title: "Russi Karanjia" content: India" in 1941 to launch "Blitz (newspaper)", a weekly tabloid with a focus on investigative journalism. It was one of the few Indian newspapers to have carried out interviews with the high and mighty, including the likes of Fidel Castro and Zhou Enlai. The Daily and The Blitz were also incubators for the likes of R.K.Laxman, P.Sainath and Teesta Setalvad, all of whom started their journalistic careers there. Karanjia served as a war correspondent during the Japanese Burma offensive in World War II, reporting on the action in Burma and Assam. "Blitz" folded during the mid-1990s and Karanjia retired from


title: "Nag (ATGM)" content: due to the army changing its requirements with the carrier of the missile (NaMiCa) at the last moment. The missile tested during the summer in Rajasthan failed to achieve its objective of hitting the target at the intended 4 km range. The scientists found the fault with the heat seeker unable to distinguish the heat signature of the target and the surrounding during extreme temperate at great distance. This led to the development of a better seeker with higher resolution and sensitivity by Research Centre Imarat (RCI), that can track and distinguish targets at long distances. The first trials of


title: "Millard Harmon" content: pilot, combat observer and technical observer — serving in that capacity and as a member of the Harriman Mission until April. On his return to the United States, he was assigned as Commanding General of IV Interceptor Command, Fourth Air Force. On July 11, 1942 he was appointed major general, and a week later was placed in command of the Second Air Force, with headquarters at Fort George Wright, Washington. In December of that year he was assigned as acting Commanding General of the Air Force Combat Command. On January 26, 1942, he became Chief of the Air Staff, Army


title: "Avro Canada Orenda" content: Avro Canada Orenda The Avro Canada TR.5 Orenda was the first production jet engine from Avro Canada's Gas Turbine Division. Similar to other early jet engines in design, like the Rolls-Royce Avon or General Electric J47, the Orenda nevertheless outperformed its rivals in most ways, and the Orenda-powered Canadair Sabres were among the fastest of all first-generation jet fighters. Over 4,000 Orendas of various marks were delivered during the 1950s, Avro's greatest engine success. The Orenda design started in the summer of 1946 when the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) placed an order with Avro Canada for a new night/all-weather


title: "Chris Roebuck" content: Training Corps and was commissioned into the Territorial Army. During this period he led the team that blew up the 150 ft high chimney at the old pottery at Sandford near Wareham in Dorset to make way for a new housing estate. Roebuck was subsequently commissioned into the regular Army Royal Engineers via the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He was the Best Young Officer on his Course at the Royal School of Military Engineering. During his service in Germany, Roebuck developed the modern pipe fascine, now used by the British Army in operations globally to rapidly cross small gaps and


title: "Schulte Roth & Zabel" content: committed capital. The firm represented Marlin Equity Partners in its $891 million all-cash acquisition of Tellabs and also represented Marlin Equity Partners in its acquisition of Nokia Siemens Networks' optical networks business to form Coriant. The firm secured dismissals on behalf of Tullett Prebon plc in a series of lawsuits and data cases brought by affiliates of rival inter-dealer broker BGC Partners Inc. The firm represented Cerberus Capital Management LP in its sale of Chrysler Financial to TD Bank Group for cash consideration of approximately $6.3 billion. TD Bank, a wholly owned subsidiary of TD, acquired Chrysler Financial in the


title: "Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes" content: New Zealand: In Russia: In South Africa:, In Switzerland: In Spain: In The Netherlands: In the United Kingdom (partial list): In the United States (partial list): The 'Bell' trademark has been used and is "still" in use with a variety of telephone companies in North America and around the world, including (partial list): Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes include honours bestowed upon him and awards named for him. Alexander Graham Bell received numerous tributes during his life, and new awards were subsequently named for him posthumously. Among those tributes: A number of schools,


title: "Joel Dorman Steele" content: character, which was exhibited in all his writing." Born May 14, 1836, in Lima, New York, he became a country schoolteacher at the age of 17, leaving that position after an outbreak of typhoid fever killed his mother in 1851. He graduated from Genesee College (now part of Syracuse University) in 1858, and became a school principal in Oswego County in 1859. After being seriously injured in the American civil war, he returned to a school principalship in 1862, in Newark, New York, and in 1866 moved to another school in Elmira, New York. In 1872 he gave up teaching


title: "They're Made Out of Meat" content: film adaptation starring Tom Noonan and Ben Bailey. The film was made as a final project for the New York Film Academy. The main action takes place inside of a diner full of teenagers. The music for the film was scored by Bob Reynolds. In 2010, Jeff Frumess and Trevor Scott wrote and directed their own iteration, adding the character of a homeless conspiracy theorist with an original score by musician Sam Belkin. The film was shot at the Hartsdale train platform on the Merto North in Westchester, NY. In 2015, musical producer Jose Hoffman created a song based on


title: "Adventure Florida" content: Adventure Florida Adventure Florida is a children's BBC television programme and is broadcast on the CBBC channel in which four British CBBC viewers children, chosen from 16,000 applicants, join four American children for the ultimate Florida adventure and four US children take part in a summer camp in Florida at which they learn about environmental issues and saving the world's wildlife from extinction.They also learn about how animals live and the difficulties they face in life. The 8 children and the adults stayed together at Mzinga Lodge Each day there is a different topic like reptiles and a different word


title: "Eriophyllum confertiflorum" content: Eriophyllum confertiflorum Eriophyllum confertiflorum, commonly called golden yarrow or yellow yarrow, is a North American species of plants in the (sunflower family), native to California and Baja California. It has wooly leaves when young, and yellow flower heads. ""Eriophyllum"" means "wooly leaved. "Eriophyllum confertiflorum" gets its common name from the similar appearance of its inflorescence to the "true yarrow", which has white flowers. "Eriophyllum confertiflorum" is a highly variable plant which is generally a small shrub. It grows primarily in the Sierra Nevada and Coastal Ranges in California and Baja California. It can be found in a number of plant


title: "Eriophyllum confertiflorum" content: communities and habitats. In the Santa Monica Mountains of California, it is common in open places that are away from the coast. "Eriophyllum confertiflorum" grows in large clumps or stands of many erect stems often exceeding 50 cm (20 inches) in height. Botanist Nancy Dale describes the growth pattern as "tidy". Leaves are alternate. Leaves and stems are whitish when young, because of being covered in wooly white hairs, then become greenish to gray-green. Leaves have 3-5 deep lobes. Yellow flowers are crowded in the head, which is up to 3/8 inch (0.94 cm) across, flat-topped, with both disc flowers


title: "Eriophyllum confertiflorum" content: and ray flowers. ""Confertiflorum"" means densely flowered. It blooms from January to July. The fruit is an achene with a very short pappus. The top of each stem forms an inflorescence of up to 30} flower heads, each bright golden yellow head with a large center of disc florets and usually a fringe of rounded to oval ray florets. Eriophyllum confertiflorum Eriophyllum confertiflorum, commonly called golden yarrow or yellow yarrow, is a North American species of plants in the (sunflower family), native to California and Baja California. It has wooly leaves when young, and yellow flower heads. ""Eriophyllum"" means "wooly


title: "Erodium moschatum" content: Erodium moschatum Erodium moschatum is a species of flowering plant in the geranium family known by the common names musk stork's-bill and whitestem filaree. This is a weedy annual or biennial herb which is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa but can be found on most continents where it is an introduced species. The young plant starts with a flat rosette of compound leaves, each leaf up to 15 centimeters long with many oval-shaped highly lobed and toothed leaflets along a central vein which is hairy, white, and stemlike. The plant grows to a maximum of about half


title: "Erodium moschatum" content: a meter in height with plentiful fuzzy green foliage. The small flowers have five sepals behind five purple or lavender petals, each petal just over a centimeter long. The filaree fruit has a small, glandular body with a long green style up to 4 centimeters in length. Erodium moschatum Erodium moschatum is a species of flowering plant in the geranium family known by the common names musk stork's-bill and whitestem filaree. This is a weedy annual or biennial herb which is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa but can be found on most continents where it is an


title: "Postage stamps and postal history of Palestine" content: by the son of the then consul, though other philatelists have maintained their claims that the postal service and its stamps are genuine. In early May 1948, the Jewish provisional government, known as "Minhelet Ha'am", did not have its own postage stamps ready, so it used existing labels, both JNF labels, which otherwise have been printed since 1902 for fundraising purposes, and local community tax stamps. The JNF labels were given a Hebrew overprint meaning postage ("doar"), (as shown in the picture), whereas local community tax stamps were not given overprints. The JNF stamps were printed from May 3 to


title: "Dmitry Okhotsimsky" content: and good health, and was actively working until his death at the age of 84. He entered the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics of the University of Moscow in 1939. When World War II broke, the department was temporarily closed. He participated in the building of defense installations around Moscow, worked at the munitions factory. In 1941 he was conscripted to the Red Army but was dismissed in 1942 for vision problems (severe nearsightedness) and returned to the University. In 1946 he presented a paper about the optimization of the missile flight, where he was able to find an analytical


title: "Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway" content: be expedited. However, numerous legal disputes regarding affected properties, notably in the Tarlac segment of the project, meant delays in the negotiation process being undertaken by the DPWH. The expected completion of the entire expressway caused a major delay when an unsolicited proposal was brought up to change the alignment of the project to change the location of the final interchange in Rosario, La Union. Former Pangasinan 5th District Representative Mark Cojuangco proposed three alignments: one would pass through Urdaneta City, then San Fabian, and exits Brgy. Cataguintingan of Rosario, La Union. This is about 1.48 kilometers longer from the


