title: "Drosera anglica" content: noted that this appeared to be an ongoing process with "D. anglica" speciating from "D. rotundifolia" × "D. linearis" through amphidiploidy in multiple locations. The question remains as to why "D. anglica" is so widespread, whereas the range of "D. linearis" is limited to the Great Lakes region of North America. The greater adaptability of "D. anglica" to varied habitat conditions could be a major factor. "Drosera anglica" was first described by William Hudson in 1778. It has frequently been confused with the other circumpolar long-leaf "Drosera", "D. intermedia". This confusion was fueled by the resurfacing of an older name,


title: "Drosera anglica" content: "D. longifolia" (described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753), which was regarded as being too ambiguous in description and had been applied to specimens of both "D. anglica" and "D. intermedia". Herbarium specimens were also a mix of the two species. These points led Martin Cheek to propose "D. longifolia" for rejection as a species name in 1998. The proposal was accepted and the taxon listed as rejected in 1999. Several naturally occurring hybrids involving "D. anglica" exist. These include: These are all sterile. In addition, several man-made hybrids have been made. Drosera anglica Drosera anglica, commonly known as the English


title: "Chad Lucas" content: Chad Lucas Chad Dennard Lucas (born November 7, 1981) is a former wide receiver. He was signed by the Tennessee Titans as an undrafted free agent in 2004. He played college football at Alabama State. Lucas was also a member of the San Jose SaberCats, Green Bay Packers, Amsterdam Admirals, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, St. Louis Rams and Toronto Argonauts. Lucas was a three-sport athlete at Booker T. Washington High School in Tuskegee, Alabama, lettered in football, basketball and track. Competed in the state track tournament and was named to the All-Area team for basketball and football as a senior. Lucas


title: "Christian Gille" content: awarded the bronze medal after Ukrainian Dmytro Sablin tested positive for cannabis. Of more significance for the future however was the formation that year of a new C-2 partnership with 19-year-old Tomasz Wylenzek. They finished third in the European Championships and seventh in the C-2 500 m in Seville. Two years later they won a surprise gold medal in the C-2 1000m. Gille wore a black armband in memory of his former partner Thomas Zereske who had died earlier that summer. In 2005 Gille and Wylenzek completely dominated the C-2 event. A clean sweep of medals (200 m, 500 m


title: "Fate/hollow ataraxia" content: soon afterward. Shirō, as a precaution, sets off to ensure nobody is in danger and instead finds himself frequently meeting a mysterious girl, Caren Ortensia. Both Bazett and Shirō find themselves in a time loop that lasts four days, beginning of the fourth day of the Fifth Holy Grail War. Each time they die or survive four days, they always awake on the first day of the loop, aware of what has happened to them since the first time loop began. Determined to end the loop, Bazett, Avenger, and Shirō fight to discover the truth behind what is causing the


title: "M1905 bayonet" content: in the Pacific theater, the Japanese used the much longer, 15.75 inches (40.0 cm), bladed Type 30 sword bayonet on the already very long Arisaka rifle, which caused many American troops to retain the longer, unmodified M1905 bayonet. The original M1905 scabbard had a wooden body with a rawhide cover and employed a wire belt-hanger which went over and around the supporting belt. The M1910 scabbard was covered in canvas with a leather tip. Wire cartridge-belt hooks replaced the belt-hanger. The M1910 scabbard was the primary scabbard used during the First World War. Earlier M1905 scabbards were modified by replacing


title: "Packera obovata" content: Packera obovata Packera obovata, the roundleaf ragwort or spoon-leaved ragwort, is an erect perennial herb native to Eastern North America. It was previously called "Senecio obovatus". Basal and lower leaves are obovate with toothed margins, while upper leaves are pinnately divided. The ray flowers are yellow and the disk flowers orange-yellow, the inflorescences being held well above the foliage. "Packera obovata" is an erect perennial herb growing to a height of up to . It has fibrous roots and a basal rosette of leaves up to across. They are mid-green and hairless, circular, oval or obovate in shape and have


title: "Packera obovata" content: crinkly toothed margins. The leaf stalks are about the same length as the leaf blades, green or purplish in colour and usually hairless; some have slight winging and may be cobwebby-pubescent. The flower stalk may also be cobwebby at the base, and bears two or three alternate pinnatifid leaves with irregular lobes. It is topped by a flat-headed panicle, each individual flower-head being up to in diameter. The flower-head has a single row of linear-lanceolate green bracts, eight to sixteen yellow ray-florets and a central mound of orange-yellow disk florets. Both ray and disk florets are followed by brown achenes


title: "Packera obovata" content: set in tufts of white hair. The achenes are dispersed by the wind, and the plant can also spread by vegetative growth from stolons or rhizomes. The native range of "P. obovata" is northern Mexico, the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, extending from Coahuila to Quebec and Ontario. It is most common in the southern half of the range. Typical habitats include moist but well-drained calcareous soils, wooded slopes, and rocky areas in shaded or semi-shaded locations. Flowers of "P. obovata" are visited by cuckoo bees, halictid bees, andrenid bees, hoverflies, tachinid flies and various species of beetle. The


title: "Packera obovata" content: larvae of the northern metalmark butterfly ("Calephelis borealis") feed on the leaves of the plant, and the "white-crossed seed bug" ("Neacoryphus bicrucis") feeds on the seeds. Like many species of ragwort, the plant is toxic to many herbivorous mammals, but sheep seem more tolerant of it than are most other grazing animals. Packera obovata Packera obovata, the roundleaf ragwort or spoon-leaved ragwort, is an erect perennial herb native to Eastern North America. It was previously called "Senecio obovatus". Basal and lower leaves are obovate with toothed margins, while upper leaves are pinnately divided. The ray flowers are yellow and the


title: "Fayetteville High School (Arkansas)" content: of the fights" and "that what he does, is he antagonizes the other person and starts the fight and when he loses he says 'Oh I got beat up.'" In a local newspaper report the following week, a student with muscular dystrophy claimed that Wolfe "likes to call him names, like stupid or retarded," and "screams in his ear, which is sensitive to noise because of his medical condition…[Wolfe] once pounded him in the back of the head several times with a medium-sized rubber ball." Following the story's publication, the Fayetteville School District has reported receiving "terroristic threatening" as both


title: "Beverley Whitfield" content: in the final, claiming bronze in a time of 1 m 15.73 s behind Cathy Carr of the United States. In the 200-metre breaststroke, she came second in her heat to Prozumenshchikova in a time of 2 m 44.5 s, making her the sixth fastest qualifier for the final, placing her in lane seven. Talbot told her to stay calm if Prozumenshchikova made an early attack, telling Whitfield that the third lap was the critical part of the race. The Australian public were not expecting much of Whitfield. Her final was on the same night as the women's 100-metre freestyle


title: "Manuel Isaías López" content: eighties, he was simultaneously President of the Mexican Psychoanalytic Association; Secretary General of the Mexican Board of Psychiatry; Director of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at UNAM; and Main Consultant to the System for the Integral Development of the Family (DIF), a nationwide government funded system of child and family guidance centers. His later contributions were in Bioethics, and he evolved into a researcher within this field and an International Psychoanalytic Association officer. Manuel Isaías López was born into a middle-class family on 20 May 1941. Raised as an only child in downtown Mexico City, López's father, Isaías López Suárez, was


title: "Atlantic bonito" content: as steaks. Larger bonito ("torik" in Turkish) are cut into steaks and preserved as "lakerda". Bonito is also canned, but canned "bonito del norte" (Spanish) is not bonito, but albacore tuna. In Algeria and Spain, it is often prepared as "escabeche", which preserves it for about a week. Bonito may also be baked and served cold. Atlantic bonito The Atlantic bonito ("Sarda sarda") is a large mackerel-like fish of the family Scombridae. It is common in shallow waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea, where it is an important commercial and game fish. Atlantic bonito


title: "1974 NBA Finals" content: injured and did not play in the series. The Bucks eliminated the Los Angeles Lakers and the Chicago Bulls in five and four games, respectively, to advance to the Finals. The Boston Celtics won a franchise record 68 games in the 1972–73 season, but a shoulder injury to John Havlicek quashed their title hopes, as they lost in seven games to the New York Knicks in the conference finals. Havlicek returned healthier for the 1973–74 season, and with Dave Cowens, Paul Silas and Jo Jo White entering the prime of their careers, the Celtics appeared poised for another title run.


title: "Dean Kenneally" content: 1994. He also won the Australian 800m Championship in 1990, was placed 3rd in 1991, 2nd in 1992 later running his lifetime best of 1:46.54 in Dijon, France on 12 June 1992 before placing 7th in the World Cup in Havana, Cuba on 26 September 1992. Following an operation on his achilles tendon on 15 April 1995, and a stress fracture of the foot in 1997, he retired to concentrate on his successful Physiotherapy career. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne. Dean Kenneally Dean Kenneally (born 8 March 1967 in Victoria) is an Australian physiotherapist whose area of expertise


title: "Ko Jong-soo" content: Ko Jong-soo Ko Jong-soo ( born October 30, 1978) is a South Korean football coach and former football player. Born in Yeosu, Jeollanam-do, he graduated from Yeosu West Elementary School, Yeosu Gubong Middle School, and Kumho High School. He rose to stardom during the 1998 World Cup, along with Lee Dong-Gook, and Ahn Jung-Hwan. He was once called "the greatest technician in Korea," for his pace, skillful free kicks, and his left foot. He can operate in central midfield as well on the left wing. In the early 2000s, there was a nickname " Go Jong-soo John " in the


title: "Hans Frei" content: 1956, Frei described YDS as the 'world not left behind'. There he was taught by Niebuhr and by R.L. Calhoun and Julian Hartt, and there some of his deepest theological attitudes were shaped, some of his deepest friendships formed, all his most important work done, and his tremendously successful teaching and administrative duties carried out. He graduated in 1945, and became a Baptist minister at the First Baptist Church, North Stratford, New Hampshire. Despite the work involved in the parish, in being a local preacher, and in some teaching work, Frei found time to read a great deal in solitude.


