title: "Violet-green swallow" content: began when a pair of swallows attempted to overtake a nesting site occupied by a pair of chickadees and their fledglings. After multiple aerial battles, the chickadees regained control of their nest and successfully defended against future violet-green swallow attacks. The same field observer noted a similar altercation between violet-green swallows and hairy woodpeckers, which resulted in the same outcome. These species are permanent residents, allowing them first choice of nesting sites, while the violet-green swallows are summer residents with late breeding habits. Thus, a scarcity of viable nesting sites may lead to this interspecific competitive behaviour in violet-green swallows.


title: "Violet-green swallow" content: A similar observation of competitive behaviour for potential nesting sites has been observed between acorn woodpeckers and violet-green swallows. It has been speculated that certain birds, including swallows, enter a state of torpidity during harsh winter conditions. Few observations of this decrease in body temperature and metabolic rate have been recorded in violet-green swallows, the first case occurring in 1965 near Death Valley National Monument in Saratoga Springs, California. Field observers noted 3 “dead” individuals on the east-facing slope of a dune the morning after a cold and windy night. Upon closer observation, the violet-green swallows made minor movements, such


title: "Violet-green swallow" content: as opening their eyes, but did not struggle while being handled. The physical appearance of the swallows, including the position of their head in relation to the slope and the fluffing of their feathers was similar to that of other birds in torpor. Despite the lack of thermometers, it was apparent these 3 individuals were in a state of hypothermia for about 45 minutes after the sun began to rise. Eventually the 3 swallows awkwardly flew off, signifying the end of their torpor bout. In addition to reaching borderline hypothermic temperatures during bouts of torpor, violet-green swallows have been observed


title: "Violet-green swallow" content: behaving similar to hyperthermic individuals while sunbathing. Indications of this activity include the orientation of their wings and tail, their trance-like state and the occasional loss of balance. Research has shown that increasing feather temperatures during basking can control ectoparasites. The period of sunbathing in violet-green swallows is short and dependent on ambient temperature and wind velocity, but typically occurs after an increase in parasite loads near the end of nesting. Violet-green swallow The violet-green swallow ("Tachycineta thalassina") is a small North American passerine bird in the swallow family. These aerial insectivores are distributed along the west coast from Alaska


title: "AT&T Wireless Services" content: Hooper, a long time McCaw Cellular executive, was tapped by AT&T to be the CEO of the newly acquired division. Under his direction, AT&T Wireless grew to be the nation's largest cellular provider by the end of 1997, at which point Hooper and many of the remaining McCaw era executives departed. By 1999 and 2000 the cellular industry began to consolidate and Verizon Wireless and Cingular Wireless became the first and second largest national carriers. The year 1999 also brought John D. Zeglis as chief executive in October, followed a few months later by Dan Hesse's departure, who had been


title: "Battle of the Aegates" content: beginning of the war had been largely destroyed in the Battle of Drepana and in the storm that followed. However, Carthage took little advantage of this situation. Hostilities between Roman and Carthaginian forces gradually stalled, becoming concentrated in small-scale land operations in Sicily. The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca was slow to build on his advantage on the island and, probably as a result, from 242 BC Rome eventually decided to build another fleet and regain naval supremacy. This resolution notwithstanding, after 20 years of war the finances of the Republic were in a calamitous state and the treasury was empty.


title: "Union Buildings" content: Union Buildings The Union Buildings form the official seat of the South African Government and also house the offices of the President of South Africa. The imposing buildings are located in Pretoria, atop Meintjieskop at the northern end of Arcadia, close to historic Church Square and the Voortrekker Monument. The large gardens of the Buildings are nestled between Government Avenue, Vermeulen Street East, Church Street, the R104 and Blackwood Street. Fairview Avenue is a closed road where only officials can enter to the Union Buildings. Though not in the centre of Pretoria, the Union Buildings occupy the highest point of


title: "Union Buildings" content: Pretoria, and constitute a South African national heritage site. The Buildings are one of the centres of political life in South Africa; "The Buildings" and "Arcadia" have become metonyms for the South African government. It has become an iconic landmark of Pretoria and South Africa in general, and is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city and an emblem of democracy. The Buildings are the location of presidential inaugurations. These buildings, built from light sandstone, were designed by the architect Sir Herbert Baker in the English monumental style and are 285 m long. They have a semi-circular


title: "Union Buildings" content: shape, with the two wings at the sides, this serves to represent the union of a formerly divided people. The clock chimes are identical to those of Big Ben in London. The east and west wings, as well as the twin-domed towers, represent two languages, English and Afrikaans, and the inner court was designed and built to symbolise the Union of South Africa. These buildings are considered by many to be the architect's greatest achievement and a South African architectural masterpiece. The Nelson Mandela statue in Sandton City's Nelson Mandela Square was commissioned originally to stand on the spot where


title: "Union Buildings" content: Nelson Mandela gave his inaugural address. The building was sited on a disused quarry, which now makes up the amphitheatre. The matching statues on top of the domed towers are Atlas, holding up the world, sculpted by Abraham Broadbent. The statue on the domed rostrum in the amphitheatre between the wings is Mercury, a mythic Roman messenger and a god of trade, sculpted by George Ness. The closest suburb to the Union Buildings is Arcadia, which means "Playground of Gods". Pretoria has the second largest number of embassies in the world, after Washington, D.C., most of which are located in


title: "Union Buildings" content: or near Arcadia. The design of each level differs, and therefore each stone had to be individually cut. The Architectural styles of the building ranges from the lower levels' Edwardian style to the top levels' Cape Dutch design with shutters on the windows. The windows from bottom to top are elongated and become shorter towards the top floor. This is to give the illusion of height. The Union Buildings are the site of presidential inaugurations. The official offices of the president are on the left-hand side of the Union Buildings, and the South African national flag is flown on the


title: "Union Buildings" content: left-hand side if the president is in office. The Buildings are divided into three sections; the left offices, amphitheatre, and right offices. All are 95 metres in length. Each offices block contains three inner courtyards providing light and air to the offices. Each block has a basement and three floors above ground. The central curved building behind the colonnade houses the committee rooms, a library and conference rooms while the basement contains the kitchen, dining rooms and lounges. The interior is treated in the Cape Dutch style: carved teak fanlights, heavy doors, dark ceiling beams contrasting with white plaster walls


title: "Union Buildings" content: and heavy wood furniture. The Boer Republics of the ZAR and the Orange Free State were united with the Cape Colony and Natal Colony in 1910 to become the Union of South Africa. Pretoria then became the administrative capital of the whole of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital. Between 1860 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal, superseding Potchefstroom in that role. The new Union required a governmental building which could signify unity and host the new government. Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, later to become first president of the Transvaal Republic, was


title: "Union Buildings" content: the original owner of the farm 'Elandsfontein' on which Meintjieskop stands. In 1856 Andries Francois du Toit (1813–1883), in exchange for a Basuto pony, acquired part of the farm, which he named '"Arcadia"' and on which the Union Buildings were later constructed. He was also Pretoria's first magistrate and was responsible for the layout of the city. During this period he sold his land to Stephanus Jacobus Meintjies (1819–1887), after whom the hill is named. In 1909 Herbert Baker was commissioned to design the Government Building of the Union of South Africa (which was formed on 31 May 1910) in


title: "Union Buildings" content: Pretoria. Pretoria was to become the administrative centre for the new government. In November 1910 the cornerstone of the Union Building was laid. Lord Selborne and H.C. Hull, a member of the first Union Cabinet, chose Meintjieskop as the site for Baker's design. The site was that of a disused quarry and the existing excavations were used to create the amphitheatre, which was set about with ornamental pools, fountains, sculptures, balustrades and trees. The design consisted of two identical wings, joined by a semicircular colonnade forming the backdrop of the amphitheatre. The colonnade was terminated on either side by a


title: "Union Buildings" content: tower. Each wing had a basement and three floors above ground. The interiors were created in the Cape Dutch style with carved teak fanlights, heavy doors, dark ceiling beams contrasting with white plaster walls and heavy wood furniture. Baker used indigenous materials as far as possible. The granite was quarried on site while Buiskop sandstone was used for the courtyards. Stinkwood and Rhodesian teak were used for timber and wood panelling. The roof tiles and quarry tiles for the floors were made in Vereeniging. The cornerstone was laid in November 1910, shortly after the Union of South Africa – for


title: "Union Buildings" content: which the buildings are named – was formed. Taking 1,265 workers over three years to build, the structure was completed in 1913 at a total cost of £1,310,640 for the building and £350,000 for the site. Designed by Sir Herbert Baker in 1908, building began in 1909 and was completed in 1913. It took approximately 1265 artisans, workmen and labourers almost three years to construct, using 14 million bricks for the interior office walls, half a million cubic feet of freestone, 74 000 cubic yards of concrete, 40 000 bags of cement and 20 000 cubic feet of granite. Originally


title: "Union Buildings" content: built to house the entire Public Service for the Union of South Africa, it was then the largest building in the country and possibly the largest building work undertaken in the Southern Hemisphere at that time. Several other sites were considered, including Muckleneuk Ridge, on the opposite side of the city, and Pretorius Square, in the centre of Pretoria, where the City Hall now stands. However, Herbert Baker was strongly in favour of Meintjieskop, which was within a mile of the centre of Pretoria and reminded him strongly of some of the acropolises of Greece and Asia Minor, where he


title: "Union Buildings" content: had studied Mediterranean architecture. The concept of an acropolis and a building that agreed with renowned British Architect Sir Christopher Wren's theory that a public building should be a national ornament which establishes a nation, draws people and commerce and makes people love their country easily persuaded the then powers that be, who were at the time, preoccupied with the ideal of establishing a new and united nation. The British high commissioner at the time, Lord Selborne, remarked; People will come from all over the world to wonder at the beauty of the site and to admire the forethought and