title: "Maynard v West Midlands Regional HA" content: of damage was to the left laryngeal recurrent nerve, even if the operation was properly done. In the event, only tuberculosis was confirmed. Unfortunately, the risk became a reality and the patient suffered a paralysis of the left vocal cord. The decision of the physician and the surgeon to proceed was said by their expert peers to be reasonable in all the circumstances. A court may prefer one body of opinion to the other but that is no basis for a conclusion of negligence. Maynard v West Midlands Regional HA Maynard v. West Midlands Regional Health Authority [1985] 1 All


title: "Dual containment" content: and access to international finance. This approach, known as "active containment," was designed to convince the Iranian elite to pursue rapprochement with the West over time. On May 6, 1995, President Clinton signed an executive order to bolster the Iranian containment. It banned arms sales to Iran, including dual-use technologies, and banned importing Iranian goods. It also established a diplomatic position of blocking Iran from all international lending. According to Indyk, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia tried to show support for the policy by promising to buy dozens of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas civilian airliners in mid-1993, ensuring that US


title: "2008 Arkansas Democratic primary" content: Area; and Lee and Phillips counties, both predominantly African American and located along the Mississippi River Delta. 2008 Arkansas Democratic primary The Arkansas Democratic Presidential Primary took place on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008, with 35 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Arkansas's four congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 22. Another 13 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Hillary Clinton. The 35 delegates represented Arkansas at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Twelve other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well. Arkansas, the


title: "Hinemoa (gastropod)" content: Within the aperture it is whitish. The height 1.1 mm. and the diameter 0.6 mm. Little is known about the biology of the members of this genus. As is true of most members of the Pyramidellidae "sensu lato", they are most likely ectoparasites. The ultrastructure of the sperm has been investigated by Healy (1988). Species within the genus "Hinemoa" include: Hinemoa (gastropod) Hinemoa is a genus of small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae, within the family Pyramidellidae. The original description of the genus is short and states that the shells are


title: "In Fair Palestine: A Story of Romeo and Juliet" content: cinema. The premiere garnered coverage by mainstream media outlets in the Palestinian territories, Jordan and Syria. Hart proposed the idea to create the movie and gathered together a group of 10th grade students to work on the project. Students did background research on Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. During 11th grade, the writers and the director of the movie worked on the script and, in the summer, begin shooting. Shooting ran from 7 June until 28 September. Editing efforts continued through 12th grade until the film was finalized, a few days before its premier on 19 January 2008. Tarek Knorn, one


title: "Čerťák" content: of 125 m and a hill size of 142 m. The official record is 145.5 m, set by Janne Ahonen on 12 December 2004 during the 2004–05 World Cup season. The unofficial record is 151 m set by Martin Koch (Austria) on 17 December 2004 in a Continental Cup event. The normal hill has K-point of 90 m, a hill size of 100 m and a hill record of 102.5 m. The two smaller hills have K-points of 70 m (hill record 77 m) and K-point 40 meters (hill record 43.5 m). The standard hill has plastic mats, allowing summer


title: "Iain Douglas-Hamilton" content: for monitoring the illegal killing of elephants (MIKE) in Africa, a trustee of the Kenya Elephant Research Fund, a member since 1982 of the IUCN African Elephant Specialist Group, and currently a member of its African Elephant Data Review Working Group, and from 1993 to 2004 he was a wildlife and environmental consultant to the European Union and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. Douglas-Hamilton has published a long list of academic research papers throughout his career. He is the author, with his wife Oria, of Battle for the Elephants (Viking, 1992) and Among The Elephants (Doubleday, 1975), and has


title: "Crime and violence in Latin America" content: a 'criminal inertia,' in which high rates of criminality endure long after the latent socioeconomic causes have disappeared or been addressed through policy interventions." Another reason critics believe fuels crime in Latin America is due to the poor public primary education system they say it "has given rise to youths without jobs or expectations of employment-thereby fueling the mounting problem of gang violence in Central America, Mexico, Jamaica, Trinidad, Colombia and Brazil." A series of factors have contributed to the increase in violent crime in Latin America since the transitions from authoritarianism to democracy. Some intrinsic factors and characteristics of


title: "1933 college football season" content: Nixon had been on the freshman football team at Whittier, he was not part of the varsity squad that played against USC. Oregon defeated Linfield College 53-0. Stanford beat San Jose State 27-0 September 30 Stanford narrowly defeated UCLA 3-0, USC beat Loyola Marymount 18-0, and Oregon won at Gonzaga 14-0. Army opened with a 19-6 win over Mercer College. Minnesota beat visiting South Dakota State 19-6. Pittsburgh beat Washington & Jefferson 9-0. October 7 USC defeated Washington State 33-0, Stanford beat Santa Clara 7-0, and Oregon got past Portland College 14-7. Minnesota and Indiana tied 6-6. Michigan (whose team


title: "Learning Research and Development Center" content: Learning Research and Development Center The Learning Research and Development Center (LRDC) at the University of Pittsburgh is an interdisciplinary center focused on describing, understanding, improving, and researching various aspects of human cognition and learning in order to improve and reform instruction and training in schools, the workplace, and informal environments. Co-founded in 1963 by Robert Glaser and J. Steele Gow, it was among the first such centers in the world focusing on field of fundamental learning studies, and was selected for a program of the Cooperative Research Branch of the United States Office of Education as the first such


title: "Donau City" content: Donau City Donau City, or Vienna DC, is a new part of Vienna's 22nd District Donaustadt, next to both the Reichsbrücke and the left bank of the Danube's 21.1 km new channel, "Neue Donau". Construction work for the first building on this site, the Andromeda Tower, started in 1996. Although the Danube river has been inextricably connected with Vienna, for centuries, it had played only a subordinate role in the city of Vienna. Unlike in many other cities, the Danube River, because of the numerous floods it regularly caused, was omitted from the urban area. Buildings grew up in Vienna


title: "Donau City" content: on both sides of the Danube - but not up to the Danube. Only after extensive flood-control engineering and the creation of the New Danube relief channel, with Danube Island, in the 1970s, was the surrounding cityscape of the Danube of interest to builders. The establishment of Donau City had its origins in the organization of the Vienna International Garden Festival in 1964. This was on a site of a former landfill, later superficially rehabilitated, in an area between the Old Danube and the New Danube. In 1962, the construction of the Danube Tower began, and two years later, the


title: "Donau City" content: Garden Festival was held. The site of the garden show was known as Donaupark. Not far from Donaupark, in 1967, the planning of the UNO-City was started, opened in 1979. Through the construction of the U1 and the Reichsbruecke (Empire Bridge), the UN-City had a high-ranking access to the traffic system. The terrain gained increasing importance with the opening of the congress center Austria Center Vienna in 1987. Next, at the end of the 1980s, there were plans to hold a Vienna-Budapest EXPO along the northern bank of the Danube in Vienna. However, the planned EXPO 1995 was canceled because


title: "Donau City" content: a majority of Viennese voters rejected it in a referendum on the project. The site was then developed for a subsequent use as a multifunctional district. In 1991, the EXPO organizing corporation was succeeded by the Vienna Danube Region Development Corporation (WED), with major Austrian banks and insurance companies (BA-CA, Erste Bank, Raiffeisen Bank for Labor and Economy, Invest Bank AG, UNIQA, Wiener Städtische) as principal shareholders. WED owns the area and is responsible for its overall development. Within a few years, the district became a second urban center in Vienna, with residential and office buildings, research facilities, recreational facilities


title: "Donau City" content: and event locations. Work on the construction of infrastructure for future use began in 1993. The Danube Bank Motorway (A22) was roofed over, providing more area. The foundation for the first building was completed in 1995, with the start of construction of the Andromeda Tower. The total area is 17.4 hectares. Of this total, approximately 1.7 million cubic meters are used for construction, which represents a gross floor area of approximately 500,000 square meters. Nearly two-thirds of those buildings are already completed and utilized. Following the cancellation of the EXPO in 1991 was then still in the undeveloped area within


title: "Donau City" content: a few years, an urban centre with residential and office buildings, research facilities, recreational facilities and event locations, the Donau City. The Donau City development concept is a broad mix of uses: office and commercial uses, up to 70 percent, residential use of about 20 percent, and cultural and recreational use of approximately 10 percent. Approximately 7,500 people currently live and work in this new "city within a city". With the overall expansion, which is expected to be completed in 2012, the population could increase to 15,000. International companies such as IBM, sanofi-aventis and Bauholding Strabag SE are also located


title: "Donau City" content: in Donau City. Also established are well-known high-tech companies that deal with their employees and scientific institutions in Vienna's first Science and Technology Park, Tech Gate Vienna. In addition to the above institutions, Donau City has stores, restaurants, cafes, offices, a school and a church. The area bordering the Danube Island has recreation areas, Donaupark and Old Danube. Donau City has two direct connections to the motorway network, and the Vienna International Airport is about 20 minutes away. In 2002, WED organized an international competition for a master plan to complete the remaining undeveloped third of the core area. The


title: "Donau City" content: competition was won by French architect Dominique Perrault, who proposed two high-rise towers and a transition zone to the New Danube. The 60-story DC Tower 1, about 220 meters tall, will be Austria's tallest building. Together with the 46-story DC Tower 2, 160 meters tall, it will bring a new density to the district. A third tower at 100 meters will complement the skyline. Construction is expected after the DC Towers in 5 years. In addition, also planned are: a block of flats (about 50 meters high), a house of the cultures of about 70m, and a Sea Life Center


