title: "Battersea Power Station" content: the 1965 Beatles' film "Help!" The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, lavish Art Deco interior fittings and decor. The structure remained largely unused for more than 30 years after its closure; in 2008 its condition was described as "very bad" by English Heritage, which included it in its Heritage at Risk Register. The site was also listed on the 2004 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund. Since the station's closure, redevelopment plans have been drawn up by successive site owners. In 2004, when a redevelopment project by Parkview International


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: stalled, the site was sold to the administrators of Irish company Real Estate Opportunities (REO), who bought it for £400 million in November 2006 with plans to refurbish the station for public use and build 3,400 homes on the site. This plan fell through due to REO's debt being called in by the state-owned banks of the UK and Ireland. The site was again put up for sale in December 2011 through commercial estate agent Knight Frank. The combination of an existing debt burden of some £750 million, the need to make a £200 million contribution to an extension to


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: the London Underground, requirements to fund conservation of the derelict power station shell, and the presence of a waste transfer station and cement plant on the river frontage made commercial development of the site a significant challenge. Until the late 1930s electricity was supplied by municipal undertakings. These were small power companies that built power stations dedicated to a single industry or group of factories, and sold any excess electricity to the public. These companies used widely differing standards of voltage and frequency. In 1925 Parliament decided that the power grid should be a single system with uniform standards and


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: under public ownership. Several of the private power companies reacted to the proposal by forming the London Power Company (LPC). They planned to heed parliament's recommendations and build a small number of very large stations. The London Power Company's first of these super power stations was planned for the Battersea area, on the south bank of the River Thames in London. The proposal was made in 1927, for a station built in two stages and capable of generating 400 megawatts (MW) of electricity when complete. The site chosen was a plot of land which had been the site of the


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: reservoirs for the former Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company. The site was chosen for its proximity to the River Thames for cooling water and coal delivery, and because it was in the heart of London, the station's immediate supply area. The proposal sparked protests from those who felt that the building would be too large and would be an eyesore, as well as worries about the pollution damaging local buildings, parks and even paintings in the nearby Tate Gallery. The company addressed the former concern by hiring Sir Giles Gilbert Scott to design the building's exterior. He was a distinguished


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: architect and industrial designer, famous for his designs for the red telephone box and Liverpool Anglican Cathedral. He subsequently designed another London power station, Bankside, which now houses Tate Modern art gallery. The pollution issue was resolved by granting permission for the station on the condition that its emissions were to be treated, to ensure they were "clean and smokeless". Construction of the first phase (the A Station) began in March 1929. The main building work was carried out by John Mowlem & Co, and the structural steelwork erection carried out by Sir William Arrol & Co. Other contractors were


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: employed for specialist tasks. Most of the electrical equipment, including the steam turbine turbo generators, was produced by Metropolitan-Vickers in Trafford Park, Manchester. The building of the steel frame began in October 1930. Once completed, the construction of the brick cladding began, in March 1931. Until the construction of the B Station, the eastern wall of the boiler house was clad in corrugated metal sheeting as a temporary enclosure. The A Station first generated electricity in 1933, but was not completed until 1935. The total cost of its construction was £2,141,550. Between construction beginning in 1929 and 1933, there were


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: six fatal and 121 non-fatal accidents on the site. After the end of the Second World War, construction began on the second phase, the B Station. The station came into operation gradually between 1953 and 1955. It was nearly identical to the A Station from the outside and was constructed directly to its east as a mirror to it, which gave the power station its now familiar four-chimney layout. The construction of the B Station brought the site's generating capacity up to 509 megawatts (MW), making it the third largest generating site in the UK at the time, providing a


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: fifth of London's electricity needs (with the remainder supplied by 28 smaller stations). It was also the most thermally efficient power station in the world when it opened. The A Station had been operated by the London Power Company, but by the time the B Station was completed, the UK's electric supply industry had been nationalised, and ownership of the two stations had passed into the hands of the British Electricity Authority in 1948. In 1955, this became the Central Electricity Authority, which in turn became the Central Electricity Generating Board in 1957. On 20 April 1964, the power station


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: was the site of a fire that caused power failures throughout London, including at the BBC Television Centre, which was due to launch BBC Two that night. The launch was delayed until the following day at 11 am. Both of the stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was headed by Dr. Leonard Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Power Company, but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, and T. P. O'Sullivan who was later responsible for the Assembly Hall at Filton. J. Theo Halliday was employed


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: as architect, with Halliday & Agate Co. employed as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for the supervision and execution of the appearance of the exterior and interior of the building. Architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott was involved in the project much later on, consulted to appease public reaction, and referred to in the press as "architect of the exterior". The station was designed in the "brick-cathedral" style of power station design, which was popular at the time. Battersea is one of a very small number of examples of this style of power station design still in existence in the UK,


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: others being Uskmouth and Bankside. The station's design proved popular straightaway, and was described as a "temple of power", which ranked equal with St Paul's Cathedral as a London landmark. In a 1939 survey by "The Architectural Review" a panel of celebrities ranked it as their second favourite modern building. The A Station's control room was given many Art Deco fittings by architect Halliday. Italian marble was used in the turbine hall, and polished parquet floors and wrought-iron staircases were used throughout. Owing to a lack of available money following the Second World War, the interior of the B Station


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: was not given the same treatment, and instead the fittings were made from stainless steel. Each of the two connected stations consists of a long boiler house with a chimney at each end and an adjacent turbine hall. This makes a single main building which is of steel frame construction with brick cladding, similar to the skyscrapers built in the United States around the same time. The station is the largest brick structure in Europe. The building's gross dimensions measure by , with the roof of the boiler house standing at over . Each of the four chimneys is made


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: from concrete and stands tall with a base diameter of tapering to at the top. The station also had jetty facilities for unloading coal, a coal sorting and storage area, control rooms and an administration block. The A Station generated electricity using three turbo alternators; two 69 megawatt (MW) Metropolitan-Vickers British Thomson-Houston sets, and one 105 MW Metropolitan-Vickers set, totalling 243 MW. At the time of its commissioning, the 105 MW generating set was the largest in Europe. The B Station also had three turbo alternators, all made by Metropolitan-Vickers. This consisted of two units which used 16 MW high-pressure


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: units exhausting to a 78 MW and associated with a 6 MW house alternator, giving these units a total rating of 100 MW. The third unit consisted of a 66 MW machine associated with a 6 MW house alternator, giving the unit a rating of 72 MW. Combined, these gave the B station a generating capacity of 260 MW, making the site's generating capacity 503 MW. All of the station's boilers were made by Babcock & Wilcox, fuelled by pulverised coal from pulverisers also built by Babcock & Wilcox. There were nine boilers in the A station and six in


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: the B station. The B station's boilers were the largest ever built in the UK at that time. The B station also had the highest thermal efficiency of any power station in the country for the first twelve years of its operation. The power station consumed over 1,000,000 tonnes of coal annually, mostly from pits in South Wales and North East England, delivered by coastal collier ships. They were "flat-irons" with a low-profile superstructure and fold-down funnels and masts to fit under the Thames' bridges above the Pool of London. The LPC and its nationalised successors owned and operated several


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: "flat-irons" for the service. Coal was usually delivered to the jetty where two cranes, capable of unloading two ships at a time at a rate of 480 tonnes an hour, offloaded coal. Some coal was delivered by rail to the east of the station from the Brighton Main Line which passes nearby. A conveyor belt system moved the coal to a storage area or directly to the station's boiler rooms. The conveyor belt system consisted of a series of bridges connected by towers. The storage area was a large concrete box capable of holding 75,000 tonnes of coal. It had


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: an overhead gantry and a conveyor belt attached to the conveyor belt system for moving coal to the boiler rooms. Water, essential to a thermal power station, is used to condense steam from the steam turbines before it is returned to the boiler. Water cycled through the power station's systems was taken from the Thames. The station could extract an average of of water from the river each day. Once the water had been through the station's systems, it was cooled and discharged into the river. After the end of World War II, the London Power Company used the waste


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: heat to supply the Pimlico District Heating Undertaking, which started operating in 1950. The reduction of sulphur emissions was an important factor from when the station was in the design stages, as it was one of the main concerns of the protesters. The London Power Company developed an experimental technique for washing flue gases in 1925. It used water and alkaline sprays over scrubbers of steel and timber in flue ducts. The gases were subject to continuous washing, and in the presence of the catalyst iron oxide, sulphur dioxide was converted into sulphuric acid. Battersea Power Station was one of


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: the world's first commercial applications of this technique. This process was stopped in the B Station in the 1960s, when it was discovered that the discharge of these products into the Thames was more harmful than the gases would be to the atmosphere. The station's demise was caused by its output falling with age, coupled with increased operating costs, such as flue gas cleaning. On 17 March 1975, the A Station was closed after being in operation for 40 years. By this time the A Station was co-firing oil and its generating capacity had declined to 228 MW. Three years


