title: "Bentleyville, Pennsylvania" content: the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 16.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 33.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.91. In the borough the population was spread out with 22.5% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.0% who were 65 years of age


title: "Charleroi, Pennsylvania" content: 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.5% were married couples living together, 13.37% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.5% were non-families. 41.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.88. In the borough the population was spread out with 20.5% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 25.0% who were


title: "New Florence, Pennsylvania" content: New Florence, Pennsylvania New Florence is a borough in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, United States. It was named for the city of Florence in Italy. The population was 689 as of the 2010 census, which is a decrease from 784 recorded by 2000 census. New Florence is located at (40.379707, -79.074841). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (5.56%) is water. New Florence is bordered by St. Clair Township to the east, south and west. Across the Conemaugh River in Indiana County to the


title: "Frederick, South Dakota" content: Frederick, South Dakota Frederick is a town in Brown County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 199 at the 2010 census. Home to the annual Frederick Finn Fest, the town is part of the Aberdeen Micropolitan Statistical Area. Frederick was a railway town platted and sold to pioneers by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, which completed track into it on September 12, 1881. Its grid of blocks was aligned by compass, with numbered avenues running north-south, and numbered streets running east-west. Main Street and Railway Avenue intersect at the grid's core. Incorporated on June 21, 1882, Frederick


title: "Custer, South Dakota" content: indigenous peoples. They were within historical territory of the Oglala Sioux at the time of United States encounter, and within the Great Sioux Reservation established by the US Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868). Having established dominance in the area by the eighteenth century, the Oglala Sioux had long considered the Black Hills as sacred land. After increasing encroachment by Americans and violent confrontations, the U.S. government forced the Sioux to cede much of the Black Hills in 1877, and opened the land for individual purchase and settlement. In 1875 trespassing gold-boomers named their settlement Stonewall (after the Confederate general, Stonewall


title: "Fairfax, South Dakota" content: the population were under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 17.9% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 35.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 83.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.4 males. The median household income was $19,844 and the median family income was $36,000. Males had a median income of $21,250 and females $21,250. The per capita income was $12,805. There were no families and 4.8% of the population living below the


title: "Herrick, South Dakota" content: activities like the annual hog calling contest, parade, dance, and a pork barbecue. Herrick, South Dakota Herrick is a town in Gregory County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 105 at the 2010 census. Herrick was laid out in 1904. The town was named for a nephew of Ohio governor Myron T. Herrick who opened former Indian land to settlement. A post office called Herrick has been in operation since 1904. Herrick is located at (43.115352, -99.190512). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land. Herrick has been


title: "Montrose, South Dakota" content: Porter Sculpture Park is located outside the Montrose community, not far from I-90. Inside the park there sit 50 giant metal creatures designed by welding extra metal junk together. Of these 50 there is a longhorn, a giant pink rocking horse, and a magic dragon. It is an example of one man's view of the world. March 1, 2010 RV Park Reviews Montrose, South Dakota Montrose is a city in McCook County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 472 at the 2010 census. Montrose was laid out in 1880. Some say the town was named after the novel "A


title: "Dell Rapids, South Dakota" content: average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.09. In the city, the population was spread out with 28.4% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $42,572, and the median income for a family was


title: "Mehoopany Township, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania" content: 2.66 and the average family size was 3.01. In the township the population was spread out with 24.8% under the age of 18, 61.2% from 18 to 64, and 14% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. The median income for a household in the township was $47,778, and the median income for a family was $54,750. Males had a median income of $37,000 versus $33,611 for females. The per capita income for the township was $21,962. About 10.2% of families and 15.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.9%


title: "South Kingstown, Rhode Island" content: and the current vice president is Margaret M. 'Meg' Healy (D). The town's citizens also elect a 7-member school committee. Committee members are elected to staggered 4-year terms, with 4 seats typically up for election in U.S. Presidential election years and the other 3 typically up for election in midterm election years. The current chair is Raissa Mosher (D) and the current vice chair is Maureen Cotter (D). South Kingstown is served by the South Kingstown School District. The district includes nine schools that serve students in grades prekindergarten to twelfth. The University of Rhode Island is located in the


title: "Barnwell, South Carolina" content: and Old Presbyterian Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Episcopal Church of the Holy Apostles and its rectory, as well as the Bethlehem Baptist Church and the Old Presbyterian Church were first listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the 1970s. The chapel of Saint Andrew's Catholic Church is the earliest religious structure in Barnwell County. It is also the oldest originally Catholic church in South Carolina. The sundial is a unique vertical monument placed in front of the courthouse of Barnwell County. It was thought to be the only vertical freestanding sundial


title: "Hilton Head Island, South Carolina" content: 1, 1993, as a consolidation of the former Sea Pines Forest Beach Fire Department, the Hilton Head Island Fire District, and the Hilton Head Island Rescue Squad. There are seven fire stations on Hilton Head Island. Police services are contracted through Beaufort County Sheriff's Office. The island is equipped with an enhanced 9-1-1 system. Mentioned on pages 123,130,131, and 224 of the late Pat Conroy's 1972 novel "The Water Is Wide". The novel is set on Daufuskie Island, fictionalized as Yamacraw Island. It is mentioned in the museum going up the stairs of the Harbour Town Lighthouse. In the popular


title: "Mount Pleasant, South Carolina" content: Mount Pleasant, South Carolina Mount Pleasant is a large suburban town in Charleston County, South Carolina, United States. It is the fourth largest municipality and largest town in South Carolina, and for several years was one of the state's fastest-growing areas, doubling in population between 1990 and 2000. The population was 67,843 at the 2010 census. The estimated population in 2014 was 77,796. At the foot of the Arthur Ravenel Bridge is Patriots Point, a naval and maritime museum, home to the World War II aircraft carrier , which is now a museum ship. The Ravenel Bridge, an eight-lane highway


title: "Gaffney, South Carolina" content: surrounding Cherokee County came into the national spotlight during the summer of 2009 when a spree killer began killing residents of the rural town. The first victim, a prominent peach farmer from western Cherokee County, was killed on June 27. On July 1, the killer was responsible for the death of an 83-year-old woman and her 50-year-old daughter. The two were found bound and shot to death in the elder woman's home near Gaffney. On July 2, 46-year-old Stephen Tyler was shot and killed in his appliance and furniture store; his teenage daughter, Abby, was critically wounded; she died of


title: "Chester, South Carolina" content: 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 3.24. In the city, the population was spread out with 29.3% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $27,518, and the median income


title: "Mountain bike" content: Mountain bike A mountain bike or mountain bicycle (abbreviated Mtn Bike or MTB) is a bicycle designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bicycles, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain. These typically include a front or full suspension, large knobby tires, more durable wheels, more powerful brakes, straight handlebars, and lower gear ratios for climbing steep grades. Mountain bikes are generally specialized for use on mountain trails, single track, fire roads, and other unpaved surfaces, although perhaps the majority of them are never used off pavement, and it is common to


title: "Mountain bike" content: find hybrid road bikes based on "mountain bike" frames for sale. This type of terrain commonly has rocks, roots, loose dirt, and steep grades. Many trails have additional TTFs (Technical Trail Features) such as log piles, log rides, rock gardens, skinnies, gap jumps, and wall-rides. Mountain bikes are built to handle these types of terrain and features. The heavy-duty construction combined with stronger rims and wider tires has also made this style of bicycle popular with urban riders and couriers who must navigate through potholes and over curbs. Since the development of the sport in the 1970s, many new subtypes


title: "Mountain bike" content: of mountain biking have developed, such as cross-country (XC), all-day endurance, freeride, downhill, and a variety of track and slalom types. Each of these place different demands on the bike, requiring different designs for optimal performance. MTB development has led to an increase in suspension travel, now often up to , and gearing up to 27 speeds, to facilitate both climbing and rapid descents. Advancements in gearing have also led to a "1x" (pronounced "one-by") trend, simplifying the gearing to one chainring in the front and a cassette at the rear, typically with 9 to 12 sprockets. The expressions "all


title: "Mountain bike" content: terrain bicycle", "all terrain bike", and the acronym "ATB" are used as synonyms for "mountain bike", but some authors consider them passé. The original mountain bikes were modified heavy cruiser bicycles used for freewheeling down mountain trails. The sport became popular in the 1970s in Northern California, USA, with riders using older, single-speed balloon tire bicycles to ride down rugged hillsides. These modified bikes were called "ballooners" in CA, "klunkers" in CO, and "dirt bombers" in OR. Joe Breeze, a bicycle frame builder, used this idea and developed what is considered the first mountain bike. It was not until the


title: "Mountain bike" content: late 1970s and early 1980s that road bicycle companies started to manufacture mountain bicycles using high-tech lightweight materials, such as M4 aluminum. The first production Mountain bike available was the 1979 Lawwill Pro Cruiser. The frame design was based on a frame that Don Koski fabricated from electrical conduit and a Schwinn Varsity frame. Mert Lawwill had Terry Knight of Oakland build the frames. The bikes sold for about $500 new and were made from 1979 though 1980 (approximate run of 600 bikes). The first mass production mountain bike was the Specialized Stumpjumper, first produced in 1981. With the rising