title: "Donau City" content: over the covered motorway. On October 2, 2012 S+B Gruppe and Sorovia Group announced in a joint press release the construction of another high-rise called "Danube Flats". It will contain 500 flats distributed over 45 floors and 145 meters located next to the "Hochhaus Neue Donau". Overall the two developing companies will invest a total of € 140 millions on this project. Construction is scheduled to start in 2014 and end in 2016. The construction of Donau City occurred in the following steps: Donau City Donau City, or Vienna DC, is a new part of Vienna's 22nd District Donaustadt, next


title: "Fuel cell bus" content: Autobus), includes three additional buses. The town of Whistler in British Columbia, Canada owned and operated the largest fuel-cell bus fleet in the world, having been put in operation for the 2010 Winter Olympics. However, the costs were too high and the program halted in 2015. In Aberdeen, Scotland, the Aberdeen Hydrogen Bus Project currently has 10 hydrogen fuel cell buses operating, the largest fleet in Europe. The Fuel Cell Bus Club is a global cooperative effort in trial fuel cell buses. Ford began leasing E-350 shuttle buses in late 2006. It conducted some trials: Fuel cell bus A fuel


title: "Prunus mexicana" content: Prunus mexicana Prunus mexicana, commonly known as the Mexican plum, is a North American species of plum tree that can be found in the central United States and Northern Mexico. Its native range stretches from Coahuila and San Luis Potosí north as far as Wisconsin and South Dakota, east to Georgia, Kentucky, and Ohio. Mexican Plum is widely cultivated, such as on the west coast of the United States. "Prunus mexicana" is usually found on woodland edges or in open fields. It has a single trunk and reaches a height of . It has dark green, simple ovate leaves, fragrant


title: "Prunus mexicana" content: white or pale pink flowers, and dark grey bark banded with horizontal lenticels. Mexican Plums are adaptable to a wide range of soil pH and are drought-tolerant. They are hardy in USDA zones 7 to 9. Early in the spring it is covered with clouds of white fragrant flowers that are up to an inch wide. The dark red or purple fruit ripens late in the fall. "Prunus mexicana" is very similar to "Prunus americana", and they intergrade along a broad contact zone centered around Arkansas and Missouri. These intermediate individuals may be impossible to assign to a specific species.


title: "Prunus mexicana" content: "Prunus mexicana" is included in the section "Prunocerasus". Prunus mexicana Prunus mexicana, commonly known as the Mexican plum, is a North American species of plum tree that can be found in the central United States and Northern Mexico. Its native range stretches from Coahuila and San Luis Potosí north as far as Wisconsin and South Dakota, east to Georgia, Kentucky, and Ohio. Mexican Plum is widely cultivated, such as on the west coast of the United States. "Prunus mexicana" is usually found on woodland edges or in open fields. It has a single trunk and reaches a height of .


title: "Are You For Real" content: all lead and background vocals. The song was produced by Deodato. In 1990, a cover version of "Are You For Real" was recorded by the popular freestyle dance group TKA and released by Tommy Boy Records on their "Louder Than Love" album. Camille added a special guest vocal to this version as well, and the group performed the song live on NBC-TV's "Showtime at the Apollo" television show. Personnel on the TKA track includes Mac Quayle and Joey Moskowitz (keyboards and programming) and Roger Byam (sax). The song was produced by Joey Gardner. Are You For Real "Are You For


title: "First Messenian War" content: Asine in reprisal for its assistance to Sparta during the Spartan invasion of Argos. After the war Sparta placed the refugees in a new settlement called Asine on the Messenian Gulf, today's Koroni. The destruction level at the old Asine is dated 710 BC, more precise actually than can be obtained for most archaeological dates. A second piece of apparently archaeologically supported evidence is the settlement of the Partheniai at Taras (Tarentum) in Italy. During the war while the men were away a certain number of Spartan ladies bore illegitimate children to non-Spartiatate fathers, some with husbands stationed in Messenia.


title: "Tod Wodicka" content: "Tank (magazine)", "New Statesman", "South as a State of Mind", "AnOther Magazine", "The National", "Art Papers", "BBC Radio 4" and "BBC Radio 3". He wrote the afterward to David Tibet of Current 93's art book, "Some Gnostic Cartoons". He has been a resident at Yaddo; a literary fellow at the Akademie Schloss Solitude in Stuttgart, Germany; and a writer in residence at Het beschrijf at Passa Porta in Belgium. Tod Wodicka Tod Wodicka (born May 30, 1976) is an American author who grew up in Queensbury, New York, and lived for twenty years in Europe, including Manchester, England; Prague; and


title: "Viburnum dentatum" content: Viburnum dentatum Viburnum dentatum, southern arrowwood or arrowwood viburnum or roughish arrowwood, is a small shrub, native to the Eastern United States and Canada from Maine south to Northern Florida and Eastern Texas. Like most "Viburnum", it has opposite, simple leaves and fruit in berry-like drupes. Foliage turns yellow to red in late fall. Localized variations of the species are common over its entire geographic range. Common differences include leaf size and shape and placement of pubescence on leaf undersides and petioles. Larvae of moths feed on "V. dentatum". Species include the unsated sallow or arrowwood sallow ("Metaxaglaea inulta") or


title: "Viburnum dentatum" content: "Phyllonorycter viburnella". It is also consumed by the viburnum leaf beetle, "Pyrrhalta viburni", an invasive species from Eurasia. The fruits are a food source for songbirds. Berries contain 41.3% fat. The fruits appear blue. The major pigments are cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-sambubioside and cyanidin 3-vicianoside, but the total mixture is very complex. Viburnum dentatum Viburnum dentatum, southern arrowwood or arrowwood viburnum or roughish arrowwood, is a small shrub, native to the Eastern United States and Canada from Maine south to Northern Florida and Eastern Texas. Like most "Viburnum", it has opposite, simple leaves and fruit in berry-like drupes. Foliage turns


title: "Alpharts Tod" content: is often read as a poem about youthful stupidity regarding heroism: the young Alphart, though brave, strong, and courteous, ignores all advice in order to prove his heroism and dies as a result. Moreover, Alphart is presented with multiple opportunities to save himself, yet each time he refuses. However, Heinzle notes that Alphart's behavior is never condemned, in contrast to his weak and cowardly opponents Witege and Heime: rather, it seems to glorify in his heroic aristeia and grow sentimental at his loss. Werner Hoffmann shares a similar opinion: the poem presents a genuine representation of the old heroic ethos,


title: "Forest dieback" content: Africa. Trees stressed by drought and temperature are more susceptible to parasites. In North America there were five notable hardwood diebacks in the 20th century. These have occurred with the maturation of the forest and each episode has lasted about eleven years. The most severe temperate forest dieback was on white birch and yellow birch trees. The others are ash, oak, and maple species. White and yellow birches experienced an episode starting between 1934 and 1957 and ending between 1953 and 1954. This followed a wave pattern that first appeared in southern regions and moved to northern regions. A second


title: "Black Cat Tavern" content: the raid on the Black Cat Tavern and later the raid on The Patch in August 1968 inspired the formation of the Metropolitan Community Church (led by Pastor Troy Perry). On November 7, 2008, the site was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, HCM No. 939. After operating as a gay bar under several names (most recently "Le Barcito" catering to the Latino community), in November 2012 the site became a restaurant and bar named The Black Cat in memory of the earlier establishment. The new Black Cat caters to a general clientele, and there are photographs of the events


title: "Burlington Telecom" content: Burlington Telecom Burlington Telecom is a municipal telecommunications company providing residents of Burlington, Vermont with television, telephone and internet services. The company runs its communications offerings on a citywide fiber-optic network. A home network connecting every residence and business of Burlington was conceived in the 1980s. There were a number of failed attempts in the 1990s. A funding source could not be found. An experienced telecommunications expert, Tim Nulty, was hired as a consultant by the city. Nulty became General Manager of the newly created Burlington Telecom, a division of the city government. The network was laid in stages. The


title: "Euonymus americanus" content: Euonymus americanus Euonymus americanus is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae. Common names include strawberry bush, American strawberry bush, bursting-heart, Dark green woody propellor 700 series, hearts-a-bustin and hearts-bustin'-with-love. It is native to the eastern United States, its distribution extending as far west as Texas. It has also been recorded in Ontario. This is a deciduous shrub growing up to 2 meters tall. The oppositely arranged leaves are leathery or papery in texture and measure up to 10 centimeters long. Flowers are borne in the leaf axils on peduncles up to 2.2 centimeters long. The yellow-green sepals


title: "Euonymus americanus" content: are 1 or 2 centimeters long and the greenish or reddish petals above are smaller. The fruit capsule is about 1.5 centimeters wide with a red warty or spiny covering. The capsule splits into five sections, revealing seeds covered in bright red arils. The seeds are dispersed by animals. Deer have been known to graze on this plant and seem to love the tender leaves and stems. Humans should take the red color of the seeds as a warning; they are known to be a strong laxative and cause severe diarrhea. In fact, this genus of plants in general is


title: "Euonymus americanus" content: considered poisonous to humans. Euonymus americanus Euonymus americanus is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae. Common names include strawberry bush, American strawberry bush, bursting-heart, Dark green woody propellor 700 series, hearts-a-bustin and hearts-bustin'-with-love. It is native to the eastern United States, its distribution extending as far west as Texas. It has also been recorded in Ontario. This is a deciduous shrub growing up to 2 meters tall. The oppositely arranged leaves are leathery or papery in texture and measure up to 10 centimeters long. Flowers are borne in the leaf axils on peduncles up to 2.2 centimeters


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: Photovoltaic system A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system's overall performance and include an integrated battery solution, as prices for storage devices are expected to decline.


