title: "Magnolia warbler" content: distinguish the males from other similar birds, like the prairie warbler and Kirtland's warbler (which, however, have a breeding range to the south and east of the magnolia warbler's). The magnolia warbler is found in the northern parts of some Midwestern states and the very northeastern parts of the US, with states such as Minnesota and Wisconsin comprising its southernmost boundaries. However, it is mostly found across the northern parts of Canada, such as in Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. During the winter, the warbler migrates through the eastern half of the United States to southern Mexico and Central America.


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: The warbler breeds in dense forests, where it will most likely be found among the branches of young, densely packed, coniferous trees. The magnolia warbler migrates to the warmer south in the winter, wintering in southeastern Mexico, Panama, and parts of the Caribbean. In migration it passes through the eastern part of the United States as far west as Oklahoma and Kansas. During migration season, the magnolia warbler can be found in various types of woodlands. The magnolia warbler undergoes multiple molts during its lifetime. The first molts begin while the young offspring are still living in the nest, while


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: the rest take place on or near their breeding grounds. The warblers molt, breed, care for their offspring, and then migrate. Chicks hatch after a two-week incubation period, and can fledge from the nest after close to another two weeks when their feathers are more developed. After about a month, the chicks can leave the nest to begin living (and later breeding) on their own since they are solitary birds. Magnolia warblers typically live up to seven years. This warbler usually eats any type of arthropod, but their main delicacies are caterpillars. The warbler also feeds on different types of


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: beetles, butterflies, spiders, and fruit during their breeding season, while they increase their intake of both fruit and nectar during the winter. These birds also tend to eat parts of the branches of mid-height coniferous trees, such as spruce firs, in their usual breeding habitat. Researchers have observed two different types of songs in male magnolia warblers. Their songs have been referred to as the First Category song and the Second Category song. Females have not been observed to have a distinct song yet as the males have; while they do sing, they don’t have separate songs for different situations.


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: In general, the male warblers use their songs during the spring migration season and during the breeding season: one is used for courtship and the other is used to mark their territory each day. Both males and females have call notes that they use for various alerts: the females have short call notes to signal when a human observer is watching them, and the males have short call notes to signal when any sort of threatening predators are close to their offspring. Male magnolia warblers go to their breeding grounds about two weeks before the females arrive. After the females


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: come to the breeding grounds, both the males and females cooperate to build the nest for a week. Because of the difficulty of locating their nests among the forest’s dense undergrowth, it is hard to know whether the warblers re-use their original nests each breeding season, or whether they abandon them for new ones. The nests are built in their tree of choice – different types of fir trees, such as "Abies balsamea" (balsam fir) and "Picea glauca" (spruce fir). The nest is made up of grass, twigs, and horsehair fungus, and they are relatively small, shallow, circular-shaped nests, barely


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: exceeding 10 cm on all sides. The nests are usually found close to the ground, commonly in the lowest three meters of the firs. Female magnolia warblers usually lay three to five eggs during each breeding season. The female will not incubate her eggs until all of them are laid. The female sits on the eggs for about two weeks before the eggs hatch. The female is also the one that warms the newborn chicks by brooding, or sitting, on the nest; she is also the one who feeds the newborn chicks most frequently, though the males also engage in


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: feeding the offspring at times. Because the males are technically as equally responsible for feeding the newborns as the females are, this means that the males are monogamous because they expend a large amount of energy looking for food for their young. In order to keep the nest clean, females eat the fecal sacs of their newborns; as the chicks grow older, both parents simply remove the sacs from the nest. The baby warblers are ready to fly out of the nest by the time they are ten days old. The magnolia warbler is assessed on the IUCN Red List


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: as least concern for conservation because it is fairly widespread and common within its habitat and not at risk of extinction. Research has shown that a good percentage of warblers die from flying into television towers in their migratory path. Also, parts of their habitat have been degraded as coniferous forests are cleared which causes the number of warblers living in a habitat to decrease, but they certainly are not greatly affected by the deforestation. While the deforestation does decrease the warbler population in the specific area that it occurs in, the species is not significantly impacted overall due to


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: the general abundance of the species throughout the region. John James Audubon illustrated the magnolia warbler in "The Birds of America", Second Edition (published, London 1827–38) as Plate 123 under the title, "Black & Yellow Warbler – "Sylvia maculosa"" where a pair of birds (male and female) are shown searching flowering raspberry for insects. The image was engraved and colored by Robert Havell's London workshops. The original watercolor by Audubon was purchased by the New York History Society. Magnolia warbler The magnolia warbler ("Setophaga magnolia") is a member of the wood warbler family Parulidae. The genus name "Setophaga" is from


title: "American yellow warbler" content: American yellow warbler The yellow warbler ("Setophaga petechia", formerly "Dendroica petechia") is a New World warbler species. Warblers are the most widespread species in the diverse genus "Setophaga", breeding in almost the whole of North America and down to northern South America. The genus name "Setophaga" is from Ancient Greek "ses", "moth", and "", "eating", and the specific "petechia" is from Italian "petecchia", a small red spot on the skin. The American yellow warbler is sometimes colloquially called the "summer yellowbird". Other than in male breeding plumage and body size, all warbler subspecies are very similar. Winter, female and immature


title: "American yellow warbler" content: birds all have similarly greenish-yellow uppersides and are a duller yellow below. Young males soon acquire breast and, where appropriate, head coloration. Females are somewhat duller, most notably on the head. In all, the remiges and rectrices are blackish olive with yellow edges, sometimes appearing as an indistinct wing-band on the former. The eyes and the short thin beak are dark, while the feet are lighter or darker olive-buff. The 35 subspecies of "D. petechia" can be divided into three main groups according to the males' head color in the breeding season. Each of these groups is sometimes considered a


title: "American yellow warbler" content: separate species, or the "aestiva" group (yellow warbler) is considered a species different from "D. petechia" (mangrove warbler, including golden warbler); the latter option is the one currently accepted by the International Ornithological Congress "World Bird List". Depending on subspecies, the American yellow warbler may be between long, with a wingspan from . They weigh , varying between subspecies and whether on migration or not, globally averaging about but only in most breeding adults of the United States populations. Among standard measurements throughout the subspecies, the wing chord is , the tail is , the bill is and the tarsus


title: "American yellow warbler" content: is . The summer males of this species are generally the yellowest warblers wherever they occur. They are brilliant yellow below and greenish-golden above. There are usually a few wide, somewhat washed-out rusty-red streaks on the breast and flanks. These markings are the reason for the scientific name "petechia", which roughly translates to "liver spotted". The subspecies in this group mostly vary in brightness and size according to Bergmann's and Gloger's Rule. The golden warbler ("petechia" group; 17 subspecies) is generally resident in the mangrove swamps of the West Indies. Local seasonal migrations may occur. On the Cayman Islands for


title: "American yellow warbler" content: example, "D. p. eoa" was found to be "decidedly scarce" on Grand Cayman and apparently absent from Cayman Brac in November 1979, while it had been a "very common" breeder in the group some 10 years before, and not frequently seen in the winters of 1972/1973; apparently, the birds disperse elsewhere outside the breeding season. The Cuban golden warbler ("D. p. gundlachi") barely reached the Florida Keys where it was first noted in 1941, and by the mid-20th century a breeding population was resident. Though individual birds may stray farther north, their distribution is restricted by the absence of mangrove


title: "American yellow warbler" content: habitat. They are generally smallish, usually weighing about or less and sometimes as little as . The summer males differs from those of the yellow warbler in that they have a rufous crown, hood or mask. The races in this group vary in the extent and hue of the head patch. The mangrove warbler ("erithachorides" group; 12 subspecies) tends to be larger than other yellow warbler subspecies groups, averaging in length and in weight. It is resident in the mangrove swamps of coastal Middle America and northern South America; "D. p. aureola" is found on the oceanic Galápagos Islands. The


title: "American yellow warbler" content: summer males differ from those of the yellow warbler in having a rufous hood or crown. The races in this group vary in the extent and hue of the hood, overlapping extensively with the golden warbler group in this character. The American yellow warbler ("aestiva" group; 6 subspecies) breeds in the whole of temperate North America as far south as central Mexico in open, often wet, woods or shrub. It is migratory, wintering in Central and South America. They are very rare vagrants to western Europe. The song is a musical strophe that can be rendered "sweet sweet sweet, I'm


title: "American yellow warbler" content: so sweet", although it varies considerably between populations. The call is a soft or harder "chip" or "ship". This is particularly frequently given by females after a male has finished his song. In territorial defence, they give hissing calls, while "seet" seems to be a kind of specialized cowbird alert (see below). Other calls are given in communication between pair-members, neighbors, or by young begging for food. These birds also communicate with postures and perhaps with touch. American yellow warblers breed in most of North America from the tundra southwards, except for the far Southwest and the Gulf of Mexico


title: "American yellow warbler" content: coast. American yellow warblers winter to the south of their breeding range, from southern California to the Amazon region, Bolivia and Peru. The mangrove and golden warblers occur to the south of it, to the northern reaches of the Andes. American yellow warblers arrive in their breeding range in late spring – generally about April/May – and move to winter quarters again starting as early as July, as soon as the young are fledged. Most, however, stay a bit longer; by the end of August, the bulk of the northern populations has moved south, though some may linger almost until


title: "American yellow warbler" content: fall. At least in northern Ohio, yellow warblers do not linger, leaving as they did 100 years ago. The breeding habitat of American yellow warblers is typically riparian or otherwise moist land with ample growth of small trees, in particular willows ("Salix"). The other groups, as well as wintering birds, chiefly inhabit mangrove swamps and similar dense woody growth. Less preferred habitat are shrubland, farmlands and forest edges. In particular American yellow warblers will come to suburban or less densely settled areas, orchards and parks, and may well breed there. Outside the breeding season, these warblers are usually encountered in


title: "American yellow warbler" content: small groups, but while breeding they are fiercely territorial and will try to chase away any conspecific intruder that comes along. These birds feed mainly on arthropods, in particular insects. They acquire prey by gleaning in shrubs and on tree branches, and by hawking prey that tries to fly away. Other invertebrates and some berries and similar small juicy fruits are also eaten, the latter especially by American yellow warblers in their winter quarters. The yellow warbler is one of several insectivorous bird species that reduce the number of coffee berry borer beetles in Costa Rica coffee plantations by 50%.


