title: "Salvia lyrata" content: Salvia lyrata Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. "Salvia lyrata" forms a basal rosette of leaves that are up to long, broadening toward the tip. The leaves have irregular margins and are typically pinnately lobed or cut, looking somewhat like a lyre. The center vein is sometimes dark wine-purple. A hairy stem up to long grows from the


title: "Salvia lyrata" content: rosette, with uneven whorls of two-lipped lavender to blue flowers. Flowering is heaviest between April and June, though sparse flowering can happen throughout the year. The leaves were once thought to be an external cure for cancer, thus one of the common names "Cancerweed". "Salvia lyrata" grows in full sun or light to medium shade, with native stands found on roadsides, fields, and open woodlands. other common names, wild sage, cancerweed]] "Salvia lyrata" is sometimes grown in gardens for its attractive foliage and flowers, though it can prolifically seed, easily becoming a lawn weed. Several cultivars have been developed with


title: "Salvia lyrata" content: purple leaves. 'Burgundy Bliss' and 'Purple Knockout' are two cultivars with burgundy leaves that are deeper in color than the species. Native Americans used the root as a salve for sores, and used the whole plant as a tea for colds and coughs. Salvia lyrata Salvia lyrata (lyre-leaf sage, lyreleaf sage, wild sage, cancerweed), is a herbaceous perennial in the family Lamiaceae that is native to the United States, from Connecticut west to Missouri, and in the south from Florida west to Texas. It was described and named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. "Salvia lyrata" forms a basal rosette of


title: Beta-Propiolactone content: (hydracryclic acid). Ammonia gives the β-alanine, which is a commercial process. Propiolactone was once widely produced as an intermediate in the production of acrylic acid and its esters. That application has been largely displaced in favor of safer and less expensive alternatives. β-Propiolactone is an excellent sterilizing and sporicidal agent, but its carcinogenicity precludes that use. The principal use of propiolactone is an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemical compounds. β-Propiolactone is "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" (IARC, 1999). It is one of 13 "OSHA-regulated carcinogens," chemicals regarded occupational carcinogens by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration,


title: "Husain Ahmad Madani" content: Madani volunteered to go with him so that he could look after him. He had personally not been convicted. Mehmud was imprisoned for three years. It so happened that Islamic month of Ramadan had come and neither Mehmud Hasan nor Madani was Hafiz of the Qur'an. At this instance, Mehmud Hasan said to his student (Madani) that most of his life, he didn't have a Ramadan without listening to the complete Qur'an in the special night prayers called Tarawih. Hussein Ahmed Madani, who respected his teachers very much, took this very sentence of his teacher seriously and started to memorize


title: "Government Medical College, Amritsar" content: in Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Obstetrics & Gynecology. Examinations in the clinical subjects include written, clinical and oral parts. According to the Medical Council of India, a candidate must have at least 75% attendance in clinical postings and lectures and also have secured at least 35% marks in the internal assessment to be eligible to be appear in the professional examination. MD Courses are offered MS Courses are offered Candidates are eligible for entrance to these courses after completing Internship. The number of seats in each course is decided from time to time. Admissions are made through Punjab Post


title: "Richard Cork" content: London from 1992–95. He then served as Chair of the Visual Arts Panel at the Arts Council of England until 1998. Committees he has sat on have included that of the Hayward Gallery, the British Council's Visual Art Committee and the Advisory Council for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art. He has also been on the panel of judges for the Turner Prize and other major art prizes. In 1995 he was a selector for the British Art Show. Cork's broadcasting work includes reviews of art exhibitions for BBC Radio 4's "Front Row", "Night Waves" on Radio


title: "Core electron" content: on the electronic and local lattice structures of a material. Although most of the time this energy is released in the form of a "photon", the energy can also be transferred to another electron, which is ejected from the atom. This second ejected electron is called an Auger electron and this process of electronic transition with indirect radiation emission is known as the Auger effect. Every atom except hydrogen has core-level electrons with well-defined binding energies. It is therefore possible to select an element to probe by tuning the X-ray energy to the appropriate absorption edge. The spectra of the


title: "New York State Route 250" content: to Perinton Square Mall, a shopping mall located just northeast of the junction. Past the junction, the route reenters a residential area and temporarily curves to the east to bypass a hill overlooking Ayrault Road. NY 250 returns to its due north routing at Ayrault Road and continues into the village of Fairport, where it changes names from Moseley Road to South Main Street at Hulburt Road. In Fairport, NY 250 follows South Main Street down a large hill that levels off at the southern edge of the village's business district. Here, NY 250 intersects Church Street (NY 31F) and


title: "Diego de Acebo" content: Diego de Acebo Diego de Acebo () was bishop of Osma (Castile, Spain) from 1201 to 1207. Accompanied by his canon, the future Saint Dominic, he travelled "ad Marchias Daciae" (to Denmark) in 1203 or 1204 to secure a bride for crown prince Ferdinand, son of Alfonso VIII of Castile. They made a second journey in 1204 or 1205 intending to bring the girl back with them, but found that she had meanwhile died. They returned by way of Rome, where Diego unsuccessfully petitioned Pope Innocent III to be entrusted with a mission to the northern pagans. Instead, continuing their


title: "FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives by year, 1960" content: Agents he learned of his addition to the "Top Ten" list while watching a local television show. March 18, 1960 #126
 Two months on the list
 Charles Clyatt Rogers - U.S. prisoner arrested May 11, 1960, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, while standing in a soup line at a Salvation Army center. He was recognized by a police officer who collected FBI wanted posters. March 30, 1960 #127
 Seven months on the list
 Joseph Corbett, Jr. - paroled in 1987; was sentenced to life; was a U.S. and Canadian prisoner arrested October 29, 1960, in Vancouver, British Columbia, by Canadian police after


title: "Stephen Coughlan" content: the late 1950s, Coughlan joined the Labour Party and was elected as a Labour candidate at the 1961 general election, taking his seat in the 17th Dáil. He was returned to Dáil Éireann at the next three elections, but lost his seat at the 1977 general election to a former Labour Party running mate, Michael Lipper, who stood as an independent. Coughlan was described by the Irish political magazine "Nusight" as "personifying a parochialism and prejudice hitherto unknown at a national level". He was known for holding numerous views that conflicted with the Labour Party and his relationship with the


title: Sanssouci content: have also since been replaced. The circular library deviated from the spatial structure of French palace architecture. The room is almost hidden, accessed through a narrow passageway from the bedroom, underlining its private character. Cedarwood was used to panel the walls and for the alcoved bookcases. The harmonious shades of brown augmented with rich gold-coloured Rocaille ornaments were intended to create a peaceful mood. The bookcases contained approximately 2,100 volumes of Greek and Roman writings and historiographies and also a collection of French literature of the 17th and 18th centuries with a heavy emphasis on the works of Voltaire. The


title: "Kelvin Fletcher" content: was first seen on television on a Saturday Disney report when he was starring as Charlie in "Charlie Is My Darling", which he also performed in a special show at the London Palladium. From there he went on to star in a string of television shows, in programmes such as "In Suspicious Circumstances", "Cracker", "Heartbeat" and "Chiller". He also co-presented an episode of "You've Been Framed" with Jeremy Beadle. He also had a bit part in another famous British soap opera, "Coronation Street". With a prolific CV Kelvin was fast becoming one of Britain's most promising young actors and in


title: SkyBitz content: device. In early 2002, the company—now called SkyBitz—announced the commercial launch of its GLS technology. By 2007 SkyBitz had acquired more than 400 customers in North America and added two new products to its existing suite. It was ranked in Inc. 5000 for the first time that year, as well as in numerous Fast 500 programs from Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited. By 2012 SkyBitz had captured the interest of Telular Corporation, a global leader in connecting businesses and machines over wireless networks. The acquisition of SkyBitz by Telular for a total of $42 million was announced in December 2012. Less


title: "Great Plains toad" content: Great Plains toad The Great Plains toad, Anaxyrus cognatus, is a relatively large species of true toad native to central North America. The amphibian is native throughout the Great Plains region in the Midwestern U.S. and inland Western United States; the Canadian Prairies (northern Great Plains) in southern Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan; and into northern Mexico in the Sonoran Desert and Mexican Plateau. The Great Plains toad is grey, brown, and green in color, with darker colored blotching. It can grow to anywhere between in length. Its primary diet is various species of cutworms. It prefers grassland habitat with loose


title: "Great Plains toad" content: soil that is easy to burrow in. Breeding occurs throughout the spring and summer months, most often immediately after heavy rainfall. In dry areas it may only emerge from its burrow for a few weeks when conditions are right, and usually at night, but in areas with permanent water bodies and abundant rain it may be active all day. Its mating call is a very loud, harsh chirping noise repeated many times, very fast. The great plains toad feeds a range of insects such as lepidopterans, dipterans, hymenopterans, coleopterans, ants, and termites. The toad is preyed upon by the plains


title: "Great Plains toad" content: garter snake ("Thamnophis radix"), among others. It uses chemoreceptors to sense chemical cues left by the snake. The great plains toad occur in deserts, grasslands, semi-desert shrublands, open floodplains, and agricultural areas. When inactive they burrow underground. Breeding takes place in temporary water bodies such as rain pools, flooded areas, and ponds; they can also use margins of reservoirs. The eggs and larvae develop in shallow water and metamorphose after 17 to 45 days. The Great Plains toad has wide distribution and is not considered threatened, although it may suffer from road kills, farming, and suburban sprawl, increased droughts, and


title: "Great Plains toad" content: urbanization. Great Plains toad The Great Plains toad, Anaxyrus cognatus, is a relatively large species of true toad native to central North America. The amphibian is native throughout the Great Plains region in the Midwestern U.S. and inland Western United States; the Canadian Prairies (northern Great Plains) in southern Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan; and into northern Mexico in the Sonoran Desert and Mexican Plateau. The Great Plains toad is grey, brown, and green in color, with darker colored blotching. It can grow to anywhere between in length. Its primary diet is various species of cutworms. It prefers grassland habitat with