title: "HNoMS Kjell" content: M.F.11 F.328 landed near the U-boat and guarded it until Norwegian naval vessels reached the scene and interned the crew. "U-21" was towed to Kristiansand the next day under escort of "Kjell", "Teist", the destroyer and the "B" class submarine . On 8 April 1940, the day before the German invasion, "Kjell" was in Kristiansand carrying out repairs which were finished by afternoon. The next morning she was ordered to nearby Marvika naval base to take on board torpedoes. However, before the vessel could be made war ready orders came through from the commander of the local naval section that


title: "Man Man" content: season 3, episode 8 of the TV show "Weeds". The band also recorded a cover of "Little Boxes" for the title sequence of that episode. Man Man released their third studio album "Rabbit Habits" on ANTI- in 2008, and embarked on a North American tour in March 2008, with Yeasayer and Tim Fite splitting dates. They performed at numerous festivals including Voodoo Experience, Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, All Tomorrow's Parties, Primavera Sound, and the Meredith Music Festival that same year. Man Man released their fourth album "Life Fantastic" in May 2011 with producer Mike Mogis (of Bright Eyes


title: "SQL Server Notification Services" content: provides a declarative programming model, and lends itself to quick prototyping and deployment of robust notification applications. An API for creating subscription management applications is provided, plus standard components for collecting event data from files and SQL Server databases, for formatting notifications using XSLT, and for sending notifications via Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) or by writing notifications to a file. If the standard components do not meet the needs of an application, Notification Services is extendable by building custom components using the .NET family of programming languages, such as Microsoft Visual C# .NET and Microsoft Visual Basic .NET. Finally,


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: Crotalus viridis Crotalus viridis (Common names: prairie rattlesnake, western rattlesnake, Great Plains rattlesnake, and others) is a venomous pit viper species native to the western United States, southwestern Canada, and northern Mexico. Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here. The taxonomic history of this species is convoluted. Previously, seven other "C. viridis" subspecies were also recognized, including "C. v. abyssus", "C. v. caliginis", "C. v. cerberus", "C. v. concolor", "C. v. helleri", "C. v. lutosus" and "C. v. oreganus". However, in 2001 Ashton and de Queiroz described their analysis of the variation of mitochondrial DNA across


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: the range of this species. Their results agreed broadly with those obtained by Pook "et al." (2000). Two main clades were identified, east and west of the Rocky Mountains, which they argued were actually two different species: on the one hand "C. viridis", including the conventional subspecies "C. v. viridis" and "C. v. nuntius", and on the other "C. oreganus", including all the other traditional subspecies of "C. viridis". The authors retained the names of the traditional subspecies, but emphasized the need for more work to be done on the systematics of "C. oreganus". Common names for this species include


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: prairie rattlesnake and Hopi rattlesnake. This species commonly grows to more than in length. The maximum recorded size is . In Montana, specimens occasionally exceed in length; the species reaches its maximum size in this region. One of the most characteristic features is the presence of three or more, usually four, internasal scales. Identification characteristics will vary depending on which subspecies is encountered. Generally, western rattlesnakes are usually lightly colored in hues of brown. Patches of dark brown are often distributed in a dorsal pattern. A color band may be seen at the back of the eye. The western rattlesnake


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: group carries the distinctive triangle-shaped head and pit sensory organs on either side of the head. A key characteristic that can help differentiate a western rattlesnake from other rattlesnakes is the presence of two internasals contacting the rostral. They, and the subspecies mentioned below, are found in North America over much of the Great Plains, the eastern foothills and some intermontane valleys of the Rocky Mountains, from southwestern Canada through the United States to northern Mexico. In Canada, they occur in Alberta and Saskatchewan; in the USA in eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, southern Idaho, most of Montana (where it is


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: one of 10 snake species and the only venomous one), North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, extreme eastern Arizona, and in Mexico in northern Coahuila and northwestern Chihuahua. Its vertical range is from near the Rio Grande to over in elevation in Wyoming. Wright and Wright (1957) and Klauber (1997) both mention Utah as within the range of this species, including maps showing it confined to the extreme southeastern part of the state. The type locality is described as "the Upper Missouri [Valley, USA]". An emendation was proposed by H.M. Smith and Taylor (1950)


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: to "Gross, Boyd County, Nebraska." Habitat characteristics can vary depending on subspecies and range. Generally, western rattlesnakes occupy areas with an abundant prey base. Many subspecies occupy somewhat rocky areas with outcrops serving as den sites. Western rattlesnakes have also been known to occupy burrows of other animals. They seem to prefer dry areas with moderate vegetation coverage. Vegetation cover will vary depending on region and subspecies. Western rattlesnakes live on the land, but they can sometimes climb in trees or bushes. Some even rest in crevices or caves. They are typically active diurnally in cooler weather and nocturnally during


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: hot weather "C. viridis". This species complex is equipped with powerful venom, using about 20-55 percent of venom in one bite, and will defend themselves if threatened or injured. As with other rattlesnake species, western rattlesnakes will rapidly vibrate their tails, which produces a unique rasping sound to warn intruders. The venom of the western rattlesnake is a complexly structured mixture of different proteins with enzymes such as proteases and peptidases found among them. Besides the hemotoxine and its tissue destructive effect, the venom also has neurotoxic properties. Western rattlesnakes, because of their expansive distribution, have a wide array of


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: prey. Generally, this species prefers small mammals, such as ground squirrels, ground nesting birds, mice, rats, small rabbits and prairie dogs. They will occasionally feed on amphibians and reptiles, and sometimes even other snakes. This is more commonly seen in juvenile snakes. Western rattlesnakes are viviparous and can produce from one to 25 young per reproduction event. The average number of young ranges from four to 12, but can vary greatly due to availability of food and environmental conditions. Males may compete for females during the breeding season, but western rattlesnake females may not necessarily breed every year. They give


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: birth in late summer or early fall, being their breed 22–28 cm long, without the need for parental care. In addition, their pups are toxic as soon as they are born. They reach sexual maturity at three years of age. It is also common for females to give birth at communal den sites with the young born between August and October. This species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v3.1, 2001). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2006. "Crotalus viridis nuntius" , the Hopi rattlesnake, inhabits the United States from northeastern and north-central Arizona, from the New Mexico border to Cataract Creek, including the Little Colorado River basin, the southern section of the Apache Indian Reservation, the Hopi Reservation, and the Coconino Plateau from the southern rim of the Grand Canyon to US Highway 66 in the south. "Crotalus viridis viridis" , the prairie rattlesnake, inhabits the North American Great Plains from the Rocky Mountains to 96° W and


title: "Crotalus viridis" content: from southern Canada to extreme northern Mexico, including southwestern Saskatchewan, southeastern Alberta, eastern Washington, Idaho in the Lemhi Valley, Montana east of the higher Rockies, southwestern North Dakota, west, central and extreme southeastern South Dakota, western Iowa, central and western Nebraska, Wyoming except for the Rockies, Colorado, central and western Kansas, Oklahoma, extreme southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, New Mexico, western and southwestern Texas, northeastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila. Crotalus viridis Crotalus viridis (Common names: prairie rattlesnake, western rattlesnake, Great Plains rattlesnake, and others) is a venomous pit viper species native to the western United States, southwestern Canada, and northern


title: "Crotalus mitchellii" content: Crotalus mitchellii Crotalus mitchellii is a venomous pit viper species found in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It was named in honor of Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914), a medical doctor who also studied rattlesnake venoms. Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here. Generally, this species does not exceed in length, with large males measuring between . The race on Isla Ángel de la Guarda is known to become larger, the maximum recorded length for a specimen there being . In contrast, the population on El Muerto Island only reaches a maximum of in length.


