title: "Honda Accord" content: called the Honda Ascot FTBi. U.S. Accord Coupes were available in the same DX, LX, and EX trims as the U.S. Accord Sedan (LX, EX, and EX-R in Canada). A 125-horsepower (93 kW) 4-cylinder engine was offered in the DX and LX models (F22A1), while the 1990 and 1991 EX received a 130 hp (97 kW) version (F22A4). Cruise control was dropped from the DX sedan, with air conditioning remaining a dealer-installed option. The LX kept the same features as the previous generation including air conditioning, power windows, door locks, and mirrors. The 90–91 EX added 5 horsepower due to


title: "Honda Accord" content: a different exhaust manifold design, slightly larger exhaust piping and a twin outlet muffler. 15-inch machined aluminum-alloy wheels, sunroof, upgraded upholstery, rear stabilizer bar and a high-power 4-speaker stereo cassette were standard on all EX models. Some models though rare were special ordered with an anti-lock braking system (at that time abbreviated as ALB, now all automakers refer to it as ABS). A redesigned manual transmission with a hydraulic clutch was standard equipment in all trims while an all-new electronically controlled 4-speed automatic transmission was optional for all models. Some new dealer-installed accessories were now offered including a single-disc in-dash


title: "Honda Accord" content: CD player or trunk mounted 6-disc CD changer, stereo equalizer, fog lights, security system, rear wing spoiler, trunk lip spoiler, luggage rack, full and half nose mask, center armrest, window visors, sunroof visor, car cover, and a cockpit cover. Because of tightening auto safety regulations from the NHTSA, all 1990 and 1991 Accords sold in the United States came equipped with motorized shoulder belts for front passengers to comply with passive restraint mandates. These semi-automatic restraints were a two component system; a motorized shoulder belt along with a non-integrated and manually operated seatbelt. The shoulder belts automatically raced around each


title: "Honda Accord" content: window frame encircling both the driver and front seat passenger whenever the front door closed. The process reversed to release them when opened. The lap belts however, still required manual fastening. In early 1990 for the 1991 model year, Honda unveiled the Accord wagon, manufactured at the Marysville, Ohio plant. The Ohio plant exported right-hand drive wagons and coupes to Europe and Japan, and in Europe the station wagon (station wagon) was called the "Aerodeck" (in reference to the 1985–1989 2-door vehicle). All station wagons sold outside the United States were affixed with a small badge on the "C" pillar


title: "Honda Accord" content: denoting the vehicle was built at the Ohio facility. European and Japanese vehicles had options not available within the U.S. including automatic climate control systems, power seats and several other minor features. The Accord Wagons were available from November 1990, only in LX and EX trim in North America or just 2.2i in Japan. They had larger front brakes to compensate for the added weight and unlike other U.S. Accords, included a driver's side airbag as standard equipment. Other than a retractable tonneau cover in the rear cargo area and keyless entry on EX models, the wagons were equipped the


title: "Honda Accord" content: same as their coupe and sedan counterparts. Honda reintroduced the SE (previously SE-i) sedan for 1991. It returned to the lineup without the traditional Bose high powered audio system but with an AM/FM stereo cassette 4x20 watt EX audio system; leather-trimmed steering wheel, leather seats and door panels, a fuel-injected engine, 4-speed automatic transmission, and 4-Wheel disk brakes w/ ABS as standard equipment. For the first time, a manual transmission was not offered in the SE. Two colors were available: Solaris Silver Metallic with Graphite Black interior and Brittany Blue Metallic with Ivory interior. Unlike previous editions, the 1991 SE


title: "Honda Accord" content: was not equipped with uniquely styled alloy wheels but instead carried the EX model wheels. Accords received a minor facelift in 1991 for the 1992 model year. The SE trim was dropped again but left behind its F22A6 engine for use in the EX models. This engine added 15 hp over the DX and LX trims and 10 hp over the 90–91 EX trim due to a further revised exhaust system. The system used the same EX-SE twin outlet muffler, a revised air intake tract, a revised camshaft and a revised intake manifold using IAB butterfly valves which open at


title: "Honda Accord" content: 4600 rpm to increase air intake breathing at high rpm. It was similar in design to the 92–96 Prelude Si and VTEC models. For the 1992 and 1993 model years, the motorized shoulder belt system were replaced with a standard driver-side airbag and conventional shoulder/seatbelt arrangement for all but the center rear passenger. Anti-lock 4-wheel disc brakes became standard on the EX. The front and rear facias received a more rounded and updated look. Coupe and sedan models received a new grille, new headlamps, amber parking lights, slightly thinner body side molding, updated wheel designs and for the first time,


title: "Honda Accord" content: the EX coupe used wheels different from the EX sedan. The sedans received restyled shortened taillamps with inverted amber turn signal and backup light positions. The coupe and wagon taillamps though still resembled those from the 1990–1991 Accord. The coupe used the new revised inverted positioning of the signal and backup lights but the wagon taillamps however remained the same as the 90–91 models. EX trim levels included a radio anti-theft function to deter stereo theft. A front driver's seat armrest was now standard on LX and EX models. Some dealer-installed accessories were dropped including the luggage rack, trunk-lip spoiler


title: "Honda Accord" content: and cockpit cover. A gold finish kit was added. In 1993, Honda introduced the 10th Anniversary Edition sedan to commemorate the 10th year of U.S. Accord production. The 10th Anniversary Edition was based on the Accord LX sedan but came equipped with several features not available in the LX trim. The upgrades included ABS, 4-wheel disc brakes, 15" EX coupe six spoke alloy wheels, body colored side moldings, chin spoiler, and standard automatic transmission. Three colors were offered for the 10th Anniversary Edition: Frost White, Granada Black Pearl, and Arcadia Green Pearl. The 10th Anniversary models also included the same


title: "Honda Accord" content: premium seat fabric found in EX models. The Frost White and Arcadia Green cars were paired with the same interior color as their LX/EX counterparts, Blue and Ivory, respectively. The Granada Black cars were paired with Gray interior, while the Granada Black EX had Ivory interior. The SE returned in late 1992 as both a sedan, and for the first time since the 1989 SE-i, as a coupe. The SE sedan featured standard dual front airbags; the first Accord to do so. An 8-button, 4-speaker Honda-Bose audio system, automatic transmission, leather trim, body colored bumper and body side moldings were


title: "Honda Accord" content: standard. The SE coupe included a factory rear wing spoiler which differed slightly in design from the already available dealer installed accessory rear wing spoiler. In Canada, the SE came with heated front seats and heated side view mirrors. Both the sedan and coupe received distinctive 15-inch alloy wheels as well. All SE sedans during 1990–1991 (1991 MY) and 1992–1993 (1993 MY) were manufactured in Japan, while all SE coupes were produced in the U.S. The 1993 MY sedan was available in two colors: Cashmere Silver Metallic and Geneva Green Pearl, both with Ivory interior. The coupe was offered with


title: "Honda Accord" content: two colors as well: Cashmere Silver Metallic and Atlantis Blue Pearl, both again with Ivory interior. Sadly, 1993 would be the swan song for the SE as an exclusive, high content, limited edition Accord model. Later generations would use a "Special Edition" designation rather than the previously used "SE" designation. These models were a combination of an Accord LX with several EX features similar to the 1993 10th Anniversary Edition LX. At the end of the model life of the CB Accord, a "pillared hardtop" model called the Honda Ascot Innova was launched in Japan, based on the CB Accord


title: "Honda Accord" content: chassis, but with a different, much more modern-styled body, taking cues from the 1992 Honda Prelude. The 4th generation Accord spawned a sister model in 1989 called the Honda Ascot which, while mechanically identical to the Accord, featured unique sedan bodywork, although it bore a resemblance to the Accord. The Ascot was sold through the "Honda Primo" network in Japan while the Accord was distributed through the "Honda Clio" network. Unlike previous generations of the Honda Vigor, which were simply upmarket versions of the Accord, the third generation 'CB5' model was spun off as a model in its own right


title: "Honda Accord" content: and was based on a different platform which featured a longitudinal engine layout compared to the transverse set-up of the Accord. A sister model to the Vigor, the Honda Inspire, was also unveiled in 1989 and, bar a different front grille, front and rear lights and bumpers, sported identical bodywork. The Vigor was available in the United States and Canada under the Acura brand. For the first time in the model's history, Honda developed two distinct versions of the Accord when the 5th generation model was launched in 1993; one version for the European market and one for the North


title: "Honda Accord" content: American and Japanese market. Honda and the Rover Group created the European Accord and the Rover 600, a reflection of the past success they had with the Honda Legend and the Rover 800. This generation Accord was also sold in Japan as the Isuzu Aska, while some Isuzu products were sold as Honda products there also. At its introduction in 1993, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for the second time. The 5th generation North American Accord was launched on 9 September 1993 and was based on the new 'CD' chassis. Larger than its predecessor, primarily to


title: "Honda Accord" content: better suit the requirements of the North American market, the new model grew in width but shrunk in length, leaving it classified as a mid-size car in North America. It thus became too wide to fit within the favorable tax bracket in Japan, where its role was to be partially taken over by the slightly narrower second-generation Honda Ascot (sold at "Honda Primo" Japanese dealerships) and Honda Rafaga (sold at "Honda Verno"). Previous generations of the Accord sold in Japan were limited to a width dimension of while international models were slightly wider, however this generation no longer complied. The


title: "Honda Accord" content: engines offered with the Accord also exceeded the maximum limit of 2000cc to remain in the favorable "compact" tax bracket. The installation of a 2.0 liter engine in Japanese models made buyers liable for more annual road tax over the smaller 1.8-liter engine, which affected sales. Development began in September 1989, along with the design process in June 1990. The final design was selected by an early date of 18 December 1990 and frozen in by mid-1991. Design inconsistencies in early 1992, caused several alterations to be made until April 1992, when a secondary design freeze took place, ahead of


title: "Honda Accord" content: scheduled 1993 production. Design patents were later filed in the United States on 16 December 1992 for the "CD". Production later began at Marysville assembly on 24 August 1993. Honda of Japan marketed four different size engines in the Japan-Spec Accord Sedan:1.8, 2.0, 2.2 VTEC and 2.2 DOHC VTEC. The Japanese-spec Accord models were marketed as the following: EF, EX, 2.0EX, 2.0EXL, 2.2VTE, 2.2VTL, 2.2VTS and SiR. All Accord versions were sold at "Honda Clio" locations in Japan. The fifth generation Accord became the first Accord to be built and sold in the Philippines. The DX, LX and EX models


