title: "Sewall Memorial Torches" content: Indianapolis culture with the dedicated of the two torches, which were erected outside what was then the John Herron Art Institute. The art school later became the Herron School of Art and Design, and is located on the Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) campus. The Art Association changed its name to the Indianapolis Museum of Art in 1969, and moved to its current location on Michigan Road in 1970, at which point the torches were put in storage. In 2010 the lampposts were returned to their original location outside the building that houses Herron High School, a public


title: Skomarje content: Skomarje Skomarje () is a settlement in the Pohorje Hills northwest of Zreče in northeastern Slovenia. The area was traditionally part of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the Municipality of Zreče in the Savinja Statistical Region. Until 1994, Skomarje was part of a larger settlement together with what is now Vitanjsko Skomarje. The new municipalities of Zreče and Vitanje were created in 1994, with a border running through Skomarje, and the two parts were both officially named "Skomarje - del" (literally, 'part of Skomarje'). The settlement in the Municipality of Vitanje was renamed "Vitanjsko Skomarje" in


title: "Charles Folkard" content: of books between 1915 and 1926: "Teddy Tail in Nursery Rhyme Land" (1915), "Teddy Tail in Fairyland" (1916), "Teddy Tail's Alphabet" (1921), and "Teddy Tail's Adventures in the A B Sea" (1926). The success of the character inspired other newspapers to create similar characters such as "Pip and Squeak", and "Rupert Bear". After World War I, Folkard continued to produce arrays of books for the firm of A. & C. Black including "Mother Goose's Nursery Rhymes" (1919), "British Fairy and Folk Tales" (1920), "Songs from Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass" (1921), "The Magic Egg" (1922), and the Polish


title: "Mandé creation myth" content: the egg, to rejoin his twin and his place in the rest of the placenta. But it was not to be found-Mangala had changed the remaining placenta into the sun. So Pemba stole male seeds from Mangala's clavicle, and took them to the barren earth and planted them there. Only one of them could germinate in the dry earth, a male eleusine seed which grew in the blood of the placenta. But because Pemba had stolen the seed and it germinated in Pemba's own placenta, the earth became impure and the eleusine seed turned red. Faro, the other male twin,


title: "Alfredo Véa Jr." content: Alfredo Véa Jr. Alfredo Véa Jr. (born 28 June 1950) is a Mexican-Yaqui-Filipino-American lawyer and novelist who has written four novels: "La Maravilla", "The Silver Cloud Café", "Gods Go Begging", which the "Los Angeles Times" named one of the best books of 1999, and "The Mexican Flyboy," which won a 2017 American Book Award. Alfredo Véa was born in the desert near Phoenix, Arizona "around 1950; nobody knows" to Lorenza Carvajal, a thirteen year old of Yaqui and Spanish ancestry. Although "La Maravilla" copyright page lists his birth year as 1952, he later designated June 28, 1950 as the date


title: "Jacksel M. Broughton" content: staff of the 78th Air Defense Wing at Hamilton Air Force Base, California. From September 1962 to June 1964, when he was promoted to colonel, Broughton commanded the 5th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, an Air Defense Command squadron of Convair F-106 Delta Darts at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota, and was instrumental in getting the aircraft's deadly ejection seat replaced. He graduated from two professional military education schools, the Air Command and Staff College in 1958, and the National War College in 1965. He was then assigned as deputy commander for operations (DCS/Ops) of the 6441st Tactical Fighter Wing at Yokota


title: "Cape Aya" content: Cape Aya Cape Aya ("the holy one" in Greek, Άγια) is a rocky promontory jutting out into the Black Sea southeast of Balaklava. This 13-km-long offspur of the Crimean Mountains separates Laspi Bay (to the east) from Balaklava Bay (to the west). The highest point, Kokiya-Kiya (literally "Blue Cliff") is . The headland is full of grottoes; it is protected as a national "zakaznik". A storm off Cape Aya is the subject of one of Aivazovsky's paintings. A Soviet guided missile system was located on Cape Aya. Viktor Yanukovych, the former President of Ukraine, ordered the construction of a luxurious


title: "Cape Aya" content: private residence on Cape Aya. The "New Mezhyhyria" was still unfinished when the 2014 Ukrainian Revolution ousted Yanukovych from his post. Cape Aya Cape Aya ("the holy one" in Greek, Άγια) is a rocky promontory jutting out into the Black Sea southeast of Balaklava. This 13-km-long offspur of the Crimean Mountains separates Laspi Bay (to the east) from Balaklava Bay (to the west). The highest point, Kokiya-Kiya (literally "Blue Cliff") is . The headland is full of grottoes; it is protected as a national "zakaznik". A storm off Cape Aya is the subject of one of Aivazovsky's paintings. A Soviet


title: "Plattekill (town), New York" content: Plattekill (town), New York Plattekill is a town in Ulster County, New York, United States. The population was 10,499 at the 2010 census. The name is derived from a stream, the Platte Kill. The Town of Plattekill is in the southeast part of the county. The town is immediately north of the Town of Newburgh. The five official hamlets in the town include Ardonia, Clintondale, Modena, New Hurley, and Plattekill. The town was settled early in the 18th century. The Town of Plattekill was established in 1800 from part of the Town of Marlborough. The population of the town in


title: "Thomas William Lancaster" content: and priest in 1812, he became in the latter year curate of Banbury in Oxfordshire, and vicar of Banbury in 1815. He resigned his fellowship at Queen's on his marriage in 1816. His relations with his parishioners were not happy, and although he retained the living of Banbury for upwards of thirty-three years, he resided in Oxford about half that time. In 1849, the new bishop of Oxford, Samuel Wilberforce, induced him to exchange Banbury for the rectory of Over Worton, a small village near Woodstock. He did not find the new living more congenial than the old, and continued


title: "Love Parade disaster" content: an expert witness." Keith Still was also criticized by newspapers and the victims' attorney for disregarding possible mistakes by the police, causing the prosecutors to only include staff of the event organizer and the city among the ten defendants it charged. In April 2017 a Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) decided that a criminal trial against 10 festival organizers and city employees should go ahead. It ruled that there was a "sufficient probability" of convictions and that the lower court (Landgericht) had set "overly high demands" of the chances of conviction to make its decision. The Higher Court dismissed several key


title: "Marko's Monastery" content: Marko's Monastery Marko's Monastery (Macedonian and ) is a monastery located in the village of Markova Sušica, from central Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia. The monastery bears the name of Serbian Prince Marko who reigned at the time of its completion. Marko's Monastery has been active since its establishment. Marko's Monastery contains a single cross-shaped church dedicated to Saint Demetrius. The monastery grounds also consist of lodgings, a belfry, a well, warehouses, a bakery, and a mill. The monastery still operates a special oven used to make rakija. The church has a narthex, a central dome and a smaller


title: "Marko's Monastery" content: dome on the western side. It was built of bricks and stone. The iconstasis is made of stone pillars. The frescoes inside the church were done by a number of painters from the region. The Holy Mother of God, the twelve great feasts, Jesus Christ, and Saint Nicholas are some of the subjects depicted in the frescoes. Construction of the Church of Saint Demetrius began under King Vukašin in 1346. The church, including the interior paintings, were completed 30 years later. Before Ottoman rule, the monastery had a school and many monks and priests would write manuscripts. In 1392, Skopje


title: "Marko's Monastery" content: fell under Ottoman rule, which led to the destruction of many churches and monasteries in the area. Marko's Monastery, however, suffered almost no damage. During the Ottoman era, in 1467/8 the monastery is recorded as having 20 monks. Kiril Pejčinović was the hegumen of Marko's Monastery from 1801 to 1818. In 1830, Ottoman aristocrat Hamzi Paşa added an exonarthex to the church. Marko's Monastery Marko's Monastery (Macedonian and ) is a monastery located in the village of Markova Sušica, from central Skopje in the Republic of Macedonia. The monastery bears the name of Serbian Prince Marko who reigned at the


title: "Video Violence" content: as part of their Basement collection. Video Violence Video violence also known as Video Violence... When Renting is Not Enough is a 1987 American Independent horror film directed by Gary Cohen. The film is shot with a VHS camera similar to many rental films of the 1980s and early 90s. Unsuspecting couple Steve and Rachel become completely immersed in a town of blood-drunk crazies. Led by sickos Howard and Eli, these backwater psychopaths produce and watch their own snuff movies, in which the victims are outsiders or citizens trying to leave the close-knit community of killers. One day an unmarked


title: "Offspring (TV series)" content: on Netflix in the United States in 2017. Many countries in Europe aired the series where in 2011, it was picked up by Sony Entertainment Television in Spain, under the title "Descubriendo a Nina", AXN White in Portugal, as "Descobrindo Nina", and by the TLC network for Norway, Netherlands in July, Russia, screening on Sundays, and Sweden, where it was aired on Thursdays at 9:00pm, while in 2012, it debuted on RTÉ One and is available on in Ireland in a late Sunday night time slot, 2013 on YLE TV2 in Finland Mondays at 10:05pm, and additionally, it appeared in


title: "Max Wolf Valerio" content: from the counselor. Testosterone is a male sex hormone used in female to male gender reassignment. In women, the ovaries and adrenal glands produce testosterone naturally but at about one tenth the amount the typical male would produce. The hormone plays a role in the development of the sex drive, sperm production, fat distribution, red cell production and the maintenance of muscle mass and muscle strength. FTM transexxuals report an increase of sex drive because of the testosterone as Max goes into detail in his book The Testosterone Files The physical effects of HRT or Hormone Replacement Therapy using testosterone


title: "1996–97 S.S.C. Napoli season" content: 1996–97 S.S.C. Napoli season S.S.C. Napoli continued its steady decline with another lacklustre season. Once more, goalscoring was at a premium, with only 28 goals being scored in the 34 league games. Coach Luigi Simoni was sacked and replaced by youth team coach Vincenzo Montefusco, who led the team to the Coppa Italia final against Vicenza, where Napoli won at home thanks to Fabio Pecchia's goal, but lost 3-0 away from home, and therefore failed to win the trophy. The 13th place in the domestic league was the worst for 14 years, and one year on, Napoli was ultimately relegated.