title: "Francis Forbes" content: Governor's Bills because I thought them repugnant to law ... What legal right could the Governor claim to press me further?". After great discussion the issue went to the Colonial Office, whose legal advisors were of opinion that Forbes was right in refusing to certify the act for licensing newspapers. They thought he had been wrong with regard to the newspaper stamp act but, as there was no reason to doubt that he had formed his opinion honestly, he had executed his duty in acting upon it. Forbes' workload had been and continued to be heavy, his controversy with Darling


title: "1950 24 Hours of Le Mans" content: as second before retiring, but resolved to fix the brake problems that had troubled all three cars through the race Tragically, the great French racer, Raymond Sommer would not get to enjoy his retirement – he was killed later in the year, at a Formula 2 race at Cadours. 1950 24 Hours of Le Mans The 1950 24 Hours of Le Mans was the 18th Grand Prix of Endurance, and took place on 24 and 25 June 1950. It was won by the French father-and-son pairing of Louis and Jean-Louis Rosier driving a privately entered Talbot-Lago. The revival of motor-racing


title: "Codex Ríos" content: A, Codex Vaticanus A, and Codex Vaticanus 3738. Facsimile: Codex Vaticanus A (3738), Rome, Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, around 1580; Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt (ADEVA) Graz 1979. Colour reproduction for studies of the manuscript in possession of the Bibliotèca Apostolica Vaticana, reduced to 7/10 of the original size, i.e. to 340 x 260 mm. Miniature paintings with Italian notes. Half leather binding. Introduction: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt. 14 pp. and 192 plates. CODICES SELECTI, Vol. LXV Codex Ríos Codex Ríos is an Italian translation and augmentation of a Spanish colonial-era manuscript, Codex Telleriano-Remensis, that is partially attributed to Pedro de los


title: "Robin and Linda Williams" content: Robin and Linda Williams Robin and Linda Williams are a husband-and-wife singer-songwriter folk music duo from Virginia. They met in South Carolina in 1971, and began performing in 1973. The Williamses appeared on Garrison Keillor's "A Prairie Home Companion" radio show from 1975. The duo were members of the Hopeful Gospel Quartet with Keillor and Kate MacKenzie. After touring with Mary Chapin Carpenter in 1993, the pair later sang on her Grammy Award-winning album "Stones in the Road". "Sugar for Sugar" spent 11 weeks in the top 20 of the Americana Chart in the "Gavin Report" in 1996. In 2004,


title: "Anno 1701" content: war tactics. The combat has been simplified in some respects compared to the previous "Anno" game ("Anno 1503"), which makes it less involved and less difficult for new players. "1701" has a wealth of enhancements that distinguish it from its two predecessors, "Anno 1503" and "Anno 1602". These developments include: Now, players are settling the island world in the queen's name. Thus, she expects subservience and respect. Late in the game, she will begin demanding for tribute, giving you the choice to pay thousands of gold coins, or being attacked by her royal fleet. Either option will eventually lead to


title: "History of 19th-century congressional redistricting in Ohio" content: who resigned to become governor of Indiana Territory, William McMillan, and Paul Fearing. Ohio entered the Union on February 19, 1803 a few weeks before the end of the Seventh Congress. From 1803 to 1812, the entire state constituted a single representative district in Congress, held by Jeremiah Morrow for all five terms. In the Seventh Congress Ohio had a population of 47,500; in the Eighth, when the state was first fully represented, the population was 68,850; in the Ninth the population numbered 91,280; in the Tenth it rose to 150,965, and in the Eleventh it reached 250,325, so that


title: "Cell of origin" content: Cell of origin Cell of origin (COO) is a mobile-positioning technique for finding a caller's cell (the basic geographical coverage unit of a cellular telephone system) location. Crude COO positioning considers the location of the base station to be the location of the caller. This is not very accurate, as the majority of mobile network cells are projected from an antenna with a spread of 120° (i.e. three mounted on a mast to give complete coverage) giving a signal coverage area with the base station at one corner, rather than the centre. Omnidirectional cells may be used in rural locations


title: Q-Games content: Bath technical demo (Ducks demo) that showcased the PS2's power to early developers and publishers. Following that, he developed "Pipo Saru 2001" and then left Sony to start Q-Games Ltd. in Kyoto in September 2001. The studio's first few years were spent accumulating staff and developing behind-doors technology projects for a number of clients including Sony and Microsoft. At E3 2004, they showed two graphic technology demos for the PlayStation Portable and then internally began development on two games, one for the Game Boy Advance and one for the Nintendo DS. These titles were announced as "Digidrive" (part of the


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park) The Soviet War Memorial is a war memorial and military cemetery in Berlin's Treptower Park. It was built to the design of the Soviet architect Yakov Belopolsky to commemorate 7,000 of the 80,000 Soviet soldiers who fell in the Battle of Berlin in April–May 1945. It opened four years after World War II on May 8, 1949. The Memorial served as the central war memorial of East Germany. The monument is one of three Soviet memorials built in Berlin after the end of the war. The other two memorials are the Tiergarten memorial, built in


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: 1945 in the Tiergarten district of what later became West Berlin, and the Soviet War Memorial Schönholzer Heide in Berlin's Pankow district. Together with the "Rear-front Memorial" in Magnitogorsk and "The Motherland Calls" in Volgograd, the monument is a part of a triptych. At the conclusion of World War II, three Soviet war memorials were built in the city of Berlin to commemorate Soviet deaths in World War II, especially the 80,000 that died during the Battle of Berlin. The memorials are not only commemorative, but also serve as cemeteries for those killed. A competition was announced shortly after the


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: end of the war for the design of the park. The competition attracted 33 entries, with the eventual design a hybrid of the submissions of the architect Jakow S. Belopolski, sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich, painter Alexander A. Gorpenko and engineer Sarra S. Walerius. The sculptures, reliefs, and 2.5 meter diameter "Flammenschalen" (flame bowls) were cast at the Kunstgießerei Lauchhammer in 1948. The memorial itself was built in Treptower Park on land previously occupied by a sports field. The memorial was completed in 1949. The stones and granite that were used in the construction came from the demolished New Reich Chancellery. Around


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: the time of the fall of the Berlin Wall, unknown persons vandalized parts of the memorial with anti-Soviet graffiti. The Spartacist party claimed that the vandals were right-wing extremists and arranged a demonstration on January 3, 1990, which the PDS supported; 250,000 GDR citizens participated. Through the demonstrations, the newly formed party stayed true to the communist roots of its founding party, and attempted to gain political influence. PDS chairman Gregor Gysi took this opportunity to call for a "Verfassungsschutz" ("Constitution Protection") for the GDR, and questioned whether the "Amt für Nationale Sicherheit" (Department of National Security, the successor of


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: the Stasi) should be reorganized or phased out. Historian Stefan Wolle believes that Stasi officers may have been behind the vandalism, since they feared for their jobs. As part of the Two Plus Four Agreement, Germany agreed to assume maintenance and repair responsibility for all war memorials in the country, including the Soviet memorial in Treptower Park. However, Germany must consult the Russian Federation before undertaking any changes to the memorial. Since 1995, an annual vigil has taken place at the memorial on May 9, organized by (among others) the "Bund der Antifaschisten Treptow e.V." ("Anti-fascist Coalition of Treptow"). The


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: motto of the event is the "Day of Freedom", corresponding to Victory Day, a Russian holiday and the final surrender of German soldiers at the end of World War II. The focus of the ensemble is a monument by Soviet sculptor Yevgeny Vuchetich: a 12-m tall statue of a Soviet soldier with a sword holding a German child, standing over a broken swastika. According to Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasily Chuikov, the Vuchetich statue commemorates the deeds of Sergeant of Guards Nikolai Masalov (1921-2001), who during the final storm on the center of Berlin risked his life under heavy


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: German machine-gun fire to rescue a three-year-old German girl whose mother had apparently disappeared. Before the monument is a central area lined on both sides by 16 stone sarcophagi, one for each of the 16 Soviet Republics (in 1940–56 then up to the reorganization of the Karelo-Finnish SSR into the Karelian ASSR there were 16 "union republics") with relief carvings of military scenes and quotations from Joseph Stalin, on one side in Russian, on the other side the same text in German: "Now all recognize that the Soviet people with their selfless fight saved the civilization of Europe from fascist


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: thugs. This was a great achievement of the Soviet people to the history of mankind". The area is the final resting place for some 5000 soldiers of the Red Army. At the opposite end of the central area from the statue is a portal consisting of a pair of stylized Soviet flags built of red granite. These are flanked by two statues of kneeling soldiers. Beyond the flag monuments is a further sculpture, along the axis formed by the soldier monument, the main area, and the flags, is another figure, of the Motherland weeping at the loss of her sons.