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: after the closure of the A Station, rumours began to circulate that the B Station would soon follow. A campaign was then launched to try to save the building as part of the national heritage. As a result, the station was declared a heritage site in 1980, when the Secretary of State for the Environment, Michael Heseltine, awarded the building Grade II listed status. (This was upgraded to Grade II* listed in 2007.) On 31 October 1983 production of electricity at Station B also ended, after nearly 30 years of operation. By then the B Station's generating capacity had fallen


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: to 146 MW. The closure of the two stations was put down largely to the generating equipment becoming outdated, and the preferred choice of fuel for electricity generation shifting from coal toward oil, gas and nuclear power. Since the station ceased generating electricity, there have been numerous proposals and attempts to redevelop the site. Following the station's closure, the Central Electricity Generating Board had planned to demolish the station and sell the land for housing, but because of the building's then Grade II listed status, they had to pay the high cost of preserving the building. In 1983 they held


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: a competition for ideas on the redevelopment of the site. It was won by a consortium led by developer David Roche and which included John Broome, owner of Alton Towers Ltd. This consortium proposed an indoor theme park, with shops and restaurants. At an estimated cost of £35 million, the scheme was risky and would require over 2 million visitors a year to make any profit. The scheme received planning approval in May 1986 and the site was purchased by John Broome for £1.5 million in 1987. Work on converting the site began the same year. The project was halted


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: in March 1989, for lack of funding, after costs had quickly escalated that January, from £35 million to £230 million. By this point huge sections of the building's roof had been removed, so that machinery could be taken out. Without a roof, the building's steel framework has been left exposed and its foundations have been prone to flooding. In March 1990, the proposal was changed to a mixture of offices, shops and a hotel. This proposal was granted planning permission in August 1990, despite opposition from 14 independent organisations, including English Heritage. Despite permission being granted, no further work took


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: place on the site between 1990 and 1993. In 1993, the site and its outstanding debt of £70 million were bought from the Bank of America by Hong Kong-based development company, Parkview International, for £10 million. Following resolution of creditors' claims, it acquired the freehold title in May 1996. In November 1996 plans for the redevelopment of the site were submitted and outline consent was received in May 1997. Detailed consent for much of the site was granted in August 2000, and the rest in May 2001. The company received full possession of the site in 2003. Having purchased the


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: site, Parkview started work on a £1.1 billion project to restore the building and to redevelop the site into a retail, housing and leisure complex. During the Parkview era several masterplans for the site were developed by various architects and subsequently discarded. One notable plan, called simply "The Power Station", was masterminded by architect Nicholas Grimshaw. The scheme proposed a shopping mall, with 40 to 50 restaurants, cafés and bars, 180 shops, as well as nightclubs, comedy venues and a cinema. Cosmopolitan shops would have been sited in the A Station's turbine hall, and label name shops in the B


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: Station's turbine hall. The boiler house would have been glazed over and used as a public space for installations and exhibitions. A riverside walkway would also be created, running continuously along the riverside from Vauxhall to Battersea Park. Parkview claimed that 3,000 jobs would be created during the construction of the project, and 9,000 would be employed once completed, with an emphasis on local recruitment. The Battersea Power Station Community Group campaigned against the Parkview plan and argued for an alternative community-based scheme to be drawn up. The group described the plans as "a deeply unattractive project that has no


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: affordable housing anywhere on the site, no decent jobs for local people and no credible public transport strategy". They also criticised how appropriate the project was in its location, and proposal of other large buildings on the site. Keith Garner of the group said "I feel that there's a real problem of appropriateness. They need a completely different kind of scheme, not this airport-lounge treatment. What you see now is a majestic building looming up from the river. If you surround it with buildings 15 storeys high, you don’t have a landmark any more." In 2005 Parkview, English Heritage and


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: the London Borough of Wandsworth claimed that the reinforcement inside the chimneys was corroded and irreparable. Wandsworth Council granted permission for them to be demolished and rebuilt. However, the Twentieth Century Society, the World Monuments Fund and the Battersea Power Station Company Ltd commissioned an alternative engineers' report that claimed that the existing chimneys could be repaired. In response, Parkview claimed to have given a legally binding undertaking to the council to provide certainty that the chimneys will be replaced "like for like", in accordance with the requirements of English Heritage and the planning authorities. On 30 November 2006, it


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: was announced that Real Estate Opportunities, led by Irish businessmen Richard Barrett and Johnny Ronan of Treasury Holdings, had purchased Battersea Power Station and the surrounding land for €532 million (£400 million). REO subsequently announced that the previous plan by Parkview had been dropped and that it had appointed the practice of the Uruguayan-born architect Rafael Viñoly of New York as the new master planner for the site. The centrepiece of this masterplan was a 980-foot-high "eco tower" that dwarfed the power station and was described by London's then mayor Boris Johnson as an "inverted toilet-roll holder". The tower was


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: quickly dropped from the scheme. Jersey law firms, Ogier, Carey Olsen and Mourant Oxannes helped REO to raise funds for the new Battersea Power Station redevelopment. On 30 November 2011, it was officially announced that the REO scheme had collapsed with the debt called in by its lenders and creditors, putting the site in administration. London Underground extension A proposed part of the regeneration is an extension of the London Underground to serve the area. Although the site is close to Battersea Park and Queenstown Road stations, trains from these stations to Victoria and Waterloo respectively are already heavily loaded.


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: The proposed 2-mile tunnelled extension would branch from the Northern line at Kennington and travel west to Nine Elms and Battersea. The proposed extension would cost at least £500 million in 2008 terms before inflation and optimism bias (extra contingency amounts) and would be part funded by REO and, possibly, other significant land owners in the Nine Elms area. The 2010 planning consent for the site includes a phased contribution of approximately £200 million to the Underground extension, which adds another financial hurdle to the many difficulties in developing the site. Biomass power station They include reusing part of the


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: station building as a power station, fuelled by biomass and waste. The station's existing chimneys would be utilised for venting steam. The former turbine halls would be converted to shopping spaces, and the roofless boiler house used as a park. An energy museum would also be housed inside the former station building. The restoration of the power station building would cost £150 million. Eco-dome A plastic built "eco-dome" was to be built to the east of the power station. This building was originally planned to have a large chimney, but this has now been abandoned in favour of a series


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: of smaller towers. The eco-dome would house offices, and aim to reduce energy consumption in the buildings by 67% compared to conventional office buildings, by using the towers to draw cool air through the building. 3,200 new homes would also be built on the site to house 7,000 people. Consultation process In June 2008 a consultation process was launched, which revealed that 66% of the general public were in favour of the plans. At an event at the station on 23 March 2009, it was announced that REO were to submit the planning application for their proposal to Wandsworth Council.


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: These plans have now been shelved due to the latest financial crisis to hit the site. Planning consent The Council gave planning consent on 11 November 2010. REO hoped for construction to begin in 2011, but this has now been cancelled. The station structure itself was expected to be repaired and secure by 2016, with completion of the whole project by 2020. Plans now include the construction of 3,400 apartments and of office space. Approximately 28,000 inhabitants and 25,000 workers are expected to occupy the space once complete. Lenders allow more time Reuters reported on 1 September 2011 that lenders


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: would allow more time for a new equity partner to be found: "Lenders to the owner of Battersea Power Station in London waived a debt maturity deadline yesterday while talks with potential new equity partners for its redevelopment continued, a source close to the process told Reuters. AIM-listed Real Estate Opportunities is seeking a partner for the 5.5 billion pound ($9 billion) development, and its senior lenders Lloyds and Ireland's National Asset Management Agency have already extended a deadline once relating to the 400 million pounds REO paid for the site in 2006. 'The banks have nothing to gain by


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: calling the debt in. Talks with new equity partners continue, and an announcement may come in the next few weeks,' the source said". Controversy On 19 September 2011, the "Irish Independent" reported concern over an alleged donation of €23,000 by a developer to Britain's Conservative Party. In February 2012, Sir Terry Farrell's architectural firm put forward a proposal to convert the power station site into an "urban park" with an option to develop housing at a later date. In this vision, Farrells propose to demolish all but the central boiler hall and chimneys and display the switching equipment from the


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: control rooms in 'pods'. However, this plan is unlikely to bear fruit due to the Grade 2 listing status of the site. The bid failed to make the shortlist of final bidders considered by the administrators. On 9 November 2008, Chelsea Football Club were reported to be considered moving to a new purpose built stadium at the power station. The proposed stadium was to hold between 65,000 and 75,000 fans and feature a retractable roof. The proposals were designed by HOK Sport, the same company who designed Wembley Stadium. However, the Chelsea FC scheme was seriously in doubt due to


