title: "French people" content: to French values and cultural norms. Nowadays, while the government has let newcomers retain their distinctive cultures since the mid-1980s and requires from them a mere integration, French citizens still equate their nationality with citizenship as does French law. In addition to mainland France, French people and people of French descent can be found internationally, in overseas departments and territories of France such as the French West Indies ("French Caribbean"), and in foreign countries with significant French-speaking population groups or not, such as Switzerland ("French Swiss"), the United States ("French Americans"), Canada ("French Canadians"), Argentina ("French Argentines"), Brazil ("French Brazilians"),


title: "Messier 47" content: Messier 47 Messier 47 (M47 or NGC 2422) is an open cluster in the constellation Puppis. It was discovered by Giovanni Batista Hodierna before 1654 and independently discovered by Charles Messier on February 19, 1771. It was later independently discovered again, under the current name NGC 2422. There is actually no cluster in the position indicated by Messier, which he expressed in terms of its right ascension and declination with respect to the star 2 Puppis. However, if the signs of Messier's coordinate differences are changed, the position matches that of NGC 2422. Until the equivalency of M47 with NGC


title: Hemp content: between the two types of plants are the appearance, and the amount of Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) secreted in a resinous mixture by epidermal hairs called glandular trichomes, although they can also be distinguished genetically. Oilseed and fiber varieties of "Cannabis" approved for industrial hemp production produce only minute amounts of this psychoactive drug, not enough for any physical or psychological effects. Typically, hemp contains below 0.3% THC, while cultivars of "Cannabis" grown for medicinal or recreational use can contain anywhere from 2% to over 20%. Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand. The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm


title: "Salvia mellifera" content: Salvia mellifera Salvia mellifera (black sage) is a small, highly aromatic, evergreen shrub of the genus "Salvia" (the sages) native to California, and Baja California, Mexico. It is common in the coastal sage scrub of Southern California and northern Baja California. Black sage has a dark appearance, especially during drought. Black sage is a perennial shrub that grows approximately tall. It is covered with simple hairs with some glandular hairs, which makes it highly aromatic. The leaves are oblong-elliptic to obovate in shape and are about long. The upper surface of the leaf is somewhat glabrous, while the lower surface


title: "Salvia mellifera" content: of the leaf is hairy. The inflorescence occurs in wide clusters. The flowers are usually a pale blue or lavender color, and rarely a pale rose color. The upper lip of the flower is 2-lobed. The style and stamens are slightly exserted. The fruit produced by the black sage is a schizocarp composed of four brown nutlets. Black sage grows in the coastal sage scrub and lower chaparral plant communities. It occurs from sea level to elevation. Black sage is able to grow on a variety of different soils, including sandstone, shale, granite, serpentinite, and gabbro or basalt. It is


title: "Salvia mellifera" content: semi-deciduous, depending on the location and severity of drought, shallow rooted, and drought tolerant by leaf curling rather than drought-avoiding through leaf drop. Black sage readily hybridizes with three other coastal scrub "Salvias": "Salvia apiana" (white sage), "Salvia leucophylla", and "Salvia clevelandii". It rarely hybridizes with the annuals "Salvia columbariae" and "Salvia carduacea". The Chumash people used a strong sun tea of the leaves and stems of the plant. This was rubbed on the painful area or used to soak one's feet. The plant contains diterpenoids, such as aethiopinone and ursolic acid, that are pain relievers. The Black Sage also


title: "Salvia mellifera" content: produces a nectar that Black Sage honey is made from. This honey is typically peppery and strong, and is prized as a rare honey due to the plant's dry climate. Black Sage honey can only be made when specific rain conditions are met and the plant produces enough nectar. Salvia mellifera Salvia mellifera (black sage) is a small, highly aromatic, evergreen shrub of the genus "Salvia" (the sages) native to California, and Baja California, Mexico. It is common in the coastal sage scrub of Southern California and northern Baja California. Black sage has a dark appearance, especially during drought. Black


title: "Alarm management" content: meant BAD.) Panel boards were usually laid out in a manner that replicated the process flow in the plant. So instrumentation indicating operating units with the plant was grouped together for recognition sake and ease of problem solution. It was a simple matter to look at the entire panel board, and discern whether any section of the plant was running poorly. This was due to both the design of the instruments and the implementation of the alarms associated with the instruments. Instrumentation companies put a lot of effort into the design and individual layout of the instruments they manufactured. To