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: In recent years, the ensemble has undergone a thorough renovation. In 2003 the main statue was removed and sent to a workshop on the island of Rügen for refurbishment. It was replaced on May 4, 2004. The Soviet War Memorial is described in considerable detail in M.M.Kaye's novel "Death in Berlin", written in 1953 and based on the author's first-hand impression of the then freshly inaugurated monument. The protagonists - British officers stationed in Berlin and their wives and families - are far from well disposed towards the Soviets, but are still greatly impressed with what they see: "Two giant


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: statues of kneeling Russian soldiers, their heads bared in homage - statues, steps and the towering expanse of red marble dwarfing the steam of sightseers". One of Kaye's British characters makes the prediction - since then disproven by events - that the Soviet monument would be demolished "five minutes after the Soviets move out of East Germany, whenever that is". He then adds that such a demolition would be a great pity, since the monument was "the equal of Karnak, Luxor and the Acropolis". This monument has earned some unflattering nicknames, such as the "Tomb of the Unknown Rapist", from


title: "Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park)" content: the local population with references to crimes committed by Soviet occupation troops. Soviet War Memorial (Treptower Park) The Soviet War Memorial is a war memorial and military cemetery in Berlin's Treptower Park. It was built to the design of the Soviet architect Yakov Belopolsky to commemorate 7,000 of the 80,000 Soviet soldiers who fell in the Battle of Berlin in April–May 1945. It opened four years after World War II on May 8, 1949. The Memorial served as the central war memorial of East Germany. The monument is one of three Soviet memorials built in Berlin after the end of


title: "The Classic of Tea" content: the production of tea cake. The right time of the day, season and climate for plucking. Drying and storing of collected tea. Texture and features of quality brick tea. Understanding process methods and how to identify quality brick tea. This chapter describes twenty eight items used in the brewing and drinking of tea, including specifications and instructions, construction and recommended materials. The effect of these utensils to tea brew. This chapter covers: This chapter discusses the actual consumption of tea, some of its properties, the history of tea drinking, and the various types of tea known in 8th century China.


title: "Mongol invasions of Georgia" content: Empire began to attack the kingdom's southern possessions in Armenia, which was under the Seljuks the next year. In 1236 Ogedei despoiled Khorassan and populated Herat. The Mongol military governors mostly made their camp in Mughan plain. Realizing the danger of the Mongols, rulers of Mosul and Cilician Armenia submitted to the Great Khan. Chormaqan divided the Transcaucasia region into three districts based on military hierarchy. In Georgia, the population were temporarily divided into eight tumens. By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia, excluding Abbasid Iraq and Ismaili strongholds, and all of Afghanistan and Kashmir. The Mongols


title: "Robby Stewart" content: Breaking My Tooth he tells Tim McGraw he has to take his baby girl to the dentist, which makes Miley mad, since she hates being referred to as a baby. Billy Ray Cyrus inspired many aspects of the Robby Stewart character. Both men are country musicians from Tennessee and share a middle name. Cyrus's real life relationship with Miley Cyrus is identical to Robby's relationship with Miley Stewart in the show. Miley Cyrus has said in interviews that the show's writers received inspiration for the show by listening to her and her father talking. Also, the depiction of Robbie Ray


title: "Ben ""Yahtzee"" Croshaw" content: music. A series of adventure games for Microsoft Windows 95 that were written in Visual Basic 3 and largely drawn in Microsoft Paint during Croshaw's secondary school years, inspired by his schoolmate Michael Dodson's "Red Dwarf" games, with the first being released on 1 January 1998. They star his signature character, from which his Internet alias is derived. In "Friday: Death to Arthur Yahtzee", a group of mutants whom Arthur once defeated are back and out to get him. In "Saturday: Arthur's Odyssey", Yahtzee has to face forces trying to mess with time, a quest that leads into " Yesterday:


title: "Mollugo verticillata" content: Mollugo verticillata Mollugo verticillata, the green carpetweed, is a rapidly spreading annual plant from tropical America. In eastern North America, it is a common weed growing in disturbed areas. It forms a prostrate circular mat that can quickly climb over nearby plants and obstacles. The species has been reported from every state in the United States except Alaska, Hawaii, and Utah, as well as from British Columbia, Manitoba. Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Although considered an invasive weed, "M." "verticillata" is also known to be edible. Archaeological evidence has shown that "M". "verticillata" has been in North America


title: "Mollugo verticillata" content: for about 3000 years. Sometimes also referred to as "Indian chickweed", in China this plant is referred to as "zhong leng su mi cao". Carpetweed has narrow, whorled leaves, 3-8 at each node. At maturity the plant may lose its characteristic basal rosette formation. Leaves are approximately 1–3 cm in length and possess an obovate shape. Leaf apex may vary from rounded to acute. The plant will grow and sprawl across the soil due to its habit of prostrate growth and form mats. The flowers are usually in clusters of 2-5, blooming from July through September. Flowers are white or


title: "Mollugo verticillata" content: greenish white with tiny 5–15 mm stalks. Flowers quickly turn into fruit that is egg shaped and 1.5–4 mm in length. The dehiscent capsule opens at maturity. The seeds are 0.5 mm long and are red to rusty brown in coloration. Advances in molecular genetic sequencing has improved understandings of the taxonomic relationship in the family Molluginaceae which had previously not been as inclusive. Genera from Molluginaceae had previously been placed under Aizoaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and Phytolaccaceae before recent studies. The genus "Mollugo" L. currently comprises about 35 species of annual herbs. Several sub taxa species of "M. verticillata" have been


title: "Mollugo verticillata" content: reported due to its varying morphological nature however they are not thoroughly documented. "Mollugo" "verticillata" has many accepted synonyms including: "Mollugo" "dichotoma, Mollugo diffusa, Mollugo costata, Pharnaceum arenarium," and "Pharnaceum verticellatum" to name a few. It is also referred to as alfombra in Spanish, and mollugine in French. Other closely related sister taxa include "Mollugo floriana, Mollugo flavescens, Mollugo snodgrassii, Mollugo crockeri," and "Mollugo enneandra." The wide range of "M. verticillata" is apparent across North America, Brazil, Columbia, Mexico, West Indies, Central America, South America, Eurasia and Africa. There is agreement among some studies that the carpetweed origin is from


title: "Mollugo verticillata" content: the New World tropics and it spread into more temperate zones afterwards. Overall the place of origin has been attributed to the tropics or subtropics of the northern and southern hemispheres. Commonly found in warm to wet environments across North America. Along with "Glinus" (Molluginaceae)", Mollugo" are edible plants that have historically been utilized as vegetables or for medicinal benefits. The family Molluginaceae has been studied for its therapeutic enduing characteristics due to the production of Triterpene sapanonins and Flavonoids. Research has shown that acetic acid extracted from "M. verticillata" could be a potential immunomodulator. The chemical makeup in members


title: "Mollugo verticillata" content: of the family Molluginaceae in general have anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties. Carbon dating has dated seeds of "M. verticillata" found in Icehouse Bottom Tennessee back to 1170- 140 B.C. Other seeds found in Troyville, Louisiana were dated back to 500 A.D. It is unsure exactly when or how "M. verticillata" spread into temperate North America. European movements were not the cause of this migration because carbon dating reveals that the plant was in the Little Tennessee river valley 3000 years ago. Despite little apparent food value, native aborigines may have had uses of "M. verticillata" that are unclear today. Carpetweed,


title: "Mollugo verticillata" content: also referred to as "Indian chickweed", was utilized as a potherb by the Southern Appalachian aborigines. Carpetweed is considered to be globally secure. It is also credited as an invasive weed by USDA.gov. IUCN RedList states that the taxon has not been assessed for the IUCN Red List. Other accounts cite the weed as being native to the Continental US, Caribbean territories, Mexico and introduced to Canada. It can be found in disturbed habitats such as fields, parking lots and gardens. Mollugo verticillata Mollugo verticillata, the green carpetweed, is a rapidly spreading annual plant from tropical America. In eastern North


title: Kurupt content: Kurupt Ricardo Emmanuel Brown (born November 23, 1972) is an American rapper and actor, better known by his stage name Kurupt. His career began in the early 1990s when he was signed to Death Row Records and shortly after formed the duo Tha Dogg Pound with Daz Dillinger. After leaving Death Row in 1996, he signed with A&M and released his debut studio album, Kuruption! in 1998. He is also a member of the hip-hop supergroups The HRSMN and Diirty OGz. Ricardo Emmanuel Brown was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He moved to California when he was 16, first to Hawthorne;


title: "André Azoulay" content: to the durable development based on its cultural diversity and spiritual legacy. Essaouira is justly proud to host seven music festivals a year, ranging from classical to lyrical. They include the renowned Gnaoua World Music Festival, the Chamber Music with "le Printemps Musical des Alizés" and the rich Judeo-Muslim repertoire of Andalusian-Atlantic Festival, a unique event in the world inviting on the same stage, every year, poets, musicians and singers, Muslims and Jews, to keep alive and to perform their common heritage and legacy. André Azoulay André Azoulay (, born 17 April 1941) is a senior adviser to king Mohammed


title: "Vasily Pashkevich" content: remaining in charge of imperial ballroom music until his death. Pashkevich wrote important comic operas, often re-working them at length, like "Saint-Petersburg's Trade Stalls", begun in 1782 and revised in 1792, and also "As you live you will be judged". The comic opera "The Miser" a work of 17 scenes brought him most success. Its roles are: Scriagin, Liubima’s guardian; Liubima, his niece; Milovid, her beloved; Marfa, the servant girl that Scriagin is in love with; Prolaz, Milovid’s manservant who is in Scriagin’s service. Accordingly the speech and the names of the characters of Molière's comedy were turned into Russian


title: "Staghorn coral" content: Staghorn coral The staghorn coral ("Acropora cervicornis") is a branching, stony coral with cylindrical branches ranging from a few centimetres to over two metres in length and height. It occurs in back reef and fore reef environments from depth. The upper limit is defined by wave forces, and the lower limit is controlled by suspended sediments and light availability. Fore reef zones at intermediate depths were formerly dominated by extensive single-species stands of staghorn coral until the mid-1980s. This coral exhibits the fastest growth of all known western Atlantic fringe corals, with branches increasing in length by per year. This


title: "Staghorn coral" content: has been one of the three most important Caribbean corals in terms of its contribution to reef growth and fishery habitat. Staghorn coral is found throughout the Florida Keys, the Bahamas, the Caribbean islands and the Great Barrier Reef. This coral occurs in the western Gulf of Mexico, but is absent from U.S. waters in the Gulf of Mexico, as well as Bermuda and the west coast of South America. The northern limit is on the east coast of Florida, near Boca Raton. In South-East Asia, it grows rapidly and abundantly in the reefs of the coasts of Sabah, Malaysia.