title: "Mountain bike" content: popularity of mountain bikes, Randolph (Randy) Ross, executive vice president of Ross Bicycles Inc., was quoted in the New York Times saying "I'd say these bikes are one of the biggest things that ever happened to the biking industry. Its basic look constitutes "a total shift in image" for the industry." Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, mountain biking moved from a little-known sport to a mainstream activity complete with an international racing circuit and a world championship, in addition to various freeride competitions, such as the and the Red Bull Rampage. Mountain bikes can be divided into three broad categories


title: "Mountain bike" content: based on suspension configuration: There are several different styles of mountain biking, usually defined by the terrain, and therefore the type of bikes employed. Styles of mountain bike riding and mountain bikes have evolved rapidly in recent years leading to terms such as Freeride and "Trail bike" being used to categorise mountain bikes. Definitions for the most widely used terms are listed below. Cross country (XC) mountain bikes are designed primarily around the discipline of cross country racing, placing emphasis on climbing speed and endurance, and therefore demanding lightweight, efficient bikes. In the 1980s and early 1990s, XC mountain bikes


title: "Mountain bike" content: typically consisted of a lightweight steel hardtail frame with rigid forks. Throughout the 1990s XC bikes evolved to incorporate lightweight aluminum frames and short travel (65 to 110 mm) front suspension forks. Recently full suspension designs have become more popular among racers and enthusiasts alike, and the use of advanced carbon fiber composites has allowed bike designers to produce full-suspension designs under . In recent years 29" wheels have largely replaced the original standard of 26"; the US men's and women's marathon cross-country races were won on 29ers in 2009 and 2010. The geometry of Cross Country bikes favours climbing


title: "Mountain bike" content: ability and fast responses over descending and stability, and as a result typical head angles are 70–71°. Although intended for off-road use, Cross Country bikes are not designed for use on steep or particularly rough terrain. Put in terms of rider emphasis, XC bikes are designed for approximately 80% uphill or flat riding, and 20% downhill. "Trail" Bikes are a development of XC bikes that are generally used by recreational mountain bikers either at purpose built "trail centers" or on natural off-road trails. They usually have around 120–140 mm (5") of travel, weigh , and have geometries situated somewhere between


title: "Mountain bike" content: full XC and All-Mountain bikes. Examples include the Giant Trance, the Trek Fuel EX series, and the Specialized Stumpjumper FSR, among many others. With less of an emphasis on weight, trail bikes are typically built to handle rougher terrain than dedicated XC bikes while having slacker head angles (68-69°) which provide greater stability while descending. Trail bikes are designed for approximately 60-70% uphill, and 30-40% downhill riding. Enduro/all-mountain (AM) bikes bridge the gap between cross-country and freeride bikes, such as the Trek Remedy and Specialized Enduro series, typically weighing between . These bikes tend to feature greater suspension travel, frequently


title: "Mountain bike" content: as much as or of front and rear travel that is often adjustable on newer mid- and high-end bikes, and slacker head angles (65-66°). Designed to be able to climb and descend well, these bikes are intended to be taken on all-day rides involving both steep climbs and steep descents, hence the term 'all-mountain'. In terms of aggressiveness, these bikes are intended for anywhere from 50-70% downhill riding, and 30-50% uphill riding, bridging the gap between trail and downhill bikes. In recent years, there has been somewhat of a split between Enduro and All-Mountain bikes, with the former placing more


title: "Mountain bike" content: emphasis on descent due to the increased emphasis on timed downhill runs in Enduro racing when compared to more typical all-mountain riding. Downhill (DH) bikes typically have or more of suspension travel, and extremely low, slack geometry (head angles of 63-64°) intended to set the rider in a comfortable position when descending steep trails at high speed. Due to their often high gear ratios, soft suspension, and aggressive geometry, Downhill bikes are ideal only for riding down dedicated trails or race courses, almost universally requiring the bike to be carried or shuttled uphill rather than ridden. Downhill frames are often


title: "Mountain bike" content: intended for racing, and as such are required to be both extremely durable and lightweight. Bicycle designers often make use of similar materials in the construction of Downhill and XC frames and components (e.g. carbon fiber), despite their vastly different purposes, as the ultimate goal of a high strength to weight ratio is the same. In recent years, more advanced frame and component designs have produced high-end downhill bikes with similar weights to average Trail and All-Mountain bikes, with an increasing expectation that complete downhill bikes remain below 40 lbs (18 kg) even in budget models. This advancement, along with


title: "Mountain bike" content: increased speeds and forces in racing, and the use of downhill frames for freeride applications, has necessitated or otherwise inspired many unique design features and advancements in design present on Downhill bikes, many of which later find use on less aggressive types of bikes (bash guards, clutch derailleurs, wide handlebars, advanced air suspension, bimetallic brake rotors, slack and long geometry). Several types of bicycle speed records have been registered using Downhill bikes. Freeride (FR) mountain bikes are similar to downhill bikes, with less emphasis on weight and more on strength, though many frame and component manufacturers no longer distinguish the


title: "Mountain bike" content: two in their downhill oriented products. Freeride bikes have ample suspension and typically have at least of travel. Freeride bikes are intended for trail features with large air time, such as jumps and drops, and as such are designed to handle heavy impacts, whether from landings or crashes. Freeride frames and parts are rarely made from carbon fiber due to strength and durability concerns and are instead usually made from aluminum, sacrificing marginal weight gain for more predictable material response under heavy usage. Certain freeride specific bikes can be ridden uphill more easily than downhill bikes, but are inefficient in


title: "Mountain bike" content: pedaling and difficult to maneuver while angled uphill. Originally, freeride bikes sat between All-Mountain and downhill bikes in geometry, with frame angles steeper than those found in downhill bikes and higher rider positioning, enhancing maneuverability on technical or low-speed features commonly found on "North Shore" style trails. Freeride bikes typically range in weight from , with the wide variability resulting from the variety of components applicable for the purpose. Slopestyle and Dirt Jump bikes are included in this category by some, due to similar purposes, but the distinction in bike design is significant between the three. Dirt jumping, urban and


title: "Mountain bike" content: street mountain bikes lie somewhere in between a BMX bike and a freeride bike. They are either arranged as rigid or hardtail bikes, with of front suspension, and rigid, durable frames with low bottom brackets and short chainstays to improve maneuverability. Dirt Jump bikes often overlap in design with Four-Cross bikes, though that discipline has largely fallen out of favor, with many frames including removable derailleur hangers and/or integrated chain tensioners to allow for single speed and multi-speed arrangements (Four-Cross bikes mostly use derailleurs while Dirt Jumpers usually use single speed setups). Tires on these bikes are usually 24 or


title: "Mountain bike" content: 26" diameter, fast-rolling slicks or semi-slicks, with narrow casings (approx. 1.8-2.2"). Dirt jumpers usually have low seatposts and oversized handlebars, to make room for tricks. Most dirt jumpers have an extended rear brake cable installed and have no front brake, which allows the rider to spin the handle bars multiple times without tangling the brake cables. Slopestyle (SS) bikes are a strange blend of Dirt Jump and Freeride bikes, having the geometry similar to Dirt Jumpers, but with approximately 4" (100mm) of suspension travel in both the front and rear. These bikes are mostly used by professional slopestyle riders, this


title: "Mountain bike" content: specific usage being their origin, and as such are designed for the extremely large jumps and high speeds encountered in competition. The frames are either adapted from existing All-Mountain or Freeride designs or designed specifically for the purpose, with durable frame designs and sophisticated suspension linkages to make the most of their minimal suspension travel. These bikes usually have relatively slack head angles, relative to their short suspension travel, with a slightly more aggressive overall geometry than the Dirt Jumpers many are based on. These bikes are often equipped with a mix of Dirt Jump and All-Mountain interface specifications (headset


title: "Mountain bike" content: size, bottom bracket style, rear axle width and diameter, rear derailleur hanger) to accommodate both Freeride and Dirt Jump components as necessary to handle the high speeds and harsh impacts associated with their use. Slopestyle bikes are also used for light downhill or trail riding by many, if not riding jumps on the same scale as professional riders, with their durability and sophisticated suspension designs allowing for extra versatility when compared to Dirt Jump bikes. Trials bikes are set up very specifically for the purpose of bicycle trials. Two varieties of trials bike exist, those with 26" wheels (referred to


title: "Mountain bike" content: as 'stock') and those with 20" wheels (referred to as 'mod' because historically they were modified BMX bikes). They typically have no suspension at all, though some still make use of some form of it. Competition rules require stock bikes to have multiple gears for competition, but most riders never use their shifters. Competition rules do not require mod bikes to have any gears. Many non-competitive riders run single-speed, choosing a fairly low-speed, high-torque gear. Most modern trials bikes have no seat at all, as the rider spends all of his time out of the saddle, and trials riding is


title: "Mountain bike" content: not conducive to the use of the saddle as a control interface as in normal mountain biking. These bikes are significantly lighter than almost all other mountain bikes, ranging from . This makes maneuvering the bike much easier. Single-speed (SS) mountain bikes have one set gear ratio. The gear ratio chosen depends on the terrain being ridden, the strength and skill of the rider, and the size of the bike (a bike with 29" wheels often requires a different gearing than a bike with 26" wheels). Often single-speeds are fully rigid, steel-framed bikes. These are typically ridden by very fit


