title: Capacitor content: better stability and ageing performance than such older dielectrics such as oiled paper, which makes them useful in timer circuits, although they may be limited to relatively low operating temperatures and frequencies, because of the limitations of the plastic film being used. Large plastic film capacitors are used extensively in suppression circuits, motor start circuits, and power factor correction circuits. Ceramic capacitors are generally small, cheap and useful for high frequency applications, although their capacitance varies strongly with voltage and temperature and they age poorly. They can also suffer from the piezoelectric effect. Ceramic capacitors are broadly categorized as class


title: Capacitor content: 1 dielectrics, which have predictable variation of capacitance with temperature or class 2 dielectrics, which can operate at higher voltage. Modern multilayer ceramics are usually quite small, but some types have inherently wide value tolerances, microphonic issues, and are usually physically brittle. Glass and mica capacitors are extremely reliable, stable and tolerant to high temperatures and voltages, but are too expensive for most mainstream applications. Electrolytic capacitors and supercapacitors are used to store small and larger amounts of energy, respectively, ceramic capacitors are often used in resonators, and parasitic capacitance occurs in circuits wherever the simple conductor-insulator-conductor structure is formed


title: Capacitor content: unintentionally by the configuration of the circuit layout. Electrolytic capacitors use an aluminum or tantalum plate with an oxide dielectric layer. The second electrode is a liquid electrolyte, connected to the circuit by another foil plate. Electrolytic capacitors offer very high capacitance but suffer from poor tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when subjected to heat, and high leakage current. Poor quality capacitors may leak electrolyte, which is harmful to printed circuit boards. The conductivity of the electrolyte drops at low temperatures, which increases equivalent series resistance. While widely used for power-supply conditioning, poor high-frequency characteristics make them


title: Capacitor content: unsuitable for many applications. Electrolytic capacitors suffer from self-degradation if unused for a period (around a year), and when full power is applied may short circuit, permanently damaging the capacitor and usually blowing a fuse or causing failure of rectifier diodes. For example, in older equipment, this may cause arcing in rectifier tubes. They can be restored before use by gradually applying the operating voltage, often performed on antique vacuum tube equipment over a period of thirty minutes by using a variable transformer to supply AC power. The use of this technique may be less satisfactory for some solid state


title: Capacitor content: equipment, which may be damaged by operation below its normal power range, requiring that the power supply first be isolated from the consuming circuits. Such remedies may not be applicable to modern high-frequency power supplies as these produce full output voltage even with reduced input. Tantalum capacitors offer better frequency and temperature characteristics than aluminum, but higher dielectric absorption and leakage. Polymer capacitors (OS-CON, OC-CON, KO, AO) use solid conductive polymer (or polymerized organic semiconductor) as electrolyte and offer longer life and lower ESR at higher cost than standard electrolytic capacitors. A feedthrough capacitor is a component that, while not


title: Capacitor content: serving as its main use, has capacitance and is used to conduct signals through a conductive sheet. Several other types of capacitor are available for specialist applications. Supercapacitors store large amounts of energy. Supercapacitors made from carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, or highly porous electrode materials, offer extremely high capacitance (up to 5 kF ) and can be used in some applications instead of rechargeable batteries. Alternating current capacitors are specifically designed to work on line (mains) voltage AC power circuits. They are commonly used in electric motor circuits and are often designed to handle large currents, so they tend to


title: Capacitor content: be physically large. They are usually ruggedly packaged, often in metal cases that can be easily grounded/earthed. They also are designed with direct current breakdown voltages of at least five times the maximum AC voltage. The dielectric constant for a number of very useful dielectrics changes as a function of the applied electrical field, for example ferroelectric materials, so the capacitance for these devices is more complex. For example, in charging such a capacitor the differential increase in voltage with charge is governed by: where the voltage dependence of capacitance, "C"("V"), suggests that the capacitance is a function of the


title: Capacitor content: electric field strength, which in a large area parallel plate device is given by "ε = V/d". This field polarizes the dielectric, which polarization, in the case of a ferroelectric, is a nonlinear "S"-shaped function of the electric field, which, in the case of a large area parallel plate device, translates into a capacitance that is a nonlinear function of the voltage. Corresponding to the voltage-dependent capacitance, to charge the capacitor to voltage "V" an integral relation is found: which agrees with "Q" = "CV" only when "C" does not depend on voltage "V". By the same token, the energy


title: Capacitor content: stored in the capacitor now is given by Integrating: where interchange of the order of integration is used. The nonlinear capacitance of a microscope probe scanned along a ferroelectric surface is used to study the domain structure of ferroelectric materials. Another example of voltage dependent capacitance occurs in semiconductor devices such as semiconductor diodes, where the voltage dependence stems not from a change in dielectric constant but in a voltage dependence of the spacing between the charges on the two sides of the capacitor. This effect is intentionally exploited in diode-like devices known as varicaps. If a capacitor is driven


title: Capacitor content: with a time-varying voltage that changes rapidly enough, at some frequency the polarization of the dielectric cannot follow the voltage. As an example of the origin of this mechanism, the internal microscopic dipoles contributing to the dielectric constant cannot move instantly, and so as frequency of an applied alternating voltage increases, the dipole response is limited and the dielectric constant diminishes. A changing dielectric constant with frequency is referred to as dielectric dispersion, and is governed by dielectric relaxation processes, such as Debye relaxation. Under transient conditions, the displacement field can be expressed as (see electric susceptibility): indicating the lag


title: Capacitor content: in response by the time dependence of "ε", calculated in principle from an underlying microscopic analysis, for example, of the dipole behavior in the dielectric. See, for example, linear response function. The integral extends over the entire past history up to the present time. A Fourier transform in time then results in: where "ε"("ω") is now a complex function, with an imaginary part related to absorption of energy from the field by the medium. See permittivity. The capacitance, being proportional to the dielectric constant, also exhibits this frequency behavior. Fourier transforming Gauss's law with this form for displacement field: where


title: Capacitor content: "j" is the imaginary unit, "V"("ω") is the voltage component at angular frequency "ω", "G"("ω") is the "real" part of the current, called the "conductance", and "C"("ω") determines the "imaginary" part of the current and is the "capacitance". "Z"("ω") is the complex impedance. When a parallel-plate capacitor is filled with a dielectric, the measurement of dielectric properties of the medium is based upon the relation: where a single "prime" denotes the real part and a double "prime" the imaginary part, "Z"("ω") is the complex impedance with the dielectric present, "C"("ω") is the so-called "complex" capacitance with the dielectric present, and


title: Capacitor content: "C" is the capacitance without the dielectric. (Measurement "without the dielectric" in principle means measurement in free space, an unattainable goal inasmuch as even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior, such as dichroism. For practical purposes, when measurement errors are taken into account, often a measurement in terrestrial vacuum, or simply a calculation of "C", is sufficiently accurate.) Using this measurement method, the dielectric constant may exhibit a resonance at certain frequencies corresponding to characteristic response frequencies (excitation energies) of contributors to the dielectric constant. These resonances are the basis for a number of experimental techniques for


title: Capacitor content: detecting defects. The "conductance method" measures absorption as a function of frequency. Alternatively, the time response of the capacitance can be used directly, as in "deep-level transient spectroscopy". Another example of frequency dependent capacitance occurs with MOS capacitors, where the slow generation of minority carriers means that at high frequencies the capacitance measures only the majority carrier response, while at low frequencies both types of carrier respond. At optical frequencies, in semiconductors the dielectric constant exhibits structure related to the band structure of the solid. Sophisticated modulation spectroscopy measurement methods based upon modulating the crystal structure by pressure or by


title: Capacitor content: other stresses and observing the related changes in absorption or reflection of light have advanced our knowledge of these materials. The arrangement of plates and dielectric has many variations in different styles depending on the desired ratings of the capacitor. For small values of capacitance (microfarads and less), ceramic disks use metallic coatings, with wire leads bonded to the coating. Larger values can be made by multiple stacks of plates and disks. Larger value capacitors usually use a metal foil or metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film to make the plates, and a dielectric film


title: Capacitor content: of impregnated paper or plasticthese are rolled up to save space. To reduce the series resistance and inductance for long plates, the plates and dielectric are staggered so that connection is made at the common edge of the rolled-up plates, not at the ends of the foil or metalized film strips that comprise the plates. The assembly is encased to prevent moisture entering the dielectricearly radio equipment used a cardboard tube sealed with wax. Modern paper or film dielectric capacitors are dipped in a hard thermoplastic. Large capacitors for high-voltage use may have the roll form compressed to fit into


title: Capacitor content: a rectangular metal case, with bolted terminals and bushings for connections. The dielectric in larger capacitors is often impregnated with a liquid to improve its properties. Capacitors may have their connecting leads arranged in many configurations, for example axially or radially. "Axial" means that the leads are on a common axis, typically the axis of the capacitor's cylindrical bodythe leads extend from opposite ends. Radial leads are rarely aligned along radii of the body's circle, so the term is conventional. The leads (until bent) are usually in planes parallel to that of the flat body of the capacitor, and extend


title: Capacitor content: in the same direction; they are often parallel as manufactured. Small, cheap discoidal ceramic capacitors have existed from the 1930s onward, and remain in widespread use. After the 1980s, surface mount packages for capacitors have been widely used. These packages are extremely small and lack connecting leads, allowing them to be soldered directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards. Surface mount components avoid undesirable high-frequency effects due to the leads and simplify automated assembly, although manual handling is made difficult due to their small size. Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by


title: Capacitor content: rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications. Most capacitors have numbers printed on their bodies to indicate their electrical characteristics. Larger capacitors like electrolytics usually display the actual capacitance together with the unit, for example, "220 μF". Smaller capacitors like ceramics, however, use a


title: Capacitor content: shorthand-notation consisting of three digits and a letter, where the digits indicate the capacitance in pF, calculated as XY × 10 for digits XYZ, and the letter indicates the tolerance. Common tolerance indications are J, K, and M for ±5%, ±10%, and ±20%, respectively. Additionally, the capacitor may be labeled with its working voltage, temperature and other relevant characteristics. For typographical reasons, some manufacturers print "MF" on capacitors to indicate microfarads (μF). A capacitor labeled or designated as "473K 330V" has a capacitance of 47 × 10 pF = 47 nF (±10%) with a maximum working voltage of 330 V.