title: "Staghorn coral" content: The dominant mode of reproduction for staghorn corals is asexual, with new colonies forming when branches break off a colony and reattach to the substrate. This life history trait allows rapid population recovery from physical disturbances such as storms. However, it makes recovery from disease or bleaching episodes (where entire colonies or even entire stands are killed) very difficult. Sexual reproduction is via broadcast spawning of gametes into the water column once each year in August or September. Individual colonies are both male and female (simultaneous hermaphrodites) and will release millions of gametes. The coral larvae (planula) live in the


title: "Staghorn coral" content: plankton for several days until finding a suitable area to settle; unfortunately, very few larvae survive to settle and metamorphose into new colonies. The preponderance of asexual reproduction in this species raises the possibility that genetic diversity in the remnant populations may be very low. These uncertainties as to recruitment/recovery potential and genetic status are the bases for increased demographic concerns for this species. Since 1980, populations have collapsed throughout their range from disease outbreaks (primarily White band disease), with losses compounded locally by hurricanes, increased predation, bleaching, and other factors. This species is also particularly susceptible to damage from


title: "Staghorn coral" content: sedimentation and sensitive to temperature and salinity variation. Populations have declined by up to 98% throughout the range, and localized extirpations have occurred. On March 4, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned NMFS to list elkhorn ("Acropora palmata"), staghorn ("A. cervicornis"), and fused-staghorn ("A. prolifera") coral under the ESA. On June 23, 2004, NOAA Fisheries found that listing these species may be warranted and initiated a formal review of their biological status. NMFS convened the Atlantic Acropora Biological Review Team (BRT) to summarize the best available scientific and commercial data available for these species in the status review report.


title: "Staghorn coral" content: The BRT completed the status review March 3, 2005. On March 18, 2005, NMFS determined elkhorn and staghorn corals warrant listing as "threatened" species under the ESA. However, NMFS also concluded listing fused-staghorn coral is not warranted, as it is a hybrid and does not constitute a species as defined under the ESA. On May 9, 2005, NMFS proposed adding elkhorn coral to the endangered species list and the listing was finalized on May 9, 2006. NMFS designated critical habitat for elkhorn and staghorn corals in November 2008. In December 2012, NMFS proposed reclassifying (77 FR 73219) the elkhorn and


title: "Staghorn coral" content: staghorn corals as endangered, but determined in September 2014 that they would remain listed as threatened (79 FR 53852). Staghorn coral The staghorn coral ("Acropora cervicornis") is a branching, stony coral with cylindrical branches ranging from a few centimetres to over two metres in length and height. It occurs in back reef and fore reef environments from depth. The upper limit is defined by wave forces, and the lower limit is controlled by suspended sediments and light availability. Fore reef zones at intermediate depths were formerly dominated by extensive single-species stands of staghorn coral until the mid-1980s. This coral exhibits


title: "History of Brighton" content: housing association development at the bottom of Albion Hill, behind the Phoenix Gallery, incorporates the houses once known as "The Peoples State of Trumpton" which was first squatted by Martin and Suzie Cowley in an effort to halt the demolition of the cottages, one being the smallest cottage in Brighton, it was twinned with The Peoples State of Chigley which was a squatted area in Brigg in Humberside, formerly a long-term squatted dwelling, its colourful appearance much in fitting with the area's Bohemian demographic. The Peoples State of Trumpton arose alongside the politics of the Brighton Justice? movement and the


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: Le Thoronet Abbey Le Thoronet Abbey () is a former Cistercian abbey built in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, now restored as a museum. It is sited between the towns of Draguignan and Brignoles in the Var Department of Provence, in southeast France. It is one of the three Cistercian abbeys in Provence, along with the Sénanque Abbey and Silvacane, that together are known as "the Three Sisters of Provence." Le Thoronet Abbey is one of the best examples of the spirit of the Cistercian order. Even the acoustics of the church imposed a certain discipline upon the


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: monks; because of the stone walls, which created a long echo, the monks were forced to sing slowly and perfectly together. In 1098 Robert de Molesme founded a "new monastery" at Cîteaux in Burgundy, as a reaction to what he saw as the excessive luxury and decoration of Benedictine monasteries, under the direction of Cluny. He called for a stricter observance of the Rule of St Benedict, written in the 6th century, and a sober aesthetic which emphasized volume, light, and fine masonry, eliminating the distraction of details. Under Bernard of Clairvaux, the Cistercian Order began a rapid expansion. By


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: the time of his death in 1154, there were 280 Cistercian monasteries in France - by the end of the 12th century, over 500. The first Cistercian community in Provence had settled at Notre-Dame de Florielle, on the Florieyes river near Tourtour. where they had been given land by the local lords of Castellane. The first site apparently was not satisfactory for their system of agriculture, so in about 1157 they moved twenty-five kilometers south, to land they already owned at Le Thoronet. The new site had the advantages of more fertile lands, several streams and a spring. It is


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: not known exactly when the monastery was built, but work was probably underway in 1176, when the title to the property was confirmed by the Count of Provence. The entire monastery was built at once, which helps explain its unusual architectural unity. The church was probably built first, at the end of the 12th century, followed by the rest of the monastery in the early 13th century. The first known abbot of le Thoronet was Folquet de Marseille, elected in 1199. Born about 1150 into a family of Genoese merchants, he had a remarkable career, first as a troubadour, a


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: composer and singer of secular love songs, who was famous throughout medieval Europe. In 1195 he left his musical career and became a monk, then abbot, then, in 1205, the Bishop of Toulouse. Less than a century after his death, Dante honored him by placing him as one of the inhabitants of Paradise, in "Paradiso" Canto IX. In the 13th century, there were no more than twenty-five monks in the monastery, but money came in from donations, and the Abbey owned extensive lands between upper Provence and the Mediterranean coast. The most important industry for the monastery was raising cattle


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: and sheep. The meat was sold on the local market, and the skins of sheep were used for making parchment, which was used in the scriptorium of the monastery. The Abbey also operated salt ponds at Hyères, and fisheries on the coast at Martigues, Hyères and Saint-Maxime. Fish that was not required at the Abbey was sold on the local market. Much of the farming and administration was done by the lay brothers, monks drawn from a lower social class, who shared the monastery with the choir monks, who were educated and often from noble families. The lay brothers did


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: not participate in the choir or in the decisions of the monastery, and slept in a separate building. By the 14th century, the monastery was in decline. In 1328, the Abbot accused his own monks of trying to rob the local villagers, being only a few years after the Great Famine. In 1348, Provence was devastated again, this time by the Black Plague which further reduced the population. By 1433, there were only four monks living at Le Thoronet. In the 14th century, the popes at Avignon began the practice of naming outsiders as the abbots of monasteries, held "in


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: commendam". In the 15th century, this privilegge was taken over by the kings of France, who often chose abbots for financial or political reasons. The new abbots "in commendam" received a share of the monastery's income, but did not reside there. By the 16th century, while the abbey church was maintained, the other buildings were largely in ruins. The monastery was probably abandoned for a time during the Wars of Religion. In the 18th century, the abbot decided the order's rules were too strict, and added decorative features, such as statues, a fountain. and an avenue of chestnut trees. The


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: Abbey was deeply in debt, and in 1785, the abbot, who lived in Bourges, declared bankruptcy. Le Thoronet was deconsecrated in 1785, and the seven remaining monks moved to other churches or monasteries. The building was to be sold in 1791, but the state officials in charge of the sale declared that the church, cemetery, fountain and row of chestnut trees were "treasures of art and architecture", which should remain "the Property of the Nation." The rest of the monastery buildings and lands were sold. In 1840, the ruined buildings came to the attention of Prosper Mérimée, a writer and


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: the first official inspector of monuments. It was entered onto the first list of French "Monuments historiques", and restoration of the church and bell tower began in 1841. In 1854 the state bought the cloister, chapter-house, courtyard and dormitory, and in 1938, bought the remaining parts of the monastery still in private ownership. Since 1978, the members of a religious order, the Sisters of Bethlehem, have been celebrating Sunday Mass in the abbey. Following the Rule of St. Benedict, Thoronet Abbey was designed to be an autonomous community, taking care of all of its own needs. The monks lived isolated


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: in the center of this community, where access by laymen was strictly forbidden. The design of the Abbey was an expression of the religious beliefs of the Cistercians. It used the most basic and pure elements; rock, light, and water, to create an austere, pure and simple world for the monks who inhabited it. The placement of the church literally atop a rock symbolized the precept of building upon strong faith. The simplicity of the design was supposed to inspire a simple life, and the avoidance of distractions. The Abbey was constructed of plainly-cut stones taken from a quarry close


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: by. All the stones were the same kind and colour and matched the stony ground around the church, giving a harmony to the ensemble. The stones were carefully cut and placed to provide smooth ashlar surfaces, to avoid any flaws or visual distractions. The water supply was a crucial factor for the Cistercian monks; it was used for drinking and cooking, for powering the mill, and for religious ceremonies, such as the "mandatum", which took place once a week. The monks devised an ingenious water system, which probably provided running water in the kitchen and for the fountains where the


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: monks washed, as well as pure water for religious ceremonies. The Abbey church is placed on the highest point of the site, and is in the form of a Latin cross, about forty metres long and twenty metres wide, oriented east-west, with the choir and altar at the east end, as is usual. The exterior is perfectly plain, with no decoration. Since only the monks were permitted inside, there is no monumental entrance, but only two simple doors, for the lay brothers on the left and the monks on the right. The door for the monks was known as the


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: "Door of the Dead", for the bodies of monks who had died were taken out through this door after a mass. They were first placed on a "depositoire", a long shelf by the south wall, then buried directly in the earth of the cemetery. The simple bell tower was probably constructed between 1170 and 1180, and is more than thirty meters high. Order rules prohibited bell towers of stone or of immoderate height, but exceptions were made in Provence, where Mistral winds blew away more fragile wooden structures. Inside, the church consists of a main nave with three bays covered


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: with a pointed barrel vault, and two side aisles. The arches supporting the vault rest upon half-columns, which rest upon carefully carved stone bases about two meters halfway up the walls of the nave. The choir at the eastern end finishes with a half-dome vaulted apse with three semicircular arched windows, symbolizing the Trinity. Three arcades in the nave give access to the other parts of the building. There are two small chapels in the apses of the transept, aligned the same way as the main sanctuary, as in the Cistercian abbeys of Cîteaux and Clairvaux. The chevet of the


