretic, digestive stimulant, tonic, antiviral, and wound


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: healer. In Peru, the sap is used as a mild laxative and a diuretic, and the entire plant is used externally for fractures and as a topical antiseptic. The oleoresin is used externally as a wound healer, to stop bleeding, and for toothaches, and it is taken internally for rheumatism and as a purgative. In South Africa, a leaf tea is used to treat colds, and a leaf decoction is inhaled for colds, hypertension, depression, and irregular heart beat. In the Brazilian Amazon, a bark tea is used as a laxative, and a bark-and-leaf tea is used as a stimulant


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: and antidepressant. In Argentina, a decoction is made with the dried leaves and is taken for menstrual disorders and is also used for respiratory and urinary tract infections and disorders. Brazilian peppertree is still employed in herbal medicine today in many countries. It is used for many conditions in the tropics, including menstrual disorders, bronchitis, gingivitis, gonorrhea, gout, eye infections, rheumatism, sores, swellings, tuberculosis, ulcers, urethritis, urogenital disorders, venereal diseases, warts, and wounds. In Brazilian herbal medicine today, the dried bark and/or leaves are employed for heart problems (hypertension and irregular heart beat), infections of all sorts, menstrual disorders with


title: "Schinus terebinthifolia" content: excessive bleeding, tumors, and general inflammation. A liquid extract or tincture prepared with the bark is used internally as a stimulant, tonic, and astringent, and externally for rheumatism, gout, and syphilis. Recently, the fruit of the plant has been studied and shows promise as a treatment for MRSA. A chemical in the berry appears to stop bacteria from producing a toxin which breaks down tissue. It also appears to suppress the way the bacteria communicate. Schinus terebinthifolia Schinus terebinthifolius is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae, that is native to subtropical and tropical South America (southeastern


title: "Pteridium aquilinum" content: Pteridium aquilinum Pteridium aquilinum (bracken, brake or common bracken), also known as eagle fern, and Eastern brakenfern, is a species of fern occurring in temperate and subtropical regions in both hemispheres. The extreme lightness of its spores has led to its global distribution. Common bracken was first described as "Pteris aquilina" by Carl Linnaeus, in Volume 2 of his "Species Plantarum" in 1753. The origin of the specific epithet derived from the Latin "aquila" "eagle". In the reprint of the "Flora Suecica" in 1755, Linnaeus explains that the name refers to the image of an eagle seen in the transverse


title: "Pteridium aquilinum" content: section of the root. In spite of this, the opinion has been forwarded that the name pertains to the shape of the mature fronds appearing akin to an eagle's wing. However, medieval scholars, including Erasmus, thought the pattern of the fibres seen in a transverse section of the stipe resembled a double-headed eagle or oak tree. It was traditionally treated as the sole species in the genus "Pteridium" (brackens); authorities have split and recognised up to 11 species in the genus, however. It was placed in the genus "Pteridium" by Friedrich Adalbert Maximilian Kuhn in 1879. Common bracken is a


title: "Pteridium aquilinum" content: herbaceous perennial plant, deciduous in winter. The large, roughly triangular fronds are produced singly, arising upwards from an underground rhizome, and grow to 0.3–1 m (1–3ft) tall; the main stem, or stipe, is up to 1 cm (0.4 in) diameter at the base. An adaptable plant, bracken readily colonises disturbed areas. It can even be aggressive in countries where it is native, such as England, where it has invaded heather ("Calluna vulgaris" (L.) Hull) stands on the North Yorkshire moors. Bracken is a widely eaten vegetable in Korea, Japan and parts of China. In Korea, soaked, parboiled, and stir-fried bracken


title: "Pteridium aquilinum" content: is often eaten as "namul" (seasoned vegetable side dish). It is also a classic ingredient of bibimbap. The plant contains the carcinogenic compound ptaquiloside. High stomach cancer rates are found in Japan and North Wales, where the young stems are used as a vegetable, but it is unknown whether bracken plays any part at all. Consumption of ptaquiloside-contaminated milk is thought to contribute to human gastric cancer in the Andean states of Venezuela. The spores have also been implicated as carcinogens. However, ptaquiloside is water soluble, and is reduced by soaking bracken in cool water. It also degenerates at room


title: "Pteridium aquilinum" content: temperature, which explains why the rat studies were done with the toxin stored at . At boiling temperature, carcinogen denatures almost completely. Salt and baking soda also help with volatilizing the chemical. Further discussions on the nature of different fern species and their toxicity can be found under. It has been suggested that selenium supplementation can prevent as well as reverse the immunotoxic effects induced by ptaquiloside from Pteridium aquilinum. Pteridium aquilinum Pteridium aquilinum (bracken, brake or common bracken), also known as eagle fern, and Eastern brakenfern, is a species of fern occurring in temperate and subtropical regions in both


title: "Dream Street (Janet Jackson album)" content: version (12"). The song was later included on the Japanese edition of "Control." Adapted from AllMusic. Dream Street (Janet Jackson album) Dream Street is the second album by American musician Janet Jackson, released on October 23, 1984, by A&M Records. More pop than her debut album's "bubblegum soul" feel, the album wasn't the runaway success that Janet's father Joseph thought it would be, peaking at number one hundred forty-seven on the "Billboard" 200 in 1984. The album did have one modest hit for Jackson, the top ten R&B single, "Don't Stand Another Chance", produced by brother Marlon. Also, the video