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: concerns for the preservation of the site and the collapse of the REO scheme in late November 2011. Following the failure of the REO bid to develop the site, in February 2012, Battersea Power Station was put up for sale on the open market for the first time in its history. The sale was conducted by commercial estate agent Knight Frank on behalf of the site's creditors. In May 2012, several bids were received for the landmark site, which was put on the market after Nama and Lloyds Banking Group called in loans held by Treasury Holdings' Real Estate Opportunities


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: (REO). Bids were received from Chelsea F.C. with other interested parties including a Malaysian interest, SP Setia, London & Regional, a company owned by the London-based Livingstone brothers and housebuilder Berkeley. If sold, the new owner would have to pay £500 million for the power station, including £325 million to cover the debts held by Nama and Lloyds, and a £100 million contribution to the Northern line extension. If the sale is unsuccessful, the agent would have a duty to maintain and preserve the site in line with its listed status. On 7 June 2012, Knight Frank announced that administrators


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: Ernst & Young had entered into an exclusive agreement with Malaysian developers SP Setia and Sime Darby, who were given 28 days to conduct due diligence and agree the final terms of the deal. Completion of the sale to the Malaysian consortium took place in September 2012. The redevelopment of the site will use the existing Vinoly master plan which intends to position the Power Station as the central focus of the regenerated 40-acre site, housing a blend of shops, cafes, restaurants, art and leisure facilities, office space and residential accommodation. The plan includes the restoration of the historic Power


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: Station itself, the creation of a new riverside park to the north of the Power Station and the creation of a new High Street which is designed to link the future entrance to Battersea Power Station tube station with the Power Station. The redevelopment is hoped to bring about the extension of the existing riverside walk and facilitate access directly from the Power Station to Battersea Park and Chelsea Bridge. Restoration of the Grade II* listed Power Station is an early priority in the development. WilkinsonEyre was appointed in 2013 to complete the detailed design of the power station. Work


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: commenced in 2013 and plans include the restoration of the art deco structure internally and externally, reconstruction of the chimneys, and refurbishment of the historic cranes and jetty as a new river taxi stop. The plan includes over 800 homes of varying sizes, and sales of residential apartments in Phase 1 of the redevelopment began in January 2013 with around 75 per cent of townhouses and apartments being sold within four days. Construction work on Phase 1, called Circus West, designed by architects SimpsonHaugh and dRMM, is being undertaken by Carillion and commenced in 2013 alongside work on the Power


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: Station. The full redevelopment consists of seven main phases, some of which are planned to run concurrently. Phase 1 is due to complete in 2016/17 with the Northern line extension and requisite new Battersea Power Station terminal anticipated to complete in 2020. In October 2013, Frank Gehry was appointed joint architect with Foster + Partners to design "Phase 3" of the scheme, which will provide "the gateway to the entire development and the new Northern line extension". In September 2016, Apple announced plans to renovate and eventually house 1,400 employees at the station by 2021, occupying around 500,000 square feet


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: of the space. Apple and other firms will share the site with over 4,000 homes. Battersea Power Station has become an iconic structure, being featured in or used as a shooting location for many films, television programmes, music videos and video games. One of the station's earliest appearances on film was in Alfred Hitchcock's 1936 film "Sabotage", which shows the station before the construction of the B station. The interior of the A station's control room was used for the "Find The Fish" segment of Monty Python's 1983 film "The Meaning of Life". The station makes a brief appearance in


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: The Beatles second film “Help! “ in 1965. It also appears during the first daylight attack on London sequence in the 1969 movie, "Battle of Britain", in the movie as in real life used as a navigational landmark by the attacking Luftwaffe bombers. More recently in October 2007, the power station was used as a filming location for the Batman movie, "The Dark Knight". The station's stripped, empty interior was used as a setting for a burnt out warehouse. A closeup of the station can be seen as stand-in for the exterior of a London railway station in Michael Radford's


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: 1984 film "Nineteen Eighty-Four". The station appears repurposed as the Ark of the Arts in the film Children of Men, serving as a vast storage warehouse for cultural treasures. The Battersea Power Station also made a short appearance in the BBC One television series Sherlock, during a scene in the first episode of the second season, titled "A Scandal in Belgravia." The station has appeared numerous times in the long-running British science fiction series "Doctor Who". It appeared briefly in the story "The Dalek Invasion of Earth" in 1964, which saw the station in the 22nd century with two chimneys


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: demolished, and a nearby nuclear reactor dome. It appeared again in the 2006 "Doctor Who" episodes "Rise of the Cybermen" and "The Age of Steel" as the base to which Londoners are drawn to be converted into Cybermen. Photos of control room B were used on the cover art for the 1977 album "Quark, Strangeness and Charm" by the British progressive rock group Hawkwind. The Battersea Power Station Community Group think one of the main reasons for the power station's worldwide recognition is that it appeared on the cover of Pink Floyd's 1977 album "Animals", on which it was photographed


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: with the group's inflatable pink pig floating above it. The photographs were taken in early December 1976 and the inflatable pig was made by the German company Ballon Fabrik and Australian artist Jeffrey Shaw. The inflatable pig was tethered to one of the power station's southern chimneys, but broke loose from its moorings and, to the astonishment of pilots in approaching planes, drifted into the flight path of Heathrow Airport. Police helicopters tracked its course, until it landed in Kent. Video footage of the photoshoot was used in the promotional video for the song "Pigs on the Wing". The album


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: was officially launched at an event at the power station. In recent years, the power station has been used for various sporting, cultural and political events. Since 22 August 2009, the station has been used as a venue on the Red Bull X-Fighters season. On 13 April 2010 the station was used as the venue for the launch of the Conservative Party's 2010 general election manifesto. Between 6 and 7 May 2010, the station site was used by Sky News in their coverage of the election. Recently, Spanish poet Eduardo Moga has written about the building; and a picture of


title: "Battersea Power Station" content: it by Joel P. has been used as the cover for another Spanish writer's short tale: David Ferrer's "La verdad sobre Mr. Henry Baker (cuento de Navidad)". Footnotes Bibliography Battersea Power Station Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned coal-fired power station, which is now being redeveloped to bring new homes, offices, shops, restaurants, bars, open space and more to Wandsworth, south London. Now owned by a consortium of Malaysian investors, the iconic Grade II* listed building and the surrounding 42 acres are being brought back to life through an eight phase development project. The first phase, Circus West Village, is


title: "Roselle, New Jersey" content: school year, the district's eight schools had an enrollment of 2,677 students and 245.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.91:1. Schools in the district (with 2012-13 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Roselle Presechool (78 students in PreK), Kindergarten Success Academy (190; Kindergarten), Harrison Elementary School (311; 1-4), Dr. Charles C. Polk Elementary School (300; 1-4), Washington Elementary School (280; 1-4), Leonard V. Moore Middle School for grades 5-6 (405), Grace Wilday Junior High School for grades 7-8 (365) and Abraham Clark High School for grades 9-12 (741). Roselle Catholic


title: "Hope Township, New Jersey" content: were 697 households out of which 36.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.7% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.12. In the township the population was spread out with 26.4% under the age of 18, 4.7% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45


title: "Unity Mitford" content: Prague for distributing Nazi propaganda. Pryce Jones reports that "She [Mitford] saw him, it seemed, more than a hundred times, no other English person could have anything like that access to Hitler", and the suspicions of the British SIS were aroused. MI5 officer Guy Liddell wrote in his diary: "Unity Mitford had been in close and intimate contact with the Führer and his supporters for several years, and was an ardent and open supporter of the Nazi regime. She had remained behind after the outbreak of war and her action had come perilously close to high treason." A 1936 report


title: "Unity Mitford" content: stating that the entourage that returned with Unity consisted of herself and their mother and although she doesn't remember them being searched upon return, that Unity "could not walk, talked with difficulty and was a changed personality, like one who had had a stroke", and that she has detailed records from Professor Cairns, neurosurgeon at the Nuffield Hospital in Oxford, on her condition, including X-rays showing the bullet. In a subsequent article for "New Statesman", Bright states, "In fact, Liddell was wrong about her injuries. She had indeed shot herself and later died of an infection caused by the bullet


title: "Au Sable Forks, New York" content: individuals and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.16. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 27.6% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males. The median income for a household


title: "Las Vegas, New Mexico" content: electric street railway, the "Duncan Opera House" at the northeast corner of 6th Street and Douglas Avenue, a Carnegie library, the Hotel Castaneda (a major Harvey House), and the New Mexico Normal School (now New Mexico Highlands University). Since the decline and restructuring of the railroad industry began in the 1950s, the city's population has remained relatively constant. Although the two towns have been combined, separate school districts have been maintained (Las Vegas City Schools and West Las Vegas School District). The anti-colonist organization Las Gorras Blancas was active in the area in the 1890s. Beginning in 1899, a reunion