title: Capacitor content: The working voltage of a capacitor is nominally the highest voltage that may be applied across it without undue risk of breaking down the dielectric layer. The notation to state a capacitor's value in a circuit diagram varies. The RKM code following IEC 60062 and BS 1852 avoids using a decimal separator and replaces the decimal separator with the SI prefix symbol for the particular value (and the letter F for weight 1). Example: 4n7 for 4.7 nF or 2F2 for 2.2 F. In the past, alternate capacitance subunits were used in historical electronic books and old electronics catalogs; "mfd"


title: Capacitor content: and "mf" for microfarad (µF); "mmfd", "mmf", "µµF" for picofarad (pF); but are rarely used any more. A capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from its charging circuit, so it can be used like a temporary battery, or like other types of rechargeable energy storage system. Capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices to maintain power supply while batteries are being changed. (This prevents loss of information in volatile memory.) A capacitor can facilitate conversion of kinetic energy of charged particles into electric energy and store it. Conventional capacitors provide less than 360 joules per kilogram of specific energy,


title: Capacitor content: whereas a conventional alkaline battery has a density of 590 kJ/kg. There is an intermediate solution: Supercapacitors, which can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable batteries. They are, however, 10 times larger than conventional batteries for a given charge. On the other hand, it has been shown that the amount of charge stored in the dielectric layer of the thin film capacitor can be equal to, or can even exceed, the amount of charge stored on its plates. In car audio systems, large capacitors store energy for the


title: Capacitor content: amplifier to use on demand. Also, for a flash tube, a capacitor is used to hold the high voltage. In the 1930s, John Atanasoff applied the principle of energy storage in capacitors to construct dynamic digital memories for the first binary computers that used electron tubes for logic. Groups of large, specially constructed, low-inductance high-voltage capacitors ("capacitor banks") are used to supply huge pulses of current for many pulsed power applications. These include electromagnetic forming, Marx generators, pulsed lasers (especially TEA lasers), pulse forming networks, radar, fusion research, and particle accelerators. Large capacitor banks (reservoir) are used as energy sources


title: Capacitor content: for the exploding-bridgewire detonators or slapper detonators in nuclear weapons and other specialty weapons. Experimental work is under way using banks of capacitors as power sources for electromagnetic armour and electromagnetic railguns and coilguns. Reservoir capacitors are used in power supplies where they smooth the output of a full or half wave rectifier. They can also be used in charge pump circuits as the energy storage element in the generation of higher voltages than the input voltage. Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and larger systems (such as factories) to shunt away and


title: Capacitor content: conceal current fluctuations from the primary power source to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control circuits. Audio equipment, for example, uses several capacitors in this way, to shunt away power line hum before it gets into the signal circuitry. The capacitors act as a local reserve for the DC power source, and bypass AC currents from the power supply. This is used in car audio applications, when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to the lead-acid car battery. In electric power distribution, capacitors are used for power factor correction. Such capacitors


title: Capacitor content: often come as three capacitors connected as a three phase load. Usually, the values of these capacitors are not given in farads but rather as a reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var). The purpose is to counteract inductive loading from devices like electric motors and transmission lines to make the load appear to be mostly resistive. Individual motor or lamp loads may have capacitors for power factor correction, or larger sets of capacitors (usually with automatic switching devices) may be installed at a load center within a building or in a large utility substation. Because capacitors pass AC but block


title: Capacitor content: DC signals (when charged up to the applied dc voltage), they are often used to separate the AC and DC components of a signal. This method is known as "AC coupling" or "capacitive coupling". Here, a large value of capacitance, whose value need not be accurately controlled, but whose reactance is small at the signal frequency, is employed. A decoupling capacitor is a capacitor used to protect one part of a circuit from the effect of another, for instance to suppress noise or transients. Noise caused by other circuit elements is shunted through the capacitor, reducing the effect they have


title: Capacitor content: on the rest of the circuit. It is most commonly used between the power supply and ground. An alternative name is "bypass capacitor" as it is used to bypass the power supply or other high impedance component of a circuit. Decoupling capacitors need not always be discrete components. Capacitors used in these applications may be built into a printed circuit board, between the various layers. These are often referred to as embedded capacitors. The layers in the board contributing to the capacitive properties also function as power and ground planes, and have a dielectric in between them, enabling them to


title: Capacitor content: operate as a parallel plate capacitor. When an inductive circuit is opened, the current through the inductance collapses quickly, creating a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch or relay. If the inductance is large enough, the energy may generate a spark, causing the contact points to oxidize, deteriorate, or sometimes weld together, or destroying a solid-state switch. A snubber capacitor across the newly opened circuit creates a path for this impulse to bypass the contact points, thereby preserving their life; these were commonly found in contact breaker ignition systems, for instance. Similarly, in smaller scale circuits, the


title: Capacitor content: spark may not be enough to damage the switch but may still radiate undesirable radio frequency interference (RFI), which a filter capacitor absorbs. Snubber capacitors are usually employed with a low-value resistor in series, to dissipate energy and minimize RFI. Such resistor-capacitor combinations are available in a single package. Capacitors are also used in parallel with interrupting units of a high-voltage circuit breaker to equally distribute the voltage between these units. These are called "grading capacitors". In schematic diagrams, a capacitor used primarily for DC charge storage is often drawn vertically in circuit diagrams with the lower, more negative, plate


title: Capacitor content: drawn as an arc. The straight plate indicates the positive terminal of the device, if it is polarized (see electrolytic capacitor). In single phase squirrel cage motors, the primary winding within the motor housing is not capable of starting a rotational motion on the rotor, but is capable of sustaining one. To start the motor, a secondary "start" winding has a series non-polarized "starting capacitor" to introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current. When the secondary (start) winding is placed at an angle with respect to the primary (run) winding, a rotating electric field is created. The force of the


title: Capacitor content: rotational field is not constant, but is sufficient to start the rotor spinning. When the rotor comes close to operating speed, a centrifugal switch (or current-sensitive relay in series with the main winding) disconnects the capacitor. The start capacitor is typically mounted to the side of the motor housing. These are called capacitor-start motors, that have relatively high starting torque. Typically they can have up-to four times as much starting torque than a split-phase motor and are used on applications such as compressors, pressure washers and any small device requiring high starting torques. Capacitor-run induction motors have a permanently connected


title: Capacitor content: phase-shifting capacitor in series with a second winding. The motor is much like a two-phase induction motor. Motor-starting capacitors are typically non-polarized electrolytic types, while running capacitors are conventional paper or plastic film dielectric types. The energy stored in a capacitor can be used to represent information, either in binary form, as in DRAMs, or in analogue form, as in analog sampled filters and CCDs. Capacitors can be used in analog circuits as components of integrators or more complex filters and in negative feedback loop stabilization. Signal processing circuits also use capacitors to integrate a current signal. Capacitors and inductors


title: Capacitor content: are applied together in tuned circuits to select information in particular frequency bands. For example, radio receivers rely on variable capacitors to tune the station frequency. Speakers use passive analog crossovers, and analog equalizers use capacitors to select different audio bands. The resonant frequency "f" of a tuned circuit is a function of the inductance ("L") and capacitance ("C") in series, and is given by: where "L" is in henries and "C" is in farads. Most capacitors are designed to maintain a fixed physical structure. However, various factors can change the structure of the capacitor, and the resulting change in


title: Capacitor content: capacitance can be used to sense those factors. Changing the dielectric: Changing the distance between the plates: Changing the effective area of the plates: A capacitor can possess spring-like qualities in an oscillator circuit. In the image example, a capacitor acts to influence the biasing voltage at the npn transistor's base. The resistance values of the voltage-divider resistors and the capacitance value of the capacitor together control the oscillatory frequency. A light-emitting capacitor is made from a dielectric that uses phosphorescence to produce light. If one of the conductive plates is made with a transparent material, the light is visible.


title: Capacitor content: Light-emitting capacitors are used in the construction of electroluminescent panels, for applications such as backlighting for laptop computers. In this case, the entire panel is a capacitor used for the purpose of generating light. The hazards posed by a capacitor are usually determined, foremost, by the amount of energy stored, which is the cause of things like electrical burns or heart fibrillation. Factors such as voltage and chassis material are of secondary consideration, which are more related to how easily a shock can be initiated rather than how much damage can occur. Under certain conditions, including conductivity of the surfaces,


title: Capacitor content: preexisting medical conditions, the humidity of the air, or the pathways it takes through the body (i.e.: shocks that travel across the core of the body and, especially, the heart are more dangerous than those limited to the extremities), shocks as low as one joule have been reported to cause death, although in most instances they may not even leave a burn. Shocks over ten joules will generally damage skin, and are usually considered hazardous. Any capacitor that can store 50 joules or more should be considered potentially lethal. Capacitors may retain a charge long after power is removed from


title: Capacitor content: a circuit; this charge can cause dangerous or even potentially fatal shocks or damage connected equipment. For example, even a seemingly innocuous device such as a disposable-camera flash unit, powered by a 1.5 volt AA battery, has a capacitor which may contain over 15 joules of energy and be charged to over 300 volts. This is easily capable of delivering a shock. Service procedures for electronic devices usually include instructions to discharge large or high-voltage capacitors, for instance using a Brinkley stick. Capacitors may also have built-in discharge resistors to dissipate stored energy to a safe level within a few