title: "University of South Carolina" content: total of eleven buildings, all facing a large lush gathering area. In 1807, the original President's House was the next building to be erected. The building now known as DeSaussure College followed shortly thereafter, and the remaining eight buildings were constructed over the next several decades. When completed, all eleven buildings formed a U-shape open to Sumter Street. This modified quadrangle became known as the Horseshoe. As with other southern universities in the antebellum period, the most important organizations for students were the two literary societies, the Clariosophic Society and the Euphradian Society. These two societies, which arose from a


title: Fireplace content: Fenders are low metal frames set in front of the fireplace to contain embers, soot and ash. For fireplace tending, tools include pokers, bellows, tongs, shovels, brushes and tool stands. Other wider accessories can include log baskets, companion sets, coal buckets, cabinet accessories and more. Ancient fire pits were sometimes built in the ground, within caves, or in the center of a hut or dwelling. Evidence of prehistoric, man-made fires exists on all five inhabited continents. The disadvantage of early indoor fire pits was that they produced toxic and/or irritating smoke inside the dwelling. Fire pits developed into raised hearths


title: "Weighing scale" content: Weighing scale A weighing scale (or weighing balance) is devices to measure weight or mass. They are also known as mass scales, weight scales, mass balance, weight balance, or simply scale, balance, or balance scale. The traditional scale consists of two plates or bowls suspended at equal distance of a fulcrum. One plate holds an object of unknown mass (or weight), while known masses are added to the other plate until static equilibrium is achieved and the plates level off, which happens when the mass on each plates is equal. A spring scale will make use of a spring of


title: "Weighing scale" content: known stiffness to determine mass (or weight). Suspending a certain mass will extend the spring by a certain amount depending on the spring's stiffness (or spring constant). The heavier the object, the more the spring stretches, as described in Hooke's law. Other types of scale making use of different physical principles also exist. Some of scales can be calibrated to read in units of force (weight) such as newtons instead of units of mass such as kilograms. Scales and balances are widely used in commerce and many are sold and packaged by mass. The balance scale is such a simple


title: "Weighing scale" content: device that its usage likely far predates the evidence. What has allowed archaeologists to link artifacts to weighing scales are the stones for determining absolute mass. The balance scale itself was probably used to determine relative mass long before absolute mass. The oldest evidence for the existence of weighing scales dates to c. 2400–1800 B.C. in the Indus River valley (modern-day Pakistan). Prior to that, no banking was performed due to lack of scales. Uniform, polished stone cubes discovered in early settlements were probably used as mass-setting stones in balance scales. Although the cubes bear no markings, their masses are


title: "Weighing scale" content: multiples of a common denominator. The cubes are made of many different kinds of stones with varying densities. Clearly their mass, not their size or other characteristics, was a factor in sculpting these cubes. In Egypt, scales can be traced to around 1878 B.C., but their usage probably extends much earlier. Carved stones bearing marks denoting mass and the Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol for gold have been discovered, which suggests that Egyptian merchants had been using an established system of mass measurement to catalog gold shipments or gold mine yields. Although no actual scales from this era have survived, many sets


title: "Weighing scale" content: of weighing stones as well as murals depicting the use of balance scales suggest widespread usage. In China, the earliest weighing balance excavated was from a tomb of the State of Chu of the Chinese Warring States Period dating back to the 3rd to 4th century BC in Mount Zuojiagong near Changsha, Hunan. The balance was made of wood and used bronze masses. Variations on the balance scale, including devices like the cheap and inaccurate "bismar" (unequal-armed scales), began to see common usage by c. 400 B.C. by many small merchants and their customers. A plethora of scale varieties each


title: "Weighing scale" content: boasting advantages and improvements over one another appear throughout recorded history, with such great inventors as Leonardo da Vinci lending a personal hand in their development. Even with all the advances in weighing scale design and development, all scales until the seventeenth century AD were variations on the balance scale. The standardization of the weights used – and ensuring traders used the correct weights – was a considerable preoccupation of governments throughout this time. The original form of a balance consisted of a beam with a fulcrum at its center. For highest accuracy, the fulcrum would consist of a sharp


title: "Weighing scale" content: V-shaped pivot seated in a shallower V-shaped bearing. To determine the mass of the object, a combination of reference masses was hung on one end of the beam while the object of unknown mass was hung on the other end (see balance and steelyard balance). For high precision work, such as empirical chemistry, the center beam balance is still one of the most accurate technologies available, and is commonly used for calibrating test masses. The balance (also balance scale, beam balance and laboratory balance) was the first mass measuring instrument invented. In its traditional form, it consists of a pivoted