title: "American yellow warbler" content: Caterpillars are the staple food for nestlings, with some – e.g. those of geometer moths (Geometridae) – preferred over others. The predators of yellow and mangrove warblers are those – snakes, foxes, birds of prey, and many others – typical of such smallish tree-nesting passerines. The odds of an adult American yellow warbler to survive from one year to the next are on average 50%; in the southern populations, by contrast, about two-thirds of the adults survive each year. Conversely, less than one American yellow warbler nest in three on average suffers from predation in one way or another, while


title: "American yellow warbler" content: two out of three mangrove and golden warbler nests are affected. Snakes, including the blue racer ("Coluber constrictor foxii") and common garter snake ("Thamnophis sirtalis"), are significant nest predators, taking nestlings and fledglings as well as sick or distracted adults. Likewise corvids such as the American crow ("Corvus brachyrhynchos") and blue jay ("Cyanocitta cristata"), and large climbing rodents, notably the American red squirrel ("Tamiasciurus hudsonicus"). Carnivores, in particular members of the Musteloidea, including the striped skunk ("Mephitis mephitis"), long-tailed weasel ("Mustela frenata") and common raccoon ("Procyon lotor"); the red fox ("Vulpes vulpes"); and domestic or feral cats, are similarly opportunistic


title: "American yellow warbler" content: predators. All these pose little threat to the nimble, non-nesting adults, which are taken by certain smallish and agile birds such as the American kestrel ("Falco sparverius") and Cooper's hawk ("Accipiter cooperii"), and the sharp-shinned hawk ("A. striatus"). Other avian predators of adults have included peregrine falcons ("Falco peregrinus") and merlins ("Falco columbarius"). Owls such as great horned owls ("Bubo virginianus") and eastern screech owls ("Megascops asio") have been known to assault yellow warblers of all ages during night. These New World warblers seem to mob predators only rarely. An exception are cowbirds, which are significant brood parasites. The yellow


title: "American yellow warbler" content: warbler is a regular host of the brown-headed cowbird ("Molothrus ater"), with about 40% of all nests suffering attempted or successful parasitism. By contrast, the tropical populations are less frequent hosts to the shiny cowbird ("M. bonariensis"), with only 10% of nests affected. This may be due to the slightly larger size of shiny cowbirds, which are less likely to survive being feed by the much smaller warbler, compared to brown-headed cowbirds. The yellow warbler is one of the few passerine proven to be able to recognize the presence of cowbird eggs in its nest. Upon recognizing one the warbler


title: "American yellow warbler" content: will often smother it with a new layer of nesting material. It will usually not try to save any of its own eggs that have already been laid, but produce a replacement clutch. Sometimes, the parents desert a parasitized nest altogether and build a new one. Unlike some cuckoos, cowbird nestlings will not actively kill the nestlings of the host bird; mixed broods of "Setophaga" and "Molothrus" may fledge successfully. However, success of fledging in yellow warbler nests is usually decreased by the parasitism of cowbirds due to the pressures of raising a much larger bird. Other than predation, causes


title: "American yellow warbler" content: of mortality are not well known. The maximum recorded ages of wild yellow warblers are around 10 years. A wintering American yellow warbler examined near Turbo, Colombia was not infected with blood parasites, unlike other species in the study. It is unclear whether this significant, but wintering birds in that region generally lacked such parasites. As usual for members of the "Parulidae", yellow warblers nest in trees, building a small but very sturdy cup nest. Females and males rear the young about equally, but emphasize different tasks: females are more involved with building and maintaining the nest, and incubating and


title: "American yellow warbler" content: brooding the offspring. Males are more involved in guarding the nest site and procuring food, bringing it to the nest and passing it to the waiting mother, which does most of the actual feeding. As the young approach fledging, the male's workload becomes proportionally higher. The American yellow and mangrove (including golden) warblers differ in some other reproductive parameters. While the former is somewhat more of an r-strategist, the actual differences are complex and adapted to different environmental conditions. The yellow warbler starts breeding in May/June, while the mangrove warbler breeds all year round. American yellow warblers have been known


title: "American yellow warbler" content: to raise a brood of young in as little as 45 days, with 75 the norm. Tropical populations, by contrast, need more than 100 days per breeding. Males court the females with songs, singing 3,200 or more per day. They are, like most songbirds, generally serially monogamous; some 10% of mangrove warbler and about half as many American yellow warbler males are bigamous. Very few if any American yellow warblers breed more than once per year, with just 5% of female mangrove warblers doing so. If a breeding attempt fails, either parent will usually try to raise a second brood.


title: "American yellow warbler" content: The clutch of the American yellow warbler is 3–6 (typically 4–5, rarely 1–2) eggs. Incubation usually takes 11 days, sometimes up to 14. The nestlings weigh on average, are brooded for an average 8–9 days after hatching, and leave the nest the following day or the one thereafter. The mangrove warbler, on the other hand, has only 3 eggs per clutch on average and incubates some 2 days longer. Its average post-hatching brooding time is 11 days. Almost half of the parents (moreso in the mangrove warbler than the American yellow warbler) attend the fledglings for two weeks or more


title: "American yellow warbler" content: after these leave the nest. Sometimes the adults separate early, each accompanied by one to three of the young. Some 3–4 weeks after hatching, the young are fully independent of their parents. They become sexually mature at one year of age, and attempt to breed right away. Some 55% of all American yellow warbler nestings are successful in raising at least one young. In contrast, only 25% of mangrove warbler nests successfully fledge any offspring, with accidents and predation frequently causing total loss of the clutch. Yellow warblers, in particular the young, devour many pest insects during the breeding season.


title: "American yellow warbler" content: The plumage and song of the breeding males have been described as "lovely" and "musical", encouraging ecotourism. No significant negative effects of American yellow and mangrove warblers on humans have been recorded. Being generally common and occurring over a wide range, the yellow warbler is not considered a threatened species by the IUCN. Some local decline in numbers has been found in areas, mainly due to habitat destruction and pollution. The chief causes are land clearance, the agricultural overuse of and herbicide and pesticide, and sometimes overgrazing. However, stocks will usually rebound quickly if riparian habitat is allowed to recover,


title: "American yellow warbler" content: particularly among the prolific American yellow warbler. The North American populations are legally protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. The Barbados golden warbler ("D. p. petechia") has been listed as "endangered foreign wildlife" by the United States' Endangered Species Act (ESA) since 1970; other than for specially permitted scientific, educational or conservation purposes, importing it into the USA is illegal. The Californian yellow warbler ("D. p./a. brewsteri") and Sonoran yellow warbler ("D.p./a. sonorana") are listed as "species of concern" by the ESA. American yellow warbler The yellow warbler ("Setophaga petechia", formerly "Dendroica petechia") is a New World warbler species.


title: "Willow flycatcher" content: Willow flycatcher The willow flycatcher ("Empidonax traillii") is a small insect-eating, neotropical migrant bird of the tyrant flycatcher family. There are four subspecies of the willow flycatcher currently recognized, all of which breed in North America (including three subspecies that breed in California). "Empidonax" flycatchers are almost impossible to tell apart in the field so biologists use their songs to distinguish between them. The binomial commemorates the Scottish zoologist Thomas Stewart Traill. Adults have brown-olive upperparts, darker on the wings and tail, with whitish underparts; they have an indistinct white eye ring, white wing bars and a small bill. The


title: "Leontopodium nivale" content: Leontopodium nivale Leontopodium nivale, commonly called edelweiss (English pronunciation ), is a mountain flower belonging to the daisy or sunflower family Asteraceae. The plant prefers rocky limestone places at about altitude. It is non-toxic and has been used in traditional medicine as a remedy against abdominal and respiratory diseases. The dense hair appears to protect the plant from cold, aridity, and ultraviolet radiation. It is a scarce, short-lived flower found in remote mountain areas and has been used as a symbol for alpinism, for rugged beauty and purity associated with the Alps and Carpathians, and as a national symbol, especially


title: "Leontopodium nivale" content: of Romania, Austria, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Switzerland. According to folk tradition, giving this flower to a loved one is a promise of dedication. The flower's common name derives from the German word ""Edelweiß"", which is a compound of "edel" "noble" and "weiß" "white". In Romania it is known as "Floare de colț" which means "Cliffhanger's flower". In the Italian speaking Alps the flower is referred as "Stella Alpina", while in the French Alps as "Étoile des Alpes", both names meaning "Star of the Alps". "Edelweiß" was one of several regional names for the plant and entered wide usage during the


title: "Leontopodium nivale" content: first half of the 19th century, in the context of early Alpine tourism. Alternative names include "Chatzen-Talpen" ("cat's paws"), and the older "Wullbluomen" ("wool flower", attested in the 16th century). The scientific name is a latinisation of the Greek "leontopódion," "lion's paw". Since 1822, "Leontopodium" has no longer been considered part of the genus "Gnaphalium", but classified alongside it as a distinct genus within the tribe Gnaphalieae. In 2003, "Leontopodium alpinum" was re-classified as a subspecies of "Leontopodium nivale". Thus, the alpine edelweiss is currently recognized as being divided into two subspecies, "Leontopodium nivale" subsp. "alpinum" and "Leontopodium nivale" subsp.