title: Capacitor content: seconds after power is removed. High-voltage capacitors are stored with the terminals shorted, as protection from potentially dangerous voltages due to dielectric absorption or from transient voltages the capacitor may pick up from static charges or passing weather events. Some old, large oil-filled paper or plastic film capacitors contain polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). It is known that waste PCBs can leak into groundwater under landfills. Capacitors containing PCB were labelled as containing "Askarel" and several other trade names. PCB-filled paper capacitors are found in very old (pre-1975) fluorescent lamp ballasts, and other applications. Capacitors may catastrophically fail when subjected to voltages


title: Capacitor content: or currents beyond their rating, or as they reach their normal end of life. Dielectric or metal interconnection failures may create arcing that vaporizes the dielectric fluid, resulting in case bulging, rupture, or even an explosion. Capacitors used in RF or sustained high-current applications can overheat, especially in the center of the capacitor rolls. Capacitors used within high-energy capacitor banks can violently explode when a short in one capacitor causes sudden dumping of energy stored in the rest of the bank into the failing unit. High voltage vacuum capacitors can generate soft X-rays even during normal operation. Proper containment, fusing,


title: Capacitor content: and preventive maintenance can help to minimize these hazards. High-voltage capacitors may benefit from a pre-charge to limit in-rush currents at power-up of high voltage direct current (HVDC) circuits. This extends the life of the component and may mitigate high-voltage hazards. Capacitor A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a


title: "Alexander Ramsay (Royal Navy officer)" content: same Order (KCB) on 11 May 1937, "on the occasion of His Majesty's Coronation". On 6 July 1938 he was received by King George VI on relinquishing his appointment as commander-in-chief of the East Indies Station and being appointed as Fifth Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Air Service, the King taking the opportunity to invest him with the insignia of a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO). Ramsay died at his home, Ribsden Holt, Windlesham, Surrey, on 8 October 1972. He is buried in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore. Alexander Ramsay (Royal Navy officer) Admiral The


title: "Hmong customs and culture" content: being able to see each other. However, there is this good and evil in both worlds and thus whenever humans come into contact with the evilness of the otherworld, a Shaman is needed to perform rituals to go rescue or call back the sick person’s spirit and/or look at the reason for why the person is so sick. A shaman’s real job is to “reproduce and restore belief” not really the physical health, although it may seem so. Rituals, which serve as a treatment, might include herbal remedies or offerings of joss paper money or livestock. In cases of serious


title: "History of American journalism" content: the Census counted 1,630 party newspapers (with a circulation of about one per voter), and only 83 "independent" papers. The party line was behind every line of news copy, not to mention the authoritative editorials, which exposed the "stupidity" of the enemy and the "triumphs" of the party in every issue. Editors were senior party leaders and often were rewarded with lucrative postmasterships. Top publishers, such as Schuyler Colfax in 1868, Horace Greeley in 1872, Whitelaw Reid in 1892, Warren Harding in 1920 and James Cox also in 1920, were nominated on the national ticket. Kaplan outlines the systematic methods


title: "Lethal Force" content: his grey colour, won four races including the Mill Reef Stakes and the Middle Park Stakes as a two-year-old in 2007 before beginning his stud career in the following year. In addition to Lethal Force, his first crop of foals included the July Stakes winner Alhebayeb and the Chartwell Fillies' Stakes winner Lily's Angel. Lethal Force's dam, Land Army, showed no ability as a racehorse, but was descended from Miss Ribot, a mare whose wins included the Santa Ana Stakes in 1969. As a foal, Lethal Force was sent by the Rathasker Stud to the Goff's sales in November and


title: "City of Shellharbour" content: City of Shellharbour The City of Shellharbour is a local government area in the Illawarra region of New South Wales, Australia. The City is located about south of Sydney and covers the southern suburbs of the Wollongong urban area centred on Shellharbour and it had an estimated population of 68,460 at the . The area is bordered by the City of Wollongong to the north, with the boundary being the Lake Illawarra entrance (and the suburb of Lake Illawarra) and Macquarie Rivulet (Albion Park Rail). The Municipality of Kiama is to the south of the City of Shellharbour. The Mayor


title: "Ernest Willard Gibson" content: vacancy caused when Porter H. Dale resigned Vermont's 2nd district seat to become a United States Senator. He was reelected to the Sixty-ninth, and the four succeeding Congresses, serving from November 6, 1923 until his resignation on October 19, 1933. Vermont lost a House district as a result of the 1930 census, and in 1932 Gibson was elected as Vermont's at-large Congressman, defeating Loren R. Pierce in the primary, and going on to win the general election. Governor John E. Weeks had run for the 1st district seat in 1930, and indicated that if elected it would be the capstone


title: "The Simpsons (season 12)" content: average of 14.7 million viewers an episode rising 6% from last season. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The DVD boxset for season twelve was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on Tuesday, August 18, 2009, eight years after it had completed broadcast on television. As well as every episode from the season, the DVD release feature bonus material including deleted scenes, animatics, and commentaries for every episode. The boxart features Comic Book Guy, and a special limited edition "embossed head case" package was also released. The Simpsons (season 12) "The Simpsons" twelfth season originally aired between November 2000 and


title: "Hydrous ferric oxides" content: Hydrous ferric oxides Hydrous ferric oxides, also called hydrous iron oxides and iron(III) oxide-hydroxides, are a class of minerals that form from the weathering of minerals that contain iron (Fe) and hydroxides (OH), and weakly bound water. They are poorly crystalline, highly porous and have large surface areas. They usually occur as very small particles and tend to become more crystalline as they age because they are thermodynamically unstable. They have an affinity for organic and inorganic pollutants, which has led to an interest in using them as sorbents for the treatment of effluents and polluted water. Hydrous iron oxides


title: "Land of the Dead: Road to Fiddler's Green" content: from a game design perspective", and took the opportunity that Romero was filming "Land of the Dead" to consider a tie-in. Brainbox Games had a fully developed single-player PC game before approaching Universal Pictures about a licensing deal. The studio approved it, and worked with the developers to add story elements and environments that would tie it into the movie, such as not including the word "zombie". Reviews have been overwhelmingly negative. According to Metacritic the average reviewer score for Xbox version is a 32/100. GameSpot's Alex Navarro gave the game a 1.9 (2.1 for the PC version) out of


title: "Altice Arena" content: Altice Arena Altice Arena (formerly MEO Arena, and also referred to as Pavilhão Atlântico) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Lisbon, Portugal. The arena is among the largest indoor arenas in the European Union and the largest in Portugal with a capacity of 20,000 people and was built in 1998 for Expo '98. Plans to build a multipurpose arena in Lisbon date back to the first discussions of the Expo '98 Master Plan. At the time, the city lacked a versatile facility able to accommodate concerts, congresses and sporting events of big scope. The existing structures, both in Lisbon and


title: "Altice Arena" content: in Portugal alike, either had limited capacity (up to 4,000 people), or were difficult to adapt to non-conventional events, such as world class indoor sports competitions. Another shortcoming of existing venues was the lack of technical infrastructure deemed necessary to host modern concerts, musicals and to allow for proper live TV coverage. The country needed an arena to fill the existing gap between smaller indoor halls, like the Lisbon Coliseum, and open-air stadia. As a consequence, Portugal would not host games of important indoor sports championships and no major concerts would take place in the country in periods of cold


title: "Altice Arena" content: and rainy weather. The decision to build the Pavilhão Atlântico within the masterplan of Expo 98 allowed the arena to have a catchment area well beyond the city of Lisbon. Being a short distance from Gare do Oriente and several major highway interchanges, allows the arena to draw spectators from all over the country. In July 2012, the arena was sold to Arena Atlântico S.A. for €21,2 million. In May 2013, Portugal Telecom acquired the naming rights to the venue, re-branding it as MEO Arena after its services brand MEO. In October 2017, following the acquisition of Portugal Telecom by


title: "Altice Arena" content: Altice, the venue was renamed Altice Arena. The building was designed by Portuguese architect Regino Cruz, who is the author of several government and office buildings in Brazil and in Portugal, in association with Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). SOM has been awarded first prize in the contests for the Olympic stadiums of Manchester and Berlin, and is responsible for designing many big sporting pavilions in the US (Portland, Philadelphia, Oakland and Minneapolis). The studio is also a co-designer of the Vasco da Gama Tower, located at the northern end of the Parque das Nações in Lisbon. The shape of


title: "Altice Arena" content: the Altice Arena is reminiscent of a large flying-saucer or horseshoe crab. Such a unique shape demanded out-of-the box thinking for its underpinnings, both for structural and symbolic reasons. The roof, for example, sits atop a wood grid, designed in the shape of a carrack. Being part of a world expo celebrating the world's oceans and 15th-century Portuguese discoveries, wood was considered more fitting than either concrete or steel. The main goals of the design were: 1) Minimize the visual impact generated from such a big structure; 2) rational energy use; and 3) simplify the flow of spectators in and


title: "Altice Arena" content: out of the building. The main façade is oriented towards the south, which increases sun exposure during the colder winter months, at the same time preventing direct sunlight in the summer months. This exposure allows the reduction of heating and air conditioning costs, while at the same time natural ventilation outlets on top of the building provide air circulation and cooling. By placing the main floor 6.4 metres below ground level the architects allowed for a generously high roof, while at the same time reducing the external footprint and minimizing heat exchange (as a result of the smaller surface area


title: "Altice Arena" content: exposed to the weather). The external glass façade is shaded by overhanging panels, designed to allow sunlight only during winter months. A system of external moving blinds further allows natural lighting to enter the pavilion. Accessibility is also straightforward by means of a short stadium-seating-like external staircase that surrounds the entire building. During EXPO'98, the building was called the "Pavilion of Utopia" and housed the spectacle ""Oceans and Utopias"". The EXPO'98 theme was ""Knowledge of the Seas or of the Future"", and while other expositions approached the ""ocean"" themes from artistic, scientific or historical perspective, at the "Utopian Pavilion", the