title: "Håkon Øverby" content: Håkon Øverby Håkon Øverby (born 5 December 1941) is a retired Norwegian sport wrestler. He was born in Oslo, and represented the sports club SK av 1909. He participated in the 82 kg weight class (middleweight) in wrestling at the 1968 Summer Olympics, where he exited after the fourth round. He then finished fifth at the 1968 European Wrestling Championships and fifth at the 1969 World Wrestling Championships. He then participated in the 90 kg weight class (light-heavyweight) in wrestling at the 1972 Summer Olympics, where he finished fifth overall. He took eleven national championships (eight in light heavyweight) between


title: "Identity (Sakanaction song)" content: at the Nippon Budokan on October 8, 2010 was released as "Sakanaquarium (B)". The song features on the band's following video albums, "Sakanaquarium 2011 Documentaly: Live at Makuhari Messe", "Sakanaquarium 2013 Sakanaction: Live at Makuhari Messe 2013.5.19", and "Sakanatribe 2014: Live at Tokyo Dome City Hall". It also makes an appearance on their digitally exclusive live album "Sakanaquarium 2012 "Zepp Alive"" (2012). The cover artwork is an actualisation of the song's message of questioning the nature of self-identity. It features a question mark design created by stacked copies of Sakanaction's previously released CDs, created by designer Kamikene of Hatos. The


title: "Fort Ann (village), New York" content: including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over. Fort Ann (village), New York Fort Ann is a village in Washington County, New York, United States. It is part of the Glens Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area. The village population was 471 at the 2000 census. The name is derived indirectly from Queen Anne and the local fortification built in 1757 and named after her. The village of Fort Ann is part of the town of Fort Ann at the junction of US Route 4 and New York State Route 149. The area was the


title: "Bropho v Western Australia" content: would be "wholly frustrated" if the statute did not bind the Crown. The High Court unanimously upheld Bropho's appeal, holding that Section 17 of the "Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972" bound the Crown in right of Western Australia. Chief Justice Mason and Justices Deane, Dawson, Toohey, Gaudron and McHugh delivered a joint judgment. Justice Brennan delivered his own judgment that concurred with the joint judgment. The joint judgment affirmed the presumption against a statute binding the Crown. However, the judgment overturned the "Bombay" requirement that the presumption could only be rebutted by express words or necessary implication, criticising it as an


title: "Revolt of Lyon against the National Convention" content: on the destruction of the city walls. On 12 October Barère, a leading member of the government, put a decree through the convention that Lyon was to lose its name, and would instead be known as Ville-Affranchie "(Liberated City)" and would be destroyed. All the properties occupied by rich people would be demolished, leaving just the houses of the poor and the homes of duped or banished patriots, buildings specially dedicated to industry and monuments dedicated to humanity and public instruction. On the ruins of Lyon would be erected a commemorative column which would testify to posterity the crimes committed


title: "Zack Hemsey" content: been featured in film trailers for "The Town", "Lincoln", "2 Guns", and a few others. "Vengeance" has also been featured in the film "The Equalizer", in a trailer for the second season of the HBO program "Game of Thrones", and the trailer for the 21st Century Fox miniseries ""; the trailer for "24: Live Another Day" aired during Fox Sports' U.S. TV broadcast of Super Bowl XLVIII. Hemsey began his career as the composer for an obscure hip-hop group called Nine Leaves, where he was one of five lyricists / MCs. He began his solo career in 2010 with the


title: "Bavarian Senate" content: term of six years. The number of seats representing each group was fixed by the constitution of Bavaria: Internationally, the Senate's composition was similar to the Vocational panels in the Irish senate. It also bore remnants of council-democratic ideas. The Senate's main role was consulting other state institutions and delivering legal opinion. It also had the power to delay state legislation passed by the Landtag within a month (one week for urgent acts). However, the Landtag could overturn the veto by a simple majority, the same majority required to pass a law in the first place. In the 1990s, public


title: "The Life (advertisement)" content: an "Eastern Bloc" aesthetic. These included several areas around Chernobyl, Ukraine. However, the tight schedule precluded using locations too distant from one another for different scenes and, in the end, three spots outside of Budapest, Hungary were settled upon: the cooling tower of an active nuclear power station was dressed to act as the backdrop to the opening funeral scene; an open-pit coal mine served as the setting for the battle scenes, and an abandoned aluminum factory was used to stage the closing funeral scene. Sanders drew inspiration for the shooting style and aesthetic of the commercial from a variety


title: "Strobilomyces strobilaceus" content: Strobilomyces strobilaceus Strobilomyces strobilaceus, also called Strobilomyces floccopus and commonly known as old man of the woods, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is native to Europe and North America. Fruit bodies are characterized by very soft dark grey to black pyramidal and overlapping scales on the cap surface. "Strobilomyces strobilaceus" is classified in the section "Strobilomyces" of the genus "Strobilomyces". Species in this section are characterized by having spores that may be either smooth or with short spines or warts, ridges or reticulations. The ornamentation is reduced or absent in the suprahilar region—a depressed area


title: "Strobilomyces strobilaceus" content: near the hilar appendage. It was first described scientifically by the Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1770 as a species of "Boletus". The caps of the fruit bodies are between wide, with a convex shape and a villous, involute margin. The cap surface is covered with dark grey to black erect scales. The stipe is up to long and thick. It is coloured like the cap and has a woolly surface and a thick, ascending annulus. The pores on the underside of the cap are hexagonal, coloured dirty white or grey. The flesh is thick and initially white, but


title: "Strobilomyces strobilaceus" content: will stain pink and then slate grey and black after exposure to the air. The dark brown to black spores are 9–15 by 8–12 μm, short elliptic and are covered with a mesh-like ornament. "Strobilomyces confusus" has a slightly smaller cap with smaller and stiff scales. Its spores have irregular ridges that resemble a partial mesh. The cap of "Strobilomyces dryophilus" is coloured a dull grey pink to pinkish tan and produces spores with a complete mesh. "Strobilomyces strobilaceus" is found solitary or in groups in deciduous as well as coniferous forests in low mountain ranges and alpine areas of


title: "Strobilomyces strobilaceus" content: Europe, North America and Asia (Iran and Taiwan). It is less common in lowlands. The fungus appears between August and October and young specimens are edible. On February 27, 2014, the postal administration of Switzerland issued a 50-centime definitive postage stamp depicting "Strobilomyces strobilaceus". Strobilomyces strobilaceus Strobilomyces strobilaceus, also called Strobilomyces floccopus and commonly known as old man of the woods, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is native to Europe and North America. Fruit bodies are characterized by very soft dark grey to black pyramidal and overlapping scales on the cap surface. "Strobilomyces strobilaceus" is


title: "Causes of the Dutch Revolt" content: extraordinary levies ("Beden") granted by the States-General when ordinary tax revenues fell short of the financing requirements of the central government (which occurred frequently, due to the many wars Charles waged). Though he was in the Netherlands in January, 1556, Philip II did not assume the reins of government in person, as he had to divide his attentions between England (where he was king-consort of Mary I of England), the Netherlands, and Spain. He therefore appointed a governor-general Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, and subsequently from 1559 on, a Regent (his half-sister Margaret of Parma) to lead the central government


title: "Setaria viridis" content: Setaria viridis Setaria viridis is a species of grass known by many common names, including green foxtail, green bristlegrass, and wild foxtail millet. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of "Setaria italica". It is native to Eurasia, but it is known on most continents as an introduced species and is closely related to "Setaria faberi", a noxious weed. It is a hardy grass which grows in many types of urban, cultivated, and disturbed habitat, including vacant lots, sidewalks, railroads, lawns, and at the margins of fields. It is the wild antecedent of the crop foxtail millet. In Korea, the flower


title: "Setaria viridis" content: blooms in midsummer (July–August). This is an annual grass with decumbent or erect stems growing up to a meter long, and known to reach two meters or more at times. The leaf blades are up to 40 centimeters long and 2.5 wide and glabrous. The inflorescence is a dense, compact, spikelike panicle up to 20 centimeters long, growing erect or sometimes nodding at the tip only. Spikelets are 1.8 - 2.2 mm long. Each is subtended by up to three stiff bristles. Its fertile lemmas are finely cross-wrinkled. "Setaria viridis" is often confused with "S. faberi," (Chinese or Giant Foxtail),


title: "Setaria viridis" content: which has sparse, soft hairs on the leaves and a nodding inflorescence. "Setaria viridis" is closely related to "S. italica" (Foxtail Millet), which has larger spikelets about 3 mm long and usually smooth, shiny upper lemmas. Foxtail Millet was cultivated in China by 2700 B.C. and during the Stone Age in Europe. "S. viridis" has been proposed as a model to study C4 photosynthesis and related bioenergy grasses. It has a short life cycle (6–8 weeks), is transformable and is currently being sequenced. Genetic resources are currently being developed by a number of groups. A method to break the prolonged


title: "Setaria viridis" content: seed dormancy has been discovered recently and all these could contribute towards making "S. viridis" a choice monocot genetic model system. Setaria viridis Setaria viridis is a species of grass known by many common names, including green foxtail, green bristlegrass, and wild foxtail millet. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of "Setaria italica". It is native to Eurasia, but it is known on most continents as an introduced species and is closely related to "Setaria faberi", a noxious weed. It is a hardy grass which grows in many types of urban, cultivated, and disturbed habitat, including vacant lots, sidewalks, railroads,


title: "Old Second National Bank" content: interior. A red tile floor was intended to resemble a large oriental rug. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 8, 1979. Old Second National Bank The Old Second National Bank of Aurora is a historic building in Aurora, Illinois. It was designed in the Prairie School style by George Grant Elmslie and was one of his last commissions. The Old Second National Bank of Aurora was designed by George Grant Elmslie in 1924. The Prairie School style of design was, at this point, already a fading trend. Elmslie was nearing the end of


title: "James Milson" content: been farming in the Colony for 15 years, or, in his own words, that Milson had been assigned convict servants from about 1810. Milson initially leased this 120 acres of land for 7 years which extended to 30 June 1828 for a rent of £10 per annum "as a matter of favour" from Campbell. A lease agreement was signed by both parties with each taking a copy. The lease was then extended in a memorandum between the parties for a further period of 3 years to 30 June 1831 on the same terms. Non-payment of the rent on this lease