title: "San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico" content: husband Julian Martinez rediscovered how to make the Black-on-Black pottery for which San Ildefonso Pueblo would soon become famous. From that time the Pueblo has become more tourist-oriented, with numerous tourist shops existing in the Pueblo. Because of close proximity to the state capital, Santa Fe, and the presence of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, many of those employed in the pueblo have government jobs. San Ildefonso is governed by a civil government consisting of an executive branch (the governor) and a legislative branch (the tribal counsel). In 2006 the SOUTH KIVA group was split as the Gonzales family was


title: "Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico" content: speak the Picuris dialect of the NorthernTiwa language, part of the Kiowa-Tanoan language family. Picuris Pueblo is located in northern New Mexico, on the western slopes of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and 18 miles south of Taos Pueblo. Average elevation in the pueblo is over 7,000 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2000, there were 86 people, 38 households, and 18 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 192.7 people per square mile (73.8/km²). There were 60 housing units at


title: "Tajique, New Mexico" content: present, and 16.7% were non-families. 12.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.08 and the average family size was 3.28. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 35.8% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 17.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age


title: "Westmere, New York" content: to the north and south. Crossgates Mall, the Capital District's largest shopping mall, is in Westmere's northeastern corner. Westmere as a settled place is of recent origin, though being along the Great Western Turnpike, built in 1799, it was always a place migrants passed through on their way from Albany and New England to the western frontier. A toll gate existed on the turnpike roughly where Highland Estates is located. Even before the turnpike was built, 300 wagons (and sleighs in the winter) passed through in 1796 what would later become Westmere. After World War I development began to encroach


title: "Westmere, New York" content: children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.1% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.8% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.90. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 21.1% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 15.7% who were 65 years


title: "Hinsdale, New York" content: which 34.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.3% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.3% were non-families. 20.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.00. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.7% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.1% who


title: "Cassadaga, New York" content: north, 79°18'56" west (42.341343, -79.315653) at an elevation of about above sea level. The village is located at the south end of Lower Cassadaga Lake, Lily Dale being located on the east shore of Upper Cassadaga Lake, with a narrow "Middle Lake" connecting them. The mainly spring-fed lakes drain into Cassadaga Creek, running south and connecting to Conewango Creek, the Allegheny River, the Ohio River, and the Mississippi River flowing to the Gulf of Mexico, despite getting their start just south and east of Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes, which drain via the Saint Lawrence River east to


title: "Alexandria, New York" content: made up of individuals and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.95. In the town, the population was spread out with 24.6% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.5 males. The median income


title: "Dansville, Livingston County, New York" content: recognition, and join the Geneva Convention, which would make it a part of the International Red Cross. Thus, the first American Red Cross chapter was established in the village in 1881 and is still located at 57 Elizabeth Street. According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land. Besides Interstate 390, New York State Route 36, New York State Route 63, New York State Route 256, and New York State Route 436 pass through the village. The village of Dansville is located in a glacially formed valley, common throughout Western


title: "Freeport, New York" content: which carried a banner headline about the meeting at Mechanics Hall on Railroad Avenue. About 150 new members were greeted by seven robed Klansmen. By 1937, Freeport's population exceeded 20,000, and it was the largest village in Nassau County. After World War II the village became a bedroom community for New York City. The separation between the two eras was marked by a fire that destroyed the Shorecrest Hotel (originally the Crystal Lake Hotel) on January 14, 1958. During the 1950s local merchants resisted building any shopping malls in the village and subsequently suffered a great loss of business when


title: "Troy, New York" content: of iron storefronts and steel structural supports in architecture, and there are some significant early examples still in the city. The initial emphasis on heavier industry later spawned a wide variety of highly engineered mechanical and scientific equipment. Troy was the home of W. & L. E. Gurley, Co., makers of precision instruments. Gurley's theodolites were used to survey much of the American West after the Civil War and were highly regarded until laser and digital technology eclipsed the telescope and compass technology in the 1970s. Bells manufactured by Troy's Meneely Bell Company ring all over the world. And Troy


title: "Sharon Springs, New York" content: such historic Sharon Springs inns fully restored to their original state include the Edwardian Edgefield at 153 Washington Street and the Victorian New York House B&B, at 110 Center Street and the Country Manor Inn located on Route 20, just on the edge of the Village. Several other inns, beds and breakfast, and houses offering rooms for rent are currently operating in and near the village. As the village gained traction and attention from its neighboring towns, and word of its rebirth spread through the county and region in the mid-first decade of the 21st century, other entrepreneurs moved to


title: "Adele Astaire" content: about all the details of their day-to-day work. While Fred might come to a venue two hours early to finish preparing for their show, Adele was more likely to arrive only a handful of minutes before she was due onstage. After 1917, they developed it into a celebrated adult career on Broadway and, beginning in 1923, on the London stage. Peter Pan creator J. M. Barrie asked Astaire to play his creation; contractual reasons forced her to turn down the part. Astaire became an Episcopalian, like her younger brother. Back in New York the duo appeared in Jerome Kern's "The


title: "Rosendale (CDP), New York" content: to block the purchase. They were unsuccessful and the village was forced to complete the purchase in 1903. The village enacted an ordinance in December 1901 to remove snow, ice and dirt from local gutters and sidewalks. Power lines were built throughout the village in 1906. A "strawberry and ice cream festival" was held at Rosendale's Episcopal church on June 12, 1906. Around this time the village had an annual firemen's parades, which included athletic events, such as baseball and tug of war, as well as brass bands, dances, and speeches. Several different fire companies from throughout the region were


title: "Bronxville, New York" content: an arts colony in the early 20th century during which time many noteworthy houses by prominent and casual architects were built. After the Bronx River Parkway was completed in 1925, the Village expanded rapidly with the construction of several apartment buildings and townhouses much of it built by the Lawrence family. As of 1959, they continued to own or manage 97% of the rental market. In both rentals and ownership, the village discouraged and effectively prohibited Jewish residency, earning the name "The Holy Square Mile." The Gramatan Hotel on Sunset Hill was a residence hotel in the late 19th century


title: "Parishville, New York" content: 56.5% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.2% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.02. In the town, the population was spread out with 27.4% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37


title: "Kings Park, New York" content: Kings Park, New York Kings Park is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Smithtown, Suffolk County, New York, United States, on Long Island. The population was 17,282 as of the 2010 census. It is an unincorporated hamlet of Smithtown, New York It is bordered by Nissequogue to its east across the Nissequogue River, by Fort Salonga to its west, by Commack to its southwest, and by the hamlet of Smithtown to its southeast. Kings Park is noted for its schools, numerous parks, and natural environment. Its relative tranquility prompted it to be the site of the


title: "Steuben, New York" content: $29,625 versus $21,635 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,385. About 8.4% of families and 9.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.7% of those under age 18 and 14.0% of those age 65 or over. Steuben, New York Steuben is a town in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,110 at the 2010 census. The town is named after Baron von Steuben. The Town of Steuben is approximately 18 miles northwest of Utica, New York. The town is part of the land grant made to von Steuben after the


title: "Cornwall, New York" content: powers they believed it to hold. The mountains, fresh air and evergreen forests were thought to offer the perfect conditions for good health and they were not far from the city. Cornwall on the west side of the Hudson became especially popular as a health retreat, offering numerous boarding houses and many conveniences of the day, including accessibility to the railroad and steamboats, as well as a telegraph office and large library. Nathaniel Parker Willis, one of the "Knickerbocker" writers, enjoyed the time he spent here so much he bought property in Cornwall, establishing a country home he called Idlewild.