title: "Honda Accord" content: remained the American trim lines while Canada retained the LX, EX and EX-R. The 5-speed manual transmission remained mostly unchanged, while the 4-speed automatic noted for its hard shifts, now included Honda's "Grade-Logic" shift program, which would prevent "gear-hunting" by holding the current gear while driving on a sloped incline. All Accord models received a more ergonomic interior with standard safety features such as dual airbags and reinforced side-impact beams. Exclusive to the EX was the F22B1 SOHC VTEC version of previous generation 2.2-liter 4-cylinder (making up from on the previous generation EX), anti-lock brakes (now an option for the


title: "Honda Accord" content: LX), 4-wheel disc brakes, 15-inch alloy wheels, and a rear stabilizer bar. Leather was an option in the EX trim with leather equipped models now being referred to as EX-L. DX and LX models came equipped similarly to the previous generation and were fitted with a revised version of the previous generation's 2.2-liter non-VTEC 4-cylinder engine. This F22B2 engine was rated at up from the previous generation. The Accord was again named Motor Trend Import Car of the Year for 1994. The Accord coupe as in the previous generation looked almost exactly like the sedan, and was the last generation


title: "Honda Accord" content: of the Accord to offer a wagon variant in North America until the introduction of the Accord Crosstour in 2009. In 1994, the 1995 Accord debuted a V6 engine, the 2.7L "C27" borrowed from the first generation Acura Legend, in the U.S. market. The V6 was offered in both the LX and EX versions of the sedan, LX models being referred to as LX-V6 and EX models as EX-V6. EX-V6 models came equipped similarly to the EX-L with leather seats being the only option in the EX-V6. Addition of the taller C27 engine required substantial alterations to the CD platform,


title: "Honda Accord" content: with V6 models sporting a redesigned engine layout, taller front fenders, and a different hood than I4 models; however, these differences are difficult to spot without both models parked side-by-side. Both versions of the V6 received a dual-outlet exhaust, a 4-speed automatic transmission, 15-inch machined aluminum alloy wheels on the EX-V6 and 15-inch steel wheels with full covers on the LX-V6, and a slightly updated front grille (which would be later used in all 96–97 Accords). The Accord saw very few other changes for 1995 with the exception of a few different exterior and interior color combinations. In 1995, the


title: "Honda Accord" content: Accord underwent the usual mid-generation facelift for 1996. More rounded bumpers, a slightly modified front fascia (which was originally exclusive in the V6 models in 1995) with new signal lights and rear taillamps gave the Accord a softer look. All Hondas now complied with the federal government's requirement of OBD II engine diagnostics though all three engine choices remained the same. In order to increase the Accord's competitiveness against its rivals in different international markets, Honda CEO Nobuhiko Kawamoto decided on one basic platform for the sixth-generation Accord, but with different bodies and proportions for local markets. In the U.S.,


title: "Honda Accord" content: the 1996 model lineup included the 25th Anniversary Edition, a model positioned between the DX and LX. The Special Edition trim package was introduced. For the 1997 model year, Honda released the "Special Edition" version of the Accord (not to be confused with the SE). It was offered in three colors: Heather Mist Metallic, San Marino Red and Dark Currant Pearl. The Special Edition received a factory installed security system with keyless entry, single-disc CD player, body colored side molding, distinctive alloy wheels and a sunroof. It was offered in an automatic transmission only and was fitted with the same


title: "Honda Accord" content: engine as the LX. Acclaimed for its handling, the 1996 Accord has been known as one of the best handling Japanese midsized sedans of all time, posting impressive lateral g figures of up to .89 g's. In New Zealand, the 5th generation Accord was assembled at Honda's manufacturing site in Nelson and was released in March 1994. It was available in LXi, EXi and EXi-S trim levels. A facelift was released in December 1995, which coincided with the release of VTEC engines in the upper-spec models. Trim levels were LXi, VTi, and VTi-S. These were the first NZ-market Accords to


title: "Honda Accord" content: have airbags – two in the VTi-S, one in the VTi. U.S. built coupe and wagon models of this generation were shipped to Europe with both left and right hand drive but there was no V6 option. This generation of Accord is one of the most frequently stolen cars in the U.S. Honda of Japan produced three high-performance models of the Accord for the Japanese domestic market referred to as the SiR, which was available for sale at "Honda Clio" dealerships in Japan. The sports car approach to the Accord SiR was aimed at aligning the Accord with the "Honda


title: "Honda Accord" content: Verno" sports sedan that replaced the Vigor, called the Honda Saber a platform mate shared with the Honda Inspire. The compact sedan role the Accord previously filled was now relegated to the Honda Rafaga and Ascot. The Accord SiR models came equipped with the Japan-spec H22A DOHC VTEC engine instead of the F22B1 SOHC VTEC engine found in the EX. The Japan-spec H22A DOHC VTEC engine specs were at 6800 rpm; peak torque at 5500 rpm with a compression ratio of 10.6:1. The Japan-spec H22A DOHC VTEC engine was similar to the H22A1 engine found in the North America market


title: "Honda Accord" content: used in the Prelude DOHC VTEC of the same era. The Japan-built SiR sedan (94–97) was available with a 5-speed manual transmission as standard equipment or an optional "Grade-Logic" four-speed automatic transmission. The Honda of America-built (HAM) Accord SiR coupe and then the 1997 SiR wagon had the "Grade-Logic" four-speed automatic transmission as standard equipment (5-speed manual transmission were not available for these two models). It came with cloth sport seats styled similar to the Prelude or optional leather seats, both exclusive to the SiR. The SiR also had some power options found on the Accord EX. The Accord SiR


title: "Honda Accord" content: coupe (94–97) and the Accord SiR wagon (1997) were exclusively available for the Japanese market. SiR chassis codes for the sedan were the CD6, the coupe-CD8 and the 1997 wagon-CF2 (production began in September 1996 for the 1997 SiR wagons which lasted for almost one year). The Accord SiR Coupe and the Accord SiR wagon (1997), which were exclusively built in the United States at Honda's Marysville Ohio plant (HAM) but were marketed for Japan export only for this particular model, was not offered in North America. The Accord SiR Coupe and then Accord SiR wagon were built with the


title: "Honda Accord" content: Japan-spec H22A DOHC VTEC powertrains which were shipped from Japan and were installed into the HAM-built Accord SiR models. The 1994–1997 "CD" Accord chassis was designed for the H22A DOHC VTEC powertrain to be installed; because the firewall was curved at the top to allow more space for the tilting backwards of the H22A DOHC VTEC engine near the middle of the firewall. The H22A DOHC VTEC engine was the most powerful inline four-cylinder engine Honda built for the Prelude and the Accord before the 1995 U.S.-spec V6 sedan. The Accord SiR suspension was improved with stiffer front sway bar(27.2mmXt4.0


title: "Honda Accord" content: mm), stiffer rear sway bar (16 mm), stiffer front coil springs and stiffer rear coil springs. Features for the 94–95 Accord SiR models (sedans and coupes) included the following items: cruise control, automatic climate control (Similar to the first generation Acura CL), Bose stereo system, 7,400 redline tachometer, optional electronic traction control and optional limited slip differential for automatic transmission, optional SRS and airbags, factory installed driving lights, optional factory installed "pop up" navigation radio head unit, sound insulation liner under front hood, black-housing headlamps, no side molding was available on the Accord SiR sedan, optional rear sunscreen, optional sunroof


title: "Honda Accord" content: and power retractable outside mirrors. Features for the 96–97 Accord SiR models (sedans, coupes and wagons) included the same as above while adding; optional cruise control, rear window wiper on the sedan, optional leather interior and a colored side molding for the sedan as well. The fifth generation Accord for the European market was unveiled in 1993 and was not related directly to the North American 'CD' Accord. It was in fact the Japanese-market Honda Ascot Innova which was based on the previous fourth generation 'CB' Accord. It was the result of a joint effort with the Rover Group that


title: "Honda Accord" content: provided Rover with the 600 series. The exterior was designed by Shigeo Ueno in 1989. In 1996, the European Accord received a minor facelift and was given a new front end (new headlamps, bumper, hood and grill) and slightly different taillamps (see images). The styling of the facelifted Accord remained identical to the styling of the Ascot Innova (although the frameless doors were replaced with conventional items) and featured the design language first introduced on the 5th generation Honda Civic. The styling of the European Accord differed dramatically from the North American which featured a more conventional sedan styling compared


title: "Honda Accord" content: to the European model's low slung, fastback inspired look which also incorporated rear quarter windows. The facelifted Accord was also equipped with two airbags as standard. However, the European Accord did not spawn an station wagon nor a coupe version, Honda instead opting to import the coupe and station wagon (Aerodeck) versions of the North American Accord. The diesel model of the Accord was fitted with the direct injection Rover L-Series diesel engine, as also fitted in the Rover 600. As part of the tie-up with the Rover Group the European Accord spawned Rover's replacement for the Austin Montego in


title: "Honda Accord" content: 1993. Called the 600, the car shared its platform with the European Accord and, with the exception of the front doors, lower rear doors and windscreen, sported unique styling which dispensed with the rear quarter windows. The interior design of the 600 was very similar to the Accord's however, while the dashboard design was identical. For the sixth generation, Honda split the Accord into three separate models, designed for the Japanese, North American, and European markets. However, the wagon was discontinued in North America while the coupe was discontinued in Japan. This generation also spawned two distinctively branded performance versions


title: "Honda Accord" content: for European and Japanese domestic markets, dubbed Type R and Euro R, respectively. On the origin of these models, it is rumored that with the advent of the sixth generation Accord, "Honda England were let loose to build a car that would compete with Subaru's Impreza, and Mitsubishi's Evo. They came up with the Accord Type R, a lightened (1200 kg) track version with no sound deadening and few luxuries(listed below)". Honda Japan followed suit in 2000, "took the Accord Type R and developed the Accord Euro-R (hence the 'Euro'pean tag)" which has a double wishbone front and 5-link rear