title: "Union Buildings" content: courage of the men who selected it. The design of the buildings was largely determined by the nature of the site. Baker envisaged identical wings of rectangular office blocks, each representing one of the two official languages. They were to be linked by a semicircular wing, and the space in-between the two wings was levelled to bring form an amphitheatre as in the Greek fashion for gatherings of national and ceremonial importance. Baker wanted the buildings to be built of imported granite, but any idea of using anything but South African stone for the most important government building of the


title: "Union Buildings" content: new state was unthinkable to those who commissioned it, as a result, the terraces and retaining walls in the grounds are built predominantly of mountain stone quarried on site, the foundation of the building is of granite, while freestone was used for the exterior walls, the amphitheatre and major courtyards. For the overall design of the building, Baker chose the neo-classic architecture of the Italian Renaissance, and also combined an idiom of the English Renaissance, as well as significant elements of Cape Dutch detail, such as in the carved main doorways and fanlights and in much of the wrought-iron brass


title: "Union Buildings" content: work and balustrades of the smaller areas. On 9 August 1956, 20,000 women marched to the doors of the Union Buildings, chanting "Wathint' Abafazi, wathint' imbokodo!" which means "strike the women, strike the rock", to protest against the pass laws of 1950. This historical event is commemorated by the public holiday National Women's Day. Wilma Cruise and Marcus Holmes were approached to design a memorial to commemorate the Women's March. They made use of the "imbokodo". The imbokodo is a grinding stone used by the women to grind maize. Cruise and Holmes, rested the imbokodo, representing nurture and sustenance, on


title: "Union Buildings" content: bronze plates, representing the earth and fire. There are two sets of stairs leading to the memorial, and on each step, raised in bronzed letters are the words from 'The Demand of the Women of South Africa for the Withdrawal of Passes for Women and Repeal of the Pass Laws.' On approaching the imbokodo, you will trigger infrared beams, which activates history's "whispered voices", echoed in all 11 official languages, the rally cry, repeated softly. In 1986, significant restoration of the Union Buildings was undertaken by Johan de Ridder and T.W. Baker as the appointed architects. On 10 May 1994,


title: "Union Buildings" content: the inauguration of Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first democratically elected president after the end of Apartheid, and his vice-presidents, heralded the beginning of a new era in South Africa's history. Part of Nelson Mandela's inaugural address: "Today, all of us do, by our presence here, and by our celebrations in other parts of our country and the world, confer glory and hope to newborn liberty. Out of the experience of an extraordinary human disaster that lasted too long, must be born a society of which all humanity will be proud. Our daily deeds as ordinary South Africans must produce an


title: "Union Buildings" content: actual South African reality that will reinforce humanity's belief in justice, strengthen its confidence in the nobility of the human soul and sustain all our hopes for a glorious life for all. All this we owe both to ourselves and to the peoples of the world who are so well represented here today. We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom. We know it well that none of us acting alone can achieve success. We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world.


title: "Union Buildings" content: Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all. Let there be work, bread, water and salt for all. Let each know that for each the body, the mind and the soul have been freed to fulfill themselves. Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world. Let freedom reign. The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement! Let us as a Rainbow nation keep this in focus and move forward!"


title: "Union Buildings" content: On 31 December 1999 the South African flagship Millennium celebration was held here. In attendance was the then deputy president Jacob Zuma, and other ministers. On 10 December 2013, the Union Buildings Amphitheatre was renamed the Nelson Mandela Amphitheatre. On 16 December 2013, a 9-metre high bronze statue of Mandela was unveiled at the Union Buildings. The building is surrounded by beautifully terraced gardens of indigenous plants. Various monuments adorn the expansive lawns, including the Delville Wood War Memorial and a statue of the country's first Prime Minister, General The Rt Hon. Louis Botha. The lawn in front of the


title: "Union Buildings" content: Union Buildings are often the location for public gatherings, whether they be protest or celebration, such as the presidential inauguration. Notable are the terraced gardens, planted exclusively with indigenous plants, surrounding the buildings as well as the 9,000 seat Nelson Mandela amphitheatre. Within the grounds are various monuments, statues and memorials. Starting at the bottom of the gardens, a large statue of General Louis Botha (first prime minister of the Union of South Africa) on horseback dominates the lawn. About halfway up the terraces, the Delville Wood War Memorial is a tribute to South African troops who died during the


title: "Union Buildings" content: First World War as well as a plaque in memory of those that died during the Korean War. Two levels above that is a statue of President Nelson Mandela. This replaced the statue of General J.B.M. Hertzog, a former Prime Minister, which can still be found on the grounds. The South African Police Memorial is located at the top right of the gardens. The South African National Film, Video and Sound Archives is also located in the grounds of the Union Buildings, adjacent to the Police Memorial. Because of the significance of the Voortrekker Monument and the Union Buildings in


title: "Union Buildings" content: the national consciousness, a law in Pretoria limits the height of any building between the Voortrekker Monument and the Union Buildings such that the view between them remains unobstructed. The Union Buildings share duties with Cape Town as the seat of the South African Government. Pretoria shares duties with Cape Town and Bloemfontein as the capital cities of South Africa. The official seats of the President are the Union Buildings in Pretoria and the Tuynhuys in Cape Town. Union Buildings The Union Buildings form the official seat of the South African Government and also house the offices of the President


title: "Southern African Development Community" content: Southern African Development Community The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is an inter-governmental organization headquartered in Gaborone, Botswana. Its goal is to further socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 16 southern African states. SADC has 16 member states: The Union of Comoros was admitted into SADC at the 37th SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Pretoria, South Africa in 2017, bringing the total number of Member States to 16. Additionally, Burundi has requested to join. The origins of SADC are in the 1960s and 1970s, when the leaders of majority-ruled


title: "Fort Wayne Children's Zoo" content: an Endangered Species Carousel. Early in the morning of Saturday, November 22, 2014, Tara, a 19-year-old Sumatran orangutan, whose pregnancy was announced in October 2014 (orangutans are critically endangered), gave birth to a healthy female baby. The baby's father is a 28-year-old male named Tengku. Tengku arrived in Fort Wayne in 1995, from Zoo Atlanta, and Tara arrived in 2013 from the Columbus Zoo; orangutan gestation is normally 245 days. Though Tara had never given birth before and had never observed other females of her species caring for their offspring, Fort Wayne officials, having observed her after the birth, are


title: "ʻIolani Palace" content: here and it doesn't plan to leave. This is a continuity of the Hawaiian Kingdom of 1892 to today," Kahau said. Friends of Iolani Palace released a statement stating: "We respect the freedom of Hawaiian groups to hold an opinion on the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, we believe that blocking public access to Iolani Palace is wrong and certainly detrimental to our mission to share the Palace and its history with our residents, our "keiki" (children), and our visitors." A movie titled "Princess Kaiulani" about Princess Victoria Kaiulani Cleghorn was filmed at the palace in 2008. ʻIolani Palace The


title: "Punahou School" content: 2013 had twenty semifinalists, and five of the state's ten National Merit Scholars. Punahou's 33 Presidential Scholars were graduates of the classes of '64, '66, '70, '71, '75, '78 (two), '79, '82, '84 (two members), '85, '86 (two), '91, '92 (two), '93, '95, '96, '98, '01, '02, '04 (three), '05, '06, '08, '11, '16 (two), and '17. A recent study of the class of 1979 showed that 15 had a PhD, 22 had an MD, 39 had a JD, 18 had the MBA, 10 had the DDS, DMD, DVM, or ND (about one quarter of the class reaching terminal degrees).


title: Watercress content: Watercress Watercress or yellowcress is an aquatic plant species with the botanical name Nasturtium officinale. This should not be confused with the profoundly different and unrelated group of plants with the common name of nasturtium, within the genus "Tropaeolum". Watercress is a rapidly growing, aquatic or semi-aquatic, perennial plant native to Europe and Asia, and one of the oldest known leaf vegetables consumed by humans. It is a member of the family Brassicaceae, botanically related to garden cress, mustard, radish, and wasabi—all noteworthy for their piquant flavor. The hollow stems of watercress will float; the leaf structure is pinnately compound.


title: Watercress content: Small, white and green flowers are produced in clusters and are frequently visited by insects, especially hoverflies such as "Eristalis" flies. Watercress is also listed in some sources as belonging to the genus "Rorippa", although molecular evidence shows the aquatic species with hollow stems are more closely related to "Cardamine" than "Rorippa". Despite the Latin name, watercress is not particularly closely related to the flowers popularly known as nasturtiums ("Tropaeolum majus"); "T. majus" belongs to the family Tropaeolaceae, a sister taxon to the Brassicaceae within the order Brassicales. Cultivation of watercress is practical on both a large-scale and a garden-scale.