title: Berbice content: Society of Suriname. The capital of Berbice was at Fort Nassau until 1790. In that year, the town of New Amsterdam, which grew around Fort Sint Andries, was made the new capital of the colony. Berbice was settled in 1627 by the businessman Abraham van Peere from Vlissingen, under the suzerainty of the Dutch West India Company. Until 1714, the colony remained the personal possession of Van Peere and his descendants. Little is known about the early years of the colony, other than that it succeeded in repelling an English attack in 1665 in the Second Anglo-Dutch War. Apparently some


title: "Pokémon episodes removed from rotation" content: Pokémon episodes removed from rotation The "Pokémon" anime debuted in Japan on April 1, 1997, with over 1000 episodes as of 2018. However, for various reasons, some have been taken out of rotation of reruns in certain countries, while others were altered or completely banned. aired on TV Tokyo in Japan on December 16, 1997 at 6:30 PM Japan Standard Time. This episode was claimed to be dangerous for health. 20 minutes into the episode, there is a scene in which Pikachu stops some vaccine missiles with its Thunderbolt attack, resulting in a huge explosion that rapidly flashes red and


title: "Minalin, Pampanga" content: President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo graced the exhibit of their egg produce, and a taste test of 10,000 boiled eggs. Also, 70 poultry raisers donated 80,000 eggs to Pangasinan's "Cosme" typhoon victims, and 20,000 shall go to Zambales. On 2008, the Sta Maria Barangay Youth Ministry of Barangay Sta Maria spearheaded the said festival. It is in honor of the Image of La Purisima Concepcion which was according to the book, , in the year 1609, an image was found placed inside a dried gourd skin (Tabungao in Spanish) floating in front of the chapel they were building. Minalin, Pampanga ', officially


title: Dobermann content: Dobermann The Dobermann (; ), or Doberman Pinscher in the United States and Canada, is a medium-large breed of domestic dog that was originally developed around 1890 by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector from Germany. The Dobermann has a long muzzle. It stands on its pads and is not usually heavy-footed. Ideally, they have an even and graceful gait. Traditionally, the ears are cropped and posted and the tail is docked. However, in some countries, it is illegal to do so. Dobermanns have markings on the chest, paws/legs, muzzle, above the eyes, and underneath the tail. Dobermanns are


title: Dobermann content: known to be intelligent, alert, and tenaciously loyal companions and guard dogs. Personality varies a great deal between each individual, but if taken care of and trained properly, they are generally considered to be loving and devoted companions. The Dobermann is driven, strong, and sometimes stubborn. Owning one requires commitment and care. With a consistent approach, they can be easy to train and will learn very quickly. World Breed standards are published by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, or FCI (World Canine Organisation), on the advice of the IDC (International Dobermann Club), which is the Dobermann breed's governing council and has


title: Dobermann content: 36 countries in its member list. To become a world champion, dogs are judged to FCI standards. The AKC has its own standards, as do some other countries, although most still adhere to FCI standards. The breed standard describes the Dobermann as a dog of medium size that is also strong and muscularly built. In order to be eligible to meet these standards, the body of the Dobermann should appear to be almost square. It should also appear elegant and noble. The dog was originally intended as a guard dog, so males typically have a muscular and intimidating appearance. Females


title: Dobermann content: are usually thinner, but should not be spindly. The American Kennel Club (AKC) breed standard differs from the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standards, with the latter being an often larger and heavier dog. This has led some to argue that Dobermanns and Doberman Pinschers should be considered and evaluated differently. Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, most follow the standard set by the FCI, which describes the size of male dogs as at the withers; The Kennel Club in the UK quotes as being ideal. The size of female dogs, according to the same standards, is


title: Dobermann content: , with being ideal. The Dobermann has a square frame; its length should equal its height to the withers and the length of its head, neck, and legs should be in proportion to its body. The standards for the weight of the Dobermann are also described by the FCI. The ideal dog must be of a sufficient size for an optimal combination of strength, endurance and agility. The ideal weight of male dogs is described as and the ideal weight of female dogs is described to be . Two different color genes exist in the Dobermann: one for "black" (B)


title: Dobermann content: and one for "color dilution" (D). There are nine possible combinations of these alleles, which can result in four different color phenotypes: black, blue, red, and fawn (a.k.a. Isabella). The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one dominant allele (i.e., BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd) and is commonly referred to as "black", "black and rust," or "black and tan". The "red", "red rust," or "brown" coloration occurs when the black gene has two recessive alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (i.e., bbDD, bbDd). The "blue"


title: Dobermann content: Dobermann has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (i.e., BBdd or Bbdd). The "fawn" coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (i.e., bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red. Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called Color Dilution Alopecia, a kind of canine follicular dysplasia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems. In 1976, a "white" Doberman Pinscher was whelped and was subsequently