title: "Jacob Binck" content: is an agreeable taste in the turn of his figures. There has existed considerable confusion respecting the marks of the artists of this period, particularly those whose names commence with a B. The works of this master are generally marked with a cipher, the C meaning Coloniensis. Several other engravers used the initials I. B., one of whom, very skilful indeed, and possessed of much invention, is mistaken by Sandrart for Bink. The following are his principal prints: With about fifteen other ornamental trifles. His prints amount in number to 140, but many of them are copies from Dürer, Sebald


title: "Sidalcea glaucescens" content: Sidalcea glaucescens Sidalcea glaucescens is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family known by the common name waxy checkerbloom. It is native to California, where it grows in the southernmost mountains of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada, its distribution extending just over the border into Nevada. It can be found in mountain meadow habitats of yellow pine forest, red fir forest, lodgepole forest, and subalpine forest. "Sidalcea glaucescens" is a perennial herb grows from a thick taproot and caudex unit, producing a slender, waxy stem up to long. The leaves are deeply divided into about five


title: "Sidalcea glaucescens" content: lobes which may be forked or edged with smaller lobes. The inflorescence is a loose panicle of several flowers with pink or purplish petals 1 to 2 centimeters long. The bloom period is June to August. Sidalcea glaucescens Sidalcea glaucescens is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family known by the common name waxy checkerbloom. It is native to California, where it grows in the southernmost mountains of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada, its distribution extending just over the border into Nevada. It can be found in mountain meadow habitats of yellow pine forest, red fir


title: "Monster High" content: been broadcast as television specials and films on Nickelodeon. The web series and videos serve as a platform to launch new doll characters. In 2015, the series released a reboot and origin story called "Welcome to Monster High", using new face molds, movie animation, a slogan ("How Do You Boo?"), and the song "This Is How We Boo", performed by Jordin Sparks. In the town of New Salem, the teenage children of famous monsters attend a school for monsters called Monster High. Their stories are told through the TV series/ webseries and films, as well as through diaries included with


title: "Registrar of the University of Oxford" content: of a registrar in the 15th century, though the list of Registrars published by the university in the 19th century begins with John London, who died in 1508. As the administrative requirements of the university have increased, so have the number of staff employed in the university administration under the Registrar. The university decided to give the role increased importance after this was recommended by a commission in 1922. , there are 16 administrative sections for the university, and the heads of 12 of these report to the Registrar. About 4,000 of the university's staff of approximately 8,000 are under


title: "Operation Pistol" content: from the 'C2' group had gathered on the drop zone. The commander of the 'C1' group Captain Scott had badly sprained his ankle on landing and was finding it difficult to move about. Lying up overnight three more members of the 'C2' were found. The group laid up for another day sending out reconnaissance parties to try and pinpoint their exact location. On the 19 September Captain Scott divided his enlarged group into two one of four men and the other of five men. The four man group under the command of Corporal Hill moved off towards the south. On


title: "Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages, University of Oxford" content: these, especially the less commonly taught languages, can be taken up at beginner's level, otherwise known as "ab initio". The Jesus Professorship of Celtic is the oldest chair in the Faculty, established in 1877 with John Rhys as the first professor. It is the only chair in Celtic at an English university. This unique undergraduate course is currently "under review". In light of the currently vacant chair in Celtic, there are concerns that the undergraduate course will soon be discontinued after more than a century of research into some of the most complex literature produced in the medieval world—a literary


title: "Jordan Gavaris" content: in the Canadian independent film, "45 R.P.M." opposite Michael Madsen, Kim Coates, and Amanda Plummer. In 2010, Gavaris co-starred in the Cartoon Network live-action series "Unnatural History". Gavaris also co-starred in the new original drama "Orphan Black" for BBC America and Canada's Space. In 2010, Gavaris was honoured by "Playback Magazine", Panavision Canada, and The Canadian Film and Television Hall of Fame by being named one of 2010's "Top Ten to Watch". Previous honourees include Nina Dobrev and Xavier Dolan. In 2014, Gavaris won a Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor and also won a Constellation Award for best


title: "William Tresham (priest)" content: and intelligent." By 1551, his views of the religious line taken by Edward VI led to his imprisonment in the Fleet Prison, but he was released when Mary I came to the throne in 1553, with whose opinions he was more in sympathy. He refused, however, to swear the required oath of supremacy when Elizabeth I came to power, although he had offered her congratulations upon her succession on behalf of Oxford (along with the Warden of Merton, Thomas Raynolds). As a result, he was removed from all his positions, save only the rectory of Towcester, and held at Lambeth


title: "Myra (painting)" content: threw the ink over the painting and smeared it in. After witnessing the first attack, Jacques Rolé left the exhibition to buy six eggs from Fortnum & Mason, on the other side of Piccadilly close to the Royal Academy, and threw three or four at the painting before being stopped by an off-duty police officer. The painting was removed to be restored, and was rehung after two weeks behind a protective perspex screen. Security guards stood nearby while the exhibition was open to the public. Hindley wrote from prison to ask for her portrait to be removed from the exhibition,


title: "Dorothie Feilding" content: of Denbigh, Cecilia Mary Feilding (née Clifford), Dorothie was one of ten children, three boys and seven girls, and a distant relative of Henry Fielding, author of "Tom Jones". As a child she was educated at home at Newnham Paddox, Monks Kirby, Warwickshire, and at the Convent of the Assumption in Paris, where she became fluent in French. She made her debut in May 1908 at the age of 18, being presented to the King and Queen of England by her mother. Like many of her siblings, Feilding felt the need to do her part when war broke out. Three


title: "Anthony Yezer" content: course on the economics of crime in a variety of settings. Assuming only a previous course in basic microeconomics, this innovative book is strongly linked to the new theoretical and empirical journal literature. Showing the power of microeconomics in action, Yezer covers a wide array of topics. There are chapters on the following topics: benefit-cost and the imprisonment decision, enforcement games, juvenile crime, private enforcement, economics of 3 strikes law, broken windows strategies, police profiling, and crime in developing countries. There are also separate chapters on guns, drugs, and capital punishment." Anthony Yezer Anthony Marvin Yezer is a professor of


title: "Kiske/Somerville (album)" content: Kiske/Somerville (album) Kiske/Somerville is the debut album of the melodic rock / heavy metal duet project Kiske/Somerville. The album features the collaboration of vocalist Michael Kiske (ex-Helloween, Unisonic, Place Vendome) with American singer Amanda Somerville (Aina, HDK, Trillium). The album was released on 24 September 2010 with cover art credited to Stanis W. Decker. The album sees Mat Sinner (Primal Fear, Sinner) and Magnus Karlsson (Starbreaker, Primal Fear) handling most of the songwriting, with more contributions from the former After Forever guitarist Sander Gommans and Amanda Somerville herself. Mat Sinner oversaw the production and mixing of the songs at various


title: "Martian polar ice caps" content: comparatively thin layer about one metre thick on the north cap in the northern winter, while the south cap has a permanent dry ice cover about 8 m thick. The northern polar cap has a diameter of about 1000 km during the northern Mars summer, and contains about 1.6 million cubic km of ice, which if spread evenly on the cap would be 2 km thick. (This compares to a volume of 2.85 million cubic km (km) for the Greenland ice sheet.) The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km and a thickness of 3 km. The total


title: "Industry in Syracuse, New York" content: pottery, gears, electrical and air-conditioning equipment, traffic signals, plated silverware, window fixtures for trains, cast stone building blocks, clothes-pressing machines, and doorknobs. A two-storied brick building with of floor space at 208-214 South Geddes Street in Syracuse is known as the "cradle of Syracuse industries. By August 1998, the Lynch Building had reverted to the home of a nondescript hardware store near the intersection of Geddes and Fayette streets. Some of the leaders in industry worked both independently and side by side in this building to solve the industrial problems of their era. "These men sowed the germs that sprouted


title: "Health shake" content: calories are accompanied by nutrients and both may be required by athletes in training. Smoothies—particularly green smoothies—are arguably a type of health shake, except stereotypical health shakes often contain some processed ingredients rather than just raw fruit and vegetables. Factory-made products often contain sweeteners and other additives (e.g. antioxidants, preservatives). Health shake A health shake is a blended drink intended to be healthful for one to consume and some are commercially marketed for that purpose. They are often consumed by sportspeople as part of a fitness diet or as a meal replacement (e.g. an instant breakfast). Health shakes may include


title: Bhavashankari content: Bhavashankari Bhavashankari () was the ruler of Bhurishrestha Kingdom, who defeated the Pathan resurgence in Bengal and again established Hindu sovereignty. Bhavashankari in her reign brought power, prosperity and grandeur to Bhurishrestha (Bhurshut). Bhavashankari came from a Brahmin family. Her father Dinanath Chaudhuri was a "Nayak" under the commander of the Pendo fort. Dinanath was a tall and well-built soldier, supremely skilled in the art of warfare. He himself commanded a troop of more than a thousand soldiers. He held a huge estate and encouraged his subjects to get themselves trained in warfare. Dinanath was considered among the respected nobilities


title: "Otter (1795 ship)" content: as a United States man-of-war. She carried six cannon and a crew of twenty-six men. Entering the port of Monterey, her captain was supplied with wood and water. When ready to sail he asked permission of Governor Borica to land eleven English sailors who had secretly boarded his vessel at Botany Bay, Australia. The Governor refused his consent. It was a violation of Spanish law to land any foreigners. The shrewd Yankee captain, however, that night forced the sailors at the point of a pistol to go ashore. He then speedily put to sea. Borica was very angry. Making the


title: "Zuhdi Jasser" content: bachelor of science in 1988; then he attended the Medical College of Wisconsin on a U.S. Navy scholarship, receiving his M.D. in 1992. He served in the Navy for 11 years, receiving the Meritorious Service Medal and attaining the rank of lieutenant commander by the time of his honorable discharge in 1999. His tours of duty included staff internist for the U.S. Congress, medical department head aboard the USS El Paso, and chief resident at Bethesda Naval Hospital. He moved to Arizona after his discharge from the Navy, taking over part of his father's medical practice. In the wake of