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: Abbey, the semi-circular space behind the altar, has no decoration, but the refinement of the worksmanship, as well as the perfectly rounded form, was itself an expression of the religious ideas of the Cistercians. The circle was supposed to approach the perfection of the divine, as opposed to the square, which belonged in the secular world. The three windows in the apse, the round oculus above, draw attention to the altar. Facing east, they catch the first morning light, and face the same direction from which Christ was expected to return to earth. They and the four small windows in


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: the transept let in just enough light to give life to the stone inside, particularly at the time of the sunrise and sunset, which were also the times of the most important religious services, lauds and vespers. The light coming through the windows changed the color of the stone and created slowly moving shapes of darkness and light, marking the passage of time, the essential element of the life in the monastery. The pale stained-glass windows date to 1935 - they were recreated following the model of 12th-century stained glass from Obazine Abbey in the Corrèze. The monks building is


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: located to the north of the church, and is connected to it by stairways, which allowed the monks direct access to services. The dormitory is on the upper floor of the monks' building. The abbot had a separate cell on the left side, up a short stairway. The dormitory was lit by rows of semicircular windows. A monk slept in front of each window. The Sacristy, a room two meters high, three meters wide and four meters long, with a single window, built against the church transept, was where the church vestments and sacred vestments were kept. It had direct


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: access to the church through a door into the transept. The Sacristan was in charge of the treasury of the Abbey, rang the dormitory bell for the night services, and climbed to the roof to make astromical observations to determine the exact time for religious services, depending upon the season. The armarium (library) is a three-meter by three-meter room on the lower level of the monks' building, opening onto the cloister. The armarium contained the secular books used regularly by the monks. It is believed that it contained books of medicine, geometry, music, astrology, and the classical works of Aristotle,


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: Ovid, Horace and Plato. The Chapter House, or The Capitulary Hall, was the room where the monks met daily for a reading of one chapter of the rule of St. Benedict, and to discuss community issues. Election of new abbots also took place in this room. Its architecture - with cross-ribbed vaults resting on two columns with decorated capitals, was the most refined in the monastery, and showed the influence of the new Gothic style. The walls and columns date to about 1170, the vaulting to 1200-1240. During the reading of the Rule and discussions, the monks were seated upon


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: wooden benches, and the Abbot was seated at the east, facing the entry. The main sculptural element is a simple cross of the order on the south column, before which the monks would bow briefly. A hand holding a cross, the symbol of authority of the abbot, is sculpted on the capital of the north column. He was sometimes buried in this room, so that after death his memory would add to the authority of the living abbot. The Hall of the Monks, was at the north end of the monks' building, but fell into ruins, and little remains. The


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: room was used for making clothing, as a workshop, for the training of the new monks, and as a scriptorium, the room where manuscripts were written, since it was the only heated room in the abbey. The cloister, in the middle of the monastery, was the center of monastery life. It measures about thirty meters on a side, is in the shape of an elongated trapezoid, and follows the terrain, sloping downward from the monks' building toward the river. Despite its odd shape, and its location on very uneven ground, it manages to maintain its architectural unity, and to blend


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: with its natural environment; in some places the rock of the hillside becomes part of the architecture. Construction began in 1175, making the cloister of Thoronet one of the oldest existing Cistercian cloisters. The south gallery is the oldest, followed by the east gallery, next to the chapter house, which has a more modern slightly pointed barrel vault ceiling. The construction was completed by the north gallery, beside the former refectory, and the west gallery. At a later date a second level of galleries was built, also since disappeared. The thick walls of the galleries, their double arcades, the simple


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: round openings over each central column, and the plain capitals give the cloister a particular power and simplicity. A lavabo, or washing fountain, stands in the cloister in front of what had been the entrance to the refectory. It is placed in its own hexagonal structure, with a ribbed vault roof. The water came from a nearby spring, and was used by the monks for washing, shaving, tonsure, and doing laundry. The lavabo is a reconstruction, based on a fragment of the original central basin. The north wing of a Cistercian monastery, facing the church, traditionally contains the refectory (dining


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: room), the kitchens and the calefactory, or heated sitting room. The north wing fell into ruins and was abandoned in 1791. The wing of the monastery for the lay brothers dates to the thirteenth century, well after the other buildings. The building was two stories high, with a dining room on the ground floor and a dormitory above. Two arches of the building cross the Tombareu River. The latrines were located in this part of the building. The cellar is a long rectangual room attached to the east gallery of the cloister. This building has undergone numerous remodelings, and is


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: no longer its original shape. In the sixteenth Ccntury it was turned into a wine cellar, and the wine presses can still be seen. Thoronet Abbey had a significant influence upon the Swiss architect Le Corbusier Following the Second World War, Father Couturier, a Dominican priest and artist, who had contacts with contemporary artists Marc Chagall, Fernand Léger, Henri Matisse and Pierre Bonnard, invited Le Corbusier to design a convent at La Tourette, close to Lyon. Father Coutourier wrote to Le Corbusier in 1953: "I hope that you can go to Le Thoronet, and that you will like that place.


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: It seems to me that there you will find the essence of what a monastery must have been like at the time it was built; a place where men lived by a vow of silence, devoted themselves to reflection and meditation and a communal life which has not changed very much over time." Le Corbusier visited Thoronet, and wrote an article about his visit, including the observation, "the light and the shadow are the loudspeakers of this architecture of truth." The convent that he eventually built has a number of features inspired by Thoronet, including the tower and the simple


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: volumes, and the alternating full and empty spaces created by bright light falling on the walls. The British architect John Pawson also used Thoronet as an inspiration for the cistercian abbey of Novy Dvur in the Czech Republic (2004). Le Thoronet was a source of inspiration for the Belgian poet Henry Bauchau (born 1913), who published in 1966 "La Pierre Sans Chagrin". In 1964, the French architect Fernand Pouillon published "Les pierres sauvages", an historical novel in the form of the journal of a master worker at the abbey. It won the prix des Deux Magots (1965) and was praised


title: "Le Thoronet Abbey" content: by Umberto Eco as "a fascinating contribution to the understanding of the Middle Ages." Le Thoronet Abbey Le Thoronet Abbey () is a former Cistercian abbey built in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, now restored as a museum. It is sited between the towns of Draguignan and Brignoles in the Var Department of Provence, in southeast France. It is one of the three Cistercian abbeys in Provence, along with the Sénanque Abbey and Silvacane, that together are known as "the Three Sisters of Provence." Le Thoronet Abbey is one of the best examples of the spirit of the


title: "Telegrapher's equations" content: line, each of which is a function of position "x" and time "t": The equations themselves consist of a pair of coupled, first-order, partial differential equations. The first equation shows that the induced voltage is related to the time rate-of-change of the current through the cable inductance, while the second shows, similarly, that the current drawn by the cable capacitance is related to the time rate-of-change of the voltage. The Telegrapher's Equations are developed in similar forms in the following references: Kraus, Hayt, Marshall, Sadiku, Harrington, Karakash, and Metzger. These equations may be combined to form two exact wave equations,


title: "Simeon Willis" content: as it had done to Flem D. Sampson, the last Republican governor. During Willis's term, state revenue increased because of to wartime inflation, increased federal revenues flowing to the state, and the relative prosperity of the state's economy stimulated by defense spending. The state budget was $31 million when Willis took office; by the time he left office, it had expanded to $52 million. Much of these funds were devoted to education. Expenditures per pupil nearly doubled, as did teacher salaries. The school year was lengthened from seven to eight months. Counties were also allowed to double their school tax


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: Gastrophryne carolinensis Gastrophryne carolinensis, the eastern narrow-mouthed toad, is a species of microhylid frog. It is a relatively small, toad-like amphibian found in damp, shady habitats. The species is highly fossorial, and feeds primarily on ants. These North American microhylids (Family: Microhylidae) are distinguished from true toads (genus "Bufo"), and other anurans by their moist, smooth skin, their lack of eardrums or tympana, their distinguishable squat body shape, and the unique fold of skin superior to their eyes. It is found in the United States, from southern Maryland to the Florida Keys, west to Missouri and Texas. While not a


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: true toad, it is so called because it is terrestrial. "Gastrophryne carolinensis" belongs to one of the largest anuran families, the microhylids. No subspecies are currently recognized. The eastern narrow-mouthed toad is relatively small, growing to a maximum length of . It has an oval-shaped body and a narrow head with a pointed snout. They vary in color from brown and grey to green, often with black and white spotting. "Gastrophryne carolinensis" toads have a typical teardrop-shaped body that is characteristic of members of the family Microhylidae. Though its morphology lacks a tympanum (eardrum), the subgular vocal sac is clearly


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: visible. The skin of "G. carolinensis" is smooth and without ridges or warts. Yet, the skin is extremely tough, which most likely protects them from the ants upon which they feed. The color of the toad can change its color depending on its activities and environment. The colors on its sides are generally faded, but its dorsum is dark and broad with various light or dark spots, mottling, or patches that cover the light strip along its middorsal area. Its abdomen is generally highly mottled, but its ventral surface is nearly light or unmarked. The venters of certain arrow-mouthed toads


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: in the Great Plains are generally unmarked, or virtually so, while those of eastern toads are strongly pigmented. Its legs are generally stubby, short, and heavy, and the tips of the toes are round and tapered. As with the Leptodactylidae, the toes are absent of webbing or toe pads. However, the heels on the back feet have one “spade” or tubercle for digging. The sex of the eastern narrow-mouthed toad can easily be determined by the characteristic sexual dimorphism. The color of the throat region for males is dark and highly pigmented, while the female throat is absent of this


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: discriminate coloring. The narrow-mouthed toad can reach elevations up to 550 m (1,800 ft). They are generally absent from most Blue Ridge Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains. "Gastrophyryne carolinensis" is only one of three species belonging to the family Microhylidae native to the United States. The species resides in the southeastern quarter of the US, extending from Missouri and eastern Texas and from southern Maryland to the Florida Keys, as well as in an isolated colony in Iowa. Many have also been introduced to the little and great Bahamas, as well as the Cayman Islands. Although they live in a