title: Dobermann content: bred to her son, who was also bred to his litter sisters. This tight inbreeding continued for some time to allow the breeders to "fix" the mutation. White Dobermanns are a cream color with white markings and blue eyes. Although this is consistent with albinism, the proper characterization of the mutation is currently unknown. The animals are commonly known as tyrosinase-positive albinoids, lacking melanin in oculocutaneous structures. This condition is caused by a partial deletion in the SLC45A2 gene. The Dobermann's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking, a


title: Dobermann content: procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth. The practice of docking has been around for centuries and is older than the Dobermann as a breed. The generally accepted reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work. Docking has always been controversial, however. Docking and cropping (see below) have been written out of the Breed Standard by FCI and IDC, and dogs born after 2016 will not be allowed to participate in FCI or IDC shows without a full tail and natural ears.


title: Dobermann content: This is mirrored in most EU and Commonwealth countries. In the UK, dogs with docked tails have been banned from show for a number of years and the practice is now illegal for native born dogs. Veterinary Certificates are required as proof to avoid prosecution on imported animals. It has also been made illegal in many other European countries, as well as Australia. The American Kennel Club standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd vertebra. Docking is a common practice in the United States, Russia, and Japan (as well as a number of other countries with


title: Dobermann content: Dobermann populations), where it remains legal. Dobermanns often have their ears cropped, a procedure that is thought to be done for functionality for both the traditional guard duty and effective sound localization. According to the Doberman Pinscher Club of America, ears are "normally cropped and carried erect". Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in many countries and has never been legal in some Commonwealth countries. Canine intelligence is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has been ranked amongst the most intelligent


title: Dobermann content: dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Psychologist Stanley Coren ranks the Dobermann as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of "obedience command training," based on the selective surveys answered by experienced trainers (as documented in his book "The Intelligence of Dogs"). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in the same category, and Tortora (1980) gave the Dobermann the highest rank in general trainability. Although the methods of evaluation differ, these studies have consistently shown that the Doberman Pinscher, along with the Border Collie, Standard Poodle, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever,


title: Dobermann content: and Rottweiler, is one of the most trainable breeds of dog. Although they are considered to be working dogs, Dobermanns are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive. As a personal protection dog, the Dobermann was originally bred for these traits: it had to be large and intimidating, fearless, and willing to defend its owner from attackers (especially other guard dogs), but sufficiently obedient and restrained to do so only on command. These traits served the dog well in its role as a personal defense dog, police dog, or war dog, but were not ideally adapted to a companionship role.


title: Dobermann content: The Dobermann's aggression has been toned down by modern breeders over the years, however, today's Dobermanns are known to have a much more even and good-natured temperament, as well as extreme loyalty, high intelligence and great trainability. The modern Dobermann is known to be energetic, watchful, fearless and obedient. They can easily learn to 'Respect and Protect' their owners and are therefore considered by many to be excellent guard dogs. Given that they are properly socialized from a young age, they are generally sociable toward familiar humans and can also be sociable with other dogs. However, Dobermanns do rank among


title: Dobermann content: the more-likely breeds to show aggressive behaviour toward strangers and other dogs, though they are not among the "most" likely to do so. They are highly unlikely to show aggressive behaviour toward their owners. There is some evidence that Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders. Because of these differences in breeding strategies, different lines of Doberman Pinschers have developed different traits. Although many contemporary Doberman Pinschers in North America are gentle and friendly to strangers, however, some lines are bred more


title: Dobermann content: true to the original personality standard. The personality of the Doberman Pinscher is known to be unique. There is a great deal of scientific evidence that Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are genetically determined. Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine personality or temperament by using statistical techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. These studies often vary in terms of the personality factors they focus on


title: Dobermann content: and in terms of ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. One such study found that Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness, average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness and low on sociability. Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability. In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs, and rivalry with other household dogs. This study found


title: Dobermann content: that the Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g., Cocker Spaniel, Dalmatian, and Great Dane). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Dobermann shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall. In regards to Dobermanns attacking owners,


title: Dobermann content: it is rare and usually in the case of overdiscipline. Dobermanns accept physical punishment to an extent. However, when they consider it to no longer be punishment, but an attack on themselves, they will defend themselves. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as German Shepherd Dogs, Rottweilers, Husky-type dogs, wolf-dog hybrids and Alaskan Malamutes. According to this Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog


title: Dobermann content: bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners. The Dobermann's lifespan is about 10–13 years on average. The breed is prone to a number of health concerns. Common serious health problems include dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), cervical vertebral instability (CVI), von Willebrand's disease (a bleeding disorder for which genetic testing has been available since 2000), and prostatic disease. Less serious common health concerns include hypothyroidism and hip dysplasia. Canine compulsive disorder is also common. Studies have shown that the Doberman Pinscher suffers from prostatic diseases, (such as bacterial prostatiti, prostatic cysts, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and benign hyperplasia) more than any