title: "Fort Montgomery, New York" content: Fort Montgomery, New York Fort Montgomery is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 1,571 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. Fort Montgomery is in the southeast corner of the Town of Highlands, on U.S. Route 9W. Fort Montgomery is on the west bank of the Hudson River. Fort Montgomery is located at (41.337469, -73.982746). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of


title: "Coats, North Carolina" content: Coats, North Carolina Coats is a town in Harnett County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,112 at the 2010 census, and in 2016 the estimated population was 2,432. Coats is a part of the Dunn Micropolitan Area, which is a part of the greater Raleigh–Durham–Cary Combined Statistical Area (CSA) as defined by the United States Census Bureau. Coats is located in eastern Harnett County at (35.406372, -78.669588). North Carolina Highway 55 (McKinley Street) passes through the center of town, leading north to Angier and south to Erwin. North Carolina Highway 27 (Stewart Street) crosses NC-55 in the northern


title: "Cornelius, North Carolina" content: its sister towns – Davidson and Huntersville – Cornelius serves as a suburb to Charlotte, NC. , there were 23,000 households, and 3,374 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,415.5 people per square mile (546.2/km). There were 5,716 housing units at an average density of 676.0 per square mile (260.9/km). The racial makeup of the town was 91.65% White, 5.62% African American, 0.21% Native American, 1.24% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 0.74% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.79% of the population. There were 5,113 households out


title: "Whispering Pines, North Carolina" content: mile (134.3/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 97.89% White, 1.15% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.33% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.05% from other races, and 0.24% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.15% of the population. There were 970 households out of which 14.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 76.7% were married couples living together, 2.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years


title: "Jesus College, Oxford" content: the college, J. N. L. Baker, wrote that the college records for this time "tell of little but routine entries and departures of fellows and scholars". The Napoleonic Wars saw a reduction in the numbers of students and entries in the records for the purchase of muskets and other items for college members serving in the university corps. After the war, numbers rose, to an average of twenty new students per year between 1821 and 1830. However, debts owed to the college had increased, perhaps due to the economic effects of the war – by 1832, the college was owed


title: "Mansfield College, Oxford" content: had an estimated financial endowment of £10 million. Since the college was first formally integrated into the University structure in 1955, its Nonconformist aspects have gradually diminished. Until 2007 the United Reformed Church (URC) sponsored a course at Mansfield for training ordinands. These students became fully matriculated members of the University and received degrees. Mansfield no longer trains URC ordinands. The Nonconformist history of the college is however still apparent in a few of its features. A portrait of Oliver Cromwell hangs in the Senior Common Room and portraits of the dissenters of 1662 hang in the library and the


title: "North Wilkesboro, North Carolina" content: the town is the Reddies River which flows from North to South and unites with the Yadkin. The town serves as the junction point for NC State Highways 18 and 268 and is within one mile (1.6 km) to the north of US Highway 421. US 421 Business, however, passes through the town and allows transportation to the nearby cities of Winston-Salem and Boone, home of Appalachian State University. The town also serves as the northern end of NC Highway 115, which runs south to Charlotte. North Wilkesboro is approximately 20 minutes west of Interstate 77. Interstate 77 runs North


title: "Sibley, North Dakota" content: city was $11,327. There were 14.3% of families and 15.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 16.7% of under eighteens and 15.4% of those over 64. Sibley, North Dakota Sibley is a city in Barnes County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 30 at the 2010 census. Sibley was founded in 1959. Sibley is located at (47.214858, -97.965218). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Sibley was created by Eddie and Edythe Hagglund beginning in 1954, when they observed the popularity of the nearby


title: "Scranton, North Dakota" content: and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 49.4 years. 23.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 19.2% were from 25 to 44; 29.9% were from 45 to 64; and 23.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 304 people, 125 households, and


title: "Garysburg, North Carolina" content: Garysburg, North Carolina Garysburg is a town in Northampton County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 1,057 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina Micropolitan Statistical Area. Garysburg is named for Roderick B. Gary. The Garysburg United Methodist Church and Cemetery and Mason-Hardee-Capel House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1848, Garysburg was a stop on the Petersburg Railroad. Garysburg is located at (36.449853, -77.559830). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land. As of the 2010 United


title: "Fairmont, North Carolina" content: out of which 27.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.0% were married couples living together, 27.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 33.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.95. In the town, the population was spread out with 25.5% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and


title: "Garland, North Carolina" content: size was 3.20. In the town, the population was spread out with 25.1% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 22.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.3 males. The median income for a household in the town was $29,000, and the median income for a family was $29,145. Males had a median income of $20,288 versus $17,417 for females.


title: "Plymouth, North Carolina" content: 37.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 54.3% of those under age 18 and 28.8% of those age 65 or over. The Moratuc tribe of American Indians was living in a large settlement on Welch Creek near the current Domtar pulp mill site in 1585 when the area was explored by English settlers. Moratuc was an Indian name for the Roanoke River. The Moratuc were probably an Algonquian tribe, but there is debate that they may have been Iroquois. Plymouth was established in 1787 by Arthur Rhodes on of his Brick House plantation he subdivided into 172


title: "Streeter, North Dakota" content: that year, a number which has since fallen considerably. In 1955, the community's business infrastructure consisted of five churches, three general stores, a drug store, bank, locker plant, two hardware stores, two cream stations, two electric stores, three service stations, two implement dealers, three bulk stations, two cafes, one hotel, one movie theater, a recreation hall, two blacksmith shops, a plumbing supply shop, barber shop, four grain elevators, a lumber yard, a poultry egg and feed store, and two taverns. The Streeter Centennial was held over the weekend of July 1–3 in 2005. The festivities included class reunions, a parade,


title: "Kelleys Island, Ohio" content: remaining Native Americans had finally also vacated the island. During the War of 1812, the west shore of Cunningham Island was developed as a military rendezvous post by US General William Henry Harrison. In 1818, a man named Killam briefly attempted to start a logging company, but abandoned the island after the large steam-powered boat he used to transport wood to the mainland wrecked and sank. Around 1826, people slowly began settling on the island; by 1830, six families made up its entire population. About the year 1833, Ben Napier, a French-Canadian veteran of the War of 1812, claimed ownership


title: "Derek Taylor" content: Taylor "became, probably, the most famous rock publicist of the mid-'60s". Among Taylor's strategies, he touted the Byrds as a new breed of American band with parallels to the Beatles. He also encouraged nascent rock journalists to perceive Beach Boys founder Brian Wilson as a musical genius. Using his connections in Britain, Taylor ensured that the Beach Boys' 1966 album "Pet Sounds" received a level of acclaim from UK music critics and Wilson's peers, including John Lennon and Paul McCartney, that had not been forthcoming in the United States. In June 1967, Taylor helped organise the Monterey Pop Festival, serving


title: "Urbancrest, Ohio" content: Urbancrest, Ohio Urbancrest is a village in Franklin County, Ohio, United States. The population was 960 at the 2010 census. Urbancrest is in the South-Western City Schools District. Urbancrest is located at (39.898611, -83.085443). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. Urbancrest borders Columbus, Ohio and Grove City, Ohio It is entirely located in the South-Western City School District. As of the census of 2010, there were 960 people, 337 households, and 237 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 367 housing units at an


title: "Whitehall, Ohio" content: an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 58.8% White, 29.3% African American, 0.5% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 5.5% from other races, and 4.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.9% of the population. There were 7,522 households of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.8% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.4% were non-families. 34.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4%


title: "North Hampton, Ohio" content: races. There were 135 households out of which 38.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.4% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.7% were non-families. 21.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.18. In the village, the population was spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 30.0% from 25 to 44, 22.2%


title: "Old Washington, Ohio" content: cavalry. The three Confederate dead are buried at the cemetery in Old Washington. Old Washington is located at (40.037302, -81.440827). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 279 people, 111 households, and 86 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 119 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.9% White, 0.4% Native American, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of


title: "Gambier, Ohio" content: of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.2% of those under age 18 and 2.6% of those age 65 or over. Mount Vernon City Schools operates Wiggin Street Elementary in the village. Kenyon College, an Episcopal institution, was has been in operation at Gambier since 1824. Gambier has a public library, a branch of The Public Library of Mount Vernon & Knox County. Gambier, Ohio Gambier is a village in Knox County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,391 at the 2010 census. Gambier is the home of Kenyon College. A major feature is a gravel path running


title: "Somerset, Ohio" content: to New Lexington, back to Somerset, and finally back to New Lexington. After it ceased to be used as a courthouse, the building was leased to Somerset for use as its village hall. Somerset is located at (39.806902, -82.301250). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,481 people, 613 households, and 354 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 673 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 98.3% White,


title: "Chillicothe, Ohio" content: connects to the Tri-County Triangle Trail which currently is 30.3 miles long, measured from Bridge St. (SR 159) in Chillicothe, passing through Frankfort and then to Christman Park near Washington Court House. The Tri-County Triangle Trail's goal is to connect Chillicothe and Greenfield. This same former railroad continues to Jamestown and Xenia, but those connections are a long range plan. Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is found on the north end of the city. The park is administered by the National Park Service and has a large concentration of Native American earthworks. A branch of Ohio University, Ohio University-Chillicothe is


title: "Portsmouth, Ohio" content: The DEA had made a preliminary finding that the continued registration of these doctors and pharmacy constituted an imminent danger to public health and safety. The orders prohibit the parties from possessing or dispensing controlled substances, pending the outcome of ongoing investigations. As a result of the ISO, Dr. John Temponeras resigned from his position at the Southern Ohio Medical Center. The support group SOLACE formed to tackle this problem; it has helped to raise public awareness of the issue and has lobbied the state house for legislation. Governor John Kasich referred to the group in his first State of


title: "Zoar, Ohio" content: with an estimated worth of $3.5 million. As construction of the village began, the buildings were subsequently numbered in the order that they were built. Many of the original buildings are still completely original. Originally built, in 1835, to house the elders of the village, Joseph Bimeler and his family made this building their home. The town hall for the Society was built in 1887. Since the Society disbanded in 1898, this building was actually one of the last ones to be constructed. Restoration of town hall took place in 2002 with help from private funds. The lower level is