title: "Mountain bike" content: individuals on mild to moderate cross country terrain. Mountain cross or "Four-cross" (4X) is a type of racing in which four bikers race downhill on a prepared, BMX style track. These bikes generally fall under the categories of Dirt Jump or Slopestyle designs, with the main distinctions being the use of a derailleur rather than a single speed setup, or slightly slacker head angles than ordinary Dirt Jump bikes for increased stability at race speeds. Four-Cross racing has fallen in popularity recently, with the UCI removing Four-Cross from the World Cup due to excessive erosion and inconvenience caused by the


title: "Mountain bike" content: purpose-built race tracks. Dual slalom (DS) is similar to Four-cross, but instead of four competing cyclists during a race, there are only two, racing in parallel lanes. The courses are in general more technical with smaller jumps than Four-cross courses. Dual Slalom races originally took place on grass slopes with gates and minimal jumps, but are now held on man-made courses. Dual slalom racers will usually use Dirt Jump, Slopestyle, or Dirt Jump bikes. Indycross (IX) is essentially a Mountain Cross event featuring a wide variety of features run by one competitor per time. North Shore bikes are much like


title: "Mountain bike" content: freeride bikes in their geometry and downhill bikes in their component makeup. Because north shore stunts have evolved to not only include simple and complex bridges but also large drops and high-speed descents through a series of stunts north shore bikes commonly have as much travel as downhill and freeride bikes, however with much more nimble and maneuverable frame designs, and often lighter weight. Circle dirt track racing In this class of racing any kind of bikes are used, most commonly a hard tail mountain bike with front suspension. Many different modifications are made to track racing bikes, such as


title: "Mountain bike" content: reducing bike weight, increasing brake power, trying different cambers (so that when the bike leans the tire is more level with the track thus creating more grip), and trying different gear ratios. In the earliest days of mountain biking, all mountain bikes were somewhat custom, home-built machines, and were used for any number of stunts, tricks, racing or other activities. The general design of the bikes were similar. As the sport grew, more specialized designs and equipment were introduced. The further market segmentation beyond simple front suspension XC bicycles began to occur in the mid-1990s, as large bicycle and equipment


title: "Mountain bike" content: manufacturers were able to cater specifically to changing demands. Since the 1980s, mountain bikes have had anywhere from 7 to 27 speeds, with 1 to 3 chainrings on the crankset and 4 to 12 sprockets in the cogset. 30-speed and 33-speed mountain bikes were found to be unworkable, as the mud-shedding capabilities of a 10-speed or 11-speed cassette, and the intricacies of a 10-speed or 11-speed rear derailleur have never been suitable. However, many pro-level mountain bikers have taken to using a narrower 10-speed road chain with a 9-speed setup in an effort to reduce the weight of their bike.


title: "Mountain bike" content: In early 2009, component group SRAM announced their release of their XX groupset, which uses a 2-speed front derailleur, and a 10-speed rear derailleur and cassette, similar to that of a road bike. Mud-shedding capabilities of their 10-speed XX cassette are made suitable for MTB use by extensive CNC machining of the cassette. Due to the time and cost involved in such a product, they were only aimed at top-end XC-racers. However, 10-speed has become the norm by 2011 and the market leader Shimano even offers its budget groupset "Alivio" in a 10-speed version. In July 2012, SRAM announced a


title: "Mountain bike" content: 1x11 drivetrain called XX1 that does not make use of a front derailleur for lighter weight and simplicity. In the 2014 Commonwealth Games at Glasgow all leading riders used 1x11 drivetrains. SRAM's new 1x12 gearing was introduced in 2016 as SRAM Eagle. This gives a single chain ring bike better ability to climb. The critical angles in bicycle geometry are the head angle (the angle of the head tube), and the seat tube angle (the angle of the seat tube). These angles are measured from the horizontal, and drastically affect the rider position and performance characteristics of the bicycle. Mountain


title: "Mountain bike" content: bike geometry will often feature a seat tube angle around 73 degrees, with a head tube angle of anywhere from 60-73 degrees. The intended application of the bike affects its geometry very heavily. In general, steeper angles (closer to 90 degrees from the horizontal) are more efficient for pedaling up hills and make for sharper handling. Slacker angles (leaning farther from the vertical) are preferred for high speeds and downhill stability. In the past mountain bikes had a rigid frame and fork. In the early 1990s, the first mountain bikes with suspension forks were introduced. This made riding on rough


title: "Mountain bike" content: terrain easier and less physically stressful. The first front suspension forks had about 1½ to 2 inches (38 to 50 mm) of suspension travel. Once suspension was introduced, bikes with front suspension and rigid, non-suspended rear wheels, or "hardtails", became popular nearly overnight. While the hardtail design has the benefits of lower cost, less maintenance, and better pedaling efficiency, it is slowly losing popularity due to improvements in full suspension designs. Front fork suspensions are now available with of travel or more (see above under "Design.") Many new mountain bikes integrate a "full suspension" design known as Dual Suspension, meaning


title: "Mountain bike" content: that both the front and rear wheel are fitted with a shock absorber in some form as the wheel attaches to the bike. This provides a smoother ride as the front and rear wheels can now travel up and down to absorb the force of obstacles striking the tires. Dual suspension bikes of a similar quality are considerably more expensive, but this price increase brings an enormous off-road performance upgrade as dual suspension bikes are much faster on downhill and technical/rough sections, than other forms of the mountain bike. This is because when the wheel strikes an obstacle its tendency


title: "Mountain bike" content: is to bounce up. Due to some forward energy being lost in the upward movement some speed is lost. Dual Suspension bikes solve this problem by absorbing this upward force and transmit it into the shocks of the front and rear wheels, drastically decreasing the translation of forward momentum into useless upward movement. Disadvantages of rear suspension are increased weight, increased price, and with some designs, decreased pedaling efficiency, this is especially noticeable when cycling on roads and hard trails. At first, early rear suspension designs were overly heavy, and susceptible either to pedaling-induced bobbing or lockout. Most new mountain


title: "Mountain bike" content: bikes use disc brakes. They offer much improved stopping power (less lever pressure is required providing greater braking modulation) over rim brakes under all conditions especially adverse conditions, because they are located at the center of the wheel (on the wheel hub). They therefore remain drier and cleaner than wheel rims, which are more readily soiled or damaged. The disadvantage of disc brakes is their increased cost and often greater weight. Disc brakes do not allow heat to build up in the tires on long descents. Instead, heat builds up in the rotor, which can become extremely hot. Typical features


title: "Mountain bike" content: of a mountain bike are wide knobby tires. The original 26 inch wheel diameter with ~2.125" width (ISO 559 mm rim diameter) is increasingly being displaced by 29 inch wheels with ~2.35" width (ISO 622 mm rim diameter), as well as the 27.5 inch wheel diameter with ~2.25 widths (ISO 584 mm rim diameter). Mountain bikes with 24 inch wheels are also available, sometimes for dirt jumping, or as a junior bike. Bicycle wheel sizes are not precise measurements: a 29-inch mountain bike wheel with a bead seat diameter (the term, bead seat diameter (BSD), is used in the ETRTO


title: "Mountain bike" content: tire and rim sizing system), and the average 29" mountain bike tire is (in ISO notation) 59-622 corresponds to an outside diameter of about 29.15 inches (740 mm). 622 mm wheels are standard on road bikes and are commonly known as 700C. In some countries, mainly in Continental Europe, 700C (622 mm) wheels are commonly called 28 inch wheels. 24 inch wheels are used for dirt jumping bikes and sometimes on freeride bikes, rear wheel only, as this makes the bike more maneuverable. 29 inch wheels were once used for only Cross Country purposes, but are now becoming more commonplace


title: "Mountain bike" content: in other disciplines of mountain biking. A mountain bike with 29" wheels is often referred to as a 29er, and a bike with 27.5 inch wheels is called a 27.5 mountain bike or as a marketing term ″650B bike″. Wheels come in a variety of widths, ranging from standard rims suitable for use with tires in the 1.90 to 2.10 in (48 to 53 mm) size, to widths popular with freeride and downhill bicycles. Although heavier wheelsets are favored in the freeride and downhill disciplines, advances in wheel technology continually shave weight off strong wheels. This is highly advantageous as


title: "Mountain bike" content: rolling weight greatly affects handling and control, which are very important to the technical nature of freeride and downhill riding. The widest wheel/tire widths, typically 3.8 in (97 mm) or larger, are sometimes used by icebikers who use their mountain bikes for winter-time riding in snowy conditions. Manufacturers produce bicycle tires with a wide variety of tread patterns to suit different needs. Among these styles are: slick street tires, street tires with a center ridge and outer tread, fully knobby, front-specific, rear-specific, and snow studded. Some tires can be specifically designed for use in certain weather (wet or dry) and


title: "Mountain bike" content: terrain (hard, soft, muddy, etc.) conditions. Other tire designs attempt to be all-around applicable. Within the same intended application, more expensive tires tend to be lighter and have less rolling resistance. Sticky Rubber tires are now available for use on freeride and downhill bikes. While these tires wear down more quickly, they provide greater traction in all conditions, especially during cornering. Tires and rims are available in either tubed or tubeless designs, with tubeless tires recently (2004) gaining favor for their pinch flat resistance. Tires also come with tubes, tubeless and tubeless-ready. Tires with tubes are the standard design and