title: "Weighing scale" content: horizontal lever with arms of equal lengththe beamand a weighing pan suspended from each arm (hence the plural name ""scales" for a weighing instrument). The unknown mass is placed in one pan and standard masses are added to the other pan until the beam is as close to equilibrium as possible. In precision balances, a more accurate determination of the mass is given by the position of a sliding mass moved along a graduated scale. Technically, a balance compares weight rather than mass, but, in a given gravitational field (such as Earth's gravity), the weight of an object is proportional


title: "Weighing scale" content: to its mass, so the standard masses used with balances are usually labeled in units of mass (e.g. g or kg). Unlike spring-based scales, balances are used for the precision measurement of mass as their accuracy is not affected by variations in the local gravitational field. (On Earth, for example, these can amount to ±0.5% between locations.) A change in the strength of the gravitational field caused by moving the balance does not change the measured mass, because the moments of force on either side of the beam are affected equally. A balance will render an accurate measurement of mass


title: "Weighing scale" content: at any location experiencing a constant gravity or acceleration. Very precise measurements are achieved by ensuring that the balance's fulcrum is essentially friction-free (a knife edge is the traditional solution), by attaching a pointer to the beam which amplifies any deviation from a balance position; and finally by using the lever principle, which allows fractional masses to be applied by movement of a small mass along the measuring arm of the beam, as described above. For greatest accuracy, there needs to be an allowance for the buoyancy in air, whose effect depends on the densities of the masses involved. To


title: "Weighing scale" content: reduce the need for large reference masses, an off-center beam can be used. A balance with an off-center beam can be almost as accurate as a scale with a center beam, but the off-center beam requires special reference masses and cannot be intrinsically checked for accuracy by simply swapping the contents of the pans as a center-beam balance can. To reduce the need for small graduated reference masses, a sliding weight called a poise can be installed so that it can be positioned along a calibrated scale. A poise adds further intricacies to the calibration procedure, since the exact mass


title: "Weighing scale" content: of the poise must be adjusted to the exact lever ratio of the beam. For greater convenience in placing large and awkward loads, a platform can be "floated" on a cantilever beam system which brings the proportional force to a "noseiron" bearing; this pulls on a "stilyard rod" to transmit the reduced force to a conveniently sized beam. One still sees this design in portable beam balances of 500 kg capacity which are commonly used in harsh environments without electricity, as well as in the lighter duty mechanical bathroom scale (which actually uses a spring scale, internally). The additional pivots


title: "Weighing scale" content: and bearings all reduce the accuracy and complicate calibration; the float system must be corrected for corner errors before the span is corrected by adjusting the balance beam and poise. In 1669 the Frenchman Gilles Personne de Roberval presented a new kind of balance scale to the French Academy of Sciences. This scale consisted of a pair of vertical columns separated by a pair of equal-length arms and pivoting in the center of each arm from a central vertical column, creating a parallelogram. From the side of each vertical column a peg extended. To the amazement of observers, no matter


title: "Weighing scale" content: where Roberval hung two equal weight along the peg, the scale still balanced. In this sense, the scale was revolutionary: it evolved into the more-commonly encountered form consisting of two pans placed on vertical column located above the fulcrum and the parallelogram below them. The advantage of the Roberval design is that no matter where equal weights are placed in the pans, the scale will still balance. Further developments have included a "gear balance" in which the parallelogram is replaced by any odd number of interlocking gears greater than one, with alternating gears of the same size and with the


title: "Weighing scale" content: central gear fixed to a stand and the outside gears fixed to pans, as well as the "sprocket gear balance" consisting of a bicycle-type chain looped around an odd number of sprockets with the central one fixed and the outermost two free to pivot and attached to a pan. Because it has more moving joints which add friction, the Roberval balance is consistently less accurate than the traditional beam balance, but for many purposes this is compensated for by its usability. A microbalance is an instrument capable of making precise measurements of mass of objects of relatively small mass: of


title: "Weighing scale" content: the order of a million parts of a gram. An analytical balance is a class of balance designed to measure small mass in the sub-milligram range. The measuring pan of an analytical balance (0.1 mg or better) is inside a transparent enclosure with doors so that dust does not collect and so any air currents in the room do not affect the balance's operation. This enclosure is often called a draft shield. The use of a mechanically vented balance safety enclosure, which has uniquely designed acrylic airfoils, allows a smooth turbulence-free airflow that prevents balance fluctuation and the measure of