title: "Crotalus mitchellii" content: This species is found in the southwestern United States and in northwestern Mexico. In the US, its range includes east-central and southern California, southwestern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah, and western Arizona. In Mexico, it is native in most of Baja California, including Baja California Sur. It also inhabits a number of islands in the Gulf of California, including Angel de la Guarda Island, Carmen, Cerralvo, El Muerto, Espíritu Santo, Monserrate, Piojo, Salsipuedes, and San José, as well as on Santa Margarita Island off the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur. The type locality is listed as "Cape St. Lucas, Lower


title: "Crotalus mitchellii" content: California" (Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico). Grismer (1999) argued that "C. m. angelensis" and "C. m. muertensis" should be given species status, mainly due to differences in body size. More recently, Douglas et al. (2007) recognised "C.m. stephensi" as a full species, and Meik et al. (2015) elevated both the southwestern and the Angel de la Guarda speckled rattlesnakes to the state of full species, "C. pyrrhus" and "C. angelensis", whereas the El Muerto Island speckled rattlesnake was considered part of "C. pyrrhus" The nominate subspecies ("C. m. mitchellii") is classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red


title: "Crotalus mitchellii" content: List of Threatened Species. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2007. Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Crotalus mitchellii Crotalus mitchellii is a venomous pit viper species found in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It was named in honor of Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914), a medical doctor who also studied rattlesnake venoms. Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here. Generally, this species does not exceed in


title: "MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center" content: with the collaboration of the U.S. Department of Energy, the original grant was for construction and operation of a tokamak reactor Alcator A, the first in a series of small, high-field tokamaks, followed by Alcator C (1978) and Alcator C-Mod (1993). MIT's most recent tokamak, Alcator C-Mod, ran from 1993 to 2016. In 2016 the project pressure reached 2.05 atmospheres – a 15 percent jump over the previous record of 1.77 atmospheres with a plasma temperature of 35 million degrees C, sustaining fusion for 2 seconds, yielding 600 trillion fusion reactions. The run involved a 5.7 tesla magnetic field. It


title: "O'Sullivan v Noarlunga Meat Ltd" content: were required to obtain a licence from the State Agriculture Minister. However, the defendant company was registered under the "Commerce (Meat Export) Regulations" (Cth). Regulation 4B prohibited the exportation of meat unless an export permit had been granted, and regulation 5 required that all premises used for the slaughter of meat to be registered. The defendant company argued that the State act was invalid by virtue of inconsistency with the Commonwealth regulations, which is dealt with in s 109 of the Constitution. The Commonwealth has the power to make laws with respect to "trade and commerce with other countries, and


title: "Mark Gottlieb" content: Katerina Torelli (Josephine Mitchell) saw Mark out driving with Annalise and also developed a crush on him. Mark and Katerina flirted with each other and Katerina dedicated songs to him on radio, which made Annalise jealous. When Annalise went away, Mark ended up kissing Katerina. Upon Annalise's return, Katerina told her what happened and she was shocked that Mark could cheat on her. Mark and Annalise stayed together, but began arguing more. Mark also became broody and wanted to settle down, but Annalise did not feel the same way. Samazan thought that Mark was looking for stability in his life,


title: Pierronne content: Pierronne Pierronne, also known as Pierrone, Pierronne la Bretonne and Perrinaïc, was a 15th-century Breton woman who said she saw visions of "God dressed in a long white robe with a red tunic underneath". Pierronne, who may have met Joan of Arc in 1429, tried to defend her reputation at Corbeil. For this, Pierronne was arrested in March 1430 and burned at the stake on 3 September 1430. Pierronne was said to have come from western Brittany ("Bretagne bretonnante"), but her exact date and place of birth are unknown. The variant name "Perrinaïc" is an attempt to render the French


title: "Turk 182" content: aim the fire hose at him. The force of the stream pushes Terry, with the child in his arms, through a window and some four stories down, landing flat on his back on the roof of a parked car. The girl is uninjured, but Terry is seriously hurt. Six months later, and after countless rejections from welfare, workers' compensation and others, Jimmy goes to City Hall with the letters to show to Mayor John J. Tyler (Robert Culp). But when Tyler rebukes him, calling Terry a drunk, Jimmy promptly sneaks into Tyler's office and pastes all the letters on the


title: "History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon" content: France traded their exclusive right to fishing in Newfoundland waters for considerations in Africa. The commercial advantages of language and tradition that Saint Pierre and Miquelon employed in their relationships with France and other countries was substantially weakened during this time. Companies merged, and many of the residents left for greener pastures, as the economy withered to one-third of its previous size by 1914. The First World War resulted in disruptions of supplies from France between 1914 and 1918, and the death of over 100 residents in the trenches of Europe. Starting in 1920, the US passed the Eighteenth Amendment


title: "Pfalzgrafenstein Castle" content: Pfalzgrafenstein Castle Pfalzgrafenstein Castle () is a toll castle on the Falkenau island, otherwise known as Pfalz Island in the Rhine river near Kaub, Germany. Known as "the Pfalz," this former stronghold is famous for its picturesque and unique setting. The keep of this island castle, a pentagonal tower with its point upstream, was erected 1326 to 1327 by King Ludwig the Bavarian. Around the tower, a defensive hexagonal wall was built between 1338 to 1340. In 1477 Pfalzgrafenstein was passed as deposit to the Count of Katzenelnbogen. Later additions were made in 1607 and 1755, consisting of corner turrets,


title: "Pfalzgrafenstein Castle" content: the gun bastion pointing upstream, and the characteristic baroque tower cap. The castle functioned as a toll-collecting station that was not to be ignored. It worked in concert with Gutenfels Castle and the fortified town of Kaub on the right side of the river. Due to a dangerous cataract on the river's left, about a kilometer upstream, every vessel would have to use the fairway nearer to the right bank, thus floating downstream between the mighty fortress on the vessel's left and the town and castle on its right. A chain across the river drawn between those two fortifications forced


title: "Pfalzgrafenstein Castle" content: ships to submit, and uncooperative traders could be kept in the dungeon until a ransom was delivered. The dungeon was a wooden float in the well. Unlike the vast majority of Rhine castles, "the Pfalz" was never conquered or destroyed, withstanding not only wars, but also the natural onslaughts of ice and floods by the river. Its Spartan quarters held about twenty men. Massive measures of water engineering in the nineteenth century, above all straightening the river for better use as an international waterway and at this particular stretch, clearing it from the old cataract, relocated the regularly used fairway


title: "Pfalzgrafenstein Castle" content: from the river's right arm to its left. Thus the tactical advantage may not be apparent to one unaware of the change in the watercourse. The island of the castle was used for the Rhine crossing by 60,000 Prussian troops under Blücher in the winter of 1814 in his pursuit of Napoleon. The castle was acquired by Prussia in 1866, and toll collections ceased in 1867. It continued to be used as a signal station for the river boat traffic for about another century. In 1946, the castle became property of the State of Rheinland–Pfalz. The State eventually turned "the


title: "Pfalzgrafenstein Castle" content: Pfalz" into a museum and restored the color scheme of the baroque period. The museum reflects the conditions of the 14th century, and the visitor will not find modern amenities such as electricity or a lavatory. It is accessible to the public via a ferry service from nearby Kaub as long as river conditions permit. The area is part of the Rhine Gorge, a World Heritage site. Pfalzgrafenstein Castle Pfalzgrafenstein Castle () is a toll castle on the Falkenau island, otherwise known as Pfalz Island in the Rhine river near Kaub, Germany. Known as "the Pfalz," this former stronghold is


title: "Worle railway station" content: morning, and three services from London, all in the evening – one is extended to , another to . There are five services to and six from London on Sundays, spread throughout the day, with one service extended to Taunton and another to Exeter. All trains call at westbound, and at and Nailsea and Backwell eastbound, but not all stop at . The typical journey time to London is 2 hours 15 minutes. The local services described above are formed using , , and diesel multiple-unit trains. Services to and from London are formed of Class 800s, which are longer


title: "Upsher-Smith Laboratories" content: U.S. market. Upsher-Smith’s non-generic pharmaceuticals businesses Proximagen, Pairnomix and MOBĒ remained with ACOVA, a holding company owned by the Evenstads. Upsher-Smith offers generic pharmaceuticals to treat the following disease states: Upsher-Smith Laboratories Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC is a U.S. pharmaceutical company based in Maple Grove, Minnesota that has delivered generic medications for nearly a century. Upsher-Smith is a part of Japan-based Sawai Pharmaceutical, Co. Ltd. Founded in 1919 as a maker of digitalis drugs, Upsher-Smith has traditionally focused on the manufacture of generic medications. In 2017, after owning and operating Upsher-Smith for 47 years, the Evenstad family made the decision to


title: "Navanax inermis" content: Navanax inermis Navanax inermis, common name the California aglaja, is a large species of predatory sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aglajidae. "Navanax" is not a nudibranch, even though it somewhat resembles one; it belongs to a more ancient lineage of opisthobranchs called the cephalaspideans or head shield slugs and snails. The body of "N. inermis" can be tan, black, or purple, with yellowish streaks. Yellow or orange streaks and blue dots are visible on the margins. It has two large parapodial folds that run the length of either side of the body, and almost touch


title: "Navanax inermis" content: at the midsection. This species possesses a small internal shell. Individuals are typically between 2.5 and 10 inches in length. "N. inermis" does not possess a radula or organs associated with vision. This species occurs in the eastern Pacific Ocean and Gulf of California. Its range is from Monterey, California to Baja California. "N. inermis" can commonly be found on rocky intertidal regions and subtidal mudflats. "Navanax inermis" is a voracious carnivorous predator. Common prey items include other sea slugs, like bubble snails and nudibranchs, and small fish. As "N. inermis" lacks visual perception, it finds prey by using its


title: "Navanax inermis" content: chemoreceptors to follow the slime trails of other organisms. "N. inermis" is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Copulation can occur in groups, commonly referred to as chains, of up to four individuals. In the southern portion of its range, "N. inermis" spawns year round, producing upwards of 800,000 eggs at a time. After 7 to 19 days of development, embryos are released and live as plankton. "N. inermis" slides over surfaces with the help of a mucopolysaccharide slime trail. When disturbed, "N. inermis" secretes a bright yellow substance into its slime trail, which can persist for several hours. This secretion causes some


title: "Navanax inermis" content: other organisms to break pursuit of the slug. Navanax inermis Navanax inermis, common name the California aglaja, is a large species of predatory sea slug, a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Aglajidae. "Navanax" is not a nudibranch, even though it somewhat resembles one; it belongs to a more ancient lineage of opisthobranchs called the cephalaspideans or head shield slugs and snails. The body of "N. inermis" can be tan, black, or purple, with yellowish streaks. Yellow or orange streaks and blue dots are visible on the margins. It has two large parapodial folds that run the length of