title: "Mountain bike" content: the easiest to use and maintain. Tubeless tires often have better performance because you can run them at a lower tire pressure which results in better traction and increasing rolling resistance. Tubeless-ready tires are tires that can use tubes or go tubeless. A liquid sealant is used without the tube to secure the seal to the rim. Popular tire manufacturers include Wilderness Trail Bikes, Schwalbe, Maxxis, Nokian, Michelin, Continental, Tioga, Kenda, Hutchinson Specialized and Panaracer. Mountain bikes are available in tandem configurations. For example, Cannondale and Santana Cycles offer ones without suspension, while Ellsworth, Nicolai, and Ventana manufacture tandems with


title: "Mountain bike" content: full suspension. Mountain bike A mountain bike or mountain bicycle (abbreviated Mtn Bike or MTB) is a bicycle designed for off-road cycling. Mountain bikes share similarities with other bicycles, but incorporate features designed to enhance durability and performance in rough terrain. These typically include a front or full suspension, large knobby tires, more durable wheels, more powerful brakes, straight handlebars, and lower gear ratios for climbing steep grades. Mountain bikes are generally specialized for use on mountain trails, single track, fire roads, and other unpaved surfaces, although perhaps the majority of them are never used off pavement, and it is


title: "Mullins, South Carolina" content: the first men who arrived to help. The first truck powered by gas was a 1923 Ford pickup purchased in 1959. Mullins, South Carolina Mullins is a city in Marion County, South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 4,663. Incorporated on March 4, 1872, Mullins was named after Col. William S. Mullins, who served as a representative for Marion County in the South Carolina State Legislature from 1852 to 1866. On March 4, 1872, the charter was approved for the town of Mullins. The same year the Macedonia Methodist church was established, the first


title: "Woodfield, South Carolina" content: Woodfield, South Carolina Woodfield is a census-designated place (CDP) in Richland County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 9,303 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. Woodfield is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.36%, is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,238 people, 3,621 households, and 2,429 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,312.5 people per square mile (1,278.4/km). There were 3,957 housing units at


title: "Knoxville, Tennessee" content: to hold the office, had been appointed in January 2011 following the resignation of Bill Haslam, who was elected Governor of Tennessee. Other recent mayors include Haslam's predecessor, Victor Ashe (1987−2003), Kyle Testerman (1972−1975, 1984−1987), and Randy Tyree (1976−1983). Not to be confused with the Mayor of Knox County The Knoxville Fire Department (KFD) provides Class 2 ISO service inside the city limits. The fire department operates 19 stations with 308 uniformed personnel. KFD provides firefighting, first responder EMS response, vehicle extrication and HazMat response within the city limits. The Knoxville Police Department serves the citizens of Knoxville with 378


title: "Clarksville, Tennessee" content: hit by a tornado, which damaged the roof of the courthouse. It was repaired. On March 12, 1900, the structure was ravaged by fire, with the upper floors gutted and the clock tower destroyed. Some citizens wanted the building replaced, but the judge refused and ordered the damage repaired. The courthouse was destroyed by the January 22, 1999 tornado. Residents considered replacing it with a new building, but decided to restore and reconstruct the historic structure. In the process it was upgraded and adapted for use as a county office building. On the fourth anniversary of the disaster, the courthouse


title: "Lobelville, Tennessee" content: south-west of Lobelville in Perry County along the Tennessee River. The Buffalo River Country Club is a local 9-hole semi-private golf course. Hunting, fishing, and camping (both at prepared sites and back-country) are widely available in the area. There is a Plain, Old Order community at Cane Creek, Lobelville, called "Believers in Christ" that is different from other Old Order Mennonite and Amish communities in being rather intentional than traditional. It is in some way similar to communities like the "Christian Communities" of Elmo Stoll, the Caneyville Christian Community and the Noah Hoover Mennonites. Lobelville, Tennessee Lobelville is a city


title: "Atoka, Tennessee" content: playground, picnic tables, and a fishing pond with a fountain. "A nearly 2 acre pond with fountain feature is the central focus of the park, with the walking trail ringing the pond." Walker Park is more than 60 acres. It is named in honor of long-time Mayor Charles Walker. It has restrooms, a 1.15 mile walking track, a playground, pavilions, picnic tables, concession stand, splash pad, lighted athletic field, and sand volleyball courts. The town of Atoka is located at (35.424740, -89.782652). According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2010 the municipality had a total area of . The


title: "Viola, Tennessee" content: Viola, Tennessee Viola is a town in Warren County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 129 at the 2000 census and 131 at the 2010 census. Viola is located at (35.538085, -85.860606). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land. Viola was founded in the late 1700s as the settlement of Blue Springs. It was home to one of the earliest churches in Tennessee of the Separate Baptists and several members of the denomination lived there. The settlement formerly named Blue Springs was named Viola with the opening of


title: "Yankton, South Dakota" content: Gavins Point Dam and Lewis and Clark Lake and just upstream of the confluence with the James River. The United States National Park Service's headquarters for the Missouri National Recreational River are located in the city. The Human Services Center was established as a psychiatric hospital in 1882 and is on the National Register of Historic Places. Yankton is commonly referred to as the "River City", due to its proximity to the Missouri River and the importance that the river played in the city's settlement and development. Yankton has also earned the nickname, "Mother City of the Dakotas", due to


title: "Dupree, South Dakota" content: and the FIPS place code 17420. As of the census of 2010, there were 525 people, 176 households, and 116 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 203 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 29.3% White, 66.9% Native American, 0.4% from other races, and 3.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.2% of the population. There were 176 households of which 44.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 21.6% had


title: "Auburntown, Tennessee" content: of $31,429 versus $26,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,275. About 8.1% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.0% of those under the age of eighteen and 9.8% of those sixty five or over. Auburntown, Tennessee Auburntown is a town in Cannon County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 269 at the 2010 census. Once known as Poplar Stand, due to large population of poplar trees in the area, Auburntown was eventually renamed after Auburn, New York. It was incorporated in 1949. Auburntown is located at . According


title: "Blaine, Tennessee" content: Rutledge, the Grainger County seat, and northeast of Knoxville, both via US 11W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,585 people, 636 households, and 478 families residing in the town. The population density was 179.6 people per square mile (69.4/km²). There were 680 housing units at an average density of 77.1 per square mile (29.8/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.91% White, 1.07% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.63% from other races, and 0.95% from


title: "Brownsville, Texas" content: War. Just across the U.S–Mexico border lies Matamoros, Tamaulipas, a city with a population of 500,000 people. It was a major site of the Mexican War of Independence, the Mexican Revolution, and the French Intervention. It also is a major manufacturing center. In April 1846, construction of a fort on the Mexican border was begun by American forces due to increased instability in the region on the eve of the Mexican–American War of 1846–1848. Before the completion of the construction, the Mexican Army began the Siege of Fort Texas, during the first active campaign in the Mexican–American War, from May


title: "Shady Shores, Texas" content: Shady Shores, Texas Shady Shores is a town in Denton County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,612 at the 2010 census. Shady Shores is located at (33.161669, -97.034015). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and 0.34% is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,461 people, 532 households, and 403 families residing in the town. The population density was 504.1 people per square mile (194.5/km²). There were 592 housing units at an average density of 204.3 per square mile (78.8/km²). The racial makeup of


title: "Windom, Texas" content: per square mile (172.0/km²). There were 111 housing units at an average density of 202.3 per square mile (77.9/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 91.43% White, 6.12% African American, 1.22% Native American, and 1.22% from two or more races. There were 97 households out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.9% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.8% were non-families. 25.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or


title: "Sundown, Texas" content: makeup of the city was 79.60% White, 1.00% African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 16.81% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39.34% of the population. There were 500 households out of which 43.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.4% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.8% were non-families. 18.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household


title: "Tokyo Disney Resort" content: Tokyo Disney Resort The is a theme park and vacation resort located in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, just east of Tokyo. It is owned and operated by the Oriental Land Company with a license from The Walt Disney Company. The resort opened on April 15, 1983, as a single theme park (Tokyo Disneyland), but developed into a resort with two theme parks, four Disney hotels, six non-Disney hotels, and a shopping complex. Tokyo Disneyland was the first Disney theme park opened outside the United States. Tokyo Disney Resort has three main entertainment sections: Tokyo Disneyland, Tokyo DisneySea, and Ikspiari, which is


title: "Caddo Mills, Texas" content: 0.25%, are water. West Caddo Creek, part of the Sabine River watershed, flows through the southwest corner of the city. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,149 people, 459 households, and 335 families residing in the city. The population density was 439.2 people per square mile (169.3/km). There were 494 housing units at an average density of 188.8 per square mile (72.8/km). The racial makeup of the city is 92.7% White, Hispanic or Latino makes up 8.03% of the population. There were 459 households out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them,


title: "Hebbronville, Texas" content: Hebbronville, Texas Hebbronville ( ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Jim Hogg County, Texas, United States. The population was 4,558 at the 2010 census. In 1918, Helen Sewel Harbison became the first woman in Texas to cast a ballot, two years before the implementation of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Colegio Altamirano, founded by settlers of Spanish ancestry who wanted their children to learn Spanish culture, was an institution in Hebbronville from 1897 until its closing in 1958. The community calls itself the "Vaquero Capitol of Texas and the USA."