title: "Weighing scale" content: mass down to 1 μg without fluctuations or loss of product. Also, the sample must be at room temperature to prevent natural convection from forming air currents inside the enclosure from causing an error in reading. Single-pan mechanical substitution balance maintains consistent response throughout the useful capacity is achieved by maintaining a constant load on the balance beam, thus the fulcrum, by subtracting mass on the same side of the beam to which the sample is added. Electronic analytical scales measure the force needed to counter the mass being measured rather than using actual masses. As such they must have


title: "Weighing scale" content: calibration adjustments made to compensate for gravitational differences. They use an electromagnet to generate a force to counter the sample being measured and outputs the result by measuring the force needed to achieve balance. Such measurement device is called electromagnetic force restoration sensor. Pendulum type scales do not use springs. This design uses pendulums and operates as a balance and is unaffected by differences in gravity. An example of application of this design are scales made by the Toledo Scale Company. The scales (specifically, a two-pan, beam balance) are one of the traditional symbols of justice, as wielded by statues


title: "Weighing scale" content: of Lady Justice. This corresponds to the use in metaphor of matters being "held in the balance". It has its origins in ancient Egypt. Scales are also the symbol for the astrological sign Libra. Although records dating to the 1700s refer to spring scales for measuring mass, the earliest design for such a device dates to 1770 and credits Richard Salter, an early scale-maker. Spring scales came into wide usage in the United Kingdom after 1840 when R. W. Winfield developed the candlestick scale for weighing letters and packages, required after the introduction of the Uniform Penny Post. Postal workers


title: "Weighing scale" content: could work more quickly with spring scales than balance scales, because they could be read instantaneously and did not have to be carefully balanced with each measurement. By the 1940s, various electronic devices were being attached to these designs to make readings more accurate. Load cells – transducers that convert force to an electrical signal – have their beginnings as early as the late nineteenth century, but it was not until the late twentieth century that their widespread usage became economically and technologically viable. A mechanical scale or balance is used to describe a weighing device that is used to


title: "Weighing scale" content: measure the mass, force exertion, tension and resistance of an object without the need of a power supply. Types of mechanical scale include spring scales, hanging scales, triple beam balances and force gauges. A spring scale measures mass by reporting the distance that a spring deflects under a load. This contrasts to a "balance", which compares the torque on the arm due to a sample weight to the torque on the arm due to a standard reference mass using a horizontal lever. Spring scales measure force, which is the tension force of constraint acting on an object, opposing the local


title: "Weighing scale" content: force of gravity. They are usually calibrated so that measured force translates to mass at earth's gravity. The object to be weighed can be simply hung from the spring or set on a pivot and bearing platform. In a spring scale, the spring either stretches (as in a hanging scale in the produce department of a grocery store) or compresses (as in a simple bathroom scale). By Hooke's law, every spring has a proportionality constant that relates how hard it is pulled to how far it stretches. Weighing scales use a spring with a known spring constant (see Hooke's law)


title: "Weighing scale" content: and measure the displacement of the spring by any variety of mechanisms to produce an estimate of the gravitational force applied by the object. Rack and pinion mechanisms are often used to convert the linear spring motion to a dial reading. Spring scales have two sources of error that balances do not: the measured mass varies with the strength of the local gravitational force (by as much as 0.5% at different locations on Earth), and the elasticity of the measurement spring can vary slightly with temperature. With proper manufacturing and setup, however, spring scales can be rated as legal for


title: "Weighing scale" content: commerce. To remove the temperature error, a commerce-legal spring scale must either have temperature-compensated springs or be used at a fairly constant temperature. To eliminate the effect of gravity variations, a commerce-legal spring scale must be calibrated where it is used. It is also common in high-capacity applications such as crane scales to use hydraulic force to sense mass. The test force is applied to a piston or diaphragm and transmitted through hydraulic lines to a dial indicator based on a Bourdon tube or electronic sensor. Electronic digital scales display weight as a number, usually on a liquid crystal display


title: "Weighing scale" content: (LCD). They are versatile because they may perform calculations on the measurement and transmit it to other digital devices. In a digital scale, the force of the weight causes a spring to deform, and the amount of deformation is measured by one or more transducers called strain gauges. A strain gauge is a conductor whose electrical resistance changes when its length changes. Strain gauges have limited capacity and larger digital scales may use a hydraulic transducer called a load cell instead. A voltage is applied to the device, and the weight causes the current through it to change. The current