title: "Western Chalukya Empire" content: as the belief in rituals and the theory of rebirth and supported the remarriage of widows and the marriage of unwed older women. This gave more social freedom to women but they were not accepted into the priesthood. Ramanujacharya, the head of the Vaishnava monastery in Srirangam, traveled to the Hoysala territory and preached the way of devotion (bhakti marga). He later wrote "Sribhashya", a commentary on Badarayana Brahmasutra, a critique on the Advaita philosophy of Adi Shankara. Ramanujacharya's stay in Melkote resulted in the Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana converting to Vaishnavism, a faith that his successors also followed. The impact


title: "Kangra Fort" content: Kangra Fort The Kangra Fort is located 20 kilometers from the town of Dharamsala on the outskirts of the town of Kangra, India. The Kangra Fort was built by the royal Rajput family of Kangra State (the Katoch dynasty), which traces its origins to the ancient Trigarta Kingdom, mentioned in the Mahabharata epic. It is the largest fort in the Himalayas and probably the oldest dated fort in India. At least three rulers sought to conquer the fort and plundered the treasures of its temples: Mahmud Ghazni in 1009, Firuz Shah Tughluq in 1360 and Sher Shah in 1540. The


title: "Kangra Fort" content: fort of Kangra resisted Akbar's siege. Akbar's son Jahangir successfully subdued the fort in 1620. Kangra was at the time ruled by Raja Hari Chand Katoch of Kangra (also known as Raja Hari Chand II) Mughal Emperor Jahangir with the help of Suraj Mal garrisoned with his troops. Under Jahangir, Murtaza Khan the governor of Punjab was directed to conquer Kangra, but he failed on account of the jealousy and opposition of the Rajput chiefs who were associated with him. Then Price Khurram was put in charge of the command. The siege of Kangra was pushed on for weeks. Supplies


title: "Kangra Fort" content: were cut off. The garrison had to live on boiled dry grass. It was faced with death and starvation. After a siege of 14 months, the fort surrendered in November, 1620. In 1621, Jahangir visited it and ordered the slaughter of a bullock there. A mosque was also built within the fort of Kangra. The Katoch Kings repeatedly looted Mughal controlled regions, weakening the Mughal control, aiding in the decline of Mughal power, Raja Sansar Chand II succeeded in recovering the ancient fort of his ancestors, in 1789. Maharaja Sansar Chand fought multiple battles with Gurkhas on one side and


title: "Kangra Fort" content: Sikh King Maharaja Ranjit Singh on the other. Sansar Chand used to keep his neighboring Kings jailed, and this led to conspiracies against him. During a battle between the Sikhs and Katochs, the gates of the fort had been kept open for supplies. The Gorkhali army entered the opened scarcely armed gates in 1806. This forced an alliance between Maharaja Sansar Chand and Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Because of the insufficiency of the need within the fort after a long Gurkha-Sikh War and unable to procure any, the Gurkhas left the Fort. The Fort remained with the Katochs until 1828 when


title: "Kangra Fort" content: Ranjit Singh annexed it after Sansar Chand's death. The fort was finally taken by the British after the Sikh war of 1846. A British garrison occupied the fort until it was heavily damaged in an earthquake on 4 April 1905. The entrance to the fort is through a small courtyard enclosed between two gates which were built during the Sikh period, as appears from an inscription over the entrance. From here a long and narrow passage leads up to the top of the fort, through the "Ahani" and "Amiri Darwaza" (gate), both attributed to Nawab Saif Ali Khan, the first


title: "Kangra Fort" content: Mughal Governor of Kangra. About 500 feet from the outer gate the passage turns round at a very sharp angle and passes through the "Jehangiri Darwaza". The "Darsani Darwaza", which is now flanked by defaced statues of River Goddesses Ganga and Yamuna gave access to a courtyard, along the south side of which stood the stone shrines of Lakshmi-Narayana and Ambika Devi and a Jain temple with large idol of Rishabhanatha. The fort is right next to Kangra town. The fort stands on a steep rock in Purana Kangra (translates to Old Kangra) dominating the surrounding valley, built strategically at


title: "Kangra Fort" content: the "sangam" confluence (places where two rivers meet) of Banganga and Majhi rivers. It is said that Kangra belongs to one who owns the fort. Also near to old Kangra is the famous Jayanti Mata temple on a hill top. The Temple was built by the General of the Gorkha Army, Bada Kaji Amar Singh Thapa. Also close to entrance is a small museum which exhibits the history of Kangra fort. Adjoining the Fort is the Maharaja Sansar Chand Katoch Museum run by the Royal Family of Kangra. The Museum also provides audio guides for the fort and the museum


title: "Kangra Fort" content: and has a cafeteria. Kangra Fort The Kangra Fort is located 20 kilometers from the town of Dharamsala on the outskirts of the town of Kangra, India. The Kangra Fort was built by the royal Rajput family of Kangra State (the Katoch dynasty), which traces its origins to the ancient Trigarta Kingdom, mentioned in the Mahabharata epic. It is the largest fort in the Himalayas and probably the oldest dated fort in India. At least three rulers sought to conquer the fort and plundered the treasures of its temples: Mahmud Ghazni in 1009, Firuz Shah Tughluq in 1360 and Sher


title: "Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base" content: Asia was ambiguous. North Vietnam was determined to take over South Vietnam. Communist forces were making military and political gains in Laos. The United States was taking over the role of "protector" from France in the area and the fear was that communism would prevail over the democratic governments in the region. However, there was no real justification for a full-scale American military involvement in the region. In early-July 1964 a detachment of C-130Bs from the 6091st Reconnaissance Squadron based at Don Muang began flying "Queen Bee" communications intercept missions off the North Vietnamese coast. On 31 July 1964 the


title: "Public health informatics" content: go to the doctor. Before the advent of the internet, public health data in the United States, like other healthcare and business data, were collected on paper forms and stored centrally at the relevant public health agency. If the data were to be computerized they required a distinct data entry process, were stored in the various file formats of the day and analyzed by mainframe computers using standard batch processing. The second category is to find ways to improve the efficiency of different public health systems. This is done through various collections methods, storage of data and how the data


title: "Marcos Witt" content: Marcos Witt Marcos Witt is an American Christian music singer and pastor. Marcos is considered the most influential and famous Spanish speaking figure of Christian music. Witt was the second of three children born to Jerry and Nola Witt, a young American missionary couple. The Witt family moved to Durango, Mexico, in 1960 and started a missionary outreach. Jerry was killed when his small aircraft was shot down in 1964 while he was dropping gospels of St. John over small villages in Mexico. Nola Witt continued the mission work after his death. Some years later, she married Frank Warren. Together,


title: "Gaborone City Council" content: is in charge of providing services like sewage management and street lighting to its citizens, but the council depends on parastatals like the Water Utilities Corporation and the Botswana Power Corporation to supply the water and electricity respectively. The GCC is also responsible for running public health clinics where the cost is less than one United States dollar. The city council runs all the public schools in Gaborone, providing free education and free meals to students. The Gaborone City Council has seven committees: The mayor and deputy mayor head the finance committee, making it the most important committee. In all


title: "Reuven Shiloah" content: Minister Ben-Gurion created the "Central Institute for Coordination" (Mossad) in December 1949 and appointed Shiloah as its first Director. However, it was not until April 1, 1951 that the Mossad became operational under Shiloah because bureaucratic fighting had delayed Ben-Gurion's initial order. After his tenure at the Mossad Shiloah worked in the Israeli Embassy in Washington DC and continued serving as an advisor. Reuven Shiloah Reuven Shiloah (; December 1909 – 1959) was the first Director of the Mossad from 1949 to 1953. Reuven Zaslani (later Shiloah) was born in Ottoman-ruled Jerusalem. His father was a rabbi. Shiloah married Betty


title: KPTM content: when it was shut down due to financial concerns. KKAZ-CA's license was surrendered to the Federal Communications Commission on August 5, 2010, and its call sign was deleted from the FCC's database. On May 6, 2010, it was announced KPTM that would add a new third digital subchannel carrying Estrella TV. KPTM-DT3 began broadcasting May 11 and relays programming from that network's owned-and-operated station KETD in Castle Rock, Colorado, aside from local ID screens. On October 31, 2015, Comet launched on KPTM-DT3, replacing Estrella. KPTM shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 42, on June 12, 2009, as part


title: "Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park" content: To the sides of the tower are plaques which depict the work that the students did, such as factory work, female students sewing, or showing students working to increase food production. There is a plaque in front of the tower which has two buttons that narrate the background information in either Japanese or English. Hiroshima Flower Festival is held from the 3rd of May to the 5th during Japanese Golden Week, in the Peace Park and Peace Boulevard. Hiroshima Dreamination is held in winter. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park The location of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park was once the city’s busiest


title: Darkzone content: the wall at Zone 3 in Canberra, as well as trophies given out to individual players on the top 3 teams, as well as best an fairest, most improved, and high score. Canberra also has a horses-arse award, given to the player who is involved in the most idiotic part of the season. Laserzone have sites in Lawnton and Sunshine Coast that run weekly leagues. Both sites run Infusion equipment and cater for all skill levels at the weekly league. Experienced players will take on new blood to help them get started, and a handicap system similar to the Western


title: "Steatoda grossa" content: Steatoda grossa Steatoda grossa, commonly known as the cupboard spider, the dark comb-footed spider, the brown house spider (in Australia), or the false black widow (though several other species are known by these names), is a common species of spider in the genus "Steatoda". It is a cosmopolitan species found in many parts of the world, including North America, Australasia, and Europe. As one of this spider's common names indicates, the spider superficially resembles, and is frequently confused for, the black widow and other venomous spiders in the genus "Latrodectus". Like black widows, the female "S. grossa" is 6-10.5 mm