title: Watercress content: Being semi-aquatic, watercress is well-suited to hydroponic cultivation, thriving best in water that is slightly alkaline. It is frequently produced around the headwaters of chalk streams. In many local markets, the demand for hydroponically grown watercress exceeds supply, partly because cress leaves are unsuitable for distribution in dried form, and can only be stored fresh for a short period. Watercress can be sold in supermarkets in sealed plastic bags, containing a little moisture and lightly pressurised to prevent crushing of contents. This has allowed national availability with a once-purchased storage life of one to two days in chilled or refrigerated


title: Watercress content: storage. Also sold as sprouts, the edible shoots are harvested days after germination. If unharvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50 to 120 centimetres (–4 ft). Like many plants in this family, the foliage of watercress becomes bitter when the plants begin producing flowers. Watercress crops grown in the presence of manure can be an environment for parasites such as the liver fluke, "Fasciola hepatica". By inhibiting cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1), compounds in watercress may alter drug metabolism in individuals on certain medications such as chlorzoxazone. In some regions, watercress is regarded as a weed, in other regions as


title: Watercress content: an aquatic vegetable or herb. Watercress has been grown in many locations around the world. In the United Kingdom, watercress was first commercially cultivated in 1808 by the horticulturist William Bradbery, along the River Ebbsfleet in Kent. Watercress is now grown in a number of counties of the United Kingdom, most notably Hertfordshire, Hampshire, Wiltshire and Dorset. The town of Alresford, near Winchester, holds a Watercress Festival that brings in more than 15,000 visitors every year, and a preserved steam railway line has been named after the local crop. In recent years, watercress has become more widely available in the


title: Watercress content: UK, at least in the southeast; it is stocked pre-packed in some supermarkets, as well as fresh by the bunch at farmers' markets and greengrocers. Alresford in the U.K. is considered to be that nation's watercress capital. In the United States in the 1940s, Huntsville, Alabama, was locally known as the "watercress capital of the world". Watercress is 95% water and has low contents of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and dietary fiber. A 100-gram serving of watercress provides 11 calories, is particularly rich in vitamin K, and contains significant amounts of vitamin A, vitamin C, riboflavin, vitamin B6, calcium, and manganese


title: Watercress content: (table). Watercress Watercress or yellowcress is an aquatic plant species with the botanical name Nasturtium officinale. This should not be confused with the profoundly different and unrelated group of plants with the common name of nasturtium, within the genus "Tropaeolum". Watercress is a rapidly growing, aquatic or semi-aquatic, perennial plant native to Europe and Asia, and one of the oldest known leaf vegetables consumed by humans. It is a member of the family Brassicaceae, botanically related to garden cress, mustard, radish, and wasabi—all noteworthy for their piquant flavor. The hollow stems of watercress will float; the leaf structure is pinnately


title: "Crouch End" content: books on the local history and organise talks. Link to HHS website Crouch End has long been associated with creativity, especially since the 1970s when many artists, musicians, film and TV makers, animators and performers of all kinds flocked here due to cheap rents. According to Haringey Council, a higher than average proportion of the population works in the creative industries. Crouch End has two cinemas, the independent Art House and the Crouch End Picturehouse. Crouch End is home to the Kings Head, one of the UK's top comedy venues. Crouch End is home of the symphonic choir, Crouch End


title: "Potala Palace" content: Potala Palace The Potala Palace () in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China was the residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. It is now a museum and World Heritage Site. The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. The 5th Dalai Lama started its construction in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of


title: "Potala Palace" content: Lhasa. It may overlay the remains of an earlier fortress called the White or Red Palace on the site, built by Songtsen Gampo in 637. The building measures east-west and north-south, with sloping stone walls averaging thick, and thick at the base, and with copper poured into the foundations to help proof it against earthquakes. Thirteen storeys of buildings, containing over 1,000 rooms, 10,000 shrines and about 200,000 statues, soar on top of Marpo Ri, the "Red Hill", rising more than in total above the valley floor. Tradition has it that the three main hills of Lhasa represent the "Three


title: "Potala Palace" content: Protectors of Tibet". Chokpori, just to the south of the Potala, is the soul-mountain () of Vajrapani, Pongwari that of Manjusri, and Marpori, the hill on which the Potala stands, represents Avalokiteśvara. The site on which the Potala Palace rises is built over a palace erected by Songtsen Gampo on the Red Hill. The Potala contains two chapels on its northwest corner that conserve parts of the original building. One is the Phakpa Lhakhang, the other the Chogyel Drupuk, a recessed cavern identified as Songtsen Gampo's meditation cave. Lozang Gyatso, the Great Fifth Dalai Lama, started the construction of the


title: "Potala Palace" content: modern Potala Palace in 1645 after one of his spiritual advisers, Konchog Chophel (died 1646), pointed out that the site was ideal as a seat of government, situated as it is between Drepung and Sera monasteries and the old city of Lhasa. The external structure was built in 3 years, while the interior, together with its furnishings, took 45 years to complete. The Dalai Lama and his government moved into the Potrang Karpo ('White Palace') in 1649. Construction lasted until 1694, some twelve years after his death. The Potala was used as a winter palace by the Dalai Lama from


title: "Potala Palace" content: that time. The Potrang Marpo ('Red Palace') was added between 1690 and 1694. The new palace got its name from a hill on Cape Comorin at the southern tip of India—a rocky point sacred to the bodhisattva of compassion, who is known as Avalokitesvara, or Chenrezi. The Tibetans themselves rarely speak of the sacred place as the "Potala", but rather as "Peak Potala" ("Tse Potala"), or most commonly as "the Peak". The palace was slightly damaged during the Tibetan uprising against the Chinese in 1959, when Chinese shells were launched into the palace's windows. Before Chamdo Jampa Kalden was shot


title: "Potala Palace" content: and taken prisoner by soldiers of the People's Liberation Army, he witnessed "Chinese cannon shells began landing on Norbulingka past midnight on March 19th, 1959... The sky lit up as the Chinese shells hit the Chakpori Medical College and the Potala." It also escaped damage during the Cultural Revolution in 1966 through the personal intervention of Zhou Enlai, who was then the Premier of the People's Republic of China. Tibetan activist Tsering Woeser claims that the palace, which harboured "over 100,000 volumes of scriptures and historical documents" and "many store rooms for housing precious objects, handicrafts, paintings, wall hangings, statues,


title: "Potala Palace" content: and ancient armour", "was almost robbed empty". On the other hand, tibetologist Amy Heller writes that "the invaluable library and artistic treasures accumulated over the centuries in the Potala have been preserved." The Potala Palace was inscribed to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. In 2000 and 2001, Jokhang Temple and Norbulingka were added to the list as extensions to the sites. Rapid modernisation has been a concern for UNESCO, however, which expressed concern over the building of modern structures immediately around the palace which threaten the palace's unique atmosphere. The Chinese government responded by enacting a rule barring


title: "Potala Palace" content: the building of any structure taller than 21 metres in the area. UNESCO was also concerned over the materials used during the restoration of the palace, which commenced in 2002 at a cost of RMB180 million (US$22.5 million), although the palace's director, Qiangba Gesang, has clarified that only traditional materials and craftsmanship were used. The palace has also received restoration works between 1989 and 1994, costing RMB55 million (US$6.875 million). The number of visitors to the palace was restricted to 1,600 a day, with opening hours reduced to six hours daily to avoid over-crowding from 1 May 2003. The palace


title: "Potala Palace" content: was receiving an average of 1,500 a day prior to the introduction of the quota, sometimes peaking to over 5,000 in one day. Visits to the structure's roof were banned after restoration efforts were completed in 2006 to avoid further structural damage. Visitorship quotas were raised to 2,300 daily to accommodate a 30% increase in visitorship since the opening of the Qingzang railway into Lhasa on 1 July 2006, but the quota is often reached by mid-morning. Opening hours were extended during the peak period in the months of July to September, where over 6,000 visitors would descend on the


title: "Potala Palace" content: site. Built at an altitude of 3,700 m (12,100 ft), on the side of Ri Marpo ('Red Mountain') in the centre of Lhasa Valley, the Potala Palace, with its vast inward-sloping walls broken only in the upper parts by straight rows of many windows, and its flat roofs at various levels, is not unlike a fortress in appearance. At the south base of the rock is a large space enclosed by walls and gates, with great porticos on the inner side. A series of tolerably easy staircases, broken by intervals of gentle ascent, leads to the summit of the rock.


title: "Potala Palace" content: The whole width of this is occupied by the palace. The central part of this group of buildings rises in a vast quadrangular mass above its satellites to a great height, terminating in gilt canopies similar to those on the Jokhang. This central member of Potala is called the "red palace" from its crimson colour, which distinguishes it from the rest. It contains the principal halls and chapels and shrines of past Dalai Lamas. There is in these much rich decorative painting, with jewelled work, carving and other ornamentation. The lower white frontage on the south side of the palace


title: "Potala Palace" content: was used to hoist two gigantic thangkas joined together representing the figures of Tara and Sakyamuni during the Sertreng Festival on the 30th day of the second Tibetan month. The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple, also a UNESCO World Heritage Site, built between 1767 and 1771, was in part modelled after the Potala Palace. The palace was named by the American television show "Good Morning America" and newspaper "USA Today" as one of the "New Seven Wonders". The Leh Palace in Leh, Ladakh, India is also modelled after the Potala Palace. Lhasa Zhol Village has two stone pillars or "rdo-rings", an


title: "Potala Palace" content: interior stone pillar or "doring nangma", which stands within the village fortification walls, and the exterior stone pillar or "doring chima", which originally stood outside the South entrance to the village. Today the pillar stands neglected to the East of the Liberation Square, on the South side of Beijing Avenue. The "doring chima" dates as far back as circa 764, "or only a little later", and is inscribed with what may be the oldest known example of Tibetan writing. The pillar contains dedications to a famous Tibetan general and gives an account of his services to the king including campaigns


title: "Potala Palace" content: against China which culminated in the brief capture of the Chinese capital Chang'an (modern Xian) in 763 during which the Tibetans temporarily installed as Emperor a relative of Princess Jincheng Gongzhu (Kim-sheng Kong co), the Chinese wife of Trisong Detsen's father, Me Agtsom. Potala Palace The Potala Palace () in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China was the residence of the Dalai Lama until the 14th Dalai Lama fled to India during the 1959 Tibetan uprising. It is now a museum and World Heritage Site. The palace is named after Mount Potalaka, the mythical abode of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara. The 5th


title: Patras content: can stimulate the economy and promote development, when Patras was appointed European Capital of Culture. On the obverse is the logo for Patras 2006 around the words "European Capital of Culture". Patras Patras ( , Classical Greek and Katharevousa: Πάτραι , , ) is Greece's third-largest city and the regional capital of Western Greece, in the northern Peloponnese, west of Athens. The city is built at the foothills of Mount Panachaikon, overlooking the Gulf of Patras. Patras has a population of 213,984 (in 2011). The core settlement has a history spanning for four millennia; in the Roman period it had


title: "American University of Beirut" content: American University of Beirut The American University of Beirut (AUB) () is a private, secular and independent university in Beirut, Lebanon. It is one of the most prestigious universities in the Middle East, securing the top spot in the Arab region in the 2018 "QS World University Rankings". The American University of Beirut is governed by a private, autonomous Board of Trustees and offers programs leading to bachelor's, master's, MD and PhD degrees. It collaborates with many universities around the world, notably with Columbia University, George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine


title: "Pierson's Puppeteers" content: centuries or millennia ahead of most other species (including humans). For example, humans in Niven's universe invented (actually purchased from the Puppeteers) a method of cheap teleportation in the twenty-fifth century called a transfer booth, which requires an enclosed space at either end of the transmission. Puppeteers use a much more elegant and sophisticated booth-less "open" version in the form of stepping disks, which require no enclosure. They transformed their home world, and several other astronomical bodies, into a Klemperer rosette, in order to flee a galactic catastrophe. Socially, two notable traits of Puppeteers are their racial/cultural penchant for cowardice


title: "Jim Crockett Promotions" content: to help counter the WWF, after it became America's dominant wrestling business in the wake of the first WrestleMania. Crockett then purchased both Saturday evening TBS timeslots from Vince McMahon (who needed extra money to launch "Saturday Night's Main Event" on NBC), thus making Crockett the outright owner of World Championship Wrestling. Crockett filled the timeslot with two hours of original programming filmed in Ted Turner's Atlanta studios. The programming aired under the "World Championship Wrestling" banner, which had been adopted by GCW before its demise. As a result of the success World Championship Wrestling now had from acquiring the


title: Allamanda content: Allamanda Allamanda is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. They are native to the Americas, where they are distributed from Mexico to Argentina. Some species are familiar as ornamental plants cultivated for their large, colorful flowers. Most species produce yellow flowers; "A. blanchetii" bears pink. The genus name "Allamanda" honors the Swiss botanist and physician Frédéric-Louis Allamand (1735–1803). It also is official flower of Kuching North City Hall. Plants of the genus are evergreen trees, shrubs, or vines. They contain a white latex. The leaves are opposite or arranged in whorls of up to 5. The


title: Allamanda content: blades are generally oval and smooth-edged, and some are leathery or lightly hairy. The inflorescence is a compound cyme. The flower has five lobed sepals and a bell- or funnel-shaped corolla of five petals, yellow in most species. The fruit is a schizocarp containing two to four seeds. In lab analyses "Allamanda" species have yielded several chemical compounds, including iridoid lactones such as allamandin, plumericin, and plumierides. Plumericin particularly was demonstrated to be a highly potent NF-κB inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity "in vitro" and "in vivo", while its structurally related derivatives plumierdin, plumeridoid C, and allamandicin did not have activity.


title: Allamanda content: The lignan pinoresinol and coumarins such as scopoletin and scoparone have been isolated from "A. schottii". "Allamanda" species have been used in systems of traditional medicine for various purposes. "A. cathartica" has been used to treat liver tumors, jaundice, splenomegaly, and malaria. In analyses, some species have shown some activity against carcinoma cells, pathogenic fungi, and HIV. In the wild, allamandas grow along riverbanks and other open, sunny areas with adequate rainfall and perpetually moist substrate. The plants do not tolerate shade or salty or alkaline soils, and they are sensitive to frost. They grow rapidly, sometimes spreading 3 meters


title: Allamanda content: per year. They can be propagated from cuttings. Can be trained as a standard. Allamandas have become naturalized throughout the tropics, growing in roadside ditches, abandoned yards, and dumps. "A. cathartica" in particular is an invasive species in Queensland. Cutting is ineffective as a means of control, because the plants respond to coppicing. There are about 12 to 15 valid species in the genus. Species and synonyms include: Allamanda Allamanda is a genus of flowering plants in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. They are native to the Americas, where they are distributed from Mexico to Argentina. Some species are familiar as


title: "1922 in Germany" content: Difficulties arose when Poland claimed an unrestricted right of liquidation, and failed to recognize the right of the chairman of the Mixed Commission to arbitrate. A compromise was reached, in which Poland gained a limited right of liquidation, without inflicting too great a hardship on the German owners. On July 17, the transfer to Poland of the parts of Upper Silesia assigned to her commenced. At the same time, large portions of the population moved from newly-Polish districts into the parts that remained German. A few weeks later, the German districts voted on whether they should become an autonomous federated


title: "Calliope hummingbird" content: Calliope hummingbird The calliope hummingbird ("Selasphorus calliope") is a very small hummingbird native to the United States and Canada and, during winter, Central America. It was previously considered the only member of the genus Stellula, but recent evidence suggests placement in the genus "Selasphorus". This bird was named after the Greek muse Calliope. The former genus name means "little star". This is the smallest breeding bird found in Canada and the United States. The only smaller species ever found in the U.S. is the bumblebee hummingbird, an accidental vagrant from Mexico. An adult calliope hummingbird can measure in length, span


title: "Calliope hummingbird" content: across the wings and weigh . These birds have glossy green on the back and crown with white underparts. Their bill and tail are relatively short. The adult male has wine-red streaks on the throat, green flanks and a dark tail. Females and immatures have a pinkish wash on the flanks, dark streaks on the throat and a dark tail with white tips. The only similar birds are the rufous hummingbird and the Allen's hummingbird, but these birds are larger with more distinct and contrasting rufous markings on tail and flanks, and longer central tail feathers. The breeding habitat of


title: "Calliope hummingbird" content: calliope hummingbird is varied among open shrub habitats and altitudes. Nesting usually occurs at higher altitudes in the Rocky Mountains. Nests have been observed from as low as in Washington elevation to the tree line at over . In Montana, the minimum elevation observed for breeding is . Open montane forest, mountain meadows, and willow and alder thickets may variously serve as breeding grounds. During migration and winter, they also occur in chaparral, lowland brushy areas, deserts and semi-desert regions. They nest in western North America from southern British Columbia and Alberta south to Colorado and southern California. During spring


title: "Calliope hummingbird" content: and summer, they move, mainly through Arizona and New Mexico and northern Mexico, to winter in southwestern Mexico as well as in Guatemala and Belize. Calliope hummingbirds are a migratory bird, generally leaving their breeding grounds earlier than most birds (although not as early as the rufous hummingbird) to take advantage of the late-summer wildflowers in the mountains of western North America. They are believed to be the smallest-bodied long distance migrant in the world. These birds feed on nectar from flowers using a long extendable tongue, drink sap from holes created by sapsuckers or catch insects on the wing.


title: "Calliope hummingbird" content: While collecting nectar, they also assist in plant pollination. Plants preferred for pollinating include paintbrush, penstemon, columbine, trumpet gilia, and elephant head. They will also occasionally catch and eat small insects and spiders. Adult males usually arrive on the breeding ground before females, from mid-April to early May. The male claims and vigorously defends a nesting territory in which he will breed with many females. The male takes no part in raising the young and often actually vacates the breeding grounds by the time the young hatch. The female usually builds an open cup nest in a conifer tree under


title: "Calliope hummingbird" content: an overhanging branch, though apple and alder trees have also been used. The nest is often built on the base of large pine cones and somewhat resembles a pine cone itself. A nest may be used repeatedly over the course of several years. Two eggs are laid from late May to early July and are incubated for 15 to 16 days. The young are capable of flight about 20 days after hatching. During courtship, a male calliope hummingbird hovers at accelerated wingbeat frequency up to 95 flaps per second (42% higher than normal hovering), creating a loud buzzing sound, with


title: "Calliope hummingbird" content: throat feathers protruding and facing a female. The male then ascends temporarily to 20 meters and dives at high speed, with the rapid descent causing sonation of wing and tail feathers combined with vocalization, intending to attract attention of the female. Research in a wind tunnel demonstrated that the male courtship display includes sounds produced by three independent feather or vocal components, each with different acoustic characteristics, thus potentially containing different messages appealing to the female. Many species of pollinators, including the calliope hummingbird, have shown decreases in certain populations. Little information is available on the overall issues that are


title: "Calliope hummingbird" content: causing these declines but possible threats include habitat loss, increased use of pesticides, and replacement of native plants by non-native plants (although, on the other hand, many hummingbirds benefit from non-native plants in gardens that provide additional food). The restricted wintering range of calliope hummingbirds makes the species more susceptible to natural disasters, diseases, or land use changes that could wipe out significant portions of the population. The calliope hummingbird has not been well studied, leaving much of its life history unknown. Calliope hummingbird The calliope hummingbird ("Selasphorus calliope") is a very small hummingbird native to the United States and


title: "McBurney's point" content: McBurney's point McBurney's point is the name given to the point over the right side of the abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel). This point roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum. Deep tenderness at McBurney's point, known as McBurney's sign, is a sign of acute appendicitis. The clinical sign of referred pain in the epigastrium when pressure is applied is also known as Aaron's sign. Specific localization of tenderness to McBurney's point indicates that inflammation


title: "David Langford" content: 1996; it was revived in the small-press magazine "PCW Today" from 1997 to 2002, and all the columns are collected as "The Limbo Files" (2009). Langford's 1985-1988 "The Disinformation Column" for "Apricot File" focused on Apricot Computers systems; these columns are collected as "The Apricot Files" (2007). A collection of nonfiction and humorous work, "Let's Hear It for the Deaf Man", was published in 1992 by NESFA Press. This was incorporated into a follow-up collection, consisting of 47 nonfiction pieces and three short stories, and published as "The Silence of the Langford" in 1996. "Up Through an Empty House of


title: "Earl of Bradford" content: family, John Bridgeman, grandson of Edward Bridgeman, served as Bishop of Chester from 1619 to 1652. His son, Orlando Bridgeman, was a prominent lawyer and politician. In 1660 he was created a baronet, of Great Lever in the County of Lancaster, in the Baronetage of England. His great-grandson, the fourth Baronet, represented Shrewsbury in Parliament. In 1719 he married Lady Anne Newport, daughter of Richard Newport, 2nd Earl of Bradford. Their son, the fifth Baronet, was a Member of Parliament for Ludlow and Wenlock for over forty years. In 1762 he succeeded through his mother to the Newport estates, including