title: "Cameron, Texas" content: of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $25,878, and the median income for a family was $30,927. Males had a median income of $23,988 versus $18,497 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,122. About 20.8% of families and 22.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.8% of those under age 18 and 22.4% of those age 65 or over. The


title: "Medford, New Jersey" content: 19, 1852), Lumberton Township (March 14, 1860) and Medford Lakes (May 17, 1939). The area known as Medford was sold to Samual Coles in 1670, in all it consisted of 900 acres (3.6 km²). Within the next few years the Braddock, Prickett, Stratton, Branin, and Wilkins families moved to the area (many of whom continue to live in the area today). Upper Evesham, as it was then known, continued to grow from scattered homesteads into a small village. Many of the building and roads built between the sale of the land and the American Revolutionary War are still in existence,


title: "Helper, Utah" content: 11.1% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 13.7% of those age 65 or over. Helper has two schools that belong to the Carbon School District (Carbon County, Utah). Located in western Helper is its lone elementary school, Sally Mauro Elementary, and located about a half mile east of the elementary school is Helper Middle School. Amtrak ( the National Passenger Rail Corporation) provides service to Helper station, operating its "California Zephyr" daily in both directions between Chicago and Emeryville, California, across the bay from San Francisco.


title: "Scofield, Utah" content: For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $26,250, and the median income for a family was $28,750. Males had a median income of $26,250 versus $14,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,764. There were no families and 9.1% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64. Although the number of people living in Scofield is low, many own cabins, summer and winter homes, and fishing shacks around Scofield Reservoir. There


title: "West Bountiful, Utah" content: 18 and over, there were 99.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $61,063, and the median income for a family was $61,154. Males had a median income of $41,448 versus $26,168 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,016. About 3.2% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 4.2% of those age 65 or over. West Bountiful, Utah West Bountiful is a city in Davis County, Utah, United States. It is part of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: "Deer Park, Texas" content: Deer Park, Texas Deer Park is a city in the U.S. state of Texas within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area. The city is located in Harris County and is situated in Southeast Texas. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Deer Park was 32,010. Deer Park was founded in 1892 by Simeon H. West, a farmer, retired legislator, and much-traveled adventurer from Illinois. He named the town for the large number of deer that roamed the Gulf plains. A railroad station opened later that year and a post office followed in 1893. The subdivision was established in 1893


title: "Scottsville, Texas" content: Scottsville has a total area of , all of it land. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Scottsville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. The area was initially settled by William Thomas Scott, his wife Mary Rose, and other members of their families in June 1840. He quickly acquired several large parcels of land, established five cotton plantations, including Scottsville Plantation, his residence, constructed by slaves. Scott's lavish plantation was said to be identical to Jefferson Davis' mansion


title: "Castanea, Pennsylvania" content: from other races, and 0.34% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population. There were 497 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.8% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.77. In the CDP, the population was


title: "Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania" content: a man who came into a good deal of money having just sold some cattle in Harrisburg. After boasting about it in front of many of the other travelers in the tavern, he retired for the night. Another man, having heard about the gold he was carrying, followed him to his room, cut off his head, and stole his money. Legend has it that a headless ghost can sometimes be seen sitting atop the roof of Frankeberger Tavern, looking out over the roofs of town, searching for the man who stole his gold. The Mechanicsburg Commercial Historic District, Irving Female


title: "Upper Mifflin Township, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania" content: a female householder with no husband present, and 15.9% were non-families. 11.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.25. In the township the population was spread out, with 28.4 percent under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 32.9% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were


title: "Wormleysburg, Pennsylvania" content: age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $40,536, and the median income for a family was $49,342. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $27,902 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $28,504. About 3.6% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.2% of those under age 18 and 1.5% of those age 65 or over. Wormleysburg, Pennsylvania Wormleysburg is a borough in


title: "Tye, Texas" content: The per capita income for the city was $11,508. About 23.2% of families and 26.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.6% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over. The City of Tye is served by the Merkel Independent School District. Tye, Texas Tye is a city in Taylor County, Texas, United States. The population was 1,242 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Abilene, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area. Tye is located at (32.453324, -99.866993). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of


title: "Bear River City, Utah" content: 2000, there were 750 people, 226 households, and 195 families residing in the town. The population density was 477.5 people per square mile (184.4/km²). There were 233 housing units at an average density of 148.4 per square mile (57.3/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.27% White, 0.27% Native American, 2.27% from other races, and 1.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.87% of the population. There were 226 households out of which 46.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 78.8% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a


title: "Panorama Village, Texas" content: with residential subdivisions surrounding it. A civic association was formed in 1969, with residents purchasing the Panorama Golf Club. The city incorporated in 1972. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 2,170 people, 1,001 households, and 691 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 96.4% White, 1.1% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.6% of the population. There were 1,001 households out of which 16.2% had children under the age of 18 living with


title: "Perryton, Texas" content: Perryton, Texas Perryton is a city in Ochiltree County, Texas, United States. The population was 8,802 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Ochiltree County. Perryton is located at (36.391752, -100.806109). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (0.45%) is water. Perryton has a borderline cool semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk") just short of either a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa") or a humid continental climate ("Dfa"). Winter mornings are very cold: 137.9 mornings will fall to or below freezing and 4.4 mornings each year can


title: "Bogata, Texas" content: was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.92. In the city, the population was distributed as 22.1% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 24.4% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 25.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $22,969, and for a family was $28,828. Males had a median income of $21,786 versus $19,423


title: "Round Hill, Loudoun County, Virginia" content: of a Washington and Ohio rail line that ultimately became the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad. The railway allowed agricultural products to be brought into Washington, D.C., and allowed the residents of the District to escape to the surrounding countryside for holidays. Many of the town's older residences were originally boarding houses, inns, and taverns where people would go upon arrival. The town was considered a convenient destination as it lies close to the Shenandoah River (7 miles distant), the Shenandoah National Park (30 miles), the Appalachian Trail (4 miles), Harpers Ferry (15 miles), the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal Tow


title: "Burkeville, Virginia" content: She had moved to the town as a baby and was later buried in the community's Sunset Cemetery. Polk Miller, renowned old time banjo-player, story-teller, veterinarian, and Confederate veteran, was born on a plantation just west of Burkeville in 1844. Though he moved to Richmond shortly before the Civil War, he paid homage to his Southside roots through his music and story-telling, in which he engaged himself professionally in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, sharing a stage on occasion with Mark Twain, and becoming the first known artist to record music with a mixed-race ensemble. Burke's Tavern, Hyde


title: "Wytheville, Virginia" content: housing units at an average density of 264.6 per square mile (102.2/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 90.76% White, 7.19% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.33% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.82% of the population. There were 3,504 households out of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals


title: "Wenatchee, Washington" content: city of Wenatchee is bordered by the Wenatchee River on the north, the Columbia River to the east, and the Wenatchee Mountains to the south and west. These ridges and peaks form a wall around the western and southern sides of the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. Wenatchee experiences a semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk") with cold winters and hot, dry summers. As of the census of 2010, there were 31,925 people, 12,379 households, and 7,721 families residing in the city. The population


title: "Hazel Dell North, Washington" content: 14.6% were of German, 10.4% English, 8.1% Irish and 6.6% American ancestry according to Census 2000. There were 3,535 households out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 24.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.11. In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 27.7%


title: "West Longview, Washington" content: were 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.6 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $34,421, and the median income for a family was $37,104. Males had a median income of $39,946 versus $25,658 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,082. About 15.4% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.4% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over. West Longview, Washington West Longview is an unincorporated community, which was formerly categorized as a census-designated


title: "Mesa, Washington" content: Mesa, Washington Mesa is a city in Franklin County, Washington, United States. The population was 489 at the 2010 census. The Washington State Office of Financial Management's 2015 estimate placed the population at 488. Originally called Bluff Wells, then Judson, now Mesa was a stop on the Ainsworth (now Pasco) to Spokane branch of the Northern Pacific Railroad. It was the stop between Eltopia and Palouse Junction (now Connell). The station was established in 1883. The Columbia Basin Irrigation Project brought water to the area in 1948. Prior to this development, people relied on either private wells or the railroad


title: "Coupeville, Washington" content: the county's population were employed by the military. Major employers in Coupeville are Island County and WhidbeyHealth Medical Center. Service and retail businesses serve the island population and visitors attracted to the town's historic waterfront district and Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve. Retail businesses are located along North and South Main Street, Coveland, and Front Street along the waterfront. In addition to 11 restaurants, cafes, and coffee shops, stores include art galleries, gourmet food, clothing, souvenir, and home decor retailers. With few exceptions, these businesses are operated by individual local owners. Coupeville, Washington Coupeville is a town on Whidbey Island,