title: "Steatoda grossa" content: in length and dark colored with a round, bulbous abdomen. Typical coloration ranges from purplish brown to black, with light-colored markings. Unlike black widows, redbacks, and other "Latrodectus" species, "S. grossa" does not have a bright red hourglass pattern or any other bright markings. Like many spiders, the male is sometimes smaller but can many times be nearly as long as the females. It measures 4.1-10.0 mm in length and is thinner than the female. The two sexes are colored similarly; however, the sexually mature male almost always has lighter, more reddish-coloured legs than the female. "S. grossa" spiders may


title: "Steatoda grossa" content: shed up to six times (instars) before reaching maturity. They can go several months without feeding, provided they have access to water. A well-fed female can lay three or more egg sacs each year. Each egg sac typically contains between 40-100 eggs. The mother can often be observed watching her eggs for hours, even days, at a time once the eggs start changing color and grow close to hatching. At normal household temp/humidity, an egg will usually hatch within a month of being laid. The spiderlings are independent from time of hatch. Female "S. grossa" spiders can live up to


title: "Steatoda grossa" content: six years; the typical lifespan for the male is 1-1.5 years. Males often die shortly after mating. As is common with other members of the family Theridiidae, "S. grossa" constructs a cobweb, i.e. an irregular tangle of sticky silken fibers. As with other web weavers, these spiders have very poor eyesight and depend mostly on vibrations reaching them through their webs to orient themselves to prey or warn them of larger animals that could pose a danger. They are not aggressive, and most injuries to humans are due to defensive bites delivered when a spider gets unintentionally squeezed or pinched.


title: "Steatoda grossa" content: It is possible that some bites may result when a spider mistakes a finger thrust into its web for its normal prey, but ordinarily intrusion by any large creature will cause these spiders to flee. "S. grossa" is a cosmopolitan species and is found in many parts of the world, including all three coasts in North America, in Australia and New Zealand, and in Europe. A related species, commonly found in North America, is "Steatoda borealis". This spider is similar to "S. grossa" in shape, but slightly smaller, and is generally found in colder climates. This spider can be identified


title: "Steatoda grossa" content: by colored markings on the dorsal side of its abdomen rather than on the ventral side. The bite of "S. grossa" is known to be medically significant in humans, but minor, without any long-lasting effects. Symptoms of bites include blistering at the site of the bite, muscle spasms, pain, fever, sweating, and/or a general malaise lasting for several days. "Latrodectus" antivenom was shown to be effective in treating bites from "Steatoda grossa" after it was mistakenly administered to a "S. grossa" bite victim who was erroneously believed to have been bitten by the far more dangerous redback. A specimen of


title: "Steatoda grossa" content: "S. grossa" (painted with nontoxic blue and red stripes and "wrangled" by Steven R. Kutcher ("The Spider-Man Behind Spider-Man") was used as the spider which bit Peter Parker in the Sam Raimi-directed Spider-Man film released in 2002. Steatoda grossa Steatoda grossa, commonly known as the cupboard spider, the dark comb-footed spider, the brown house spider (in Australia), or the false black widow (though several other species are known by these names), is a common species of spider in the genus "Steatoda". It is a cosmopolitan species found in many parts of the world, including North America, Australasia, and Europe. As


title: "Genseishin Justirisers" content: as she is wounded by then as they manage to turn the tables on her. However, as Hades' ship emerges from Kamishiro Mountain, Zora enlarges into a giant monster to keep Riseross from intercepting it. Though she over-powers KenRiser and JuRiser, Ranga's arrival turns the tables and NinRiser is formed as it kills Zora. Revived by Adorocs, Zora nearly killed Kageri before going after Mio's Justi Crystal. However, she acts on her own to sake her own desire for revenge against her and the other Justi Risers. Weakened by a revived Glen, Zora is killed for good by Kageri. is


title: "3rd Battalion, 23rd Marines" content: made their way through their minefields to members of the 81 mm mortar platoon, 3/23 quickly mobilized enemy prisoners of war (POW) processing teams which sped the POWs to the rear. The POWs were determined to be from the Iraqi 1st Battalion, 83d Brigade, 29th Infantry Division. Ultimately, the battalion captured 238 POWs, to include an Iraqi Battalion Commander, and sustained no friendly casualties. At 0615 on 25 February 1991, G+1, 3/23 passed through the breach with 8th Marines, with the bulk of the battalion mounted on M923 5-ton trucks. During the execution of this part of the operation, Company


title: "Sakka, Rif Dimashq Governorate" content: A courtyard was excavated measuring by . Columns marked the entrance to the south and four large columns were positioned in a square in the centre of the courtyard. Tempera or perhaps Fresco technique Paintings were found on the walls showing ancient Egyptian style and motifs. However, beneath the apparent Egyptian scheme, a Near-Eastern tradition is evident in the ideas of the paintings. The first cuneiform tablet recovered in the Damascus area was found at Tell Sakka. It was suggested resemble the style of cuneiform found in the archives of Mari and speaks of a king called Zimri-Lim. The cuneiform


title: "Assassination of Abraham Lincoln" content: "Fred, Father is awake now"thus revealing to Powell where Seward was. Powell turned as if to start downstairs, but suddenly turned again and drew his revolver. He aimed at Frederick's forehead and pulled the trigger, but the gun misfired so he bludgeoned Frederick unconscious with it. Bell, yelling "Murder! Murder!", ran outside for help. Fanny opened the door again and Powell shoved past her to Seward's bed. He stabbed at Seward's face and neck, slicing open his cheek, but the splint doctors had fitted to Seward's broken jaw (often mistakenly described as a neck brace) prevented the blade from penetrating


title: "Ranunculus acris" content: Ranunculus acris Ranunculus acris is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, and is one of the more common buttercups across Europe and temperate Eurasia. Common names include meadow buttercup, tall buttercup, common buttercup and giant buttercup. Ranunculus acris is a herbaceous perennial plant that grows to a height of 30 - 70 cm, with ungrooved flowing stems bearing glossy yellow flowers about 25 mm across. There are five overlapping petals borne above five green sepals that soon turn yellow as the flower matures. It has numerous stamens inserted below the ovary. The leaves are compound, with three


title: "Ranunculus acris" content: lobed leaflets. Unlike "Ranunculus repens", the terminal leaflet is sessile. As with other members of the genus, the numerous seeds are borne as achenes. This and other buttercups contain ranunculin, which breaks down to the toxin protoanemonin, a chemical that can cause dermatitis and vomiting. The rare autumn buttercup ("R. aestivalis") is sometimes treated as a variety of this species. The plant is an introduced species across much of the world. It is a naturalized species and often a weed in parts of North America, but it is probably native in Alaska and Greenland. In New Zealand it is a


title: "Ranunculus acris" content: serious pasture weed costing the dairy industry hundreds of millions of dollars. It has become one of the few pasture weeds that has developed a resistance to herbicides. In horticulture the species may be regarded as a troublesome weed, colonising lawns and paths. However, it may be a welcome feature of wildflower meadows. The double-flowered cultivar "R. acris" 'Flore Pleno' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The Abenaki smash the flowers and leaves and sniff them for headaches. The Bella Coola apply a poultice of pounded roots to boils. The Micmac use the leaves for headaches.


title: "Ranunculus acris" content: The Montagnais inhale the crushed leaves for headaches. The Cherokee use it as a poultice for abscesses, use an infusion for oral thrush, and use the juice as a sedative. They also cook the leaves and eat them as greens. The Iroquois apply a poultice of the smashed plant to the chest for pains and for colds, take an infusion of the roots for diarrhea, and apply a poultice of plant fragments with another plant to the skin for excess water in the blood. Ranunculus acris Ranunculus acris is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, and is


title: "Eminence Symphony Orchestra" content: "Vagrant Story", "Final Fantasy XII", "Xenosaga", "Shadow of the Colossus" and "Super Mario Bros." The anime pieces came from a number of sources including "Haibane Renmei", "Tsubasa Chronicle" and ".hack//Liminality". First announced at their Passion concert, Eminence chose to split their annual concert series into two performances, the first of which solely focused on video games. The concerts took place at Sydney Town Hall on 20 and 21 April 2007, and the concert in Melbourne was performed in Hamer Hall on 27 April 2007. Special guest composers included Hitoshi Sakimoto, Junichi Nakatsuru and Masaru Shiina, present at all of the


title: "Adansonia digitata" content: as Seven Sisters, or Xaugam. It was named for Chapman, but is also taken to be a camping site of Livingstone and Selous. It had a circumference of 25 m before its constituent trunks collapsed outward in 2016. It is not confirmed dead, however. The tree was historically used as a navigation beacon and as a post office by passing explorers, traders and travellers, many of whom left inscriptions on its trunk. Baines' Baobabs grow on a tiny islet in Kudiakam Pan, Botswana. The seven trees are named for Thomas Baines who painted them in May 1862. The fallen giant


title: "Vertex model" content: is a recurring theme which appears in many other types of statistical mechanical models to look for these commuting transfer matrices. From the definition of "R" above, it follows that for every solution of the Yang-Baxter equation in the tensor product of two "n"-dimensional vector spaces, there is a corresponding 2-dimensional solvable vertex model where each of the bonds can be in the possible states formula_49, where "R" is an endomorphism in the space spanned by formula_50. This motivates the classification of all the finite-dimensional irreducible representations of a given Quantum algebra in order to find solvable models coreesponding to