title: Dobermann content: other breed. Dilated cardiomyopathy is a major cause of death in Dobermanns. This disease affects the breed more than any other. Nearly 40% of DCM diagnoses are for Dobermann Pinschers, followed by German Shepherds at 13%. More recent studies based on European dogs, however, has indicated that DCM affected rates are much higher for this population than their American relatives: around 58% of European Dobermanns will develop DCM within their lifetime. Research has shown that the breed is affected by an "attenuated wavy fiber" type of DCM that affects many other breeds, as well as an additional "fatty infiltration-degenerative" type


title: Dobermann content: that appears to be specific to Dobermann Pinscher and Boxer breeds. This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Dobermanns affected. Roughly a quarter of Dobermann Pinschers who develop cardiomyopathy die suddenly from seemingly unknown causes, and an additional fifty percent die of congestive heart failure. Among female Dobermanns, the sudden death manifestation of the disease is more common, whereas males tend to develop congestive heart failure. In addition to being more prevalent in Dobermanns, this disease is also more serious in the breed. Following a diagnosis, the average non-Dobermann has an expected survival time of 8 months;


title: Dobermann content: for Dobermann Pinschers, however, the expected survival time is less than 2 months. Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. Investigation into the genetic causes of canine DCM may lead to therapeutic and breeding practices to limit its impact. The history of the Dobermann breed is sometimes disputed by experts; however, it's generally thought that Dobermanns were first bred in the 1880s by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann in the town of Apolda, in the German state of Thuringia. It is generally disagreed upon


title: Dobermann content: what Dobermann's main job was, but it is known for certain that he ran the Apolda dog pound. With access to dogs of many breeds, he got the idea to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him, as whatever job he was believed to took- a tax collector, a night watchman, a rent collector, and other such things- surely were dangerous. He set out to breed a new type of dog that, in his opinion, would exhibit impressive stamina, strength, and intelligence. Five years after his death, Otto Goeller, one of the earliest breeders, created the National


title: Dobermann content: Doberman Pinscher Club and is considered to have perfected the breed, taking on the work of breeding and refining them in the 1890s. The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain, although many experts believe that the Dobermann Pinscher is a combination of several breeds including the Beauceron, German Pinscher, Rottweiler and Weimaraner. The single exception is the documented crossing with the Greyhound and Manchester Terrier. It is also widely


title: Dobermann content: believed that the old German Shepherd gene pool was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed. Philip Greunig's "The Dobermann Pinscher" (1939), is considered the foremost study of the development of the breed by one of its most ardent students. Greunig's study describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, whose helpedto establish the breed. The American Kennel Club believes the breeds utilized to develop the Dobermann Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher. After Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but


title: Dobermann content: a half century later dropped the word 'pinscher' on the grounds that this German word for 'terrier' was no longer appropriate. The British did the same a few years later; now the US and Canada are the only countries who continue to use Pinscher and have dropped an "n" from Dobermann's surname. During World War II, the United States Marine Corps adopted the Doberman Pinscher as its official war dog, although the Corps did not exclusively use this breed in the role. In the United States, the American Kennel Club ranked the Doberman Pinscher as the 12th most popular dog


title: Dobermann content: breed in 2012 and 2013. Doberman Pinscher became very popular over a short period. It's a relatively new breed less than 150 years old. According to latest ranking in 2017 by American Kennel Club, Dobermans are the 16th most popular dog breed. Dobermans started to become popular when they were used in World War II as guard dogs. In 1970's Doberman had their fair share in movies. They starred in the 1972 film 'The Doberman Gang'. Doberman also became popular after winning four Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1939, 1952, 1953 and 1989. Doberman dog breed recognised by American


title: Dobermann content: Kennel Club in 1908 and since then they are one of the most popular dog breed due to their intelligence and agility. Even today the numbers of Doberman dog registrations are increasing. Dobermann The Dobermann (; ), or Doberman Pinscher in the United States and Canada, is a medium-large breed of domestic dog that was originally developed around 1890 by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector from Germany. The Dobermann has a long muzzle. It stands on its pads and is not usually heavy-footed. Ideally, they have an even and graceful gait. Traditionally, the ears are cropped and posted


title: Topicalization content: and "those" is important, since without them, topicalization of an argument seems less acceptable, e.g. ?"A pizza I won't eat". Topicalization can occur across long distances, e.g. Topicalization is similar to "wh"-movement insofar as the constituents that can be "wh"-fronted can also be topicalized, e.g. And topicalization is similar to "wh"-fronting insofar as the islands and barriers to "wh"-fronting are also islands and barriers to topicalization, e.g. These examples illustrate the similar behavior of topicalization and "wh"-fronting. Further data, which will not be produced here, could show, however, that topicalization is unlike the other two major discontinuity types, i.e. scrambling


title: "ITC Entertainment" content: ITV and simultaneously marketing it in the United States through an American TV distribution company, Official Films. The series was a big success in both countries, running from 1955 until 1959 on CBS and ATV London. Grade realised the potential in overseas sales and colour television (the last 14 episodes of "The Adventures of Sir Lancelot" were filmed in colour a decade before colour television existed in the UK), and ITC combined high production values with exotic locations and uses of variations on the same successful formula for the majority of its television output. Although most of the ITC series