title: "Honda Accord" content: suspension system, stiffer suspension and chassis, Helical limited-slip-differential, twin-piston brakes, dual twin silencer exhaust system, 16-inch alloy wheels, A exclusive "red-top" engine cover, white badged Euro-R meters, a strut tower bar, an exclusive Euro-R aluminum shift knob, high-intensity discharge (HID) headlamps, fog lights, body colored retractable electric door mirrors, power windows, key less entry, air conditioning, driver and passenger SRS air bags, and ABS.Recaro seats and a leather-trimmed Momo steering wheel. As an option, there was a distinctive tall and functional rear spoiler wing that most customers opted for. The Accord Type-R featured 209 bhp (212ps, 155.9Kw) @ 7,200 rpm


title: "Honda Accord" content: and 164 lb·ft (222 N·m) @ 6,700, while the Euro-R variant featured an improved H22A engine with 217 bhp (220ps, 161.8Kw) @7200 rpm and 164 lb-ft(220-Nm)@5500rpm. Apart from an improved H22A engine, Euro-R badged meters, and exclusive Euro-R aluminum shift knob, The JDM Accord/Torneo Euro-R and Accord Type-R are very similar. The Accord/Torneo Euro-R was later succeeded by the seventh generation Accord Euro-R, see article below for details. The seventh generation of the Accord was launched in 2002 (2003 model year in North America), and consists of two separate models; one for the Japanese and European markets, and the other


title: "Honda Accord" content: for North America. However, both were in fact sold in many other markets, fueled by the popular Cog advertisement for the Accord. Euro R trim continued into this generation as performance model for Japanese market, making use of K20 engine producing 220 hp, however, European performance model was renamed Type S and used larger K24 engine tuned to produce 190 hp. The European and Japanese Accords were integrated on the previous Japanese Accord's chassis, but with a new body. No longer made in Swindon, those Accords were made in Japan, and came in both sedan and station wagon form. At


title: "Honda Accord" content: its introduction in 2003, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for a record third time. In Europe the car featured a 2.0 i-VTEC with 152BHP, a 2.4 i-VTEC with 187BHP, and an "exceptional" 2.2 i-CDTi turbo diesel engine with initially 138BHP and 340Nm of torque, while doing 51MPG on the EU combined cycle. This model was sold in certain markets such as Fiji, Australia and New Zealand as the "Accord Euro" and in North America as the Acura TSX, with a significant distinction being that the TSX featured the interior of the contemporary Honda Inspire instead. The


title: "Honda Accord" content: Honda Accord Euro R (CL7) was launched in October 2002, succeeding the previous Euro R (CL1). A lightened and more sports focused variant of the Japanese car the Accord Euro R was powered by the K20A 2.0L DOHC i-VTEC engine producing 220 bhp (217 hp, 162 kW @ 8000 rpm) and 21.0 kg-m (206 Nm @ 7000 rpm) of torque through the only option of a lightweight 6-speed manual transmission. The same engine can be found in the JDM Integra Type R (DC5). The Accord Euro-R was available to the Japanese Domestic Market and Europe. Some features that distinguish it


title: "Honda Accord" content: are the Recaro seats, the body kit, a MOMO steering wheel, lightweight 17-inch alloys and a special aluminum gearknob found only in Honda's Type R variants. The North American Accord grew in size yet again, becoming a vastly different car than its Japanese and European counterpart. This generation was available in both coupe and sedan forms, while a hybrid model was introduced in early 2005. For 2006, it was significantly updated. This Accord was the first to use wheels with five lug nuts instead of the traditional four on 4-cylinder models. The 4-cylinder version came with and ( and for


title: "Honda Accord" content: 2005–2007 models) K24A1 2397 cc 4-cylinder engine mated to a 5-speed automatic or 5-speed manual. The 4-cylinder engine also utilized a timing chain instead of a timing belt. For 2003, Honda began to offer a more aggressive Accord Coupe, equipped with the and ( and for 2006–2007 models) J30A4 2997cc V6 mated to a 6-speed manual transmission borrowed from the Acura TL Type S (without a limited slip differential). This coupe came with 17-inch wheels (that varied between the 03-05 and 06-07 models), strut tower bar, perforated leather seating, carbon fiber dash pieces, and an upgraded 180-watt stereo system. Because


title: "Honda Accord" content: of the ability to maintain activation of the VTEC system all the way through hard acceleration, the Accord EX V6 6-speed ran from 0–60 MPH in just 5.9 seconds according to Car and Driver, more than a second faster than the automatic version. This model was also sold in Japan as the Honda Inspire from 2003 to 2008. In China, the model got the name "Guangzhou-Honda Accord" and was sold from 2003 up to December 2009. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has crash test ratings of Accord of different model years: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found


title: "Honda Accord" content: 2003–04 Accords had the lowest fatality rates in the non-luxury midsize sedan class The updated Accord for the Japanese and European markets went on sale in mid-2008. It is also sold as the Accord Euro in the Australia and New Zealand markets, and as the Acura TSX in North America. It is available as both a sedan and a station wagon. In the People's Republic of China, a version of the sedan is sold as the Honda Spirior which later on developed an independent second generation. Production started in August 2009 in China, by Dongfeng Honda. Production ended at the


title: "Honda Accord" content: end of February 2015 for Australia and New Zealand spec models. It is expected there will be enough stock to last until the end of 2015. Sales in Europe was discontinued in 2015. In Europe, the car maintained the 2.0 and 2.4 i-VTEC gasoline (upped to 156 and 198BHP respectively), whilst a new 2.2 i-DTEC diesel engine provided 147BHP/ 258 ft/lbs in standard trim levels, and 177BHP/ 280 ft/lbs in Type-S sports trim level. This allowed the Accord to go 0–100 in 8.5 seconds, and still do 50MPG on the EU Combined cycle. The North American version of the Accord


title: "Honda Accord" content: has a different body from its Japanese counterpart. This shape is sold as the Honda Inspire in Japan, and is not sold in Europe. It was discontinued in Japan in September 2012. Larger than the previous model, the sedan is now classified as a full-size car by EPA standards. A coupe version is available, as well as a Crosstour fastback model, which was introduced in the US for the 2010 model year. Engines include a 2.4 Liter 4-cylinder rated at 177 bhp (132 kW) with for Lx-Se sedans and 190 bhp (142 kW) with for EX-Ex-l and LX-S sedans and


title: "Honda Accord" content: coupes; as well as a 3.5 Liter V6 rated at 272 bhp (203 kW) and . In Australia, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore, this car which is assembled in Thailand, is sold as the Accord in left or right hand drive forms. In Malaysia, the Accord is locally assembled. In Hong Kong, this car is made in Japan and sold as the Accord, and in Taiwan, the Accord is locally assembled. In China, Guangqi Honda also makes this vehicle with 2.0L, 2.4L and 3.5L engines. Guangqi began making the Accord Crosstour in 2010. In Malaysia, the


title: "Honda Accord" content: eighth generation is also rebadged as the Proton Perdana from December 2013 and is used by government officials. It is assembled at the Honda-DRB plant in HICOM Industrial Park Pegoh, Alor gajah, Melaka. For the ninth-generation Accord, Honda appointed Shoji Matsui, who served as an engineer on the Accord platform from 1985 to 1996, as lead project manager. It is the first Honda vehicle to be completely developed under the administration of Honda CEO Takanobu Ito. Honda revealed the Accord Coupe Concept at the 2012 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. In August 2012, the company released initial details


title: "Honda Accord" content: pertaining to the 2013 Accord sedan, and production versions of both the sedan and coupe were fully unveiled in early September 2012. The Accord sedan went on sale on 19 September 2012 in the United States, with the coupe following on 15 October. Corresponding release dates in Canada for the sedan and coupe models are 24 September 2012 and 1 November 2012, respectively. In February 2013, the Accord was scheduled to enter the Russian market. In June 2013, the Accord hybrid and plug-in hybrid were introduced to the Japanese market, with the discontinuation of the Honda Inspire, serving as Honda's


title: "Honda Accord" content: large sedan and one level below the Honda Legend. From 2014, Honda exports the Accord from China to the Middle and Near East, Africa, members of CIS, and others. The tenth generation Accord was unveiled on July 14, 2017. Production began on September 18, 2017, and sales began on October 18, 2017 in the United States as a 2018 model. It was also released in Canada on October 27, 2017. The vehicle is equipped with standard Honda Sensing on all models, and a base 1.5 L VTEC Turbo four-cylinder engine that produces and of torque, mated to a 6-speed manual


title: "Honda Accord" content: or continuously variable transmission (CVT). The optional 2.0 L VTEC Turbo four-cylinder engine, which replaced the V6 engine option, was available beginning December 2017. This engine is based on the design of the engine offered in the Civic Type R, but with a smaller turbocharger and more conventional camshaft. The engine, which produced and of torque is mated to a 6-speed manual or 10-speed automatic transmission. With this generation, the Accord is now exclusively offered as a four-door sedan, the coupe variant being discontinued. The ASEAN (Southeast Asian) market tenth-generation Accord debuted at the Thailand International Motor Expo on 28


title: "Honda Accord" content: November 2018. It will be available in that market in early 2019. The Accord Euro R was used in the 2008 World Touring Car Championship season and the 2009 European Touring Car Cup, and won the 1996 Japanese Touring Car Championship season and the 1997 British Touring Car Championship season. The 3 Crowns Racing team were the champions of the 2004 Asian Touring Car Series, and Golden Motors won the 2007 Russian Touring Car Championship. Driver Matt Dooley posted an impressive 10 minutes 36 seconds on a 12-mile portion of NC-80, also known as The Devil's Whip, on 28 March


title: "Honda Accord" content: 2013. The road was closed for the event. Honda Accord The is a series of automobiles manufactured by Honda since 1976, best known for its four-door sedan variant, which has been one of the best-selling cars in the United States since 1989. The Accord nameplate has been applied to a variety of vehicles worldwide, including coupes, wagons, hatchbacks, and a crossover. Since initiation, Honda has offered several different car body styles and versions of the Accord, and often vehicles marketed under the Accord nameplate concurrently in different regions differ quite substantially. It debuted in 1976 as a compact hatchback, though


title: "Cessna 208 Caravan" content: Cessna 208 Caravan The Cessna 208 Caravan is an American single-engined turboprop, fixed-tricycle landing gear, short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft that is built by Cessna. The airplane typically seats nine passengers with a single pilot, although with a FAR Part 23 waiver it can seat up to fourteen passengers. The aircraft is also used for cargo operations. The Cessna 208 is a high-wing braced cabin monoplane powered by a single Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turboprop in tractor configuration. The cabin has room for nine passengers and two crew when used as a passenger aircraft with four doors: one