title: "Michael Blassie" content: Special Operations Squadron, deployed to Southeast Asia. Blassie died when his A-37B Dragonfly was shot down near An Lộc in what was then South Vietnam. Partial skeletal remains were retrieved from the area of the crash five months after his aircraft was shot down and were initially identified by Mortuary Affairs as Blassie. The remains were reclassified as unknown when their projected age and height were judged not to match Blassie's. Blassie's remains were designated as the unknown service member from the Vietnam War by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Allan J. Kellogg Jr. during a


title: "David Crenshaw Barrow Jr." content: north campus, and he was buried in Oconee Hill Cemetery in Athens. Barrow County, Georgia an Athens elementary school, an Athens street, Barrow Hall at the University and the David C. Barrow Chair of Mathematics all honor the late Chancellor. David Crenshaw Barrow Jr. David Crenshaw "Uncle Dave" Barrow Jr. (October 18, 1852 – January 11, 1929) served as chancellor of the University of Georgia (UGA) in Athens from 1906 until his resignation in 1925 (The head of the University was referred to as chancellor instead of president from 1860 until 1932). His father was David C. Barrow Sr., a


title: "Anglican sacraments" content: necessity in the Middle Ages in order to regularise intimate relationships and legitimize children. In many parts of the Anglican Communion, there is provision to bless civil marriages (on the understanding that a couple cannot be married twice). Although some Anglican Churches will marry divorced people, some will not or will require the permission of the bishop of the diocese. In some dioceses, particularly in the US Episcopal Church, there is approval for the blessing of same-sex marriage. In the Continuing Anglican churches of the world, such unions are not permitted. "Ordination" to Holy Orders is the setting aside of


title: "Squirrel cuckoo" content: Squirrel cuckoo The squirrel cuckoo ("Piaya cayana") is a large and active species of cuckoo found in wooded habitats from northwestern Mexico to northern Argentina and Uruguay, and on Trinidad. Some authorities have split off the western Mexican form as the Mexican squirrel-cuckoo ("Piaya mexicana"). This large and extremely long-tailed cuckoo is long and weighs . The adult has mainly chestnut upperparts and head, becoming paler on the throat. The lower breast is grey and the belly is blackish. The central tail feathers are rufous, but the outer are black with white tips. The bill is yellow and the iris


title: "Squirrel cuckoo" content: is red. Immature birds have a grey bill and eyering, brown iris, and less white in the tail. It resembles the little cuckoo, but that species is smaller and has a darker throat. There are a number of subspecies with minor plumage variations. For example, "P. c. mehleri", one of the South American subspecies, has mainly brown (not black) outer tail feathers. Additionally, the subspecies from Mexico, Central America, and northern and western South America have a yellow eye-ring, but this is red in the remaining part of South America. It makes explosive "kip!" and "kip! weeuu" calls, and the


title: "Squirrel cuckoo" content: song is a whistled "wheep wheep wheep wheep". The squirrel cuckoo is found in woodland canopy and edges, second growth, hedges and semi-open habitats from sea level to as high as , although it is uncommon above . This species’ English name derives from its habit of running along branches and leaping from branch to branch like a squirrel. It normally flies only short distances, mainly gliding with an occasional flap. It feeds on large insects such as cicadas, wasps and caterpillars (including those with stinging hairs or spines), and occasionally spiders and small lizards, rarely taking fruit. Its static


title: "Squirrel cuckoo" content: prey is typically taken off the foliage with a quick lunge, but wasps may be picked out of the air. Squirrel cuckoos are often observed to forage peacefully alongside small mammals such as common marmosets ("Callithrix jacchus") during the dry season for cocoa beans. In particular, they can be seen to attend army ant columns together, picking off prey flushed by the ants, and occasionally will join mixed-species feeding flocks. The nest is a cup of leaves on a twig foundation, hidden in dense vegetation high in a tree. The female lays two white eggs. The squirrel cuckoo is plentiful


title: "Squirrel cuckoo" content: in most of its range and appears to be quite tolerant of human disturbance, as long as wooded land remains. Compared to many cuckoos in the world, it is relatively bold and conspicuous, although it most often encountered skulking about within vegetation. Owing to its wide range, it is considered a species of Least Concern by the IUCN. Squirrel cuckoo The squirrel cuckoo ("Piaya cayana") is a large and active species of cuckoo found in wooded habitats from northwestern Mexico to northern Argentina and Uruguay, and on Trinidad. Some authorities have split off the western Mexican form as the Mexican


title: Volver content: is not yet their equal, surely belongs in their company. "Volver" is often dazzling in its artifice—José Luis Alcaine's ripe cinematography, Alberto Iglesias's suave, heart-tugging score— but it is never false. It draws you in, invites you to linger and makes you eager to return. Roger Ebert gave it his top rating of (four stars out of 4), calling it "enchanting, gentle, transgressive" and notes "Almodovar is above all a director who loves women—young, old, professional, amateur, mothers, daughters, granddaughters, dead, alive. Here his cheerful plot combines life after death with the concealment of murder, success in the restaurant business,


title: "New Japan Cup" content: New Japan Cup The New Japan Cup (often abbreviated NJC) is an annual single-elimination professional wrestling tournament held by New Japan Pro-Wrestling. Originally intended for every April, it was rescheduled to March in 2007. Though NJPW also runs the annual G1 Climax tournament, the NJC is different in that it is single-elimination, whereas the G1 is a round-robin. Like the G1 however, the winner of the tournament receives a shot at the IWGP Heavyweight Championship; this stipulation was added in 2006. In 2014, the winner was given the right to choose whether to challenge for the IWGP Heavyweight or the


title: "Toronto Hydro" content: homes use electricity so that they can take steps towards conservation and saving. The Ontario Energy Board approved Toronto Hydro’s 2015-2019 rates application. Over this five-year period, Toronto Hydro has secured more than $2 billion in capital funding that it will use to meet the growing demand for electricity, to safeguard against extreme weather events and upgrade aging infrastructure. Toronto Hydro has received the following prestigious awards: Toronto Hydro Toronto Hydro is the second-largest municipal electricity distribution company in Canada, serving approximately 769,000 customers in the city of Toronto, Ontario. It distributes approximately 18% of the electricity consumed in the


title: "Arizona Department of Transportation" content: 1912 with the creation of the Office of State Engineer and to 1927 when the Arizona State Highway Department was created. Divided into 11 groups and 10 engineering districts, the ITD is responsible for building and maintaining Arizona's highway infrastructure. It is overseen by the State Engineer. Currently it is headed by State Engineer (Deputy Director of Transportation) Dallas Hammit ITD has had many successful engineers partake in many national events such as WASHTO. For the last couple of years, MD Iqbal Hossain has been taking apart of WASHTO. The Motor Vehicle Division (MVD) is responsible for driver licensing and


title: Capacitor content: Capacitor A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electronic component that stores electrical energy in an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator. The original name is still widely used in many languages, but not commonly in English. The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many capacitor types are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least


title: Capacitor content: two electrical conductors often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. When two conductors experience a potential difference, for example, when a capacitor is attached across a battery, an electric


title: Capacitor content: field develops across the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to collect on one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate. No current actually flows through the dielectric, however, there is a flow of charge through the source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source circuit ceases. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor. Capacitance is defined as the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to


title: Capacitor content: the potential difference between them. The unit of capacitance in the International System of Units (SI) is the farad (F), defined as one coulomb per volt (1 C/V). Capacitance values of typical capacitors for use in general electronics range from about 1 picofarad (pF) (10 F) to about 1 millifarad (mF) (10 F). The capacitance of a capacitor is proportional to the surface area of the plates (conductors) and inversely related to the gap between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. It has an electric field strength limit, known as the


title: Capacitor content: breakdown voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power transmission systems, they stabilize voltage and power flow. The property of energy storage in capacitors was exploited as dynamic memory in early digital computers. In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, Germany, found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a


title: Capacitor content: wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark, much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine. The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after the University of Leiden where he worked. He also was impressed by the power of the shock he received, writing, "I


title: Capacitor content: would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France." Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal


title: Capacitor content: foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils. The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar, equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads. Leyden jars or more powerful devices employing flat glass plates alternating with foil conductors were used exclusively up until about 1900, when the invention of wireless (radio) created a demand for standard capacitors, and the steady move to higher frequencies required capacitors with lower inductance. More compact construction methods began to be used, such as a flexible dielectric sheet (like oiled paper) sandwiched between sheets of metal foil, rolled or folded into a small


title: Capacitor content: package. Early capacitors were known as "condensers", a term that is still occasionally used today, particularly in high power applications, such as automotive systems. The term was first used for this purpose by Alessandro Volta in 1782, with reference to the device's ability to store a higher density of electric charge than was possible with an isolated conductor. The term became deprecated because of the ambiguous meaning of steam condenser, with "capacitor" becoming the recommended term from 1926. Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass, porcelain, paper and mica have been used as insulators.


