title: "Tuileries Garden" content: was organized in the Tuileries by Robespierre, with sets and costumes designed by Jacques-Louis David. After a hymn written for the occasion, Robespierre set fire to mannequins representing Atheism, Ambition, Egoism and False Simplicity, revealing a statue of Wisdom. In the 19th century, the Tuileries Garden was the place where ordinary Parisians went to relax, meet, stroll, enjoy the fresh air and greenery, and be entertained. Napoleon Bonaparte, about to become Emperor, moved into the Tuileries Palace on February 19, 1800, and began making improvements to suit an imperial residence. A new street was created between the Louvre and the


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: Place du Carrousel, a fence closed the courtyard, and he built a small triumphal arch, modeled after the arch of Septimius Severus in Rome, in the middle of the Place du Carrousel, as the ceremonial entrance to his palace. In 1801 Napoleon ordered the construction of a new street along the northern edge of the Tuileries, through space that had been occupied by the riding school and stables built by Marie de' Medici, and the private gardens of aristocrats and convents and religious orders that had been closed during the Revolution. This new street also took part of the Terrasse


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: des Feuillants, which had been occupied by cafés and restaurants. The new street, lined with arcades on the north side, was named the rue de Rivoli, after Napoleon's victory in 1797. Napoleon made few changes to the interior of the garden. He continued to use the garden for military parades and to celebrate special events, including the passage of his own wedding procession on April 2, 1810, when he married the Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria. After the fall of Napoleon, the garden briefly became the encampment of the occupying Austrian and Russian soldiers. The monarchy was restored, and the new


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: King, Charles X, renewed an old tradition and celebrated the feast day of Saint Charles in the garden. In 1830, after a brief revolution, the new king, Louis-Philippe, became owner of the Tuileries. He wanted a private garden within the Tuileries, so a section of the garden in front of the palace was separated by a fence from the rest of the Tuileries. A small moat, flower beds and eight new statues by sculptors of the period decorated the new private garden. In 1852, following another revolution and the shortlived Second Republic, a new Emperor, Louis Napoleon, became owner of


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: the garden. He enlarged his private reserve within the garden further to the west as far as the north–south alley that crossed the large round basin, so that included the two small round basins. He decorated his new garden with beds of exotic plants and flowers, and new statues. In 1859, he made the Terrasse du bord-de-l'eau into a playground for his son, the Prince Imperial. He also constructed twin pavilions, the Jeu de paume and the Orangerie, at the west end of the garden, and built a new stone balustrade at the west entrance. When The Emperor was not


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: in Paris, usually from May to November, the entire garden, including his private garden and the playground, were open to the public. In 1870, Emperor Louis Napoleon was defeated and captured by the Prussians, and Paris was the scene of the uprising of the Paris Commune. A red flag flew over the Palace, and it could be visited for fifty centimes. When the army arrived and fought to recapture the city, the Communards deliberately burned the Tuileries Palace, and tried to burn the Louvre as well. The ruins were not torn down until 1883. The empty site of the palace,


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: between the two pavilions of the Louvre, became part of the garden. At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, the Tuilieries garden was filled with entertainments for the public; acrobats, puppet theatres, lemonade stands, small boats on the lakes, donkey rides, and stands selling toys. At the 1900 Summer Olympics, the Gardens hosted the fencing events. The peace in the garden was interrupted by the First World War in 1914; the statues were surrounded by sandbags, and in 1918 two German long-range artillery shells landed in the garden. In the years between the two World


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: Wars, the Jeu de paume tennis court was turned into a gallery, and its western part was used to display the "Water Lilies" series of paintings by Claude Monet. The Orangerie became an art gallery for contemporary western art. During World War II, the Jeu de paume was used by the Germans as a warehouse for art they had stolen or confiscated. The liberation of Paris in 1944 saw considerable fighting in the garden. Monet's paintings "Water Lilies" were seriously damaged during the battle. Until the 1960s, almost all the sculpture in the garden dated from the 18th or 19th


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: century. In 1964–65, André Malraux, the Minister of Culture for President Charles de Gaulle, removed the 19th century statues which surrounded the Place du Carrousel and replaced them with contemporary sculptures by Aristide Maillol. In 1994, as part of the Grand Louvre project launched by President François Mitterrand, the Belgian landscape architect Jacques Wirtz remade the garden of the Carrousel, adding labyrinths and a fan of low hedges radiating from the triumphal arch in the square. In 1998, under President Jacques Chirac, works of modern sculpture by Jean Dubuffet, Henri Laurens, Étienne Martin, Henry Moore, Germaine Richier, Auguste Rodin and


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: David Smith were placed in the garden. In 2000, the works of living artists were added; these included works by Magdalena Abakanowicz, Louise Bourgeois, Tony Cragg, Roy Lichtenstein, François Morrellet, Giuseppe Penone, Anne Rochette and Lawrence Weiner. Another ensemble of three works by Daniel Dezeuze, Erik Dietman and Eugène Dodeigne, called "Prière Toucher" (Eng: Please Touch), was added at the same time. At the beginning of the 21st century, French landscape architects Pascal Cribier and Louis Benech have been working to restore some of the early features of the André Le Nôtre garden. Also known as the Place du Carrousel,


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: this part of the garden used to be enclosed by the two wings of the Louvre and by the Tuileries Palace. In the 18th century it was used as a parade ground for cavalry and other festivities. The central feature is the Arc de triomphe du Carrousel, built to celebrate the victories of Napoleon, with bas-relief sculptures of his battles by Jean Joseph Espercieux. The garden was remade in 1995 to showcase a collection of 21 statues by Aristide Maillol, which had been put in the Tuileries in 1964. The elevated terrace between the Carrousel and the rest of the


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: garden used to be at the front of the Tuileries Palace. After the Palace was burned in 1870, it was made into a road, which was put underground in 1877. The terrace is decorated by two large vases which used to be in the gardens of Versailles, and two statues by Aristide Maillol; the "Monument to Cézanne" on the north and the "Monument aux morts de Port Vendres" on the south. Two stairways descend from the Terrasse to the moat (fr:fossés) named for Charles V of France, who rebuilt the Louvre in the 14th century. It was part of the


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: old fortifications which originally surrounded the palace. On the west side are traces left by the fighting during the unsuccessful siege of Paris by Henry IV of France in 1590 during the French Wars of Religion. Since 1994 the moat has been decorated with statues from the facade of the old Tuileries Palace and with bas-reliefs made in the 19th century during the Restoration of the French monarchy which were meant to replace the Napoleonic bas-reliefs on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, but were never put in place. The Grand Carré (Large Square) is the eastern, open part of


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: the Tuilieries garden, which still follows the formal plan of the Garden à la française created by André Le Nôtre in the 17th century. The eastern part of the Grand Carré, surrounding the round pond, was the private garden of the king under Louis Philippe and Napoleon III, separated from the rest of the Tuileries by a fence. Most of the statues in the Grand Carré were put in place in the 19th century. The large round pond is surrounded by statues on themes from antiquity, allegory, and ancient mythology. Statues in violent poses alternate with those in serene poses.


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: On the south side, starting from the east entrance of the large round pond, they are: On the north side, starting at the west entrance to the pond, they are: The Grand Couvert is the part of the garden covered with trees. The two cafes in the Grand Couvert are named after two famous cafes once located in the garden; the café Very, which had been on the terrace des Feuiillants in the 18th–19th century; and the café Renard, which in the 18th century had been a popular meeting place on the western terrace. The Grand Couvert also contains the


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: two exedres, low curving walls built to display statues, which survived from the French Revolution. They were built in 1799 by Jean Charles Moreau, part of a larger unfinished project designed by painter Jacques-Louis David in 1794. They are now decorated with plaster casts of moldings on mythological themes from the park of Louis XIV at Marly. The Grand Couvert contains a number of important works of the 20th century and contemporary sculpture, including: The Orangerie (Musée de l'Orangerie), at the west end of the garden close to the Seine, was built in 1852 by the architect Firmin Bourgeois. Since


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: 1927 it has displayed the series "Water Lilies" by Claude Monet. It also displays the Walter-Guillaume collection of Impressionist painting On the terrace of the Orangerie are four works of sculpture by Auguste Rodin: "Le Baiser" (1881–1898); "Eve" (1881) and "La Grande Ombre" (1880) and "La Meditation avc bras" (1881–1905). It also has a modern work, "Grand Commandement blanc" (1986) by Alain Kirili. The Jeu de Paume (Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume) was built in 1861 was the architect Viraut, and enlarged in 1878. In 1927 it became an annex of the Luxembourg Palace Museum for the display of


title: "Tuileries Garden" content: contemporary art from outside France. During the German Occupation of World War II, from 1940 to 1944, it was used by the Germans as a depot for storing art they stole or expropriated from Jewish families. From 1947 until 1986, it served as the Musée du Jeu de Paume, which held many important Impressionist works now housed in the Musée d'Orsay. Today, the Jeu de Paume is used for exhibits of modern and contemporary art. On the terrace in front of the Jeu de Paume is a work of sculpture, "Le Bel Costumé" (1973) by Jean Dubuffet. Tuileries Garden The


title: "Copa Libertadores" content: Argentina, Uruguay, or Brazil managed to reach the final. That trend would continue until 1992. Having led Olimpia to the 1979 title as manager, Luis Cubilla returned to the club in 1988. With the legendary goalkeeper Ever Hugo Almeida, Gabriel González, Adriano Samaniego, and star Raul Vicente Amarilla, a rejuvenated "decano" boasted a formidable side that promised a return to the glory days of the late 1970s. After coming up short in 1989 against Atlético Nacional, Olimpia reached the 1990 Copa Libertadores finals after defeating the defending champion in a climactic semifinal series decided on penalties. In the finals, Olimpia


title: Baguette content: Baguette A baguette (; ) is a long, thin loaf of French bread that is commonly made from basic lean dough (the dough, though not the shape, is defined by French law). It is distinguishable by its length and crisp crust. A baguette has a diameter of about 5 or 6 cm (2-2⅓ in) and a usual length of about , although a baguette can be up to 1 m (39 in) long. No academic study has been written on the history of the baguette itself, as a type of bread. Thus, much of its history is speculative; however, some