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: broad range of habitats and are rather ubiquitous, their most important environmental variables must include moisture and shelter. They reside in either freshwater or terrestrial systems, and are able to use both temporary and permanent waters, as well as man-modified habitats. The members of this species tend to discount dry areas and mountains, though some may live in near desert-like conditions. General habitat types include: The species' population is currently large throughout most of its range, and also in many suburban locations. Additionally, the species introduced to Grand Cayman is equally abundant. Though this particular species of microhylids experienced a


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: severe population bottleneck effect in the past, its succeeding expansion has allowed its current population trend to remain stable. Adults range from 22 to 35 mm (0.9-1.4 inches) in body length; females usually attain larger sizes than males and exceed a little over 1.25 inches. Adult males are at an inch or less in length. A male can be distinguished from a female during breeding season due to the visibility of a dark-pigmented vocal sac on his throat. Breeding males also exhibit enlarged tubercles on the chin, as well as a visible anterior edge of the lower jaw. "Gastrophryne carolinensis"


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: reproduces in aquatic habits, and may breed in either temporary or permanent waters. The toad species will breed in deep water only if it is covered with a dense mat of floating vegetation or debris. They may also breed in ephemeral aquatic habitats such as temporary ponds, roadside ditches, borrow pits, deep wheel ruts in roads, and shallow drainage ditches. The male toads call for mating at reproductive maturity. They generally call from the edge of the water when concealed by plant debris. Though more rare, they have also been observed to call while floating in the water with their


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: fore limbs resting on stem or twig. Many times, they will also extend their hind limbs. They can also call the female while sitting on a bank, or on rainy nights while buried in the damp sand with only their head and vocal sac exposed. The mating call sounds like a high-pitched, penetrating, nasal, sheep-like bleat. It may also have a buzzing quality, and lasts for 1.0 to 1.5 seconds. Unlike other frog and toad species, "G. carolinensis" does not exhibit the typical trill sound in their mating call. In the south, April to October rains initiate their breeding season,


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: or midsummer in areas farther to the north. They congregate to breeding ponds depending on the heavy spring and early summer rains. The "G. carolinensis" species is particularly successful at breeding in ephemeral bodies of water. When the male amplexes the female, special glands in the sternal region of males secretes a sticky substance to allow adhesion of breeding pairs, and also presumably to help him resist other males’ attempts to dislodge him. Breeding grasp (amplexus) for the toad species is axillary (behind the forelimbs). The female spawns clear marble-like eggs on the surface of the water, which is deposited


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: as a mosaic structure. The egg mass is round or squarish, with 10 to 150 eggs deposited as clusters in each mass. The female deposits over 800 tiny eggs that hatch within 1.5 to 3.0 days. Tadpoles transform in about 23–67 days, and unlike other anurans, they filter-feed on plankton. The tadpoles' heads are pointed with lateral eyes, and they appear dorsolaterally flattened when viewed from above. Their bodies are dark in color (almost jet black), and are flecked with blue. Their bellies are marked with lateral whitish blotches, and the intestinal coil is not transparent through the skin. A


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: lateral white stripe extends from the body to the tail, and a single spiracle is visible from the anus. They lack beak-like mandibles and the specialized labial tooth generally associated with most tadpoles. The newly transformed toads range from 7–12 mm (0.3-0.5 in) in body length. They are found to share the same habitat as adults, and the older stages of the tadpoles are also toxic to many predators. The males reach sexual maturity in a year, while the females reach sexual maturity in at 1–2 years of age. These toads feed predominantly on ants, termites, small beetles, and other


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: various arthropods, and have been found feeding immediately at the opening of ant hills. These various arthropods make up to 75% of their diet, though other prey include small snails, spiders, mites, collembolans, and lepidopterans. "Gastrophyryne carolinensis" toads are weak jumpers, thus either run or move by short and rapid hops. In general, the males move more than the females. These toads are mainly nocturnal, and generally remain under ground or hidden in debris during the day. A few species reported to prey on eastern narrow-mouthed toads include the copperhead ("Agkistrodon contortrix") and the common garter snakes ("Thamnophis sirtalis"). Other


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: known predators include the glossy watersnakes ("Liodytes rigida"), the eastern cottonmouth ("Agkistrodon piscivorus"), and the cattle egret ("Bubulcus ibis"). This particular toad species avoids predators by burrowing, seeking cover, and/or nocturnal activity patterns. Chemically, they are also capable of producing mucus that produces a violent burning sensation and irritates membranes. The toxins secreted from their skin deter predators, but they also plays a role in inhibiting ant attacks when individuals forage near ant mounds. These toads are accomplished burrowers, and are seldom seen on the surface. Though they may be present in large numbers, their existence is hardly suspected. Though


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: they are not known to establish territories, their mating calling positions can be as close as 2 cm, or as distant as several meters apart. A few fossils belonging to the Miocene epoch have been found in Florida. The ilia of "Gastrophryne" are very distinctive and different from other small anurans. Based on observances of the different developmental features of the ilium between "G. carolinensis" and "G. olivacea", the two species could have differentiated from the early Miocene. According to the IUCN Red List category and criteria, "Gastrophryne carolinensis" is listed as a species of least concern due to its


title: "Gastrophryne carolinensis" content: presumed large population, wide distribution, and ability to adapt to various habitats. Thus, no conservation actions are currently needed, though the population in northern Maryland is protected as an endangered species. Gastrophryne carolinensis Gastrophryne carolinensis, the eastern narrow-mouthed toad, is a species of microhylid frog. It is a relatively small, toad-like amphibian found in damp, shady habitats. The species is highly fossorial, and feeds primarily on ants. These North American microhylids (Family: Microhylidae) are distinguished from true toads (genus "Bufo"), and other anurans by their moist, smooth skin, their lack of eardrums or tympana, their distinguishable squat body shape, and


title: "NU 107" content: and only Home of NU Rock. This is NU 107, we are signing off"", with The Eraserheads' "Ang Huling El Bimbo" as the final song of the station. Outside the building,the crowd joined in with the last half of the song, with loud chanting following after the song had finished. NU 107 signed-off on November 8, 12:05 a.m, after the usual sign-off notice and the Philippine national anthem "Lupang Hinirang", sung by everyone gathered inside the station and outside the building premises, especially the final line of the anthem, which was sung fortississimo in unison, thus marking the end of


title: "Not Pictured" content: Australia, where we learn that Duncan organized the murder. Jackie meets Wallace and tells him that she had to go back to New York, where she is actually from, in order to care for her two-year-old son, whom she left with her mother, when she came to Neptune to reconnect with Terrence. Veronica learns that Keith is alive—he was not ever on the plane, but Woody was. Kendall receives $8 million, as Cassidy basically gave her the money as part of her plan. Veronica and Logan (Jason Dohring) rekindle their relationship. Kendall makes Keith a business proposal, and as a


title: "The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit" content: the hospital. In the final scene, Dominguez has ironed the suit and placed it on a mannequin. As the scene continues, it becomes apparent that the suit is one of the few things the group has left: they are sleeping on a rooftop, with only a few hammocks between them. Vámonos is fine, though his leg is still in a cast. Martinez contemplates that if they were rich, they would never have had the great time they have spent together, before Villanazul tells him to get some sleep. The story's life and inspiration comes from Ray Bradbury's 1958 "Saturday Evening


title: "Antirrhinum majus" content: Antirrhinum majus Antirrhinum majus (common snapdragon; often - especially in horticulture - simply "snapdragon") is a species of flowering plant belonging to the genus "Antirrhinum". The plant was placed in the "Plantaginaceae" family following a revision its prior classical family, "Scrophulariaceae." It is native to the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern France, and east to Turkey and Syria. The common name "snapdragon", originates from the flowers' reaction to having their throats squeezed, which causes the "mouth" of the flower to snap open like a dragon's mouth. It is an herbaceous perennial plant, growing to 0.5–1 m


title: "Antirrhinum majus" content: tall, rarely up to 2 m. The leaves are spirally arranged, broadly lanceolate, 1–7 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad. The flowers are produced on a tall spike, each flower is 3.5-4.5 cm long, zygomorphic, with two 'lips' closing the corolla tube; wild plants have pink to purple flowers, often with yellow lips. The fruit is an ovoid capsule 10–14 mm diameter, containing numerous small seeds. There are five subspecies: "Antirrhinum majus" to some extent can survive frost as well as higher temperature, but does best at temperatures around 17–25 °C. Nighttime temperatures around 15–17 °C encourage growth in both


title: "Antirrhinum majus" content: the apical meristem and stem of "A. majus". The species is able to grow well from seeds, flowering quickly in 3 to 4 months. It is also able to be grown through cutting. Though perennial, the species is often cultivated as a biennial or annual plant, particularly in colder areas where it may not survive the winter. Numerous cultivars are available, including plants with lavender, orange, pink, yellow, or white flowers, and also plants with peloric flowers, where the normal flowering spike is topped with a single large, symmetrical flower. The cultivars ’Floral Showers Deep Bronze’ and ‘Montego Pink’ have


title: "Antirrhinum majus" content: gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit The trailing (creeping) variety is often referred to as "A. majus pendula" (syn. "A. pendula", "A. repens"). It often escapes from cultivation, and naturalised populations occur widely in Europe north of the native range, and elsewhere in temperate regions of the world. In the laboratory it is a model organism, for example containing the gene DEFICIENS which provides the letter "D" in the acronym MADS-box for a family of genes which are important in plant development. "Antirrhinum majus" has been used as a model organism in biochemical and developmental genetics for


title: "Antirrhinum majus" content: nearly a century. Many of the characteristics of "A. majus" made it desirable as a model organism; these include its diploid inheritance, ease of cultivation (having a relatively short generation time of around 4 months), its ease of both self-pollination and cross-pollination, and "A. majus"'s variation in morphology and flowering color. It also benefits from its divergence from "Arabidopsis thaliana", with "A. thaliana"'s use as a common eudicot model, it has been used to compare against "A. majus" in developmental studies. Studies in "A. majus" have also been used to suggest that, at high temperatures, DNA methylation is not vital


title: "Antirrhinum majus" content: in suppressing the Tam3 transposon. Previously, it was suggested that DNA methylation was important in this process, this theory coming from comparisons of the degrees of methylation when transposition is active and inactive. However, "A. majus"'s Tam3 transposon process did not completely support this. Its permission of transposition at 15 °C and strong suppression of transposition at temperatures around 25 °C showed that suppression of the transposition state was unlikely to be caused by the methylation state. It was shown that low temperature-dependent transposition was the cause of the methylation/demethylation of Tam3, not the other way around as previously believed.