title: "Tommy Trojan" content: Tommy Trojan Tommy Trojan, officially known as the Trojan Shrine, is one of the most recognizable figures of school pride at the University of Southern California. The life-size bronze statue of a Trojan warrior sits in the center of campus and serves as a popular meeting spot, as well as a centerpiece for a number of campus events. It is the most popular unofficial mascot of the university. The Trojan Shrine was sculpted by Roger Noble Burnham, who used USC football players such as Russ Saunders, Ernie Pinckert Henry Becker, Larry Stevens and John Ward as visual references for the


title: "Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene" content: the manufacture of hydraulic seals and bearings. It is best suited for medium mechanical duties in water, oil hydraulics, pneumatics, and unlubricated applications. It has a good abrasion resistance but is better suited to soft mating surfaces. Fluoropolymer / HMWPE insulation cathodic protection cable is typically made with dual insulation. It features a primary layer of a fluoropolymer such as ECTFE which is chemically resistant to chlorine, sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. Following the primary layer is an HMWPE insulation layer, which provides pliable strength and allows considerable abuse during installation. The HMWPE jacketing provides mechanical protection as well. Ultra-high-molecular-weight


title: "California tortoiseshell" content: California tortoiseshell The California tortoiseshell ("Nymphalis californica") is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The California tortoiseshell is known for having population explosions which cause the butterflies to migrate to new areas. The cause of these population explosions is unknown. Their larvae eat various species of "Ceanothus". It is recognized for the top of its wings being orange with big black spots (used mainly for camouflage). The browns and grays of the wing underside make it resemble a dead leaf when the wings are closed. Its wingspan varies from 3.2 to 7 cm (– inches). Ravens usually prey on a


title: "California tortoiseshell" content: diverse variety of animals including California tortoiseshell butterflies. Ravens are most common to prey on California tortoiseshells in population explosions during outbreak years. California tortoiseshell The California tortoiseshell ("Nymphalis californica") is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. The California tortoiseshell is known for having population explosions which cause the butterflies to migrate to new areas. The cause of these population explosions is unknown. Their larvae eat various species of "Ceanothus". It is recognized for the top of its wings being orange with big black spots (used mainly for camouflage). The browns and grays of the wing underside make it resemble


title: "Edric Bastyan" content: Edric Bastyan Lieutenant General Sir Edric Montague Bastyan, (5 April 1903 – 6 October 1980) was a senior British Army officer, who became Governor of South Australia from 4 April 1961 until 1 June 1968 then Governor of Tasmania from 2 December 1968 until 30 November 1973. He was the last British person to be governor of either state. After studies at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, Bastyan was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the British Army's Sherwood Foresters on 30 August 1923, and promoted to lieutenant on 30 August 1925. He was promoted to captain in the West


title: "White-headed woodpecker" content: White-headed woodpecker The white-headed woodpecker ("Leuconotopicus albolarvatus") is a non-migratory woodpecker that resides in pine forests of the mountains of western North America. It has a black body (approximately long) and white head. It has white primary feathers that form a crescent in flight. Males have a red spot at the nape of the neck. Some taxonomic authorities, including the American Ornithological Society, continue to place this species in the genus "Picoides". The range of the white-headed woodpecker stretches in the mountains from British Columbia through southern California. They form nests in dead trees or snags and reproduce once per


title: "White-headed woodpecker" content: year. Most of the range is occupied by the nominate subspecies. In the southern part of the range, "L. a. gravirostris", which has a longer bill - especially in males - and tail, is only found on mountaintops of the San Gabriel Mountains to San Diego County. Birds on Mount Pinos are somewhat intermediate. mtDNA cytochrome "b" and ATP synthase subunit 6 sequence data confirms this arrangement and also suggests that the Mount Pinos birds are closer to "L. a. gravirostris" (Alexander & Burns, 2006). Apparently, the larger bill of the southern subspecies is an adaptation for being better able


title: "White-headed woodpecker" content: to feed on the large, spiny cones of Coulter pines ("Pinus coulteri"). White-headed woodpecker The white-headed woodpecker ("Leuconotopicus albolarvatus") is a non-migratory woodpecker that resides in pine forests of the mountains of western North America. It has a black body (approximately long) and white head. It has white primary feathers that form a crescent in flight. Males have a red spot at the nape of the neck. Some taxonomic authorities, including the American Ornithological Society, continue to place this species in the genus "Picoides". The range of the white-headed woodpecker stretches in the mountains from British Columbia through southern California.