title: "Altice Arena" content: designers took a symbolic, dreamlike, and/or magical approach to the exhibits. As such, during the 132 days of the exposition, the Pavilion was an open space to showcase works of imagination, reflecting the fears, myths and legends that throughout history, have been associated with the World's oceans. Visitors were awarded with sights of Daedalus, Greek Gods, mythical heroes such as Hercules, as well as colorful displays portraying the birth of mankind and gods, the Big Bang, the Deluge, Atlantis, the Age of Discovery and space travel, just to name a few. Written by François I. Confine and Philippe Genty, and


title: "Altice Arena" content: produced by Rozon, the show (which was presented four times a day) mixed classic theatrical elements and modern multimedia technology. The arena holds the European record for attendance in club Futsal when 10,076 spectators saw Sporting losing to FC Barcelona (3x5) in the 2014–15 UEFA Futsal Cup final-four. Croatia national handball team became world champion for the first time there, after beating Germany at the 2003 World Men's Handball Championship Final. The arena was also the final venue of the 1999 FIBA Under-19 World Championship, between USA and Spain. The 2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships, the 2002 World Fencing Championships


title: "Altice Arena" content: and the 2000 ATP Finals also take place there. One of the most remarkable non-sporting events to ever take place there were the MTV Europe Music Awards in 2005. In September 2015, Web Summit co-founder and CEO Paddy Cosgrave announced that the event would be held in Lisbon for three consecutive editions, from 2016 to 2018. Congrave cited the local startup scene and a "cosmopolitan city with better infrastructure conditions and a larger number of hotel rooms" for the decision. The three-day event held from November 7—10 at the MEO Arena, site of Expo '98, drew 53,056 attendees from more


title: "Altice Arena" content: than 150 countries and more than 1,500 start-ups spread over 21 venues. Among the more than 600 speakers were a number of tech top executives from around the world, including John Chambers of Cisco Systems, Facebook CTO Mike Schroepfer, Twitter founder Jack Dorsey and Tesla's Elon Musk. Also speaking at the event were prominent figures from non-tech areas, such as U2 frontman Bono, Salil Shetty of Amnesty International and Joana Coles, Editor in Chief of Cosmopolitan, as well as footballer Luís Figo and both the Portuguese President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa and Prime Minister António Costa. On October 3, 2018,


title: "Altice Arena" content: Paddy Cosgrave and Prime Minister António Costa announced a €110 million deal for Web Summit to remain in Lisbon until 2028. The deal includes doubling the capacity of Altice Arena and the surrounding fairgrounds (Feira Internacional de Lisboa). The 2018 Web Summit, held from November 5—8, is expected to draw 70,000 attendees from 170 countries, 1,800 start-ups and 1,500 investors. The speakers of 1,200 talks include Twitter co-founder and Medium CEO Evan Williams, Tim Berners-Lee, European Commissioner for Competition Margrethe Vestager, President & Chief strategy officer at Samsung Electronics Young Sohn, Lisa Jackson as environmental director of Apple, Secretary-General of


title: "Altice Arena" content: the United Nations António Guterres, Chief Brand Officer of WWE Stephanie McMahon, Pinterest CEO and Co-Founder Ben Silbermann, president and chief legal officer of Microsoft Brad Smith, Twitch CEO Emmett Shear, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair, CTO and co-founder of Slack Cal Henderson, Booking.com CEO Gillian Tans, Shell CEO Ben van Beurden, Oculus Founder Palmer Luckey, TripAdvisor CEO Stephen Kaufer, Sophia The Robot, Major Lazer DJ Jillionaire (Christopher Leacock) and the 2016 Formula 1 World Champion Nico Rosberg. Enrique Iglesias has performed on 13 December 2015 as a part of his Sex and Love Tour and will be performing


title: "Altice Arena" content: again on 30 May 2018 as a part of Enrique Iglesias Live shows. Madonna ended her Re-Invention Tour with two sold out shows for 33,460 fans on September 2004. It was the first time that Madonna performed in Portugal. The tenth installment of The Dave Matthews Band Live Trax series was recorded at Pavilhão Atlântico in May 2007. Kylie Minogue performed there on July 4, 2009. It was the first time that Minogue performed in Portugal. Britney Spears performed a sold-out show on November 9, 2011, as part of her Femme Fatale Tour. Justin Bieber performed a sold out show


title: "Altice Arena" content: at the venue on 11 March 2013, as part of Believe Tour. One Direction performed a sold-out show in 2013 on the venue as part of their Take Me Home Tour (One Direction). For 2009, many events had already been booked a year in advance: one of the biggest acts was Green Day in September and later Muse on November 29 as part of their Resistance Tour. In 2010, the venue held Lady Gaga's The Monster Ball Tour show on December 10 and a week after, on December 16, Thirty Seconds to Mars concert as part of their Into the


title: "Altice Arena" content: Wild Tour. Beyoncé performed two consecutive sold out shows in 2014, on March 26 and 27, as part of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour. Miley Cyrus performed at the venue on 15 June 2014, as part of her Bangerz Tour, using the show's footage for her Bangerz Tour DVD. Shakira holds the record for the biggest attendance with her Oral Fixation Tour back in 2007 with a completely sold out show. On November 10, 2014, Lady Gaga brought her to the MEO Arena, which is already called "the biggest production ever made" on this venue until then. On May


title: "Altice Arena" content: 4, 2015, 5 Seconds of Summer started their first world tour Rock Out With Your Socks Out Tour with a sold-out show. Adele performed two consecutive sold out shows in 2016, on May 21 and 22, as part of Adele Live 2016. Justin Bieber performed in MEO Arena for the 2nd time with the Purpose World Tour on November 25, 2016, with a sold-out show. Ariana Grande performed in MEO Arena with the Dangerous Woman Tour on June 10, 2017. In 2018, Altice Arena staged the 63rd annual Eurovision Song Contest, where Netta won with her song "Toy" for Israel.


title: "Altice Arena" content: The Atlantic Pavilion is member of the "Associação de Turismo da Lisboa" (ATL, ) and active member of the European Arenas Association (EAA). Through these connections the Altice Arena management has establish close relationships with the main auditoriums and arenas in Europe and benefited from their synergies of scale. Altice Arena Altice Arena (formerly MEO Arena, and also referred to as Pavilhão Atlântico) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Lisbon, Portugal. The arena is among the largest indoor arenas in the European Union and the largest in Portugal with a capacity of 20,000 people and was built in 1998 for


title: "Messer Chups" content: Lydia Kavina to join them. Together they have released several albums and reworked their previous releases. In 2005, Messer Chups became a duo consisting of Gitarkin and ZombieGirl on bass. In 2007, they became a trio, with drummer Denis "Kashey" Kuptzov from the famous band Leningrad. In 2008, they changed their drummer to Alexander Belkok, and Alexander Skvortzov became their vocalist. Messer Chups' music often features a foundation of surf drums on which they build collages of samples from odd sources, like jazz, east European animation soundtracks, and American B-pictures. On top of that they play guitar solos and the


title: "Norton St Philip" content: Norton St Philip Norton St Philip is a village and civil parish in the Mendip district of Somerset, England. The village lies about south of the city of Bath and north of the town of Frome. New development greatly increased the size of the village in the later 20th century, but there has been a significant reduction in services, with the police station, post office and shops all having closed. This was partly reversed by the opening of a new supermarket, incorporating a post office, in 2016. The earliest signs of habitation can be found a mile to the east


title: "Five foot way" content: as Thailand, the Philippines, and Burma after the mid-19th century. Such feature may have been introduced to Bangkok after the visit of Rama V to Singapore in 1871, while towns in southern Thailand were influenced by their proximity to Malaya. They also appeared in Hong Kong, Taiwan and other cities and market towns in South China in the early twentieth century in the form of "qilou". The Indonesian usage of "kaki lima" is interchangeable with "trotoar" (from French via Dutch: "trottoir"), as both refer to walking paths or sidewalks. In Indonesian, the colloquial term "pedagang kaki lima" references street hawkers


title: "Daniel Raymer" content: University of Southern California and earned a MBA. In 1986 he left Rockwell to start a new organization, the Aerojet Propulsion Research Institute. After six months, Aerojet got purchased and the Institute was shut down. He used his six months of severance pay to write "Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach". After this, he went to work at Lockheed as Director of Advanced Design and later became Director of Advanced Concept Design at the Lockheed Skunk Works. After three years (1987-1990) at Lockheed, he left to teach at California State University, Northridge (1990-1993). During this time, he founded Conceptual Research Corporation


title: "Hans Tutschku" content: bass clarinet and electronics 2014 - Still Air 3 - for oboe, bass clarinet and electronics 2014 - Still Air 2 - for oboe and electronics 2014 - collaboration - interactive sound sculpture 2014 - THE OTHER SIDE - photo installation 2013 - Still Air 1 - for bass clarinet and electronics 2013 - under - for nine instruments and electronics 2012 - one minute for John Cage - for ensemble 2012 - unreal memories - sound installation for the Carpenter Center, Cambridge MA, 2012 - hommage à Schwitters - interactive sound sculpture 2012 - clin d'oreille d'Avignon - electroacoustic


title: "Jacobaea maritima" content: Jacobaea maritima Jacobaea maritima (silver ragwort) (formerly known as "Senecio cineraria") is a perennial plant species in the genus "Jacobaea" in the family Asteraceae, native to the Mediterranean region. It was formerly placed in the genus "Senecio", and is still widely referred to as Senecio cineraria; see the list of synonyms (right) for other names. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant for its white, felt-like tomentose leaves; in horticultural use, it is also sometimes called dusty miller, a name shared with several other plants that also have silvery tomentose leaves; the two most often to share the name


title: "Jacobaea maritima" content: are "Centaurea cineraria" and "Lychnis coronaria". Silver Ragwort is a very white-wooly, heat and drought tolerant evergreen subshrub growing to tall. The stems are stiff and woody at the base, densely branched, and covered in long, matted grey-white to white hairs. The leaves are pinnate or pinnatifid, long and broad, stiff, with oblong and obtuse segments, and like the stems, covered with long, thinly to thickly matted with grey-white to white hairs; the lower leaves are petiolate and more deeply lobed, the upper leaves sessile and less lobed. The tomentum is thickest on the underside of the leaves, and can