title: "Cessna 208 Caravan" content: for each crew member, an airstair door on the right side of the cabin and a cargo door on the left. The aircraft can be optionally fitted with an underslung cargo pod. The basic 208 airframe has a fixed tricycle landing gear but can also be fitted with various types of landing gear, allowing it to operate in a wide variety of environments. Some common adaptations include floats with retractable landing gear on the Caravan Amphibian model and skis. The Caravan interior can be outfitted with seats or as a cargo compartment. The standard high-density airline configuration has four rows


title: "Cessna 208 Caravan" content: of 1-2 seating behind the two seats in the cockpit. This variant is capable of holding up to thirteen passengers, although it is marketed as being able to make a profit carrying just four. The cabin can be configured in a low density passenger configuration, with 1-1 seating, as a combination of passengers and cargo, or as a strictly cargo aircraft. Many variants include an underbelly cargo pod, which can be used for additional freight capacity, or for passenger baggage. A number of Caravans are operated as skydiving aircraft with the left-side cargo hatch converted to a roll-up door. The


title: "Cessna 208 Caravan" content: prototype first flew on December 9, 1982. The production model was certified by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in October 1984. A freighter variant without cabin windows was developed at the request of Federal Express as the Cargomaster. Another cargo variant for Federal Express, with a longer fuselage and a cargo pod under the belly, was developed as the 208B Super Cargomaster and flew for the first time in 1986. A passenger model, the 208B Grand Caravan, was derived from the Super Cargomaster. Since then, the Caravan has undergone a number of design evolutions, including upgrading the avionics in 2008


title: "Cessna 208 Caravan" content: to provide a glass cockpit with the Garmin G1000 system. In January 2013 a higher-powered (867 shp from P&WC PT6A-140) version, the Grand Caravan EX, received FAA certification. In August 2016, Textron announced that it would move the Cessna 208 production line from its Wichita headquarters to its Independence, Kansas production facility, for manufacture alongside along the piston-powered 172S Skyhawk, 182T Skylane, T206H Turbo Stationair and Cessna TTx; and the Citation M2 light jet. The move was made to make room for production of the Citation Longitude and Denali in Wichita. In May 2012 Cessna announced that an assembly line


title: "Cessna 208 Caravan" content: for the 208 would be established in China, with the government-owned China Aviation Industry General Aircraft (CAIGA) conducting final assembly of Caravans at its plant in Shijiazhuang for the Chinese market. Chinese government approval was granted in September the following year and the first Chinese-assembled Caravan was delivered in December 2013. By April 2016 about 30 aircraft, assembled from kits of parts shipped from the US by Cessna, had been delivered to Chinese operators by the joint venture. Production aircraft modified after delivery by Supplemental Type Certificates: Certified in 100 countries, 2,600 Caravans have been delivered with nearly 20 million


title: "Cessna 208 Caravan" content: flight hours logged by November 2017. Engineered for high payloads and short and rough runways, with single-engine economy and simplicity, Caravans are used for flight training to recreation, commuter airlines to VIP transport, cargo carriers and humanitarian missions. The Cessna 208 is used by governmental organizations and by a large number of companies for police, air ambulance, passenger transport, air charter, freight and parachuting operations. FedEx Express operates 239 aircraft. A total of 134 Cessna 208s were in military service in 2016. As of 31 December 2017 there had been 216 Caravan hull-losses from all causes, including 206 accidents causing


title: "Cessna 208 Caravan" content: 427 fatalities - an average of 427/216round1 fatalities per hull-loss, with 29.7% of all occupants surviving fatal accidents; and six hijackings causing one fatality. For the 198 out of the 216 hull-loss occurrences where the aircraft was in use and its flight nature is known, 36.9% were passenger flights, 33.8% cargo flights, 8.1% military flights, 5.6% special flights – agriculture, survey, etc., 4% private and business flights, 3% test or flight training and 8.1% miscellaneous uses – demonstrations, deliveries, illegal. Cessna 208 Caravan The Cessna 208 Caravan is an American single-engined turboprop, fixed-tricycle landing gear, short-haul regional airliner and utility


title: "Identity document" content: Court. Each card has a unique number composed of nine numerical digits, the first of them being the province where the citizen was born (with other significance in special cases such as granted citizenship to foreigners, adopted persons or in rare cases with old people where no birth certificate was processed at birth); after this digit, two blocks of four digits follow; the combination corresponds to the unique identifier of the citizen. It is widely requested as part of every legal and financial purpose, often requested at payment with credit or debit cards for identification guarantee and requested for buying


title: "Eduard Hanslick" content: therefore, not be understood as an object derived from an external source, but as something intrinsically musical; in other words, as the concrete group of sounds in a piece of music. Now, as a composition must comply with the formal laws of beauty, it cannot run on arbitrarily and at random, but must develop gradually with intelligible and organic definiteness, as buds develop into rich blossoms.” Eduard Hanslick Eduard Hanslick (11 September 18256 August 1904) was a German Bohemian music critic. Hanslick was born in Prague (then in the Austrian Empire), the son of Joseph Adolph Hanslik, a bibliographer and


title: "Muscovy duck" content: Muscovy duck The Muscovy duck ("Cairina moschata") is a large duck native to Mexico, Central, and South America. Small wild and feral breeding populations have established themselves in the United States, particularly in Florida, Louisiana, and the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas as well as in many other parts of North America, including southern Canada. Feral Muscovy ducks are found in New Zealand, Australia, and in parts of Europe. They are large ducks, with the males about long, and weighing up to . Females are considerably smaller, and only grow to , roughly half the males' size. The bird


title: "Muscovy duck" content: is predominantly black and white, with the back feathers being iridescent and glossy in males, while the females are more drab. The amount of white on the neck and head is variable, as well as the bill, which can be yellow, pink, black, or any mixture of these. They may have white patches or bars on the wings, which become more noticeable during flight. Both sexes have pink or red wattles around the bill, those of the male being larger and more brightly colored. Although the Muscovy duck is a tropical bird, it adapts well to cooler climates, thriving in


title: "Muscovy duck" content: weather as cold as and able to survive even colder conditions. In general, Barbary duck is the term used for "C. moschata" in a culinary context. The domestic breed, "Cairina moschata domestica", is commonly known in Spanish as the "pato criollo". They have been bred since pre-Columbian times by Native Americans and are heavier and less able to fly long distances than the wild subspecies. Their plumage color is also more variable. Other names for the domestic breed in Spanish are "pato casero" ("backyard duck") and "pato mudo" ("mute duck"). All Muscovy ducks have long claws on their feet and


title: "Muscovy duck" content: a wide flat tail. In the domestic drake (male), length is about and weight is , while the domestic hen (female) is much smaller, at in length and in weight. Large domesticated males often weigh up to , and large domesticated females up to . The true wild Muscovy duck, from which all domesticated Muscovies originated, is blackish, with large white wing patches. Length can range from , wingspan from and weight from in wild Muscovies. On the head, the wild male has short crest on the nape. The bill is black with a speckling of pale pink. A blackish


title: "Muscovy duck" content: or dark red knob can be seen at the bill base, and the bare skin of the face is similar to that in color. The eyes are yellowish-brown. The legs and webbed feet are blackish. The wild female is similar in plumage, but is also much smaller, and she has feathered face and lacks the prominent knob. The juvenile is duller overall, with little or no white on the upperwing. Domesticated birds may look similar; most are dark brown or black mixed with white, particularly on the head. Other colors such as lavender or all-white are also seen. Both sexes


title: "Muscovy duck" content: have a nude black-and-red or all-red face; the drake also has pronounced caruncles at the base of the bill and a low erectile crest of feathers. "C. moschata" ducklings are mostly yellow with buff-brown markings on the tail and wings. For a while after hatching, juveniles lack the distinctive wattles associated with adult individuals, and resemble the offspring of various other ducks such as mallards. Some domesticated ducklings have a dark head and blue eyes, others a light brown crown and dark markings on their nape. They are agile and speedy precocial birds. The drake has a low breathy call,


title: "Muscovy duck" content: and the hen a quiet trilling coo. The karyotype of the Muscovy duck is 2n=80, consisting of three pairs of macrochromosomes, 36 pairs of microchromosomes, and a pair of sex chromosomes. The two largest macrochromosome pairs are submetacentric, while all other chromosomes are acrocentric or (for the smallest microchromosomes) probably telocentric. The submetacentric chromosomes and the Z (female) chromosome show rather little constitutive heterochromatin (C bands), while the W chromosomes are at least two-thirds heterochromatin. Male Muscovy ducks have helical penises which can become erect to in one third of a second. Females have cloacas that coil in the opposite


title: "Muscovy duck" content: direction that appear to have evolved to limit forced copulation by males. "Muscovy" is an old name for the region of Russia surrounding Moscow, but these ducks are neither native there nor were they introduced there before they became known in Western Europe. It is not quite clear how the term came about; it very likely originated between 1550 and 1600, but did not become widespread until somewhat later. In one suggestion, it has been claimed that the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands traded these ducks to Europe occasionally after 1550; this chartered company became eventually known as


title: "Muscovy duck" content: the "Muscovy Company" or "Muscovite Company" so the ducks might thus have come to be called "Muscovite ducks" or "Muscovy ducks" in keeping with the common practice of attaching the importer's name to the products they sold. But while the Muscovite Company initiated vigorous trade with Russia, they hardly, if at all, traded produce from the Americas; thus they are unlikely to have traded "C. moschata" to a significant extent. Alternatively — just as in the "turkey" (which is also from America, not Turkey), or the "guineafowl" (which are not limited to Guinea) — "Muscovy" might be simply a generic


title: "Muscovy duck" content: term for an exotic place, in reference to the singular appearance of these birds. This is evidenced by other names suggesting the species came from lands where it is not actually native, but from where much "outlandish" produce was imported at that time (see below). Yet another view—not incompatible with either of those discussed above—connects the species with the Muisca, a Native American nation in today's Colombia. The duck is native to these lands too, and it is likely that it was kept by the Muisca as a domestic animal to some extent. It is conceivable that a term like