title: "Paul W. Airey" content: In July 1944, on his 28th combat mission, a bombing run over Vienna, Austria, Airey was forced to bail out of his flak-damaged aircraft over Hungary. He was captured by the German military and was taken to Stalag Luft IV, a prisoner of war camp near the Baltic Sea for Allied Airmen. In February 1945, Airey and 6,000 fellow POW's were forced to march 400 miles to another camp near Berlin as the Soviet Red Army got closer. He was liberated in May 1945 by British forces. By that time, Airey had dysentery and weighed less than 100 pounds. Airey


title: "Dog n Suds" content: Dog n Suds Dog n Suds is a midwestern United States chain of hot dog and root beer drive-in style eateries, featuring in-car carhop service. The chain was part of the widespread popularity of drive-ins during the 1950s and 1960s, and still operates several locations. Dog n Suds serves fast-food staples including hamburgers, french fries, and soft drinks. The first Dog n Suds was opened in 1953 in Champaign, Illinois, by University of Illinois music teachers James Griggs and Don Hamacher. The chain grew rapidly throughout the 1950s and 1960s, and a training center was established in Champaign, named "Rover


title: "Mysterious Skin" content: from Wendy. Brian suffers from chronic nosebleeds, blackouts and bedwetting years after entering the crawl space. Recurring dreams about being touched by a strange, bluish hand eventually lead Brian to suspect that he may have been abducted by aliens. Another boy wearing the same Little League uniform begins to appear with him in these dreams later on. Brian meets a woman named Avalyn Friesen at 18 who also believes she was abducted by aliens. They start to form a friendship, but he panics and refuses to speak to her again when she makes advances towards him. Brian sees a photo


title: "Corliss Orville Burandt" content: years." Corliss Orville Burandt Corliss Orville Burandt is an American engineer who invented a system of variable valve timing in automobile engines. Working through a 1965 Chevrolet Corvair, he designed a system of putting a sensor into the cylinder to optimize the fuel-air mixture during combustion. He claims that the hybrid autos which are on the market today use technology from his patents. Burandt assigned the rights to his most cherished invention to Investment Rarities, a venture capital company which specialized in gold trading. When Investment Rarities had financial and tax setbacks in the late 1980s, it ceased paying the


title: "Duffel coat" content: Duffel coat A duffel coat is a coat made from duffel, a coarse, thick, woollen material. The name derives from Duffel, a town in the province of Antwerp in Belgium where the fabric originated. Duffel bags were originally made from the same material. The hood and toggle fastenings proved popular, and it spread across Europe by the 1850s. By 1890 it was being supplied to the British Royal Navy. After World War II, the coats became available as government surplus stock and became popular, especially with students. There are many varying styles to the duffel coat, although the British style


title: "Duffel coat" content: would consist of the following features: The wooden toggle-fastenings were made to be easily fastened and unfastened while wearing gloves in cold weather at sea. Current designs often have toggles made of buffalo horn, or plastic. The oversized hood offered enough room to wear over a Naval cap. Early versions were knee-length but later ones were shorter. After rain, a duffle coat has a characteristic smoky smell. The initial influence of what became the duffel coat, may have been the hooded Polish military frock coat, which was developed in the 1820s. It had the unusual features of a toggle closure


title: "Duffel coat" content: and an integrated hood, and by 1850 had spread through Europe. In the 1850s, outerwear manufacturer John Partridge developed the first version of the duffle coat. In the 1890s the British Admiralty chose a number of manufacturers to produce duffel coats for the Royal Navy, where it was referred to as the "convoy coat" The navy issued a camel-coloured variant of it as an item of warm clothing during World War I, The design of the coat was modified slightly and widely issued during World War II. It became known under the nickname "Monty coat". Large stocks of post-war military


title: "Duffel coat" content: surplus coats available at reasonable prices to the general public meant that these coats became a ubiquitous and popular item of clothing in the 1950s and 1960s especially among students. The British firm Gloverall purchased surplus military supply of coats after World War II, and in 1954 started producing their own version of the Duffel coat using leather fastenings and buffalo horn toggles with a double-faced check back fabric, and many other modern versions copy some or all of those features. In modern times, the type of fabric used to make duffel coats is known as Melton cloth, as opposed


title: "Duffel coat" content: to modern duffel cloth which is a softer wool fabric with a distinct nap, used for high-end coats and parkas. In Italy as well as in Greece, the duffle coat is called a 'Montgomery'. In the 1949 movie "The Third Man", a main character, British Major Calloway (Trevor Howard), wears a duffle coat in nearly all of his scenes. For many years they were seen in the British popular press as a form of uniform for stereotyped supporters of the left wing, as characterised by Labour leader Michael Foot. In France, the political association is different, with the duffle coat


title: "Duffel coat" content: having been popularised by right-wing politician Jean-Marie Le Pen. Other famous duffle coat wearers include members of Scottish band Belle and Sebastian, American businessman David Woodard, English actor Dudley Moore, television character Jonathan Creek, children's book and television character Paddington Bear, Ed Helms as Andy Bernard in the American version of the popular British television comedy show "The Office", and all members of the English rock music group Oasis on the cover of their 1995 hit single "Roll with it", as well as New Zealand filmmaker Sir Peter Jackson having also been noted as wearing one prior to his career


title: "Duffel coat" content: advancing. Duffel coat A duffel coat is a coat made from duffel, a coarse, thick, woollen material. The name derives from Duffel, a town in the province of Antwerp in Belgium where the fabric originated. Duffel bags were originally made from the same material. The hood and toggle fastenings proved popular, and it spread across Europe by the 1850s. By 1890 it was being supplied to the British Royal Navy. After World War II, the coats became available as government surplus stock and became popular, especially with students. There are many varying styles to the duffel coat, although the British