title: "Leontopodium nivale" content: "nivale". The plant's leaves and flowers are covered with white hairs, and appear woolly (tomentose). Flowering stalks of edelweiss can grow to a size of in the wild, or, up to in cultivation. Each bloom consists of five to six small yellow clustered spikelet-florets () surrounded by fuzzy white "petals" (technically, bracts) in a double-star formation. The flowers bloom between July and September. "Leontopodium nivale" is considered a least concern species by the IUCN. The population of this species declined due to overcollection, but is now protected by laws, ex situ conservation and occurrence in national parks. "Leontopodium nivale" is


title: "Leontopodium nivale" content: grown in gardens for its interesting inflorescence and silver foliage. The plants are short lived and can be grown from seed. Compounds of different classes, such as terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, fatty acids and polyacetylenes are reported in various parts of edelweiss plants. Leoligin was reported as the major lignan constituent. In the 19th century, the edelweiss became a symbol of the rugged purity of the Alpine region and of its native inhabitants. In Berthold Auerbach's novel "Edelweiss" (1861), the difficulty for an alpinist to acquire an edelweiss flower was exaggerated to the point of claiming: "the possession of one is a


title: "Leontopodium nivale" content: proof of unusual daring." This idea at the time was becoming part of the popular mythology of early alpinism. Auerbach's novel appeared in English translation in 1869, prefaced with a quote attributed to Ralph Waldo Emerson: Leontopodium nivale Leontopodium nivale, commonly called edelweiss (English pronunciation ), is a mountain flower belonging to the daisy or sunflower family Asteraceae. The plant prefers rocky limestone places at about altitude. It is non-toxic and has been used in traditional medicine as a remedy against abdominal and respiratory diseases. The dense hair appears to protect the plant from cold, aridity, and ultraviolet radiation. It


title: "Greek–Turkish relations" content: refused to join). Both leaders recognising the need for peace resulted in more friendly relations, with Venizelos even nominating Atatürk for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1934. In 1941, Turkey was the first country to send humanitarian aid to Greece to relieve the great famine in Athens during the Axis occupation. Turkish president İsmet İnönü signed a decision to help the people whose army he had personally fought during the Turkish War of Independence 19 years earlier. Foodstuff was collected by a nationwide campaign of Kızılay (Turkish Red Crescent), and were sent to the port of İstanbul to be shipped


title: "H-1B visa" content: a B.S. degree. The U.S. government OES office's data indicates that 90% of H-1B IT wages were below the median U.S. wage and 62% in the 25th percentile for the same occupation. In 2002, the U.S. government began an investigation into Sun Microsystems' hiring practices after an ex-employee, Guy Santiglia, filed complaints with the U.S. Department of Justice and U.S. Department of Labor alleging that the Santa Clara firm discriminates against American citizens in favor of foreign workers on H-1B visas. Santiglia accused the company of bias against U.S. citizens when it laid off 3,900 workers in late 2001 and


title: "John Hawkwood" content: Thereafter Florence hired Hawkwood, the Landau brothers and their company for eight months, but the contract lasted much longer. By 1385, Hawkwood was over sixty years old, with land holdings in both Italy and England. Most of his duties under Florence were defensive, and he had not fought in a major battle for over a decade. However, in the winter of 1385–86, war broke out between Padua and Verona. The most important engagement in the war was the Battle of Castagnaro, which has been described as Hawkwood's "finest victory and one of the greatest feats of military prowess of the


title: "The Turk" content: Turk, Mälzel had to learn its secrets and make some repairs to get it back in working order. His stated goal was to make explaining the Turk a greater challenge. While the completion of this goal took ten years, the Turk still made appearances, most notably with Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1809, Napoleon I of France arrived at Schönbrunn Palace to play the Turk. According to an eyewitness report, Mälzel took responsibility for the construction of the machine while preparing the game, and the Turk (Johann Baptist Allgaier) saluted Napoleon before the start of the match. The details of the match


title: "Stargate Atlantis" content: John Sheppard and Rodney McKay figures among others. This is a list of The "Stargate Atlantis" audiobooks by Big Finish Productions, are each narrated by one of the main "Stargate franchise" characters and feature a second, guest-star voice along with music and sound effects. Kavan Smith (as Evan Lorne), David Nykl (as Radek Zelenka), Paul McGillion (as Carson Beckett) and Torri Higginson (as Elizabeth Weir) have lent their voices for one "Stargate Atlantis" audiobook each. In late 2005, Fandemonium Press, which also publishes many books for the "Stargate SG-1" series, launched a new series of books based on "Stargate Atlantis".


title: "Pu'er tea" content: the prolonged fermentation in ripened "pu'erh" and slow oxidization of aged raw "pu'erh", these teas often lack the bitter, astringent properties of other teas, and can be brewed much stronger and repeatedly, with some claiming 20 or more infusions of tea from one pot of leaves. On the other hand, young raw "pu'erh" is known and expected to be strong and aromatic, yet very bitter and somewhat astringent when brewed, since these characteristics are believed to produce better aged raw "pu'erh". Quality of the tea can be determined through inspecting the dried leaves, the tea liquor, or the spent tea


title: "Rubus idaeus" content: Rubus idaeus Rubus idaeus (raspberry, also called red raspberry or occasionally as European raspberry to distinguish it from other raspberries) is a red-fruited species of "Rubus" native to Europe and northern Asia and commonly cultivated in other temperate regions. A closely related plant in North America, sometimes regarded as the variety "Rubus idaeus" var. "strigosus", is more commonly treated as a distinct species, "Rubus strigosus" (American Red Raspberry), as is done here. Red-fruited cultivated raspberries, even in North America, are generally "Rubus idaeus" or horticultural derivatives of hybrids of "R. idaeus" and "R. strigosus;" these plants are all addressed in


title: "Rubus idaeus" content: the present article. Plants of "Rubus idaeus" are generally perennials which bear biennial stems ("canes") from a perennial root system. In its first year, a new, unbranched stem ("primocane") grows vigorously to its full height of 1.5–2.5 m (5.0–8.3 feet), bearing large pinnately compound leaves with five or seven leaflets, but usually no flowers. In its second year (as a "floricane"), a stem does not grow taller, but produces several side shoots, which bear smaller leaves with three or five leaflets. The flowers are produced in late spring on short racemes on the tips of these side shoots, each flower


title: "Rubus idaeus" content: about 1 cm (0.4 inches) diameter with five white petals. The fruit is red, edible, and sweet but tart-flavoured, produced in summer or early autumn; in botanical terminology, it is not a berry at all, but an aggregate fruit of numerous drupelets around a central core. In raspberries (various species of "Rubus" subgenus "Idaeobatus)", the drupelets separate from the core when picked, leaving a hollow fruit, whereas in blackberries and most other species of "Rubus," the drupelets stay attached to the core. As a wild plant, "R. idaeus" typically grows in forests, forming open stands under a tree canopy, and


title: "Rubus idaeus" content: denser stands in clearings. In the south of its range (southern Europe and central Asia), it only occurs at high altitudes in mountains. The species name "idaeus" refers to its occurrence on Mount Ida near Troy in northwest Turkey, where the ancient Greeks were most familiar with it. "R. idaeus" is grown primarily for its fruits, but occasionally for its leaves, roots, or other parts. The fruit of "R. idaeus" is an important food crop, though most modern commercial raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between "R. idaeus" and "R. strigosus". The fruits of wild plants have a sweet taste and


title: "Rubus idaeus" content: are very aromatic. Red raspberries contains 31 μg/100 g of folate. Red raspberries have antioxidant effects that play a minor role in the killing of stomach and colon cancer cells. Young roots of "Rubus idaeus" prevented kidney stone formation in a mouse model of hyperoxaluria. Tiliroside from raspberry is a potent tyrosinase inhibitor and might be used as a skin-whitening agent and pigmentation medicine. Raspberry fruit may protect the liver. Vitamin C and phenolics are present in red raspberries. Most notably, the anthocyanins cyanidin-3-sophoroside, cyanidin-3-(2(G)-glucosylrutinoside) and cyanidin-3-glucoside, the two ellagitannins sanguiin H-6 and lambertianin C are present together with trace


title: "Rubus idaeus" content: levels of flavonols, ellagic acid and hydroxycinnamate. Polyphenolic compounds from raspberry seeds have antioxidant effects in vitro, but have no proven antioxidant effect in humans. Raspberry ketones are derived from various fruits and plants, not raspberries, and are marketed as having weight loss benefits. There is no clinical evidence for this effect in humans. Rubus idaeus Rubus idaeus (raspberry, also called red raspberry or occasionally as European raspberry to distinguish it from other raspberries) is a red-fruited species of "Rubus" native to Europe and northern Asia and commonly cultivated in other temperate regions. A closely related plant in North America,


title: "Middle Georgia College" content: the newly created University System of Georgia. During World War II, MGC hosted the 50th College Training Detachment of the U.S. Army Air Force and graduated 17 classes of aviation students from March 1943- July 1944. In 1964, Dr. Louis C. Alderman, Jr. become president. Many new buildings as well as renovations of existing facilities marked his tenure in growing the college's reputation, academic excellence, and campus beauty. During this term, the Dublin Campus was opened in 1984. Dr. Alderman died on December 13, 1987, having served the longest term of any past or subsequent president of the college. Alderman


title: Linslade content: century the parish population was 203, but in 1805 the Grand Union Canal was opened on the Linslade-side of the River Ouzel, and in 1838 the London & North Western Railway built a railway line alongside the canal. This precipitated a rapid growth in population around the station, so that by 1840 the parish of Linslade had 869 residents. This prompted the vicar of Linslade, the Rev. B. Perkins, to set about fundraising for a school for the parish's poor, and a church for the New Town. Fundraising for the church was only completed by the Rev. Perkin's successor, Rev.