title: "Muscovy duck" content: "Muisca duck", hard to comprehend for the average European of those times, would be corrupted into something more familiar. Likewise, the Miskito Indians of the Miskito Coast in Nicaragua and Honduras heavily relied on it as a domestic species, and the ducks may as well have been named after this region. Linnaeus’ description of "Anas moschata" only consists of a curt but entirely unequivocal "[Anas] facie nuda papillosa" ("A duck with a naked and carunculated face"), and his primary reference is his earlier work "Fauna Svecica". But Linnaeus refers also to older sources, and therein much information on the origin


title: "Muscovy duck" content: of the common name is found. Conrad Gessner is given by Linnaeus as a source, but the "Historiae animalium" mentions the Muscovy duck only in passing. Ulisse Aldrovandi discusses the species in detail, referring to the wild birds and its domestic breeds variously as "anas cairina", "anas indica" or "anas libyca" – "Duck from Cairo", "Indian duck" (in reference to the West Indies) or "Libyan duck". But his "anas indica" (based, like Gessner's brief discussion, ultimately on the reports of Christopher Columbus's travels) also seems to have included another species, perhaps a whistling-duck ("Dendrocygna"). Already however the species is tied


title: "Muscovy duck" content: to some more or less nondescript "exotic" locality – "Libya" could still refer to any place in Northern Africa at that time – where it did not natively occur. Francis Willughby discusses "The Muscovy duck" as "anas moschata" and expresses his belief that Aldrovandi's and Gessner's "anas cairina", "anas indica" and "anas libyca" (which he calls "The Guiny duck", adding another mistaken place of origin to the list) refer to the very same species. Finally, John Ray attempts to clear up the confusion by providing an alternative explanation for the bird's etymology: In English, it is called "The Muscovy-Duck", though


title: "Muscovy duck" content: this is not transferred from Muscovia [the New Latin name of Muscovy], but from the rather strong musk odour it exudes. Linnaeus came to witness the birds' "gamey" aroma first-hand, as he attests in the "Fauna Svecica" and again in the travelogue of this 1746 Västergötland excursion. Similarly, the Russian name of this species, "muskusnaya utka" (Мускусная утка), means "musk duck" – without any reference to Moscow – as do the Bokmål and Danish "moskusand", Dutch "muskuseend", Finnish "myskisorsa", French "canard musqué", German "Moschusente", Italian "anatra muschiata", Spanish "pato almizclado" and Swedish "myskand". In English however, musk duck refers to


title: "Muscovy duck" content: the Australian species "Biziura lobata". The currently assigned genus name Cairina, meanwhile, traces its origin to Aldrovandi and the mistaken belief that the birds came from Egypt: Translated, the current scientific name of the Muscovy duck means "the musky one from Cairo". In some regions the name Barbary duck is used for domesticated and "Muscovy duck" for wild birds; in other places "Barbary duck" refers specifically to the dressed carcass, while "Muscovy duck" applies to living "C. moschata", regardless of whether they are wild or domesticated. In general, "Barbary duck" is the usual term for "C. moschata" in a culinary


title: "Muscovy duck" content: context. The species was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 edition of "Systema Naturae" as "Anas moschata", literally meaning "musk duck". It was later transferred to the genus "Cairina", making its current binomial name "Cairina moschata". The Muscovy duck was formerly placed into the paraphyletic "perching duck" assemblage, but subsequently moved to the dabbling duck subfamily (Anatinae). Analysis of the mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome "b" and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes, however, indicates that it might be closer to the genus "Aix" and better placed in the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae. In addition, the other species of


title: "Muscovy duck" content: "Cairina", the rare white-winged duck ("C. scutulata"), seems to belong to a distinct genus ("Asarcornis"). This non-migratory species normally inhabits forested swamps, lakes, streams and nearby grassland and farm crops, and often roosts in trees at night. The Muscovy duck's diet consists of plant material obtained by grazing or dabbling in shallow water, and small fish, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, insects, and millipedes. This is an aggressive duck; males often fight over food, territory or mates. The females fight with each other less often. Some adults will peck at the ducklings if they are eating at the same food source. The


title: "Muscovy duck" content: Muscovy duck has benefited from nest boxes in Mexico, but is somewhat uncommon in much of the east of its range due to excessive hunting. It is not considered a globally threatened species by the IUCN however, as it is widely distributed. This species, like the mallard, does not form stable pairs. They will mate on land or in water (note the submerged female in the image below). Domesticated Muscovy ducks can breed up to three times each year. The hen lays a clutch of 8–16 white eggs, usually in a tree hole or hollow, which are incubated for 35


title: "Muscovy duck" content: days. The sitting hen will leave the nest once a day from 20 minutes to one and a half hours, and will then defecate, drink water, eat and sometimes bathe. Once the eggs begin to hatch it may take 24 hours for all the chicks to break through their shells. When feral chicks are born they usually stay with their mother for about 10–12 weeks. Their bodies cannot produce all the heat they need, especially in temperate regions, so they will stay close to the mother especially at night. Often, the drake will stay in close contact with the brood


title: "Muscovy duck" content: for several weeks. The male will walk with the young during their normal travels in search for food, providing protection. Anecdotal evidence from East Anglia, UK suggests that, in response to different environmental conditions, other adults assist in protecting chicks and providing warmth at night. It has been suggested that this is in response to local efforts to cull the eggs, which has led to an atypical distribution of males and females as well as young and mature birds. For the first few weeks of their lives, Muscovy ducklings feed on grains, corn, grass, insects, and almost anything that moves.


title: "Muscovy duck" content: Their mother instructs them at an early age how to feed. Feral Muscovy ducks can breed near urban and suburban lakes and on farms, nesting in tree cavities or on the ground, under shrubs in yards, on apartment balconies, or under roof overhangs. Some feral populations, such as that in Florida, have a reputation of becoming nuisance pests on occasion. At night they often sleep at water, if there is a water source available, to flee quickly from predators if awoken. Small populations of Muscovy ducks can also be found in Ely, Cambridgeshire, Calstock, Cornwall and in Lincoln, Lincolnshire UK.


title: "Muscovy duck" content: Muscovy ducks have also been spotted in Walsall Arboretum. There has been a small population in the Pavilion Gardens public park in Buxton, Derbyshire for many years. In the US, Muscovy ducks are considered an invasive species. An owner may raise them for food production only (not for hunting). Similarly, if the ducks have no owner, 50CFR Part 21 allows the removal or destruction of the Muscovy ducks, their eggs and nests anywhere in the United States outside of Hidalgo, Starr, and Zapata counties in Texas where they are considered indigenous. The population in southern Florida is considered, with a


title: "Muscovy duck" content: population in the several thousands, to be established enough to be considered "countable" for bird watchers. Legal methods to restrict breeding include not feeding these ducks, deterring them with noise or by chasing, and finding nests and vigorously shaking the eggs to render them non-viable. Returning the eggs to the nest will avoid re-laying as the female would if the clutch were removed. Although legislation passed in the USA prohibiting trade of Muscovy ducks, Fish and Wildlife Services intend to revise the regulations. They are not currently implementing them, though release of muscovy ducks to the wild outside their natural


title: "Muscovy duck" content: range is prohibited. Muscovy ducks had been domesticated by various Native American cultures in the Americas when Columbus arrived in the Bahamas. The first few were brought onto the Columbus ship Santa Maria they then sailed back to Europe by the 16th century. The Muscovy duck has been domesticated for centuries, and is widely traded as "Barbary duck". Muscovy breeds are popular because they have stronger-tasting meat—sometimes compared to roasted beef—than the usual domestic ducks which are descendants of the mallard ("Anas platyrhynchos"). The meat is lean when compared to the fatty meat of mallard-derived ducks, its leanness and tenderness


title: "Muscovy duck" content: being often compared to veal. Muscovy ducks are also less noisy, and sometimes marketed as a "quackless" duck; even though they are not completely silent, they don't actually quack (except in cases of extreme stress). The carcass of a Muscovy duck is also much heavier than most other domestic ducks, which makes it ideal for the dinner table. Domesticated Muscovy ducks, like those pictured, often have plumage features differing from other wild birds. White breeds are preferred for meat production, as darker ones can have much melanin in the skin, which some people find unappealing. The Muscovy duck can be


title: "Muscovy duck" content: crossed with mallards in captivity to produce hybrids, known as mulard duck ("mule duck") because they are sterile. Muscovy drakes are commercially crossed with mallard-derived hens either naturally or by artificial insemination. The 40–60% of eggs that are fertile result in birds raised only for their meat or for production of foie gras: they grow fast like mallard-derived breeds but to a large size like Muscovy ducks. Conversely, though crossing Mallard drakes with Muscovy hens is possible, the offspring are desirable neither for meat nor for egg production. In addition, Muscovy ducks are reportedly cross-bred in Israel with Mallards to


title: "Muscovy duck" content: produce kosher duck products. The kashrut status of the Muscovy duck has been a matter of rabbinic discussion for over 150 years. Oscillococcinum is a homeopathic preparation made from Muscovy duck liver and heart manufactured by the French company Boiron; similar products are also available from other manufacturers. Typically diluted with lactose and sucrose to 1:10 (far less than one in one googol), they are advertised to relieve influenza-like symptoms, but no evidence has been found of its efficacy. A study examining birds in northwestern Colombia for blood parasites found the Muscovy duck to be more frequently infected with "Haemoproteus"


title: "Muscovy duck" content: and malaria ("Plasmodium") parasites than chickens, domestic pigeons, domestic turkeys and in fact almost all wild bird species studied also. It was noted that in other parts of the world, chickens were more susceptible to such infections than in the study area, but it may well be that Muscovy ducks are generally more often infected with such parasites (which might not cause pronounced disease though, and are harmless to humans). Muscovy duck The Muscovy duck ("Cairina moschata") is a large duck native to Mexico, Central, and South America. Small wild and feral breeding populations have established themselves in the United


title: "Felix Dennis" content: display artist in department stores. Briefly working as a sign-painter, he also enrolled at Harrow College of Art. In 1967, Dennis began to work as a street seller, selling copies of the underground counterculture "OZ" magazine on the streets of London's Kings Road. The magazine printed a mixture of left-field stories, discussions of drugs, sex and contentious political stories. He then gained an informal apprenticeship in magazine design with Jon Goodchild, "OZ"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s first art director, who later moved to "Rolling Stone" in California. After passing out at a friend's party, he woke up in a flat shared by several young