title: "Weighing scale" content: is converted to a digital number by an analog-to-digital converter, translated by digital logic to the correct units, and displayed on the display. Usually the device is run by a microprocessor chip. A digital bathroom scale is a scale on the floor which a person stands on. The weight is shown on an LED or LCD display. The digital electronics may do more than just display weight, it may calculate body fat, BMI, lean mass, muscle mass, and water ratio. Some modern bathroom scales are wirelessly connected and have features like smartphone integration, cloud storage, and fitness tracking. They are


title: "Weighing scale" content: usually powered by a button cell, or battery of AA or AAA size. Digital kitchen scales are used for weighing food in a kitchen during cooking. These are usually light-weight and compact. In electronic versions of spring scales, the deflection of a beam supporting the unknown mass is measured using a strain gauge, which is a length-sensitive electrical resistance. The capacity of such devices is only limited by the resistance of the beam to deflection. The results from several supporting locations may be added electronically, so this technique is suitable for determining the mass of very heavy objects, such as


title: "Weighing scale" content: trucks and rail cars, and is used in a modern weighbridge. These scales are used in the modern bakery, grocery, delicatessen, seafood, meat, produce and other perishable goods departments. Supermarket scales can print labels and receipts, mark mass and count, unit price, total price and in some cases tare. Some modern supermarket scales print an RFID tag that can be used to track the item for tampering or returns. In most cases, these types of scales have a sealed calibration so that the reading on the display is correct and cannot be tampered with. In the USA, the scales are


title: "Weighing scale" content: certified by the National Type Evaluation Program (NTEP), in South Africa by the South African Bureau of Standards and in the UK by the International Organization of Legal Metrology. Most countries regulate the design and servicing of scales used for commerce. This has tended to cause scale technology to lag behind other technologies because expensive regulatory hurdles are involved in introducing new designs. Nevertheless, there has been a trend to "digital load cells" which are actually strain-gauge cells with dedicated analog converters and networking built into the cell itself. Such designs have reduced the service problems inherent with combining and


title: "Weighing scale" content: transmitting a number of 20 millivolt signals in hostile environments. Government regulation generally requires periodic inspections by licensed technicians, using masses whose calibration is traceable to an approved laboratory. Scales intended for non-trade use, such as those used in bathrooms, doctor's offices, kitchens (portion control), and price estimation (but not official price determination) may be produced, but must by law be labelled "Not Legal for Trade" to ensure that they are not re-purposed in a way that jeopardizes commercial interest. In the United States, the document describing how scales must be designed, installed, and used for commercial purposes is NIST


title: "Weighing scale" content: "Handbook 44". Legal For Trade (LFT) certification usually approve the readability as repeatability/10 to ensure a maximum margin of error of 10%. Because gravity varies by over 0.5% over the surface of the earth, the distinction between force due to gravity and mass is relevant for accurate calibration of scales for commercial purposes. Usually the goal is to measure the mass of the sample rather than its force due to gravity at that particular location. Traditional mechanical balance-beam scales intrinsically measured mass. But ordinary electronic scales intrinsically measure the gravitational force between the sample and the earth, i.e. the weight


title: "Weighing scale" content: of the sample, which varies with location. So such a scale has to be re-calibrated after installation, for that specific location, in order to obtain an accurate indication of mass. Some of the sources of error in weighing are: In 2014 a concept of hybrid scale was introduced, the elastically deformable arm scale, which is a combination between a spring scale and a beam balance, exploiting simultaneously both principles of equilibrium and deformation. In this scale, the rigid arms of a classical beam balance (for example a steelyard) are replaced with a flexible elastic rod in an inclined frictionless sliding


title: "Weighing scale" content: sleeve. The rod can reach a unique free of sliding equilibrium when two vertical dead loads (or masses) are applied at its edges. Equilibrium, which would be impossible with rigid arms, is guaranteed because configurational forces develop at the two edges of the sleeve as a consequence of both the free sliding condition and the nonlinear kinematics of the elastic rod. This mass measuring device can also work without a counterweight. Weighing scale A weighing scale (or weighing balance) is devices to measure weight or mass. They are also known as mass scales, weight scales, mass balance, weight balance, or


title: Spamalot content: of the show running in London". In July 2007 it was announced that the London production would solve the problem of replacing Hannah Waddingham as the Lady of the Lake through a TV talent show in Sweden. The programme, called West End Star, which began airing on TV3 on 8 December 2007, announced Nina Söderquist as the winner on 2 February 2008. Söderquist took up the rôle of The Lady of the Lake, with a standing ovation, on 11 February 2008. Portions of the "Spamalot" original cast recording were featured (with accompanying Flash animation) as a special feature in the