title: "USS Growler (SS-215)" content: USS Growler (SS-215) , a "Gato"-class submarine, was the third ship of the United States Navy named for the growler. Her keel was laid down by the Electric Boat Company of Groton, Connecticut. She was launched on 2 November 1941 and sponsored by Mrs. Lucile E. Ghormley, wife of Vice Admiral Robert L. Ghormley, Special Naval Observer to the United Kingdom. The boat was commissioned on 20 March 1942 with Lieutenant Commander Howard W. Gilmore in command. "Growler"’s first war patrol began 29 June 1942 as she cleared Pearl Harbor for her assigned patrol area around Dutch Harbor, Alaska; topping


title: "Rubus spectabilis" content: Rubus spectabilis Rubus spectabilis, the salmonberry, is a species of brambles in the rose family, native to the west coast of North America from west central Alaska to California, inland as far as Idaho. "Rubus spectabilis" is a shrub growing to 1–4 m (40-160 inches or 1.3-13.3 feet) tall, with perennial, not biennial woody stems that are covered with fine prickles. The leaves are trifoliate (with three leaflets), 7–22 cm (2.8-8.8 inches) long, the terminal leaflet larger than the two side leaflets. The leaf margins are toothed. The flowers are 2–3 cm (0.8-1.2 inches) in diameter, with five pinkish-purple petals;


title: "Rubus spectabilis" content: they are produced from early spring to early summer. The berries ripen from early May to late July in most of the Pacific Northwest (later in cooler climates), and resembles a large shiny yellow to orange-red blackberry 1.5–2 cm (0.6-0.8 inches) long with many drupelets. Salmonberries are found in moist forests and stream margins, especially in the coastal forests. In open areas they often form large thickets, and thrive in the open spaces under stands of red alder ("Alnus rubra"). Salmonberries are edible and share the fruit structure of the raspberry, with the fruit pulling away from its receptacle. The


title: "Rubus spectabilis" content: fruit has been referred to as "insipid", but depending on ripeness and site, they are good eaten raw and when processed into jam, candy, jelly and wine. They were an important food for indigenous peoples. Traditionally, the berries were eaten with salmon or mixed with oolichan grease or salmon roe. They were not dried because of their high moisture content. It is widely grown as an ornamental plant for its flowers. A double-flowered form was discovered at the mouth of the Duckabush River, Jefferson County, Washington, around May 1, 1961, by Dr. R. C. Creelman of Bremerton, Washington. This has


title: "Rubus spectabilis" content: been given the cultivar name 'Olympic Double' or 'Olympic'. Another double salmonberry was found by Phyllis Munday of Vancouver, British Columbia, but neither the date nor the site has been determined. This double may be confused in gardens with 'Olympic Double'. It has escaped cultivation and become naturalized in parts of northwestern Europe, including Great Britain, Ireland and the Faroe Islands. It is sometimes referred to as a Joffelberry and is used to flavour vodka. Rubus spectabilis Rubus spectabilis, the salmonberry, is a species of brambles in the rose family, native to the west coast of North America from west


title: "Operation Black Buck" content: May. Vulcan XM598, piloted by Montgomery reprised its role as flying reserve aircraft. This was the first completed anti-radar mission equipped with Shrike missiles. The main target was a Westinghouse AN/TPS-43 long-range 3D radar that the Argentine Air Force deployed during April to guard the airspace surrounding the Falkland Islands. The attack could only succeed if the targeted radar continued transmitting until struck, so a Sea Harrier raid was staged to coincide with the attack to force the defenders to turn on the radar. At 0845Z two Shrikes were launched at it. The first missile impacted from the target, causing


title: "Meat Is Murder" content: 2003, "Meat Is Murder" was ranked number 295 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die". Part of the recording of the album was featured in a 1985 episode of the BBC's "The Old Grey Whistle Test". In 2016, animal rights advocacy group PETA released a video game titled "This Beautiful Creature Must Die", based on the song "Meat Is Murder". The game, which featured a chiptune rendition of the song, tasked players with clicking on their screens before


title: "Geraint Davies (Labour politician)" content: Geraint Davies (Labour politician) Geraint Richard Davies is a British politician who is the Labour Co-operative Member of Parliament (MP) for Swansea West. Previously, Davies was the Labour Party MP for Croydon Central from 1997 to 2005. He had also served as Leader of Croydon Borough Council. Davies was born on 3 May 1960. His family comes from west Wales; his civil servant father is from Aberystwyth and his mother's family are from Swansea. He was brought up in Cardiff where he attended Llanishen High School, before studying Mathematics then Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Jesus College, Oxford; while at


title: "Nick Holonyak" content: at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and is investigating methods for manufacturing quantum dot lasers. He has been married to his wife Katherine for 51 years. He no longer teaches classes, but he researches full-time. He and Dr. Milton Feng run a transistor laser research center at the University funded by $6.5 million from the United States Department of Defense through DARPA. 10 of his 60 former doctoral students have developed new uses for LED technology at Philips Lumileds Lighting Company in Silicon Valley. Holonyak has been presented awards by George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush, Emperor Akihito of


title: "Dadasaheb Phalke Award" content: Dadasaheb Phalke Award The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India's highest award in cinema. It is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals, an organisation set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The recipient is honoured for their "outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema" and is selected by a committee consisting of eminent personalities from the Indian film industry. , the award comprises a "Swarna Kamal" (Golden Lotus) medallion, a shawl, and a cash prize of . First presented in 1969, the award was introduced by the Government


title: "James Goldsmith" content: James Goldsmith Sir James Michael Goldsmith (26 February 1933 – 18 July 1997), a member of the prominent Goldsmith family, was an Anglo-French financier, tycoon and politician. In 1994 he was elected to represent a French constituency as a Member of the European Parliament. He founded the short-lived Eurosceptic Referendum Party in the United Kingdom, and was one of the key power-brokers in British political circles that initiated party political opposition to the country's membership of the European Union. Goldsmith was allegedly the inspiration for the fictional character of the corporate raider "Sir Larry Wildman" in the 1987 American film


title: "Major-General's Song" content: military references with Unix trivia and one featured in comic No. 1052 on the webcomic "xkcd" in 2012. This comic then became the subject of numerous musical adaptations. "The Elements" inspired the "Boy Scout Merit Badge Song", listing all the merit badges that can be earned from the Boy Scouts of America In the video games "Mass Effect 2" and "Mass Effect 3", the character Dr. Mordin Solus sings a short pastiche version ("I am the very model of a scientist Salarian"). In the 2013 animated video documentary "", John de Lancie and Tara Strong speak a pastiche titled "Let's


title: "Cause and Effect (Star Trek: The Next Generation)" content: He felt that the destruction of the "Enterprise" was the best possible teaser for the episode, and he was pleased how he managed to tie the poker game into the overall plot. Braga named the USS "Bozeman" for his hometown of Bozeman, Montana, while the registration number of NCC-1941 was a reference to the comedy film "1941" (1979). Cast member Jonathan Frakes directed the episode, having prepared for it while shooting the episode "". He said that he was not involved in the casting process, as they had offered the role of Captain Morgan Bateson to Kelsey Grammer, who'd accepted.


title: Monk content: in appearance to Buddhist monks, brahmacari monks from the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), or Hare Krishnas as they are popularly known, are the best known Vaishnava monks outside India. They are a common sight in many places around the world. Their appearance—simple saffron "dhoti", shaved head with "sikha", "Tulasi" neckbeads and "tilaka" markings—and social customs ("sadhana") date back many thousands of years to the Vedic era with its "varnasrama" society. This social scheme includes both monastic and lay stages meant for various persons in various stages of life as per their characteristics ("guna") and work ("karma"). ISKCON started


title: "Religion in the Philippines" content: . According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the Muslim population of Philippines in 2015 was 5.57%. However, a 2012 estimate by the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) stated that there were 10.7 million Muslims, or approximately 11 percent of the total population. In 1380 Karim ul' Makhdum the first Arabian trader reached the Sulu Archipelago and Jolo in the Philippines and through trade throughout the island established Islam in the country. In 1390 the Minangkabau's Prince Rajah Baguinda and his followers preached Islam on the islands. The Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque was the first mosque established in the Philippines


title: "Geoffrey Robinson" content: opponent in the 1987 election was the novelist Jim Powell. During the 1980s with Labour in opposition he held frontbench positions, speaking for the party on trade and industry and on science. He was Paymaster General in Tony Blair's government from May 1997 to December 1998, resigning after it was revealed that in 1996 he had lent his government colleague Peter Mandelson £373,000 to buy a house. Robinson's previous life as a businessman made him one of the wealthiest members of parliament, with a personal fortune of around £30 million. He is a lover of fine wine and dining. He


title: "California ground squirrel" content: California ground squirrel The California ground squirrel ("Otospermophilus beecheyi"), also known as the Beechey ground squirrel, is a common and easily observed ground squirrel of the western United States and the Baja California Peninsula; it is common in Oregon and California and its range has relatively recently extended into Washington and northwestern Nevada. Formerly placed in "Spermophilus", as "Spermophilus beecheyi", it was reclassified in "Otospermophilus" in 2009 as it became clear that "Spermophilus" as previously defined was not a natural (monophyletic) group. A full species account was published for this species in 2016. John Richardson, who originally described the species


title: "California ground squirrel" content: as "Arctomys (Spermophilus) beecheyi", or the "Beechey's marmot", named it after Frederick William Beechey, an early 19th-century British explorer and naval officer. The squirrel's upper parts are mottled, the fur containing a mixture of gray, light brown and dusky hairs; the underside is lighter, buff or grayish yellow. The fur around the eyes is whitish, while that around the ears is black. Head and body are about long and the tail an additional . They can weigh from 280-738 g(9.87-26.01 oz). The tail is relatively bushy for a ground squirrel, and at a quick glance the squirrel might be mistaken


title: "California ground squirrel" content: for a fox squirrel. As is typical for ground squirrels, California ground squirrels live in burrows which they excavate themselves. Some burrows are occupied communally but each individual squirrel has its own entrance. Although they readily become tame in areas used by humans, and quickly learn to take food left or offered by picnickers, they spend most of their time within of their burrow, and rarely go further than from it. In the colder parts of their range, California ground squirrels hibernate for several months, but in areas where winters have no snow, most squirrels are active year-round. In those