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: Strictly speaking, a solar array only encompasses the ensemble of solar panels, the visible part of the PV system, and does not include all the other hardware, often summarized as balance of system (BOS). Moreover, PV systems convert light directly into electricity and shouldn't be confused with other technologies, such as concentrated solar power or solar thermal, used for heating and cooling. PV systems range from small, rooftop-mounted or building-integrated systems with capacities from a few to several tens of kilowatts, to large utility-scale power stations of hundreds of megawatts. Nowadays, most PV systems are grid-connected, while off-grid or stand-alone


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: systems only account for a small portion of the market. Operating silently and without any moving parts or environmental emissions, PV systems have developed from being niche market applications into a mature technology used for mainstream electricity generation. A rooftop system recoups the invested energy for its manufacturing and installation within 0.7 to 2 years and produces about 95 percent of net clean renewable energy over a 30-year service lifetime. Due to the exponential growth of photovoltaics, prices for PV systems have rapidly declined in recent years. However, they vary by market and the size of the system. In 2014,


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: prices for residential 5-kilowatt systems in the United States were around $3.29 per watt, while in the highly penetrated German market, prices for rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to €1.24 per watt. Nowadays, solar PV modules account for less than half of the system's overall cost, leaving the rest to the remaining BOS-components and to soft costs, which include customer acquisition, permitting, inspection and interconnection, installation labor and financing costs. A photovoltaic system converts the sun's radiation into usable electricity. It comprises the solar array and the balance of system components. PV systems can be categorized by


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: various aspects, such as, grid-connected vs. stand alone systems, building-integrated vs. rack-mounted systems, residential vs. utility systems, distributed vs. centralized systems, rooftop vs. ground-mounted systems, tracking vs. fixed-tilt systems, and new constructed vs. retrofitted systems. Other distinctions may include, systems with microinverters vs. central inverter, systems using crystalline silicon vs. thin-film technology, and systems with modules from Chinese vs. European and U.S.-manufacturers. About 99 percent of all European and 90 percent of all U.S. solar power systems are connected to the electrical grid, while off-grid systems are somewhat more common in Australia and South Korea. PV systems rarely use battery


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: storage. This may change soon, as government incentives for distributed energy storage are being implemented and investments in storage solutions are gradually becoming economically viable for small systems. A solar array of a typical residential PV system is rack-mounted on the roof, rather than integrated into the roof or facade of the building, as this is significantly more expensive. Utility-scale solar power stations are ground-mounted, with fixed tilted solar panels rather than using expensive tracking devices. Crystalline silicon is the predominant material used in 90 percent of worldwide produced solar modules, while rival thin-film has lost market-share in recent years.


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: About 70 percent of all solar cells and modules are produced in China and Taiwan, leaving only 5 percent to European and US-manufacturers. The installed capacity for both, small rooftop systems and large solar power stations is growing rapidly and in equal parts, although there is a notable trend towards utility-scale systems, as the focus on new installations is shifting away from Europe to sunnier regions, such as the Sunbelt in the U.S., which are less opposed to ground-mounted solar farms and cost-effectiveness is more emphasized by investors. Driven by advances in technology and increases in manufacturing scale and sophistication,


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: the cost of photovoltaics is declining continuously. There are several million PV systems distributed all over the world, mostly in Europe, with 1.4 million systems in Germany alone– as well as North America with 440,000 systems in the United States, The energy conversion efficiency of a conventional solar module increased from 15 to 20 percent over the last 10 years and a PV system recoups the energy needed for its manufacture in about 2 years. In exceptionally irradiated locations, or when thin-film technology is used, the so-called energy payback time decreases to one year or less. Net metering and financial


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: incentives, such as preferential feed-in tariffs for solar-generated electricity, have also greatly supported installations of PV systems in many countries. The levelised cost of electricity from large-scale PV systems has become competitive with conventional electricity sources in an expanding list of geographic regions, and grid parity has been achieved in about 30 different countries. As of 2015, the fast-growing global PV market is rapidly approaching the 200 GW mark – about 40 times the installed capacity of 2006. Photovoltaic systems currently contribute about 1 percent to worldwide electricity generation. Top installers of PV systems in terms of capacity are currently


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: China, Japan and the United States, while half of the world's capacity is installed in Europe, with Germany and Italy supplying 7% to 8% of their respective domestic electricity consumption with solar PV. The International Energy Agency expects solar power to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar thermal contributing 16% and 11% to the global demand, respectively. A grid connected system is connected to a larger independent grid (typically the public electricity grid) and feeds energy directly into the grid. This energy may be shared by a residential or commercial building


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: before or after the revenue measurement point. The difference being whether the credited energy production is calculated independently of the customer's energy consumption (feed-in tariff) or only on the difference of energy (net metering). Grid connected systems vary in size from residential (2–10 kW) to solar power stations (up to 10s of MW). This is a form of decentralized electricity generation. The feeding of electricity into the grid requires the transformation of DC into AC by a special, synchronising grid-tie inverter. In kilowatt-sized installations the DC side system voltage is as high as permitted (typically 1000 V except US residential


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: 600 V) to limit ohmic losses. Most modules (60 or 72 crystalline silicon cells) generate 160 W to 300 W at 36 volts. It is sometimes necessary or desirable to connect the modules partially in parallel rather than all in series. One set of modules connected in series is known as a 'string'. Photovoltaic systems are generally categorized into three distinct market segments: residential rooftop, commercial rooftop, and ground-mount utility-scale systems. Their capacities range from a few kilowatts to hundreds of megawatts. A typical residential system is around 10 kilowatts and mounted on a sloped roof, while commercial systems may


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: reach a megawatt-scale and are generally installed on low-slope or even flat roofs. Although rooftop mounted systems are small and display a higher cost per watt than large utility-scale installations, they account for the largest share in the market. There is, however, a growing trend towards bigger utility-scale power plants, especially in the "sunbelt" region of the planet. Uncertainties in revenue over time relate mostly to the evaluation of the solar resource and to the performance of the system itself. In the best of cases, uncertainties are typically 4% for year-to-year climate variability, 5% for solar resource estimation (in a


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: horizontal plane), 3% for estimation of irradiation in the plane of the array, 3% for power rating of modules, 2% for losses due to dirt and soiling, 1.5% for losses due to snow, and 5% for other sources of error. Identifying and reacting to manageable losses is critical for revenue and O&M efficiency. Monitoring of array performance may be part of contractual agreements between the array owner, the builder, and the utility purchasing the energy produced. Recently, a method to create "synthetic days" using readily available weather data and verification using the Open Solar Outdoors Test Field make it possible


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: to predict photovoltaic systems performance with high degrees of accuracy. This method can be used to then determine loss mechanisms on a local scale - such as those from snow or the effects of surface coatings (e.g. hydrophobic or hydrophilic) on soiling or snow losses. (Although in heavy snow environments with severe ground interference can result in annual losses from snow of 30%.) Access to the Internet has allowed a further improvement in energy monitoring and communication. Dedicated systems are available from a number of vendors. For solar PV systems that use microinverters (panel-level DC to AC conversion), module power


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: data is automatically provided. Some systems allow setting performance alerts that trigger phone/email/text warnings when limits are reached. These solutions provide data for the system owner and the installer. Installers are able to remotely monitor multiple installations, and see at-a-glance the status of their entire installed base. A photovoltaic system for residential, commercial, or industrial energy supply consists of the solar array and a number of components often summarized as the balance of system (BOS). This term is synonymous with "Balance of plant" q.v. BOS-components include power-conditioning equipment and structures for mounting, typically one or more DC to AC power


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: converters, also known as inverters, an energy storage device, a racking system that supports the solar array, electrical wiring and interconnections, and mounting for other components. Optionally, a balance of system may include any or all of the following: renewable energy credit revenue-grade meter, maximum power point tracker (MPPT), battery system and charger, GPS solar tracker, energy management software, solar irradiance sensors, anemometer, or task-specific accessories designed to meet specialized requirements for a system owner. In addition, a CPV system requires optical lenses or mirrors and sometimes a cooling system. The terms ""solar array"" and ""PV system"" are often incorrectly


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: used interchangeably, despite the fact that the solar array does not encompass the entire system. Moreover, ""solar panel"" is often used as a synonym for ""solar module"", although a panel consists of a string of several modules. The term ""solar system"" is also an often used misnomer for a PV system. Conventional c-Si solar cells, normally wired in series, are encapsulated in a solar module to protect them from the weather. The module consists of a tempered glass as cover, a soft and flexible encapsulant, a rear backsheet made of a weathering and fire-resistant material and an aluminium frame around


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: the outer edge. Electrically connected and mounted on a supporting structure, solar modules build a string of modules, often called solar panel. A solar array consists of one or many such panels. A photovoltaic array, or solar array, is a linked collection of solar modules. The power that one module can produce is seldom enough to meet requirements of a home or a business, so the modules are linked together to form an array. Most PV arrays use an inverter to convert the DC power produced by the modules into alternating current that can power lights, motors, and other loads.