title: Baguette content: facts can be established. Among these are the increased popularity of long, stick-like breads in France starting in the 18th century, the shift among French bakers to using ""gruau"", a highly refined Hungarian high-milled flour in the early 19th century, the introduction of Viennese steam oven baking to Paris in 1839 by August Zang, and the subsequent introduction of the Austrian compact yeast to Paris in 1867 at the Universal Exposition. Finally, there is the first use of the word "baguette" in print, to define a particular type of bread, in a set of laws enacted by the Prefecture of


title: Baguette content: the Seine Department in August 1920: "The baguette, having a minimum weight of 80 g and a maximum length of 40 cm, may not be sold for a price higher than 0.65 francs apiece" While no one of these events is in itself definable as "the invention of the baguette", each of them, the shape, the flour, the fermentation, and the steam baking, contribute to what is today recognized as a "baguette". To summarize this history, the historian and author Jim Chevallier states that "it seems most accurate to say that the bread which became known as the baguette first


title: Baguette content: appeared in its most primitive form in the eighteenth century, then experienced a number of refinements and variations before being (officially) given that name in 1920." Although the word "baguette" was not used to refer to a type of bread until 1920, the word itself simply means "wand", "baton" or "stick", as in "baguette magique" (magic wand), "baguettes chinoises" (chopsticks), or "baguette de direction" (conductor's baton). Though the baguette today is often considered one of the symbols of French culture viewed from abroad, the association of France with long loaves predates any mention of it. Long, wide, loaves had been


title: Baguette content: made since the time of King Louis XIV, long thin ones since the mid-18th century, and by the 19th century, some were far longer than what is today sold as a baguette: "... loaves of bread six feet long that look like crowbars!" (Boswell, 1862); "Housemaids were hurrying homewards with their purchases for various Gallic breakfasts, and the long sticks of bread, a yard or two in length, carried under their arms, made an odd impression upon me." (Elson, 1898) A less direct link can be made, however, with deck ovens, or steam ovens. Deck/steam ovens are a combination of


title: Baguette content: a gas-fired traditional oven and a brick oven, a thick "deck" of stone or firebrick heated by natural gas instead of wood. The first steam oven was brought (in the early 19th century) to Paris by the Austrian officer August Zang, who also introduced Vienna bread ("pain viennois") and the croissant, and whom some French sources thus credit with originating the baguette. Deck ovens use steam injection, through various methods, to create the proper baguette. The oven is typically heated to well over . The steam allows the crust to expand before setting, thus creating a lighter, airier loaf. It


title: Baguette content: also melts the dextrose on the bread's surface, giving a slightly glazed effect. An unsourced article in "The Economist" states that in October 1920 a law prevented bakers from working before 4 am, making it impossible to make traditional round loaves in time for customers' breakfasts. Switching from the round loaf to the previously less-common, slender shape of the "baguette", the article claims, solved the problem, because it could be prepared and baked much more quickly. The law in question appears to be one from March 1919, though some say it took effect in October 1920: It is forbidden to


title: Baguette content: employ workers at bread and pastry making between ten in the evening and four in the morning. The rest of the account remains to be verified, but the use of the word for a long thin bread does appear to be a 20th-century innovation. The "baguette de tradition française" is made from wheat flour, water, yeast, and common salt. It may contain up to 2% broad bean flour, up to 0.5% soya flour, and up to 0.3% wheat malt flour. While a regular baguette is made with a direct addition of baker's yeast, artisan-style loaves are not unusually made with


title: Baguette content: a preferment ("poolish") to increase flavor complexity and other characteristics, as well as the addition of whole-wheat flour, or other grains such as rye. Baguettes are closely connected to France, though they are made around the world. In France, not all long loaves are baguettes; for example, a short, almost rugby ball-shaped loaf is a "bâtard" (literally, bastard), or a "torpedo loaf" in English; its origin is variously explained, but undocumented. Another tubular shaped loaf is known as a "flûte", also known in the United States as a "parisienne". Flûtes closely resemble baguettes and weigh more or less than these,


title: Baguette content: depending on the region. A thinner loaf is called a "ficelle" (string). A short baguette is sometimes known as a "baton" (stick), or even referred to using the English translation "French stick". None of these are officially defined, either legally or, for instance, in major dictionaries, any more than the baguette. French breads are also made in forms such as a "miche", which is a large pan loaf, and a "boule", literally ball in French, a large round loaf. Sandwich-sized loaves are sometimes known as "demi-baguettes" or "tiers". In France a baguette must weigh 250 grams (8.75 ounces), a batard


title: Baguette content: 500 grams (17.5 ounces) and a ficelle 100 grams (3.5 ounces). Baguettes, either relatively short single-serving size or cut from a longer loaf, are very often used for sandwiches, usually of the submarine sandwich type, but also a Panini. They are often sliced and served with pâté or cheese. As part of the traditional continental breakfast in France, slices of baguette are spread with butter and jam and dunked in bowls of coffee or hot chocolate. In the United States, French bread loaves are sometimes split in half to make French bread pizza. Baguettes are generally made as partially free-form


title: Baguette content: loaves, with the loaf formed with a series of folding and rolling motions, raised in cloth-lined baskets or in rows on a flour-impregnated towel, called a couche, and baked either directly on the hearth of a deck oven or in special perforated pans designed to hold the shape of the baguette while allowing heat through the perforations. American-style "French bread" is generally much fatter and is not baked in deck ovens, but in convection ovens. Outside France, baguettes are also made with other doughs. For example, the Vietnamese "bánh mì" uses a high proportion of rice flour, while many North


title: Baguette content: American bakeries make whole wheat, multigrain, and sourdough baguettes alongside French-style loaves. In addition, even classical French-style recipes vary from place to place, with some recipes adding small amounts of milk, butter, sugar, or malt extract, depending on the desired flavour and properties in the final loaf. Baguette A baguette (; ) is a long, thin loaf of French bread that is commonly made from basic lean dough (the dough, though not the shape, is defined by French law). It is distinguishable by its length and crisp crust. A baguette has a diameter of about 5 or 6 cm (2-2⅓


title: "Battle of Kleidion" content: Basil had regained control of Thessaly and parts of southern Macedonia. Over these and the next few years, a regular pattern emerged: the Byzantines would campaign in Bulgaria, laying siege to forts and pillaging the countryside, while the numerically inferior Bulgarians, unable to offer direct opposition, launched diversionary raids in Macedonia and Greece. Despite some successes, these did not achieve any permanent results, nor did they force Basil to abandon his campaigns in Bulgaria. A counter-attack in 1009 failed at the Battle of Kreta, and although the Byzantines themselves did not achieve any decisive success, their methodical war of attrition


title: Lurgan content: to be produced in the town providing a major source of employment until the 1990s and 2000s when the textile industry across the UK suffered a major decline as a result of outsourcing to low wage countries. The large Goodyear fan-belt factory at Silverwood Industrial Estate was a product of the Craigavon development when large tracts of land in Lurgan, Portadown, and areas in between were zoned off for exclusive industrial use. The Goodyear factory closed in 1983 after failing to make a profit, resulting in the loss of 750 jobs. The facility was later partly occupied by Wilson Double


title: "Battle of Pea Ridge" content: and reported it to Sigel. Osterhaus also suggested that the 1st and 2nd Divisions simply march up the Telegraph Road and deploy on Davis' left, rather than retrace the route of the previous evening; Sigel agreed with his advice and his wing was put into motion. In the meantime, Davis ordered an Illinois battery to fire a few salvos into the woods opposite his position. This provoked a sharp Confederate reaction. Three Southern batteries opened fire, causing two Federal batteries to retreat and Davis to pull his men out of the open and back into the woods. This was followed


title: "Reformed Church in America" content: maintaining a significant presence in southeastern Pennsylvania, southwestern Connecticut, and Long Island. In the early 18th century nearly 3,000 Palatine German refugees came to New York. Most worked first in English camps along the Hudson River to pay off their passage (paid by Queen Anne's government) before they were allowed land in the Schoharie and Mohawk Valleys. There they created numerous German-speaking Lutheran and Reformed churches, such as those at Fort Herkimer and German Flatts. Thousands more immigrated to Pennsylvania in the 18th century. They used German as the language in their churches and schools for nearly 100 years, and


title: "Copa Airlines" content: Airlines left the alliance. The company added two Boeing 737-800s. and announced a firm order for 13 Boeing 737-800s with the new Boeing signature "Sky Interior". In 2010, Copa Airlines began service to St. Maarten, received nine Boeing 737-800s and announced that it would join Star Alliance in mid-2012 to rejoin old partner Continental Airlines (now United) and become the first Latin American airline to join the alliance. That same year, Copa Airlines announced a firm order to purchase 32 Boeing 737-800 planes valued at $1.7 billion, thus becoming the largest plane order in the airline's history. The Boeing 737-800


title: Jujube content: Jujube Ziziphus jujuba (from Greek "ζίζυφον", "zízyphon"), commonly called jujube (; sometimes jujuba), red date, Chinese date, Korean date, or Indian date is a species of "Ziziphus" in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). It is a small deciduous tree or shrub reaching a height of , usually with thorny branches. The leaves are shiny-green, ovate-acute, long and wide, with three conspicuous veins at the base, and a finely toothed margin. The flowers are small, wide, with five inconspicuous yellowish-green petals. The fruit is an edible oval drupe deep; when immature it is smooth-green, with the consistency and taste of an apple,


title: Jujube content: maturing brown to purplish-black, and eventually wrinkled, looking like a small date. There is a single hard kernel, similar to an olive pit, containing two seeds. Its precise natural distribution is uncertain due to extensive cultivation, but is thought to be in southern Asia, between Lebanon, northern India, and southern and central China, and possibly also southeastern Europe though more likely introduced there. This plant has been introduced in Madagascar and grows as an invasive species in the western part of the island. This plant is known as the "hinap" or "finab" in the eastern part of Bulgaria where it