title: "California ground squirrel" content: parts where the summers are hot they may also estivate for periods of a few days. California ground squirrels are often regarded as a pest in gardens and parks, since they will eat ornamental plants and trees. They commonly feed on seeds, such as oats, but also eat insects such as crickets and grasshoppers as well as various fruits. Dental Formula of Otospermophilus beecheyi is . California ground squirrels' mating season is early spring and tend to last only for a few weeks. The females are considered to be promiscuous, so the individuals of one litter can be from multiple


title: "California ground squirrel" content: mates. The California ground squirrel has one litter of five to eleven per year, with gestation of around one month. The young open their eyes at about five weeks and reach sexual maturity after one year old. The coloration of the young is slightly lighter than the adults and molting occures at about 8 weeks of age - when the young leave the burrows. California ground squirrels can live up to six years of age. California Ground Squirrels use their cheek pouches to store more food than can be consumed in one sitting. They use their cheek pouches to store


title: "California ground squirrel" content: food to be consumed at a later date. California ground squirrels' are considered to be mostly herbivores with seeds, grains, nuts, fruits, and sometimes roots constituting most of their diet. California ground squirrels are frequently preyed on by rattlesnakes. They are also preyed on by eagles, raccoons, foxes, badgers, and weasels. Interdisciplinary research at the University of California, Davis, since the 1970s has shown that the squirrels use a variety of techniques to reduce rattlesnake predation. Some populations of California ground squirrels have varying levels of resistance to rattlesnake venom as adults. Female squirrels with pups also chew on the


title: "California ground squirrel" content: skins shed by rattlesnakes and then lick themselves and their pups (who are never resistant to venom before one month of age) to disguise their scent. Sand-kicking and other forms of harassment provoke the snake to rattle its tail, which allows a squirrel to assess the size and activity level (dependent on blood temperature) of the snake. Another strategy is for a squirrel to super-heat and swish around its tail. When hunting, rattlesnakes primarily rely on their pit organ, which detects infrared radiation. The hot-tail-swishing appears to convey the message "I am not a threat, but I am too big


title: "California ground squirrel" content: and swift-moving for it to be worth trying to hunt me." These two confrontational techniques also distract the snake from any nearby squirrel burrows containing pups. The swishing of the tail from side to side is called tail-waving. This tail-waving helps the squirrel to deter a snake attack. It was shown that the snakes attacked the squirrels that exhibited the tail-waving at a shorter distance than those that did not and majority of those tail-waving squirrels successfully dodged these attacks. This successful dodging, along with the fact that the adult squirrels are larger than the young ones, helps to deter


title: "California ground squirrel" content: the predators, as studies have found that the rattlesnakes are 1.6 times more likely to be deterred from attacking an area after an encounter with an adult squirrel. In 30 out of 45 interactions with snakes, the tail-waving behavior of the squirrels stopped the snake in its tracks and the snake attempted to wait for the squirrel to leave before it would consider attacking again, showing that the behavior does deter predatory attacks by the rattlesnakes. This is due to the adult squirrels being vigilant and looking more threatening and also that they are able to more successfully dodge attacks.


title: "California ground squirrel" content: They also can use their tail-waving to signal to other ground squirrels in the area that a rattlesnake or other predator has recently been spotted. Though the ground squirrels have been found to also exhibit this tail-waving behavior when there is no predator present, they wave their tail faster and for a longer amount of time when they spot a predator or in an area where a predator has recently been spotted. Vigilant behavior in squirrels is also a defense mechanism to avoid predation. In addition to the tail-waving, the squirrels have been found to be more vigilant and on


title: "California ground squirrel" content: alert if there had recently been a predator in the area than they were if there had been no predator detected. If the ground squirrels are aware that they are in an area where the rattlesnakes have recently been, the ground squirrels devote more time to being alert and searching for the predators than to hunting and foraging than in an environment where they do not believe there are predators. These vigilant squirrels were found to have a faster reaction time to a stimuli from a predator and jump higher and further away than a squirrel who was not as


title: "California ground squirrel" content: vigilant. In a simulated environment study, 60% of squirrels that were in an environment with a recent snake encounter exhibited an evasive leap behavior, which propels them father away from their attackers. 20% of squirrels exhibited this behavior in a primary encounter with a snake and roughly 5% of squirrels exhibited this behavior when there was no snake present and no threat detected. This shows that the squirrels are more alert, vigilant, and ready for an attacker after one has been recently seen. California ground squirrel The California ground squirrel ("Otospermophilus beecheyi"), also known as the Beechey ground squirrel, is


title: "Ernie Fletcher" content: the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. Fletcher, who was on a trade mission in Japan when news of the investigation broke, conceded via telephone news conference that his office may have made "mistakes" with regard to hiring that stemmed from not having a formal process for handling employment recommendations. Upon his return from Japan, Fletcher denied that the "mistakes" by his administration were illegal and called the investigation by Stumbo "the beginning of the 2007 governor's race", an allusion to Stumbo's potential candidacy in 2007. Stumbo denied any plans to run for governor in 2007, although he eventually became gubernatorial candidate Bruce


title: "Amir Kabir" content: delineate the Ottoman-Iranian frontier and settle certain other differences between the two states. He appears to have been the most forceful member of the Iranian negotiating team, resisting attempts to exclude Mohammareh (present-day Khorramshahr) from Iranian sovereignty and to make Iran pay compensation for its military incursions into the area of Solaymaniyeh. In this he acted almost independently of the central government in Tehran, which not only failed to formulate a consistent policy vis-à-vis the Ottomans but also opposed most of Amir Kabir’s initiatives. Although a form of treaty was concluded between Iran and the Ottoman state, the borders had


title: "Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)" content: of Latter Day Saints" was also used by members who recognized Smith's son, Joseph Smith III, as his father's successor. The younger Smith became prophet-president of this group on April 6, 1860. However, the church incorporated in 1872 as the "Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints" (RLDS Church), to distinguish it from the larger Utah church, at the time in the midst of federal issues related to polygamy. In 2001, the RLDS Church changed its name again to "Community of Christ"—consciously echoing the original "Church of Christ" name. The Sidney Rigdon group dwindled until one of its


title: "Star Trek Customizable Card Game" content: sanctioned gameplay. Starting with this expansion, dual-affiliation cards were printed with both color borders (with equal rarity). The Borg (release: September 19, 2001) The Borg continued the introduction of the Delta Quadrant with 131 cards that introduced the Borg again and added the Hirogen affiliation. The expansion's ultra-rare was a "Voyager"-era Reginald Barclay. The expansion was sold in 11-card expansion packs. Holodeck Adventures (release: December 21, 2001) "Holodeck Adventures" was a 131-card set that expanded on the holographic characters that had been available since the Premiere set. The expansion's ultra-rare was Jean-Luc Picard as Dixon Hill. The expansion was sold


title: Tabuaeran content: Tabuaeran Tabuaeran or Tahanea, known in English as Fanning Atoll (both Gilbertese and English names are recognised), is an atoll that is part of the Line Islands of the central Pacific Ocean and part of Kiribati. The land area is , and the population in 2010 was 1,960. The maximum elevation is about 3 m (10 ft) above high tide. The lagoon has an area of . The deepest water in the lagoon is about , but most of it is very shallow. At some distant, Tabuaeran is one of the closest landfalls to the Hawaiian Islands. The atoll was


title: "Blue-winged warbler" content: Blue-winged warbler The blue-winged warbler ("Vermivora cyanoptera") is a fairly common New World warbler, long and weighing . It breeds in eastern North America in southern Ontario and the eastern United States. Its range is extending northwards, where it is replacing the very closely related golden-winged warbler, "Vermivora chrysoptera". The common name "blue-winged warbler" refers to the bluish-gray color of the wings that contrast with the bright yellow body of the male. The name of the genus "Vermivora" means "worm-eating". The genus used to include nine other new world warblers but now includes only the golden-winged warbler and Bachman's warbler


title: "Blue-winged warbler" content: which is believed to be extinct. The blue-winged warbler was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th-century work, "Systema Naturae", though the scientific name has changed several times. The species epithet "Pinus" was given by Linnaeus in 1766 but was a mistake as the original description of the species was actually based on illustrations of "pine creepers" drawn by others. The drawings depicted two different species, what we now call a pine warbler and blue-winged warbler. In 2010 the blue-winged warbler's scientific name was changed by the American Ornithologists Union to correct the error. Pine


title: "Blue-winged warbler" content: warblers retained the species name "Pinus" but the species epithet for blue-winged warbler was changed to "cyanoptera". This species forms two distinctive hybrids with golden-winged warbler where their ranges overlap in the Great Lakes and New England area. The more common and genetically dominant Brewster's warbler is gray above and whitish (male) or yellow (female) below. It has a black eye stripe and two white wing bars. The rarer recessive Lawrence's warbler has a male plumage which is green and yellow above and yellow below, with white wing bars and the same face pattern as male golden-winged. The female is


title: "Blue-winged warbler" content: gray above and whitish below with two yellow wing bars and the same face pattern as female golden-winged. The blue-winged warbler is a small warbler at long, with a wingspan of . The breeding plumage of the male consists of a bright yellow head, breast and underparts. There is no streaking of the underparts of the bird. It has a narrow black line though the eyes and light blueish gray with two white wing-bars, which are diagnostic field marks. The female is duller overall with less yellow on the crown. Immatures are olive green with wings similar to the adults.