title: "Jacobaea maritima" content: become worn off on the upper side, leaving the top surface glabrous with age. The flowers are yellow, daisy-like in dense capitula diameter, with central disc florets surrounded by a ring of 10–13 ray florets, and enclosed in a common whorl of bracts at the base of the capitulum. The seeds are cylindrical achenes. "Jacobaea maritima" is native to the western and central Mediterranean region, in northwest Africa (Morocco, northern Algeria, Tunisia), southern Europe (Spain, Gibraltar, southern France including Corsica, Italy including Sardinia and Sicily, Malta, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, Macedonia, and Greece), and the far west of


title: "Jacobaea maritima" content: Asia (Turkey). It occurs primarily on cliffs and rocky coastal sites, more rarely inland. It is also naturalised further north in Europe (north to Great Britain and Ireland, where occurring mainly in mild coastal areas) and locally in North America. As with many other densely tomentose plants, the tomentum on the leaves is used by some species of bees (e.g. "Anthidium manicatum" and "Anthidium oblongatum" in Megachilidae) for nest-building. Hybrids are known with "Jacobaea erucifolia" and "Jacobaea vulgaris"; the hybrid with "J. vulgaris" is fertile, producing a wide range of intermediate progeny. "Jacobaea maritima" is widely used in horticulture for


title: "Jacobaea maritima" content: its silvery foliage. It is winter-hardy in USDA Zones 8-10, tolerating winter temperatures down to -12° to -15 °C, tolerant of light shade but preferring full sun. In colder areas it is grown as an annual plant. Many cultivars have been selected for particularly dense silvery tomentum, such as 'Cirrus', 'New Look', 'Ramparts', 'Silverdust', 'Silver Filigree', and 'White Diamond'. It has been recommended in North America for its fire resistance resistance to browsing by deer, and its salt tolerance. The cultivar 'Silver Dust' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Jacobaea maritima Jacobaea maritima (silver ragwort) (formerly


title: "American College of Sofia" content: American College of Sofia The American College of Sofia (, "Amerikanski kolezh v Sofiya"; abbreviated as ACS) is a secondary school in Bulgaria , based in the capital city of Sofia. The college, founded in 1860, is regarded as the oldest American educational institution outside the United States. American pedagogical methods are used and the primary language of instruction is English. Founded in 1860 in the then-Ottoman Empire, it was initially a boys' school in Plovdiv established by American missionaries of the Congregational Church. By co-operating with a girls' school in Stara Zagora founded by the same people, the American


title: "Stem rust" content: Stem rust The stem, black, and cereal rusts are caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis and are a significant disease affecting cereal crops. Crop species that are affected by the disease include bread wheat, durum wheat, barley and triticale. These diseases have affected cereal farming throughout history. Since the 1950s, wheat strains bred to be resistant to stem rust have become available. Fungicides effective against stem rust are available as well. In 1999 a new virulent race of stem rust was identified that most current wheat strains show no resistance against. The race was named TTKSK (e.g. isolate Ug99), named


title: "Stem rust" content: after the country where it was identified (Uganda) and the year of its discovery (1999). It spread to Kenya, then Ethiopia, Sudan and Yemen, and is becoming more virulent as it spreads. An epidemic of stem rust on wheat caused by race TTKSK is currently spreading across Africa, Asia and the Middle East and is causing major concern due to the large numbers of people dependent on wheat for sustenance. Scientists are working on breeding strains of wheat that are resistant to UG99. However, wheat is grown in a broad range of environments. This means that breeding programs would have


title: "Stem rust" content: extensive work remaining to get resistance into regionally adapted germplasms even after resistance is identified. An outbreak of another virulent race of stem rust, TTTTF, took place in Sicily in 2016, suggesting that the disease is returning to Europe. There is considerable genetic diversity within the species "P. graminis", and several special forms, "forma specialis", which vary in host range have been identified. "P. graminis" is a member of the phylum Basidiomycota within the kingdom Fungi. The characteristic rust color on stems and leaves is typical of a general stem rust as well as any variation of this type of


title: "Stem rust" content: fungus. Different from most fungi, the rust variations have five spore stages and alternate between two hosts. Wheat is the primary host, and barberry is the alternate host. There are multiple pathotypes (including QCC and MCC) affecting barley, within "forma specialis tritici". The stem rust fungus attacks the parts of the plant that are above ground. Spores that land on green wheat plants form a pustule that invades the outer layers of the stalk. Infected plants produce fewer tillers and set fewer seed, and in cases of severe infection the plant may die. Infection can reduce what is an apparently


title: "Stem rust" content: healthy crop about three weeks before harvest into a black tangle of broken stems and shriveled grains by harvest. Stem rust of cereals causes yield losses in several ways: Stem rust on wheat is characterized by the presence of uredinia on the plant, which are brick-red, elongated, blister-like pustules that are easily shaken off. They most frequently occur on the leaf sheaths, but are also found on stems, leaves, glumes and awns. On leaves they develop mostly on the underside but may penetrate to the upperside. On leaf sheaths and glumes pustules rupture the epidermis, giving a ragged appearance. Towards


title: "Stem rust" content: the end of the growing season black telia are produced. For this reason stem rust is also known as 'black rust'. The telia are firmly attached to the plant tissue. The site of infection is a visible symptom of the disease. Pycnia appear on barberry plants in the spring, usually in the upper leaf surfaces. They are often in small clusters and exude pycniospores in a sticky honeydew. Five to ten days later, cup-shaped structures filled with orange-yellow, powdery aeciospores break through the lower leaf surface. The aecial cups are yellow and sometimes elongate to extend up to 5 mm


title: "Stem rust" content: from the leaf surface. Like other "Puccinia" species, "P. graminis" is an obligate biotroph (it colonizes living plant cells) and has a complex life cycle featuring alternation of generations. The fungus is heteroecious, requiring two hosts to complete its life cycle - the cereal host and the alternate host. There are many species in "Berberis" and "Mahonia "that are susceptible to stem rust, but the common barberry is considered to be the most important alternate host. P. graminis" is macrocyclic" (exhibits all five of the spore types that are known for rust fungi). Animated video of the life cycle of


title: "Stem rust" content: stem rust "P. graminis" can complete its life cycle either with or without barberry (the alternate host). Due to its cyclical nature, there is no true 'start point' for this process. Here, the production of urediniospores is arbitrarily chosen as a start point. Urediniospores are formed in structures called uredinia, which are produced by fungal mycelia on the cereal host 1–2 weeks after infection. The urediniospores are dikaryotic (contain two un-fused, haploid nuclei in one cell) and are formed on individual stalks within the uredinium. They are spiny and brick-red. Urediniospores are the only type of spores in the rust


title: "Stem rust" content: fungus life cycle that are capable of infecting the host on which they are produced, and this is therefore referred to as the 'repeating stage' of the life cycle. It is the spread of urediniospores that allows infection to spread from one cereal plant to another. This phase can rapidly spread the infection over a wide area. Towards the end of the cereal host's growing season, the mycelia produce structures called telia. Telia produce a type of spore called teliospores. These black, thick-walled spores are dikaryotic. They are the only form in which "Puccinia graminis" is able to overwinter independently


title: "Stem rust" content: of a host. Each teliospore undergoes karyogamy (fusion of nuclei) and meiosis to form four haploid spores called basidiospores. This is an important source of genetic recombination in the life cycle. Basidiospores are thin-walled and colourless. They cannot infect the cereal host, but can infect the alternative host (usually barberry). They are usually carried to the alternative host by wind. Once basidiospores arrive on a leaf of the alternative host, they germinate to produce a haploid mycelium that directly penetrates the epidermis and colonises the leaf. Once inside the leaf the mycelium produces specialised infection structures called pycnia. The pycnia


title: "Stem rust" content: produce two types of haploid gametes, the pycniospores and the receptive hyphae. The pycniospores are produced in a sticky honeydew that attracts insects. The insects carry pycniospores from one leaf to another. Splashing raindrops can also spread pycniospores. A pycniospore can fertilise a receptive hypha of the opposite mating type, leading to the production of a dikaryotic mycelium. This is the sexual stage of the life cycle and cross-fertilisation provides an important source of genetic recombination. This dikaryotic mycelium then forms structures called aecia, which produce a type of dikaryotic spores called aeciospores. These have a worty appearance and are


title: "Stem rust" content: formed in chains - unlike the urediniospores that are spiny and are produced on individual stalks. The chains of aeciospores are surrounded by a bell-like enclosure of fungal cells. The aeciospores are able to germinate on the cereal host but not on the alternative host (they are produced on the alternative host, which is usually barberry). They are carried by wind to the cereal host where they germinate and the germ tubes penetrate into the plant. The fungus grows inside the plant as a dikaryotic mycelium. Within 1–2 weeks the mycelium produces uredinia and the cycle is complete. Since the


title: "Stem rust" content: urediniospores are produced on the cereal host and can infect the cereal host, it is possible for the infection to pass from one year's crop to the next without infecting the alternate host (barberry). For example, infected volunteer wheat plants can serve as a bridge from one growing season to another. In other cases the fungus passes between winter wheat and spring wheat, meaning that it has a cereal host all year round. Since the urediniospores are wind dispersed, this can occur over large distances. Note that this cycle consists simply of vegetative propagation - urediniospores infect one wheat plant,


title: "Stem rust" content: leading to the production of more urediniospores that then infect other wheat plants. "Puccinia graminis" produces all five of the spore types that are known for rust fungi. Spores are typically deposited close to the source, but long-distance dispersal is also well documented. The following three categories of long-distance dispersal are known to occur: This can occur unassisted (the robust nature of the spores allows them to be carried long distances in the air and then deposited by rain-scrubbing) or assisted (typically on human clothing or infected plant material that is transported between regions). This type of dispersal is rare