title: "Fundamental domain" content: part of the free regular sets. To construct a fundamental domain of "H"/Γ, one must also consider how to assign points on the boundary, being careful not to double-count such points. Thus, the free regular set in this example is The fundamental domain is built by adding the boundary on the left plus half the arc on the bottom including the point in the middle: The choice of which points of the boundary to include as a part of the fundamental domain is arbitrary, and varies from author to author. The core difficulty of defining the fundamental domain lies not


title: "Tara, Saga" content: that they sang a song whenever he came down from the mountains. The lyrics of the song ask for him to fall and break his leg so that he would have to stay among the women. Women could not go into the mountains at that time in history because of the mountains' sacred nature. The mountains themselves were worshiped as the realm of gods (at this time the local belief was that gods were another step along a buddha's progression), and the temple at Mount Tara, Kinsen-ji, had authority over more than 70 shrines in Kyūshū. However, under the Meiji


title: "1980 Quebec referendum" content: generally viewed as detailed and competent, the report did not make much impact on the federal election, and was attacked by the PQ as vague and insubstantial. Ryan, who disliked the federal Liberals, refused to endorse either Trudeau or Clark. On February 18, 1980, the federal Liberals won a majority in the House of Commons, and Trudeau returned as Prime Minister. Trudeau announced Jean Chrétien, his most trusted lieutenant, as having responsibilities for the federal response to the referendum. Ryan was furious. Television had recently been introduced to the Quebec National Assembly, and the legislative debate on the referendum question


title: "Kim Hughes" content: deliveries before he made his first run. It was the only run he made that innings, before he was dismissed by Mike Hendrick. Hughes' teammate Geoff Dymock later said, "They threw [Hughes] to the wolves." World Series Cricket (WSC) divided the Australian team into two camps; those that had signed lucrative contracts with Kerry Packer's rebel group and those, like Hughes, who had remained with the establishment Australian Cricket Board (ACB). Hughes' boyhood idol, Austin Robertson Jr, acted as Packer's agent, signing players to the new cricket venture, eventually signing 13 of the 17 players who toured England; Hughes was


title: "Kente cloth" content: popular with historically black Greek letter fraternities and sororities. African American students hold special ceremonies called "Donning of the Kente" where the stoles are presented to the graduates. Kente cloth Kente, known as nwentom in Akan, is a type of silk and cotton fabric made of interwoven cloth strips and is native to the Akan ethnic group of West Ghana. Kente is made in Akan lands such as the Ashanti Kingdom, including the towns of Bonwire, Adanwomase, Sakora Wonoo, and Ntonso in the Kwabre areas of the Ashanti Region. This fabric is worn by almost every Ghanaian tribe. Kente comes


title: Lamium content: Lamium Lamium (dead-nettles) is a genus of about 40–50 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, of which it is the type genus. They are all herbaceous plants native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, but several have become very successful weeds of crop fields and are now widely naturalised across much of the temperate world. The genus includes both annual and perennial species; they spread by both seeds and stems rooting as they grow along the ground. They have square stems and coarsely textured pairs of leaves, often with striking patterns or variegation. They produce double-lipped flowers in


title: Lamium content: a wide range of colours. The common name "dead-nettle" has been derived from the German "taube-nessel" ("deaf nut", or "nut without a kernel"), and refers to the resemblance of "Lamium album" to the very distantly related stinging nettles, but unlike those, they do not have stinging hairs and so are harmless or apparently "dead". Several closely related genera were formerly included in "Lamium" by some botanists, including "Galeopsis" (hemp-nettles) and "Leonurus" (motherworts). "Lamium" species are widely cultivated as groundcover, and numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use. They are frost hardy and grow well in most soils. Flower colour


title: Lamium content: determines planting season and light requirement: white- and purple-coloured flowered species are planted in spring and prefer full sun. The yellow-flowered ones are planted in fall (autumn) and prefer shade. They often have invasive habits and need plenty of room. "Lamium" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades, Setaceous Hebrew Character and the "Coleophora" case-bearers "C. ballotella", "C. lineolea" and "C. ochripennella". Lamium Lamium (dead-nettles) is a genus of about 40–50 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, of which it is the type genus. They are all herbaceous plants


title: Yoshkar-Ola content: collapse of the Soviet Union removed support for state enterprises, and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport (often counterfeit) goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars. The sharp decline in living standards led to the emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia. Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Yoshkar-Ola—an administrative unit with the status


title: "HMPNGS Lakekamu" content: and October 1977, "Labuan" visited ports throughout South East Asia, cumulating in Biak on 6 October, where materiel used for Operation Cenderawasih – mapping and charting of Irian Jaya – was loaded aboard. The ship returned to Townsville on 25 October. During June and July 1978, "Labuan" was deployed on Operation Beachcomber – surveying of northern Queensland beaches. The rest of 1978 was spent on exercises. On 12 February 1979, "Labuan" began a refit. After the refit's conclusion, the vessel was transferred to the Royal Australian Navy Reserve (RANR) on 15 June 1979 to serve as the training vessel for


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: Quercus virginiana Quercus virginiana, also known as the southern live oak, is an evergreen oak tree native to the southeastern United States. Though many other species are loosely called live oak, the southern live oak is particularly iconic of the Old South. Many very large and old specimens of live oak can be found today in the deep southern United States. A large number of common names are used for this tree, including "Virginia live oak", "bay live oak", "scrub live oak", "plateau oak", "plateau live oak", "escarpment live oak", and (in Spanish) ""roble"". It is also often just called


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: "live oak" within its native area, but the full name "southern live oak" helps to distinguish it from other live oaks, a general term for any evergreen species of oak. This profusion of common names partly reflects an ongoing controversy about the classification of various live oaks, in particular its near relatives among the white oaks ("Quercus" subgenus "Quercus", section "Quercus"). Some authors recognize as distinct species the forms others consider to be varieties of "Quercus virginiana". Notably, the following two taxa, treated as species in the "Flora of North America", are treated as varieties of southern live oak by


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: the United States Forest Service: the escarpment live oak, "Quercus fusiformis" ("Q. virginiana" var. "fusiformis") and the sand live oak, "Quercus geminata" ("Q. virginiana" var. "geminata"). Matters are further complicated by southern live oaks hybridizing with both of the above two species, and also with the dwarf live oak ("Q. minima"), swamp white oak ("Q. bicolor"), Durand oak ("Q. durandii"), overcup oak ("Q. lyrata"), bur oak ("Q. macrocarpa"), and post oak ("Q. stellata"). Live oak can be found in the wild growing and reproducing on the lower coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico and lower East Coast of the


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: United States. Its native range begins on the extreme southeastern coast of Virginia, south in a narrow band along the coast to the interior South Carolina coast, where its range begins to expand farther inland. The range of live oak continues to expand inland as it moves south, growing across southern Georgia and covering all of Florida south to the northernmost Florida Keys. Live oak grows along the Florida panhandle to Mobile Bay, then westward across the southernmost two tiers of counties in Mississippi. Live oak grows across the southern third of Louisiana, except for some barrier islands and scattered


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: parts of the most southern parishes. Live oak’s range continues into Texas and narrows to hug the coast until just past Port Lavaca, Texas. The species reaches its northwestern limit in the granite massifs and canyons in Southwestern Oklahoma, a rare remnant from the last glaciation. Along the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic United States, live oak is found in both single and mixed species forests, dotting the savannas, and as occasional clumps in the grasslands along the lower coastal plain. Live oak grows in soils ranging from heavy textures (clay loams), to sands with


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: layers of organic materials or fine particles. Live oak can be found dominating some maritime forests, especially where fire periodicity and duration are limited. Live oak is found on higher topographic sites as well as hammocks in marshes and swamps. In general, southern live oak hugs the coastline and is rarely found more than 300 feet above sea level. Live oaks grow across a wide range of sites with many moisture regimes – ranging from dry to moist. Live oak will survive well on both dry sites and in wet areas, effectively handling short duration flooding if water is moving


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: and drainage is good. Good soil drainage is a key resource component for sustained live oak growth. Required precipitation range is 40-65 inches of water per year, preferably in spring and summer. Soil is usually acidic, ranging between pH of 5.5 and 6.5. A live oak on Tyler Avenue in Annapolis, Maryland is the northernmost known mature specimen, although a number of saplings can be found growing around nearby Towson. Although live oaks retain their leaves nearly year-round, they are not true evergreens. Live oaks drop their leaves immediately before new leaves emerge in the spring. Occasionally, senescing leaves may


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: turn yellow or contain brown spots in the winter, leading to the mistaken belief that the tree has oak wilt, whose symptoms typically occur in the summer. A live oak's defoliation may occur sooner in marginal climates or in dry or cold winters. The bark is dark, thick, and furrowed longitudinally. The leaves are stiff and leathery, with the tops shiny dark green and the bottoms pale gray and very tightly tomentose, simple and typically flattish with bony-opaque margins, with a length of .75 - 6 inches (2 – 15 cm) and a width of .4 - 2 inches (1


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: – 5 cm), borne alternately. The male flowers are green hanging catkins with lengths of 3 - 4 inches (7.5 –10 cm). The acorns are small, .4 - 1 inch (1 - 2.5 cm), oblong in shape (ovoid or oblong-ellipsoid), shiny and tan-brown to nearly black, often black at the tips, and borne singly or in clusters. Depending on the growing conditions, live oaks vary from a shrub-size to large and spreading tree-size: typical open-grown trees reach 20 meters (65.5 feet) in height, with a limb spread of nearly 27 meters (88.5 feet). Their lower limbs often sweep down towards


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: the ground before curving up again. They can grow at severe angles, and Native Americans used to bend saplings over so that they would grow at extreme angles, to serve as trail markers. The branches frequently support other plant species such as rounded clumps of ball moss ("Tillandsia recurvata"), thick drapings of Spanish moss ("Tillandsia usneoides"), resurrection fern ("Pleopeltis polypodioides"), and parasitic mistletoe. The southern live oak has a deep tap-root that anchors it when young and eventually develops into an extensive and widespread root system. This, along with its low center of gravity and other factors, makes the southern


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: live oak extremely resistant to strong sustained winds, such as those seen in hurricanes. The southern live oak responds "with vigorous growth to plentiful moisture on well-drained soil." They tend to survive fire, because often a fire will not reach their crowns. Even if a tree is burned, its crowns and roots usually survive the fire and sprout vigorously. Furthermore, live oak forests discourage entry of fire from adjacent communities because they provide dense cover that discourages the growth of a flammable understory. They can withstand occasional floods and hurricanes, and are resistant to salt spray and moderate soil salinity.