title: "Blue-winged warbler" content: The song is a series of buzzing notes. The call is a sharp "chip". Blue-winged warblers are migratory New World warblers. They winter in southern Central America and breed from east-central Nebraska in the west to southern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and southern Ontario in the north to central New York, southern Vermont, southern New Hampshire and New England to the east, south to western South Carolina, northern Georgia, northern Alabama, eastern Tennessee and southern Missouri. It is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, with one bird wandering to Ireland. The breeding habitat is open scrubby areas. Diet consists of


title: "Blue-winged warbler" content: insects, and spiders. Blue-winged warblers nest on the ground or low in a bush, laying four to seven eggs in a cup nest. The females incubate the eggs for 10–11 days. The young are altricial and fledge in 8–10 days. Blue-winged warbler The blue-winged warbler ("Vermivora cyanoptera") is a fairly common New World warbler, long and weighing . It breeds in eastern North America in southern Ontario and the eastern United States. Its range is extending northwards, where it is replacing the very closely related golden-winged warbler, "Vermivora chrysoptera". The common name "blue-winged warbler" refers to the bluish-gray color of


title: "Northern waterthrush" content: Northern waterthrush The northern waterthrush ("Parkesia noveboracensis") is one of the larger New World warblers and one of the Nearctic-Neotropical migratory songbirds. It breeds in the northern part of North America in Canada and the northern United States including Alaska. This bird is migratory, wintering in Central America, the West Indies and Florida, as well as in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. It is a very rare vagrant to other South American countries and to western Europe. The genus name "Parkesia" commemorates Kenneth Carroll Parkes, American ornithologist and curator of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, and "noveboracensis" is New York, the


title: "Northern waterthrush" content: type locality from Latin "novus", "new" and "Eboracum", York. The northern waterthrush is a large New World warbler (and not a thrush, despite the name). It has a length of , wingspan of and weighs between Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the bill is and the tarsus is . On the head, the crown is brown with a white supercilium. The bill is pointed and dark. The throat is lightly streaked brown to black with heavier streaking continuing onto the breast and flanks. The back is evenly brown. Sexes are morphologically similar. Young


title: "Northern waterthrush" content: birds have buff, rather than white underparts. The only species bird watchers confuse with the northern waterthrush is the closely related Louisiana waterthrush ("Parkesia motacilla"), which has buff flanks, a buff undertail, and bright pink legs. The Louisiana waterthrush also has a whiter throat with fewer streaks. More subtle clues include smaller size and smaller bill, a narrower and darker eye-line, and different call note and habits. Both waterthrush species walk rather than hop, and seem to teeter, since they bob their rear ends as they move along. On the wintering grounds in Puerto Rico, northern waterthrushes leave daytime foraging


title: "Northern waterthrush" content: areas and fly up to to nighttime roosts. The roosts are often located in red mangrove habitats. Northern waterthrushes winter in 4 main habitats in Puerto Rico: white mangrove, red mangrove, black mangrove, and scrub. Males, which are larger and migrate earlier in spring, prefer to winter in white mangrove, and are able to maintain or gain weight through the winter. Females winter in the other drier and less food-rich habitats. Waterthrushes wintering in red and black mangrove can maintain body weight through the winter but lose weight in scrub. Another determinant in body mass increase in the wintering grounds


title: "Northern waterthrush" content: is moisture. The breeding habitat of the northern waterthrush is wet woodlands near water. It nests in a stump or among tree roots where it lays three to six eggs, cream- or buff-colored, with brown and gray spots. These eggs are laid in a cup nest constructed of leaves, bark strips, and rootlets. The northern waterthrush is a terrestrial ground feeder, eating insects, mollusks, and crustaceans found amongst leaf litter. The song of loud, empathic, clear chirping notes generally falling in pitch and accelerating; loosely paired or tripled, with little variation. Call a loud, hard "spwik" rising with a strong


title: "Northern waterthrush" content: "K" sound. The flight call is a buzzy, high, slightly rising "zzip". Northern waterthrush The northern waterthrush ("Parkesia noveboracensis") is one of the larger New World warblers and one of the Nearctic-Neotropical migratory songbirds. It breeds in the northern part of North America in Canada and the northern United States including Alaska. This bird is migratory, wintering in Central America, the West Indies and Florida, as well as in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. It is a very rare vagrant to other South American countries and to western Europe. The genus name "Parkesia" commemorates Kenneth Carroll Parkes, American ornithologist and curator


title: "Louisiana waterthrush" content: call is a hard "chink". Like the closely related northern waterthrush, the Louisiana waterthrush frequently bobs its tail. The male Louisiana waterthrush does not sing on its wintering grounds before it leaves. It sings immediately when it arrives on its breeding territory. Whether it begins singing during migration is not known. When establishing his territory, a male sings vigorously nearly all day. After he acquires a mate, singing decreases quickly and he concentrates his singing into the morning hours. The breeding habitat is wet woodlands near running water and does not occur outside such areas as a breeder. However, during


title: "Hooded warbler" content: Hooded warbler The hooded warbler ("Setophaga citrina") is a New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America and across the eastern United States and into southernmost Canada, (Ontario). It is migratory, wintering in Central America and the West Indies. Hooded warblers are very rare vagrants to western Europe. Recent genetic research has suggested that the type species of "Wilsonia" (hooded warbler "W. citrina") and of "Setophaga" (American redstart "S. ruticilla") are closely related and should be merged into the same genus. As the name "Setophaga" (published in 1827) takes priority over "Wilsonia" (published in 1838), hooded warbler would then


title: "Hooded warbler" content: be transferred as "Setophaga citrina". This change has been accepted by the North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithologists' Union, and the IOC World Bird List. The South American Classification Committee continues to list the bird in the genus "Wilsonia". The genus name "Setophaga" is from Ancient Greek "ses", "moth", and "", "eating", and the specific "citrina" is Latin for citrine. The hooded warbler is a small bird and mid-sized warbler, measuring in length and weighing . It has a plain olive/green-brown back, and yellow underparts. Their outer rectrices have whitish vanes. Males have distinctive black hoods which surround


title: "Hooded warbler" content: their yellow faces; the female has an olive-green cap which does not extend to the forehead, ears and throat instead. Males attain their hood at about 9–12 months of age; younger birds are essentially identical to (and easily confused with) females. The song is a series of musical notes which sound like: "wheeta wheeta whee-tee-oh", for which a common mnemonic is "The red, the red T-shirt" or "Come to the woods or you won't see me". The call of these birds is a loud "chip". These birds feed on insects, which are often found in low vegetation or caught by


title: "Hooded warbler" content: flycatching. Hooded warblers' breeding habitats are broadleaved woodlands with dense undergrowth. These birds nest in low areas of a bush, laying three to five eggs in a cup-shaped nest. Hooded warblers are often the victims of brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird, especially where the hooded warblers' forest habitats are fragmented. In areas with protected woodlands or recovering wooded habitat, the hooded warbler population is stable and possibly increasing. Hooded warbler The hooded warbler ("Setophaga citrina") is a New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America and across the eastern United States and into southernmost Canada, (Ontario). It is


title: Zwieback content: Zwieback Zwieback is a form of rusk eaten in Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. It is a type of crisp, sweetened bread, made with eggs and baked twice. It originated in East Prussia. The Mennonites brought "Zwieback" to the Russian Empire; before the Russian Revolution, when many emigrated to the west, they brought "Zwieback" to Canada, the United States and other parts of the world. There are two types of zwieback. One type is made by pinching round pieces of dough, placing one piece on top of another,


title: Zwieback content: pressing them together by pushing a finger down through both pieces. It is then baked and served as warm soft rolls. This type is identified with Mennonites. The other type is a bread sliced before it is baked a second time, which produces crisp, brittle slices that closely resemble melba toast. "Zwieback" is commonly used to feed teething children and as the first solid food for patients with an upset stomach. The name comes from German "zwei" ("two") or "zwie" ("twi-"), and "backen", meaning "to bake". "Zwieback" hence literally translates to "twice-baked". The French and Italian names, respectively, "biscotte" and


title: Zwieback content: "fette biscottate" have the same origin, "biscotto" (biscuit), which also means twice ("bis-") baked (-"cotto"). Slovene name is "prepečenec" which would imply baked over ordinary or overbaked. Croatian name is "dvopek" which, again, is literally twice ("dvo") baked ("pek"). Zwieback Zwieback is a form of rusk eaten in Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. It is a type of crisp, sweetened bread, made with eggs and baked twice. It originated in East Prussia. The Mennonites brought "Zwieback" to the Russian Empire; before the Russian Revolution, when many emigrated to


title: "Robert E. Park" content: time studying race relations with Booker T. Washington and while and the University of Chicago. E.C. Hughes said that, "Park probably contributed more ideas for analysis of racial relations and cultural contracts than any other modern social scientist." Park worked closely with Booker T. Washington and the Tuskegee Institute from 1907 to 1914. While working under Washington, Park's primary interest was the system that had evolved to define Black-White relations in the South. Park said that he learned more about human nature and society while in the South. He says that, "These seven years were for me a sort of


title: "Nadia Sawalha" content: the house before being evicted. Sawalha grew up in South London, Croydon, where she still lives. She is the daughter of the Jordanian-born British actor Nadim Sawalha and his English wife Roberta Lane. She is the sister of television actress Julia Sawalha and has appeared on Lily Savage's Blankety Blank with her. In 1997, the three starred together in "Dearest Daddy... Darling Daughter" at the Young Vic Theatre in South London. Sawalha has suffered from psoriasis and has used homeopathy rather than conventional treatment. On 25 December 1997, Sawalha's first husband Justin Mildwater committed suicide. They had been married for


title: "Shark Bay" content: of the food chain in Shark Bay, providing home and shelter to various marine species and attracting the dugong population. In Shark Bay's hot, dry climate, evaporation greatly exceeds the annual precipitation rate. Thus, the seawater in the shallow bays becomes very salt-concentrated, or 'hypersaline'. Seagrasses also restrict the tidal flow of waters through the bay area, preventing the ocean tides from diluting the sea water. The water of the bay is 1.5 to 2 times more salty than the surrounding ocean waters. Based on growth rate it is believed that about 1,000 years ago cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) began building