title: "Stem rust" content: and is very difficult to predict. This is probably the most common mode of long-distance dispersal and usually occurs within a country or region. This occurs in areas that have unsuitable conditions for year-round survival of "Puccinia graminis" - typically temperate regions where hosts are absent during either the winter or summer. Spores overwinter or oversummer in another region and then recolonise when conditions are favorable. A number of stem rust resistance genes (Sr genes) have been identified in wheat. Some of them arose in bread wheat (e.g. "Sr5" and "Sr6"), while others have been bred in from other wheat


title: "Stem rust" content: species (e.g. "Sr21" from "T. monococcum") or from other members of the tribe "Triticeae" (e.g. "Sr31" from rye and "Sr44" from "Thinopyrum intermedium"). None of the Sr genes provide resistance to all races of stem rust. For instance many of them are ineffective against the Ug99 lineage. Notably Ug99 has virulence against "Sr31", which was effective against all previous stem rust races. Recently, a new stem rust resistance gene "Sr59" from "Secale cereale" was introgressed into wheat, which provides an additional asset for wheat improvement to mitigate yield losses caused by stem rust (Rahmatov et al., 2016) Singh et al.,


title: "Stem rust" content: [2011] provide a list of known Sr genes and their effectiveness against Ug99. The fungal ancestors of stem rust have infected grasses for millions of years and wheat crops for as long as they have been grown. According to Jim Peterson, professor of wheat breeding and genetics at Oregon State University, "Stem rust destroyed more than 20% of U.S. wheat crops several times between 1917 and 1935, and losses reached 9% twice in the 1950s," with the last U.S. outbreak in 1962 destroying 5.2% of the crop. While Ug99 wasn't discovered until 1999, stem rust has been an ongoing problem


title: "Stem rust" content: dating back to Aristotle's time (384-322 B.C). An early ancient practice by the Romans was one where they would sacrifice red animals such as foxes, dogs, and cows to Robigus ("fem." Robigo), the rust god. They would perform this ritual in the spring during a festival known as the Robigalia in hopes of the wheat crop being spared from the destruction caused by the rust. Weather records from that time have been observed and it has been speculated that the fall of the Roman Empire was due to a string of rainy seasons in which the rust would have been


title: "Stem rust" content: more harsh, resulting in reduced wheat harvests. Laws banning barberry were established in 1660 in Rouen, France. This was due to the fact that European farmers noticed a correlation between barberry and stem rust epidemics in wheat. The law banned the planting of barberry near wheat fields and was the first of its kind before the parasitic nature of stem rust was discovered in the 1700s. Two Italian scientists, Fontana and Tozzetti, first explained the stem rust fungus in wheat in 1767. Italian scientist Giuseppe Maria Giovene (1753-1837), in his work "Lettera al dottor Cosimo Moschettini sulla ruggine", also thoroughly


title: "Stem rust" content: studied the stem rust. Thirty years later it received its name, "Puccinia graminis", by Persoon, and in 1854 brothers Louis René and Charles Tulasne discovered the characteristic five-spore stage that is known to some stem rust species. The brothers were also able to make a connection between the red (urediniospore) and black (teliospore) spores as different stages within the same organism, but the rest of the stages remained unknown. Anton de Bary later conducted experiments to observe the beliefs of the European farmers regarding the relationship between the rust and barberry plants, and after successful attempts to connect the basidiospores


title: "Stem rust" content: of the basidia stage to barberry, he also identified that the aeciospores in the aecia stage reinfect the wheat host. Upon de Bary's discovery of all five spore stages and their need for barberry as a host, John Craigie, a Canadian pathologist, identified the function of the spermogonium in 1927. Due to the useful nature of both barberry and wheat plants, they were eventually brought to North America by European colonists. Barberry was used for many things like making wine and jams from the berries to tool handles from the wood. Ultimately, as they did in Europe, the colonists began


title: "Stem rust" content: to notice a relationship between barberry and stem rust epidemics in wheat. Laws were enacted in many New England colonies, but as the farmers moved west, the problem with the stem rust moved with them and began to spread to many areas, creating a devastating epidemic in 1916. It wasn't until two years later in 1918 that the United States created a program to remove barberry. The program was one that was supported by state and federal entities and was prompted by the looming fear of food supplies during the war. The "war against barberries" was waged and called upon


title: "Stem rust" content: the help of citizens through radio and newspaper advertisements, pamphlets, and fair booths asking for help from all in the attempt to rid the barberry bushes of their existence. Later, in 1975-1980, the program was reestablished under state jurisdiction. Once this happened, a federal quarantine was established against the sale of stem rust susceptible barberry in those states that were part of the program. A barberry testing program was created to ensure that only the species of barberry and other variations of plants that are immune to stem rust will be grown in the quarantine area. Stem rust The stem,


title: "Charles H. Roan" content: in two previous battles — New Guinea and Cape Gloucester — and had seen 15 months of overseas duty. In addition to the Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart, he also held the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three battle stars. Memorial services for PFC Roan took place in the Methodist Church in Claude on April 8, 1945. The President of the United States takes pride in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR posthumously to PRIVATE FIRST CLASS CHARLES H. ROAN UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE for service as set forth in the following CITATION: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at


title: "National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)" content: National Centre for the Performing Arts (China) The National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA) (; literally: National Grand Theatre), and colloquially described as "The Giant Egg" (巨蛋), is an arts centre containing an opera house in Beijing, People's Republic of China. The Centre, an ellipsoid dome of titanium and glass surrounded by an artificial lake, seats 5,452 people in three halls and is almost 12,000 m² in size. It was designed by French architect Paul Andreu. Construction started in December 2001 and the inaugural concert was held in December 2007. The exterior of the theater is a titanium-accented glass


title: "National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)" content: dome that is completely surrounded by a man-made lake. It is said to look like an egg floating on water, or a water drop. It was designed as an iconic feature, something that would be immediately recognizable. The dome measures 212 meters in east–west direction, 144 meters in north–south direction, and is 46 meters high. The main entrance is at the north side. Guests arrive in the building after walking through a hallway that goes underneath the lake. The titanium shell is broken by a glass curtain in north–south direction that gradually widens from top to bottom. The location, immediately


title: "National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)" content: to the west of Tiananmen Square and the Great Hall of the People, and near the Forbidden City, combined with the theatre's futuristic design, created considerable controversy. Paul Andreu countered that although there is indeed value in ancient traditional Chinese architecture, Beijing must also include modern architecture, as the capital of the country and an international city of great importance. His design, with large open space, water, trees, was specially designed to complement the red walls of ancient buildings and the Great Hall of the People, in order to melt into the surroundings as opposed to standing out against them.


title: "National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)" content: Internally, there are three major performance halls: The NCPA also distributes filmed and recorded performances of its concerts, plays and operas through the in-house label NCPA Classics, established in 2016. The initial planned cost of the theatre was 2.688 billion yuan. When the construction had completed, the total cost rose to more than CNY3.2 billion. The major cause of the cost increase was a delay for reevaluation and subsequent minor changes as a precaution after a Paris airport terminal building collapsed. The cost has been a major source of controversy because many believed that it is nearly impossible to recover


title: "National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)" content: the investment. When the cost is averaged out, each seat is worth about half a million CNY. The Chinese government answered that the theater is not a for profit venture. The government sanctioned study completed in 2004 by the Research Academy of Economic & Social Development of the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, of the upkeep costs of the building were publicized in domestic Chinese media: The water and electricity bills and the cleaning cost for the external surface would be at least tens of millions CNY, and with another maintenance cost, the total could easily exceed one billion


title: "National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)" content: CNY. Therefore, at least 80 percent of the annual operational costs must be subsidized by the government for at least the first three years after the opening, and for the rest of its operational life, at least 60 percent of the annual operational cost must be subsidized by the government. The director of the art committee of the National Centre for the Performing Arts and the standing committee member of the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Mr Wu Zuqiang (吴祖强) and the publicist / deputy director of the National Centre for the Performing Arts Mr Deng


title: "National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)" content: (邓一江) have announced that 70 percent of the tickets would be sold at low price for ordinary citizens, while 10% of the tickets would be sold at relatively expensive prices for separate market segments, and the 60% of annual operating cost needed to be subsidized by the government would be divided between the central government and the Beijing municipal government. National Centre for the Performing Arts (China) The National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA) (; literally: National Grand Theatre), and colloquially described as "The Giant Egg" (巨蛋), is an arts centre containing an opera house in Beijing, People's Republic


title: "Estadio Jesús Bermúdez" content: skull”, killing him instantly. Estadio Jesús Bermúdez The Estadio Jesús Bermúdez is a multi-purpose stadium in Oruro, Bolivia. It is currently used mostly for football matches and also sometimes for athletics. The stadium has a capacity of 33,795 people. On February 20, 2013, a 14-year-old San José club fan was killed during a Copa Libertadores match against Corinthians at the Estadio Jesús Bermúdez after being hit by a flare thrown into the home fans allegedly from the Corinthians section. According to the Association Press it has been ascertained that he died after a plastic tubular flare landed directly in his


title: "Palau Nacional" content: Palau Nacional The (Catalan for ‘National Palace’) was the main site of the 1929 International Exhibition on the hill of Montjuïc in Barcelona. It was designed by Eugenio Cendoya and Enric Catà under the supervision of Pere Domènech i Roura. Since 1934 it has been home to the National Art Museum of Catalonia. With a ground surface of 32,000 m², the Spanish Renaissance-inspired building has a rectangular floor plan flanked by two side and one rear square sections, with an elliptical dome in the centre. The fountains by the staircases leading to the palace are the work of Carles Buïgas.