title: "Bowling Green, Ohio" content: tickets. Country singers who have performed at the Wood County Fair: Similar to other winter cities, Bowling Green hosts an annual event for three days in February to celebrate winter, snow, and cold weather activities. Winterfest in Bowling Green centers around the rich ice skating and ice hockey traditions of the town. Winterfest events are held all over Bowling Green, and on and off campus of Bowling Green State University. Notable events include curling, carriage rides, ice sculptures, and live entertainment, plus BGSU Athletic events such as hockey and basketball games and figure skating exhibition with local stars such as


title: "Ernest Giles" content: 25 September an Aboriginal man known as Tommy found an abundant supply in a small hollow between sand dunes at Queen Victoria Spring, and the party was saved. After a rest of nine days the journey was resumed on 6 October the course being still west. Ten days later the expedition was attacked by a large body of Aborigines and Giles was compelled to fire on them. On 4 November they met a white stockman at Tootra out-camp, east of Bindi Bindi. Their course was west to Walebing Station, then south-west and on 11 November they arrived at New Norcia


title: "Kildare, Oklahoma" content: over, there were 66.7 males. The median income for a household in the town was $16,250, and the median income for a family was $25,313. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,798. There were 37.0% of families and 37.3% of the population living below the poverty line, including 44.1% of under eighteens and 16.7% of those over 64. Kildare, Oklahoma Kildare is a town in Kay County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 100 at the 2010 census, an 8.7 percent increase from 92 at the 2000


title: "Kingston, Oklahoma" content: American, 14.68% Native American, 0.95% Asian, 1.80% from other races, and 4.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.39% of the population. Kingston and the surrounding area (towns of Madill and Oakland) has a large Hispanic community due to a large influx of immigration attracted to the area's manufacturing jobs. But the United States Hispanic Chamber of Commerce places a new estimate at over 10 percent. There were 552 households out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female


title: "Myrtle Creek, Oregon" content: Myrtle Creek, Oregon Myrtle Creek is a city in Douglas County, Oregon, United States. The population was 3,439 at the 2010 census. It is the birthplace of U.S. Senator Jeff Merkley. Myrtle Creek was named for the groves of Oregon myrtle (also known as California laurel), growing nearby. A Myrtle Creek post office was established in 1854 with Lazarus Wright as postmaster. In 1862, Wright sold the land for a town site to John Hall, who laid out Myrtle Creek in 1865. The city has two covered bridges. The first, Neal Lane Bridge, carries Neal Lane Road over South Myrtle


title: "Lakeview, Oregon" content: weekend, sponsored by the Lake County Chamber of Commerce, and various local businesses. This event draws pilots and families from all over the United States, as well as other countries, for hang gliding and paragliding. Lakeview is also known for the hot water geyser, "Old Perpetual", located at Hunter's Hot Springs. The geyser sometimes goes "silent" from about the first of September until around mid-October. Some people attributed this to farm irrigation during the spring and summer; others believe it may be caused by geothermal development the City of Lakeview has undertaken to supply the Warner Creek Correctional Facility with


title: "Olofström Municipality" content: is located in the northern part of the municipality. The increased use of cars in the 1950s and 60's was the great boost for the municipality. Today the car industry, dominated by Volvo Cars, is the largest employer in Olofström with 2,400 employees, and some more working in other companies connected to this industry. The Volvo industry, with related production, is probably the main reason that the municipality's commuting surplus (as of 2005) is almost 2,000 a day, with many workers coming from the neighboring municipalities of a.o. Bromölla, Karlshamn and Sölvesborg. Vilshult is a small village within the municipality,


title: "Sweet Home, Oregon" content: the city. Sweet Home, Oregon Sweet Home is a city in Linn County, Oregon, United States. The population was 8,925 at the 2010 census. According to the city, "Sweet Home is sometimes referred to as the 'Gateway to the Santiam Playground' due to its proximity to nearby lakes, rivers and the Cascade Mountains." Settlers first arrived in the Sweet Home Valley in the early 1850s. A community known as Buckhead developed near the mouth of Ames Creek and the South Santiam River. Buckhead was named after a saloon that featured a set of elk antlers on the gable end of


title: "Imbler, Oregon" content: out of which 47.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.1% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.8% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.11. In the city, the population was spread out with 31.3% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and


title: "McMinnville, Oregon" content: water park feature. The Portland & Western Railroad serves McMinnville on its Westside Branch. Major railroad shippers include Cascade Steel Rolling Mills, Land O'Lakes Purina LLC, RB Rubber Products and McMinnville Gas. P&W maintains a depot in downtown McMinnville, itself a remnant from the Red Electric interurban passenger service which served McMinnville from 1914–1929. McMinnville is a hub for P&W, with trains operating between McMinnville and Newberg, Willamina, Dallas and Albany. Historically, McMinnville had a landing for riverboats traveling up the Yamhill River. The Yamhill Lock near Lafayette helped facilitate river navigation up to McMinnville. However, the use of the


title: "Thornbury Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania" content: School. The area library is the Rachel Kohl Library. Thorbury Township is bordered by US Route 202 to the west and PA Route 926 to the north. PA Route 352 cuts through the northeast section of Thornbury Township. Glen Mills Schools, a residential facility for male juvenile delinquents, is in Thornbury Township. Thornbury Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania Thornbury Township is a township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 8,028 at the 2010 census, up from 7,093 at the 2000 census. It is adjacent to, and was once joined with, Thornbury Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. It contains part


title: "Haines Township, Centre County, Pennsylvania" content: householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.80 and the average family size was 3.26. In the township the population was spread out, with 29.3% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.2 males. For


title: "Douglass Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania" content: Douglass Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania Douglass Township is a township in Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,306 at the 2010 census. The Ironstone Bridge and Pine Forge Mansion and Industrial Site are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (0.31%) is water. Adjacent townships As of the census of 2000, there were 3,327 people, 1,200 households, and 930 families residing in the township. The population density was 261.6 people per square mile


title: "Reading, Pennsylvania" content: in 1809. Her case attracted tremendous sympathy; 20,000 viewers came to view her hanging, swamping the 3,000 inhabitants. Census data showed that, from 1810 to 1950, Reading was among the nation's top one hundred largest urban places. The Schuylkill Canal, a north-south canal completed in 1825, paralleled the Schuylkill River and connected Reading with Philadelphia and the Delaware River. The Union Canal, an east-west canal completed in 1828, connected the Schuylkill and Susquehanna Rivers, and ran from Reading to Middletown, Pennsylvania, a few miles south of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Railroads forced the abandonment of the canals by the 1880s. The Philadelphia


title: "Canton Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania" content: races, and 0.72% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.34% of the population. There were 771 households, out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.3% were non-families. 18.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.00. In the township the population was spread out,


title: "Butler, Pennsylvania" content: Railway, both interurban trolley lines. The Mars route closed in April 1931, followed by the Evans City line on August 15, 1931, with the trolleys replaced by buses. Since the 1970s the borough's economy has changed drastically. Manufacturing has declined and good paying jobs are much rarer. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. The Connoquenessing Creek, which was ranked the second most polluted waterway in the U.S. in 2000, flows through the city. As of the census of 2000, there were 15,121 people, 6,740 households, and 3,626 families residing


title: "Richhill Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania" content: the population. There were 402 households, out of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 9.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.08. In the township the population was spread out, with 27.6% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44,


title: "Shelocta, Pennsylvania" content: density of 533.3 per square mile (212.4/km²). The racial makeup of the borough was 96.85% White, 2.36% African American, and 0.79% from two or more races. There were 53 households, out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.97. In


title: "Lack Township, Juniata County, Pennsylvania" content: runs parallel to it, to the southeast. Tuscarora Mountain forms the southeast border of the township. Tuscarora Creek, a northeast-flowing tributary of the Juniata River, runs through the largest valley in the township at the northwestern base of Tuscarora Mountain. Pennsylvania Route 75 traverses the Tuscarora Creek valley, leading northeast to Port Royal and southwest to the Pennsylvania Turnpike in Franklin County. Pennsylvania Route 35 runs in the same direction through a smaller valley at the southeast foot of Shade Mountain; the highway leads northeast to Mifflin and southwest to Shade Gap. Lack Township occupies the southwestern end of Juniata


title: "Leoš Janáček" content: contemporaries and collaborators described him as mistrustful and reserved, but capable of obsessive passion for those he loved. His overwhelming passion for Stösslová was sincere but verged upon self-destruction. Their letters remain an important source for Janáček's artistic intentions and inspiration. His letters to his long-suffering wife are, by contrast, mundanely descriptive. Zdenka seems to have destroyed all hers to Janáček. Only a few postcards survive. In 1874, Janáček became friends with Antonín Dvořák, and began composing in a relatively traditional Romantic style. After his opera "Šárka" (1887–1888), his style absorbed elements of Moravian and Slovak folk music. His musical