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: The modules in a PV array are usually first connected in series to obtain the desired voltage; the individual strings are then connected in parallel to allow the system to produce more current. Solar panels are typically measured under STC (standard test conditions) or PTC (PVUSA test conditions), in watts. Typical panel ratings range from less than 100 watts to over 400 watts. The array rating consists of a summation of the panel ratings, in watts, kilowatts, or megawatts. A typical "150 watt" PV module is about a square meter in size. Such a module may be expected to produce


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: 0.75 kilowatt-hour (kWh) every day, on average, after taking into account the weather and the latitude, for an insolation of 5 sun hours/day. In the last 10 years, the efficiency of average commercial wafer-based crystalline silicon modules increased from about 12% to 16% and CdTe module efficiency increased from 9% to 13% during same period. Module output and life degraded by increased temperature. Allowing ambient air to flow over, and if possible behind, PV modules reduces this problem. Effective module lives are typically 25 years or more. The payback period for an investment in a PV solar installation varies greatly


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: and is typically less useful than a calculation of return on investment. While it is typically calculated to be between 10 and 20 years, the financial payback period can be far shorter with incentives. Due to the low voltage of an individual solar cell (typically ca. 0.5V), several cells are wired "(also see copper used in PV systems)" in series in the manufacture of a "laminate". The laminate is assembled into a protective weatherproof enclosure, thus making a photovoltaic module or solar panel. Modules may then be strung together into a photovoltaic array. In 2012, solar panels available for consumers


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: can have an efficiency of up to about 17%, while commercially available panels can go as far as 27%. It has been recorded that a group from The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems have created a cell that can reach 44.7% efficiency, which makes scientists' hopes of reaching the 50% efficiency threshold a lot more feasible. Photovoltaic cell electrical output is extremely sensitive to shading. The effects of this shading are well known. When even a small portion of a cell, module, or array is shaded, while the remainder is in sunlight, the output falls dramatically due to internal


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: 'short-circuiting' (the electrons reversing course through the shaded portion of the p-n junction). If the current drawn from the series string of cells is no greater than the current that can be produced by the shaded cell, the current (and so power) developed by the string is limited. If enough voltage is available from the rest of the cells in a string, current will be forced through the cell by breaking down the junction in the shaded portion. This breakdown voltage in common cells is between 10 and 30 volts. Instead of adding to the power produced by the panel,


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: the shaded cell absorbs power, turning it into heat. Since the reverse voltage of a shaded cell is much greater than the forward voltage of an illuminated cell, one shaded cell can absorb the power of many other cells in the string, disproportionately affecting panel output. For example, a shaded cell may drop 8 volts, instead of adding 0.5 volts, at a particular current level, thereby absorbing the power produced by 16 other cells. It is, thus important that a PV installation is not shaded by trees or other obstructions. Several methods have been developed to determine shading losses from


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: trees to PV systems over both large regions using LiDAR, but also at an individual system level using sketchup. Most modules have bypass diodes between each cell or string of cells that minimize the effects of shading and only lose the power of the shaded portion of the array. The main job of the bypass diode is to eliminate hot spots that form on cells that can cause further damage to the array, and cause fires. Sunlight can be absorbed by dust, snow, or other impurities at the surface of the module. This can reduce the light that strikes the


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: cells. In general these losses aggregated over the year are small even for locations in Canada. Maintaining a clean module surface will increase output performance over the life of the module. Google found that cleaning the flat mounted solar panels after 15 months increased their output by almost 100%, but that the 5% tilted arrays were adequately cleaned by rainwater. Solar insolation is made up of direct, diffuse, and reflected radiation. The absorption factor of a PV cell is defined as the fraction of incident solar irradiance that is absorbed by the cell. At high noon on a cloudless day


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: at the equator, the power of the sun is about 1 kW/m², on the Earth's surface, to a plane that is perpendicular to the sun's rays. As such, PV arrays can track the sun through each day to greatly enhance energy collection. However, tracking devices add cost, and require maintenance, so it is more common for PV arrays to have fixed mounts that tilt the array and face solar noon (approximately due south in the Northern Hemisphere or due north in the Southern Hemisphere). The tilt angle, from horizontal, can be varied for season, but if fixed, should be set


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: to give optimal array output during the peak electrical demand portion of a typical year for a stand-alone system. This optimal module tilt angle is not necessarily identical to the tilt angle for maximum annual array energy output. The optimization of the photovoltaic system for a specific environment can be complicated as issues of solar flux, soiling, and snow losses should be taken into effect. In addition, recent work has shown that spectral effects can play a role in optimal photovoltaic material selection. For example, the spectral albedo can play a significant role in output depending on the surface around


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: the photovoltaic system and the type of solar cell material. For the weather and latitudes of the United States and Europe, typical insolation ranges from 4 kWh/m²/day in northern climes to 6.5 kWh/m²/day in the sunniest regions. A photovoltaic installation in the southern latitudes of Europe or the United States may expect to produce 1 kWh/m²/day. A typical 1 kW photovoltaic installation in Australia or the southern latitudes of Europe or United States, may produce 3.5–5 kWh per day, dependent on location, orientation, tilt, insolation and other factors. In the Sahara desert, with less cloud cover and a better solar


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: angle, one could ideally obtain closer to 8.3 kWh/m²/day provided the nearly ever present wind would not blow sand onto the units. The area of the Sahara desert is over 9 million km². 90,600 km², or about 1%, could generate as much electricity as all of the world's power plants combined. Modules are assembled into arrays on some kind of mounting system, which may be classified as ground mount, roof mount or pole mount. For solar parks a large rack is mounted on the ground, and the modules mounted on the rack. For buildings, many different racks have been devised


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: for pitched roofs. For flat roofs, racks, bins and building integrated solutions are used. Solar panel racks mounted on top of poles can be stationary or moving, see Trackers below. Side-of-pole mounts are suitable for situations where a pole has something else mounted at its top, such as a light fixture or an antenna. Pole mounting raises what would otherwise be a ground mounted array above weed shadows and livestock, and may satisfy electrical code requirements regarding inaccessibility of exposed wiring. Pole mounted panels are open to more cooling air on their underside, which increases performance. A multiplicity of pole


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: top racks can be formed into a parking carport or other shade structure. A rack which does not follow the sun from left to right may allow seasonal adjustment up or down. Due to their outdoor usage, solar cables are specifically designed to be resistant against UV radiation and extremely high temperature fluctuations and are generally unaffected by the weather. A number of standards specify the usage of electrical wiring in PV systems, such as the IEC 60364 by the International Electrotechnical Commission, in section 712 ""Solar photovoltaic (PV) power supply systems"", the British Standard BS 7671, incorporating regulations relating


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: to microgeneration and photovoltaic systems, and the US UL4703 standard, in subject 4703 ""Photovoltaic Wire"". A solar tracking system tilts a solar panel throughout the day. Depending on the type of tracking system, the panel is either aimed directly at the sun or the brightest area of a partly clouded sky. Trackers greatly enhance early morning and late afternoon performance, increasing the total amount of power produced by a system by about 20–25% for a single axis tracker and about 30% or more for a dual axis tracker, depending on latitude. Trackers are effective in regions that receive a large


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: portion of sunlight directly. In diffuse light (i.e. under cloud or fog), tracking has little or no value. Because most concentrated photovoltaics systems are very sensitive to the sunlight's angle, tracking systems allow them to produce useful power for more than a brief period each day. Tracking systems improve performance for two main reasons. First, when a solar panel is perpendicular to the sunlight, it receives more light on its surface than if it were angled. Second, direct light is used more efficiently than angled light. Special Anti-reflective coatings can improve solar panel efficiency for direct and angled light, somewhat


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: reducing the benefit of tracking. Trackers and sensors to optimise the performance are often seen as optional, but tracking systems can increase viable output by up to 45%. PV arrays that approach or exceed one megawatt often use solar trackers. Accounting for clouds, and the fact that most of the world is not on the equator, and that the sun sets in the evening, the correct measure of solar power is insolation – the average number of kilowatt-hours per square meter per day. For the weather and latitudes of the United States and Europe, typical insolation ranges from 2.26 kWh/m²/day


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: in northern climes to 5.61 kWh/m²/day in the sunniest regions. For large systems, the energy gained by using tracking systems can outweigh the added complexity (trackers can increase efficiency by 30% or more). For very large systems, the added maintenance of tracking is a substantial detriment. Tracking is not required for flat panel and low-concentration photovoltaic systems. For high-concentration photovoltaic systems, dual axis tracking is a necessity. Pricing trends affect the balance between adding more stationary solar panels versus having fewer panels that track. When solar panel prices drop, trackers become a less attractive option. Systems designed to deliver alternating


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: current (AC), such as grid-connected applications need an inverter to convert the direct current (DC) from the solar modules to AC. Grid connected inverters must supply AC electricity in sinusoidal form, synchronized to the grid frequency, limit feed in voltage to no higher than the grid voltage and disconnect from the grid if the grid voltage is turned off. Islanding inverters need only produce regulated voltages and frequencies in a sinusoidal waveshape as no synchronisation or co-ordination with grid supplies is required. A solar inverter may connect to a string of solar panels. In some installations a solar micro-inverter is


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: connected at each solar panel. For safety reasons a circuit breaker is provided both on the AC and DC side to enable maintenance. AC output may be connected through an electricity meter into the public grid. The number of modules in the system determines the total DC watts capable of being generated by the solar array; however, the inverter ultimately governs the amount of AC watts that can be distributed for consumption. For example, a PV system comprising 11 kilowatts DC (kW) worth of PV modules, paired with one 10-kilowatt AC (kW) inverter, will be limited to the inverter's output


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: of 10 kW. As of 2014, conversion efficiency for state-of-the-art converters reached more than 98 percent. While string inverters are used in residential to medium-sized commercial PV systems, central inverters cover the large commercial and utility-scale market. Market-share for central and string inverters are about 50 percent and 48 percent, respectively, leaving less than 2 percent to micro-inverters. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique that grid connected inverters use to get the maximum possible power from the photovoltaic array. In order to do so, the inverter's MPPT system digitally samples the solar array's ever changing power output and