title: Capacitor content: These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors. Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal, and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19th century; their manufacture started in 1876, and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications (telephony). Porcelain was used in the first ceramic capacitors. In the early years of Marconi's wireless transmitting apparatus porcelain capacitors were used for high voltage and high frequency application in the transmitters. On the


title: Capacitor content: receiver side smaller mica capacitors were used for resonant circuits. Mica dielectric capacitors were invented in 1909 by William Dubilier. Prior to World War II, mica was the most common dielectric for capacitors in the United States. Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he was granted U.S. Patent No. 672,913 for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes". Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories


title: Capacitor content: in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor. With the development of plastic materials by organic chemists during the Second World War, the capacitor industry began to replace paper with thinner polymer films. One very early development in film capacitors was described in British Patent 587,953 in 1944. Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used


title: Capacitor content: in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity." A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region can either be a vacuum or an electrical insulator material known as a dielectric. Examples of dielectric media are glass, air, paper, plastic, ceramic, and even a


title: Capacitor content: semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. From Coulomb's law a charge on one conductor will exert a force on the charge carriers within the other conductor, attracting opposite polarity charge and repelling like polarity charges, thus an opposite polarity charge will be induced on the surface of the other conductor. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a constant capacitance "C", in farads in the SI system of units, defined as the ratio of the positive or negative charge "Q"


title: Capacitor content: on each conductor to the voltage "V" between them: A capacitance of one farad (F) means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device. Because the conductors (or plates) are close together, the opposite charges on the conductors attract one another due to their electric fields, allowing the capacitor to store more charge for a given voltage than when the conductors are separated, yielding a larger capacitance. In practical devices, charge build-up sometimes affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of


title: Capacitor content: incremental changes: In the hydraulic analogy, charge carriers flowing through a wire are analogous to water flowing through a pipe. A capacitor is like a rubber membrane sealed inside a pipe. Water molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but some water can move by stretching the membrane. The analogy clarifies a few aspects of capacitors: The simplest model capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates each with an area of formula_3 separated by a uniform gap of thickness formula_4 filled with a dielectric with permittivity formula_5. It is assumed the gap formula_4 is much smaller than the dimensions of


title: Capacitor content: the plates. This model applies well to many practical capacitors which are constructed of metal sheets separated by a thin layer of insulating dielectric, since manufacturers try to keep the dielectric very uniform in thickness to avoid thin spots which can cause failure of the capacitor. Since the separation between the plates is uniform over the plate area, the electric field between the plates formula_7 is constant, and directed perpendicularly to the plate surface, except for an area near the edges of the plates where the field decreases because the electric field lines "bulge" out of the sides of the


title: Capacitor content: capacitor. This "fringing field" area is approximately the same width as the plate separation, formula_4, and assuming formula_4 is small compared to the plate dimensions, it is small enough to be ignored. Therefore, if a charge of formula_10 is placed on one plate and formula_11 on the other plate, the charge on each plate will be spread evenly in a surface charge layer of constant charge density formula_12 coulombs per square meter, on the inside surface of each plate. From Gauss's law the magnitude of the electric field between the plates is formula_13. The voltage formula_14 between the plates is


title: Capacitor content: defined as the line integral of the electric field over a line from one plate to another The capacitance is defined as formula_16. Substituting formula_14 above into this equation Therefore, in a capacitor the highest capacitance is achieved with a high permittivity dielectric material, large plate area, and small separation between the plates. Since the area formula_3 of the plates increases with the square of the linear dimensions and the separation formula_4 increases linearly, the capacitance scales with the linear dimension of a capacitor (formula_20), or as the cube root of the volume. A parallel plate capacitor can only store


title: Capacitor content: a finite amount of energy before dielectric breakdown occurs. The capacitor's dielectric material has a dielectric strength "U" which sets the capacitor's breakdown voltage at "V" = "V" = "U""d". The maximum energy that the capacitor can store is therefore The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the


title: Capacitor content: plates. In addition, these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates. In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric, for example between the sides of the capacitor plates, which increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor. This is sometimes called parasitic capacitance. For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically. It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large. For formula_22 number of plates in a capacitor, the total capacitance would be formula_23 where formula_24 is the


title: Capacitor content: capacitance for a single plate and formula_22 is the number of interleaved plates. As shown to the figure on the right, the interleaved plates can be seen as parallel plates connected to each other. With the number of capacitor equal to the number of the spaces in between the plates. Thus the formula_26 multiplier. To increase the charge and voltage on a capacitor, work must be done by an external power source to move charge from the negative to the positive plate against the opposing force of the electric field. If the voltage on the capacitor is formula_14, the work


title: Capacitor content: formula_28 required to move a small increment of charge formula_29 from the negative to the positive plate is formula_30. The energy is stored in the increased electric field between the plates. The total energy formula_31 stored in a capacitor (expressed in Joule) is equal to the total work done in establishing the electric field from an uncharged state. where formula_33 is the charge stored in the capacitor, formula_14 is the voltage across the capacitor, and formula_35 is the capacitance. This potential energy will remain in the capacitor until the charge is removed. If charge is allowed to move back from


title: Capacitor content: the positive to the negative plate, for example by connecting a circuit with resistance between the plates, the charge moving under the influence of the electric field will do work on the external circuit. If the gap between the capacitor plates formula_4 is constant, as in the parallel plate model above, the electric field between the plates will be uniform (neglecting fringing fields) and will have a constant value formula_37. In this case the stored energy can be calculated from the electric field strength The last formula above is equal to the energy density per unit volume in the electric


title: Capacitor content: field multiplied by the volume of field between the plates, confirming that the energy in the capacitor is stored in its electric field. The current "I"("t") through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge "Q"("t") passing through it, but actual charges—electrons—cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor. Rather, one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus


title: Capacitor content: the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage, as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage "V"("t"). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation: Taking the derivative of this and multiplying by "C" yields the derivative form: The dual of the capacitor is the inductor, which stores energy in a magnetic field rather than an electric field. Its current-voltage relation is obtained by exchanging current and voltage in the capacitor equations and replacing "C" with the


title: Capacitor content: inductance "L". A series circuit containing only a resistor, a capacitor, a switch and a constant DC source of voltage "V" is known as a "charging circuit". If the capacitor is initially uncharged while the switch is open, and the switch is closed at "t", it follows from Kirchhoff's voltage law that Taking the derivative and multiplying by "C", gives a first-order differential equation: At "t" = 0, the voltage across the capacitor is zero and the voltage across the resistor is "V". The initial current is then "I"(0) ="V"/"R". With this assumption, solving the differential equation yields where τ


title: Capacitor content: = "RC," the "time constant" of the system. As the capacitor reaches equilibrium with the source voltage, the voltages across the resistor and the current through the entire circuit decay exponentially. In the case of a "discharging" capacitor, the capacitor's initial voltage (V) replaces "V". The equations become Impedance, the vector sum of reactance and resistance, describes the phase difference and the ratio of amplitudes between sinusoidally varying voltage and sinusoidally varying current at a given frequency. Fourier analysis allows any signal to be constructed from a spectrum of frequencies, whence the circuit's reaction to the various frequencies may be


title: Capacitor content: found. The reactance and impedance of a capacitor are respectively where "j" is the imaginary unit and ω is the angular frequency of the sinusoidal signal. The −"j" phase indicates that the AC voltage "V" = "ZI" lags the AC current by 90°: the positive current phase corresponds to increasing voltage as the capacitor charges; zero current corresponds to instantaneous constant voltage, etc. Impedance decreases with increasing capacitance and increasing frequency. This implies that a higher-frequency signal or a larger capacitor results in a lower voltage amplitude per current amplitude—an AC "short circuit" or AC coupling. Conversely, for very low


title: Capacitor content: frequencies, the reactance is high, so that a capacitor is nearly an open circuit in AC analysis—those frequencies have been "filtered out". Capacitors are different from resistors and inductors in that the impedance is inversely proportional to the defining characteristic; i.e., capacitance. A capacitor connected to a sinusoidal voltage source causes a displacement current to flow through it. In the case that the voltage source is Vcos(ωt), the displacement current can be expressed as: At sin(ωt) = -1, the capacitor has a maximum (or peak) current whereby I = ωCV. The ratio of peak voltage to peak current is due


title: Capacitor content: to capacitive reactance (denoted X). formula_47 X approaches zero as ω approaches infinity. If X approaches 0, the capacitor resembles a short wire that strongly passes current at high frequencies. X approaches infinity as ω approaches zero. If X approaches infinity, the capacitor resembles an open circuit that poorly passes low frequencies. The current of the capacitor may be expressed in the form of cosines to better compare with the voltage of the source: In this situation, the current is out of phase with the voltage by +π/2 radians or +90 degrees, i.e. the current leads the voltage by 90°.


title: Capacitor content: When using the Laplace transform in circuit analysis, the impedance of an ideal capacitor with no initial charge is represented in the "s" domain by: where Capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor equation in a number of ways. Some of these, such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear, or can be analyzed as nearly linear, and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of an ideal capacitor. The usual methods of network analysis can then be applied. In other cases, such as with breakdown voltage, the effect is non-linear and ordinary (normal, e.g.,


title: Capacitor content: linear) network analysis cannot be used, the effect must be dealt with separately. There is yet another group, which may be linear but invalidate the assumption in the analysis that capacitance is a constant. Such an example is temperature dependence. Finally, combined parasitic effects such as inherent inductance, resistance, or dielectric losses can exhibit non-uniform behavior at variable frequencies of operation. Above a particular electric field, known as the dielectric strength "E", the dielectric in a capacitor becomes conductive. The voltage at which this occurs is called the breakdown voltage of the device, and is given by the product of


title: Capacitor content: the dielectric strength and the separation between the conductors, The maximum energy that can be stored safely in a capacitor is limited by the breakdown voltage. Due to the scaling of capacitance and breakdown voltage with dielectric thickness, all capacitors made with a particular dielectric have approximately equal maximum energy density, to the extent that the dielectric dominates their volume. For air dielectric capacitors the breakdown field strength is of the order 2–5 MV/m (or kV/mm); for mica the breakdown is 100–300 MV/m; for oil, 15–25 MV/m; it can be much less when other materials are used for the dielectric.