title: "Mountlake Terrace, Washington" content: to Everett. The 1980 census showed that Mountlake Terrace's population had dropped by almost 5 percent in 10 years. The city budget was repeatedly trimmed, but Mountlake Terrace entered 1989 with a $1.3 million deficit. The mid-2000s saw new construction on 56th Avenue, and in 2006 the city created a plan to revitalize the downtown area and encourage economic activity. As of 2013 the town's largest employer was Premera Blue Cross, which employs some 3,000 people. A city-center plan adopted in February 2007 allows mixed-use buildings of up to seven stories in the central block and up to five stories


title: "Three Lakes, Washington" content: age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.1 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $71,080, and the median income for a family was $73,824. Males had a median income of $49,769 versus $37,813 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,681. About 3.2% of families and 3.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over. Three Lakes, Washington Three Lakes is a


title: "Yelm, Washington" content: was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $39,453, and the median income for a family was $45,475. Males had a median income of $32,037 versus $24,474 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,865. About 7.9% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.3% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. To a large extent, Yelm acts as a


title: "Lynden, Washington" content: last two decades, the population has nearly doubled in size, with Dutch being more predominate than other ethnic ancestry.(see 2010 census figures). The Raspberry Festival is held the third weekend in July every year. The festival includes the Curt Maberry 3-on-3 basketball tournament, the Razz & Shine Car Show, The Raspberry Fun Run, tours of raspberry fields and wineries and the ever-popular Raspberry & Ice Cream All Day social and a rock wall. Other notable events are the Farmer's Day Parade, the Sinterklaas/Lighted Christmas Parade, the Antique Tractor Show, and many other events that can be seen in more detail


title: "Mount Pleasant, Utah" content: continued to fill with fine buildings bespeaking the prosperity of the community. By 1912 the first high school--North Sanpete High School—had been completed. The year 1912 also brought the Armory Hall, while the Elite Theater was constructed as a "fireproof" building in 1913. It burned down seven decades later. In 1917 a fine Carnegie Library was built in a modern architectural style. The Marie Hotel was erected in 1920 and a large cheese factory came on the scene in 1930, the same year that bus service came to town. The completion of U. S. Highway 89 in 1936 was a


title: "Heber City, Utah" content: largely on dairy farms and cattle ranching, and has since become a bedroom community for Orem, Provo, Park City and Salt Lake City. Heber City is currently governed by Mayor Kelleen Potter along with City Council Members. Within the city limits are Heber Valley, Old Mill, Daniels Canyon and J.R. Smith Elementary Schools, Timpanogos Middle School, Rocky Mountain Middle School, Wasatch High School, and Wasatch Alternative High School. An additional school in the Heber Valley is Midway Elementary School. All of these schools are part of the Wasatch County School District. Utah Valley University maintains a satellite campus just north


title: "Leeds, Utah" content: Reserve borders the town. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Leeds has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" (Tropical and Subtropical Steppe Climate) on climate maps. As of the census of 2000, there were 547 people, 207 households, and 157 families residing in the town. The population density was 267.7 people per square mile (103.5/km²). There were 240 housing units at an average density of 117.4 per square mile (45.4/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 94.15% White, 0.73% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 1.10% Pacific Islander, 2.01% from other races, and 1.83% from two or more races. Hispanic or


title: "Santa Clara, Utah" content: Santa Clara in the vicinity of the modern city of St. George, Utah. The town is among the oldest in the area. The first settlers built Fort Clara or Fort Santa Clara, in the winter of 1855-1856. In the fall of 1861, Swiss Mormon colonists arrived at the new settlement, but shortly afterward were victims of the large flood in the Clara River that wiped out the fort and most other buildings, its irrigation dams and ditches, in early in 1862. This flood was part of the Great Flood of 1862. Hamblin's first home there was included in the destruction


title: "Dorset, Vermont" content: be settled." This was the first official step toward Vermont's independence. Thus, the future state of Vermont was underway. The town of Windsor claims to be the birthplace of Vermont, and, indeed, it was there, on 2 July 1777, that the constitution was adopted and the name chosen. But it was in Dorset at Cephas Kent's tavern that the idea of Vermont was born; and, as Zephine Humphrey put it, "The idea is the dynamic reality and the fact its shadow." In 1790, New York finally relinquished her claims and, on 18 February 1791, Congress admitted Vermont as the fourteenth


title: "Brandonville, West Virginia" content: $61,875 versus $17,917 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,118. There were 17.6% of families and 24.5% of the population living below the poverty line, including 58.8% of under eighteens and 32.0% of those over 64. Brandonville, West Virginia Brandonville is a town in Preston County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 101 at the 2010 census. Brandonville was laid out in 1827 by Jonathan Brandon, and named for him. The Hagans Homestead was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. Brandonville is located at (39.666321, -79.621517). According to the United States


title: "Parkersburg, West Virginia" content: city. Worthington Creek, a tributary of the Little Kanawha River, flows through the eastern part of the city. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, cold winters and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Parkersburg has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfa" on climate maps. As of the census of 2010, there were 31,492 people, 13,807 households, and 8,086 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 15,562 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.9% White,


title: "Dewhurst, Wisconsin" content: $20,696. About 2.1% of families and 6.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 7.1% of those age 65 or over. Dewhurst, Wisconsin Dewhurst is a town in Clark County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 323 at the 2010 census. The ghost town of Trow was located in the town. The town was formed on November 15, 1901, and was originally named "Mound". However, the town was renamed in honor of Richard Dewhurst, a jurist and legislator. The first town meeting was held in April 1902. The


title: "Hewett, Wisconsin" content: household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 2.84. In the town, the population was spread out with 22.3% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $46,111, and the median income for a family was $47,500. Males had a


title: "Sprague, Washington" content: Sprague, Washington Sprague is a city in Lincoln County, Washington, United States. The population was 446 at the 2010 census. The town was plotted in 1880 and named for former American Civil War Union general John Wilson Sprague. Sprague was first settled by William Newman, who established an inn at the location. Sprague was officially incorporated on November 28, 1883. Originally called Hoodooville after William Burrows, a local character called Hoodoo Billy, the name was changed to honor General John W. Sprague, a railroad executive. Sprague was destroyed by fire on August 3, 1895. The fire and subsequent decision by


title: "Taylor, Wisconsin" content: the village was $11,091. About 20.5% of families and 20.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 29.5% of those age 65 or over. Taylor, Wisconsin Taylor is a village in Jackson County, Wisconsin, United States, along the Trempealeau River. The population was 476 at the 2010 census. Taylor is located at (44.322018, -91.121381). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 476 people, 212 households, and 120 families residing in the


title: "Elroy, Wisconsin" content: 19.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.2% male and 51.8% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,578 people, 632 households, and 396 families residing in the city. The population density was 823.0 people per square mile (317.3/km²). There were 692 housing units at an average density of 360.9 per square mile (139.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 98.48% White, 0.32% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.38% from other races, and 0.38% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.27%


title: "Emperor (band)" content: under Candlelight Records. The band then was signed to the infamous first black metal label, Deathlike Silence Productions, and planned to release their next album soon, though the band never managed to release any material while signed to DSP. In the summer of 1992, a series of events were set in motion by the black metal inner circle. Samoth, along with various other black metallers, set out to burn down old churches in Norway. Also in 1992, Faust lived in Lillehammer, and in the newly constructed Olympic park a man named Magne Andreassen approached him and suggested that they take


title: "Little Chute, Wisconsin" content: Chute School District is Dave Botz. Grades 5-12 of the public school are located in separate areas of the same building. St. Luke Lutheran Church, affiliated with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), is in Little Chute. Little Chute, Wisconsin Little Chute is a village in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 10,449 at the 2010 census. While sharing in the history of northeast Wisconsin, Little Chute has been influenced by two unique factors: the rapids and portages along the Fox River and the coming of Dutch-Catholic settlers in 1848. Prior to and during the early European settlement,


title: "Vandenbroek, Wisconsin" content: Vandenbroek, Wisconsin Vandenbroek is a town in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,474 at the 2010 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 9.5 square miles (24.6 km²), all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,351 people, 460 households, and 385 families residing in the town. The population density was 142.4 people per square mile (55.0/km²). There were 465 housing units at an average density of 49.0 per square mile (18.9/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 99.04% White, 0.07% African American, 0.07%


title: "Laramie, Wyoming" content: average window for freezing temperatures is September 14 through June 6, while for accumulating (≥) it is October 5 through May 12. Laramie has a semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification "BSk") with long, cold, dry winters and short, warm, somewhat wetter summers. As of the census of 2010, there were 30,816 people, 13,394 households, and 5,843 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 14,307 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.5% White, 3.2% Asian, 2.8% from two or more races, 2.5% from other races, 1.3% African


title: "Phillips, Wisconsin" content: American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population. There were 695 households of which 23.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 51.4% were non-families. 45.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 24.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size


title: "Pigeon, Wisconsin" content: per capita income for the town was $14,752. About 10.2% of families and 21.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 38.6% of those under age 18 and 8.4% of those age 65 or over. Pigeon, Wisconsin Pigeon is a town in Trempealeau County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 894 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Coral City is located in the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 38.6 square miles (99.9 km²), all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 894