title: "British Polar Engines" content: British Polar Engines British Polar Engines is a manufacturer of diesel engines based in Glasgow, Scotland. The company has over seventy years' experience in the manufacture and supply of spare parts for diesel engines. The engine and company take their name from the engine supplied to Amundsen's "Fram", from which he conquered the South Pole. British Polar Engines manufactures, supplies and installs medium speed marine diesel engines and industrial generating sets. Their engines are in a variety of vessels, including ferries, warships, fishing boats and small tugs. They supply suitable replacement parts for a variety of engines, including all E,


title: "Östra Eneby socken" content: Östra Eneby socken Östra Eneby socken is a former socken of Bråbo Hundred in Östergötland, Sweden. It was formerly a separate parish in Brabo County of Östergötland and the Linköping diocese, in southern Sweden, but in 1916, it was incorporated into the city of Norrköping and became one of the city's parishes. In 1920, it began to be called Norrköping Östra Eneby Assembly. Early, it had tram connections to East Eneby and even now turning line 2 at the parish church begun in the 12th century. Surrounding the well-preserved early medieval church, with murals, are older school buildings and two


title: "Petalostigma triloculare" content: a small tree up to 15 metres (50 ft) tall with a stem diameter of 25 cm (10 in). The trunk is somewhat swollen at the base, and the bark is a dark grey with some vertical cracks and fissures. The inner bark is very bitter to taste. Small branches are greyish brown, relatively thin with silky hairs. New leaf buds are furry, as are the leaf stems which are grey and about 5 to 7 mm long. The leaves are arranged alternately on the stem, 3 to 9 cm long, and 1 to 3.5 cm wide. They are a


title: "This Way of Life" content: This Way of Life This Way of Life is a New Zealand documentary film about a horse breeding family living in the wild near the Ruahine Ranges, resisting the call to a more "modern" lifestyle. It was directed by Thomas Burstyn and produced by Barbara Sumner-Burstyn. It opened theatrically in Vancouver on 3 October 2009 at the Vancouver International Film Festival, Seattle on 11 June 2010 at the Seattle International Film Festival, and in New York City on 30 July 2010. It opened in Los Angeles on 6 August 2010 at the 14th Annual DocuWeeks. "This Way of Life" made


title: "1988 PBA Reinforced Conference Finals" content: bench, went to Silverio and tried to convince him to return to the court and apologized for what happened, after some prodding, Silverio acceded to their request of coming back to finish the game, the clock was set back to 1:11 and the count at 145-134 for San Miguel, the Oilers went back with coach Dante Silverio leading the way. 1988 PBA Reinforced Conference Finals The 1988 PBA Reinforced Conference Finals was the best-of-7 series basketball championship of the 1988 PBA Reinforced Conference, and the conclusion of the conference's playoffs. The San Miguel Beermen and Shell Rimula X Diesel Oilers


title: "Inkerman Cave Monastery" content: Inkerman Cave Monastery The Inkerman Monastery of St. Clement is a cave monastery in a cliff rising near the mouth of the Black River, in the city of Inkerman, administered as part of the sea port of Sevastopol. It was founded in 1850 on the site of a medieval Byzantine monastery where the relics of St. Clement were supposedly kept before their removal to San Clemente by Saints Cyril and Methodius. The early Christians are supposed to have kept the relics in a grotto which could be visited only on the anniversary of his death. William Rubruck described it as


title: "Inkerman Cave Monastery" content: a church "built by the hands of angels". The Byzantine monastery, probably founded in the 8th century by icon-venerators fleeing persecution in their homeland, had eight chapels of several storeys and an inn accessed by a stairway. The caves of Inkerman were surveyed by Peter Simon Pallas in 1793 and looted by the British in the 1850s. The Russians added two churches, commemorating the Borki Incident (1895) and the Crimean War (1905). The monastery was damaged by the 1927 Crimean earthquakes and was closed between 1931 and 1991. During World War II the caves housed the officers of a Soviet


title: "Inkerman Cave Monastery" content: army defending Sevastopol. Several churches were taken down by the Soviets. Inkerman Cave Monastery The Inkerman Monastery of St. Clement is a cave monastery in a cliff rising near the mouth of the Black River, in the city of Inkerman, administered as part of the sea port of Sevastopol. It was founded in 1850 on the site of a medieval Byzantine monastery where the relics of St. Clement were supposedly kept before their removal to San Clemente by Saints Cyril and Methodius. The early Christians are supposed to have kept the relics in a grotto which could be visited only


title: "Marcello Simmons" content: August 15. After being cut by the Jaguars, Simmons signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. In September 1995, midway into the 1995 CFL season Simmons spent his first two weeks on the practice roster but started the last 5 games of the season. In 1996, with Simmons as a starting defensive player with the Argos, the team would go on to win its first of two consecutive Grey Cup championships. In 1999, just days before the start of training camp, Simmons was traded to the Edmonton Eskimos and would remain there for the rest of the


title: "Robert Roddam" content: October 1757. She survived the action and escorted a convoy to France, but was wrecked in a gale as she neared the French coast on 1 January 1758. Robert Roddam Robert Roddam (1719 – 31 March 1808) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the War of the Austrian Succession, the Seven Years' War, and the American War of Independence. He survived to see the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, but was not actively employed during them. Robert Roddam was born to a gentry family in northern England, and entered the navy some years before the


title: "Snipe Hansen" content: allowed ten runs (nine earned) to the Detroit Tigers in an 18–1 St. Louis loss. Hansen's fortunes seemed to reverse in July, as he allowed only a single run through his first four outings of the month; however, that run he gave up earned him his second loss of the season, although it was an unearned tally. Used in both games of a doubleheader during his final two outings, he pitched a scoreless innings in the early game but allowed six runs in the nightcap, resulting in his return to Washington. For the remainder of the 1935 season, Hansen played


title: "You Are the Only One (Emily Osment song)" content: is at a party with her love interest, and she is trying to get his attention, but he keeps ignoring her and spends more time with his friends. Everytime he leaves her, it starts to pour rain inside the house, but every time they are together, the storm ends. The indoor rainstorm symbolizes that there is no hiding from the hard times. The storm will follow them inside the house. At the end of the video, however, the boy is back with Emily, and he gives her a kiss and leads her out of the house, holding her hand. Unlike


title: "David Moore (restaurateur)" content: David Moore (restaurateur) David Moore (born August 4, 1964) is a restaurateur based in the United Kingdom. Moore was born in Co.Monaghan Ireland. He is the owner of Michelin starred restaurants Pied à Terre, situated on London’s Charlotte Street in an area called Fitzrovia, and L'Autre Pied in the fashionable Marylebone in London’s West End. He is a non executive director of award-winning Van Zeller restaurant and of the One Sixty smokehouse restaurants. Van Zeller is in Harrogate in North Yorkshire, in England and is run by head chef Tom van Zeller whilst One City has venues in West Hampstead


title: "Mela Maghi" content: unit went back and joined the Guru who was already engaged in action at Khidrana. All forty of them attained martyrdom. The memorandum ("bedawa") was torn-down by the Guru himself just before Mahan Singh died. People gather from all over Punjab, even other parts of India to join the festival which is in fact spread over many days. Merchants display their wares for sale, which include from trinkets to high-end electronics, the weapons Nihangs bear and especially agricultural machinery (since most around are farmers). The country's biggest circuses, Apollo and Gemini, are there as a matter of rule, merry-go-rounds and


title: "Clete Blakeman" content: the Kansas Jayhawks. On November 15, 1986, he threw three touchdown passes and ran for another as he led Nebraska to a 70-0 rout, the worst defeat in Jayhawk history and the biggest shutout by Nebraska up to that point. And on October 10, 1987, Blakeman completed 10-of-12 passes for 100 yards and a touchdown in Nebraska's 54-2 victory over Kansas. Blakeman's 2018 NFL officiating crew consists of umpire Ramon George, down judge Dana McKenzie, line judge Walt Coleman IV, field judge Joe Larrew, side judge Dyrol Prioleau, and back judge Jim Quirk. Blakeman and his crew officiated Super Bowl


title: "Margaret Shelton (artist)" content: the Alberta landscape, Shelton’s interpretations are distinctively vital and energetic. Her contributions to the development of printmaking in Canada are significant, having created hundreds of prints in her career. Her works form part of the collections at the National Gallery in Ottawa and the Glenbow Museum in Calgary. She exhibited with the Society of Canadian Painter-Etchers and Engravers (CPE), the Canadian Society of Graphic Art (CSGA) and the Calgary Sketch Club. "Unlike earlier Canadian artists including the CPR artists … and the Group of Seven, Shelton chose to interpret nature directly, without any romantic notion that it stood for or


title: "1958 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team" content: Buffaloes for the first three quarters, putting a good scare into the crowd. However, the Cornhuskers finally gave way in the final quarter and allowed Colorado to surge ahead and take the game. It was Nebraska's third straight loss to the Buffaloes as their series lead slipped to just 9–8–0. Nebraska suffered yet another demoralizing loss as the Tigers arrived in Lincoln and handed another shutout defeat to the Cornhuskers, their third of the season. The homecoming crowd was never a factor, as the Nebraska offense never seemed to find a spark. The best Nebraska performance of the day was


title: "Thomas Briggs (Royal Navy officer)" content: confirmed in that rank on 30 June 1800, having taken part in the reduction of Genoa earlier. In March 1801 Captain Manley Dixon of at Port Mahon, sent Briggs to Rear-Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren's fleet with the news that Admiral Honoré Ganteaume had sailed from Toulon bound for Egypt. Warren intercepted the French fleet and pursued them back to Toulon. Briggs was then engaged in the expedition to Egypt under Lord Keith and Sir Ralph Abercromby, for which he was awarded the Turkish Gold Medal and the Order of the Crescent, and was promoted to post-captain on 24 July


title: "MS Côte des Dunes" content: MyFerryLink on 20 August 2012. On 8 June 2015, DFDS Seaways France announced that they had chartered the ferry and her sister ship initially for a two-year period with an option to purchase. The vessel has been renamed "Côte des Dunes" for service with DFDS Seaways from early 2016. The Ferry was held by striking MYFerryLink staff together with her sister ship from end of June till end of July. Both ships were vandalised by the staff and the whole interior destroyed. The propulsion system is split into two rooms. The main engines are two Wärtsilä 2V46B units, each with