title: Jujube content: grows wild but is also a garden shrub, kept for its fruit. The fruit is picked in the autumn. The trees grow wild in the eastern Caribbean, and are reported to exist in Jamaica, The Bahamas, and Trinidad as well. In Antigua and Barbuda, the fruit is called "dumps" or "dums"; and in The Bahamas, "juju". It is also known as "pomme surette" on the French islands of the Caribbean. This fruit, more precisely known as "Indian jujube" elsewhere, is different from the "jujube" fruit that is cultivated in various parts of southern California. Altun Ha an ancient Mayan city


title: Jujube content: in Belize, located in the Belize District about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Belize City and the surrounding woods also boasts some jujube tree and shrub varieties where it is referred to as plums for lack of a better word among locals. The species has a curious nomenclatural history, due to a combination of botanical naming regulations, and variations in spelling. It was first described scientifically by Carl Linnaeus as "Rhamnus zizyphus", in "Species Plantarum" in 1753. Later, in 1768, Philip Miller concluded it was sufficiently distinct from "Rhamnus" to merit separation into a new genus, which he named


title: Jujube content: "Ziziphus jujube", using Linnaeus' species name for the genus but with a probably accidental single letter spelling difference, "i" for "y". For the species name he used a different name, as tautonyms (repetition of exactly the same name in the genus and species) are not permitted in botanical naming. However, because of Miller's slightly different spelling, the combination the earlier species name (from Linnaeus) with the new genus, "Ziziphus zizyphus", is "not" a tautonym, and was therefore permitted as a botanical name. This combination was made by Hermann Karsten in 1882. In 2006, a proposal was made to suppress the


title: Jujube content: name "Ziziphus zizyphus" in favor of "Ziziphus jujuba", and this proposal was accepted in 2011. "Ziziphus jujuba" is thus the correct scientific name for this species. In Arabic-speaking regions the jujube and alternatively the species "Z. lotus" are closely related to the lote-trees (sing. "sidrah", pl. "sidr") which are mentioned in the Quran, while in Palestine it is rather the species "Z. spina-christi" that is called "sidr". Varieties of jujube include Li, Lang, Sherwood, Silverhill, So, Shui Men and GA 866. Jujube was domesticated in south Asia by 9000 BC. Over 400 cultivars have been selected. The tree tolerates a


title: Jujube content: wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for acceptable fruiting. Unlike most of the other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about . This enables the jujube to grow in mountain or desert habitats, provided there is access to underground water throughout the summer. The jujube, "Z. jujuba" grows in cooler regions of Asia. Five or more other species of "Ziziphus" are widely distributed in milder climates to hot deserts of Asia and Africa. In Madagascar, jujube trees grow extensively in the western half of the


title: Jujube content: island, from the north all the way to the south. It is widely eaten by free-ranging zebus, and its seeds grow easily in zebu feces. It is an invasive species there, threatening mostly protected areas. The freshly harvested, as well as the candied dried fruit, are often eaten as a snack, or with coffee. Smoked jujubes are consumed in Vietnam and are referred to as black jujubes. Both China and Korea produce a sweetened tea syrup containing jujube fruit in glass jars, and canned jujube tea or jujube tea in the form of teabags. To a lesser extent, jujube fruit


title: Jujube content: is made into juice and jujube vinegar (called 枣醋 or 红枣醋 in Chinese). They are used for making pickles (কুলের আচার) in west Bengal and Bangladesh. In China, a wine made from jujube fruit is called "hong zao jiu" (红枣酒). Sometimes pieces of jujube fruit are preserved by storing them in a jar filled with "baijiu" (Chinese liquor), which allows them to be kept fresh for a long time, especially through the winter. Such jujubes are called "jiu zao" (酒枣; literally "alcohol jujube"). The fruit is also a significant ingredient in a wide variety of Chinese delicacies. In Vietnam and


title: Jujube content: Taiwan, fully mature, nearly ripe fruit is harvested and sold on the local markets and also exported to Southeast Asian countries. The dried fruit is used in desserts in China and Vietnam, such as "ching bo leung", a cold beverage that includes the dried jujube, longan, fresh seaweed, barley, and lotus seeds. In Korea, jujubes are called "daechu" (대추) and are used in "daechucha" teas and "samgyetang". In Croatia, especially Dalmatia, jujubes are used in marmalades, juices, and "rakija" (fruit brandy). On his visit to Medina, the 19th-century English explorer, Sir Richard Burton, observed that the local variety of jujube


title: Jujube content: fruit was widely eaten. He describes its taste as "like a bad plum, an unrepentant cherry and an insipid apple." He gives the local names for three varieties as "Hindi (Indian), Baladi (native), Tamri (date-like)." In Palestine a hundred years ago, a close variety was common in the Jordan valley and around Jerusalem. The bedouin valued the fruit, calling it "nabk". It could be dried and kept for winter or made into a paste which was used as bread. In Persian cuisine, the dried drupes are known as "annab", while in neighboring Azerbaijan, it is commonly eaten as a snack,


title: Jujube content: and is known as "innab". Confusion in the common name apparently is widespread. The "innab" is "Z. jujuba": the local name "ber" is not used for "innab". Rather, "ber" is used for three other cultivated or wild species, e.g., "Z. spina-christi", "Z. mauritiana", and "Z. nummularia" in Pakistan and parts of India and is eaten both fresh and dried. The Arabic name "sidr" is used for "Ziziphus" species other than "Z. jujuba". Traditionally in India, the fruit is dried in the sun and the hard nuts are removed. Then, it is pounded with tamarind, red chillies, salt, and jaggery. In


title: Jujube content: some parts of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, fresh whole ripe fruit is crushed with the above ingredients and dried under the sun to make cakes called "ilanthai vadai" or "regi vadiyalu" (Telugu). It is also commonly consumed as a snack. In Northern and Northeastern India the fruit is eaten fresh with salt and chilli flakes and also preserved as candy, jam or pickle with oil and spices. In Madagascar, jujube fruit is eaten fresh or dried. People also use it to make jam. A jujube honey is produced in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Italy has an alcoholic


title: Jujube content: syrup called "brodo di giuggiole". In Senegal Jujube is called Sii dem and the fruit is used as snack. The fruit is turned into dried paste used by school kids. The commercial jujube candy popular in movie theaters originally contained jujube juice but now uses other flavorings. The fruit and its seeds are used in Chinese and Korean traditional medicine, where they are believed to alleviate stress, and traditionally for anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory purposes and sedation, antispastic, antifertility/contraception, hypotensive and antinephritic, cardiotonic, antioxidant, immunostimulant, and wound healing properties. It is among the fruits used in Kampo. Ziziphin, a compound


title: Jujube content: in the leaves of the jujube, suppresses the ability to perceive sweet taste. In Japan, the "natsume" has given its name to a style of tea caddy used in the Japanese tea ceremony, due to the similar shape. Its hard, oily wood was, along with pear, used for woodcuts to print the world's first books, starting in the 8th century and continuing through the 19th in China and neighboring countries. As many as 2000 copies could be produced from one jujube woodcut. Witch's brooms, prevalent in China and Korea, is the main disease affecting jujubes, though plantings in North America


title: Jujube content: currently are not affected by any pests or diseases. In Europe, the last several years have seen some 80%–90% of the jujube crop eaten by insect larvae (see picture), including those of the false codling moth, "Thaumatotibia (Cryptophlebia) leucotreta". Jujube Ziziphus jujuba (from Greek "ζίζυφον", "zízyphon"), commonly called jujube (; sometimes jujuba), red date, Chinese date, Korean date, or Indian date is a species of "Ziziphus" in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). It is a small deciduous tree or shrub reaching a height of , usually with thorny branches. The leaves are shiny-green, ovate-acute, long and wide, with three conspicuous veins


title: Liger content: Liger The liger is a hybrid offspring of a male lion ("Panthera leo") and a female tiger ("Panthera tigris"). The liger has parents in the same genus but of different species. The liger is distinct from the similar hybrid tigon, and is the largest of all known extant felines. They enjoy swimming, which is a characteristic of tigers, and are very sociable like lions. Notably, ligers typically grow larger than either parent species, unlike tigons. The history of lion-tiger hybrids dates to at least the early 19th century in India. In 1798, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844) made a colour plate


title: Liger content: of the offspring of a lion and a tiger. The portmanteau "liger" was coined by the 1930s. In 1825, G. B. Whittaker made an engraving of liger cubs born in 1824. The parents and their three liger offspring are also depicted with their trainer in a 19th-century painting in the naïve style. Two liger cubs born in 1837 were exhibited to King William IV and to his successor Queen Victoria. On 14 December 1900 and on 31 May 1901, Carl Hagenbeck wrote to zoologist James Cossar Ewart with details and photographs of ligers born at the Hagenbeck's Tierpark in Hamburg


title: Liger content: in 1897. In "Animal Life and the World of Nature" (1902–1903), A.H. Bryden described Hagenbeck's "lion-tiger" hybrids: It has remained for one of the most enterprising collectors and naturalists of our time, Mr. Carl Hagenbeck, not only to breed but to bring successfully to a healthy maturity, specimens of this rare alliance between those two great and formidable Felidae, the lion and tiger. The illustrations will indicate sufficiently how fortunate Mr. Hagenbeck has been in his efforts to produce these hybrids. The oldest and biggest of the animals shown is a hybrid born on the 11th May 1897. This fine


title: Liger content: beast, now more than five years old, equals and even excels in his proportions a well-grown lion, measuring as he does from nose tip to tail 10 ft 2 inches in length, and standing only three inches less than 4 ft at the shoulder. A good big lion will weigh about 400 lb [...] the hybrid in question, weighing as it does no less than 467 lb, is certainly the superior of the most well-grown lions, whether wild-bred or born in a menagerie. This animal shows faint striping and mottling, and, in its characteristics, exhibits strong traces of both its


title: Liger content: parents. It has a somewhat lion-like head, and the tail is more like that of a lion than of a tiger. On the other hand, it has no trace of mane. It is a huge and very powerful beast. In 1935, four ligers from two litters were reared in the Zoological Gardens of Bloemfontein, South Africa. Three of them, a male and two females, were still living in 1953. The male weighed and stood a foot and a half (45 cm) taller than a full grown male lion at the shoulder. Although ligers are more commonly found than tigons today,