title: "Antirrhinum majus" content: It was shown in a study that decreases in the methylation of Tam3 were found in tissue that was still developing at cooler temperatures, but not in tissue that was developed or grown in hotter temperatures. "Antirrhinum majus" has also been used to examine the relationship between pollinators and plants. With debate as to the evolutionary advantages the conical-papillate shape of flower petals, with arguments suggesting the shape either enhanced and intensified the color of the flower or aided in orienting pollinators through sight or touch. The benefit that "A. majus" brought was through an identification of a mutation at


title: "Antirrhinum majus" content: the MIXTA locus that prevented this conical petal shape from forming, This allowed testing of the pollination plants with and without conical petals as well as comparisons of the absorption of light between these two groups. With the MIXTA gene being necessary in the formation of conical cells, the use of the gene in breeding of "Antirrhinum" was crucial, and allowed for the tests which showed why many plants produced conical-papillate epidermal cells. Another role "A. majus" played in examining the relationship between pollinator and plant were in the studies of floral scents. Two of "A. majus"'s enzymes, phenylpropanoids and


title: "Antirrhinum majus" content: isoprenoids, were used in the study of its floral scent production and the scent's effect on attracting pollinators. Antirrhinin is an anthocyanin found in "A. majus". It is the 3-rutinoside of cyanidin. "Antirrhinum majus" may suffer from some pests and diseases. Insects are the primary pests that affect "A. majus". "Antirrhinum majus" suffers mostly from fungal infections. Antirrhinum majus Antirrhinum majus (common snapdragon; often - especially in horticulture - simply "snapdragon") is a species of flowering plant belonging to the genus "Antirrhinum". The plant was placed in the "Plantaginaceae" family following a revision its prior classical family, "Scrophulariaceae." It is


title: "Yugoslav National Movement" content: for world domination through several displays featuring antisemitic propaganda. In December, the Serbian Volunteer Detachments were renamed the Serbian Volunteer Corps (, SDK) and placed under the command of "General der Artillerie" (lieutenant general) Paul Bader. Although it was not formally part of the Wehrmacht, the SDK received arms, ammunition, food and clothing from the Germans. Its units were not allowed to move from their assigned territory without German authorization. Ljotić himself had no control over the SDK, which was directly commanded by Colonel Kosta Mušicki. Like the Serbian State Guard, it was under the direct command of the Higher


title: "Parirenyatwa Hospital" content: Parirenyatwa Hospital Parirenyatwa General Hospital a hospital in Harare and is the largest medical centre in Zimbabwe. The hospital was formerly known as the Andrew Fleming Hospital and was named after the principal medical officer to the British South Africa Company. Following Zimbabwean independence in 1980, the hospital was renamed in honour of Tichafa Samuel Parirenyatwa (1927–1962), a close associate of Joshua Nkomo and the first black person from the country to qualify as a doctor of medicine. As well as its general medical and surgical sections, the hospital includes Mbuya Nehanda, a maternity section; Sekuru Kaguvi, which specialises in


title: "Hunterston B nuclear power station" content: developed, and a bypass pipe was installed to remove the water contaminated with CO to the seawater cooling ponds. When maintenance work was carried out on the reactor and the pressure in the gas cooling system was reduced, sea water was able to flow back up this bypass pipe and into the reactor. The residual heat of the reactor was such that the seawater evaporated rapidly, leaving deposits of salt in the reactor around the gas circuit. It was estimated at the time that the reactor could be out of operation for a year, that the repairs could cost £14


title: "U.S. Route 20 in New York" content: a second corporation, the Third Great Western Turnpike, was chartered to further extend the road to Cazenovia. The Third Great Western Turnpike was completed as planned by 1811 and was heavily used by people trying to establish new settlements in central New York. The two turnpikes, collectively known as the Cherry Valley Turnpike, became a stagecoach route in 1816. The Cherry Valley Turnpike name was also later applied to an untolled extension of the road west to Skaneateles. The establishment of the Erie Canal and the Utica and Schenectady Railroad slowly ate away at the revenues of the Cherry Valley


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: Sussex Spaniel The Sussex Spaniel is a breed of dog developed in Sussex in southern England. It is a low, compact spaniel and is similar in appearance to the Clumber Spaniel. They can be slow-paced, but can have a clownish and energetic temperament. They suffer from health conditions common to spaniels and some large dogs, as well as a specific range of heart conditions and spinal disc herniation. First bred in 1795 in Hastings, East Sussex for specific hunting conditions, they nearly became extinct during the Second World War. They are now more popular in the United States than any


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: other country and are recognised by all major kennel clubs. Notably, a Sussex Spaniel won the best in show in 2009 at the 133rd Westminster Kennel Club. The Sussex Spaniel is a low compact spaniel similar in appearance to a small, dark Clumber Spaniel. It is normally no taller than at the withers and the usual weight range is with a roughly rectangular appearance. The Clumber Spaniel meanwhile is normally between high at the shoulder, and weighing . One of the noticeable features is their golden liver-coloured coat which is unique to the breed. Historically however, there have also been


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: examples of both black and sandy coloured Sussex Spaniels. The coat is thick (sometimes with a slight wave to it), feathering on the chest, legs and ears and consists of a weather-resistant undercoat with a silky outer coat. The eyes are hazel in colour. The silky ears are lobe-shaped typical of the Spaniel, and set moderately low. The Sussex is a short, stocky kind of dog. The Sussex Spaniel is a slow-paced, calm breed with somewhat clownish behaviour that normally keeps his energy and enthusiasm in check. He is always eager to be around people, is excellent around children, and


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: can be quite protective of the family. They make excellent candidates for therapy dog work. Most Sussex Spaniels are primarily family pets, but they are competent enough to aid a hunter though quite stubborn to train. They tend to have a natural ability to quarter in the field, have excellent noses, and can be used to retrieve, given training. The breed is the only spaniel to howl once a game's scent is picked up. The breed is generally healthy with an average life span of 12 to 15 years. Hip dysplasia, a genetic malformation of the hip joint, may be


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: a concern but because of the breed's compact nature is not often seriously debilitating. Surveys conducted by the Orthopedic Foundation For Animals showed that 41.5% of Sussex Spaniels were affected by hip dysplasia, and the breed was ranked 9th worst affected out of 157 breeds. Another common condition is otitis externa (outer ear infections), which is common to a variety of spaniels, as the long floppy ears trap moisture, making them more prone to recurrent infections than dogs with more upright ears. The infections can be caused by a variety of reasons including mites, ear fungi and generally dirt and


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: germs. Treatment is relatively simple and can range from prescribed antibiotics to over-the-counter ear cleaning liquids. Whelping sometimes presents difficulties and require caesarean section for successful delivery of the puppies. Heart conditions in the Sussex Spaniel can include pulmonary valve stenosis, which is the most common of the congenital heart defects. Essentially, in an animal with this condition, the pulmonary valve is improperly formed which causes the heart to work much faster to pump blood around the body. The final results of this condition can be swelling of fluid in the chambers of the heart, thickening of the heart muscle


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: known as ventricular hypertrophy leading to eventual heart failure. Patent ductus arteriosus also appears in the breed. It is a condition where a small blood vessel connecting two major arteries does not close following birth. It can cause complications as it is positioned to allow the blood flow to bypass the lungs. It also appears in American Staffordshire Terriers. A heart condition uncommon to the breed is tetralogy of Fallot, which is more common in the Keeshond and English Bulldog breeds relatively. It is actually a combination of up to four conditions, including the previously mentioned pulmonary valve stenosis, with


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: a secondary condition of right ventricular hypertrophy. The other conditions are ventricular septal defect which is a defect or hole in the wall of the heart between the two ventricles and the aorta which carries the blood from the left to the right side of the heart can be mis-positioned. The effect on the dog depends on the severity of the condition, and can range from a heart murmur through to reduced activity levels to death. Symptoms in puppies are generally a failure to grow and a reduced tolerance for exercise. Active treatment is effective in around 50% of cases.