title: "Cape Breton Development Corporation" content: tourist railway, with coal-powered steam locomotives. The project ran until it proved to be uneconomic to operate by the late 1970s. Overall, until 1973, DEVCO was more-or-less focused on continuing the operation of its former-DOSCO mines and railway, while providing new economic growth for the region. The October 1973 Yom Kippur War and the ensuing 1973 oil crisis led the federal government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to re-examine all Canadian energy production, including the nationalization of Alberta oil, as well as an expansion of DEVCO coal production, reversing the recommendation of the 1966 Donald Commission to phase out coal


title: "Pre-Romanesque art and architecture" content: (a dozen large ones and hundreds of small ones) were built with roughly cut stone bounded with a thick layer of malter on the outside. Large churches are longitudinal with one or three naves like Church of Holy Salvation () at the spring of the river Cetina, built in the 9th century, along with the Church of Saint Cross in Nin. The largest and most complicated central based church from the 9th century is dedicated to Saint Donatus in Zadar. Altar rails and windows of those churches were highly decorated with transparent shallow string-like ornament that is called "pleter" (meaning


title: "Fatal Fury Special" content: converted for a home system." Although they complimented the inclusion of all the characters, moves, and music of the arcade version, they felt that the removal of key animation frames and distinctive background elements would make the conversion a major disappointment to anyone used to the arcade game. The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" instead judged it to be an overall solid conversion, remarking that the sound effects are weak and garbled, but the music, play controls, and graphics all replicate the original with reasonable accuracy. They scored it 29.5 out of 40 (an average of 7.375 out of


title: "McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill" content: in Congress and twice by presidential veto, the adoption of the idea by mainstream farm organizations laid the groundwork for farmer support of New Deal farm policy, where they applauded Roosevelt's appointment of Peek and Johnson, authors of the McNary–Haugen plan, as well as advocate Wallace Jr. to powerful positions, where they began large-scale subsidy programs. McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill The McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Act, which never became law, was a controversial plan in the 1920s to subsidize American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products. The plan was for the government to buy the wheat and then


title: "North Country (film)" content: a union meeting, Josey attempts to address the miners and explain her reasons for suing the mine, but they constantly interrupt and insult her, leading Hank to stand up for his daughter and reprimand his co-workers for their treatment of Josey and all the women at the mine. He and Alice then reconcile. In court, the mining company's attorney attempts to hold Josey's sexual history against her, based on Bobby's testimony that Sammy is the result of a consensual sexual relationship between Josey and her high school teacher, Paul Lattavansky. Josey then reveals that after school one day, where she


title: "Jing Junhong" content: in Singapore's history, Jing was named 1997 Sportswoman of the Year. The following year, Jing again competed in the Commonwealth Table Tennis Championships, winning the single, double, and team events, and earning a second consecutive Sportswoman of the Year award. She continued collecting medals in the following years, taking a singles title at the 1997 Southeast Asian Games and two doubles and a team title at the 1999 Southeast Asian Games. In the 2000 Summer Olympics, Jing competed in both the singles and doubles events, the latter alongside Li Jiawei. In the singles event, Jing again swept her group, beating


title: Weigela content: Weigela Weigela is a genus of between six and 38 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, growing to 1–5 m (3-15') tall. All are natives of eastern Asia. The genus is named after the German scientist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel. The leaves are 5–15 cm long, ovate-oblong with an acuminate tip, and with a serrated margin. The flowers are 2–4 cm long, with a five-lobed white, pink, or red (rarely yellow) corolla, produced in small corymbs of several together in early summer. The fruit is a dry capsule containing numerous small winged seeds. Several fossil seeds and fruit fragments


title: Weigela content: of †"Weigela srodoniowae" have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark. The first species to be collected for Western gardens, "Weigela florida", distributed in North China, Korea and Manchuria, was found by Robert Fortune and imported to England in 1845. Following the opening of Japan to Westerners, several "Weigela" species and garden versions were "discovered" by European plant-hunters in the 1850s and 1860s, though they were already well known to locals. The British "Weigela" national collection is held at Sheffield Botanical Gardens; along with the national collection of the closely related


title: Weigela content: genus "Diervilla". The German "Weigela" national collection, Sichtungsgarten Weigela, is in Buckow, Maerkische-Schweiz. "Weigela" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including brown-tail. Several of the species are very popular ornamental shrubs in gardens, although species have been mostly superseded by hybrids (crosses between "W. florida" and other Asiatic species). The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: "Weigela florida" <nowiki>'Pink Princess'</nowiki> is a popular cultivar of "Weigela florida", a shrub native to northern China, Korea, and Japan, that flowers profusely. It is a hardy plant, easy to grow


title: Weigela content: and maintain. It grows to a height and width of up to in appropriate conditions, and is thus more compact than the normal "Weigela florida", which makes it a more versatile shrub. It is attractive to hummingbirds. Weigela Weigela is a genus of between six and 38 species of deciduous shrubs in the family Caprifoliaceae, growing to 1–5 m (3-15') tall. All are natives of eastern Asia. The genus is named after the German scientist Christian Ehrenfried Weigel. The leaves are 5–15 cm long, ovate-oblong with an acuminate tip, and with a serrated margin. The flowers are 2–4 cm long,