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: applies the proper resistance to find the optimal "maximum power point". Anti-islanding is a protection mechanism that immediately shuts down the inverter preventing it from generating AC power when the connection to the load no longer exists. This happens, for example, in the case of a blackout. Without this protection, the supply line would become an "island" with power surrounded by a "sea" of unpowered lines, as the solar array continues to deliver DC power during the power outage. Islanding is a hazard to utility workers, who may not realize that an AC circuit is still powered, and it may


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: prevent automatic re-connection of devices. Although still expensive, PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be later used at night. Batteries used for grid-storage also stabilize the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads, and play an important role in a smart grid, as they can charge during periods of low demand and feed their stored energy into the grid when demand is high. Common battery technologies used in today's PV systems include the valve regulated lead-acid battery– a modified version of the conventional lead–acid battery, nickel–cadmium and lithium-ion batteries. Compared to the other types, lead-acid


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: batteries have a shorter lifetime and lower energy density. However, due to their high reliability, low self discharge as well as low investment and maintenance costs, they are currently the predominant technology used in small-scale, residential PV systems, as lithium-ion batteries are still being developed and about 3.5 times as expensive as lead-acid batteries. Furthermore, as storage devices for PV systems are stationary, the lower energy and power density and therefore higher weight of lead-acid batteries are not as critical as, for example, in electric transportation Other rechargeable batteries that are considered for distributed PV systems include sodium–sulfur and vanadium


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: redox batteries, two prominent types of a molten salt and a flow battery, respectively. In 2015, Tesla motors launched the Powerwall, a rechargeable lithium-ion battery with the aim to revolutionize energy consumption. PV systems with an integrated battery solution also need a charge controller, as the varying voltage and current from the solar array requires constant adjustment to prevent damage from overcharging. Basic charge controllers may simply turn the PV panels on and off, or may meter out pulses of energy as needed, a strategy called PWM or pulse-width modulation. More advanced charge controllers will incorporate MPPT logic into their


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: battery charging algorithms. Charge controllers may also divert energy to some purpose other than battery charging. Rather than simply shut off the free PV energy when not needed, a user may choose to heat air or water once the battery is full. The metering must be able to accumulate energy units in both directions or two meters must be used. Many meters accumulate bidirectionally, some systems use two meters, but a unidirectional meter (with detent) will not accumulate energy from any resultant feed into the grid. In some countries, for installations over 30 kW a frequency and a voltage monitor


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: with disconnection of all phases is required. This is done where more solar power is being generated than can be accommodated by the utility, and the excess can not either be exported or stored. Grid operators historically have needed to provide transmission lines and generation capacity. Now they need to also provide storage. This is normally hydro-storage, but other means of storage are used. Initially storage was used so that baseload generators could operate at full output. With variable renewable energy, storage is needed to allow power generation whenever it is available, and consumption whenever it is needed. The two


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: variables a grid operator have are storing electricity for "when" it is needed, or transmitting it to "where" it is needed. If both of those fail, installations over 30kWp can automatically shut down, although in practice all inverters maintain voltage regulation and stop supplying power if the load is inadequate. Grid operators have the option of curtailing excess generation from large systems, although this is more commonly done with wind power than solar power, and results in a substantial loss of revenue. Three-phase inverters have the unique option of supplying reactive power which can be advantageous in matching load requirements.


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: Photovoltaic systems need to be monitored to detect breakdown and optimize their operation. There are several photovoltaic monitoring strategies depending on the output of the installation and its nature. Monitoring can be performed on site or remotely. It can measure production only, retrieve all the data from the inverter or retrieve all of the data from the communicating equipment (probes, meters, etc.). Monitoring tools can be dedicated to supervision only or offer additional functions. Individual inverters and battery charge controllers may include monitoring using manufacturer specific protocols and software. Energy metering of an inverter may be of limited accuracy and


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: not suitable for revenue metering purposes. A third-party data acquisition system can monitor multiple inverters, using the inverter manufacturer's protocols, and also acquire weather-related information. Independent smart meters may measure the total energy production of a PV array system. Separate measures such as satellite image analysis or a solar radiation meter (a pyranometer) can be used to estimate total insolation for comparison. Data collected from a monitoring system can be displayed remotely over the World Wide Web, such as OSOTF. This section includes systems that are either highly specialized and uncommon or still an emerging new technology with limited significance.


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: However, standalone or off-grid systems take a special place. They were the most common type of systems during the 1980s and 1990s, when PV technology was still very expensive and a pure niche market of small scale applications. Only in places where no electrical grid was available, they were economically viable. Although new stand-alone systems are still being deployed all around the world, their contribution to the overall installed photovoltaic capacity is decreasing. In Europe, off-grid systems account for 1 percent of installed capacity. In the United States, they account for about 10 percent. Off-grid systems are still common in


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: Australia and South Korea, and in many developing countries. Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) and "high concentrator photovoltaic" (HCPV) systems use optical lenses or curved mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto small but highly efficient solar cells. Besides concentrating optics, CPV systems sometime use solar trackers and cooling systems and are more expensive. Especially HCPV systems are best suited in location with high solar irradiance, concentrating sunlight up to 400 times or more, with efficiencies of 24–28 percent, exceeding those of regular systems. Various designs of CPV and HCPV systems are commercially available but not very common. However, ongoing research and development is


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: taking place. CPV is often confused with CSP (concentrated solar power) that does not use photovoltaics. Both technologies favor locations that receive much sunlight and are directly competing with each other. A hybrid system combines PV with other forms of generation, usually a diesel generator. Biogas is also used. The other form of generation may be a type able to modulate power output as a function of demand. However more than one renewable form of energy may be used e.g. wind. The photovoltaic power generation serves to reduce the consumption of non renewable fuel. Hybrid systems are most often found


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: on islands. Pellworm island in Germany and Kythnos island in Greece are notable examples (both are combined with wind). The Kythnos plant has reduced diesel consumption by 11.2%. In 2015, a case-study conducted in seven countries concluded that in all cases generating costs can be reduced by hybridising mini-grids and isolated grids. However, financing costs for such hybrids are crucial and largely depend on the ownership structure of the power plant. While cost reductions for state-owned utilities can be significant, the study also identified economic benefits to be insignificant or even negative for non-public utilities, such as independent power producers.


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: There has also been recent work showing that the PV penetration limit can be increased by deploying a distributed network of PV+CHP hybrid systems in the U.S. The temporal distribution of solar flux, electrical and heating requirements for representative U.S. single family residences were analyzed and the results clearly show that hybridizing CHP with PV can enable additional PV deployment above what is possible with a conventional centralized electric generation system. This theory was reconfirmed with numerical simulations using per second solar flux data to determine that the necessary battery backup to provide for such a hybrid system is possible


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: with relatively small and inexpensive battery systems. In addition, large PV+CHP systems are possible for institutional buildings, which again provide back up for intermittent PV and reduce CHP runtime. Floating solar arrays are PV systems that float on the surface of drinking water reservoirs, quarry lakes, irrigation canals or remediation and tailing ponds. These systems are called "floatovoltaics" when used only for electrical production or "aquavoltaics" when such systems are used to synergistically enhance aquaculture. A small number of such systems exist in France, India, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Singapore and the United States. The systems are said


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: to have advantages over photovoltaics on land. The cost of land is more expensive, and there are fewer rules and regulations for structures built on bodies of water not used for recreation. Unlike most land-based solar plants, floating arrays can be unobtrusive because they are hidden from public view. They achieve higher efficiencies than PV panels on land, because water cools the panels. The panels have a special coating to prevent rust or corrosion. In May 2008, the Far Niente Winery in Oakville, California, pioneered the world's first floatovoltaic system by installing 994 solar PV modules with a total capacity


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: of 477 kW onto 130 pontoons and floating them on the winery's irrigation pond. The primary benefit of such a system is that it avoids the need to sacrifice valuable land area that could be used for another purpose. In the case of the Far Niente Winery, it saved three-quarters of an acre that would have been required for a land-based system. Another benefit of a floatovoltaic system is that the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion. The floating PV array also reduces the


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: amount of water lost through evaporation and inhibits the growth of algae. Utility-scale floating PV farms are starting to be built. The multinational electronics and ceramics manufacturer Kyocera will develop the world's largest, a 13.4 MW farm on the reservoir above Yamakura Dam in Chiba Prefecture using 50,000 solar panels. Salt-water resistant floating farms are also being considered for ocean use, with experiments in Thailand. The largest so far announced floatovoltaic project is a 350 MW power station in the Amazon region of Brazil. DC grids are found in electric powered transport: railways trams and trolleybuses. A few pilot plants


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: for such applications have been built, such as the tram depots in Hannover Leinhausen, using photovoltaic contributors and Geneva (Bachet de Pesay). The 150 kW Geneva site feeds 600 V DC directly into the tram/trolleybus electricity network whereas before it provided about 15% of the electricity at its opening in 1999. A stand-alone or off-grid system is not connected to the electrical grid. Standalone systems vary widely in size and application from wristwatches or calculators to remote buildings or spacecraft. If the load is to be supplied independently of solar insolation, the generated power is stored and buffered with a


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: battery. In non-portable applications where weight is not an issue, such as in buildings, lead acid batteries are most commonly used for their low cost and tolerance for abuse. A charge controller may be incorporated in the system to avoid battery damage by excessive charging or discharging. It may also help to optimize production from the solar array using a maximum power point tracking technique (MPPT). However, in simple PV systems where the PV module voltage is matched to the battery voltage, the use of MPPT electronics is generally considered unnecessary, since the battery voltage is stable enough to provide


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: near-maximum power collection from the PV module. In small devices (e.g. calculators, parking meters) only direct current (DC) is consumed. In larger systems (e.g. buildings, remote water pumps) AC is usually required. To convert the DC from the modules or batteries into AC, an inverter is used. In agricultural settings, the array may be used to directly power DC pumps, without the need for an inverter. In remote settings such as mountainous areas, islands, or other places where a power grid is unavailable, solar arrays can be used as the sole source of electricity, usually by charging a storage battery.