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: Also commonly called spinal disc herniation, this is where the intervertebral disc bulges or ruptures into the vertebral canal where the spinal cord resides. When the cord is compressed, the dog can experience symptoms ranging in scope from mild back or neck pain to paralysis of limbs, loss of sensation, and loss of bladder or bowel control. It is most commonly seen in the mid-back area, but can occur anywhere along the spine. Mild cases that do not result in paralysis can be treated medically by confining the animal in a crate to restrict movement to a minimum for several


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: weeks, which can be accompanied by pain medication. Surgery can restore sensation to a dog's legs following paralysis but the success rate depends on how severe the herniation was. In 1795, Mr. Fuller of Rosehill Park, Hastings in East Sussex, England began breeding gun dogs to work in districts where the terrain was rough and the undergrowth very dense which meant that a spaniel was needed which could give tongue or to alert the hunter on his quarry. Fuller crossed various breeds such as the liver and white Norfolk Spaniel (now extinct), the Field Spaniel, and possibly some early English


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: Springer Spaniels. The Sussex was bred specifically to inherit the barking ability that was not common in most Spaniel breeds during this era. The Sussex Spaniel was one of the first ten breeds admitted into the stud book by the American Kennel Club in 1884, but lost what little popularity it had achieved in the 1940s. During World War II, breeding was discouraged but the Sussex saved from extinction by English breeder Joy Freer. All modern Sussex Spaniels are descended from the dogs she saved. In 1947, only ten Sussex Spaniels were registered in the English Kennel Club. In 2004


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: the breed was identified as a vulnerable native breed by Kennel Club of Great Britain which are described as having annual registration figures of less than 300 per year. In 2008, only 56 puppies were registered. In 2009 a Sussex Spaniel named "Clussexx Three D Grinchy Glee," call name "Stump," won best in show at the 133rd Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. At 10 years old, Stump is the oldest dog to win this title. The breed is more popular in the United States than any other country. It is recognised by the Continental Kennel Club, Fédération Cynologique Internationale, American


title: "Sussex Spaniel" content: Kennel Club, Kennel Club of Great Britain, Canadian Kennel Club, National Kennel Club, New Zealand Kennel Club, and the American Canine Registry. Sussex Spaniel The Sussex Spaniel is a breed of dog developed in Sussex in southern England. It is a low, compact spaniel and is similar in appearance to the Clumber Spaniel. They can be slow-paced, but can have a clownish and energetic temperament. They suffer from health conditions common to spaniels and some large dogs, as well as a specific range of heart conditions and spinal disc herniation. First bred in 1795 in Hastings, East Sussex for specific


title: "Devil Dice" content: Devil Dice Devil Dice (XI, pronounced "Sai", in Japan) is a puzzle video game developed by Shift exclusively on PlayStation. It was originally created for the "homebrew" Net Yaroze platform, but it later turned into a commercial game. Released in 1998, it is one of only a handful of games to make the leap from Net Yaroze to commercial release. The game is a million-seller and a demo version was released as a PlayStation Classic game for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable (PSP) on 7 November 2007. "Devil Dice" is a unique puzzle video game, where the player controls


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: Scarborough Castle Scarborough Castle is a former medieval Royal fortress situated on a rocky promontory overlooking the North Sea and Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England. The site of the castle, encompassing the Iron Age settlement, Roman signal station, an Anglo-Scandinavian settlement and chapel, the 12th-century enclosure castle and 18th-century battery, is a scheduled monument of national importance. Fortifications for a wooden castle were built in the 1130s, but the present stone castle dates from the 1150s. Over the centuries, several other structures were added, with medieval monarchs investing heavily in what was then an important fortress that guarded the Yorkshire coastline,


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: Scarborough's port trade, and the north of England from Scottish or continental invasion. It was fortified and defended during various civil wars, sieges and conflicts, as kings fought with rival barons, faced rebellion and clashed with republican forces, though peace with Scotland and the conclusion of civil and continental wars in the 17th century led to its decline in importance. Once occupied by garrisons and governors who often menaced the town, the castle has been a ruin since the sieges of the English Civil War, but attracts many visitors to climb the battlements, take in the views and enjoy the


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: accompanying interactive exhibition and special events run by English Heritage. Archaeological excavations in the 1920s produced evidence which suggests a hill fort was built on the headland where the castle now stands. Finds were dated to between 900–500 BC, part of the late Bronze Age/early Iron Age. Among finds dating back about 3,000 years, a Bronze Age sword, thought to have been a ritual offering, is on display in the castle exhibition. A 4th-century Roman signal station, one of several on the Yorkshire coast, was built on the headland at the cliff top. The station was to warn of approaching


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: hostile vessels, and took advantage of a natural source of fresh water which became known as the "Well of Our Lady". The remains of the signal tower were excavated in the 1920s revealing it to be square in plan around a small courtyard. It measured about 33 metres across and was built of wood on stone foundations with a gatehouse and an outer ditch. The Anglo-Saxons built a chapel on the station site around the year 1000, the remains of which are still visible. This is reputed to have been destroyed during the invasion of Harald Hardrada in 1066. A


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: much later Icelandic poem claims that a Viking settlement around the harbour was burnt down in 1066 by Hardrada's forces, who built a large bonfire on the headland to supply burning brands to hurl at the villagers below. However, there is no archaeological evidence of such an event, nor any of the Viking presence. The first evidence of the harbour settlement coincides with the establishment of the stone castle around 1157–1164. This grew from a small settlement around a wooden fortress which the stone castle replaced. William le Gros, Count of Aumale, a powerful Anglo-Norman baron and grand-nephew of William


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: the Conqueror, built a wooden fortification after his receipt of the Earldom of York, from King Stephen in 1138, granted as reward for his victory at the Battle of the Standard. Aumale may have re-founded the town of "Scardeburg", though there is little evidence of this. As with other castles, there would have been at least a small settlement nearby. Some information on the establishment of the castle has survived in the chronicle of William of Newburgh, a monk who in the 1190s wrote about its foundation. The castle had a gate tower, curtain wall, dry moat and chapel. This


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: motte and bailey castle subsequently disappeared, with only the small, raised mound of the motte visible in the inner bailey today. The fate of the original fortifications is unclear. Henry II ordered that all royal castles be returned to the Crown. He had a policy of destroying adulterine castles, built without royal permission, during Stephen's chaotic reign. Initially, Aumale resisted the call to hand over Scarborough, which he had built on a royal manor, until Henry's forces arrived at York. The wooden castle vanished – William of Newburgh, writing near the time, claimed that the structure had decayed through age


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: and the elements, battered beyond repair on the windswept headland. Later interpretations view this as implausible and argue that Henry wanted to stamp his mark on Scarborough, by demolishing William's fort and creating a much stronger stone complex. From about 1157, Henry II rebuilt the castle using stone. Much of the building work occurred between 1159 and 1169, when the three-storey keep was built and a stone wall replaced the wooden palisade protecting the inner bailey. By the end of Henry's reign in 1189, a total of £682, 15 shillings and threepence had been spent on the castle, of which


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: £532 was spent between 1157 and 1164. Henry's average annual income during his reign was about £10,000. The castle became a strategic northern stronghold for The Crown. Henry II granted the town that had grown up beneath the fortress, the title of Royal Borough. While Richard I (reigned 1189–1199) had spent nothing on the castle, his brother King John (reigned 1199–1216) ensured that it was a comfortable residence for himself and his retinue. John's rule was strongly opposed by the northern barons, so the castle at Scarborough was fortified as a strategic stronghold. John visited the castle four times during


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: his reign, and spent a considerable sum on the castle. He built the curtain wall on the west and south sides during 1202–1212, and a new hall called the "King's Chambers", later Mosdale Hall. In total, John spent £2,291, three shillings and fourpence on the castle. This included £780 that was earmarked for repairing the roof of the keep in 1211–1212; John spent more on the castle than any other monarch. The Pipe Rolls, records of royal expenditure, show that John spent over £17,000 on 95 castles during his reign spread, and Scarborough received the most investment. Improvements continued under


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: Henry III (reigned 1216–1272). By this time, Scarborough was a thriving port, and though he never visited the castle, Henry spent a considerable sum on its upkeep. Around 1240–1250, he installed a new barbican consisting of two towers flanking the gateway, with another two towers protecting the approach. These were completed in 1343, although have been much-modified since. At this time, the castle was a powerful base which an unscrupulous governor could abuse: Geoffrey de Neville, who was governor for 20 years in the 13th century, used the garrison to seize port goods. Since governors were not required to reside


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: in the castle, they often pocketed funds rather than used them for repairs. By the mid-to-late 13th century, the defences were decaying, floorboards rotted, roof tiles were missing and armouries bare of weaponry. Corruption continued among the castle's custodians, who acted with impunity as the castle was outside the jurisdiction of the borough. In the 1270s, governor William de Percy blocked the main road into Scarborough and imposed illegal tolls. Despite its decline, in 1265 the castle was committed to Prince Edward, later Edward I (reigned 1272–1307), who held court there in 1275 and 1280. In 1295, hostages from his


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: campaigns to subjugate Wales were held at the castle. Henry de Percy, who occupied the castle from 1308, had a bakehouse, brewhouse and kitchens built in the inner bailey. and the castle was once again made into a major fortification. Edward II (reigned 1307–1327) imprisoned some of his Scottish enemies there in 1311. In 1312 he gave Isabella de Vesci the castles of Bamburgh and Scarborough. The castle was considered to be the natural place for the king's favourite knight, the Gascon Piers Gaveston, to seek sanctuary when pursued by the barons who had imposed the Ordinances of 1311. The


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: Ordinances were imposed to curb the King's power, and the barons saw Gaveston as a threat to their interests. Sir Robert Felton was governor of Scarborough Castle in 1311 and was slain at Stirling in 1314. In April 1312, Edward made Gaveston the governor of Scarborough Castle, but his tenure would be brief. In May, the Earls of Pembroke and Warenne, together with Henry de Percy, besieged and took the castle. Despite its strong defences, it fell quickly due to lack of provisions. Gaveston was promised safe escort from the castle, but on the journey south was captured by the


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: Earl of Warwick and killed. Scarborough fared little better; Edward punished the town for not supporting Gaveston by revoking its royal privileges and placing it under the direct rule of appointed governors. At the time of the Hundred Years War (1337–1453), Scarborough was an important port for the wool trade, so was attacked several times by enemy forces. With rumours of a French invasion, a 1393 inquiry into the state of the castle led to repairs being carried out in 1396 and 1400. Henry VI (reigned 1422–1461; 1470–1471) ordered major repairs between 1424 and 1429. Richard III (reigned 1483–1485) was


title: "Scarborough Castle" content: the last monarch to enter its grounds. He resided at the castle in 1484 while forming a fleet to fight the Tudors, a struggle he lost along with his life the following year. After assaults by forces from France and Scotland in the early 16th century, in 1536 Robert Aske unsuccessfully tried to take the castle during the Pilgrimage of Grace, a revolt against the Dissolution of the Monasteries and Henry VIII's (reigned 1509–1547) break with the Roman Catholic Church. Repairs were made in 1537, and in 1538 some of the lead of the towers was used by the keeper,