title: "Don Valley Parkway" content: avoid expropriation of existing development and provide access for new development in the Metropolitan Toronto region. The construction of the six-lane highway modified the valley through the removal of hills, other earth works and the rerouting of the Don River. Since completion, the parkway has not been changed significantly, other than adding one partial interchange at Wynford Drive and updating its infrastructure to current standards. The Don River valley, formed during the last ice age, has played an important role in the development of Toronto from its beginning as the Town of York. Using the power of the river, the


title: "2010 Commonwealth Games" content: 2010 Commonwealth Games The 2010 Commonwealth Games, officially known as the XIX Commonwealth Games and commonly known as Delhi 2010, was an international multi-sport event that was held in Delhi, India, from 3 to 14 October 2010. A total of 6081 athletes from 71 Commonwealth nations and dependencies competed in 21 sports and 272 events, making it the largest Commonwealth Games to date. It was also the largest international multi-sport event to be staged in Delhi and India, eclipsing the Asian Games in 1951 and 1982. The opening and closing ceremonies were held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main


title: "Scottsboro Boys" content: the crime. With help from the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the case was appealed. The Alabama Supreme Court affirmed seven of the eight convictions, and granted 13-year-old Eugene Williams a new trial because he was a minor. Chief Justice John C. Anderson dissented, ruling that the defendants had been denied an impartial jury, fair trial, fair sentencing, and effective counsel. While waiting for their trials, eight of the nine defendants were held in Kilby Prison. The cases were twice appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which led to


title: "Scottsboro Boys" content: sick to travel. She had had surgery in New York, and at one point Leibowitz requested that her deposition be taken as a dying declaration. While she was not dying, committed to his three-day time limit for the trial, Judge Callahan denied the request to arrange to take her deposition. Although the defense needed her testimony, by the time a deposition arrived, the case had gone to the jury and they did not hear it at all. Haywood Patterson took the stand, admitting he had "cussed" at the white teenagers, but only because they cussed at him first. He denied


title: "Mount Kenya" content: a belt of bamboo. This zone is almost continuous, but is restricted to small isolated bunches in the north because of low rainfall. The bamboo is natural, and does not require forest disturbance. Tracks are common through the bamboo. Bamboo suppresses other vegetation, so it is uncommon to find trees or other plants here. Above the bamboo is the timberline forest. The trees here are often smaller than the trees in the forests lower down the mountain. The forest here is more intact, because it is less accessible and better protected. When the trees can no longer grow the vegetation


title: "Extremely low frequency" content: exposure to ELF electric and magnetic fields (EMF) within this range of frequencies produces adverse health consequences. Some may think biological effects from acute exposure at high levels (well above 100 µT) that are explained by recognized biophysical mechanisms. External ELF magnetic fields induce electric fields and currents in the body which, at very high field strengths, cause nerve and muscle stimulation and changes in nerve cell excitability in the central nervous system. Health effects related to short-term, high-level exposure have been established and form the basis of two international exposure limit guidelines (ICNIRP, 1998; IEEE, 2002) such as 0.2-0.4


title: "Harriet Ann Jacobs" content: Carolina. In the early years of the war, abolitionists were disturbed that Lincoln directed troops "to avoid any destruction of property," and they did not know what he was going to do about slavery. Unsure of what was to come, John S. Jacobs did not want to return to the United States until the government decided to abolish slavery. Many English had strong business ties to the South; southern cotton supplied British textile mills; and in addition to economic ties, aristocrats and others had some sympathies for the South. There was a threat that Great Britain might enter the war


title: "Trey Parker" content: became a number one hit. Parker and Stone had little to do the development of video games based on the series that were released at this time, but took full creative control of "", a 2014 video game based on the series that received positive reviews and for which they shared (with Eric Fenstermaker) the 2014 "Writing In A Comedy" and Parker won the "Performance in a Comedy, Supporting" award by National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR). Broadcast syndication rights to "South Park" were sold in 2003, and all episodes are available for free full-length on-demand legal streaming


title: "Eurasian bullfinch" content: Eurasian bullfinch The Eurasian bullfinch, common bullfinch or bullfinch ("Pyrrhula pyrrhula") is a small passerine bird in the finch family, Fringillidae. In Anglophone Europe it is known simply as bullfinch, as it is the original bird to bear the name bullfinch. The Eurasian bullfinch was listed in 1758 by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Loxia pyrrhula". The Latin word "pyrrhula" comes from the Greek "πυρρός" (a flame-coloured bird, from πυρρός flame coloured, from "πυρ" fire : Pyrrha), a 'worm eating bird' that is mentioned by Aristotle. The Latin name for the species


title: "Eurasian bullfinch" content: had been used by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his "Historiae animalium" of 1555. The closest relatives of the bullfinches are in genus "Pinicola" (pine grosbeak and crimson-browed finch). Described subspecies include: The Azores bullfinch ("P. murina"), previously regarded as a subspecies of the Eurasian bullfinch, is now recognised as a distinct species. The bullfinch is a bulky bull-headed bird. The upper parts are grey; the flight feathers and short thick bill are black; as are the cap and face in adults (they are greyish-brown in juveniles), and the white rump and wing bars are striking in flight. The adult


title: "Eurasian bullfinch" content: male has red underparts, but females and young birds have grey-buff underparts. It moults between July and October, but males do not have the duller autumn plumage that is typical of some other finches. The song of this unobtrusive bird contains fluted whistles, and is often described as 'mournful'. This bird breeds across Europe and temperate Asia. It is mainly resident, but many northern birds migrate further south in the winter. Mixed woodland with some conifers is favoured for breeding, including parkland and gardens. This species does not form large flocks outside the breeding season, and is usually seen as


title: "Eurasian bullfinch" content: a pair or family group. It builds its nest in a bush, (preferably more than four metres tall and wide), mature stands of scrub, or tree, laying four to seven eggs. It is peculiar among Passeriformes for having spermatozoa with a rounded head and a blunt acrosome. The food is mainly seeds and buds of fruit trees, which can make it a pest in orchards: in England for centuries every parish paid a bounty for every bullfinch killed. Ash and hawthorn are favoured in autumn and early winter. If wild bird cover is planted for it, kale, quinoa and millet


title: "Eurasian bullfinch" content: are preferred, next to tall hedges or woodland. Eurasian bullfinch The Eurasian bullfinch, common bullfinch or bullfinch ("Pyrrhula pyrrhula") is a small passerine bird in the finch family, Fringillidae. In Anglophone Europe it is known simply as bullfinch, as it is the original bird to bear the name bullfinch. The Eurasian bullfinch was listed in 1758 by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Loxia pyrrhula". The Latin word "pyrrhula" comes from the Greek "πυρρός" (a flame-coloured bird, from πυρρός flame coloured, from "πυρ" fire : Pyrrha), a 'worm eating bird' that is mentioned


title: Hawfinch content: Hawfinch The hawfinch ("Coccothraustes coccothraustes") is a passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. Its closest living relatives are the evening grosbeak ("Hesperiphona vespertinus") from North America and the hooded grosbeak ("Hesperiphona abeillei") from Central America especially Mexico. This bird breeds across Europe and temperate Asia. It is mainly resident in Europe, but many Asian birds migrate further south in the winter. It is a rare vagrant to the western islands of Alaska. Deciduous or mixed woodland, including parkland, with large trees – especially hornbeam – is favoured for breeding. The hawfinch builds its nest in a bush or tree,


title: Hawfinch content: and lays 2-7 eggs. The food is mainly seeds and fruit kernels, especially those of cherries, which it cracks with its powerful bill. This large finch species is usually seen in a pair or small group. The 16.5–18 cm long hawfinch is a bulky bull-headed bird, which appears very short-tailed in flight. Its head is orange-brown with a black eyestripe and bib, and a massive bill, which is black in summer but paler in winter. The upper parts are dark brown and the underparts orange. The white wing bars and tail tip are striking in flight. The sexes are similar.


title: Hawfinch content: The call is a hard "chick". The song of this unobtrusive bird is quiet and mumbled. The hawfinch was described and illustrated by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his "Historiae animalium" in 1555. He used the Latin name "Coccothraustes" which is derived from the Greek: "kokkos" is a seed or kernel and "thrauō" means to break or to shatter. In 1758 Carl Linnaeus included the species in the 10th edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Loxia coccothraustes". The hawfinch was moved to a separate genus "Coccothraustes" by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. The English


title: Hawfinch content: name 'hawfinch' was used by the ornithologist Francis Willughby in 1676. Haws are the red berries of the common hawthorn "Crataegus monogyna". Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the hawfinch is closely related to other grosbeaks in the "Eophona", "Hesperiphona" and "Mycerobas" genera. Finches with large beaks in the "Rhynchostruthus" and "Rhodospiza" genera are not closely related. The similar bill morphology is the result of convergence due to the similar feeding behaviour. Fossil record: There are six recognised subspecies: The hawfinch has an overall length of , with a wingspan that ranges from . It weighs with the male being


title: Hawfinch content: on average slightly heavier than the female. It is a robust bird with a thick neck, large round head and a wide, strong conical beak with a metallic appearance. It has short pinkish legs with a light hue and it has a short tail. It has brown eyes. The plumage of the female is slightly paler than that of the male. The overall colour is light brown, its head having an orange hue to it. Its eyes have a black circle around them, extending to its beak and surrounding it at its edge. Its throat is also black. The sides


title: Hawfinch content: of its neck, as well as the back of its neck, are gray. The upper side of its wings are a deep black colour. The wings also have three stripes from approximately the middle till their sides: a white, a brown and a blue stripe. Adults moults between July and September. The hawfinch is distributed in the whole of Europe, Eastern Asia (including North Japan), the North of Africa (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria). It has also been sighted in Alaska, but this is reported as an accidental presence. It is not found in Iceland, parts of the British Isles, Scandinavia


title: Hawfinch content: nor certain Mediterranean islands. It is however found in the South, such as in Spain and Bulgaria, as well as in central Europe, including parts of England and the South of Sweden. In Asia it can be found in the Caucasus, the North of Iran, Afghanistan, Turkistan, Siberia, Manchuria and North Korea. The hawfinch typically inhabits deciduous forests during the spring to have offspring, often in trees that bear fruit, such as oak trees. They also incur into human areas, such as parks and gardens. They can also be found in pine woods, as long as there's a source of