title: "Islam in Uttar Pradesh" content: Islam in Uttar Pradesh The Muslim community in Uttar Pradesh numbers about 38,483,968 (19.26% of total population of Uttar-pradesh), according to the 2011 census, and forms the largest religious minority in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Muslims of Uttar Pradesh have also been referred to as Hindustani Musalman (). Muslims in Uttar Pradesh do not form a single ethnic community, but are differentiated by sectarian and Baradari divisions, as well as by language and geography. Nevertheless, the community shares some unifying cultural factors. Much of Uttar Pradesh formed part of the various Sultanate after 1000 CE and was ruled


title: "1981 United Kingdom local elections" content: and finished with 1,455 councillors. The 1981 local elections were to be the last to be held before the Liberals formed an alliance with the new Social Democratic Party (SDP) in June 1981. This was the last election to the council before it was abolished by the Local Government Act 1985. These were the last elections to the county councils before they were abolished by the Local Government Act 1985. ‡ New electoral division boundaries 1981 United Kingdom local elections Local elections were held in the United Kingdom in May 1981. The results were a mid-term setback for the Conservative


title: "Tugu inscription" content: Tugu inscription The Tugu inscription is one of the early 5th century Tarumanagara inscriptions discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta, in Indonesia. The inscription contains information about hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river by the order of Rajadirajaguru, and also the water project of the Gomati river by the order of King Purnawarman in the 22nd year of his reign. The digging project to straighten and widen the river was conducted in order to avoid flooding in the wet season, and as an irrigation project during the dry season. In 1911


title: "New York Cosmos (2010)" content: the Borough Boys' podcast/website "This is Cosmos Country" announced that they would no longer be covering the Cosmos, following a dispute with the club. In an interview with "Empire of Soccer", they raised questions about the ownership of the Cosmos, including wondering whether Sela Sport still had an interest. After the "EoS" article was published, TICC founder Luis Hernandez received a phone call from Cosmos Senior Vice President Joe Barone. Barone complained about TICC's coverage of the Cosmos, and claimed to have himself received an angry phone call from Commisso, then in Saudi Arabia for a friendly match. Hernandez said


title: "Canberra Cavalry" content: organisations for most days of home seasons. This began with Legacy Australia that supports family members of service people, and included the Canberra Hospital Trust, the Heart Foundation, Red Cross ACT, and The Global Poverty Walk's Matt Napier. Narrabundah Ballpark is owned by the Government of the Australian Capital Territory. The Cavalry management regularly hosts local politicians and their families at games, to raise their awareness of baseball and the Australian Baseball League. This is extended to each part of the political spectrum. The current major sponsor, since the 2014-15 season, is Canberra Elite Taxis. Canberra Cavalry The Canberra Cavalry


title: "Smoking in Canada" content: banned smoking in public spaces and workplaces in 1994 with the passing of the "Tobacco Control Act" and became the first province to outlaw the sale of tobacco in pharmacies. This was replaced with the "Smoke Free Ontario Act" in May 2006. In 2008, a ban on retail displays of tobacco was implemented. Since 21 January 2009, smoking is banned in all vehicles if anyone under the age of 16 is present. As of 1 January 2015, smoking is prohibited province-wide on all bar and restaurant patios and within a 20-meter radius of all playgrounds and sports fields. Tobacco sales


title: "Sibley Historic Site" content: residence in Minnesota, was built between 1835 and 1836 by a team of over 100 white and Dakota laborers, directed by John Mueller. It was made of limestone blocks cut from a nearby quarry. Sibley lived here as a bachelor for eight years, until his marriage to Sarah Jane Steele. After his marriage, Sibley turned the business office into a parlor, and an addition was built for a kitchen, dining room, two more rooms on the second floor, and an office on the east side. It was in this office that plans were drawn up for the Minnesota Territory, and


title: "Lakewood Health System" content: facility. The plan was overwhelmingly endorsed by the City of Staples with 1,139 “for” votes and 297 opposing votes. The new facility opened November 13, 1977 following an open house. Bor-Son Construction, Inc. of Minneapolis was the general contractor for the project. The new name: United District Hospital and Home. The facility was paid for through the sale of bonds on behalf of the United District Hospital Board. No taxes were needed to support the project. On May 14, 1979, Gary Kenner, hospital administrator submitted resignation to accept a position at Unity Hospital in Grafton, North Dakota to be closer


title: "Solanum dimidiatum" content: Solanum dimidiatum Solanum dimidiatum is a species of nightshade known by the common names western horsenettle, Torrey's nightshade, and robust horsenettle. It is native to the central United States, where it grows in many types of habitat, including disturbed areas. In California it is known as an introduced species and a noxious weed. It is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing an erect stem up to 80 centimeters tall. It is covered in yellow prickles and branched hairs. The leaves may be up to 15 centimeters long, their edges wavy to lobed and sometimes toothed. The inflorescence is a branching array


title: "Solanum dimidiatum" content: of several flowers. Each flower has a bell-shaped corolla measuring 3 to 5 centimeters wide. It is lavender to purple, or white. The five large, yellow anthers are about a centimeter long. The fruit is a spherical yellow berry up to 3 centimeters wide. The specific epithet ""dimidiatum"" comes from Latin, meaning "halved". Solanum dimidiatum Solanum dimidiatum is a species of nightshade known by the common names western horsenettle, Torrey's nightshade, and robust horsenettle. It is native to the central United States, where it grows in many types of habitat, including disturbed areas. In California it is known as an


title: "John David Larson" content: John David Larson John David Larson is a retired Brigadier General in the National Guard of the United States. Larson originally jointed the United States Army Reserve in 1964 and jointed the Judge Advocate General's Corps. He would later transfer to the Wisconsin Army National Guard. Larson was promoted to Brigadier General on July 28, 1995 and his retirement was effective as of June 30, 1998. Awards he has received include the Meritorious Service Medal, the Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters, the Army Achievement Medal, the Army Reserve Components Achievement Medal with silver oak leaf cluster, the


title: "International Pole Championship" content: International Pole Championship The International Pole Championship (IPC) is a competition organized annually by International Pole Dance Fitness Association (IPDFA). It is the brainchild of renowned performer and instructor Ania/Anna Przeplasko (pronounced pshe plaz ko). It is the world's first international pole dance fitness championship where winners are credited solely for their dance skills, trick techniques and overall showmanship. The IPC is the only pole competition that gathers the world’s best men and women. Winners of national championships are granted entry to this championship. Undiscovered talents can submit a video entry via the IPC website where the winner of online


title: "Charles Mayo (Anglo-Saxon scholar)" content: Samuel Parr states that his lectures were applauded. Mayo took holy orders and was Whitehall preacher 1799–1800, and morning lecturer at the old chapel of St. Michael, Highgate, for thirty years. He was elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1820, Fellow of the Royal Society in 1827, and a governor of Cholmeley School in Highgate 1842. He resided during most of his life at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, where he inherited in 1824 the manor of Andrewes and Le Motte from his grandmother Rebecca, daughter of Sir John Shaw, bart. He married Louisa, daughter of James Landon, but died without


title: "Whitney topologies" content: dense. Whitney topologies In mathematics, and especially differential topology, functional analysis and singularity theory, the Whitney topologies are a countably infinite family of topologies defined on the set of smooth mappings between two smooth manifolds. They are named after the American mathematician Hassler Whitney. Let "M" and "N" be two real, smooth manifolds. Furthermore, let C("M","N") denote the space of smooth mappings between "M" and "N". The notation C means that the mappings are infinitely differentiable, i.e. partial derivatives of all orders exist and are continuous. For some integer , let J("M","N") denote the "k"-jet space of mappings between "M"


title: "Tudor Cataraga" content: family of works: "Prayer (metal, 1991)" and "Sound of Sadness (baked clay, 1992)". The "simplicity as a resolved complexity" Brancusi is an important key for the understanding of these works. ...for the monument to "Mihai Eminescu", Tudor Cataraga selects only abstract principles, imagining a "cosmic" portrait of the national genius. Far more modern in visual expression, the sculptor is now free to play with three-dimensional elements and he conceives a rhythmical network that concentrates in the poet's figure /symbolic nucleus, without stirring the space, but comprimating. This second direction of his research, his playing with neo-expressionist forms can be seen


title: "Montfort, Texas" content: War II the stores closed, and the school was consolidated with the Roane school. By the mid-1960s only a few scattered houses remained. Montfort, Texas Montfort was an unincorporated community hamlet in northeastern Navarro County, Texas, northeast of Corsicana, Texas. The community was located along Farm to Market Road 636 just east of Interstate 45. Montfort was established in the late 1890s and named for James Theodoric Montfort. He and his brothers owned about together. A post office operated from 1896 until 1904. Montfort was never very large. There was a cotton gin, a blacksmith shop, and a general store.


title: "2010 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl" content: game with an 18–9–1 series lead. The teams played each other in a non-conference matchup during the 2009 season with Louisville winning 25–23 at home. This was the first time that the two schools have played each other in a bowl game. 2010 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl The 2010 Beef 'O' Brady's Bowl St. Petersburg was the third edition of the college football bowl game formerly known as the St. Petersburg Bowl. It was played at Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg, Florida, on Tuesday, December 21, 2010 at 8 p.m. (ET). The game was telecast on ESPN and featured the


title: "Regina Coeli Church and Convent" content: maravillosos" (Marvelous breads), "Delito con su castigo" (Crime with its punishment) y "De la tentación" (Of Temptation), The first tells of a nun of the order who could cure the sick with her bread. The second refers to the story of Don Felizardo Peñalva, who robbed a head of Christ made of gold and was found dead in the church, appearing to have been hanged. The last centers on a friar who is attracted to a voluptuous woman. Regina Street was revitalized by the city by making it pedestrian only, with all services such as electricity and water provided underground.