title: "Dunmore, Pennsylvania" content: them. Today, Dunmore is a borough bordering the city of Scranton. The name Dunmore comes from Dunmore Park, in the Falkirk area of Scotland (home of the Dunmore Pineapple). Golo Footwear had its original manufacturing and design facilities in Dunmore until 1957. Dunmore is located at (41.417530, -75.624432). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (1.11%) is water. Roaring Brook flows from the southeast and turns west through the Nay Aug Gorge in Dunmore to the Lackawanna River in Scranton. Most of the


title: "Spring Brook Township, Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania" content: housing units at an average density of 28.9/sq mi (11.2/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 98.73% White, 0.46% African American, 0.08% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.04% from other races, and 0.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.97% of the population. There were 911 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.1% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 22.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living


title: "Narberth, Pennsylvania" content: State Senate District (represented by Sen. Daylin Leach). Residents of Narberth are served by the Lower Merion School District. Borough children attend either Merion Elementary or Belmont Hills Elementary schools, Bala Cynwyd Middle or Welsh Valley Middle schools, and either Lower Merion High School or Harriton High School. Religious schools in the immediate vicinity include the private Waldron Mercy Academy and Merion Mercy Academy Catholic schools, the parish Saint Margaret's Elementary Catholic School, and Torah Academy in nearby Wynnewood. Nearby private schools include Friends Central School on City Avenue, the French International School in Bala Cynwyd, Gladwyne Montessori in Gladwyne,


title: "Ogallala Aquifer" content: the underground source, are now turning away from irrigated agriculture as they become aware of the hazards of overpumping. The rate at which recharge water enters the aquifer is limited by several factors. Much of the plains region is semiarid, with steady winds that hasten evaporation of surface water and precipitation. In many locations, the aquifer is overlain, in the vadose zone, with a shallow layer of caliche that is practically impermeable; this limits the amount of water able to recharge the aquifer from the land surface. However, the soil of the playa lakes is different and not lined with


title: "New Lebanon, Pennsylvania" content: average density of 73.4 per square mile (28.4/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 99.51% White, and 0.49% from two or more races. There were 78 households, out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.6% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.00. In the borough


title: "Drunk driving in the United States" content: in the US. Some states, such as California, allow for the impoundment and forfeiture of vehicles under certain conditions. A drunk driving charge is a type of police arrest process, so a basic understanding of the process of police engagement is essential to understanding how that process applies to that process as applied to a drunk driving charge. Following are common procedures when a law enforcement officer has reason to suspect a driver is intoxicated. While local procedures vary under the 10s of thousands of courts in the US having traffic jurisdiction, the basic procedure is: The legal stages are


title: "East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania" content: -75.180111). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all of it land. When traveling west on Interstate 80, East Stroudsburg is the second town from the NJ-PA border on exit 309. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 9,840 people residing in the borough. The racial makeup of the borough was 73.2% White, 10.0% Black, 0.1% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 0.3% from some other race and 2.0% from two or more races. 11.8% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The area of Stroudsburg was first permanently settled in 1738,


title: "Genesee Township, Potter County, Pennsylvania" content: 5.1% of those age 65 or over. Genesee Township, Potter County, Pennsylvania Genesee Township is a township in Potter County, Pennsylvania, United States and lies near the source of the Genesee River. The population was 789 at the 2000 census. The name Genesee derives from Indian term for "beautiful valley". According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which, of it is land and 0.03% is water. Genesee Township is bordered by New York to the north, Bingham Township to the east, Allegany Township to the south and Oswayo Township to the


title: "Hunlock Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania" content: Hunlock Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania Hunlock Township is a township in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,443 at the 2010 census. It's believed that the first white settler was named “Boggs,” who constructed a log cabin in modern-day Hunlock Township. “Boggs” joined the Patriots during the Revolutionary War. It’s speculated that while he was away from home, his family was either driven away or massacred by the Native Americans living within the region. In 1778, Edward Blanchard and Jonathan Hunlock settled near the mouth of Hunlock Creek. They did not have their families with them; in 1790,


title: "Armstrong Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania" content: in Mosquito Valley. With the construction of this plant the lands of the water authority were opened as a nature preserve to the general public. Armstrong Township is bordered by Duboistown, South Williamsport, and the West Branch Susquehanna River to the north (with Williamsport, Loyalsock Township, and Montoursville north of the river), Brady and Clinton Townships to the south and east, Washington Township to the south, and Limestone, Bastress and Susquehanna Townships to the west. As the crow flies, Lycoming County is about 130 miles (209 km) northwest of Philadelphia and 165 miles (266 km) east-northeast of Pittsburgh. According to


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: Jigsaw puzzle A jigsaw puzzle is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of often oddly shaped interlocking and tessellating pieces. Each piece usually has a small part of a picture on it; when complete, a jigsaw puzzle produces a complete picture. In some cases more advanced types have appeared on the market, such as spherical jigsaws and puzzles showing optical illusions. Jigsaw puzzles were originally created by painting a picture on a flat, rectangular piece of wood, and then cutting that picture into small pieces with a jigsaw, hence the name. John Spilsbury, a London cartographer and engraver, is


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: credited with commercializing jigsaw puzzles around 1760. Jigsaw puzzles have since come to be made primarily of cardboard. Typical images found on jigsaw puzzles include scenes from nature, buildings, and repetitive designs. Castles and mountains are two traditional subjects. However, any kind of picture can be used to make a jigsaw puzzle; some companies offer to turn personal photographs into puzzles. Completed puzzles can also be attached to a backing with adhesive to be used as artwork. During recent years, a range of jigsaw puzzle accessories including boards, cases, frames and roll-up mats has become available that are designed to


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: assist jigsaw puzzle enthusiasts. The engraver and cartographer John Spilsbury, of London, is believed to have produced the first jigsaw puzzle around 1760, using a marquetry saw. Early jigsaws, known as dissections, were produced by mounting maps on sheets of hardwood and cutting along national boundaries, creating a puzzle useful for the teaching of geography. Such "dissected maps" were used to teach the children of King George III and Queen Charlotte by royal governess Lady Charlotte Finch. The name "jigsaw" came to be associated with the puzzle around 1880 when fretsaws became the tool of choice for cutting the shapes.


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: Since fretsaws are distinct from jigsaws, the name appears to be a misnomer. Cardboard jigsaw puzzles appeared during the late 1800s, but were slow to replace the wooden jigsaw due to the manufacturer's belief that cardboard puzzles would be perceived as being of low quality, and the fact that profit margins on wooden jigsaws were larger. Jigsaw puzzles soared in popularity during the Great Depression, as they provided a cheap, long-lasting, recyclable form of entertainment. It was around this time that jigsaws evolved to become more complex and more appealing to adults. They were also given away in product promotions,


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: and used in advertising, with customers completing an image of the product being promoted. Sales of wooden jigsaw puzzles fell after World War II as improved wages led to price increases, while at the same time improvements in manufacturing processes made cardboard jigsaws more attractive. According to the Alzheimer Society of Canada, doing jigsaw puzzles is one of many activities that can help keep the brain active and may contribute to reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Most modern jigsaw puzzles are made out of paperboard since they are easier and cheaper to mass-produce than the original wooden models.


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: An enlarged photograph or printed reproduction of a painting or other two-dimensional artwork is glued onto the cardboard before cutting. This board is then fed into a press. The press forces a set of hardened steel blades of the desired shape through the board until it is fully cut. This procedure is similar to making shaped cookies with a cookie cutter. The forces involved, however, are tremendously greater and a typical 1000-piece puzzle requires a press that can generate upwards of 700 tons of force to push the knives of the puzzle die through the board. A puzzle die is


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: a flat board, often made from plywood, which has slots cut or burned in the same shape as the knives that are used. These knives are set into the slots and covered in a compressible material, typically foam rubber, which serves to eject the cut puzzle pieces. Beginning in the 1930s, jigsaw puzzles were cut using large hydraulic presses which now cost in the hundreds of thousands of dollars. The cuts gave a very snug fit, but the cost limited jigsaw puzzle manufacture only to large corporations. Recent roller press design achieve the same effect, at a lower cost. By


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: the early 1960s, Tower Press was the world's largest maker of jigsaw puzzles, acquired by Waddingtons in 1969. New technology has enabled laser-cutting of wooden or acrylic jigsaw puzzles. The advantage of cutting with a laser is that the puzzle can be custom cut into any size, any shape, with any size (or any number) of pieces. Many museums have laser cut acrylic puzzles made of some of their more important pieces of art so that children visiting the museum can see the original piece and then assemble a jigsaw puzzle of the image that is also in the same