title: "Lionel Messi" content: their equaliser against Colombia, provided a goal and an assist against title favourites Spain, and scored their opening goal against reigning champions Brazil. Ahead of the final, he was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament. He scored two penalties in their 2–1 victory over Nigeria, clinching Argentina's fifth championship and finishing the tournament as top scorer with 6 goals. His performances drew comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona, who had led Argentina to the title in 1979. In recognition of his achievements with the under-20 side, senior manager José Pékerman gave Messi his first call-up for


title: "Bill DeWeese" content: political enemies but ignoring the child abuse allegations against Jerry Sandusky; Corbett had received $201,783.64 in campaign contributions from past and present board members of Sandusky's charity, according to media reports. As part of the ongoing feud, Corbett also canceled a prison destined for DeWeese's district. Bill DeWeese H. William DeWeese (born April 18, 1950) is an American politician who is a former member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. A member of the Democratic Party, DeWeese served as the 135th Speaker of the Pennsylvania House from 1993-94. After five years of investigation by Republican State Attorney General Tom Corbett,


title: "Cassegrain reflector" content: instead of formula_4 and formula_5, the known quantities are the focal length of the primary mirror, formula_8, and the distance to the focus behind the primary mirror, formula_9, then formula_10 and formula_11. The conic constant of the primary mirror is that of a parabola, formula_12, and that of the secondary mirror, formula_13, is chosen to shift the focus to the desired location: where and formula_16 is the secondary magnification. The Ritchey-Chrétien is a specialized Cassegrain reflector which has two hyperbolic mirrors (instead of a parabolic primary). It is free of coma and spherical aberration at a flat focal plane, making


title: "Searching for the Young Soul Rebels" content: years of age, "Young Soul Rebels" continues to burn." Tom Ewing, writing in "Pitchfork", called it Dexys Midnight Runners' most coherent and consistent record, as did "Drowned in Sound"s Neil Ashman, who added that "it's damned near perfect." "Mojo" called "Searching for the Young Soul Rebels" "the most incandescent and refreshing record" of 1980. "Searching for the Young Soul Rebels" has since been included on numerous critics' lists and reference books, including "The Guardian"'s list of the 100 Best Albums Ever (#93), "Melody Maker"s list of the All Time Top 100 Albums (#42), "NME's" list of the 100 Greatest British


title: "Live 8 concert, Berlin" content: Live 8 concert, Berlin On 2 July 2005, a Live 8 concert was held at the Siegessäule (Victory Column) in the Tiergarten park in Berlin, Germany. The event is also referred to as "Live 8 Berlin" or "Live 8 Germany". Initially, some music critics wrote the Berlin concert off as a failure when the original line-up was announced, with several complaining there were too many bands singing in German to appeal to the world. This so-called "problem" (rubbished by Live 8 organiser Bob Geldof) was alleviated by the late addition of Green Day to the list of artists performing. Lauryn


title: "U.S. Marshals (film)" content: Taiwan (Taiwan!) is at stake, and it never quite lurches into clarity or acquires any real emotional punch. I didn't think the end of "The Fugitive" was so great either: Who wants to watch doctors fistfight on a roof? But by the time it winds down, "U.S. Marshals" has all but destroyed itself." Film critic Maitland McDonagh of "TV Guide" was not consumed with the nature of the subject matter, declaring, "To every hit there is a season, and a time for every sequel under heaven — no matter what narrative contortions it takes." She later surmised, "The minute Gerard


title: "Marina City" content: Marina City Marina City is a mixed-use residential-commercial building complex in Chicago, Illinois, United States, North America, designed by architect Bertrand Goldberg. The multi-building complex opened between 1963 and 1967 and occupies almost an entire city block on State Street on the north bank of the Chicago River in downtown Chicago, directly across from the Loop district. Portions of the complex were designated a Chicago Landmark in 2016. The complex consists of two , 65-story apartment towers, opened in 1963, which include physical plant penthouses. It also includes a 10-story office building (now a hotel) opened in 1964, and a


title: "Marina City" content: saddle-shaped auditorium building originally used as a cinema. The four buildings, access driveways, and a small plaza that originally included an ice rink are built on a raised platform next to the Chicago River. Beneath the platform, at river level, is a small marina for pleasure craft, giving the structures their name. The Marina City complex was designed in 1959 by architect Bertrand Goldberg and constructed between 1961 and 1968 at a cost of $36 million, financed to a large extent by Building Service Employees International Union, a union of building janitors and elevator operators, who sought to reverse the


title: "Marina City" content: pattern of white flight from the city's downtown area. When finished, the two towers were both the tallest residential buildings and the tallest reinforced concrete structures in the world. The complex was built as a "city within a city", featuring numerous on-site facilities including a theater, gym, swimming pool, ice rink, bowling alley, stores, restaurants, and, of course, a marina. Marina City was built in a joint venture with Brighton Construction Company (owner: Thomas J. Bowler) and James McHugh Construction Company. James McHugh Construction Co. subsequently built Water Tower Place in 1976 and Trump Tower in 2009, both of which