title: "Aseem Shukla" content: Minnesota Department of Urology. At CHOP, Dr. Shukla is the Director of Minimally Invasive Surgery with a keen clinical and research interest in robotic-assisted laparoscopy, urinary reflux, hydronephrosis, urinary tract reconstruction, hypospadias and disorders of sexual differentiation. Shukla is active in efforts to develop pediatric urology as a discipline globally. Since 2007, Shukla leads an annual complex pediatric urological surgery teaching course—The Bladder-Exstrophy and Epispadias Workshop—at the Civil Hospital in Ahmedabad, India that is co-sponsored by International Volunteers in Urology and Hindu American Physicians in Seva. Shukla is also a volunteer surgeon for the Foundation for the Children of Iran,


title: "Richard Guildford" content: but the priority was the bringing back of De la Pole, and he was instructed to forego that journey if the refugee would not return without him. In 1500 he went over with the king to the meeting with the archduke at Calais. In the same year he was elected a Knight of the Garter. In 1501, as controller of the household, he had much to do with the arrangements for the reception of Catherine of Aragon. On 4 April 1506 he had what was called a special pardon: a discharge of liabilities in respect of his offices of master


title: "Saints Peter and Paul Catholic Church (Pocahontas, Iowa)" content: made to the church in 1957 which included new floors, pews, altar, and communion rail. It was redecorated in 1964 and changes were made a couple years later which reflected the liturgical changes inspired by the Second Vatican Council. The altar was changed so the priest could face the congregation. By 1975 Pocahontas no longer needed two parishes, let alone a national parish for Bohemians. Bishop Frank Greteman merged both Saints Peter and Paul and Sacred Heart in Pocahontas into one parish named Resurrection of Our Lord. Both churches were initially used for liturgy. Saints Peter and Paul Church was


title: "Boys High School (Brooklyn)" content: college preparatory program with high academic standards. Congressman Emanuel Celler described Boys High in his autobiography, "I went to Boys' High School — naturally. I say "naturally" because Boys' High School then, as now, was the high school of scholarships. Boys of Brooklyn today will tell you, "It's a hard school." It was highly competitive..." Another Boys High graduate remembered that "I went to Boys High School in Brooklyn, a great school. It was out of the classic tradition. I guess eighty percent of the student body had to take Latin — we didn't have to; we elected Latin, because


title: Spider content: Spider Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs able to inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms. Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exceptions of air and sea colonization. , at least 45,700 spider species, and 113 families have been recorded by taxonomists. However, there has been dissension within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by


title: Spider content: the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900. Anatomically, spiders differ from other arthropods in that the usual body segments are fused into two tagmata, the cephalothorax and abdomen, and joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel. Unlike insects, spiders do not have antennae. In all except the most primitive group, the Mesothelae, spiders have the most centralized nervous systems of all arthropods, as all their ganglia are fused into one mass in the cephalothorax. Unlike most arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in their limbs and instead extend them by hydraulic pressure. Their abdomens bear appendages that


title: Spider content: have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of glands. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. It now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appeared in the Devonian period about , but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets. True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from , and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main


title: Spider content: groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period, before . The species "Bagheera kiplingi" was described as herbivorous in 2008, but all other known species are predators, mostly preying on insects and on other spiders, although a few large species also take birds and lizards. It is estimated that the world's 25 million tons of spiders kill 400–800 million tons of prey per year. Spiders use a wide range of strategies to capture prey: trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky bolas, mimicking the prey to avoid detection, or running it down. Most


title: Spider content: detect prey mainly by sensing vibrations, but the active hunters have acute vision, and hunters of the genus "Portia" show signs of intelligence in their choice of tactics and ability to develop new ones. Spiders' guts are too narrow to take solids, so they liquefy their food by flooding it with digestive enzymes. They also grind food with the bases of their pedipalps, as arachnids do not have the mandibles that crustaceans and insects have. To avoid being eaten by the females, which are typically much larger, male spiders identify themselves to potential mates by a variety of complex courtship


title: Spider content: rituals. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans. Females weave silk egg-cases, each of which may contain hundreds of eggs. Females of many species care for their young, for example by carrying them around or by sharing food with them. A minority of species are social, building communal webs that may house anywhere from a few to 50,000 individuals. Social behavior ranges from precarious toleration, as in the widow spiders, to co-operative hunting and food-sharing. Although most spiders live for at most two years, tarantulas and other mygalomorph spiders can live up


title: Spider content: to 25 years in captivity. While the venom of a few species is dangerous to humans, scientists are now researching the use of spider venom in medicine and as non-polluting pesticides. Spider silk provides a combination of lightness, strength and elasticity that is superior to that of synthetic materials, and spider silk genes have been inserted into mammals and plants to see if these can be used as silk factories. As a result of their wide range of behaviors, spiders have become common symbols in art and mythology symbolizing various combinations of patience, cruelty and creative powers. An abnormal fear


title: Spider content: of spiders is called arachnophobia. Spiders are chelicerates and therefore arthropods. As arthropods they have: segmented bodies with jointed limbs, all covered in a cuticle made of chitin and proteins; heads that are composed of several segments that fuse during the development of the embryo. Being chelicerates, their bodies consist of two tagmata, sets of segments that serve similar functions: the foremost one, called the cephalothorax or prosoma, is a complete fusion of the segments that in an insect would form two separate tagmata, the head and thorax; the rear tagma is called the abdomen or opisthosoma. In spiders, the


title: Spider content: cephalothorax and abdomen are connected by a small cylindrical section, the pedicel. The pattern of segment fusion that forms chelicerates' heads is unique among arthropods, and what would normally be the first head segment disappears at an early stage of development, so that chelicerates lack the antennae typical of most arthropods. In fact, chelicerates' only appendages ahead of the mouth are a pair of chelicerae, and they lack anything that would function directly as "jaws". The first appendages behind the mouth are called pedipalps, and serve different functions within different groups of chelicerates. Spiders and scorpions are members of one


title: Spider content: chelicerate group, the arachnids. Scorpions' chelicerae have three sections and are used in feeding. Spiders' chelicerae have two sections and terminate in fangs that are generally venomous, and fold away behind the upper sections while not in use. The upper sections generally have thick "beards" that filter solid lumps out of their food, as spiders can take only liquid food. Scorpions' pedipalps generally form large claws for capturing prey, while those of spiders are fairly small appendages whose bases also act as an extension of the mouth; in addition, those of male spiders have enlarged last sections used for sperm


title: Spider content: transfer. In spiders, the cephalothorax and abdomen are joined by a small, cylindrical pedicel, which enables the abdomen to move independently when producing silk. The upper surface of the cephalothorax is covered by a single, convex carapace, while the underside is covered by two rather flat plates. The abdomen is soft and egg-shaped. It shows no sign of segmentation, except that the primitive Mesothelae, whose living members are the Liphistiidae, have segmented plates on the upper surface. Like other arthropods, spiders are coelomates in which the coelom is reduced to small areas round the reproductive and excretory systems. Its place


title: Spider content: is largely taken by a hemocoel, a cavity that runs most of the length of the body and through which blood flows. The heart is a tube in the upper part of the body, with a few ostia that act as non-return valves allowing blood to enter the heart from the hemocoel but prevent it from leaving before it reaches the front end. However, in spiders, it occupies only the upper part of the abdomen, and blood is discharged into the hemocoel by one artery that opens at the rear end of the abdomen and by branching arteries that pass


title: Spider content: through the pedicle and open into several parts of the cephalothorax. Hence spiders have open circulatory systems. The blood of many spiders that have book lungs contains the respiratory pigment hemocyanin to make oxygen transport more efficient. Spiders have developed several different respiratory anatomies, based on book lungs, a tracheal system, or both. Mygalomorph and Mesothelae spiders have two pairs of book lungs filled with haemolymph, where openings on the ventral surface of the abdomen allow air to enter and diffuse oxygen. This is also the case for some basal araneomorph spiders, like the family Hypochilidae, but the remaining members


title: Spider content: of this group have just the anterior pair of book lungs intact while the posterior pair of breathing organs are partly or fully modified into tracheae, through which oxygen is diffused into the haemolymph or directly to the tissue and organs. The trachea system has most likely evolved in small ancestors to help resist desiccation. The trachea were originally connected to the surroundings through a pair of openings called spiracles, but in the majority of spiders this pair of spiracles has fused into a single one in the middle, and moved backwards close to the spinnerets. Spiders that have tracheae


title: Spider content: generally have higher metabolic rates and better water conservation. Spiders are ectotherms, so environmental temperatures affect their activity. Uniquely among chelicerates, the final sections of spiders' chelicerae are fangs, and the great majority of spiders can use them to inject venom into prey from venom glands in the roots of the chelicerae. The families Uloboridae and Holarchaeidae, and some Liphistiidae spiders, have lost their venom glands, and kill their prey with silk instead. Like most arachnids, including scorpions, Spiders have a narrow gut that can only cope with liquid food and two sets of filters to keep solids out. They


title: Spider content: use one of two different systems of external digestion. Some pump digestive enzymes from the midgut into the prey and then suck the liquified tissues of the prey into the gut, eventually leaving behind the empty husk of the prey. Others grind the prey to pulp using the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps, while flooding it with enzymes; in these species, the chelicerae and the bases of the pedipalps form a preoral cavity that holds the food they are processing. The stomach in the cephalothorax acts as a pump that sends the food deeper into the digestive system.