title: "MTV Unplugged (Alanis Morissette album)" content: I Would Be Good", was moderately successful, and two other tracks, "King of Pain" (a cover of the song by The Police) and "You Learn" were released as singles outside North America. As of March 2012, the album has sold 673,000 copies in the U.S. In addition to material from Morissette's first two U.S. albums, "MTV Unplugged" featured performances of "No Pressure over Cappuccino" and "Princes Familiar", two previously unreleased songs from her tours, and "These R the Thoughts", a previously released b-side. Morissette has stated that "Princes Familiar" in particular is one of her favorite and most vocally challenging


title: "Special Courts" content: the occupation and dismemberment of Poland never happened. Polish special underground courts reviewed about 10,000 to 17,000 cases of collaboration, sentenced over 3,500 individuals to death (2,500 executions were carried out; many others were sentenced to punishments like beatings or fines, or with a recommendation for review of the case after the war). There is an ongoing debate whether the World War II Polish Special Courts were lawful and obeyed the elementary laws. According to the historians working for the Institute of National Remembrance the courts fulfilled the five basic conditions: However, some German historians claim that after 1939 Poland


title: "Any Trouble" content: the final mix. While they toured the UK to support the album there were no funds available from the record company for a US tour; the album failed to chart on either side of the Atlantic. Gregson decided to throw everything into Any Trouble's second effort for EMI America, producing an ambitious double album (an 11-track single LP in the USA) that featured a mixture of new and previously recorded material to highlight the band's diverse range of material. The new release, titled "Wrong End of the Race", also failed to chart despite support from the record company. After the


title: "Jack Quinn (politician)" content: be represented by a Republican. Quinn survived in this district in large part due to the close ties he developed with organized labor, something not common with most Republicans. Quinn worked to develop those ties even while voting against several programs and initiatives early in his career, a few of which included Amtrak subsidies, Social Security, and the Low Income Home Energy Assistant Program. Despite such votes and initially being an unknown, Quinn was successful in Buffalo, much as Jack Kemp was twenty years earlier. Quinn was also viewed as being honorable, and he did not have any character issues.


title: "Kingsbridge Estuary" content: Kingsbridge Estuary The Kingsbridge Estuary (also, erroneously, known as the 'Salcombe Estuary') in the South Hams area of Devon, England runs from Kingsbridge in the north to its mouth at the English Channel near Salcombe and lies between Bolt Head and Sharpitor to the west and Portlemouth Down to the east. The estuary is some in length, with numerous side channels. Several of its creeks have independent names, including Blanksmill, Frogmore, Southpool, Batson and Bowcombe Creek (the most northerly portion of the estuary). It covers an area of 674ha of which 446 ha are inter-tidal. At high water the length


title: "Kingsbridge Estuary" content: of coast within the ria is . Although there are no major water courses entering the estuary, its total catchment area is . The estuary is an extreme example of a ria or drowned valley caused by rising sea levels rather than a true estuary. Prior to the sea level rise at the end of the last glacial period, it was the valley of a river. Its size is disproportionate to the size of the small streams which flow into it. In February 1987 the estuary was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is a Local Nature Reserve


title: "Kingsbridge Estuary" content: and lies within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Kingsbridge Estuary The Kingsbridge Estuary (also, erroneously, known as the 'Salcombe Estuary') in the South Hams area of Devon, England runs from Kingsbridge in the north to its mouth at the English Channel near Salcombe and lies between Bolt Head and Sharpitor to the west and Portlemouth Down to the east. The estuary is some in length, with numerous side channels. Several of its creeks have independent names, including Blanksmill, Frogmore, Southpool, Batson and Bowcombe Creek (the most northerly portion of the estuary). It covers an area of


title: "Audi R8" content: Audi R8 The Audi R8 is a mid-engine, 2-seater sports car, which uses Audi's trademark quattro permanent all-wheel drive system. It was introduced by the German car manufacturer Audi AG in 2006. The car is exclusively designed, developed, and manufactured by Audi AG's private subsidiary company manufacturing high performance automotive parts, Audi Sport GmbH (formerly quattro GmbH), and is based on the Lamborghini Gallardo and presently the Lamborghini Huracán platform. The fundamental construction of the R8 is based on the "Audi Space Frame", and uses an aluminium monocoque which is built using space frame principles. The car is built by


title: "Audi R8" content: Audi Sport GmbH in a newly renovated factory at Audi's 'aluminium site' at Neckarsulm in Germany. The Audi R8, based on the Audi Le Mans quattro concept car (designed by Frank Lamberty and Julian Hoenig) first appeared at the 2003 International Geneva Motor Show and the 2003 Frankfurt International Motor Show. The R8 development program began in 2004 with Lamberty's design being approved and frozen for production. In 2005, Audi announced that the name of the successful Audi R8 race car would be used for a new road car in 2007. Production body prototypes began field testing in January 2006.