title: Liger content: in "At Home In The Zoo" (1961), Gerald Iles wrote "For the record I must say that I have never seen a liger, a hybrid obtained by crossing a lion with a tigress. They seem to be even rarer than tigons." The liger is often believed to represent the largest known cat in the world. Males reach a total length of , which means that they rival even large male lions and tigers in length. Imprinted genes may be a factor contributing to the large size of ligers. These are genes that may or may not be expressed on the


title: Liger content: parent they are inherited from, and that occasionally play a role in issues of hybrid growth. For example, in some dog breed crosses, genes that are expressed only when maternally-inherited cause the young to grow larger than is typical for either parent breed. This growth is not seen in the paternal breeds, as such genes are normally "counteracted" by genes inherited from the female of the appropriate breed. Other big cat hybrids can reach similar sizes; the litigon, a rare hybrid of a male lion and a female tigon, is roughly the same size as the liger, with a male


title: Liger content: named Cubanacan (at the Alipore Zoo in India) reaching . The extreme rarity of these second-generation hybrids may make it difficult to ascertain whether they are larger or smaller, on average than the liger. It is wrongly believed that ligers continue to grow throughout their lives due to hormonal issues. It may be that they simply grow far more during their growing years and take longer to reach their full adult size. Further growth in shoulder height and body length is not seen in ligers over 6 years old, as in both lions and tigers. Male ligers also have the


title: Liger content: same levels of testosterone on average as an adult male lion, yet are azoospermic in accordance with Haldane's rule. In addition, female ligers may also attain great size, weighing approximately and reaching long on average, and are often fertile. In contrast, pumapards (hybrids between pumas and leopards) tend to exhibit dwarfism. Ligers are about the same size as the prehistoric "Smilodon populator" and American lion. Hercules, the largest non-obese liger, is recognised by the "Guinness Book of World Records" as the largest living cat on Earth, weighing . Hercules was featured on the "Today Show", "Good Morning America", "Anderson Cooper


title: Liger content: 360", "Inside Edition", and in a "Maxim" article in 2005, when he was only three years old and already weighed . Valley of the Kings animal sanctuary in Wisconsin had a male liger named Nook who weighed over . To compare, the records for the lion and tiger in captivity are under . Shasta, a ligress (female liger) was born at the Hogle Zoo in Salt Lake City on 14 May 1948 and died in 1972 at age 24. Nook died in 2007, at 21 years old. Hobbs, a male liger at the Sierra Safari Zoo in Reno, Nevada, lived


title: Liger content: to almost 15 years of age before succumbing to liver failure and weighed in at . This liger was born in 1943 and died in 1960. South Africa still has two ligers at its one zoo at Bloemfontein. The fertility of hybrid big cat females is well documented across a number of different hybrids. This is in accordance with Haldane's rule: in hybrids of animals whose sex is determined by sex chromosomes, if one sex is absent, rare or sterile, it is the heterogametic sex (the one with two different sex chromosomes e.g. X and Y). According to "Wild Cats


title: Liger content: of the World" (1975) by C. A. W. Guggisberg, ligers and tigons were long thought to be sterile; however, in 1943, a fifteen-year-old hybrid between a lion and an 'Island' tiger was successfully mated with a lion at the Munich Hellabrunn Zoo. The female cub, though of delicate health, was raised to adulthood. In September 2012, the Russian Novosibirsk Zoo announced the birth of a "liliger", which is the offspring of a liger mother and a lion father. The cub was named Kiara. Ligers have a tiger-like striped pattern that is very faint upon a lionesque tawny background. In addition,


title: Liger content: they may inherit rosettes from the lion parent (lion cubs are rosetted and some adults retain faint markings). These markings may be black, dark brown or sandy. The background colour may be correspondingly tawny, sandy or golden. In common with tigers, their underparts are pale. The actual pattern and colour depend on which subspecies the parents were and on how the genes interact in the offspring. White tigers have been crossed with lions to produce "white" (actually pale golden) ligers. In theory, white tigers could be crossed with white lions to produce white, very pale or even stripeless ligers. There


title: Liger content: are no black ligers. Very few melanistic tigers have ever been recorded, most being due to excessive markings (pseudo-melanism or abundism) rather than true melanism; no reports of black lions have ever been substantiated. As blue or Maltese tigers probably no longer exist, grey or blue ligers are exceedingly improbable. It is not impossible for a liger to be white, but it is very rare. Keeping the two species separate has been standard procedure. However, ligers have occurred and do occur by accident in captivity. Several AZA zoos are reported to have ligers. As with the tigon, the liger exists


title: Liger content: only in captivity. Historically, the Asiatic lion and Bengal tiger co-occurred in some Asian countries, and there are legends of male lions mating with tigresses in the wilderness, or of ligers existing there. The Caspian tiger co-occurred with the lion in places like northern Iran and eastern Anatolia (Turkey). Liger The liger is a hybrid offspring of a male lion ("Panthera leo") and a female tiger ("Panthera tigris"). The liger has parents in the same genus but of different species. The liger is distinct from the similar hybrid tigon, and is the largest of all known extant felines. They enjoy


title: "Common minke whale" content: 45 per cent of the posterior plates shading from black to dusky gray along their outer margins. The dwarf form has the most complex coloration of any baleen whale. Dark gray fields and capes alternate with light gray and white blazes, patches, and streaks. The dark gray "spinal field" lies above an ivory white "ventral field". This spinal field extends down into a "nape field", which separates a light gray "rostral saddle" and a light gray, triangular, usually forwardly peaked "thorax patch". The nape field, in turn, extends even further down into a "dark throat patch", which reaches down to


title: Namco content: operated as part of Bandai Namco's Amusement Facility SBU. On April 1, 2018, Namco Ltd was renamed Bandai Namco Amusement Inc. In the United States, Namco America had already been renamed Bandai Namco Amusement America in 2014. As part of the name change, Bandai Namco Amusement Inc. will take over the amusement machine business that was handled by Bandai Namco Entertainment. In 1977, Namco launched its international arcade subsidiary, Namco Enterprises Asia Ltd., in Hong Kong. Further expansion in Asia would follow in 1993 with Shanghai Namco Ltd., based in mainland China. Namco purchased the arcade operations of Atari Games


title: "Lawful permanent residents (United States)" content: totalitarian states, such as Afghanistan, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, etc. Unlike other aliens, these refugee families permanently lost everything, including their former nationalities, and gradually became nationals of the United States (i.e., Americans). In 1986, less than a year before the United Nations Convention against Torture (CAT) became effective, Congress expressly and intentionally expanded the definition of "nationals but not citizens of the United States" by adding paragraph (4) to 8 U.S.C. § 1408, which plainly states that: The natural reading of § 1408(4) demonstrates that it was not exclusively written for the 55,000 American Samoans but also for LPRs who


title: "Lawful permanent residents (United States)" content: resident card does not result in the loss of status, except in the case of conditional permanent residents as noted above. Nevertheless, it is still a good idea to renew the green card on time because it also acts as a work permit and travel permit (advance parole), but if the green card is renewed late, there is no penalty or extra fee to pay. A person who loses permanent residence status is immediately removable from the United States and must leave the country as soon as possible or face deportation and removal. In some cases the person may be


title: "John Connally" content: meeting, Hussein agreed to release the hostages. Connally was known as an immaculate dresser who wore expensive and stylish suits wherever he went. Biographer Charles Ashman related a story about Connally's carrying a cigarette lighter in his pocket and lighting cigarettes as a courtesy only for very wealthy men who might be inclined to contribute to his political causes or retain him as a consultant on business arrangements. In one of his last political acts, Connally endorsed then Republican U.S. Representative Jack Fields of Houston in the special election called in May 1993 to fill the vacancy left by U.S.


title: "University of Ontario Institute of Technology" content: sculpture of Northern Dancer, the famous, award-winning Canadian horse from Windfield Farms. UOIT and Durham College purchased the core area of Windfield Farms in 2013, including the site where Northern Dancer was buried; the sculpture is a tribute. The Downtown campus is located in the downtown region of Oshawa, approximately ten minutes away from the North campus. Most of UOIT's buildings in the downtown campus have not yet been named and are instead referred to by the address at which they are located. The Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (FSSH) and the Faculty of Education (FE) are located at


title: "Fernando Botero" content: Last Botero married the Greek artist Sophia Vari. They reside in Paris and have a house in Pietrasanta, Italy. Botero's 80th birthday was commemorated with an exhibition of his works at Pietrasanta. Fernando Botero Fernando Botero Angulo (born 19 April 1932) is a Colombian figurative artist and sculptor. Born in Medellín, his signature style, also known as "Boterismo", depicts people and figures in large, exaggerated volume, which can represent political criticism or humor, depending on the piece. He is considered the most recognized and quoted living artist from Latin America, and his art can be found in highly visible places


title: "Super Friends" content: roster (including the Wonder Twins) in a longer adventure. The fourth and final segment featured a story with one of the primary lineup and a "special guest star". This segment typically featured a problem that was solved using the guest star's unique abilities. Between segments there were short spots with members of the Super Friends giving basic safety lessons, providing first-aid advice, demonstrating magic tricks, creating crafts, and presenting a two-part riddle featuring the week's primary plot line. This was the first season to feature two villains appearing in the comic books, Black Manta and Gentleman Ghost. Each appeared in


title: "Advaita Vedanta" content: by Gaudapada, Shankara and Anandagiri, according to Hajime Nakamura. Gaudapada relied particularly on "Mandukya Upanishad", as well as "Brihadaranyaka" and "Chandogya Upanishads". The "Mandukya Upanishad" was considered to be a Śruti before the era of Adi Shankara, but not treated as particularly important. In later post-Shankara period its value became far more important, and regarded as expressing the essence of the Upanishad philosophy. The entire "Karika" became a key text for the Advaita school in this later era. Around 740 AD Gaudapada founded Shri Gaudapadacharya Math, also known as . It is located in Kavale, Ponda, Goa, and is the


title: Protea content: Protea Protea is both the botanical name and the English common name of a genus of South African flowering plants, sometimes also called sugarbushes (Afrikaans: suikerbos) or Fynbos. In local tradition, the Protea flower represents change and hope. The genus Protea was named in 1735 by Carl Linnaeus after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his form at will because they have such a wide variety of forms. Linnaeus's genus was formed by merging a number of genera previously published by Herman Boerhaave, although precisely which of Boerhaave's genera were included in Linnaeus's "Protea" varied with each of Linnaeus's