title: "Colfax, Washington" content: residing in the city. The population density was 1,705.6 people per square mile (657.5/km²). There were 1,357 housing units at an average density of 813.8 per square mile (313.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.16% White, 0.25% African American, 0.84% Native American, 2.07% Asian, 0.60% from other races, and 2.07% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.48% of the population. There were 1,191 households out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 6.9% had a female householder with no husband


title: "Colfax, Washington" content: several retirement communities. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $36,622, and the median income for a family was $47,589. Males had a median income of $32,188 versus $26,349 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,519. About 6.1% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over. Colfax lies at the intersection of U.S. Route


title: "Oakesdale, Washington" content: Oakesdale, Washington Oakesdale is a town in Whitman County, Washington, United States. The population was 422 at the 2010 census. Oakesdale was first settled in 1876 by James McCoy. The community was named after Thomas F. Oakes, a railroad official. Oakesdale was incorporated in 1890. Oakesdale is located at (47.130573, -117.244359). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 422 people, 166 households, and 123 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 196 housing units at


title: "Ansted, West Virginia" content: Kanawha Rivers. The area was known at that time as Mountain Cove. At various times, it has also been known as Woodville, New Haven, and Westlake. During the American Civil War, the area of Fayette County was a focus of both Union and Confederate efforts. The burning of Gauley Bridge was a spectacular event long-remembered in the community. During the winter of 1861-62, the Chicago Gray Dragoons of the Union Army were based at the Halfway House (Tyree Tavern) in what is now Ansted. At this time, Confederate General Robert E. Lee maintained headquarters on nearby Sewell Mountain. The Chicago


title: "Brookhaven, West Virginia" content: fire suppression and response to emergency medical incidents in the areas of Brookhaven, Cheat Lake, Dellslow, Rock Forge, Richard, the Mileground, WV Route 705, and a stretch of WV Interstate I68. Current chief is Jimmy Lipscomb. Brookhaven, West Virginia Brookhaven is a census-designated place (CDP) in Monongalia County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 5,171 at the 2010 census. It is included in the Morgantown, West Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area. Brookhaven is located at (39.610580, -79.900119). According to the United States Census Bureau, the Brookhaven CDP has a total area of 9.3 square miles (24.0 km²); 9.2 square miles


title: Gourd content: Gourd Gourds include the fruits of some flowering plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, particularly "Cucurbita" and "Lagenaria". The term refers to a number of species and subspecies, many with hard shells, and some without. One of the earliest domesticated types of plants, subspecies of the bottle gourd, "Lagenaria siceraria", have been discovered in archaeological sites dating from as early as 13,000 BC. Gourds have had numerous uses throughout history, including as tools, musical instruments, objects of art, film, and food. "Gourd" is occasionally used to describe crop plants in the family Cucurbitaceae, like pumpkins, cucumbers, squash, luffa, and melons.


title: Gourd content: More specifically, "gourd" refers to the fruits of plants in the two Cucurbitaceae genera "Lagenaria" and "Cucurbita", or also to their hollow, dried-out shell. A gourd can also have a hard shell when dehydrated. There are many different gourds worldwide. The main plants referred to as gourds include several species from the genus "Cucurbita" (mostly native to North America, including the Malabar gourd and turban squash), "Crescentia cujete" (the tree gourd or calabash tree, native to the American tropics) and "Lagenaria siceraria" (bottle gourd, thought to be originally from Africa but present worldwide). Other plants with gourd in their name


title: Gourd content: include the luffa gourd (likely domesticated in Asia), which includes several species from the genus "Luffa", as well as the wax gourd, snake gourd, teasel gourd, hedgehog gourd, buffalo gourd/coyote gourd. The bitter melon/balsam apple/balsam pear is also sometimes referred to as a gourd. "L. siceraria" or bottle gourd, thought to have originated in southern Africa, was brought to Europe and the Americas very early in history, being found in Peruvian archaeological sites dating from 13,000 to 11,000 BC and Thailand sites from 11,000 to 6,000 BC. A study of bottle gourd DNA published in 2005 suggests that there are


title: Gourd content: two distinct subspecies of bottle gourds, domesticated independently in Africa and Asia, the latter approximately 4,000 years earlier. The gourds found in the Americas appear to have come from the Asian subspecies very early in history, although a new study now indicates Africa. The archaeological and DNA records show it is likely that the gourd was among the first domesticated species, in Asia between 12,000 and 13,000 years before present, and possibly the first domesticated plant species. Wild, poisonous gourds ("Citrullus colocynthis") were unknowingly added to the company of prophets' stew according to a story of Elisha in the Hebrew


title: Gourd content: Bible. Elisha added flour to the stew in order to purify it. Gourds continued to be used throughout history in almost every culture throughout the world. European contact in North America found extensive gourd use, including the use of bottle gourds as birdhouses to attract purple martins, which provided bug control for agriculture. Almost every culture had musical instruments made of gourds, including drums, stringed instruments common to Africa and wind instruments, including the nose flutes of the Pacific. Scientists in India have been working on crossbreeding six members of the bitter gourd genus found in India to reduce the


title: Gourd content: unpleasant taste while retaining the nutritional and medicinal values of the plants. These include Teasle gourd ("Momordica Dioica"), Spine gourd ("Momordica subangulata"), Sweet gourd ("Momordica cochinchinensis"), balsam apple ("Momordica balsamina") and "Momordica sahyadrica". Cultures from arid regions often associated gourds with water, and they appear in many creation myths. Since the beginning of their history, they have had a multitude of uses, including food, kitchen tools, toys, musical instruments and decoration. Today, gourds are commonly used for a wide variety of crafts, including jewelry, furniture, dishes, utensils and a wide variety of decorations using carving, burning and other techniques. The


title: Gourd content: Chinese developed a technique of tying a two-part mould around young gourds, or a part of them, so that the gourd grew into the mould and took its shape. Shaped gourds had various decorative uses, especially as boxes, bottles and other containers. The Luffa gourds, "Luffa aegyptiaca" and "Luffa acutangula", have been used throughout recent history as scrubbing sponge and strainer. This is prepared by removing the skin and pulp from the gourd, and bleaching the fibers. Gourd Gourds include the fruits of some flowering plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, particularly "Cucurbita" and "Lagenaria". The term refers to a


title: Lasagne content: Lasagne Lasagne (; ; singular lasagna) are a type of wide, flat pasta, possibly one of the oldest types of pasta. "Lasagne", or the singular "lasagna", commonly refers to a culinary dish made with stacked layers of pasta alternated with sauces and ingredients such as meats, vegetables and cheese, and sometimes topped with melted grated cheese. Typically, the cooked pasta is assembled with the other ingredients and then baked in an oven. The resulting lasagne casserole is cut into single-serving square portions. Lasagne originated in Italy during the Middle Ages and has traditionally been ascribed to the city of Naples.


title: Lasagne content: The first recorded recipe was set down in the early 14th century "Liber de Coquina" ("The Book of Cookery"). It bore only a slight resemblance to the later traditional form of lasagne, featuring a fermented dough flattened into a thin sheet, boiled, sprinkled with cheese and spices, and then eaten with the use of a small pointed stick. Recipes written in the century following the "Liber de Coquina" recommended boiling the pasta in chicken broth and dressing it with cheese and chicken fat. In a recipe adapted for the Lenten fast, walnuts were recommended. The traditional lasagne of Naples, "lasagne


title: Lasagne content: di carnevale", is layered with local sausage, small fried meatballs, hard-boiled eggs, ricotta and mozzarella cheeses, and sauced with a Neapolitan ragù, a meat sauce. "Lasagne al forno", layered with a thicker ragù and Béchamel sauce, and corresponding to the most common version of the dish outside Italy, is traditionally associated with the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. In other regions, lasagne can be made with various combinations of ricotta or mozzarella cheese, tomato sauce, meats (e.g., ground beef, pork or chicken), and vegetables (e.g., spinach, zucchini, olives, mushrooms), and the dish is typically flavored with wine, garlic, onion, and oregano.