title: "Audi R8" content: The R8 road car was officially launched at the Paris Auto Show on 30 September 2006. There was some confusion with the name, which the car shares with the 24 Hours of Le Mans winning R8 Le Mans Prototype (LMP). 6-time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Jacky Ickx described the R8 as "the best handling road car today". It is also the first production car with full-LED headlamps. The Audi R8 was first conceived as the Audi LeMans Quattro concept car which was presented to the public at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show, followed by the 2003 Geneva Motor


title: "Audi R8" content: Show. The car featured many unique features such as a Jet Blue exterior colour, the front curve of the front wings borrowed from an Audi TT along with Audi Nuvolari quattro GT, 20-inch wheels, a twin-turbocharged V10 FSI engine with a rated power output of and , a single-frame radiator grille, aluminium sports suspension with magnetic ride shock absorbers and dark interior colours. The body of the car made of aluminium and carbon fibre in order to keep the weight low. Another unique feature of the car were its full LED headlamps. To produce the R8 at Audi Sport GmbH,


title: "Audi R8" content: seventy workers fit 5,000 different parts by hand. The factory at Neckarsulm, redeveloped at a cost of €28 million, usually produces between eight and fifteen cars a day, up to a maximum daily output of 29 cars. Ninety-five lasers inspect the entire car in five seconds to ensure that over 220 measurements are within 0.1 millimetres of the programmed plans. In Asia, the R8 is available in Bahrain, Kuwait, Pakistan, India, Israel, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Philippines, Thailand, Hong Kong and Vietnam, and has been available in China, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia since 2008. European statistics include


title: "Audi R8" content: sales from the following countries: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland. The Audi R8 was initially equipped with a 4.2 litre V8 engine. Specifically, it is an all-aluminium alloy 32-valve (four valves per cylinder) petrol engine, utilising Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI), and has a displacement of . It develops a motive power output of , and generates of torque, on 98 RON 'Super Unleaded' petrol. It is basically the same engine used in the Audi B7


title: "Audi R8" content: RS4, but is modified to use a dry sump lubrication system. It uses two chain-driven double overhead camshafts (DOHC) per cylinder bank, and utilises variable valve timing for both inlet and exhaust camshafts. The 4 wheel drive system is biased towards the rear; it sends 30% of its power to the front wheels and 70% to the rear. Audi AG unveiled the Audi R8 V10 on December 8, 2008. It uses a 5.2 litre FSI engine, based on the unit in the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 (which in turn was based on the 5.2 FSI V10 as used in the Audi


title: "Audi R8" content: C6 S6 and Audi D3 S8), but is re-tuned to produce a power output of , and generate of torque. Compared to the V8 variant, the R8 V10's performance numbers are enhanced. Audi states the new time as only 3.9 seconds, in 8.1 seconds, and a top speed of . Other changes to the V10 version of the R8 include some aesthetic differences: such as all-LED headlights (a world-first), interior enhancements such as Bang & Olufsen 465 watt sound system, a more aggressive body styling, larger rear brakes and different wheels. Although it was rumoured by the automotive press since


title: "Audi R8" content: the announcement of the production R8 in 2006, it was only in August 2008 that spy shots of a convertible R8 "Spider" from filming scenes of the movie "Iron Man 2" were published online. The photos showed a clearly visible "soft-top" roof and the absence of the distinctive "sideblade" found on the V10 FSI coupé. The vehicle was formally unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. Compared with the coupé model, the convertible had extra chassis support, a pair of roll-over safety bars, as well as minor changes such as the location of the fuel filler cap. It was powered


title: "Audi R8" content: by the uneven firing 5.2 FSI V10 engine. The German model's launch began in first quarter of 2010, with sales started in the coming days. The UK model was sold for £111,955 OTR (manual) and £117,155 OTR (R tronic). On April 11, 2011 Autocar reported that Audi has made the 4.2 FSI V8 engine available on the R8 Spyder, alongside the 5.2L V10 engine initially fitted. The (up 14 bhp on coupé), unit now completes the R8 Spyder range alongside the V10 spyder offered. It has a 0-62 mph (0–100 km/h) time of 4.8 seconds and will go on to