title: Spider content: The mid gut bears many digestive ceca, compartments with no other exit, that extract nutrients from the food; most are in the abdomen, which is dominated by the digestive system, but a few are found in the cephalothorax. Most spiders convert nitrogenous waste products into uric acid, which can be excreted as a dry material. Malphigian tubules ("little tubes") extract these wastes from the blood in the hemocoel and dump them into the cloacal chamber, from which they are expelled through the anus. Production of uric acid and its removal via Malphigian tubules are a water-conserving feature that has evolved


title: Spider content: independently in several arthropod lineages that can live far away from water, for example the tubules of insects and arachnids develop from completely different parts of the embryo. However, a few primitive spiders, the sub-order Mesothelae and infra-order Mygalomorphae, retain the ancestral arthropod nephridia ("little kidneys"), which use large amounts of water to excrete nitrogenous waste products as ammonia. The basic arthropod central nervous system consists of a pair of nerve cords running below the gut, with paired ganglia as local control centers in all segments; a brain formed by fusion of the ganglia for the head segments ahead of


title: Spider content: and behind the mouth, so that the esophagus is encircled by this conglomeration of ganglia. Except for the primitive Mesothelae, of which the Liphistiidae are the sole surviving family, spiders have the much more centralized nervous system that is typical of arachnids: "all" the ganglia of all segments behind the esophagus are fused, so that the cephalothorax is largely filled with nervous tissue and there are no ganglia in the abdomen; in the Mesothelae, the ganglia of the abdomen and the rear part of the cephalothorax remain unfused. Despite the relatively small central nervous system, some spiders (like "Portia") exhibit


title: Spider content: complex behaviour, including the ability to use a trial-and-error approach. Spiders have primarily four pairs of eyes on the top-front area of the cephalothorax, arranged in patterns that vary from one family to another. The principal pair at the front are of the type called pigment-cup ocelli ("little eyes"), which in most arthropods are only capable of detecting the direction from which light is coming, using the shadow cast by the walls of the cup. However, in spiders these eyes are capable of forming images. The other pairs, called secondary eyes, are thought to be derived from the compound eyes


title: Spider content: of the ancestral chelicerates, but no longer have the separate facets typical of compound eyes. Unlike the principal eyes, in many spiders these secondary eyes detect light reflected from a reflective tapetum lucidum, and wolf spiders can be spotted by torch light reflected from the tapeta. On the other hand, jumping spiders' secondary eyes have no tapeta. Other differences between the principal and secondary eyes are that the latter have rhabdomeres that point away from incoming light, just like in vertebrates, while the arrangement is the opposite in the former. The principal eyes are also the only ones with eye


title: Spider content: muscles, allowing them to move the retina. Having no muscles, the secondary eyes are immobile. Some jumping spiders' visual acuity exceeds by a factor of ten that of dragonflies, which have by far the best vision among insects; in fact the human eye is only about five times sharper than a jumping spider's. They achieve this by a telephoto-like series of lenses, a four-layer retina and the ability to swivel their eyes and integrate images from different stages in the scan. The downside is that the scanning and integrating processes are relatively slow. There are spiders with a reduced number


title: Spider content: of eyes, of these those with six-eyes are the most numerous and are missing a pair of eyes on the anterior median line, others species have four-eyes and some just two. Cave dwelling species have no eyes, or possess vestigial eyes incapable of sight. As with other arthropods, spiders' cuticles would block out information about the outside world, except that they are penetrated by many sensors or connections from sensors to the nervous system. In fact, spiders and other arthropods have modified their cuticles into elaborate arrays of sensors. Various touch sensors, mostly bristles called setae, respond to different levels


title: Spider content: of force, from strong contact to very weak air currents. Chemical sensors provide equivalents of taste and smell, often by means of setae. An adult "Araneus" may have up to 1000 such chemosensitive setae, most on the tarsi of the first pair of legs. Males have more chemosensitive hairs on their pedipalps than females. They have been shown to be responsive to sex pheromones produced by females, both contact and air-borne. Spiders also have in the joints of their limbs slit sensillae that detects force and vibrations. In web-building spiders, all these mechanical and chemical sensors are more important than


title: Spider content: the eyes, while the eyes are most important to spiders that hunt actively. Like most arthropods, spiders lack balance and acceleration sensors and rely on their eyes to tell them which way is up. Arthropods' proprioceptors, sensors that report the force exerted by muscles and the degree of bending in the body and joints, are well understood. On the other hand, little is known about what other internal sensors spiders or other arthropods may have. Each of the eight legs of a spider consists of seven distinct parts. The part closest to and attaching the leg to the cephalothorax is


title: Spider content: the coxa; the next segment is the short trochanter that works as a hinge for the following long segment, the femur; next is the spider's knee, the patella, which acts as the hinge for the tibia; the metatarsus is next, and it connects the tibia to the tarsus (which may be thought of as a foot of sorts); the tarsus ends in a claw made up of either two or three points, depending on the family to which the spider belongs. Although all arthropods use muscles attached to the inside of the exoskeleton to flex their limbs, spiders and a


title: Spider content: few other groups still use hydraulic pressure to extend them, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. The only extensor muscles in spider legs are located in the three hip joints (bordering the coxa and the trochanter). As a result, a spider with a punctured cephalothorax cannot extend its legs, and the legs of dead spiders curl up. Spiders can generate pressures up to eight times their resting level to extend their legs, and jumping spiders can jump up to 50 times their own length by suddenly increasing the blood pressure in the third or fourth pair of legs. Although


title: Spider content: larger spiders use hydraulics to straighten their legs, unlike smaller jumping spiders they depend on their flexor muscles to generate the propulsive force for their jumps. Most spiders that hunt actively, rather than relying on webs, have dense tufts of fine hairs between the paired claws at the tips of their legs. These tufts, known as scopulae, consist of bristles whose ends are split into as many as 1,000 branches, and enable spiders with scopulae to walk up vertical glass and upside down on ceilings. It appears that scopulae get their grip from contact with extremely thin layers of water


title: Spider content: on surfaces. Spiders, like most other arachnids, keep at least four legs on the surface while walking or running. The abdomen has no appendages except those that have been modified to form one to four (usually three) pairs of short, movable spinnerets, which emit silk. Each spinneret has many spigots, each of which is connected to one silk gland. There are at least six types of silk gland, each producing a different type of silk. Silk is mainly composed of a protein very similar to that used in insect silk. It is initially a liquid, and hardens not by exposure


title: Spider content: to air but as a result of being drawn out, which changes the internal structure of the protein. It is similar in tensile strength to nylon and biological materials such as chitin, collagen and cellulose, but is much more elastic. In other words, it can stretch much further before breaking or losing shape. Some spiders have a cribellum, a modified spinneret with up to 40,000 spigots, each of which produces a single very fine fiber. The fibers are pulled out by the calamistrum, a comb-like set of bristles on the jointed tip of the cribellum, and combined into a composite


title: Spider content: woolly thread that is very effective in snagging the bristles of insects. The earliest spiders had cribella, which produced the first silk capable of capturing insects, before spiders developed silk coated with sticky droplets. However, most modern groups of spiders have lost the cribellum. Tarantulas also have silk glands in their feet. Even species that do not build webs to catch prey use silk in several ways: as wrappers for sperm and for fertilized eggs; as a "safety rope"; for nest-building; and as "parachutes" by the young of some species. Spiders reproduce sexually and fertilization is internal but indirect, in


title: Spider content: other words the sperm is not inserted into the female's body by the male's genitals but by an intermediate stage. Unlike many land-living arthropods, male spiders do not produce ready-made spermatophores (packages of sperm), but spin small sperm webs on to which they ejaculate and then transfer the sperm to special syringe-like structures, palpal bulbs or palpal organs, borne on the tips of the pedipalps of mature males. When a male detects signs of a female nearby he checks whether she is of the same species and whether she is ready to mate; for example in species that produce webs


title: Spider content: or "safety ropes", the male can identify the species and sex of these objects by "smell". Spiders generally use elaborate courtship rituals to prevent the large females from eating the small males before fertilization, except where the male is so much smaller that he is not worth eating. In web-weaving species, precise patterns of vibrations in the web are a major part of the rituals, while patterns of touches on the female's body are important in many spiders that hunt actively, and may "hypnotize" the female. Gestures and dances by the male are important for jumping spiders, which have excellent


title: Spider content: eyesight. If courtship is successful, the male injects his sperm from the palpal bulbs into the female's genital opening, known as the "epigyne", on the underside of her abdomen. Female's reproductive tracts vary from simple tubes to systems that include seminal receptacles in which females store sperm and release it when they are ready. Because the sperm is stored in the epigyne, the eggs are not fertilized while inside the female, but during oviposition when the stored sperm is released from its chamber. The only known exception is a spider from Israel, "Harpactea sadistica", which has evolved traumatic insemination. In


title: Spider content: this species the male will penetrate its pedipalps through the female's body wall and inject his sperm directly into her ovaries, where the embryos inside the fertilized eggs will start to develop before being laid. Males of the genus "Tidarren" amputate one of their palps before maturation and enter adult life with one palp only. The palps are 20% of male's body mass in this species, and detaching one of the two improves mobility. In the Yemeni species "Tidarren argo", the remaining palp is then torn off by the female. The separated palp remains attached to the female's epigynum for


title: Spider content: about four hours and apparently continues to function independently. In the meantime, the female feeds on the palpless male. In over 60% of cases, the female of the Australian redback spider kills and eats the male after it inserts its second palp into the female's genital opening; in fact, the males co-operate by trying to impale themselves on the females' fangs. Observation shows that most male redbacks never get an opportunity to mate, and the "lucky" ones increase the likely number of offspring by ensuring that the females are well-fed. However, males of most species survive a few matings, limited


title: Spider content: mainly by their short life spans. Some even live for a while in their mates' webs. Females lay up to 3,000 eggs in one or more silk egg sacs, which maintain a fairly constant humidity level. In some species, the females die afterwards, but females of other species protect the sacs by attaching them to their webs, hiding them in nests, carrying them in the chelicerae or attaching them to the spinnerets and dragging them along. Baby spiders pass all their larval stages inside the egg and hatch as spiderlings, very small and sexually immature but similar in shape to


title: Spider content: adults. Some spiders care for their young, for example a wolf spider's brood cling to rough bristles on the mother's back, and females of some species respond to the "begging" behaviour of their young by giving them their prey, provided it is no longer struggling, or even regurgitate food. Like other arthropods, spiders have to molt to grow as their cuticle ("skin") cannot stretch. In some species males mate with newly molted females, which are too weak to be dangerous to the males. Most spiders live for only one to two years, although some tarantulas can live in captivity for


title: Spider content: over 20 years, and an Australian female trapdoor spider was documented to have lived in the wild for 43 years, dying of a parasitic wasp attack. Spiders occur in a large range of sizes. The smallest, "Patu digua" from Colombia, are less than in body length. The largest and heaviest spiders occur among tarantulas, which can have body lengths up to and leg spans up to . Only three classes of pigment (ommochromes, bilins and guanine) have been identified in spiders, although other pigments have been detected but not yet characterized. Melanins, carotenoids and pterins, very common in other animals,