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: shape as the piece of art. Acrylic is used because the pieces are very durable, waterproof, and can withstand continued use without the image fading, or the pieces wearing out, or becoming frayed. Also, because the print and cut patterns are computer-based, lost pieces can be manufactured without remaking the entire puzzle. Jigsaw puzzles come in a variety of sizes. Smaller puzzles are often considered to be those of 300, 500, and 750 pieces. More sophisticated, but still common, jigsaw puzzles come in sizes of 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000, 6,000, 7,500, 8,000, 9,000, 13,200, 18,000, 24,000, 32,000 and


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: 40,000 pieces. There are also smaller jigsaw puzzles that are geared towards children and are rated by the number of pieces they contain. For very young children, a puzzle with as few as 4 to 9 "large"-size pieces (so not a choking hazard) are common. These are usually made of wood or plastic, to maintain durability, and are able to be cleaned without being damaged. The most common layout for a thousand-piece puzzle is 38 pieces by 27 pieces, for a total count of 1,026 pieces. The majority of 500-piece puzzles are 27 pieces by 19 pieces. A few puzzles


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: are made double-sided, so that they can be solved from either side. This adds a level of complexity, because it cannot be certain that the correct side of the piece is being viewed and assembled with the other pieces. "Family puzzles" come in 100–550 pieces with three different-sized pieces from large to small. The pieces are placed from large to small, going in one direction or towards the middle of the puzzle. This allows a family of puzzlers of different skill levels and different-sized hands to work on the puzzle at the same time. Companies like Springbok, Cobble Hill, Ravensburger,


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: and Suns Out make this type of specialty puzzle. There are also three-dimensional jigsaw puzzles. Many of these are made of wood or styrofoam and require the puzzle to be solved in a certain order; some pieces will not fit in if others are already in place. Also common are "puzzle boxes": simple three-dimensional jigsaw puzzles with a small drawer or box in the center for storage. Another type of jigsaw puzzle, which is considered a 3-D puzzle, is a puzzle globe. Like a 2-D puzzle, a globe puzzle is often made of plastic and the assembled pieces form a


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: single layer. But the final form is a three-dimensional shape. Most globe puzzles have designs representing spherical shapes such as the Earth, the Moon, and historical globes of the Earth. There are also computer versions of jigsaw puzzles, which have the advantages of requiring zero cleanup and no risk of losing any pieces. Many computer-based jigsaw puzzles do not allow pieces to be rotated, so all pieces are displayed in their correct orientation. These puzzles are thus considerably easier than a physical jigsaw puzzle with the same number of pieces. A computer puzzle website can allow users to choose their


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: own puzzle size, cut design, and image, or upload their own images to use as puzzles. An online jigsaw version of Trolleholm Castle in Sweden may be worked and timed for speed of finishing. The New Yorker Magazine subscription website preserves images of the magazine's cover illustrations as jigsaw puzzles, which are timed and offer several levels of difficulty. In 2016 was introduced a computer version of puzzle globe, the immersive panorama jigsaw, which is based on the use of equirectangular images taken by 360-degree camera. Despite the physical spherical jigsaw, the player, who resides in the perfect center of


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: the globe, assembles triangular-shaped interlocking pieces around him. When complete, this puzzle produces a full-degree panorama all around the player. An example of immersive jigsaw is Sitespot, which also enriches the gaming experience with the scene soundscape and allows pieces to be displayed rotated. Jigsaw puzzles can vary greatly in price depending on the complexity, number of pieces, and brand. Children's puzzles can be as cheap as around $5.00, while larger puzzles can be closer to $50.00. The most expensive puzzle to date was sold for $27,000 in 2005 at a charitable auction for The Golden Retriever Foundation. Several word


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: puzzle games use pieces similar to those used in jigsaw puzzles. Examples include Alfa-Lek, Jigsaw Words, Nab-It!, Puzzlage, Typ-Dom, Word Jigsaw, and Yottsugo. Many puzzles are termed "fully interlocking". This means that adjacent pieces are connected in such a way that if one piece is moved horizontally, the other pieces move with it, preserving the connection. Sometimes the connection is tight enough to pick up a solved part by holding one piece. Some fully interlocking puzzles have pieces all of a similar shape, with rounded tabs out on opposite ends, with corresponding blanks cut into the intervening sides to receive


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: the tabs of adjacent pieces. Other fully interlocking puzzles may have tabs and blanks variously arranged on each piece, but they usually have four sides, and the numbers of tabs and blanks thus add up to four. The uniform-shaped fully interlocking puzzles, sometimes called "Japanese Style", are the most difficult, because the differences in shapes between pieces can be very subtle. Most jigsaw puzzles are square, rectangular, or round, with edge pieces that have one side that is either straight or smoothly curved to create this shape, plus four corner pieces if the puzzle is square or rectangular. Some jigsaw


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: puzzles have edge pieces that are cut just like all the rest of the interlocking pieces, with no smooth edge, to make them more challenging. Other puzzles are designed so the shape of the whole puzzle forms a figure, such as an animal. The edge pieces may vary more in these cases. The pieces of spherical jigsaw, like immersive panorama jigsaw, can be triangular shaped, according to the rules of tessellation of the geoid primitive. The world's largest commercially available jigsaw puzzle (Nov. 2018) is produced by Czech company MartinPuzzle and contains 52,110 pieces showing a collage of animals. In


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: 2016, the German company Ravensburger released their biggest puzzle. It shows 10 scenes from Disney works and has 40,320 pieces, measuring 680 cm by 192 cm when assembled. The world's largest-sized jigsaw puzzle measured with 21,600 pieces, each measuring a Guinness World Records maximum size of 50 cm by 50 cm. It was assembled on 3 November 2002 by 777 people at the former Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong. The jigsaw with the greatest number of pieces had 551,232 pieces and measured 14.85 × 23.20 m (48 ft 8.64 in × 76 ft 1.38 in). It was assembled on


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: 24 September 2011 at Phú Thọ Indoor Stadium in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, by students from the University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City. The logo of Wikipedia is a globe made out of jigsaw pieces. The incomplete sphere appears to have some pieces missing, symbolizing the room to add new knowledge. In the logo of the Colombian Office of the Attorney General appears a jigsaw puzzle piece in foreground. They named it as "The Key Piece": "The jigsaw puzzle piece is the appropiate symbol for visual representation of the Office, since it includes the concepts of searching, solution


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: and response that the institution pursuits through its investigation activity." The central antagonist in the "Saw" film franchise is named Jigsaw. In the 1933 Laurel and Hardy short "Me and My Pal", several characters attempt to complete a large jigsaw puzzle. Jigsaw puzzle pieces were first used as a symbol for autism in 1963 by the United Kingdom's National Autistic Society. The organization chose jigsaw pieces for their logo to represent the "puzzling" nature of autism and the inability to "fit in" due to social differences, and also because jigsaw pieces were recognizable and otherwise unused. Puzzle pieces have since


title: "Jigsaw puzzle" content: been incorporated into the logos and promotional materials of many organizations, including the Autism Society of America and Autism Speaks. Proponents of the autism rights movement oppose the jigsaw puzzle iconography, stating that metaphors such as "puzzling" and "incomplete" are harmful to autistic people. Critics of the puzzle piece symbol instead advocate for a rainbow-colored infinity symbol representing diversity. In 2017, the Autism journal concluded that the use of the jigsaw puzzle evoked negative public perception towards autistic individuals. In February 2018, the journal removed the puzzle piece from their cover. Jigsaw puzzle A jigsaw puzzle is a tiling puzzle


title: "Elkland, Pennsylvania" content: the Wyoming valley, thence to Pipe Creek, below Owego, from which place, in 1806, they came to the Cowanesque valley. Ebenezer and Philip soon afterward removed to Osceola. The latter, his mother and his brother, Mitchell, all died before 1815, and were buried at Barney Hill. In 1882, their resting place being disturbed by the building of the Addison and Pennsylvania railroad, Capt. Charles R. Taylor and Charles Tubbs—descendants in the fourth generation of Mrs. Permelia Taylor—removed their remains to the cemetery at Osceola. It appears that William Courtright acquired title to the land first bought and settled on by


title: "Elkland, Pennsylvania" content: was destroyed by fire and rebuilt on the present site north of the Fall Brook railroad, beginning operations November 11, 1893. Decker & Metcalf’s Sash, Door and Blind Factory was established about 1857. They ran it nearly twenty years. The property had various owners afterwards, finally falling into the hands of C. L. Pattison who removed the plant north of the railroads and incorporated it with the furniture factory. The Cowanesque Valley Oil Company was incorporated in July 1877, the incorporators being Garrett W. Benson, Olean, New York, and John Parkhurst, Charles L. Pattison, Benjamin Dorrance, and J. C. Edwards,