title: Hawfinch content: water in the vicinity. During autumn and winter they seek food-providing forests, especially those with cherry and plum trees. As for height, the hawfinch is present in any altitude up to that which is limited by the size of the trees. In the 18th century, the hawfinch was recorded as only a rare winter visitor in Britain. The first breeding record was early in the 19th century; by the early 1830s, a well-documented colony was established at Epping Forest in Essex, and breeding was also recorded in other counties east and south of London. Further expansion of the range continued


title: Hawfinch content: through the 19th and 20th centuries, with breeding occurring as far north as Aberdeenshire by 1968–1972. Peak numbers were in the period 1983–1990. Subsequently, there has been a significant decline of between 37% and 45% between 1990–1999. Southeast England is the stronghold of the hawfinch in Britain. One well-known site is Bedgebury Pinetum, where flocks gather to roost in winter. The species is also found in the New Forest; a central roost site exists here, at the Blackwater Arboretum. The only Sussex stronghold is at Westdean Woods in West Sussex. While in Surrey they are regularly seen at Bookham Common


title: Hawfinch content: in winter. Formerly the hawfinch were regularly encountered in the Windsor Great Park area in winter though no sizeable gatherings have been reported since the mid-1990s. The recent (2007–11) BTO Bird Atlas shows no evidence of the hawfinch breeding anywhere in this area, the reasons are unclear. In Devon (Southwest England), the hawfinch is largely confined to the upper Teign Valley. In Western England and Wales, two areas in which hawfinch reliably occurs are the Forest of Dean and the Wyre Forest. In Eastern England the hawfinch is present in the Breckland of East Anglia. In Northern England, hawfinches are


title: Hawfinch content: regularly found in a small number of locations. Prime sites include Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire and Hulne Park in Northumberland. Hawfinches can be seen at Cromford Derbyshire near the canal and at Clumber Park (Nottinghamshire) near the chapel. In Scotland, Scone Palace near Perth is the most well-known site in Scotland for hawfinch. Formerly, they also occurred in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. In Ireland they are an annual winter visitor in small numbers: they are most often seen at Curraghchase Forest Park in County Limerick, where a flock of between 15 and 30 birds occurs each winter. The hawfinch


title: Hawfinch content: is a shy species, and therefore difficult to observe and study. It spends most of the day on top of high branches, above all during breeding season. During the course of the hawfinch's life it can only be seen on the ground while looking for seeds or drinking water, always near trees. While drinking and eating it is fairly aggressive and dominant, towards both its same species or different ones, even bigger birds. It guards a quite small territory when chicks are born, however when not bearing any offspring it is known to guard entire woods. This is interpreted as


title: Hawfinch content: an evolutionary advantage, given colony rearing is seen as safer against nest predators. Hawfinches first breed when they are one year old. They are monogamous with a pair-bond that sometimes persists from one year to the next. Pair-formation takes place before the breakup of the wintering flocks. The date for breeding is dependent on the spring temperature and is earlier in southwest Europe and later in the northeast. In Britain most clutches are laid between late April and late June. Hawfinches engage in an elaborate series of courtship routines. The two birds stand apart facing one another and reach out


title: Hawfinch content: to touch their bills. The male displays to the female by standing erect, puffing out the feathers on his head, neck and chest and allowing his wings to droop forward. He then makes a deep bow. The male will also lower a wing and moves it in a semi-circular arc revealing his wing bars and modified wing feathers. The breeding pairs are usually solitary but they occasionally breed in loose groups. The nest is normally located high in a tree on a horizontal branch with easy access from the air. The male chooses the site of the nest and builds


title: Hawfinch content: a layer of dry twigs. After a few days the female takes over. The nest is untidy and is formed of a bulky twig base and a shallow cup lined with roots, grasses and lichens. The eggs are laid in early morning at daily intervals. The clutch is normally 4-5 eggs. There is considerable variable in the colour and shape of the eggs. They have purple brown and pale grey squiggles on a background that can be buff, grey-green or pale blueish. The average size is with a calculated weight of . The eggs are incubated for 11–13 days by


title: Hawfinch content: the female. The nestlings are fed by both parents who regurgitate seeds but also bring mouthfuls of caterpillars. Initially the male normally passes the food to the female who feeds the chicks but as they grow bigger both adults feed them directly. The female broods the chicks while they are in the nest. They fledge after 12–14 days and the young birds become independent of their parents around 30 days later. The parents generally only raise a single brood each year. The hawfinch is highly unusual among cardueline finches in that the male bird chooses the nest site and starts


title: Hawfinch content: the construction. In other species the female performs these roles. The hawfinch is also unusual in that the nest is kept clean by the parents removing the faecal sacs of the nestlings right up to the time when the chicks fledge. This behaviour is shared by the Eurasian bullfinch but most finches cease to remove the faecal material after the first few days. The annual survival rate is not known. The maximum age obtained from ring-recovery data is 12 years and 7 months for a bird in Germany. The hawfinch feeds primarily on hard seeds from trees, as well as


title: Hawfinch content: fruit seeds, which it obtains with the help of its strong beak with accompanying jaw muscles. Its jaw muscles exert a force equivalent to a load of approximately 30–48 kg. Thus it can break through the seeds of cherries and plums. Other common sources of food include pine seeds, berries, sprouts and the occasional caterpillar and beetle. They can also break through olive seeds. The bird is known to eat in groups, especially during the winter. Its flight is quick and its trajectory is straight over short distances. During long flights periodical undulations can be observed in their flight pattern.


title: Hawfinch content: While on the ground scavenging it hops, and they are quick to fly away at the slightest noise. They are observed to catch insects mid-flight. They fly up to a height of 200 m and they are seen to fly in groups, as well as alone. The hawfinch is a partial migrant, with northern flocks migrating towards the South during the winter, as shown by ringing techniques. These same studies showed that those hawfinches inhabiting habitats with a temperate climate would often have sedentary behaviour. The European population of the hawfinch is estimated to be between 7,200,000 and 12,600,000 individuals.


title: Hawfinch content: Assuming that the European range is between 25 percent and 49 percent of the global range, a tentative figure for the global population size is 14,700,000-50,400,000 individuals. States with large populations include Romania (500,000-1,000,000 pairs), Croatia (250,000-500,000 pairs) and Germany (200,000-365,000 pairs). Although the global population appears to be stable, the population within the United Kingdom underwent a 76 percent reduction between 1968 and 2011. In 2013 it was estimated that there were only 500-1000 breeding pairs. The reasons for this decline are not understood. Given the high numbers and huge breeding area, the hawfinch is classified by the International


title: Hawfinch content: Union for Conservation of Nature as being of least concern. Hawfinch The hawfinch ("Coccothraustes coccothraustes") is a passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. Its closest living relatives are the evening grosbeak ("Hesperiphona vespertinus") from North America and the hooded grosbeak ("Hesperiphona abeillei") from Central America especially Mexico. This bird breeds across Europe and temperate Asia. It is mainly resident in Europe, but many Asian birds migrate further south in the winter. It is a rare vagrant to the western islands of Alaska. Deciduous or mixed woodland, including parkland, with large trees – especially hornbeam – is favoured for breeding.


title: "European Social Forum" content: European Social Forum The European Social Forum (ESF) was a recurring conference held by members of the alter-globalization movement (also known as the Global Justice Movement). In the first few years after it started in 2002 the conference was held every year, but later it became biannual due to difficulties with finding host countries. The conference was last held in 2010. It aims to allow social movements, trade unions, NGOs, refugees, peace and anti-imperial groups, anti-racist movements, environmental movements, networks of the excluded and community campaigns from Europe and the world to come together and discuss themes linked to major


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: Eurasian siskin The Eurasian siskin ("Spinus spinus") is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It is also called the European siskin, common siskin or just siskin. Other (archaic) names include "black-headed goldfinch", "barley bird" and "aberdevine". It is very common throughout Europe and Asia. It is found in forested areas, both coniferous and mixed woodland where it feeds on seeds of all kinds, especially of alder and conifers. It can be distinguished from other similar finches by the color of the plumage. The upper parts are greyish green and the under parts grey-streaked white. Its wings are


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: black with a conspicuous yellow wing bar, and the tail is black with yellow sides. The male has a mainly yellow face and breast, with a neat black cap. Female and young birds have a greyish green head and no cap. It is a trusting, sociable and active bird. The song of this bird is a pleasant mix of twitters and trills. For these reasons it is often raised in captivity. These birds have an unusual migration pattern as every few years in winter they migrate southwards in large numbers. The reasons for this behaviour are not known but may


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: be related to climatic factors and above all the availability of food. In this way overwintering populations can thrive where food is abundant. This small finch is an acrobatic feeder, often hanging upside-down like a tit. It will visit garden bird feeding stations. The siskin was first was described by Linnaeus in 1758 as "Fringilla spinus", in the 10th edition of "Systema Naturae". In 1760, Brisson described the genus "Carduelis", where this species was then placed. Recent taxonomic studies suggest placing it in the genus "Spinus". The scientific name "Spinus" is from the Ancient Greek "spinos", a name for a


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: now-unidentifiable bird. The English name is from German dialect "sisschen" or "zeischen", Despite being found across a wide area it is a monotypic species, that is, there are no distinct subspecies. This could be explained by a number of factors, such as spatial variability of individuals in breeding areas between years, the large overwintering area which supposes a constant genetic interchange, and females having a number of clutches of eggs in one breeding season, each in a different place. The phylogeny has been obtained by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. This bird may have reached America either from Asia or from


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: Europe (Greenland/Iceland). It is the extant parental species of one of the Spinus/Carduelis three evolutive North American radiations of atriceps, pinus and dominicenses finches. It has been recorded both in the Aleutian Islands and the East: the Labrador Peninsula and St. Lawrence River mouth (Canada). This raises the possibility that this bird entered (or may still try to enter) America through Greenland/Iceland from Western Europe. The siskin is a small, short-tailed bird, in length with a wingspan that ranges from . It weighs between . The bird's appearance shows sexual dimorphism. The male has a greyish green back; yellow rump;