title: Lasagne content: In all cases, the lasagne is oven-baked (al forno). Traditionally, pasta dough prepared in Southern Italy used semolina and water; in the northern regions, where semolina was not available, flour and eggs were used. In modern Italy, since the only type of wheat allowed for commercially sold pasta is durum wheat, commercial lasagne are made of semolina from durum wheat. Emilia-Romagna's intensive farming economy in the northern region of Italy results in plentiful dairy and meat products, and a commonality in regional cooking – more so than the olive oil found in southern regions of Italy. Pastas from Emilia-Romagna and


title: Lasagne content: its capital, Bologna, are almost always served with a ragù, a thick sauce made from ingredients such as onions, carrots, finely ground pork and beef, celery, butter, and tomatoes. In Ancient Rome, there was a dish similar to a traditional lasagne called "lasana" or "lasanum" (Latin for 'container' or 'pot') described in the book "De re coquinaria" by Marcus Gavius Apicius, but the word could have a more ancient origin. The first theory is that "lasagne" comes from Greek λάγανον ("laganon"), a flat sheet of pasta dough cut into strips. The word λαγάνα ("lagana") is still used in Greek to


title: Lasagne content: mean a flat thin type of unleavened bread baked for the holiday Clean Monday. Another theory is that the word lasagne comes from the Greek λάσανα ("lasana") or λάσανον ("lasanon") meaning 'trivet', 'stand for a pot' or 'chamber pot'. The Romans borrowed the word as "lasanum", meaning 'cooking pot'. The Italians used the word to refer to the cookware in which lasagne is made. Later, the food took on the name of the serving dish. Another proposed link, or reference, is the 14th century British dish "loseyn" as described in "The Forme of Cury", a cookbook prepared by "the chief


title: Lasagne content: Master Cooks of King Richard II", which included English recipes as well as dishes influenced by Spanish, French, Italian, and Arab cuisines. This dish has similarities to modern lasagne in both its recipe, which features a layering of ingredients between pasta sheets, and its name. An important difference is the lack of tomatoes, which did not arrive in Europe until after Columbus reached America in 1492. The earliest discussion of the tomato in European literature appeared in a herbal written in 1544 by Pietro Andrea Mattioli, while the earliest cookbook found with tomato recipes was published in Naples in 1692,


title: Lasagne content: but the author had apparently obtained these recipes from Spanish sources. As with most other types of pasta, the Italian word is a plural form: "lasagne" meaning more than one sheet of "lasagna", though in many other languages a derivative of the singular word "lasagna" is used for the popular baked pasta dish. Regional usage in Italy, when referring to the baked dish, favours the plural form "lasagne" in the north of the country and the singular "lasagna" in the south. The former, plural usage has influenced the usual spelling found in British English, while the southern Italian, singular usage


title: Lasagne content: has influenced the spelling often used in American English. Lasagne Lasagne (; ; singular lasagna) are a type of wide, flat pasta, possibly one of the oldest types of pasta. "Lasagne", or the singular "lasagna", commonly refers to a culinary dish made with stacked layers of pasta alternated with sauces and ingredients such as meats, vegetables and cheese, and sometimes topped with melted grated cheese. Typically, the cooked pasta is assembled with the other ingredients and then baked in an oven. The resulting lasagne casserole is cut into single-serving square portions. Lasagne originated in Italy during the Middle Ages and


title: "Bahram V" content: murdering shahs, which included Yazdegerd I, who was murdered in 21 January 420. They now sought to stop the sons of Yazdegerd I from the ascending the throne—Shapur IV, who was the eldest son of Yazdegerd I and governor of Armenia, quickly rushed to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon, and ascended the throne. He was, however, shortly murdered by the nobles and priests, who elected a son of Bahram IV, Khosrow, as shah. Bahram was informed about the news of Yazdegerd I's death when he was in the Arabian Desert—he opposed the decision of the nobles, and asked al-Mundhir I


title: "Calgary Stampede" content: had performed a rain dance in an effort to ruin the fair. Despite the conflicts, the native communities around Calgary have been enthusiastic supporters of the Stampede and the Indian Village. The tipi owners have been long-term participants – many are third or fourth generation – and the Stampede has helped preserve and display First Nations cultures to the public. The village again relocated in 2016, doubled in size and featured a new exhibit displaying the partnership between the city, local First Nations and the Stampede. In 2018 the name "Indian Village" was renamed to "Elbow River Camp" on the


title: "Bill Finger" content: thereof). Finger's name, in contrast, until 2015 did not appear as an official credit on Batman stories or films. Finger began receiving limited acknowledgment for his writing work in the 1960s; the letters page of "Batman" #169 (Feb. 1965), for example, features editor Julius Schwartz naming Finger as creator of the Riddler. Additionally, Finger did receive credit for his work for National's sister company, All-American Publications, during that time. For example, the first Wildcat story, in "Sensation Comics" #1 (Jan. 1942), has the byline "by Irwin Hasen and Bill Finger", and the first Green Lantern story (see above) is credited


title: Sanquhar content: polymath. The ruins of Sanquhar Castle stand nearby. Nithsdale Wanderers, the local team, were formed in 1897. In 1924–25, Wanderers won the Scottish Division Three. The name "Sanquhar" comes from the Scottish Gaelic language "Seann Cathair", meaning "old fort". There is a 15th-century castle ruin that overlooks the town, but the name predates even this ancient fort. The antiquary, William Forbes Skene even considered it the probable location of the settlement named Corda in Ptolemy's "Geographia". With its location along the River Nith, Sanquhar has been a major crossroads for centuries. Artifacts have been found here from Neolithic times. The


title: Omarama content: meat and wool prices, and the recent boom in dairy product earnings. This conversion has necessitated major changes to the local environment, with iconic tussock lands being ploughed and replaced by pasture, which has been facilitated by new irrigation schemes. Large centre pivot irrigators and private canal networks now dominate much of the landscape. Recently however, diminishing returns on dairy-based agriculture have led to farmers investigating alternative methods and practices, some now experimenting with biofuel crops. There are many rivers and lakes in and near Omarama suitable for recreational fishing. The nearby Ahuriri River is a noted fly-fishing river and


title: "Moscow theater hostage crisis" content: Convention on account of the decision by the authorities to resolve the hostage crisis by force and to use the gas." It was reported that efforts to treat victims were complicated because the Russian government refused to inform doctors what type of gas had been used. In the records of the official investigation, the agent is referred to as a "gaseous substance". In other cases, it is referred to as an "unidentified chemical substance". The Russian Federation, as a member-state of the Chemical Weapons Convention, undertook "never and under no circumstances to carry out any activities prohibited to member-states of


title: "Minority Report (film)" content: the London premiere the following week, and mingled with thousands of adoring fans as he walked through the city's Leicester Square. It debuted at first place in the U.S. box office, collecting $35.677 million in its opening weekend. "Forbes" considered those numbers below expectations, as they gave the film a small edge over "Lilo & Stitch", which debuted in second place ($35.260 million). "Lilo & Stitch" sold more tickets, but since much of the film's attendees were children, its average ticket price was much lower. The movie opened at the top of the box office in numerous foreign markets; it


title: "Bolton Abbey" content: Bolton Abbey Bolton Abbey in Wharfedale, North Yorkshire, England, takes its name from the ruins of the 12th-century Augustinian monastery now known as Bolton Priory. The priory, closed in the 1539 Dissolution of the Monasteries ordered by King Henry VIII, is in the Yorkshire Dales, next to the village of Bolton Abbey. The estate is open to visitors, and includes many miles of all-weather walking routes. The Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway terminates at Bolton Abbey station one and a half miles/2.5 km from Bolton Priory. The monastery was founded at Embsay in 1120. Led by a prior, Bolton


title: "Bolton Abbey" content: Abbey was technically a priory, despite its name. It was founded in 1154 by the Augustinian order, on the banks of the River Wharfe. The land at Bolton, as well as other resources, were given to the order by Lady Alice de Romille of Skipton Castle in 1154. In the early 14th century Scottish raiders caused the temporary abandonment of the site and serious structural damage to the priory. The seal of the priory featured the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Child and the phrase "sigillum sancte Marie de Bolton". The nave of the abbey church was in use as


title: "Bolton Abbey" content: a parish church from about 1170 onwards, and survived the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Building work was still going on at the abbey when the Dissolution of the Monasteries resulted in the termination of the priory in January 1540. The east end remains in ruins. A tower, begun in 1520, was left half-standing, and its base was later given a bell-turret and converted into an entrance porch. Most of the remaining church is in the Gothic style of architecture, but more work was done in the Victorian era, including windows by August Pugin. It is still a working priory today,


title: "Bolton Abbey" content: holding services on Sundays and religious holidays. Bolton Abbey churchyard contains the war grave of a Royal Flying Corps officer of the First World War. The Domesday Book lists Bolton Abbey as the caput manor of a multiple estate including 77 carucates of ploughland (around 9240 acres/3850 ha) belonging to Edwin, Earl of Mercia. The estate then comprised Bolton Abbey, Halton East, Embsay, Draughton; Skibeden, Skipton, Low Snaygill, Thorlby; Addingham, Beamsley, Holme, Gargrave; Stainton, Otterburn, Scosthrop, Malham, Anley; Coniston Cold, Hellifield and Hanlith. They were all laid waste in the Harrying of the North after the defeat of the rebellion


title: "Bolton Abbey" content: of Edwin, Earl of Mercia and classified as the "Clamores" (disputed land) of Yorkshire until around 1090, when they were transferred to Robert de Romille, who moved its administrative centre to Skipton Castle. The Romille line died out around 1310, and Edward II granted the estates to Robert Clifford. In 1748 Baroness Clifford married William Cavendish and Bolton Abbey Estate thereafter belonged to the Dukes of Devonshire, until a trust was set up by the 11th Duke of Devonshire turning it over to the Chatsworth Settlement Trustees to steward. Today, the 33,000 acre (134 km) estate contains six areas designated


title: "Bolton Abbey" content: as Sites of Special Scientific Interest, including Strid Wood, an ancient woodland (mainly oak), which contains the length of the River Wharfe known as The Strid, and a marine fossil quarry. The estate encompasses 8 miles (13 km) of river, 84 farms, 84 buildings of architectural interest, and four Grade I listed buildings; and is currently home to 27 businesses from tearooms to bookshops. The iconic stepping stones cross the River Wharfe near the Abbey ruins. The estate includes extensive grouse moors, including Barden Moor on the west side of Wharfedale and Barden Fell on the east side of the