title: Protea content: publications. The family Proteaceae to which Proteas belong is an ancient one among angiosperms. Evidence from pollen fossils suggests Proteaceae ancestors grew in Gondwana, in the Upper Cretaceous, 75-80 million years ago. The Proteaceae are divided into two subfamilies: the Proteoideae, best represented in southern Africa, and the Grevilleoideae, concentrated in Australia and South America and the other smaller segments of Gondwana that are now part of eastern Asia. Africa shares only one genus with Madagascar, whereas South America and Australia share many common genera — this indicates they separated from Africa before they separated from each other. Most proteas


title: Protea content: occur south of the Limpopo River. However, "Protea kilimanjaro" is found in the chaparral zone of Mount Kenya National Park. 92% of the species occurs only in the Cape Floristic Region, a narrow belt of mountainous coastal land from Clanwilliam to Grahamstown, South Africa. The extraordinary richness and diversity of species characteristic of the Cape Flora are thought to be caused in part by the diverse landscape where populations can become isolated from each other and in time develop into separate species. Proteas attracted the attention of botanists visiting the Cape of Good Hope in the 17th century. Many species


title: Protea content: were introduced to Europe in the 18th century, enjoying a unique popularity at the time amongst botanists. Proteas are currently cultivated in over 20 countries. Cultivation is restricted to Mediterranean and sub tropical climates. There are three categories of traits that has to be considered before developing a new cultivar. The yield or production capacity of the cultivar has to be considered. The ease of handling and packaging of the cut stems and the last category is to consider the perceived market value of the cultivar The cultivation of a Protea plant is time consuming and therefore good planning when


title: Protea content: developing the cross combinations and goals is of great importance of the breeding programme. Some Protea flower species, like the King Protea flower, are self-pollinating flowers. Other Protea species, however, like the "Protea cordata", "Protea decurrens" and the "Protea scabra" are self-incompatible and thus rely on cross-pollination for successive seed set. The main vectors responsible for the transfer of pollen in Protea cultivation are birds, insects and wind. There are some Protea species which exhibit both self-pollination as well as cross-pollination as a method of reproduction. Cross-pollination is however preferred as a method of reproduction because it provides genetic diversity


title: Protea content: in the population. When cultivating Proteas, breeders use hand pollination as a controlled method to transfer pollen from one flower to another. The following steps are used by breeders to perform hand pollination: Proteas usually flower during spring time. The general structure of the Protea flower head consists of a mass of flowers on a woody receptacle. The ovary is protected by the receptacle and thus not seen when looking at the flower, the anthers are however present at the top of the flower which can then easily transfer the pollen to the vectors. The common Protea plants, e.g. Protea,


title: Protea content: Leucospermum and Leucadendron are diploid organisms and thus they can freely hybridise with closely related species of Protea flowers to form a new cultivars. Unusually, not all the genera within the family Proteaceae are able to hybridise freely, for example the Leucadendron mentioned previously, cannot be crossed with the Leucospermum because of the difference they display in a haploid chromosome number. The genetic incompatibility between Leucadendron genera Protea having a haploid chromosome number of 13, and Leucospermum genera Protea, having 12, makes them genetically incompatible for hybridizing, resulting in the pollinated flowers yielding either no fruit, or seedless fruit as


title: Protea content: the resulting plant embryos, from the incompatible pollen and ovum, fails to develop. Proteas are used for ornamental practices as cut flowers and for decoration and thus some of the desirable traits a breeder is looking for during cultivation are flower size and colour etc. traits considered by breeders in the selection process for cultivation are long lasting bloom, flowering time, plant architecture, general appearance and adaptability. There are four main methods of selecting Protea flowers for further cultivation: Mass selection, Single plant clonal selection, Chance interspecific hybrid selection, Controlled-pollination interspecific hybrid selection. The four main methods for cultivating Protea


title: Protea content: plants are sexual reproduction (cultivation with seed). When Proteas are cultivated using seeds, the first step in the cultivation process is to disinfect the seeds by soaking in water maintained at 50 °C for 30 minutes. The germination of the seeds will occur over a period of 14 to 28 days. The germinating seeds should be planted in a medium in pots before the developing roots are 10mm long. Another method for cultivation is vegetative propagation (cultivation with cuttings), which is used to obtain a large protea population of the same genotype. This cultivation method allows for the cultivation of


title: Protea content: hybrid protea plants without the loss of their unique characteristics. The other two cultivation methods include grafting and budding and micropropagation, referring to cultivation with tissue culture. Within the huge family Proteaceae, they are a member of the subfamily Proteoideae, which has Southern African and Australian members. (listed by section: a sect. has a name in two parts, consisting of the genus name and an epithet). A hybrid is defined as an offspring between two plants of different species or varieties. Inter- or intraspecific hybridization is used in the cultivation of flowers to improve the qualities including bract colour, flowering


title: Protea content: time and disease resistance. Intraspecific hybridization refers to a hybrid between different genotypes of the same species whereas interspecific hybridization refers to the progeny between two different species of the same genus. Hybrid flowers are more adaptable to different environments than the pure species, this is why the cultivation of hybrids are preferred. Hybridization of Protea flowers is common amongst the Leucadendron genus to produce unique set of characteristics to meet the market requirements and thus increases market exports and changes the market trend. It is often difficult to identify hybrids from a population based on morphological features, because of


title: Protea content: the resemblance the species show towards the parent plants. For this reason molecular markers such as RAPD, AFLP, or microsatellite markers and PCR-RFLP are useful in identifying hybrid plants. Another common hybrid is the Protea emixia which is cultivated to flower during the spring and summer months and thus provides cut flowers for export to the Northern Hemisphere. The hybridization of Proteas is usually started by covering the inflorescence of the female plant with a plastic bag to exclude external sources of pollination. After two days the unopened flowers are removed from the inflorescence leaving approximately 40 to 60 opened


title: Protea content: flowers. The pollen is then hand applied using a brush and the inflorescence is covered again. Protea Protea is both the botanical name and the English common name of a genus of South African flowering plants, sometimes also called sugarbushes (Afrikaans: suikerbos) or Fynbos. In local tradition, the Protea flower represents change and hope. The genus Protea was named in 1735 by Carl Linnaeus after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his form at will because they have such a wide variety of forms. Linnaeus's genus was formed by merging a number of genera previously published by Herman Boerhaave,


title: "Croque monsieur" content: Croque monsieur A croque monsieur (; French for "mister crunch") is a baked or fried boiled ham and cheese sandwich. The dish originated in French cafés and bars as a quick snack. A croque madame (French for "mistress crunch") is a variant of the dish topped with a fried egg. The name is based on the verb "croquer" ("to bite, to crunch") and the word "monsieur" ("mister"). The sandwich's first recorded appearance on a Paris café menu was in 1910. Its earliest mention in literature appears to be in volume two of Proust's "In Search of Lost Time" in 1918.


title: "Croque monsieur" content: A "croque monsieur" is traditionally made with boiled ham between slices of brioche-like "pain de mie" topped with grated cheese and slightly salted and peppered, which is baked in an oven or fried in a frying pan. The dish can also be made with normal butter bread, with a soft crust. Instead of the butter bread, the bread may optionally be browned by grilling before being dipped in beaten egg. Traditionally, Emmental or Gruyère is used, or sometimes Comté cheese as well. Some brasseries also add Béchamel sauce. "Croque monsieur" may be baked or fried so that the cheese topping


title: "Croque monsieur" content: melts and forms a crust. This may be done in a small horizontal grill designed for grilling sandwiches. A croque monsieur served with a poached or lightly fried egg on top is known as a "croque madame" (or in parts of Normandy a "croque-à-cheval"). Many cooking and recipe sites, such as New York Times Cooking and Food Network, attribute the name to the egg resembling an old fashioned woman's hat. According to the "Petit Robert" dictionary, the name dates to around 1960. The name "croque-mademoiselle" is associated with its lighter, vegetarian version: made of the same bread, but with ordinary


title: "Croque monsieur" content: melting cheese, accompanied with chives, cucumber and salad. A ham and cheese sandwich snack, very similar to the croque-monsieur though not containing any béchamel or egg, is called a tosti in the Netherlands, and toast (pronounced "tost") in Italy and Greece. Similarly, in the United Kingdom a ham and cheese hot snack is called a 'toastie', and toastie makers are available to buy. In the United States, the Monte Cristo, a ham-and-cheese sandwich often dipped in egg and fried, is popular diner fare, and a 'grilled cheese sandwich' is a classic sandwich that has been enjoyed at home and in


title: "Croque monsieur" content: cafeteria-style restaurants since the Great Depression. A version of this sandwich in Spain replaces the ham with sobrassada, a soft sausage from the Balearic Islands that can be easily spread. Variants of the sandwich with substitutions or additional ingredients are given names modelled on the original "croque-monsieur", for example: The French chef Jacques Pepin also makes a version using chicken instead of ham, which he demonstrated in the "Our Favorite Sandwiches" episode on the PBS series (and its coordinating cookbook of the same title) "Julia and Jacques Cooking at Home" in which he worked with Julia Child. Croque monsieur A


title: "E. Howard Hunt" content: initialed by Richard Helms and James Angleton and showed that, shortly after Helms and Angleton were elevated to their highest positions in the CIA, they discussed the fact that Hunt had been in Dallas on the day of the assassination and that his presence there had to be kept secret. However, nobody has been able to produce this supposed memo, and the United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States determined that Hunt had been in Washington, D.C. on the day of the assassination. Hunt sued "Liberty Lobby" – but not the "Sunday News Journal" – for


title: "Polemonium reptans" content: Polemonium reptans Polemonium reptans is a perennial herbaceous plant native to eastern North America. Common names include spreading Jacob's ladder, creeping Jacob's ladder, false Jacob's ladder, abscess root, American Greek valerian, blue bells, stairway to heaven, and sweatroot. Jacob's ladder grows tall, with pinnate leaves up to long with 5–13 leaflets. The leaves and flower stems grow from a vertical crown with abundant fibrous roots. The flowers are produced in panicles on weak stems from mid to late spring. They are 1.3 cm ( in) long and have five light blue-violet petals that are fused at the base, enclosed by