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: Stand-alone systems closely relate to microgeneration and distributed generation. The cost of producing photovotaic cells have dropped due to economies of scale in production and technological advances in manufacturing. For large-scale installations, prices below $1.00 per watt were common by 2012. A price decrease of 50% had been achieved in Europe from 2006 to 2011 and there is a potential to lower the generation cost by 50% by 2020. Crystal silicon solar cells have largely been replaced by less expensive multicrystalline silicon solar cells, and thin film silicon solar cells have also been developed recently at lower costs of production.


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: Although they are reduced in energy conversion efficiency from single crystalline "siwafers", they are also much easier to produce at comparably lower costs. The table below shows the total cost in US cents per kWh of electricity generated by a photovoltaic system. The row headings on the left show the total cost, per peak kilowatt (kW), of a photovoltaic installation. Photovoltaic system costs have been declining and in Germany, for example, were reported to have fallen to USD 1389/kW by the end of 2014. The column headings across the top refer to the annual energy output in kWh expected from


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: each installed kW. This varies by geographic region because the average insolation depends on the average cloudiness and the thickness of atmosphere traversed by the sunlight. It also depends on the path of the sun relative to the panel and the horizon. Panels are usually mounted at an angle based on latitude, and often they are adjusted seasonally to meet the changing solar declination. Solar tracking can also be utilized to access even more perpendicular sunlight, thereby raising the total energy output. The calculated values in the table reflect the total cost in cents per kWh produced. They assume a


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: 10% total capital cost (for instance 4% interest rate, 1% operating and maintenance cost, and depreciation of the capital outlay over 20 years). Normally, photovoltaic modules have a 25-year warranty. In its 2014 edition of the "Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy" report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) published prices in US$ per watt for residential, commercial and utility-scale PV systems for eight major markets in 2013. Photovoltaic systems demonstrate a learning curve in terms of Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), reducing its cost per kWh by 32.6% for every doubling of capacity. From the data of LCOE and cumulative installed


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: capacity from International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) from 2010 to 2017, the learning curve equation for photovoltaic systems is given as formula_1 Increasing use of photovoltaic systems and integration of photovoltaic power into existing structures and techniques of supply and distribution increases the value of general standards and definitions for photovoltaic components and systems. The standards are compiled at the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and apply to efficiency, durability and safety of cells, modules, simulation programs, plug connectors and cables, mounting systems, overall efficiency of inverters etc. While article 690 of the National Electric Code provides general guidelines for the


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: installation of photovoltaic systems, these guidelines may be superseded by local laws and regulations. Often a permit is required necessitating plan submissions and structural calculations before work may begin. Additionally, many locales require the work to be performed under the guidance of a licensed electrician. Check with the local City/County AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) to ensure compliance with any applicable laws or regulations. In the United States, the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) will review designs and issue permits, before construction can lawfully begin. Electrical installation practices must comply with standards set forth within the National Electrical Code (NEC) and be


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: inspected by the AHJ to ensure compliance with building code, electrical code, and fire safety code. Jurisdictions may require that equipment has been tested, certified, listed, and labeled by at least one of the Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTL). Despite the complicated installation process, a recent list of solar contractors shows a majority of installation companies were founded since 2000. In the UK, PV installations are generally considered permitted development and don't require planning permission. If the property is listed or in a designated area (National Park, Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Site of Special Scientific Interest or Norfolk Broads)


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: then planning permission is required. In the US, many localities require a permit to install a photovoltaic system. A grid-tied system normally requires a licensed electrician to make the connection between the system and the grid-connected wiring of the building. Installers who meet these qualifications are located in almost every state. The State of California prohibits homeowners' associations from restricting solar devices. Although Spain generates around 40% of its electricity via photovoltaic and other renewable energy sources, and cities such as Huelva and Seville boast nearly 3,000 hours of sunshine per year, Spain has issued a solar tax to account


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: for the debt created by the investment done by the Spanish government. Those who do not connect to the grid can face up to a fine of 30 million euros ($40 million USD). PV has been a well-known method of generating clean, emission free electricity. PV systems are often made of PV modules and inverter (changing DC to AC). PV modules are mainly made of PV cells, which has no fundamental difference to the material for making computer chips. The process of producing PV cells (computer chips) is energy intensive and involves highly poisonous and environmental toxic chemicals. There are


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: few PV manufacturing plants around the world producing PV modules with energy produced from PV. This measure greatly reduces the carbon footprint during the manufacturing process. Managing the chemicals used in the manufacturing process is subject to the factories' local laws and regulations. With the increasing levels of rooftop photovoltaic systems, the energy flow becomes 2-way. When there is more local generation than consumption, electricity is exported to the grid. However, electricity network traditionally is not designed to deal with the 2- way energy transfer. Therefore, some technical issues may occur. For example, in Queensland Australia, there have been more


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: than 30% of households with rooftop PV by the end of 2017. The famous Californian 2020 duck curve appears very often for a lot of communities from 2015 onwards. An over-voltage issue may come out as the electricity flows from these PV households back to the network. There are solutions to manage the over voltage issue, such as regulating PV inverter power factor, new voltage and energy control equipment at electricity distributor level, re-conductor the electricity wires, demand side management, etc. There are often limitations and costs related to these solutions. There is no silver bullet in electricity or energy


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: demand and bill management, because customers (sites) have different specific situations, e.g. different comfort/convenience needs, different electricity tariffs, or different usage patterns. Electricity tariff may have a few elements, such as daily access and metering charge, energy charge (based on kWh, MWh) or peak demand charge (e.g. a price for the highest 30min energy consumption in a month). PV is a promising option for reducing energy charge when electricity price is reasonably high and continuously increasing, such as in Australia and Germany. However, for sites with peak demand charge in place, PV may be less attractive if peak demands mostly


title: "Photovoltaic system" content: occur in the late afternoon to early evening, for example residential communities. Overall, energy investment is largely an economical decision and it is better to make investment decisions based on systematical evaluation of options in operational improvement, energy efficiency, onsite generation and energy storage. Photovoltaic system A photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is a power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to change the electric current from DC to AC,


title: "No. 1325 Flight RAF" content: a Squadron Leader Wood.<ref name="S/Ldr.Hurst">CO Squadron Leader W J Hurst</ref> While at Christmas Island, regular supply flights were made to support the weather and observation sites located at Fanning and Malden Islands for the nuclear tests. Because some islands had no landing strips, 1325 Flight devised a "bouncing palette" system (similar to Barnes Wallis’s bouncing bomb) to deliver supplies. Occasional flights were also made to Nandi in Fiji, Rarotonga Island, and New Caledonia Island. Because of limited maintenance facilities at Christmas Island, the Dakota aircraft were rotated to the de Havilland aircraft works at Bankstown, Sydney, Australia for "Base servicing".


title: "Erythronium oregonum" content: Erythronium oregonum Erythronium oregonum is a North American species of flowering plant in the lily family which is known by the common name giant white fawnlily or Oregon fawn-lily. It is native to western North America, where it grows in the Pacific Coast Ranges from southwestern British Columbia to northern California. In North America from southern British Columbia south to northern California, west of the Cascade Range to the Coast Range and Siskiyous. It grows at low elevations in open meadows and in mixed woodlands. "Erythronium oregonum" is wildflower growing from a bulb 3 to 5 centimeters wide and produces


title: "Erythronium oregonum" content: basal, lance-shaped green leaves up to 22 centimeters long and often mottled with brown and white. Thin naked stalks up to about 40 centimeters in height each bear one to three flowers. Each flower has white tepals with yellow bases, sometimes streaked with dull red. The flower is often nodding, facing the ground. Its tepals are recurved so their points face upward. The stamens and stigma are white and the anthers may be white to yellow. "John Burroughs is said to have named this species 'fawn lily' because he thought the two leaves looked like the pricked ears of a


title: "Erythronium oregonum" content: fawn. more likely, 'fawn' alludes to the mottled leaf coloring." Erythronium oregonum Erythronium oregonum is a North American species of flowering plant in the lily family which is known by the common name giant white fawnlily or Oregon fawn-lily. It is native to western North America, where it grows in the Pacific Coast Ranges from southwestern British Columbia to northern California. In North America from southern British Columbia south to northern California, west of the Cascade Range to the Coast Range and Siskiyous. It grows at low elevations in open meadows and in mixed woodlands. "Erythronium oregonum" is wildflower growing


title: "Bléneau" content: Bléneau" of 1652. The Jardins d'eau de Pierre Doudeau were created in 1994 and are now the property of the commune. Botanical garden combining water and green landscapes, the Jardin d'eau extends on 4 hectares and contains more than 800 plant species, many of them rare or endemic. Many waterfowls live in the park: ducks, swans, red-crested pochards, moorhens,etc. The island on the biggest pond of the parc has more than 5000 bulbs of daffodils. Every year during summer, a familial celebration is held in the garden. Bléneau Bléneau is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central