title: VirtualDubMod content: ability to program timed video captures, which was present in one VirtualDub fork called VirtualDubVCR. Despite the abandonment of development of VirtualDubMod, some of its features can be added to VirtualDub through input plugins and ACM codecs provided by users on VirtualDub forums. VirtualDubMod VirtualDubMod was an open-source video capture and processing tool for Microsoft Windows, based on Avery Lee's VirtualDub. Version 1.5.10.2 (build 2542) was released on 21 February 2006. VirtualDub's author, which hosts VirtualDubMod's forums, claimed that development had been abandoned. A version labeled as "VirtualDubMod 1.6.0.0 SURROUND", dated 9 April 2006, was released by a company called


title: "Dobsonian telescope" content: are sometimes incorrectly called a "Serrurier truss", but since the main truss is not built with an opposing mirror cell truss it only performs one function of that design, i.e. keeping the optics parallel. The main attribute of a Dobsonian's mount is that it resembles a "gun carriage" configuration with a "rocker box" consisting of a horizontal trunnion style altitude axis and a broadly supported azimuth axis, both making use of material such as plastic, Formica, and Teflon to achieve smooth operation. Many derivative mount designs have kept this basic form while heavily modifying the materials and configuration. Many designs


title: "Howard Flight" content: of companies, including Investec, a venture capital company, his own private equity company, and is chairman of the Entrepreneurs Investment Scheme (EIS) Association of lawyers and accountants, a trustee and Vice President of the Elgar Foundation, a Member of the Advisory Boards of the Centre for Policy Studies, Institute of Economic Affairs and Financial Services Forum. Howard Flight Howard Emerson Flight, Baron Flight (born 16 June 1948) is a Conservative politician in the United Kingdom and a member of the House of Lords who was Member of Parliament for Arundel and South Downs from 1997 to 2005. He held several


title: "History of Czechoslovakia (1948–89)" content: moderate reform would continue. On 19 January 1969, student Jan Palach set himself on fire in Prague's Wenceslas Square as a protest against the end of the reforms of the Prague Spring following the Soviet invasion. Dubček remained in office only until April 1969. Anti-Soviet demonstrations, following Czechoslovakia's victory over the Soviet team in the World Ice Hockey Championships in March, precipitated Soviet pressures for a KSČ Presidium reorganization. Gustáv Husák, (a centrist and one of the Slovak "bourgeois nationalists" imprisoned by the KSČ in the 1950s), was named first secretary (title changed to general secretary in 1971). Only centrists


title: "Liberty Island" content: Liberty Island Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty ("Liberty Enlightening the World"). The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. Liberty Island became part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1937 through Presidential Proclamation 2250, signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1966, it was listed


title: "Liberty Island" content: on the National Register of Historic Places as part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island. According to the United States Census Bureau, the island has a land area of 59,558 square meters, or 14.717 acres, which is the property of the federal government. Liberty Island is located in the Upper New York Bay within the waters of Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey. It is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York. The historical developments which led to this construction created the rare situation of an exclave


title: "Liberty Island" content: of one state, New York, being situated in another, New Jersey. The island is operated by the National Park Service, and since September 11, 2001, guarded by around-the-clock patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit. Liberty Island is east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City and is 1.58 statute miles (2.6 kilometers) southwest of Battery Park in Lower Manhattan. Public access is permitted only by ferries from either of the two parks, which serve the national monument, also stopping at Ellis Island. Hornblower Cruises and Events, operating under the name Statue Cruises, holds the exclusive concession


title: "Liberty Island" content: for ferry service to and from the island. At the time of European colonization of the Hudson River estuary in the mid-17th century, much of the west side of Upper New York Bay contained large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster beds, a major source of food for the Lenape native people who lived there at the time. Several islands were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them (later known as Bedloe's/Love/Liberty, Ellis, and Black Tom) were given the name Oyster Islands ("oester eilanden") by the Dutch settlers of New Netherland, the first European colony in the Mid-Atlantic


title: "Liberty Island" content: states. The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries. Landfilling, started by the 1870s, particularly by the Lehigh Valley Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey, eventually obliterated the beds, engulfed one island and brought the shoreline much closer to the others. After the surrender of Fort Amsterdam by the Dutch to the British in 1664, the English governor Richard Nicolls granted the island to Captain Robert Needham. It was sold to Isaac Bedloe on December 23, 1667. The island was retained by his estate until 1732 when it was sold for five shillings


title: "Liberty Island" content: to New York merchants Adolphe Philipse and Henry Lane. During their ownership, the island was temporarily commandeered by the city of New York to establish a smallpox quarantine station. In 1746, Archibald Kennedy (later 11th Earl of Cassilis) purchased the island and a summer residence was established, along with construction of a lighthouse. In 1753, the island is described in an advertisement (in which "Bedlow's" had become "Bedloe's", along with an alternate name of "Love Island") as being available for rental: In 1756, Kennedy allowed the island to again be used as a smallpox quarantine station, and on February 18,


title: "Liberty Island" content: 1758, the Corporation of the City of New York bought the island for £1,000 for use as a pest house. When the British troops occupied New York Harbor in the lead-up to the American Revolutionary War, the island was to be used for housing for Tory refugees, but on April 2, 1776, the buildings constructed on the island for their use were burned to the ground. On February 15, 1800, the New York State Legislature ceded the island to the federal government, for the construction of a defensive fort to be built there (along with Governors Island and Ellis Island).


title: "Liberty Island" content: Construction of a fort on the island in the shape of an 11-point star began in 1806 and was completed in 1811. Following the War of 1812, the star-shaped fortification was named Fort Wood after Lt. Col Eleazer Derby Wood who was killed in the Siege of Fort Erie in 1813. The granite fortification followed an 11-pointed star fort layout with mounting 24 guns. A larger fort mounting 77 guns was proposed under the third system of US fortifications but was not built. By the time it was chosen for the Statue of Liberty in the 1880s, the fort was


title: "Liberty Island" content: outmoded and obsolete, disused and its substantial stone walls were then used as the distinctive base for the Statue of Liberty given by the Third French Republic for the American 1876 centenary celebrations. It had become a part of the base for the Statue of Liberty after the island was first seen by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, the statue's sculptor. The National Park Service (which had been created in 1916) took over operations of the island in two stages: in 1933, and the remainder in 1937. The military installation was completely removed by 1944. The statue, entitled "Liberty Enlightening the World",


title: "Liberty Island" content: was a gift from the people of France to mark the American Centennial. It was agreed that the Congress would authorize the acceptance of the statue by the President of the United States, and that the War Department would facilitate its construction and presentation. The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, 1884, and after some funding delays, construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22, 1886. The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885, on board the French frigate "Isère", was stored for eleven


title: "Liberty Island" content: months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, and was then reassembled in four months. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland. The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956. On October 7, 2016, construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island. The new $70 million, museum will be able to accommodate all of the island's visitors when it opens in 2019, as opposed to the current museum, which only 20% of the island's visitors can visit. The original torch will be relocated here,


title: "Liberty Island" content: and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue's construction and history, there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue. The museum, designed by FXFOWLE Architects, will integrate with the parkland around it. It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg, Michael Bloomberg, Jeff Bezos, Coca-Cola, NBCUniversal, the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch, Mellody Hobson, and George Lucas. Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum, and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking. There have been a number of disputes regarding the


title: "Liberty Island" content: jurisdictional status of Liberty Island. An unusual clause in the 1664 colonial land grant that outlined New Jersey's borders reads: "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river" rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters. When the Province of New Jersey was separated from the Province of New York in 1674 it was argued that Staten Island belonged to the former. Then governor Edmund Andros directed that all islands in the bay that could be circumnavigated within 24 hours were


title: "Liberty Island" content: part of New York. Captain Christopher Billopp sailed around it within the allotted time and was soon thereafter granted a manor at its southern tip. The border came to be understood as being along the shore of the Hudson River, the Upper New York Bay, the Kill Van Kull, and Arthur Kill. In 1824 the City of New York attempted to assert a jurisdictional monopoly over the growing steam ferry service in New York Harbor in "Gibbons v. Ogden". It was deemed by the court that interstate transport would be regulated by the federal government. This did not resolve the


title: "Liberty Island" content: border issue. In 1830, New Jersey planned to bring suit, but the matter was resolved with a compact between the states ratified by US Congress in 1834 which set the boundary line between them as the midpoint of the shared waterways. This was later confirmed by the US Supreme Court in a 1908 case which also expounded on the compact. In 1987, US Representative Frank J. Guarini and Gerald McCann, then mayor of Jersey City, sued New York City, contending that New Jersey should have dominion over Liberty Island because it is on the New Jersey side of the state


title: "Liberty Island" content: line. By default, since the court chose not to hear the case, the existing legal status was unchanged. Portions of the island that are above water are part of New York, while riparian rights to all of the submerged land surrounding the statue belong to New Jersey. The southwestern section, , of the island was created by land reclamation. A 1997 United States Supreme Court decision involved such riparian rights around nearby Ellis Island. Being mostly constructed of artificial infill, New Jersey argued and the court agreed that the 1834 compact covered only the natural parts of the island, and


title: "Liberty Island" content: not the portions added by infill. Thus it was agreed that the parts of the island made of filled land belonged to New Jersey while the original natural part belonged to New York. This proved impractical to administer and New Jersey and New York subsequently agreed to share jurisdiction of the entire island. This special situation only applies to Ellis Island and part of Shooters Island. Liberty Island has been owned by the federal government since 1801, first as a military installation and now as a national landmark. Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island, listed on


title: "Liberty Island" content: the National Register of Historic Places since 1966, encompasses land in both states control of which is superseded by the United States. The undisputed boundary between New Jersey and New York is in the center of the Hudson River and the Upper New York Bay, with Liberty Island situated well on the New Jersey side of the water line with Liberty Island itself an exclave of the State of New York and a part of New York City, allowing the state and city of New York to retain sovereignty of Liberty Island, serve process there and collect sales tax from


title: "Liberty Island" content: Liberty Island souvenir shops. In response to a FAQ about whether the Statue of Liberty is in New York or New Jersey, the National Park Service, which oversees Liberty Island, cites the 1834 compact. Question 127 on a naturalization examination piloted in 2006 asks "Where is the Statue of Liberty?" The U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services gives "New York Harbor" and "Liberty Island" as preferred answers, but notes that "New Jersey," "New York," "New York City," and "on the Hudson" are acceptable. The Statue of Liberty itself is claimed as a symbol by both New York and New Jersey.