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: Although they grow best in well-drained sandy soils and loams, they will also grow in clay. Live oak wood is hard, heavy, and difficult to work with, but very strong. In the days of wooden ships, live oaks were the preferred source of the framework timbers of the ship, using the natural trunk and branch angles for their strength. The frame of was constructed from southern live oak wood harvested from St. Simons Island, Georgia, and the density of the wood grain allowed it to survive cannonade, thus earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides". Even today, the U.S. Navy continues


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: to own extensive live oak tracts. The primary uses for southern live oaks today are providing food and shelter for wildlife. Among the animals for which live oak acorns are an important food source are the bobwhite quail, the threatened Florida scrub jay, the wood duck, yellow-bellied sapsucker, wild turkey, black bear, various species of squirrel, and the white-tailed deer. The tree crown is very dense, making it valuable for shade, and the species provides nest sites for many mammal species. Native Americans extracted a cooking oil from the acorns, used all parts of live oak for medicinal purposes, leaves


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: for making rugs, and bark for dyes. The roots of seedlings sometimes form starchy, edible tubers. People in past centuries harvested and fried these tubers for human consumption much as one might use a potato. Southern live oak is cultivated in warmer climates as a specimen tree or for shade in the southern United States (zone 8 and south), Nuevo León and Tamaulipas states in Mexico, and in the warmer parts of the United States, Europe, and Australia. Cultivation is relatively simple, as Southern live oak seedlings grow fast with ample soil moisture. After a few years live oak needs


title: "Quercus virginiana" content: only occasional supplemental water. Southern live oak is very long lived, and there are many specimens that are more than 400 years old in the deep southern United States. Quercus virginiana Quercus virginiana, also known as the southern live oak, is an evergreen oak tree native to the southeastern United States. Though many other species are loosely called live oak, the southern live oak is particularly iconic of the Old South. Many very large and old specimens of live oak can be found today in the deep southern United States. A large number of common names are used for this


title: "University at Albany, SUNY" content: 2012, University Headmaster George Philip announced that a new $24 million athletic and recreational complex would be completed in three phases, consisting of a new synthetic turn recreational field for students (finished in Fall 2012), a combined new football and soccer facility (completed in Fall 2013), and a refurbished track and field venue (finished in Spring 2014). Headmaster Philip also announced $6 million fundraising campaign to support the project. The university has been home to scholars, scientists, and writers, including 2017 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry Joachim Frank; 2018 Wolf Prize co-recipient Omar Yaghi, a University of California, Berkeley chemist;


title: "War All the Time (Thursday album)" content: to visit a girl he liked for help, he found out she was with someone else. He said the track was about how "it can sometimes seem like your whole world is coming apart and you find out that everything you thought you knew is not how you thought it was." The music for the song was influenced by Sigur Rós. When Rickly showed the song to the rest of the group, they were only partially interested in it. After they saw Sigur Rós at a concert, they "decided to bring in some of their noisy qualities into our music",


title: "HMS Glowworm (H92)" content: second torpedo mount working, but Heye followed "Glowworm" through the smoke to finish her off before she could fire the rest of her torpedoes. The two ships were very close when "Hipper" emerged from the smoke and Roope ordered a hard turn to starboard to reduce the range and possibly ram the cruiser. "Hipper" was slow to answer her helm and "Glowworm" struck the cruiser just abaft the anchor. The collision broke off "Glowworm"s bow and the rest of the ship scraped along "Hipper"s side, gouging open several holes in the latter's hull and destroying her forward starboard torpedo mounting.


title: "Anna's hummingbird" content: Anna's hummingbird Anna's hummingbird ("Calypte anna"), a medium-sized hummingbird native to the west coast of North America, was named after Anna Masséna, Duchess of Rivoli. In the early 20th century, Anna's hummingbirds bred only in northern Baja California and southern California. The transplanting of exotic ornamental plants in residential areas throughout the Pacific coast and inland deserts provided expanded nectar and nesting sites, allowing the species to expand its breeding range. Anna's hummingbird is long. It has an iridescent bronze-green back, a pale grey chest and belly, and green flanks. Its bill is long, straight, and slender. The adult male


title: "Anna's hummingbird" content: has an iridescent crimson-red derived from magenta to a reddish-pink crown and gorget, which can look dull brown or gray without direct sunlight and a dark, slightly forked tail. Females also have iridescent red gorgets, though they are usually smaller and less brilliant than the males'. Anna's is the only North American hummingbird species with a red crown. Females and juvenile males have a dull green crown, a grey throat with or without some red iridescence, a grey chest and belly, and a dark, rounded tail with white tips on the outer feathers. These birds feed on nectar from flowers


title: "Anna's hummingbird" content: using a long extendable tongue. They also consume small insects and other arthropods caught in flight or gleaned from vegetation. A PBS documentary shows how Anna's hummingbirds eat flying insects. They aim for the flying insect, then open their beaks to capture the prey. While collecting nectar, they also assist in plant pollination. This species sometimes consumes tree sap. The male's call is scratchy and metallic, and it perches above head-level in trees and shrubs. They are frequently seen in backyards and parks, and commonly found at feeders and flowering plants. Anna's hummingbirds can shake their bodies 55 times per


title: "Anna's hummingbird" content: second to shed rain while in flight, or in dry weather, to remove pollen or dirt from feathers. Each twist lasts four-hundredths of a second and applies 34 times the force of gravity on the bird's head. Open-wooded or shrubby areas and mountain meadows along the Pacific coast from British Columbia to Arizona make up "C. anna"'s breeding habitat. The female raises the young without the assistance of the male. The female bird builds a nest in a shrub or tree, in vines, or attached to wires or other artificial substrates. The round, diameter nest is constructed of plant fibers,


title: "Anna's hummingbird" content: downy feathers and animal hair; the exterior is camouflaged with chips of lichen, plant debris, and occasionally urban detritus such as paint chips and cigarette paper. The nest materials are bound together with spider silk. They are known to nest as early as mid-December and as late as June, depending on geographic location and climatic conditions. Unlike most northern temperate hummingbirds, the male Anna's hummingbird sings during courtship. The song is thin and squeaky, interspersed with buzzes and chirps, and is drawn to over 10 seconds in duration. During the breeding season, males can be observed performing an aerial display


title: "Anna's hummingbird" content: dive over their territories. The males also use the dive display to drive away rivals or intruders of other species. When a female flies onto a male's territory, he rises up about before diving over the recipient. As he approaches the bottom of the dive, the male reaches an average speed of , which is 385 body lengths per second. At the bottom of the dive, the male travels , and produces a loud sound described by some as an "explosive squeak" with his outer tail-feathers. Anna's hummingbirds hybridize fairly frequently with other species, especially the congeneric Costa's hummingbird. These


title: "Anna's hummingbird" content: natural hybrids have been mistaken for new species. A bird, allegedly collected in Bolaños, Mexico, was described and named "Selasphorus floresii" (Gould, 1861), or Floresi's hummingbird. Several more specimens were collected in California over a long period, and the species was considered extremely rare. The specimens were the hybrid offspring of an Anna's hummingbird and an Allen's hummingbird. A single bird collected in Santa Barbara, California, was described and named "Trochilus violajugulum" (Jeffries, 1888), or violet-throated hummingbird. It was later determined to be a hybrid between an Anna's hummingbird and a black-chinned hummingbird. During hovering flight, Anna's hummingbirds maintain high


title: "Anna's hummingbird" content: wingbeat frequencies accomplished by their large pectoral muscles via recruitment of motor units. The pectoral muscles that power hummingbird flight are composed exclusively of fast glycolytic fibers that respond rapidly and are fatigue-resistant. Anna's hummingbirds are found along the western coast of North America, from southern Canada to northern Baja California, and inland to southern and central Arizona, extreme southern Nevada and southeastern Utah, and western Texas. They tend to be permanent residents within their range, and are very territorial. However, birds have been spotted far outside their range in such places as southern Alaska, Saskatchewan, New York, Florida, Louisiana,


title: "Anna's hummingbird" content: and Newfoundland. Anna's hummingbirds have the northernmost year-round range of any hummingbird. During cold temperatures, Anna's hummingbirds gradually gain weight during the day as they convert sugar to fat. In addition, hummingbirds with inadequate stores of body fat or insufficient plumage are able to survive periods of subfreezing weather by lowering their metabolic rate and entering a state of torpor. The population of Anna's hummingbirds is an estimated 1.5 million, which appears to be stable, and they are not considered an endangered species. Anna's hummingbird Anna's hummingbird ("Calypte anna"), a medium-sized hummingbird native to the west coast of North America,


title: "Picea abies" content: Picea abies Picea abies, the Norway spruce, is a species of spruce native to Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. It has branchlets that typically hang downwards, and the largest cones of any spruce, long. It is very closely related to the Siberian spruce ("Picea obovata"), which replaces it east of the Ural Mountains, and with which it hybridises freely. The Norway spruce is widely planted for its wood, and is the species used as the main Christmas tree in several cities around the world. It was the first gymnosperm to have its genome sequenced, and one clone has been measured


title: "Picea abies" content: as 9,560 years old. The Latin specific epithet "abies" means “fir-like”. Norway spruce is a large, fast-growing evergreen coniferous tree growing tall and with a trunk diameter of . It can grow fast when young, up to per year for the first 25 years under good conditions, but becomes slower once over tall. The shoots are orange-brown and glabrous (hairless). The leaves are needle-like with blunt tips, long, quadrangular in cross-section (not flattened), and dark green on all four sides with inconspicuous stomatal lines. The seed cones are long (the longest of any spruce), and have bluntly to sharply triangular-pointed