title: "Smolny Convent" content: Smolny Convent Smolny Convent or Smolny Convent of the Resurrection ("Voskresensky"), located on Ploschad Rastrelli, on the bank of the River Neva in Saint Petersburg, Russia, consists of a cathedral ("sobor") and a complex of buildings surrounding it, originally intended for a convent. This Russian Orthodox convent was built to house Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter the Great. After she was disallowed succession to the throne, she opted to become a nun. However, her Imperial predecessor, Ivan VI, was overthrown during a coup d'état (carried out by the royal guards in 1741). Elizabeth decided against entering monastic life and accepted


title: "Smolny Convent" content: the offer of the Russian throne. Work on the convent continued with her royal patronage. The convent's main church ("catholicon" or "sobor"), a blue-and-white building, is considered to be one of the architectural masterpieces of the Italian architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who also redesigned the Winter Palace, and created the Grand Catherine Palace ("Yekaterininsky") in Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin), the Grand Palace in Peterhof and many other major St. Petersburg landmarks. The Cathedral is the centerpiece of the convent, built by Rastrelli between 1748 and 1764. The projected bell-tower was to become the tallest building in St. Petersburg and, at the


title: "Smolny Convent" content: time, all of Russia. Elizabeth's death in 1762 prevented Rastrelli from completing this grand design. When Catherine II assumed the throne, it was found that the new Empress strongly disapproved of the baroque style, and funding that had supported the construction of the convent rapidly ran out. Rastrelli was unable to build the huge bell-tower he had planned and unable to finish the interior of the cathedral. The building was only finished in 1835 by Vasily Stasov with the addition of a neo-classical interior to suit the changed architectural tastes at the time. The cathedral was consecrated on 22 July


title: "Smolny Convent" content: 1835; its main altar was dedicated to the Resurrection and the two side altars were dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene and Righteous Elizabeth. The church was closed by the Soviet authorities in 1923. It was looted and allowed to decay until 1982, when it became a concert hall. The faculties of sociology, political science and international relations of the Saint Petersburg State University are located in some of the buildings surrounding the cathedral. In April 2015 Smolny Cathedral was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church, and will be converted back to its original purpose as a church. The nearby Smolny


title: "Smolny Convent" content: Institute is named after the convent. The name "Smolny" derives from the location. In the early days of St. Petersburg the place at the edge of the city where pitch ("smola" in Russian) was processed for use in shipbuilding and maintenance. As a result, the locale was called "smolny" - the place of pitch. Smolny Convent Smolny Convent or Smolny Convent of the Resurrection ("Voskresensky"), located on Ploschad Rastrelli, on the bank of the River Neva in Saint Petersburg, Russia, consists of a cathedral ("sobor") and a complex of buildings surrounding it, originally intended for a convent. This Russian Orthodox


title: "Phegopteris hexagonoptera" content: Phegopteris hexagonoptera Phegopteris hexagonoptera, commonly called the broad beech fern, is a common forest fern in the eastern United States and adjacent Ontario. It grows from a creeping rootstock, sending up individual fronds that more or less clump. The fronds are broadly triangular. The specific name "hexagonoptera" refers to the winging of leaf tissue along the rachis between the basal pinnae. Sori are small, round and naked. This aspect of the plant has caused it in the past to be placed, at first, in the genus "Polypodium", then grouped with genus "Dryopteris", then with the genus "Thelypteris". Genetic analysis has


title: "Phegopteris hexagonoptera" content: shown the genus "Phegopteris" to be a sister clade to the rest of the thelypteroid ferns. Rare hybrids with "Phegopteris connectilis" are known. This fern makes an excellent garden plant, gradually filling in a bed. Phegopteris hexagonoptera Phegopteris hexagonoptera, commonly called the broad beech fern, is a common forest fern in the eastern United States and adjacent Ontario. It grows from a creeping rootstock, sending up individual fronds that more or less clump. The fronds are broadly triangular. The specific name "hexagonoptera" refers to the winging of leaf tissue along the rachis between the basal pinnae. Sori are small, round


title: "First seven ecumenical councils" content: by the Council of Chalcedon and labeled "Latrocinium" (i.e., "Robber Council"). This council condemned certain writings and authors which defended the christology of Nestorius. This move was instigated by Emperor Justinian in an effort to conciliate the monophysite Christians, it was opposed in the West, and the Popes' acceptance of the council caused a major schism. Prior to the Second Council of Constantinople was a prolonged controversy over the treatment of three subjects, all considered sympathetic to Nestorianism, the heresy that there are two separate persons in the Incarnation of Christ. Emperor Justinian condemned the Three Chapters, hoping to appeal


title: "1960 Pittsburgh Steelers season" content: Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" Scoring Drives: "at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" Scoring Drives: "at Griffith Stadium, Washington, DC" Scoring Drives: "at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" Scoring Drives: "at Franklin Field, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania" Scoring Drives: "at Yankee Stadium, Bronx, New York" Scoring Drives: "at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" Scoring Drives: "at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" Scoring Drives: "at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" Scoring Drives: "at Busch Stadium I, St. Louis, Missouri" Scoring Drives: 1960 Pittsburgh Steelers season The 1960 Pittsburgh Steelers season involved the team's fifth-place finish in the Eastern Conference. They compiled a 5–6–1 record under head coach Buddy Parker, while


title: "Isaac Cohen" content: Hebrew Congregation. In 1956 he succeeded Rabbi Dr Immanuel Jakobovits as the Dublin-based Chief Rabbi of Ireland. During this time he also served as the Av Beth Din in Dublin. With the decline of the Irish community, he considered leading a community in London or taking up a position at the London Beth Din. He ended up remaining in Dublin until retiring in 1979 and eventually settled in Jerusalem, Israel. While officiating in Dublin he promoted Jewish education and dealt with problems involving the supply of kosher food. He was active in the Soviet Jewry Campaign and encouraged his community’s


title: "Antoine Godin" content: to the Rocky Mountains and the Northwest in 1817. In 1821 the Northwest Fur Company and their employees merged with the Hudson's Bay Company. Antoine Godin was probably born prior to 1810, as he is mentioned in the 1825 journal of Hudson's Bay officer Peter Skene Ogden in the northern Rocky Mountains. At this time, Thyery Godin had already left his British employer to join American fur trappers at the urging of Johnson Gardner, an associate of William H. Ashley. The Americans promised those who defected from the British higher prices for their furs as well as lower charges for


title: "Roman Catholic Diocese of Viseu" content: wit. Jerónimo Soares (1694), a benefactor of the Misericórdia, convoked a synod in 1699 and reformed the diocesan constitutions and those of many brotherhoods and confraternities. After his death the see remained vacant twenty years owing to differences between King João V and Rome. In 1740 Júlio Francisco de Oliveira was appointed. José do Menino Jesus (1783), a Carmelite, was a lover of art, as he showed by the statues he presented to the cathedral. He made two visitations of the diocese and was succeeded by Francisco de Azevedo (1792), a prelate of great modesty and charity, who instituted five


title: "317th Airlift Squadron" content: for US and allied units in China briefly after the war until November 1945. The squadron was again activated as a special operations airlift unit at Hurlburt Field with a mission of training C-123 Provider aircrews for combat in the Viet Nam War in 1964. In 1966, the 317th moved to England AFB and a few months later converted to training crews involved in other forms of special air warfare until 1973. Since reactivation in the Air Force Reserve in the spring of 1992, the squadron has flown worldwide airlift missions. It flew humanitarian airlift missions to Washington DC and


title: "La Maravilla" content: her for her involvement with a black man, it is her mother's desertion that hurts her most. The South American myth of "La Llorona" is relevant to the text in terms of motherhood, as well. The myth manifests itself in the novel through the mothers who emotionally harm their children (Josephina's emotional distance from Lola) and through the children who are troubled by their pasts (Lola's repressed memories erupting at the end of the novel). The theme of motherhood also exists within the realm of the land. The only Native American tribe unaffected by the loss of their "motherland" is


title: "Victorian Railways Z type carriage" content: detailed externally, but with no interior detail. The run was intended to include AZ, BZ and ACZ cars, in VR Blue and Gold, VicRail "Teacup", V/Line, West Coast Railway orange and West Coast Railway blue. Intended prices were $160 for one, $275 for two or $360 for three cars. The company had to slow manufacturing when the bogie supply dried up. Powerline has announced intentions to produce a run of plastic, ready-to-run Z-type carriages sometime after the current run of the S-type carriages is completed. In the 1990s, Speciality Scale Models released Z type carriage kits, with whitemetal and brass


title: "Battle of Kaiapit" content: by Allied aircraft. Spotting Australian positions in the pre-dawn light, the Japanese column opened fire. A torrent of fire descended on the Australians, who replied sporadically, attempting to conserve their ammunition. Although he was running low on ammunition, King launched an immediate counter-attack on the Japanese, which took them by surprise. Lieutenant Derrick Watson's C Platoon set out at around 06:15 and advanced to the edge of Village 3, a distance of about , before becoming pinned down by heavy Japanese fire. King then sent Captain Gordon Blainey's A Platoon around the right flank, towards the high ground on Mission


title: "Fir Island (Washington)" content: the 19th-century town of Skagit City which declined after upstream log jams were removed in 1877. A major component of the Skagit River Delta, the island is an important habitat for wildlife. Migrating from the northern portion of Wrangel Island in Russia, 30,000 to 70,000 snow geese spend the winter on the Skagit River Delta and the Fraser River Delta of British Columbia. Important internationally, this population and one that winters in California, are the only snow geese that migrate between Eurasia and North America and the only remnant still extant in Eurasia. Other migratory waterfowl include tundra swans, trumpeter