title: "Palau Nacional" content: Between 1996 and 2004, the palace was extended to accommodate the National Art Museum's entire collection of over 5,000 artworks. Ahead of the 1929 International Exhibition, Barcelona had already commenced urbanizing parts of Montjuïc. From the second half of the 19th century, projects were presented regarding the installation of public facilities in the area. Up until this time, Montjuïc had only been used for its resources: pockets of private properties and numerous quarries. The lack of roadways made it area difficult to access, however. A project by Ildefons Cerdà and another by Josep Amargós in 1894 proposed to convert the


title: "Palau Nacional" content: mountain into a residential area. A similar later plan was Léon Jaussely's 1905 Pla d'Enllaços. Another idea for the celebration of the exhibition in Montjuïc was proposed in 1909 when Manuel Vega i March suggested that the culminating point of the development should be ‘a great Temple of Art, a summary and compendium of our most prodigious knowledge’. Finally, in 1913, it was decided that Montjuïc would be the definite location for the Exhibition of Electric Industries ("Exposició d’Indústries Electriques"), promoted by the industry and the city council of Barcelona. The initial plan proposed by architect Josep Puig i Cadafalch


title: "Palau Nacional" content: in 1915 was basic in design, depicting a large central avenue crowned by a rectangular palace with a great dome, the top of which had a statue of a winged Victory surrounded by eight towers. In 1920, the same architect designed a detailed project named ' (Palace of Ancient Art), which later became known as ' (Palace of the Nations). In order to construct the dome, a system was conceived to include a combination of a concrete and geodesic dome structure. The construction of this design began in 1923. However, in September of the same year, the arrival general Miguel


title: "Palau Nacional" content: Primo de Rivera to power brought on the dismissal of Puig i Cadafalch from his position as president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia and his subsequent distancing from the Exhibition project. The distancing of Puig i Cadafalch from the project was not only for political reasons, but financial ones as well. In a document titled "Advancement of the Budget of the Exhibition", the budget valued the Palace at 8,080,000 pesetas. Another reason for the new organizational committee to avoid Puig i Cadafalch’s continuation was the transfer of the contract from the construction company ' to another company ', contradicting the


title: "Palau Nacional" content: statement of conditions previously agreed. As a result, the new committee decided to suspend the construction works of the palace. On the 18th of July 1924 the engineer Marià Rubió i Bellver, member of the organization and lawyer of J.M. Almirall Carbó, launched a competition of projects. The participation was open to all Spanish architects, who could present an individual project or one together with the proposal of a construction company. It was the latter option that gave way to the final winner. Ten projects in total were presented. That of José María Martín was rejected, as it was considered


title: "Palau Nacional" content: outside of the scope of the project. The nine successful entries were made public in January 1925: The winning proposal was that of Eugenio Cendoya and Enric Catà, with honorable mentions given to Salvador Soteras and Santomà i Romaní. The president of the presiding jury was the then-mayor of Barcelona, Darius Rumeu i Freixa. The winning project also included the collaboration of the constructor Antoni Montseny, and in some publications, the name Pere Domènech i Roura appears, who was already the general manager of construction of the Exhibition. During 1925 the competition, winners made the implementation plan of their project.


title: "Palau Nacional" content: One of the most important factors was the guarantee of development of the work in a given timeframe. A mechanism to bring the construction time forward was found in the rationalization of architectonic elements; searching for repetition that would serve to save time during the building process. Three materials served to be most important during the construction; concrete, artificial stone and iron. According to the architects themselves, the artificial stone, manufactured on-site, is T-shaped in order to provide a good grip on the wall structures between which they are applied. A norm was presented by which all walls and framework


title: "Palau Nacional" content: were to be realized in concrete and the lost formwork in artificial stone, incorporating the visible decoration. The flat roofs were constructed using a system of reinforced concrete and coffering, which formed the final decoration. As a result, the interior comprises iron housing, filled with concrete to one side, and the other treated with decorative plaster work. For the lobby, stairs and basement, the so-called ‘Catalan Vault’ was used, consisting of flat-laid brick work. Amongst the pieces of artificial stone made on-site are sixteen columns supporting the dome, each of one meter in diameter and ten in height, and hollow


title: "Palau Nacional" content: in structure. Each column is made from a singular piece of artificial stone. The structure of the Great Hall measures 46 x 74 meters with a height of 70 meters. On the 30th of June 1926 the first stone of the construction was placed, an occasion marked by diverse authorities including the president of the executive committee of the Exhibition, Mariano de Foronda, the mayor of Barcelona Darius Rumeu i Freixa, and the director of construction Pere Domènech i Roura. The design of the National Palace is a unified style of Spanish Renaissance architecture with an air of academic classicism.


title: "Palau Nacional" content: It is the result of different functional forms and construction procedures, resolved by a technical language attributed to the . The construction of the Palace consists of the combination of traditional systems based on symmetry, as clearly outlined in its composition and, that of the building procedure dominated by more modern techniques and materials such as the use of concrete. The building has two floors: one base or ground floor and another main floor which holds double pilasters, marking the great blind wall panels. At the north-eastern part of the structure lies a subterranean space, which at the moment of


title: "Palau Nacional" content: construction was destined for the installation of kitchens. There was also a set of rooms constructed: the Throne Room, rooms for the King and Queen and, to the front of the building, the museum section. To the back of the building an area for events was created, with a small tea room or restaurant, located in the body of space which stands behind the Great Hall. The façade consists of a central body flanked by two smaller side ones. The center topped by a large dome reminiscent of that of St. Paul’s in London or that of St. Peter’s Basilica


title: "Palau Nacional" content: in the Vatican, with two smaller domes on each side. At the four angles corresponding to those of the Great Hall stand four towers that resemble those of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostella or the Giralda of Seville. The architectural project not only included architectural decoration such as columns, pediments and moldings but also considered such interior decoration as murals and sculptures. The ornamentation of the interior spaces depended on the organizational committee who resulted in giving the amount of 1,200,000 pesetas towards its realization. Responsible for the project management was Louis Plenduira, curator of the Fine Arts Exhibition.


title: "Palau Nacional" content: The work commenced in winter of 1928, leaving the artists three months to carry out their pieces. The style of the art work produced belongs to that of which prevailed in Catalonia at the time namely the noucentisme style, which is found especially in the decoration of the main dome and the domes under the Throne Room, the Great Hall and the Tea Room. The neo-Renaissance architecture contrasts with its 20th-century decoration by sculptors Enric Casanoves, Josep Dunyach, Federic Marès and Josep Llimona, and painters Francesc d'Ássís Galí, Josep de Togores, Manuel Humbert, Josep Obiols i Palau, Joan Colom i


title: "Palau Nacional" content: Augustí and Francesc Labarta. Beyond the lobby is the Great Hall ('), or Oval Room ('). Due to its large dimensions, it was conceived as a space for the hosting of great events; from the official ceremony to the inauguration of the Exhibition, as well as concerts, balls, galas and conferences. The hall is 2,300 m² and has standing room for 1,300 people. The Oval Room hosted the opening ceremony of the Exhibition, presided by Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenie. The Great Hall is covered by an oval shaped coffered vault, with large columns dominating the decoration. The column’s


title: "Palau Nacional" content: shafts are adorned with a Renaissance grotesque decoration. The decoration is simple, consisting of ornamental borders and basic vegetation motifs, which line both the arches and the coves of the vault. Another design element of the Salon is he fifty-six small heraldic shields which occupy the space between the arches and represent the fifty Spanish provinces which existed in 1929. The six remaining shields depict musical instruments and are located in the part of the Salon where the organ is found. For the Universal Exhibition of 1888 in Barcelona two electric organs were installed in the Salon of the Queen


title: "Palau Nacional" content: of Regent of the Palace of the Fine Arts ("Palau de les Belles Arts"); this initiative being faithful to the tradition undertaken in other Exhibitions such as that of Glasgow in 1901, of Saint Louis in 1904 and that of San Diego in 1915. It was thus seen appropriate to continue this tradition and so install an organ for the new Exhibition in Barcelona. The organ was built in 1929 by E.F. Walcker & Cie. from Ludwigsburg (Germany). The mechanisms entirely electric and consisted of 154 music registers divided into five keyboards and a pedal keyboard of thirty-two notes, with


title: "Palau Nacional" content: more than two thousand organ pipes. It was inaugurated by Professor Alfred Sittard on the 6th of July 1929. The organ was restored and enlarged in 1955, wherein two thousand five hundred new pipes were added to the previous amount. With the expansion of the organ it now contains six keyboards and measures a total of eleven meters in height and 34 meters in width. The Throne Room ('), also known as the Conference or Proceedings Room ('), is that decorated with the most noble of materials. Each wall surface is treated with different coloured marbles, realized in the formation


title: "Palau Nacional" content: of geometric designs. Above the throne hangs a portrait of King Alfonso XIII. It is an oil painting which was commissioned for the occasion of the 1929 Exhibition and was realized by the Barcelona painter Richard Canals. The lateral walls of the room are decorated with allegorical paintings referencing the Exhibition of 1888 and realized by Francesc Labarta; others relate to the Exhibition of 1929 and were painted by Xavier Nogués. The painter Josep Obiols i Palau also contributed with a series of four frescos depicting the cardinal virtues: Fortitude, Temperance, Justice and Prudence, located in the four tympana of


title: "Palau Nacional" content: the arches in the Throne Room. For the decoration of the dome, Lluís Plandiura suggested that is should be entrusted to one of the best Catalan artists of the time. For this reason the central part of the dome (a surface area of about 300 m²) was realized by Francesc d'Assís Galí, who was contracted to represent ‘in a tremendous way, the grandeur of Spain, justified in a symbolic composition defined by four fields: Religion, Science, Fine Arts and Land’. The drum of the dome consists of eight panels representing ancient civilization paintings, realized by Josep Togores and Manual Humbert.