title: "Picea abies" content: scale tips. They are green or reddish, maturing brown 5–7 months after pollination. The seeds are black, long, with a pale brown wing. The tallest measured Norway spruce is tall and grows near Ribnica na Pohorju, Slovenia. It can often be observed that the roots of spruces pushed over in a storm form a relatively flat disc. This is usually due to the rocky subsurface, a high clay content or oxygen-depletion of the subsoil and not to a preference of the trees to form a flat root system. The Norway spruce grows throughout Europe from Norway in the northwest and


title: "Picea abies" content: Poland eastward, and also in the mountains of central Europe, southwest to the western end of the Alps, and southeast in the Carpathians and Balkans to the extreme north of Greece. The northern limit is in the arctic, just north of 70° N in Norway. Its eastern limit in Russia is hard to define, due to extensive hybridisation and intergradation with the Siberian spruce, but is usually given as the Ural Mountains. However, trees showing some Siberian spruce characters extend as far west as much of northern Finland, with a few records in northeast Norway. The hybrid is known as


title: "Picea abies" content: "Picea" × "fennica" (or "P. abies" subsp. "fennica", if the two taxa are considered subspecies), and can be distinguished by a tendency towards having hairy shoots and cones with smoothly rounded scales. Norway spruce cone scales are used as food by the caterpillars of the tortrix moth "Cydia illutana", whereas "Cydia duplicana" feeds on the bark around injuries or canker. Populations in southeast Europe tend to have on average longer cones with more pointed scales; these are sometimes distinguished as "Picea abies" var. "acuminata" (Beck) Dallim. & A.B. Jacks., but there is extensive overlap in variation with trees from other


title: "Picea abies" content: parts of the range. Some botanists treat Siberian spruce as a subspecies of Norway spruce, though in their typical forms, they are very distinct, the Siberian spruce having cones only 5–10 cm long, with smoothly rounded scales, and pubescent (hairy) shoots. Genetically Norway and Siberian spruces have turned out to be extremely similar and may be considered as two closely related subspecies of "P. abies". Another spruce with smoothly rounded cone scales and hairy shoots occurs rarely in the Central Alps in eastern Switzerland. It is also distinct in having thicker, blue-green leaves. Many texts treat this as a variant


title: "Picea abies" content: of Norway spruce, but it is as distinct as many other spruces, and appears to be more closely related to Siberian spruce ("Picea obovata"), Schrenk's spruce ("Picea schrenkiana") from central Asia and Morinda spruce ("Picea smithiana") in the Himalaya. Treated as a distinct species, it takes the name Alpine spruce ("Picea alpestris" (Brügger) Stein). As with Siberian spruce, it hybridises extensively with Norway spruce; pure specimens are rare. Hybrids are commonly known as Norwegian spruce, which should not be confused with the pure species Norway spruce. The Norway spruce is one of the most widely planted spruces, both in and


title: "Picea abies" content: outside of its native range, and one of the most economically important coniferous species in Europe. It is used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens. It is also widely planted for use as a Christmas tree. Every Christmas, the Norwegian capital city, Oslo, provides the cities of London (the Trafalgar Square Christmas tree), Edinburgh and Washington D.C. with a Norway spruce, which is placed at the most central square of each city. This is mainly a sign of gratitude for the aid these countries gave during the Second World War. In North America, Norway spruce is widely planted,


title: "Picea abies" content: specifically in the northeastern, Pacific Coast, and Rocky Mountain states, as well as in southeastern Canada. It is naturalised in some parts of North America. There are naturalised populations occurring from Connecticut to Michigan, and it is probable that they occur elsewhere. Norway spruces are more tolerant of hot, humid weather than many conifers which do not thrive except in cool-summer areas and they will grow up to USDA Growing Zone 8. In the northern US and Canada, Norway spruce is reported as invasive in some locations, however it does not pose a problem in Zones 6 and up as


title: "Picea abies" content: the seeds have a significantly reduced germination rate in areas with hot, humid summers. The Norway spruce tolerates acidic soils well, but does not do well on dry or deficient soils. From 1928 until the 1960s it was planted on surface mine spoils in Indiana. Several cultivars have been selected as ornamentals (‘Barrya’, ‘Capitata’, ‘Decumbens’, ‘Dumosa’, ‘Clanbrassiliana’, ‘Gregoryana’, ‘Inversa’, ‘Microsperma’, ‘Nidiformis’, ‘Ohlendorffii’, ‘Repens’, ‘Tabuliformis’, ‘Maxwellii’, 'Virgata', 'Inversa', ‘Pendula’), with a wide variety of sizes and shapes, from full-sized forest trees to extremely slow-growing, prostrate forms. They are occasionally traded under the obsolete scientific name "Picea excelsa" (an illegitimate name). The


title: "Picea abies" content: following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: The Norway spruce is used in forestry for (softwood) timber, and paper production. The tree is the source of spruce beer, which was once used to prevent and even cure scurvy. This high vitamin C content can be consumed as a tea from the shoot tips or even eaten straight from the tree when light green and new in spring. It is esteemed as a source of tonewood by stringed-instrument makers. One form of the tree called (Hazel-spruce) grows in the European Alps and has been recognized by


title: "Picea abies" content: UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage. This form was used by Stradivarius for instruments. (see German Wikipedia for details). Norway spruce shoot tips have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally (as syrup or tea) and externally (as baths, for inhalation, as ointments, as resin application or as tea) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, gastrointestinal tract and infections. A press release from Umeå University says that a Norway spruce clone named Old Tjikko, carbon dated as 9,550 years old, is the "oldest living tree". However, Pando, a stand of 47,000 quaking aspen clones, is estimated


title: "Picea abies" content: to be between 80,000 and one million years old. The stress is on the difference between the singular "oldest tree" and the multiple "oldest trees", and between "oldest clone" and "oldest non-clone". The oldest known individual tree (that has not taken advantage of vegetative cloning) is a Great Basin bristlecone pine over 5,000 years old (germination in 3051 BC). The genome of "Picea abies" was sequenced in 2013, the first gymnosperm genome to be completely sequenced. The genome contains approximately 20 billion base pairs and is about six times the size of the human genome, despite possessing a similar number


title: "Picea abies" content: of genes. A large proportion of the spruce genome consists of repetitive DNA sequences, including long terminal repeat transposable elements. Despite recent advances in massively parallel DNA sequencing, the assembly of such a large and repetitive genome is a particularly challenging task, mainly from a computational perspective. Within populations of "Picea abies" there is great genetic variability, which most likely reflect populations' post-glacial evolutionary history. Genetic diversity can in particular be detected when looking at how the populations respond to climatic conditions. E.g. variations in timing and length of the annual growth period as well as differences in frost-hardiness in


title: "Picea abies" content: spring and autumn. These annual growth patterns are important to recognise in order to choose the proper reforestation material of "Picea abies". p-Hydroxybenzoic acid glucoside, picein, piceatannol and its glucoside (astringin), isorhapontin (the isorhapontigenin glucoside), catechin and ferulic acid are phenolic compounds found in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of Norway spruces. Piceol and astringin are also found in "P. abies". Extracts from "Picea abies" have shown inhibitory activity on porcine pancreatic lipase in vitro. "Picea abies" (L.) H. Karst is the accepted name of this species. More than 150 synonyms of "Picea abies" have been published. Homotypic synonyms of "Picea


title: "Picea abies" content: abies" are: Some heterotypic synonyms of "Picea abies" are: Picea abies Picea abies, the Norway spruce, is a species of spruce native to Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. It has branchlets that typically hang downwards, and the largest cones of any spruce, long. It is very closely related to the Siberian spruce ("Picea obovata"), which replaces it east of the Ural Mountains, and with which it hybridises freely. The Norway spruce is widely planted for its wood, and is the species used as the main Christmas tree in several cities around the world. It was the first gymnosperm to have


title: Gigha content: Gigha lies off the coast of Kintyre and is long in a roughly north-south direction and a maximum of wide. The total area is 1,395 ha (3,447 acres) and the highest elevation of Creag Bhàn reaches only . The rocky central spine is composed of epidiorite with basalt intrusions. The main settlement is Ardminish which is on the south east coast and offers a small anchorage in the sheltered Ardminish Bay. Further to the north is Druimyeon Bay and beyond that West and East Tarbert Bays which (as their names imply) lie astride a small isthmus. The climate is mild


title: "2001 Danish general election" content: Greenland. The Venstre led coalition government would last until the 2011 election, lasting through two intermediate elections. The election marked a major shift in Danish politics: It was the first time that the right leaning parties held an outright majority in the parliament since the beginning of the modern democratic system in Denmark in 1901; although right leaning parties had held power several times, they had always had to share power with more centrist or left-wing parties in coalition governments, such as the Danish Social Liberal Party. Historian Bo Lidegaard said that the vote showed a move away from broad


title: "Wendy Alexander" content: Affairs under Labour Party Leader Ed Miliband, and lost his seat at the 2015 general election to 20-year old Mhairi Black of the SNP; with a majority of 5,684 votes. Alexander supports Rangers FC. Wendy Alexander Wendy Alexander (born 27 June 1963, Glasgow) is a retired Scottish politician and the former Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Paisley North. She held various Scottish Government cabinet posts and was the leader of the Labour Party group in the Scottish Parliament from 2007–2008. In 2010–2011 she convened the Scotland Bill Committee on financial powers of the Scottish Parliament. After leaving politics,


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: Lythrum salicaria Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae. It should not be confused with other plants sharing the name loosestrife that are members of the family Primulaceae. Other names include spiked loosestrife, or purple lythrum. "Lythrum salicaria" is a herbaceous perennial plant, that can grow 1–2 m tall, forming clonal colonies 1.5 m or more in width with numerous erect stems growing from a single woody root mass. The stems are reddish-purple or red to purple and square in cross-section. The leaves are lanceolate, 3–10 cm long and 5–15 mm broad, downy and