title: "Polemonium reptans" content: a tubular calyx with five pointed lobes. The pollen is white. The stigma extends beyond the anthers, making self-pollination difficult, so insects must cross-pollinate for the plants to produce seed. Pollinated flowers develop into an oval pod with three chambers, 6 mm ( in) long, which is enclosed by the green calyx. The plant spreads by reseeding itself. The flowers produce both pollen and nectar. Long- and short-tongued bees visit the plants for both nectar and pollen, syrphid flies and fire beetles ("Pedilus lugubris") feed on pollen, and butterflies and moths drink nectar. Out of these insects, large bees are


title: "Polemonium reptans" content: the most effective at cross-pollination, since they most often touch the pollen-covered anthers. "Polemonium reptans" is typically found in rich, moist woods, often along streambanks. Its range extends from Minnesota to New Hampshire in the north, and from Georgia to Mississippi in the south. It is most abundant west of the Appalachian Mountains. The plant prefers partial shade and mesic soil. It tolerates full sun, but requires constantly moist soil. The dried roots have a slightly bitter and acrid taste. "P. reptans" has been traditionally used as an herbal medicine for febrile and inflammatory diseases, to ease coughs, colds and


title: "Polemonium reptans" content: bronchial complaints, and to encourage perspiration. It is furthermore said to bring relief in cases of inflammations and infections. The root is rarely used in modern herbalism. It is harvested in the autumn and dried for later use. Polemonium reptans Polemonium reptans is a perennial herbaceous plant native to eastern North America. Common names include spreading Jacob's ladder, creeping Jacob's ladder, false Jacob's ladder, abscess root, American Greek valerian, blue bells, stairway to heaven, and sweatroot. Jacob's ladder grows tall, with pinnate leaves up to long with 5–13 leaflets. The leaves and flower stems grow from a vertical crown with


title: "Coffee filter" content: Coffee filter A coffee filter is a coffee-brewing utensil, usually made of disposable paper. This enables it to trap the coffee grounds and allow the liquid coffee to flow through. Paper filters remove oily components called diterpenes; these organic compounds, present in unfiltered coffee are known to be antimicrobial and antiinflammatory. Metal or nylon mesh filters do not remove these components. On July 8, 1908, the first paper coffee filter was created by German housewife Melitta Bentz. She wanted to remove the bitter taste caused by boiling loose grounds or using the typical method of linen to brew coffee. She


title: "Coffee filter" content: patented her invention and formed a company to sell the coffee filters, hiring her husband and two sons to assist her as the first employees. Coffee filters of paper are made from about 100 g/m filter paper. The crimping of the sides allows the coffee to flow freely between the filter and the filtration funnel. The raw materials (pulp) for the filter paper are coarse long fiber, often from fast growing trees. Both bleached and unbleached qualities are made. Typically coffee filters are made up of filaments approximately 20 micrometres wide, which allow particles through that are less than approximately


title: "Coffee filter" content: 10 to 15 micrometres. For a filter to be compatible with a coffee maker, the filter needs to be a specific shape and size. Common in the US are cone-shaped filters #2, #4, and #6, as well as basket-shaped filters in an 8-12 cup size. Other important parameters are strength, compatibility, efficiency and capacity. If a coffee filter doesn't possess enough "strength", it will tear or rupture, allowing coffee grains to collect in the coffee pot. "Compatibility" describes a filter medium's resistance to degradation by heat and chemical attack; a filter that is not compatible with the liquid passing through


title: "Coffee filter" content: it is likely to break down, losing strength (structural failure). "Efficiency" is the retention of particles in a target (size) category. The efficiency is dictated by the particles or substances to be removed. A large-mesh filter may be efficient at retaining large particles, but inefficient at retaining small particles. "Capacity" is the ability to "hold" previously removed particles, while allowing further flow. A very efficient filter may show poor capacity, causing increased resistance to flow or other problems as it plugging up prematurely and increasing resistance or flow problems. A balance between particle capture and flow requirements must be met


title: "Coffee filter" content: while ensuring integrity. Metal filters are used to prepare Vietnamese iced coffee, Indian filter coffee, and other types of drip coffee. Coffee filter A coffee filter is a coffee-brewing utensil, usually made of disposable paper. This enables it to trap the coffee grounds and allow the liquid coffee to flow through. Paper filters remove oily components called diterpenes; these organic compounds, present in unfiltered coffee are known to be antimicrobial and antiinflammatory. Metal or nylon mesh filters do not remove these components. On July 8, 1908, the first paper coffee filter was created by German housewife Melitta Bentz. She wanted


title: "Princess Augusta of Cambridge" content: coronation of King William IV and Queen Adelaide seventy-one years earlier. She was nine years old at the time and kissed the Queen's hand. She was also able to provide details of the coronation of Queen Victoria. The Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was particularly close to her niece, the future Queen Mary. However, old age prevented her from attending the coronation of King George V and Queen Mary on 22 June 1911. Following the outbreak of World War I, the British Government suspended the annuity she had been receiving as a member of the British Royal Family under the Annuity,


title: "Daucus carota" content: Daucus carota Daucus carota, whose common names include wild carrot, bird's nest, bishop's lace, and Queen Anne's lace (North America), is a white, flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe and southwest Asia, and naturalized to North America and Australia. Domesticated carrots are cultivars of a subspecies, "Daucus carota" subsp. "sativus". The wild carrot is a herbaceous, somewhat variable biennial plant that grows between tall, and is roughly hairy, with a stiff, solid stem. The leaves are tripinnate, finely divided and lacy, and overall triangular in shape. The leaves are bristly and alternate in a


title: "Daucus carota" content: pinnate pattern that separates into thin segments. The flowers are small and dull white, clustered in flat, dense umbels. The umbels are terminal and approximately wide. They may be pink in bud and may have a reddish or purple flower in the centre of the umbel. The lower bracts are three-forked or pinnate, which distinguishes the plant from other white-flowered umbellifers. As the seeds develop, the umbel curls up at the edges, becomes more congested, and develops a concave surface. The fruits are oval and flattened, with short styles and hooked spines. The fruit is small, dry and bumpy with


title: "Daucus carota" content: protective hairs surrounding it. The fruit of "Daucus carota" has two mericarp, or bicarpellate. The endosperm of the fruit grows before the embryo. The dried umbels detach from the plant, becoming tumbleweeds. The function of the tiny red flower, coloured by anthocyanin, is to attract insects. Wild carrot blooms in summer and fall. It thrives best in sun to partial shade. Daucus carota is commonly found along roadsides and in unused fields. Similar in appearance to the deadly poison hemlock, "D.carota" is distinguished by a mix of tripinnate leaves, fine hairs on its solid green stems and on its leaves,


title: "Daucus carota" content: a root that smells like carrots, and occasionally a single dark red flower in the center of the umbel. Like the cultivated carrot, the "D. carota" root is edible while young, but it quickly becomes too woody to consume. The flowers are sometimes battered and fried. The leaves are also edible except in large quantities. Extra caution should be used when collecting "D. carota" because it bears a close resemblance to poison hemlock. In addition, the leaves of the wild carrot may cause phytophotodermatitis, so caution should also be used when handling the plant. It has been used as a


title: "Daucus carota" content: method of contraception and an abortifacient for centuries. If used as a dyestuff, the flowers give a creamy, off-white color. "D. carota", when freshly cut, will draw or change color depending on the color of the water in which it is held. This effect is only visible on the "head" or flower of the plant. Carnations also exhibit this effect. This occurrence is a popular science demonstration in primary grade school. This beneficial weed can be used as a companion plant to crops. Like most members of the umbellifer family, it attracts wasps to its small flowers in its native


title: "Daucus carota" content: land; however, where it has been introduced, it attracts very few wasps. In northeast Wisconsin, when introduced with blueberries it did succeed in attracting butterflies and wasps. This species is also documented to boost tomato plant production when kept nearby, and it can provide a microclimate of cooler, moister air for lettuce, when intercropped with it. However, the states of Iowa, Ohio, Michigan and Washington have listed it as a noxious weed, and it is considered a serious pest in pastures. It persists in the soil seed bank for two to five years. Several different factors can cause the root


title: "Daucus carota" content: of a carrot to have abnormal metabolites (notably 6-methoxymellin) that can cause a bitter taste in the roots. For example, carrots have a more bitter taste when grown in the presence of apples. Also, ethylene can easily produce stress, causing an abnormal, bitter taste. "D. carota" was introduced and naturalized in North America, where it is often known as Queen Anne's lace. Both Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and her great grandmother, Anne of Denmark, are taken to be the Queen Anne for which the plant is named. It is so called because the flower resembles lace, prominent in fine


title: "Daucus carota" content: clothing of the day; the red flower in the center is thought to represent a blood droplet where Queen Anne pricked herself with a needle when she was making the lace. The history of "Daucus carota" and its cultivation in different parts of the world can be traced back through historical texts and artwork. Paintings from the 16th and 17th century, for example, that are of maids in a market or farmers' most recent crops can provide information on carrots' history. Studying such paintings shows that yellow or red roots were cultivated in Turkey, North Africa, and Spain. Orange roots


title: "Daucus carota" content: were cultivated in 17th century Netherlands. The carrot was first officially described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work "Species Plantarum". In 2016 an international team has sequenced the full genome of "Daucus carota". "As far as known cultivated forms have only been derived from the species "Daucus carota" L. Classification of the wild forms of this species is difficult because of a more or less continuous variation in the material. But THELLUNG (20) classifies them in two groups, "eucarota" and "gummiferi", each consisting of five main types (subspecies). Plants of the group "eucarota" are mostly annuals or biennials; this


title: "Daucus carota" content: group comprises the subspecies "maritimus", "carota", "maior", "sativus" (cultivated carrot), and "maximus". Plants of the group "gummiferi" are often perennials, but they die after flowering once; this group includes the subspecies "commutatis", "hispanicus", "fontanesii", "bocconei" and "gummifer". "Daucus carota" subsp. "carota" is the most common wild carrot of Europe and S. W. Asia." Both domestic and wild carrot are from the same species, "Daucus carota" L. There are several subspecies of "Daucus carota" that have evolved to different climates and atmospheres. Two examples of these subspecies are specifically from the Netherlands. "D. carota" subsp. "sativus" has roots that can be