title: "Palau Nacional" content: The shells were painted by the aforementioned artists in the grisaille technique and depict four allegories relating to the former kingdoms of Leon, Castille, Navarre and the Crown of Aragon. Under the shells, four sculptures are located in niches representing to one side, "Law" and "Force" by sculptor Josep Dunyach; and to the other side, "Work" and "Religion", by sculptor Enric Casanovas. The 1929 International Exhibition was organised around three thematic areas: Industry, Sport and Art, the last of which led to a grand exhibition in the National Palace titled "el arte en España" (‘Art in Spain’). A ‘Regulation and


title: "Palau Nacional" content: Guarantee of the dedicated section of "Art in Spain" at the National Palace’ was developed, whereby the purpose of the collection was outlined: The organisers chose highlights of the history of art, particularly for their value and significance, soliciting the works from their owners as well as accepting proposals. They gathered in total some 5,000 works of diverse nature from museums, individuals, religious institutions, libraries and archives from different parts of Spain. In total the works are said to have had a value of some 800 million pesetas. The collection was organised in chronological order, from the epoch of Roman


title: "Palau Nacional" content: Spain to the period of Isabella II. Months later, a pre-historic section was added to the exhibition, which was located in the basement of the Palace. Amongst the pieces created exclusively for the collection were a number of commissioned dioramas which highlight the history of Spain, realised by the same artists that had participated in the decoration of the Palace. There were fifteen final themes in total, part of the twenty-seven initially planned for the exhibition: Architects Eugenio Cendoya, Enric Catà and Pere Domènech i Roura constructed Palau Nacional as a temporary building for the Exhibition of 1929. The speed


title: "Palau Nacional" content: of the construction and the modesty of the materials used meant that a restoration of the structure was called for in 1934, when it became the National Art Museum of Catalonia. It was the ground floor rooms which underwent the most important transformation. The architect Ramon Reventós was appointed in charge of the renovation, in which they removed excess interior decorations and smoothed the wall surfaces to prepare for the display of paintings. They also undertook the creation of an exterior water collection network to prevent moisture leaks and repaired the cracks which had become visible on some of the


title: "Palau Nacional" content: wall surfaces. The Palau Nacional has undergone many different interventions. A few years later the first-floor rooms were rendered unusable after damage to the roof during the Spanish Civil War. This damage was repaired during the restoration undertaken in the 1960s to prepare for the exhibition on Romanesque art, a project directed by the head of Museums of Art of Barcelona, Joan Ainaud de Lasarte. From the 1960s until the 1980s the Italian architect Gae Aulenti was contracted to rectify the problems that surfaced during the exhibition. As a large number of artworks has accumulated, it became critical to make


title: "Palau Nacional" content: use of the spacious interiors and high ceilings as exhibition spaces. In 1990, at the hands of Enric Steegman, renovation began. It took longer than expected, however, due to technical complications. As a result, the works were carried out in phases, and the museum collections were opened gradually. For the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, they could only reveal part of the museum besides the Great Hall, where the inauguration of the Games was held. In 2000 the final phase of the renovation began, which included the collaboration of architect Josep Benedito. In 2003 the newly complete temporary exhibitions space


title: "Palau Nacional" content: was inaugurated and finally in 2004 the work on the museum came to a close. Now with a total surface area of 51,600 m², this added a total of 15,300 meters squared to the original surface area of the building. The water fountain located to the front of the Palau Nacional also underwent a restoration process. The official opening ceremony, attended by King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sofia, took place on the 16th of December 2004. In 2009 work was again started on the Palau, this time under the direction of architects Enric Steegman and Joan Ardèvol, with the


title: "Palau Nacional" content: objective of restoring the exterior projections of the building, as well as the surrounding gardens, as explained by the administrator of the National Art Museum: Palau Nacional The (Catalan for ‘National Palace’) was the main site of the 1929 International Exhibition on the hill of Montjuïc in Barcelona. It was designed by Eugenio Cendoya and Enric Catà under the supervision of Pere Domènech i Roura. Since 1934 it has been home to the National Art Museum of Catalonia. With a ground surface of 32,000 m², the Spanish Renaissance-inspired building has a rectangular floor plan flanked by two side and one


title: "Clark Shaughnessy" content: linebacker Bill George as the defensive play-caller. Bears coach Abe Gibron likened George to having Shaughnessy himself on the field. Shaughnessy worked to counter the increasing use of the forward pass. He emphasized man-to-man coverage, dropped linebackers or defensive ends into pass coverage, and utilized blitzes from multiple directions—which had previously consisted mostly of just a middle linebacker. Former Chicago Bears head coach Heartley "Hunk" Anderson gave a highly critical account of his interactions with Shaughnessy in "Notre Dame, Chicago Bears, and Hunk Anderson". He described one incident, during a game against the Cleveland Browns, where Shaughnessy implored Anderson to


title: "Tales of the Jedi: Golden Age of the Sith" content: to retrieve the weapons on their ship. He hatches a plan to capture the prisoners for himself and use them to regain contact with the Republic. Together with his most loyal Massassi warriors, he frees the Daragons. But to keep his identity hidden from the other Sith Lords, he has to kill everyone in his path, including his old mentor Simus. He leaves a Republic blaster behind, to let others think it was an attack by the Republic. Gav and Jori are sent to his stronghold on Khar Shian and Sadow returns to Ziost where an urgent meeting is held


title: "Franchimont Castle" content: casemates and an artillery tower added. Today the castle is owned by the town of Theux and is open to the public. The artillery tower at the north-east corner contains a small exhibition and the ticket office. Franchimont Castle Franchimont Castle () is a medieval castle in the municipality of Theux, province of Liège, Belgium. It sits at the western end of a small hill overlooking the village of Franchimont. It is thought to have originally been built in the 11th century, as a stronghold of the Principality of Liège. The original building was extended several times during the Middle


title: "Balchik Palace" content: Balchik Palace The Balchik Palace (, "Dvorets v Balchik"; ) is a palace in the Bulgarian Black Sea town and resort of Balchik in Southern Dobruja. The official name of the palace was the Quiet Nest Palace. It was constructed between 1926 and 1937, during the Romanian control of the region, for the needs of Queen Marie of Romania. The palace complex consists of a number of residential villas, a smoking hall, a wine cellar, a power station, a monastery, a holy spring, a chapel and many other buildings, as well as most notably a park that is today a


title: "Balchik Palace" content: state-run botanical garden. Balchik Palace is above sea level. Marie of Romania, the wife of Ferdinand I of Romania, visited Balchik in 1921 and liked the location of the summer residence, ordering the vineyards, gardens and water mills of local citizens to be bought so a palace could be constructed at their place. Balkan and Oriental motifs were used in the construction of the palace that was carried out by Italian architects Augustino and Americo, while a florist was hired from Switzerland to arrange the park. The main building's extravagant minaret coexists with a Christian chapel, perfectly illustrating the queen's


title: "Balchik Palace" content: Bahá'í beliefs. Today many of the former royal villas and other buildings of the complex are reorganized inside and used to accommodate tourists. Some of the older Bulgarian water mills have also been preserved and reconstructed as restaurants or tourist villas. In 1940, after the reincorporation of Southern Dobruja in Bulgaria with the Treaty of Craiova, the Balchik Botanical Garden was established at the place of the palace's park. It has an area of and accommodates 2000 plant species belonging to 85 families and 200 genera. One of the garden's main attractions is the collection of large-sized cactus species arranged


title: "Balchik Palace" content: outdoors on , the second of its kind in Europe after the one in Monaco. Other notable species include the Metasequoia, the Para rubber tree and the Ginkgo. Francis Ford Coppola spent 11 days at the palace shooting scenes of Youth Without Youth. Balchik Palace The Balchik Palace (, "Dvorets v Balchik"; ) is a palace in the Bulgarian Black Sea town and resort of Balchik in Southern Dobruja. The official name of the palace was the Quiet Nest Palace. It was constructed between 1926 and 1937, during the Romanian control of the region, for the needs of Queen Marie


title: "2004 Slough Borough Council election" content: Labour or Conservative. It was a coalition of a number of parties and independents. These included a Councillor or Councillors elected in particular wards; Liberal Democrat (Foxborough ward), Liberal (Haymill ward), Independent Britwellian Residents (Britwell ward) and Independent (Wexham Lea ward). The existing members of the Group had an electoral pact for the 2004 election, which also extended to the Independent Farnham Residents candidates in Farnham ward and the Independent Langley Residents candidates in Langley St Mary's ward. In 2003-2004, the composition of the 41 member council was:- In the 2004 election 105 candidates were nominated for the 41 seats


title: "Feng Mengbo" content: Feng Mengbo Feng Mengbo (冯梦波, Féng Mèngbō, born 1966) is a contemporary Chinese artist who works mainly in new media. Born in 1966 in province, in 1992, he graduated from Central Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing. He now lives and works in Beijing. He graduated from Central Academy of Fine Arts, Beijing. His interactive installation My Private Album was shown in Documenta X in 1997, and video game mod installation Q4U (produced by The Renaissance Society, based on Quake III Arena) was shown in Documenta 11 in 2002. Ah_Q is a dancing-pad version of Q4U won the Award of Distinction


title: "Charlie Ve'hetzi" content: American millionaire somewhat against her will. Charlie Ve'hetzi Charlie Ve'hetzi (a.k.a. - Charlie and a Half; Hebrew צ'ארלי וחצי) is a 1974 Israeli comedy. The movie was directed by Boaz Davidson and stars Israeli comedians Yehuda Barkan and Ze'ev Revach. Charlie gets by through fleecing suckers with a three-card Monte. He passes himself off as a rich businessman. Miko is a street kid who spends his time with Charlie instead of going to school. His sister tries to raise him on her own, unsuccessfully. The plot follows Charlie's attempt to conquer the heart of Gila, a rich girl whose parents


title: "Sorority Babes in the Slimeball Bowl-O-Rama" content: the creature killing people. Meanwhile, after Babs kills Lisa with a paddle, she is burned to death with a Molotov cocktail tossed by Calvin. After Spider and Calvin find the janitor dead, they are chased by Jackie with an axe. Spider gains the upper hand and decapitates her, and the severed head knocks the doors open. While Calvin starts up a car and is attacked by Rhonda from the backseat, Spider successfully traps Uncle Impie in a box. Calvin's struggles to control the car, and ends up crashing upside down; Calvin apparently survives this and Rhonda is killed from the