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: sessile, and arranged opposite or in whorls of three. The flowers are reddish purple, 10–20 mm diameter, with six petals (occasionally five) and 12 stamens, and are clustered tightly in the axils of bracts or leaves; there are three different flower types, with the stamens and style of different lengths, short, medium or long; each flower type can only be pollinated by one of the other types, not the same type, thus ensuring cross-pollination between different plants. The flowers are visited by many types of insects, and can be characterized by a generalized pollination syndrome. The fruit is a small


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: 3–4 mm capsule containing numerous minute seeds. Flowering lasts throughout the summer. When the seeds are mature, the leaves often turn bright red through dehydration in early autumn; the red colour may last for almost two weeks. The dead stalks from previous growing seasons are brown. "L. salicaria" is very variable in leaf shape and degree of hairiness, and a number of subspecies and varieties have been described, but it is now generally regarded as monotypic with none of these variants being considered of botanical significance. The species "Lythrum intermedium" Ledeb. ex Colla is also now considered synonymous. Native to


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: Europe, Asia, northwest Africa, and southeastern Australia. Found in ditches, wet meadows and marshes and along sides of lakes. The flowers are pollinated by long-tongued insects, including bees and butterflies. A number of insects use "Lythrum salicaria" as a food resource. The black-margined loosestrife beetle "Galerucella calmariensis" is a brown beetle with a black line on its thorax. The adult feeds on the leaves of the plant, producing characteristic round holes. Its larvae destroy tender leaf buds and strip the tissue from the leaves. The golden loosestrife beetle "Galerucella pusilla" is nearly identical to "G. calmariensis", but usually lacks the


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: black thoracic line. Its feeding habits are also quite similar to the other leaf beetle. The loosestrife root weevil "Hylobius transversovittatus" is a large red nocturnal weevil, which spends its nights feeding on leaves and leaf buds. The larvae emerge from their eggs and immediately burrow into the root of the plant, which they feed on continuously for over a year. This root damage stunts the plant's growth and ability to create seeds. If several larvae inhabit the same root, the plant can be killed. The loosestrife flower weevil "Nanophyes marmoratus" is a tiny weevil which lays a single egg


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: in each flower. When the larvae emerge they eat the flowers' ovaries, and the plant is unable to create seeds. The larvae usually proceed to hollow out the flower buds and use them as safe places to pupate. Caterpillars of the engrailed moth ("Ectropis crepuscularia"), a polyphagous geometer moth, also feed on Purple Loosestrife. It has been used as an astringent medicinal herb to treat diarrhea and dysentery; it is considered safe to use for all ages, including babies. It is also cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens, and is particularly associated with damp, poorly drained locations such as


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: marshes, bogs and watersides. However, it will tolerate drier conditions. The flowers are showy and bright, and a number of cultivars have been selected for variation in flower colour, including:- The cultivars ‘Blush’ with blush-pink flowers, and 'Feuerkerze' with rose-red flowers have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It has also been introduced in many areas of North America by bee keepers, due to its abundance of flowers which provide a large source of nectar. The purple loosestrife has been introduced into temperate New Zealand and North America where it is now widely naturalised and officially listed


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: in some controlling agents. Infestations result in dramatic disruption in water flow in rivers and canals, and a sharp decline in biological diversity as native food and cover plant species, notably cattails, are completely crowded out, and the life cycles of organisms from waterfowl to amphibians to algae are affected. A single plant may produce up to 2.7 million tiny seeds annually. Easily carried by wind and water, the seeds germinate in moist soils after overwintering. The plant can also sprout anew from pieces of root left in the soil or water. Once established, loosestrife stands are difficult and costly


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: to remove by mechanical and chemical means. Plants marketed under the name "European wand loosestrife" ("L. virgatum") are the same species despite the different name. In some cases the plants sold are sterile, which is preferable. In North America, purple loosestrife may be distinguished from similar native plants (e.g. fireweed "Chamerion angustifolium", blue vervain "Verbena hastata", Liatris "Liatris" spp., and spiraea ("Spiraea douglasii") by its angular stalks which are square in outline, as well by its leaves, which are in pairs that alternate at right angle and are not serrated. Purple loosestrife provides a model of successful biological pest control.


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: Research began in 1985 and today the plant is managed well with a number of insects that feed on it. Five species of beetle use purple loosestrife as their natural food source and they can do significant damage to the plant. The beetles used as biological control agents include two species of leaf beetle: "Galerucella calmariensis" and "Galerucella pusilla", and three species of weevil: "Hylobius transversovittatus", "Nanophyes breves", and "Nanophyes marmoratus". Infestations of either of the "Galerucella" species is extremely effective in wiping out a stand of purple loosestrife, defoliating up to 100% of the plants in an area. The


title: "Lythrum salicaria" content: moth "Ectropis crepuscularia" is polyphagous and a pest species itself, and unsuitable for biological control. Lythrum salicaria Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) is a flowering plant belonging to the family Lythraceae. It should not be confused with other plants sharing the name loosestrife that are members of the family Primulaceae. Other names include spiked loosestrife, or purple lythrum. "Lythrum salicaria" is a herbaceous perennial plant, that can grow 1–2 m tall, forming clonal colonies 1.5 m or more in width with numerous erect stems growing from a single woody root mass. The stems are reddish-purple or red to purple and square


title: "Adventure Construction Set" content: Things at This Place". Tiles may also allow or disallow interaction based on the contents of the player's inventory, or activate if a specific object is dropped on top of the stack. Spell-effects may be attached to Things. The game allows for somewhat varied monster AI behavior. A creature may be specified to behave solely as a "fighter" or "slinker", or adjust its temperament based on its condition. In addition, it may be specified as either an "enemy", "friend", "neutral", or "thief", with a total of 8 possible behavioral patterns expressed. There are maximum quotas applied to most categories in


title: "Archibald MacLeish" content: their influence. He was the literary figure that played the most important role in freeing Ezra Pound from St. Elisabeths Hospital in Washington DC where he was incarcerated for high treason between 1946 and 1958. MacLeish's early work was very traditionally modernist and accepted the contemporary modernist position holding that a poet was isolated from society. His most well-known poem, "Ars Poetica," contains a classic statement of the modernist aesthetic: "A poem should not mean / But be." He later broke with modernism's pure aesthetic. MacLeish himself was greatly involved in public life and came to believe that this was


title: "Archibald MacLeish" content: and the arts was vitally more important than petty personal conflicts. In the June 5, 1972 issue of "The American Scholar", MacLeish laid out in an essay his philosophy on libraries and librarianship, further shaping modern thought on the subject: Two collections of MacLeish's papers are held at the Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. These are the Archibald MacLeish Collection and the Archibald MacLeish Collection Addition. Additionally, more than 12,000 items from his papers and his personal library are held in the Archibald MacLeish Collection at Greenfield Community College in Greenfield, Mass. In 1916, he married Ada


title: "Content analysis" content: the natural sciences without reflecting critically on their appropriateness to social science. Conversely, qualitative content analysts have been criticized for being insufficiently systematic and too impressionistic. Krippendorff argues that quantitative and qualitative approaches to content analysis tend to overlap, and that there can be no generalisable conclusion as to which approach is superior. Recently, Arash Heydarian Pashakhanlou has argued for a combination of quantitative, qualitative, manual and computer-assisted in a single study to offset the weaknesses of a partial content analysis and enhance the reliability and validity of a research project. Content analysis can also be described as studying traces,


title: "Quercus macrocarpa" content: Quercus macrocarpa Quercus macrocarpa, the bur oak, sometimes spelled burr oak, is a species of oak in the white oak section "Quercus" sect. "Quercus", native to North America in the eastern and central United States and eastern and central Canada. This plant is also called mossycup oak and mossycup white oak. "Quercus macrocarpa" is widespread in the Atlantic coastal plain from New Brunswick to North Carolina, west as far as Alberta, eastern Montana, Wyoming, and northeastern New Mexico. The vast majority of the populations are found in the eastern Great Plains, the Mississippi–Missouri–Ohio Valley, and the Great Lakes region. "Quercus


title: "Quercus macrocarpa" content: macrocarpa" is a large deciduous tree growing up to , rarely , in height, and is one of the most massive oaks with a trunk diameter of up to ; reports of taller trees occur, but have not been verified. It is one of the slowest-growing oaks, with a growth rate of per year when young. However, other sources state that a bur oak tree that is planted in the ground grows up to per year. A 20-year-old tree will be about tall if grown in full sun. Naturally occurring saplings in forests will typically be older. Bur oaks commonly


title: "Quercus macrocarpa" content: get to be 200 to 300 years old, and may live up to 400 years. The bark is a medium gray and somewhat rugged. The leaves are long and broad, variable in shape, with a lobed margin. Most often, the basal two-thirds is narrower and deeply lobed, while the apical third is wider and has shallow lobes or large teeth. The flowers are greenish-yellow catkins, produced in the spring. The acorns are very large, long and broad, having a large cup that wraps much of the way around the nut, with large overlapping scales and often a fringe at the


title: "Quercus macrocarpa" content: edge of the cup. Bur oak is sometimes confused with overcup oak and white oak, both of which it occasionally hybridizes with. The acorns are the largest of any North American oak (thus the species name "macrocarpa", from Ancient Greek "large" and "fruit"), and are an important wildlife food; American black bears sometimes tear off branches to get them. However, heavy nut crops are borne only every few years. In this evolutionary strategy, known as masting, the large seed crop every few years overwhelms the ability of seed predators to eat the acorns, thus ensuring the survival of some seeds.


title: "Quercus macrocarpa" content: Other wildlife, such as deer and porcupine, eat the leaves, twigs and bark. Cattle are heavy browsers in some areas. The bur oak is the only known foodplant of "Bucculatrix recognita" caterpillars. Bur oaks primarily grow in a temperate climate, in regions such as (Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, etc), where their tree rings are read as one year of growth. This is because the trees grow more in warm wet climates and less in cold dry climates. So, when the season changes so does the amount the tree ring will grow for that year. The woody part of the