title: "Daucus carota" content: a wide range of colors. It has a thicker root and sweeter taste. The whorl of barbs above the spine on the vallecular ridges of the mericarp of "D. carota" subsp. "sativus" mature very well. "D. carota" subsp. "carota" has white roots that do not vary in color and, unlike "D. carota" subsp. sativus, have a thin root, bitter taste and are not edible. The middle umbellet of "D. carota" subsp. carota is not well developed (unlike in "D. carota" subsp. "sativus") and the color of the flower can vary from red to deep purple. "Daucus [carota] has been reported


title: "Daucus carota" content: to contain acetone, asarone, choline, ethanol, formic acid, HCN, isobutyric acid, limonene, malic acid, maltose, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pyrrolidine, and quinic acid." The amount of toxin overall is small, though it has been known to cause a slight intoxication to grazing large mammals, like cattle and horses, when ingested. Skin contact with the foliage of "Daucus carota", especially wet foliage, can cause skin irritation. "Sensitized photosensitive persons may get an exact reproduction of the leaf on the skin by placing the leaf on the skin for a while, followed by exposure to sunshine." Contact with the cell sap of


title: "Daucus carota" content: Queen Anne’s lace ("Daucus carota") can cause skin irritation and blistering. The compound carotoxin is naturally found in "Daucus carota". Lab tests show the compound to be toxic to mice and the water flea "Daphnia magna." Black root rot of carrot is caused by" "a pathogenic fungus "Chalara elegans (Thielaviopsis basicola)". The fungus infects several types of crops including carrots. "C. elegans" can infect carrots in all stages of growth, thriving in humidity and warm temperatures. When infected, the carrot starts to develop black markings on the root. The fungus can remain in infected soil for years through chlamydospores. "C.


title: "Daucus carota" content: elegans" thrives in highly acidic, organic soil, especially with large amounts of vitamin C. Damaged carrots in areas of high temperatures are more susceptible to accelerated growth of black root rot. Crown rot, or "Rhizoctonia solani," is a soilborne fungus. It attacks roots nearing maturity in carrots and may result in the death or severe weakening of seeds before or after germination. Crown rot is most prevalent in wet areas in warm climates. Symptoms on the roots of carrot are typically brown-black deep lesions or cankers near the crown or other root parts. Overall the rotting process is dry, unlike


title: "Daucus carota" content: other carrot fungus'. "R. solani" can survive through winter or longer on the debris of plants. Greatest risk to infection occurs at high humidity with temperatures greater than . Easily spreadable in closely planted fields. The rotation of fields, removing of plant debris after harvest and enhanced soil drainage and air circulation are highly recommended to reduce "R. solani" survival and infection. Fusarium dry rot of carrot is caused by "Fusarium" spp,"." The soilborne fungi can grow wherever carrots are found. Fusarium dry rot is also called a carrot root disease, but it can also attack the seeds. The fungus


title: "Daucus carota" content: develops after full maturity and/or in storage. "Fusarium spp," can survive in many ways including plant debris/residue or in mycelia. Wet, warm temperatures as well as wounds on the root can result in the growth of "Fusarium" spp"." Symptoms include brown, leathery lesions, side cankers and the decay of the crown of the carrot. Dry, cold storage of carrots after cultivation can stop Fusarium dry rot from continuing to develop. Daucus carota Daucus carota, whose common names include wild carrot, bird's nest, bishop's lace, and Queen Anne's lace (North America), is a white, flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native


title: "The Gods Themselves" content: winning him power, position, and a Nobel Prize. Physicist Peter Lamont, while writing a history of the Pump about thirty years later, comes to believe that the impetus of the Pump was the effort of the extraterrestrial "para-men". Lamont enlists the help of Myron "Mike" Bronowski, an archeologist and linguist known for translating ancient writings in the Etruscan language, to prove his claim by communicating with the parallel world. They inscribe symbols on strips of tungsten to establish a common written language as the strips are exchanged for ones made of plutonium-186. As Bronowski works, Lamont discovers that the Pump


title: "Grand Central Terminal" content: $17.5 million in 2009. During this renovation, all billboards were removed and the station was restored. The most striking effect was the restoration of the Main Concourse ceiling, revealing the painted skyscape and constellations. Other modifications included a complete overhaul of the superstructure and a replacement of the departures board that was designed to fit into the architecture of the Terminal aesthetically. The renovations included the construction of the East Stairs, a curved monumental staircase on the east side of the station building that matched the West Stairs. The stairs were proposed in 1994, and were built on the site


title: Trotula content: the three "Trotula" texts that is actually attributed to the Salernitan practitioner Trota of Salerno when it circulated as an independent text. However, it has been argued that it is perhaps better to refer to Trota as the "authority" who stands behind this text than its actual author. The author does not provide theories related to gynecological conditions or their causes, but simply informs the reader how to prepare and apply medical preparations. There is a lack of cohesion, but there are sections related to gynecological, andrological, pediatric, cosmetic, and general medical conditions. Beyond a pronounced focus on treatment for


title: "Roddy Radiation" content: The Skabilly Rebels, are based in Coventry. They are Byers (lead guitar and vocals), Sam Smith (The Bonediggers) on rhythm guitar, Paul Ayriss (The Tone/Ex-Cathedra/The Spitters) on drums, Mac (Travis Cut /The Pharaohs) on bass, Jay Jones (Lee Perry) on keyboards and Drew Stansall (Laurel Aitken/Prince Buster/Rico Rodriguez) on saxophone. They released their debut album 'Blues Attack' at the end of 2009 and toured the United States in 2012. Roddy Radiation Roddy Radiation (born Roderick James Byers, 5 May 1955 in Keresley, Coventry, England) is an English musician who played lead guitar for The Specials, as well as many rockabilly


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: Robinia pseudoacacia Robinia pseudoacacia, commonly known in its native territory as black locust, is a medium-sized hardwood deciduous tree native to the southeastern United States, but it has been widely planted and naturalized elsewhere in temperate North America, Europe, Southern Africa and Asia and is considered an invasive species in some areas. Another common name is false acacia, a literal translation of the specific name ("pseudo" meaning fake or false and "acacia" referring to the genus of plants with the same name.) It was introduced into Britain in 1636. The name 'locust' is said to have been given to "Robinia"


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: by Jesuit missionaries, who fancied that this was the tree that supported St. John in the wilderness, but it is native only to North America. The locust tree of Spain ("Ceratonia siliqua" or carob tree), which is also native to Syria and the entire Mediterranean basin, is supposed to be the true locust of the "New Testament". "Robinia" is now a North American genus, but traces of it are found in the Eocene and Miocene rocks of Europe. The black locust is native to the eastern United States, but the exact native range is not accurately known as the tree


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: has been cultivated and is currently found across the continent, in all the lower 48 states, eastern Canada, and British Columbia. The native range is thought to be two separate populations, one centered about the Appalachian Mountains, from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia, and a second westward focused around the Ozark Plateau and Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, Oklahoma and Missouri. Black locust's current range has been expanded by humans distributing the tree for landscaping and now includes Pakistan, Australia, Canada, China, Europe, India, Northern and South Africa, temperate regions in Asia, New Zealand, Southern South America. Black locust is an interesting


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: example of how one plant species can be considered invasive even on the continent to which it is native. For example, within the western United States, New England region, northern California, and in the Midwest, black locust is considered an invasive species. In the prairie and savanna regions of the Midwest black locust can dominate and shade open habitats. These ecosystems have been decreasing in size and black locust is contributing to this, when black locust invades an area it will convert the grassland ecosystem into a forested ecosystem where the grasses are displaced. Black locust has been listed as


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: invasive in Connecticut and Wisconsin, and prohibited in Massachusetts. In Australia black locust has become naturalized within Victoria, New South Wales, South, and Western Australia. It is considered an environmental weed there. In South Africa, it is regarded as a weed because of its habit suckering. Black locust reaches a typical height of with a diameter of . Exceptionally, it may grow up to tall and diameter in very old trees. It is a very upright tree with a straight trunk and narrow crown which grows scraggly with age. The dark blue-green compound leaves with a contrasting lighter underside give


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: this tree a beautiful appearance in the wind and contribute to its grace. Black locust is a shade intolerant species and therefore is typical of young woodlands and disturbed areas where sunlight is plentiful and the soil is dry. In this sense, black locust can often grow as a weed tree. It also often spreads by underground shoots or suckers which contribute to the weedy character of this species. Young trees are often spiny, however, mature trees often lack spines. In the early summer black locust flowers; the flowers are large and appear in large, intensely fragrant (reminiscent of orange


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: blossoms), clusters. The leaflets fold together in wet weather and at night (nyctinasty) as some change of position at night is a habit of the entire leguminous family. Although similar in general appearance to the honey locust, it lacks that tree's characteristic long branched thorns on the trunk, instead having the pairs of short prickles at the base of each leaf; the leaflets are also much broader than honey locust. It may also resemble Styphnolobium japonicum which has smaller flower spikes and lacks spines. Black locust reproduces both sexually via flowers, and asexually via root suckers. The flowers are pollinated


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: by insects, primarily by Hymenopteran insects. The physical construction of the flower separates the male and female parts so that self-pollination will not typically occur. The seedlings grow rapidly but they have a thick seed coat which means that not all seeds will germinate. The seed coat can be weakened via hot water, sulfuric acid, or be mechanically scarified and this will allow a greater quantity of the seeds to grow. The seeds are produced in good crops every year or every-other year. Root suckers are an important method of local reproduction of this tree. The roots may grow suckers


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: after damage (by being hit with a lawn mower or otherwise damaged) or after no damage at all. The suckers are stems which grow from the roots, directly into the air and may grow into full trees. The main trunk also has the capability to grow sprouts and will do so after being cut down. This makes removal of black locust difficult as the suckers need to be continually removed from both the trunk and roots or the tree will regrow. This is considered an asexual form or reproduction. The suckers allow black locust to grow into colonies which often