title: Capacitor content: The dielectric is used in very thin layers and so absolute breakdown voltage of capacitors is limited. Typical ratings for capacitors used for general electronics applications range from a few volts to 1 kV. As the voltage increases, the dielectric must be thicker, making high-voltage capacitors larger per capacitance than those rated for lower voltages. The breakdown voltage is critically affected by factors such as the geometry of the capacitor conductive parts; sharp edges or points increase the electric field strength at that point and can lead to a local breakdown. Once this starts to happen, the breakdown quickly tracks


title: Capacitor content: through the dielectric until it reaches the opposite plate, leaving carbon behind and causing a short (or relatively low resistance) circuit. The results can be explosive as the short in the capacitor draws current from the surrounding circuitry and dissipates the energy. However, in capacitors with particular dielectrics and thin metal electrodes shorts are not formed after breakdown. It happens because a metal melts or evaporates in a breakdown vicinity, isolating it from the rest of the capacitor. The usual breakdown route is that the field strength becomes large enough to pull electrons in the dielectric from their atoms thus


title: Capacitor content: causing conduction. Other scenarios are possible, such as impurities in the dielectric, and, if the dielectric is of a crystalline nature, imperfections in the crystal structure can result in an avalanche breakdown as seen in semi-conductor devices. Breakdown voltage is also affected by pressure, humidity and temperature. An ideal capacitor only stores and releases electrical energy, without dissipating any. In reality, all capacitors have imperfections within the capacitor's material that create resistance. This is specified as the "equivalent series resistance" or ESR of a component. This adds a real component to the impedance: As frequency approaches infinity, the capacitive impedance


title: Capacitor content: (or reactance) approaches zero and the ESR becomes significant. As the reactance becomes negligible, power dissipation approaches "P" = "V"² /"R". Similarly to ESR, the capacitor's leads add "equivalent series inductance" or ESL to the component. This is usually significant only at relatively high frequencies. As inductive reactance is positive and increases with frequency, above a certain frequency capacitance is canceled by inductance. High-frequency engineering involves accounting for the inductance of all connections and components. If the conductors are separated by a material with a small conductivity rather than a perfect dielectric, then a small leakage current flows directly between


title: Capacitor content: them. The capacitor therefore has a finite parallel resistance, and slowly discharges over time (time may vary greatly depending on the capacitor material and quality). The quality factor (or "Q") of a capacitor is the ratio of its reactance to its resistance at a given frequency, and is a measure of its efficiency. The higher the Q factor of the capacitor, the closer it approaches the behavior of an ideal capacitor. The Q factor of a capacitor can be found through the following formula: where formula_59 is angular frequency, formula_35 is the capacitance, formula_61 is the capacitive reactance, and formula_62


title: Capacitor content: is the equivalent series resistance (ESR) of the capacitor. Ripple current is the AC component of an applied source (often a switched-mode power supply) whose frequency may be constant or varying. Ripple current causes heat to be generated within the capacitor due to the dielectric losses caused by the changing field strength together with the current flow across the slightly resistive supply lines or the electrolyte in the capacitor. The equivalent series resistance (ESR) is the amount of internal series resistance one would add to a perfect capacitor to model this. Some types of capacitors, primarily tantalum and aluminum electrolytic


title: Capacitor content: capacitors, as well as some film capacitors have a specified rating value for maximum ripple current. The capacitance of certain capacitors decreases as the component ages. In ceramic capacitors, this is caused by degradation of the dielectric. The type of dielectric, ambient operating and storage temperatures are the most significant aging factors, while the operating voltage usually has a smaller effect, i.e., usual capacitor design is to minimize voltage coefficient. The aging process may be reversed by heating the component above the Curie point. Aging is fastest near the beginning of life of the component, and the device stabilizes over


title: Capacitor content: time. Electrolytic capacitors age as the electrolyte evaporates. In contrast with ceramic capacitors, this occurs towards the end of life of the component. Temperature dependence of capacitance is usually expressed in parts per million (ppm) per °C. It can usually be taken as a broadly linear function but can be noticeably non-linear at the temperature extremes. The temperature coefficient can be either positive or negative, sometimes even amongst different samples of the same type. In other words, the spread in the range of temperature coefficients can encompass zero. Capacitors, especially ceramic capacitors, and older designs such as paper capacitors, can


title: Capacitor content: absorb sound waves resulting in a microphonic effect. Vibration moves the plates, causing the capacitance to vary, in turn inducing AC current. Some dielectrics also generate piezoelectricity. The resulting interference is especially problematic in audio applications, potentially causing feedback or unintended recording. In the reverse microphonic effect, the varying electric field between the capacitor plates exerts a physical force, moving them as a speaker. This can generate audible sound, but drains energy and stresses the dielectric and the electrolyte, if any. Current reversal occurs when the current changes direction. Voltage reversal is the change of polarity in a circuit. Reversal


title: Capacitor content: is generally described as the percentage of the maximum rated voltage that reverses polarity. In DC circuits, this is usually less than 100%, often in the range of 0 to 90%, whereas AC circuits experience 100% reversal. In DC circuits and pulsed circuits, current and voltage reversal are affected by the damping of the system. Voltage reversal is encountered in RLC circuits that are underdamped. The current and voltage reverse direction, forming a harmonic oscillator between the inductance and capacitance. The current and voltage tends to oscillate and may reverse direction several times, with each peak being lower than the


title: Capacitor content: previous, until the system reaches an equilibrium. This is often referred to as ringing. In comparison, critically damped or overdamped systems usually do not experience a voltage reversal. Reversal is also encountered in AC circuits, where the peak current is equal in each direction. For maximum life, capacitors usually need to be able to handle the maximum amount of reversal that a system may experience. An AC circuit experiences 100% voltage reversal, while underdamped DC circuits experience less than 100%. Reversal creates excess electric fields in the dielectric, causes excess heating of both the dielectric and the conductors, and can


title: Capacitor content: dramatically shorten the life expectancy of the capacitor. Reversal ratings often affect the design considerations for the capacitor, from the choice of dielectric materials and voltage ratings to the types of internal connections used. Capacitors made with any type of dielectric material show some level of "dielectric absorption" or "soakage". On discharging a capacitor and disconnecting it, after a short time it may develop a voltage due to hysteresis in the dielectric. This effect is objectionable in applications such as precision sample and hold circuits or timing circuits. The level of absorption depends on many factors, from design considerations to


title: Capacitor content: charging time, since the absorption is a time-dependent process. However, the primary factor is the type of dielectric material. Capacitors such as tantalum electrolytic or polysulfone film exhibit relatively high absorption, while polystyrene or Teflon allow very small levels of absorption. In some capacitors where dangerous voltages and energies exist, such as in flashtubes, television sets, and defibrillators, the dielectric absorption can recharge the capacitor to hazardous voltages after it has been shorted or discharged. Any capacitor containing over 10 joules of energy is generally considered hazardous, while 50 joules or higher is potentially lethal. A capacitor may regain anywhere


title: Capacitor content: from 0.01 to 20% of its original charge over a period of several minutes, allowing a seemingly safe capacitor to become surprisingly dangerous. Leakage is equivalent to a resistor in parallel with the capacitor. Constant exposure to heat can cause dielectric breakdown and excessive leakage, a problem often seen in older vacuum tube circuits, particularly where oiled paper and foil capacitors were used. In many vacuum tube circuits, interstage coupling capacitors are used to conduct a varying signal from the plate of one tube to the grid circuit of the next stage. A leaky capacitor can cause the grid circuit


title: Capacitor content: voltage to be raised from its normal bias setting, causing excessive current or signal distortion in the downstream tube. In power amplifiers this can cause the plates to glow red, or current limiting resistors to overheat, even fail. Similar considerations apply to component fabricated solid-state (transistor) amplifiers, but owing to lower heat production and the use of modern polyester dielectric barriers this once-common problem has become relatively rare. Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are "conditioned" when manufactured by applying a voltage sufficient to initiate the proper internal chemical state. This state is maintained by regular use of the equipment. If a system


title: Capacitor content: using electrolytic capacitors is unused for a long period of time it can lose its conditioning. Sometimes they fail with a short circuit when next operated. Practical capacitors are available commercially in many different forms. The type of internal dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device packaging all strongly affect the characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications. Values available range from very low (picofarad range; while arbitrarily low values are in principle possible, stray (parasitic) capacitance in any circuit is the limiting factor) to about 5 kF supercapacitors. Above approximately 1 microfarad electrolytic capacitors are usually used


title: Capacitor content: because of their small size and low cost compared with other types, unless their relatively poor stability, life and polarised nature make them unsuitable. Very high capacity supercapacitors use a porous carbon-based electrode material. Most capacitors have a dielectric spacer, which increases their capacitance compared to air or a vacuum. In order to maximise the charge that a capacitor can hold, the dielectric material needs to have as high a permittivity as possible, while also having as high a breakdown voltage as possible. The dielectric also needs to have as low a loss with frequency as possible. However, low value


title: Capacitor content: capacitors are available with a vacuum between their plates to allow extremely high voltage operation and low losses. Variable capacitors with their plates open to the atmosphere were commonly used in radio tuning circuits. Later designs use polymer foil dielectric between the moving and stationary plates, with no significant air space between the plates. Several solid dielectrics are available, including paper, plastic, glass, mica and ceramic. Paper was used extensively in older capacitors and offers relatively high voltage performance. However, paper absorbs moisture, and has been largely replaced by plastic film capacitors. Most of the plastic films now used offer