title: "Liberty Island" content: It was featured on New York license plates from 1986 through 2000 and on a special New Jersey license plate celebrating Liberty State Park in Jersey City. The Statue is also seen on the New York State Quarter. The national monument was the symbol of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, still used by the Raritan Valley Line. (The Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal is nearby). Though it is uninhabited, the United States Geological Survey includes it as part of New York's 10th congressional district . Both New York City and Jersey City have assigned the island lot numbers.


title: "Liberty Island" content: Utility services, including electricity, water, and sewage, to Liberty and Ellis Islands are provided from the New Jersey side. Mail is delivered from Battery Park. Liberty Island Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty ("Liberty Enlightening the World"). The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, New Jersey. Long known as Bedloe's Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. Liberty Island became


title: "Mega-City One" content: the Grand Hall of Justice; and wherever a character enters the Undercity, they will almost always arrive in the ruins of Manhattan. Despite being built over other cities, "City Bottom" is level with the ground at the Cursed Earth and the sea. One of the more egregious clashes was in "Inferno", where the Statue of Judgement is destroyed and falls through the western wall – which is many miles away from the eastern coast in every other story. Mega-City One has protectorates and colonies outside of the city walls: Blocks are huge and can be considered to be a small


title: "Huey Lewis" content: nowhere to sleep, he claimed that the locals were very hospitable by offering him somewhere to stay. In Madrid, Spain, he became an accomplished blues player as he hitchhiked and supported himself by busking with his harmonica. He gave his first concerts in Madrid, earning enough money to buy a plane ticket back to the US. Upon his return, Lewis entered the engineering program at Cornell University. While there he made friends with Lance and Larry Hoppen who later played with Orleans and Eddie Tuleja of King Harvest. Initially an active student and a member of the fraternity Eta Lambda


title: "Edward Arthur Milne" content: Milne did not assume "a priori" that the universe has a homogeneous matter distribution. He did not include the gravitation interaction into the model either. Milne argued that under the context of Einstein's special relativity, and the relativity of simultaneity, that it is impossible for a nonstatic universe to be homogeneous. Namely, if the universe is spreading out, its density is decreasing over time, and that if two regions appeared to be at the same density at the same time to one observer, they would not appear to be the same density at the same time to another observer. However,


title: "That'll Be the Day" content: to number two on "Billboard"'s R&B singles chart. The song peaked at number 1 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1957 and stayed in that position for three weeks. On December 20, 1969, a reissue of the single by Coral Records was awarded a "gold single" by the RIAA. On September 20, 1986, the song appeared on the UK Singles Chart at number 85 and left the chart a week later. February 25, 1957, Norman Petty Recording Studio July 22, 1956, Bradley’s Barn, Nashville Linda Ronstadt recorded "That'll Be the Day" for her 1976 Grammy Award–winning platinum album "Hasten


title: "Burt Rutan" content: the Rutan model 27. A new set of outer wings, with winglets, was later developed by Rutan for the VariViggen, producing the VariViggen SP, Rutan model 32. The VariViggen was named in honor of the Saab 37 Viggen, a canard-configured fighter jet developed in Sweden. One VariViggen, built in France and named Micro Star, was powered by two Microturbo TRS-18 jet engines in lieu of the usual piston engine. VariEze and Long-EZ The VariViggen design led to the successful Rutan VariEze (pronounced "very easy") homebuilt aircraft designs, in which he pioneered the use of moldless glass-reinforced plastic construction in homebuilts.


title: Yurt content: Yurt A traditional yurt (from the Turkic languages) or ger (Mongolian) is a portable, round tent covered with skins or felt and used as a dwelling by nomads in the steppes of Central Asia. The structure comprises an angled assembly or latticework of pieces of wood or bamboo for walls, a door frame, ribs (poles, rafters), and a wheel (crown, compression ring) possibly steam-bent. The roof structure is often self-supporting, but large yurts may have interior posts supporting the crown. The top of the wall of self-supporting yurts is prevented from spreading by means of a tension band which opposes


title: Yurt content: the force of the roof ribs. Modern yurts may be permanently built on a wooden platform; they may use modern materials such as steam-bent wooden framing or metal framing, canvas or tarpaulin, Plexiglas dome, wire rope, or radiant insulation. Yurts have been a distinctive feature of life in Central Asia for at least three thousand years. The first written description of a yurt used as a dwelling was recorded by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus. He described yurt-like tents as the dwelling place of the Scythians, a horse riding-nomadic nation who lived in the northern Black Sea and Central Asian


title: Yurt content: region from around 600 BC to AD 300. Traditional yurts consist of an expanding wooden circular frame carrying a felt cover. The felt is made from the wool of the flocks of sheep that accompany the pastoralists. The timber to make the external structure is not to be found on the treeless steppes, and must be obtained by trade in the valleys below. The frame consists of one or more expanding lattice wall-sections, a door-frame, bent roof poles and a crown. The Mongolian Ger has one or more columns to support the crown and straight roof poles. The (self-supporting) wood


title: Yurt content: frame is covered with pieces of felt. Depending on availability, felt is additionally covered with canvas and/or sun-covers. The frame is held together with one or more ropes or ribbons. The structure is kept under compression by the weight of the covers, sometimes supplemented by a heavy weight hung from the center of the roof. They vary with different sizes, and relative weight. They provide a surprisingly large amount of insulation and protection from the outside cold of winters, and they are easily changed to keep the yurts cool for summertime. A yurt is designed to be dismantled and the


title: Yurt content: parts carried compactly on camels or yaks to be rebuilt on another site. Complete construction takes around 2 hours. The traditional decoration within a yurt is primarily pattern-based. These patterns are generally not according to taste, but are derived from sacred ornaments with certain symbolism. Symbols representing strength are among the most common, including the khas (swastika) and four powerful beasts (lion, tiger, garuda, and dragon), as well as stylized representations of the five elements (fire, water, earth, metal, and wood), considered to be the fundamental, unchanging elements of the cosmos. Such patterns are commonly used in the home with


title: Yurt content: the belief that they will bring strength and offer protection. Repeating geometric patterns are also widely used. The most widespread geometric pattern is the continuous hammer or walking pattern (alkhan khee). Commonly used as a border decoration, it represents unending strength and constant movement. Another common pattern is the ulzii, a symbol of long life and happiness. The khamar ugalz (nose pattern) and ever ugalz (horn pattern) are derived from the shape of the animal's nose and horns, and are the oldest traditional patterns. All patterns can be found among not only the yurts themselves, but also on embroidery, furniture,


title: Yurt content: books, clothing, doors, and other objects. The wooden crown of the yurt (, ; ; ; ) is itself emblematic in many Central Asian cultures. In old Kazakh communities, the yurt itself would often be repaired and rebuilt, but the shangyrak would remain intact, passed from father to son upon the father's death. A family's length of heritage could be measured by the accumulation of stains on the shangrak from decades of smoke passing through it. A stylized version of the crown is in the center of the coat of arms of Kazakhstan, and forms the main image on the


title: Yurt content: flag of Kyrgyzstan. Today the yurt is seen as a nationalistic symbol among many Central Asian groups, and as such, yurts may be used as cafés (especially those specialising in traditional food), museums (especially relating to national culture), and souvenir shops. In celebration of the city of Mary's year as Cultural Capital of the Turkic World, the government of Turkmenistan constructed a yurt-shaped structure, called Ak Öýi (White Building) and described as "The World's Largest Yurt", of concrete, granite, aluminum, and glass. Dedicated on November 27, 2015, the structure is 35 meters high and 70 meters in diameter. According to


title: Yurt content: the Turkmenistan state news agency, "A white yurt is a symbol of an age-old, distinctive historical-cultural legacy, a sign of preservation of our roots and origins." This three-story structure includes a café, offices, and VIP apartments as well as a large auditorium with 3,000 seats. The design of the Mongolian Ger developed from its ancient simple forms to actively integrate with Buddhist culture. The crown—toono adopted the shape of Dharmachakra. The earlier style of toono, nowadays more readily found in Central Asian yurts, is called in Mongolia "sarkhinag toono" while the toono representing Buddhist dharmachakra is called "khorlo" (Tibetan འཀོར་ལོ།)


title: Yurt content: toono. Also the shapes, colors and ornaments of the wooden elements—toono, pillars and poles of the Mongolian yurt are in accord with the artistic style found in Buddhist monasteries of Mongolia. Such yurts are called "uyangiin ger", literally meaning "home of lyrics" or "home of melodies". Enthusiasts in other countries have adapted the visual idea of the yurt, a round, semi-permanent tent. Although those structures may be copied to some extent from the originals found in Central Asia, they often have some different features in their design to adapt them to different climate and use. In Canada and the United


title: Yurt content: States, yurts are made using hi-tech materials. They are highly engineered and built for extreme weather conditions. In addition, erecting one can take days and they are not intended to be moved often. These North American yurts are better named yurt derivations, as they are no longer round felt homes that are easy to mount, dismount and transport. North American yurts and yurt derivations were pioneered by William Coperthwaite in the 1960s, after he was inspired to build them by a National Geographic article about Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas's visit to Mongolia. In 1978, American company, Pacific Yurts,


title: Yurt content: became the first to manufacture yurts using architectural fabrics and structural engineering, paving the way for yurts to become popular attractions at ski resorts and campgrounds. Yurts are also popular in Northern Canada. In 1993, Oregon became the first state to incorporate yurts into its Parks Department as year round camping facilities. Since then, at least 17 other US States have introduced yurt camping into their own parks departments. In Europe, a closer approximation to the Mongolian and Central Asian yurt is in production in several countries. These tents use local hardwood, and often are adapted for a wetter climate