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: the sides of the tail are yellow and the end is black; the wings are black with a distinctive yellow wing stripe; its breast is yellowish becoming whiter and striped towards the cloaca; it has a black bib (or chin patch) and on its head it has two yellow auriculas and a black cap. The amount of black on the bib is very variable between males and the size of the bib has been related to dominance within a flock. The plumage of the female is more olive-coloured than the male. The cap and the auriculas are greenish with a


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: white bib and a rump that is a slightly striped whitish yellow. The young have a similar colouration to the females, with drab colours and a more subdued plumage. The shape of the siskin's beak is determined by its feeding habits. It is strong although it is also slender in order to pick up the seeds on which they feed. The legs and feet are dark brown and the eyes are black. It has a rapid and bounding flight pattern that is similar to other finches. The siskin is easy to recognize, but in some instances it can be confused


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: with other finches such as the citril finch, the greenfinch or the European serin. The European siskin, in many plumages, is a bright bird. Adult male European siskins are bright green and yellow with a black cap, and an unstreaked throat and breast. Adult females also usually have green and yellow plumage tones: for example, yellow in the supercilium and on the sides of the breast, green tones in the mantle and yellow in the rump. The ground colour of the underparts of European siskin is normally pure white. In females and juveniles, the centre of the belly and lower


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: breast are often largely or entirely unstreaked. The wingbars of European siskin are broad and yellow (with the tips white) and the bill is short with a decurved culmen. This species can be found across the greater part of Eurasia and the north of Africa. Its breeding area is separated into two zones, each side of the Palearctic ecozone: the east coast of Asia and the central and northern part of Europe. These birds can be found throughout the year in Central Europe and some mountain ranges in the south of the continent. They are present in the north of


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: Scandinavia and in Russia and they over-winter in the Mediterranean basin and the area around the Black Sea. In China they breed in the Khingan Mountains of Inner Mongolia and in Jiangsu province; they spend summer in Tibet, Taiwan, the valleys of the lower Yangtse River and the south east coast. The Eurasian siskin is occasionally seen in North America. There is also a similar and closely related North America counterpart, the pine siskin, "Spinus pinus". Their seasonal distribution is also marked by the fact that they follow an anomalous migration pattern. Every few years they migrate southwards in larger


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: numbers and the overwintering populations in the Iberian Peninsula are greatly augmented. This event has been the object of diverse theories, one theory suggests that it occurs in the years when Norway Spruce produces abundant fruit in the centre and north of Europe, causing populations to increase. An alternative theory is that greater migration occurs when the preferred food of alder or birch seed fails. This species will form large flocks outside the breeding season, often mixed with redpolls. It is a bird that does not remain for long in one area but which varies the areas it used for


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: breeding, feeding, over-wintering from one year to the next. Its habitat is forested areas at a particular altitude on a mountain side and they have a certain predilection for humid areas. Coniferous woodland, especially Spruce, is favoured for breeding. It builds its nest in a tree, laying 2–6 eggs. The British range of this once local breeder has expanded greatly due to an increase in commercial conifer plantations. The siskin also breeds in mixed woodland; while in winter they prefer stubble and crops and areas containing trees with seeds. They are very active and restless birds. They are also very


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: social, forming small cohesive flocks especially in autumn and winter. They are fairly trusting of humans, it being possible to observe them from a short distance. During the breeding season, however, they are much more timid, solitary and difficult to observe. For this reason there is a German legend which says that siskins guard a magic stone in their nests that makes them invisible. It is one of the few species which has been described as exhibiting "allofeeding"' behavior, this is where subordinates (of the same sex) regurgitate food for the dominant members of the group, which creates a strong


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: cohesion in the flocks and implies a hierarchical structure within the group. The siskin is mainly a granivore although it varies its diet depending on the season. It feeds in trees avoiding eating on the ground. In autumn and winter its diet is based on the seeds of deciduous trees such as birch and above all alder. They also visit cultivated areas and pasture where they join with other finches in eating the seeds of various "Compositae" such as thistles, dandelions, "Artemisia", knapweeds and other herbaceous plants such as St. John's wort, meadowsweet and sorrel. In spring, during the breeding


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: season, they are found in coniferous forests. At this time their feeding is based on the seeds of these trees, especially on trees belonging to the genera "Abies", "Picea" and "Larix". They also feed on elms and poplars. When feeding the young they eat more insects, mainly beetles, as the proteins they contain help the chicks to grow. In summer their feeding is more varied, adding other herbaceous plants to their diet of conifer seeds: goosefoots and other Compositae. Pairs are generally formed during the winter period before migration. The males compete aggressively for the females. As part of the


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: courtship the male plumps up the feathers of the pileus and rump, making itself bigger, extending the tail and singing repeatedly. They also make mating flights from tree to tree, although they are not as eye-catching as the flights of the other finches. They construct a nest that is generally located at the end of a relatively high branch in a conifer, such that the nest is reasonably hidden and difficult to see. On the Iberian Peninsula they make their nests in "afirs," Scotch pine and Corsican pine. They form small colonies of up to six pairs with the nests


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: located near to each other. The nest is small and bowl-shaped. It is made from small twigs, dried grasses, moss and lichen and lined with down. The first brood is born in mid-April. The female lays between 2 and 6 eggs. The eggs are white or light grey or light blue, with small brown spots and they are approximately 16.5mm by 12mm in size. Incubation takes between 10 and 14 days and is carried out entirely by the female. The chicks are altricial and nidicolous. They leave the nest after 15 days in a semi-feathered condition. They then remain close


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: to the nest area for up to a month when, with their plumage now complete, they disperse. The siskin usually has a second brood, from the middle of June up to the middle of July. This bird has two calls, both powerful but conflicting, one is descending and the other is ascending, their onomatopoeic sounds can be represented as ""tilu"" and ""tluih"". On occasions they also issue a harsh rattling chirrup. The song is similar to the other finches, a smooth and rapid twitter and trill with a long duration and which is occasionally interrupted by a stronger of shorter


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: syllable. Siskins sing throughout the year and often in groups. The worldwide population of the siskin is estimated as between 20 and 36 million. The European population is estimated as between 2.7 and 15 million pairs. There does not seem to be a major decline in population numbers and for this reason the IUCN has listed their conservation status as Least Concern. The siskin appears in Annex II of the Berne Convention as a protected bird species. Like many of the finches the siskin is valued by aviculturalists as a domestic bird for its song and appearance. They do not


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: require specific care and adapt well to captivity, although they do not breed well in captivity. There are no specific diseases that affect the species, although they can show certain intestinal pathologies associated with a poor diet. They live for between 11 and 14 years, in sharp contrast to the 2 or 3 years it is estimated they live in the wild. They form hybrids with some other finches (for example canaries) giving rise to intermediate species. Hybridisation also occurs in nature without human intervention. In some areas individuals that are found are the result of escapes or releases of


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: captive birds. Poland, Gibraltar, Benin and Belgium have all issued postage stamps bearing the image of the siskin. In Saint Petersburg there is a statue of a siskin, as its colours are the same as the uniform worn by the students at an elite school in the city. These students have come to be known by the sobriquet "siskin", . This term was popularised in the Russian song "Chizhik-Pyzhik". There has been a statue of siskin on the embankement by the First Engineer Bridge since 1994, though it has been stolen and replaced multiple times. There is a Czech folk


title: "Eurasian siskin" content: song/dance/game "Čížečku, čížečku", in which the siskin is the source of the lore on what happens with the poppy. Elif Shafrak, in the novel "Three Daughters of Eve," mentioned a siskin in a pivotal scene in which the heroine, Peri, meets the charismatic and controversial Professor Azur. When Peri entered Professor Azur's office, she found a siskin with yellow-green feathers and a forked tail trapped amid the shelves and stacks of books. Eurasian siskin The Eurasian siskin ("Spinus spinus") is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It is also called the European siskin, common siskin or just


title: "Origin of the Romanians" content: between the ancient Dacians and modern Romanians. They also highlight the importance of the massive and organized colonization of Dacia Traiana. One of them, Coriolan H. Opreanu underlines that "nowhere else has anyone defied reason by stating that a [Romance] people, twice as numerous as any of its neighbours..., is only accidentally inhabiting the territory of a former Roman province, once home to a numerous and strongly Romanized population". With the colonists coming from many provinces and living side by side with the natives, Latin must have emerged as their common language. The Dacians willingly adopted the conquerors' superior culture


title: "Broad-winged hawk" content: Broad-winged hawk The broad-winged hawk ("Buteo platypterus") is a small hawk of the genus "Buteo". During the summer, some subspecies are distributed over eastern North America, as far west as British Columbia and Texas; they then migrate south to winter in the neotropics from Mexico south to southern Brazil. Other subspecies are all-year residents on Caribbean islands. As in most raptors, females are slightly larger than males. Broad-winged hawks' wings are relatively short and broad with a tapered, somewhat pointed appearance. The two types of colouration are a dark morph with fewer white areas and a light morph that is


title: "Broad-winged hawk" content: more pale overall. Although the broad-winged hawk's numbers are relatively stable, populations are declining in some parts of its breeding range because of forest fragmentation. The broad-winged hawk is a relatively small "Buteo", with a body size from in length and weighing . The tail is relatively short, measuring in length. The tarsus measures from . As in most raptors, females are slightly larger than males. Broad-winged hawks have relatively short and broad wings, pointed at the end, which have a tapered appearance unique to the species. The wingspan can range from , with the extended wing bone (standard measurement)


title: "Broad-winged hawk" content: measuring . An adult's body is a dark brown with a white belly and chest containing horizontal barring. Its tail can be a dark grey-black with white lines along the middle, base, and tip. The young hawks have a slightly different colouring with more white and longitudinal barring instead of horizontal barring. The two types of colouration are a dark morph with fewer white areas and a light morph that is more pale overall. The light morph of this bird is most likely to be confused with the red-shouldered hawk, but it has a longer, more heavily barred tail and


title: "Broad-winged hawk" content: wings with a solid rufous colour in the adult, which are usually distinctive. Rare dark morphs are a darker brown on both upperparts and underparts. Dark-morph short-tailed hawks are similar, but are whitish under the tail with a single subterminal band. This species, "Buteo platypterus", is in the family Accipitridae, which is placed in the order Falconiformes (or Accipitriformes). Currently, the species is split into six subspecies; each is named for its distribution, Broad-winged hawks have a wide range in North America and South America, from southern Canada to southern Brazil. Their breeding range is in the northern and eastern