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: exclude other species. These colonies may form dense thickets which shade out competition. Black locust has been found to have either 2n=20 or 2n=22 chromosomes. Black locust has been spread and used as a plant for erosion control as it is fast growing and generally a tough tree. The wood, considered the most durable wood in North America, has been very desirable and motivated people to move the tree to areas where it is not native so the wood can be farmed and used. When growing in sandy areas this plant can enrich the soil by means of its nitrogen-fixing


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: nodules, allowing other species to move in. On sandy soils black locust may also often replace other vegetation which cannot fix nitrogen. Black locust is a typical early successional plant, a pioneer species, it grows best in bright sunlight and does not handle shade well. It specializes in colonizing disturbed and edges of woodlots before it is eventually replaced with more shade tolerant species. It prefers dry to moist limestone soils but will grow on most soils as long as they are not wet or poorly drained. This tree tolerates a soil pH range of 4.6 to 8.2. Within its


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: native range it will often grow on soils of Inceptisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols groups. Black locust does not do well on compacted, clayey or eroded soils. Black locust is a part of the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests. Black locust is not a particularly valuable plant for wildlife, but does provide valuable cover when planted on previously open areas. Its seeds are also eaten by bobwhite quail and other game birds and squirrels. Woodpeckers may also nest in the trunk since older trees are often infected by heart rot. Locust leaf miner "Odontota dorsalis" attacks the tree in spring and turns


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: the leaves brown by mid summer, it slows the growth of the tree but not seriously. The locust borer "Megacyllene robiniae" larvae carve tunnels into the trunk of the tree and make it more prone to being knocked down by the wind. Heart rot is the only significant disease affecting black locust. Black locust is also attacked by "Chlorogenus robiniae", a virus which causes witch's broom growths, clear leaflet veins are a symptom of the disease. Black locust is a major honey plant in the eastern US, and has been planted in European countries. In many European countries, it is


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: the source of the renowned acacia honey. Flowering starts after 140 growing degree days. However, its blooming period is short (about 10 days) and it does not consistently produce a honey crop year after year. Weather conditions can have quite an effect on the amount of nectar collected, as well; in Ohio for example, good locust honey flow happens in one of five years. It can be easily propagated from roots, softwood, or hardwood and this allows for easy reproduction of the plant. Cultivars may also be grafted as this ensures the parent and daughter plant will be genetically identical."R.


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: pseudoacacia" is considered an excellent plant for growing in highly disturbed areas as an erosion control plant. The roots are shallow aggressive which help to hold onto soil and the tree grows quickly and on poor soils due to its ability to fix nitrogen. Black locust has nitrogen-fixing bacteria on its root system, so it can grow on poor soils and is an early colonizer of disturbed areas. With fertilizer prices rising, the importance of black locust as a nitrogen-fixing species is also noteworthy. The mass application of fertilizers in agriculture and forestry is increasingly expensive; therefore nitrogen-fixing tree and


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: shrub species are gaining importance in managed forestry. It is also planted for firewood because it grows rapidly, is highly resilient in a variety of soils, and it grows back even faster from its stump after harvest by using the existing root system. (see coppicing) In Europe, it is often planted along streets and in parks, especially in large cities, because it tolerates pollution well. Several cultivars exist but 'Frisia' seems to be one of the most planted ones. The wood is extremely hard, being one of the hardest woods in Northern America. It is very resistant to rot, and


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: durable, making it prized for furniture, flooring, paneling, fence posts, and small watercraft. Wet, newly cut planks have an offensive odor which disappears with seasoning. Black locust is still in use in some rustic handrail systems. In the Netherlands and some other parts of Europe, black locust is one of the most rot-resistant local trees, and projects have started to limit the use of tropical wood by promoting this tree and creating plantations. Flavonoids in the heartwood allow the wood to last over 100 years in soil. As a young man, Abraham Lincoln spent much of his time splitting rails


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: and fence posts from black locust logs. Black locust is highly valued as firewood for wood-burning stoves; it burns slowly, with little visible flame or smoke, and has a higher heat content than any other species that grows widely in the Eastern United States, comparable to the heat content of anthracite. For best results, it should be seasoned like any other hardwood, but black locust is also popular because of its ability to burn even when wet. In fireplaces, it can be less satisfactory because knots and beetle damage make the wood prone to "spitting" coals for distances of up


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: to several feet. If the black locust is cut, split, and cured while relatively young (within 10 years), thus minimizing beetle damage, "spitting" problems are minimal.In 1900, the value of "Robinia pseudoacacia" was reported to be practically destroyed in nearly all parts of the United States beyond the mountain forests which are its home by locust borers which riddle the trunk and branches. Were it not for these insects, it would be one of the most valuable timber trees that could be planted in the northern and middle states. Young trees grow quickly and vigorously for a number of years,


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: but soon become stunted and diseased, and rarely live long enough to attain any commercial value. In traditional medicine of India, different parts of "R. pseudoacacia" are used as laxative, antispasmodic, and diuretic. In Romania the flowers are sometimes used to produce a sweet and perfumed jam. This means manual harvesting of flowers, eliminating the seeds and boiling the petals with sugar, in certain proportions, to obtain a light sweet and delicate perfume jam. Although the bark and leaves are toxic, various reports suggest that the seeds and the young pods of the black locust are edible. Shelled seeds are


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: safe to harvest from summer through fall, and are edible both raw and/or boiled. Due to the small nature of the seeds, shelling them efficiently can prove tedious and difficult. In France and in Italy, "R. pseudoacacia" flowers are eaten as "beignets" after being coated in batter and fried in oil; they are also eaten in Japan, largely as tempura. The bark, leaves, and wood are toxic to both humans and livestock. Important constituents of the plant are the toxalbumin robin, which loses its toxicity when heated, and robinin, a nontoxic glucoside. Horses that consume the plant show signs of


title: "Robinia pseudoacacia" content: anorexia, depression, incontinence, colic, weakness, and cardiac arrhythmia. Symptoms usually occur about 1 hour following consumption, and immediate veterinary attention is required. Black locust leaves contain flavone glycosides characterised by spectroscopic and chemical methods as the <nowiki>7-O-β-d-glucuronopyranosyl-(1 → 2)[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 6)]-β-d-glucopyranosides</nowiki> of acacetin (5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone), apigenin (5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone), diosmetin (5,7,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone) and luteolin (5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone). Robinia pseudoacacia Robinia pseudoacacia, commonly known in its native territory as black locust, is a medium-sized hardwood deciduous tree native to the southeastern United States, but it has been widely planted and naturalized elsewhere in temperate North America, Europe, Southern Africa and Asia and is considered an invasive species


title: Zipper content: Zipper A zipper, zip, fly, or zip fastener, formerly known as a clasp locker, is a commonly used device for binding the edges of an opening of fabric or other flexible material, such as on a garment or a bag. It is used in clothing (e.g., jackets and jeans), luggage and other bags, sporting goods, camping gear (e.g. tents and sleeping bags), and other items. Zippers come in all different sizes, shapes, and colors. Whitcomb L. Judson was an American inventor from Chicago who invented and constructed a workable zipper. The method, still in use today, is based on interlocking


title: Zipper content: teeth. Initially, it was titled the “hookless fastener” and was later redesigned to become more reliable. The bulk of a zipper/zip consists of two rows of protruding teeth, which may be made to interdigitate, linking the rows, carrying from tens to hundreds of specially shaped metal or plastic teeth. These teeth can be either individual or shaped from a continuous coil, and are also referred to as "elements". The slider, operated by hand, moves along the rows of teeth. Inside the slider is a Y-shaped channel that meshes together or separates the opposing rows of teeth, depending on the direction


title: Zipper content: of the slider's movement. The word "Zipper" is onomatopoetic, because it was named for the sound the device makes when used, a high-pitched "zip." In many jackets and similar garments, the opening is closed completely when the slider is at the top end. Some jackets have double-separating zippers with two sliders on the tape. When the sliders are on opposite ends of the tape then the jacket is closed. If the lower slider is raised then the bottom part of the jacket may be opened to allow more comfortable sitting or bicycling. When both sliders are lowered then the zipper


title: Zipper content: may be totally separated. Bags, suitcases and other pieces of luggage also often feature two sliders on the tape: the part of the zipper between them is unfastened. When the two sliders are located next to each other, which can be at any point along the tape, the zipper is fully closed. Zippers may These variations are achieved by sewing one end of the zipper together, sewing both ends together, or allowing both ends of the zipper to fall completely apart. A zipper costs relatively little, but if it fails, the garment may be unusable until the zipper is repaired


title: Zipper content: or replaced—which can be quite difficult and expensive. Problems often lie with the zipper slider; when it becomes worn it does not properly align and join the alternating teeth. With separating zippers, the insertion pin may tear loose from the tape; the tape may even disintegrate from use. If a zipper fails, it can either jam (i.e. get stuck) or partially break off. In 1851, Elias Howe received a patent for an "Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure". He did not try seriously to market it, missing recognition he might otherwise have received. Howe's device was more like an elaborate drawstring than


title: Zipper content: a true slide fastener. Forty-two years later, in 1893 Whitcomb Judson, who invented a pneumatic street railway, marketed a "Clasp Locker". The device served as a (more complicated) hook-and-eye shoe fastener. With the support of businessman Colonel Lewis Walker, Judson launched the Universal Fastener Company to manufacture the new device. The clasp locker had its public debut at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair and met with little commercial success. Judson is sometimes given credit as the inventor of the zipper, but he never made a practical device. The Universal Fastener Company moved to Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1901, reorganized as


title: Zipper content: the Fastener Manufacturing and Machine Company. Gideon Sundback, a Swedish-American electrical engineer, was hired to work for the company in 1906. Good technical skills and a marriage to the plant-manager's daughter Elvira Aronson led Sundback to the position of head designer. The company moved to Meadville, PA, where it operated for most of the 20th century under the name Talon, Inc. Sundback worked on improving the fastener and in 1909 he registered a patent in Germany. The US-rights to this invention were on the name of the Meadville company (operating as the Hookless Fastener Co.), but Sundback retained non-U.S. rights