title: Spider content: are apparently absent. In some species, the exocuticle of the legs and prosoma is modified by a tanning process, resulting in brown coloration. Bilins are found, for example, in "Micrommata virescens", resulting in its green color. Guanine is responsible for the white markings of the European garden spider "Araneus diadematus". It is in many species accumulated in specialized cells called guanocytes. In genera such as "Tetragnatha", "Leucauge", "Argyrodes" or "Theridiosoma", guanine creates their silvery appearance. While guanine is originally an end-product of protein metabolism, its excretion can be blocked in spiders, leading to an increase in its storage. Structural colors


title: Spider content: occur in some species, which are the result of the diffraction, scattering or interference of light, for example by modified setae or scales. The white prosoma of "Argiope" results from hairs reflecting the light, "Lycosa" and "Josa" both have areas of modified cuticle that act as light reflectors. Although spiders are generally regarded as predatory, the jumping spider "Bagheera kiplingi" gets over 90% of its food from fairly solid plant material produced by acacias as part of a mutually beneficial relationship with a species of ant. Juveniles of some spiders in the families Anyphaenidae, Corinnidae, Clubionidae, Thomisidae and Salticidae feed


title: Spider content: on plant nectar. Laboratory studies show that they do so deliberately and over extended periods, and periodically clean themselves while feeding. These spiders also prefer sugar solutions to plain water, which indicates that they are seeking nutrients. Since many spiders are nocturnal, the extent of nectar consumption by spiders may have been underestimated. Nectar contains amino acids, lipids, vitamins and minerals in addition to sugars, and studies have shown that other spider species live longer when nectar is available. Feeding on nectar avoids the risks of struggles with prey, and the costs of producing venom and digestive enzymes. Various species


title: Spider content: are known to feed on dead arthropods (scavenging), web silk, and their own shed exoskeletons. Pollen caught in webs may also be eaten, and studies have shown that young spiders have a better chance of survival if they have the opportunity to eat pollen. In captivity, several spider species are also known to feed on bananas, marmalade, milk, egg yolk and sausages. The best-known method of prey capture is by means of sticky webs. Varying placement of webs allows different species of spider to trap different insects in the same area, for example flat horizontal webs trap insects that fly


title: Spider content: up from vegetation underneath while flat vertical webs trap insects in horizontal flight. Web-building spiders have poor vision, but are extremely sensitive to vibrations. Females of the water spider "Argyroneta aquatica" build underwater "diving bell" webs that they fill with air and use for digesting prey, molting, mating and raising offspring. They live almost entirely within the bells, darting out to catch prey animals that touch the bell or the threads that anchor it. A few spiders use the surfaces of lakes and ponds as "webs", detecting trapped insects by the vibrations that these cause while struggling. Net-casting spiders weave


title: Spider content: only small webs, but then manipulate them to trap prey. Those of the genus "Hyptiotes" and the family Theridiosomatidae stretch their webs and then release them when prey strike them, but do not actively move their webs. Those of the family Deinopidae weave even smaller webs, hold them outstretched between their first two pairs of legs, and lunge and push the webs as much as twice their own body length to trap prey, and this move may increase the webs' area by a factor of up to ten. Experiments have shown that "Deinopis spinosus" has two different techniques for trapping


title: Spider content: prey: backwards strikes to catch flying insects, whose vibrations it detects; and forward strikes to catch ground-walking prey that it sees. These two techniques have also been observed in other deinopids. Walking insects form most of the prey of most deinopids, but one population of "Deinopis subrufa" appears to live mainly on tipulid flies that they catch with the backwards strike. Mature female bolas spiders of the genus "Mastophora" build "webs" that consist of only a single "trapeze line", which they patrol. They also construct a bolas made of a single thread, tipped with a large ball of very wet


title: Spider content: sticky silk. They emit chemicals that resemble the pheromones of moths, and then swing the bolas at the moths. Although they miss on about 50% of strikes, they catch about the same weight of insects per night as web-weaving spiders of similar size. The spiders eat the bolas if they have not made a kill in about 30 minutes, rest for a while, and then make new bolas. Juveniles and adult males are much smaller and do not make bolas. Instead they release different pheromones that attract moth flies, and catch them with their front pairs of legs. The primitive


title: Spider content: Liphistiidae, the "trapdoor spiders" of the family Ctenizidae and many tarantulas are ambush predators that lurk in burrows, often closed by trapdoors and often surrounded by networks of silk threads that alert these spiders to the presence of prey. Other ambush predators do without such aids, including many crab spiders, and a few species that prey on bees, which see ultraviolet, can adjust their ultraviolet reflectance to match the flowers in which they are lurking. Wolf spiders, jumping spiders, fishing spiders and some crab spiders capture prey by chasing it, and rely mainly on vision to locate prey. Some jumping


title: Spider content: spiders of the genus "Portia" hunt other spiders in ways that seem intelligent, outflanking their victims or luring them from their webs. Laboratory studies show that "Portia"s instinctive tactics are only starting points for a trial-and-error approach from which these spiders learn very quickly how to overcome new prey species. However, they seem to be relatively slow "thinkers", which is not surprising, as their brains are vastly smaller than those of mammalian predators. Ant-mimicking spiders face several challenges: they generally develop slimmer abdomens and false "waists" in the cephalothorax to mimic the three distinct regions (tagmata) of an ant's body;


title: Spider content: they wave the first pair of legs in front of their heads to mimic antennae, which spiders lack, and to conceal the fact that they have eight legs rather than six; they develop large color patches round one pair of eyes to disguise the fact that they generally have eight simple eyes, while ants have two compound eyes; they cover their bodies with reflective hairs to resemble the shiny bodies of ants. In some spider species, males and females mimic different ant species, as female spiders are usually much larger than males. Ant-mimicking spiders also modify their behavior to resemble


title: Spider content: that of the target species of ant; for example, many adopt a zig-zag pattern of movement, ant-mimicking jumping spiders avoid jumping, and spiders of the genus "Synemosyna" walk on the outer edges of leaves in the same way as "Pseudomyrmex". Ant-mimicry in many spiders and other arthropods may be for protection from predators that hunt by sight, including birds, lizards and spiders. However, several ant-mimicking spiders prey either on ants or on the ants' "livestock", such as aphids. When at rest, the ant-mimicking crab spider "Amyciaea" does not closely resemble "Oecophylla", but while hunting it imitates the behavior of a


title: Spider content: dying ant to attract worker ants. After a kill, some ant-mimicking spiders hold their victims between themselves and large groups of ants to avoid being attacked. There is strong evidence that spiders' coloration is camouflage that helps them to evade their major predators, birds and parasitic wasps, both of which have good color vision. Many spider species are colored so as to merge with their most common backgrounds, and some have disruptive coloration, stripes and blotches that break up their outlines. In a few species, such as the Hawaiian happy-face spider, "Theridion grallator", several coloration schemes are present in a


title: Spider content: ratio that appears to remain constant, and this may make it more difficult for predators to recognize the species. Most spiders are insufficiently dangerous or unpleasant-tasting for warning coloration to offer much benefit. However, a few species with powerful venoms, large jaws or irritant hairs have patches of warning colors, and some actively display these colors when threatened. Many of the family Theraphosidae, which includes tarantulas and baboon spiders, have urticating hairs on their abdomens and use their legs to flick them at attackers. These hairs are fine setae (bristles) with fragile bases and a row of barbs on the


title: Spider content: tip. The barbs cause intense irritation but there is no evidence that they carry any kind of venom. A few defend themselves against wasps by including networks of very robust threads in their webs, giving the spider time to flee while the wasps are struggling with the obstacles. The golden wheeling spider, "Carparachne aureoflava", of the Namibian desert escapes parasitic wasps by flipping onto its side and cartwheeling down sand dunes. A few spider species that build webs live together in large colonies and show social behavior, although not as complex as in social insects. "Anelosimus eximius" (in the family


title: Spider content: Theridiidae) can form colonies of up to 50,000 individuals. The genus "Anelosimus" has a strong tendency towards sociality: all known American species are social, and species in Madagascar are at least somewhat social. Members of other species in the same family but several different genera have independently developed social behavior. For example, although "Theridion nigroannulatum" belongs to a genus with no other social species, "T. nigroannulatum" build colonies that may contain several thousand individuals that co-operate in prey capture and share food. Other communal spiders include several "Philoponella" species (family Uloboridae), "Agelena consociata" (family Agelenidae) and "Mallos gregalis" (family Dictynidae).


title: Spider content: Social predatory spiders need to defend their prey against kleptoparasites ("thieves"), and larger colonies are more successful in this. The herbivorous spider "Bagheera kiplingi" lives in small colonies which help to protect eggs and spiderlings. Even widow spiders (genus "Latrodectus"), which are notoriously cannibalistic, have formed small colonies in captivity, sharing webs and feeding together. There is no consistent relationship between the classification of spiders and the types of web they build: species in the same genus may build very similar or significantly different webs. Nor is there much correspondence between spiders' classification and the chemical composition of their silks.


title: Spider content: Convergent evolution in web construction, in other words use of similar techniques by remotely related species, is rampant. Orb web designs and the spinning behaviors that produce them are the best understood. The basic radial-then-spiral sequence visible in orb webs and the sense of direction required to build them may have been inherited from the common ancestors of most spider groups. However, the majority of spiders build non-orb webs. It used to be thought that the sticky orb web was an evolutionary innovation resulting in the diversification of the Orbiculariae. Now, however, it appears that non-orb spiders are a sub-group


title: Spider content: that evolved from orb-web spiders, and non-orb spiders have over 40% more species and are four times as abundant as orb-web spiders. Their greater success may be because sphecid wasps, which are often the dominant predators of spiders, much prefer to attack spiders that have flat webs. About half the potential prey that hit orb webs escape. A web has to perform three functions: intercepting the prey (intersection), absorbing its momentum without breaking (stopping), and trapping the prey by entangling it or sticking to it (retention). No single design is best for all prey. For example: wider spacing of lines