title: "Audi R8" content: reach a top speed of 186 mph (300 km/h). Like the V10 model, the V8 Spyder features an aluminium spaceframe with carbon composite construction and an automatic retractable folding cloth roof. The R8 V12 TDI (later renamed the R8 TDI Le Mans) is a concept car based on the R8 V8 Coupé with a twin-turbocharged V12 Diesel engine rated at and at 1,750-3,000 rpm with Euro 6 emissions standard compliance via oxidizing catalyst and Diesel particulate filter, matt Grace Silver and brilliant red metallic body colours, 6-speed manual transmission with small-diameter double-plate clutch, quattro permanent all-wheel drive and ratio of


title: "Audi R8" content: 40:60. The car also had many unique body features such as rhombus-pattern cover on the air inlets and outlets, continuous aluminum lip spoiler, glass roof with two large transparent sections, glazed engine compartment behind the seats, NACA duct in the middle of the roof for cooling of the bigger V12 engine, optional carbon fibre lining of the engine compartment, LED headlights with color temperature of 6,000 kelvin, three-spoke flat bottom diecast magnesium core sport steering wheel upholstered in Valcona leather, aluminum application on the center console, 24-piston (total) brake calipers (red six-piston monobloc aluminum front calipers, fixed rear calipers) and


title: "Audi R8" content: ventilated carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide ceramic brake discs. The vehicle was unveiled first at the Detroit Auto Show in 2008 and then at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show. The development of the R8 TDI was cancelled, Audi cited the reason that the cost of re-engineering of the petrol R8 to accommodate the massive twin-turbocharged diesel engine is simply too great, and that it would be unable to recoup its investment through sales alone. For 2009, Audi announced the production of an R8 LMS racing car, designed for the GT3 rules in the FIA GT3 European Championship and various national


title: "Audi R8" content: racing series. Known within Audi Sport as the 'R16', the R8 LMS features a V10 engine. Because the GT3 regulations prohibit the use of four-wheel drive, Audi had to drop its 'trademark' quattro four-wheel drive system, and the R8 LMS is only available with the typical rear-wheel drive setup. The torque is transmitted via a newly developed six-speed sequential sports gearbox. The car was manufactured by Audi Sport, quattro GmbH, and Audi Hungaria Motor Kft. (Győr). The first test races in various European racing series was scheduled for the 2009 season. Delivery to the customers was planned from the autumn


title: "Audi R8" content: of this coming year. The R8 LMS GT3 was reported to cost $350,000USD. European model was sold for €262,000 (VAT included). The all-electric Audi e-tron concept car was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, followed by 2009 LA Auto Show (in orange body colour), and at the 2010 24 Hours of Le Mans. The Audi e-tron is a version of the R8 Coupé with a slightly smaller body utilising four electric motors rated at and of torque. However the proposed torque rating is the torque measured at the wheels, not at the output shaft — as is the industry


title: "Audi R8" content: standard, the true torque rating is around . Other features include a 42.4 kWh liquid cooled lithium-ion battery pack, a need-based energy management system, LED technology used for all lighting units, independent cooling system for each axle; doors, covers, sidewalls and roof in carbon fibre-reinforced plastic; 3-mode flush gear selector (forward, reverse and neutral), instrument cluster with fold-out central display with integrated Audi MMI functions, climate control unit located to the right above the steering wheel, racing-inspired lightweight bucket seats, snow white and cognac interior colours, heat pump, climate control system; triangular double wishbones at the front axle and trapezoidal


title: "Audi R8" content: wishbones made of forged aluminum components at the rear axle, direct rack-and-pinion steering with speed-sensitive electromechanical steering boost, 235/35R19 front and 295/30R19 rear tires with a new blade design and the prototype version of an information processing system (car-to-x communication). Claimed performance figures for the R8 e-tron is a acceleration time of 4.8 seconds and a limited top speed of . The car has a limited all-electric range of . A full charge at 230 volts takes six to eight hours, while a 400-volt quick charger would knock the charge time down to about two and a half hours. Braking


title: "Audi R8" content: is accomplished and energy is recaptured through the electric motors’ regenerative function, unless the car detects more aggressive deceleration is required, at that point a conventional electromechanical system featuring carbon-ceramic discs starts functioning to assist. The battery pack and its necessary inverter and power accoutrements weigh about , or nearly a third of the E-Tron’s approximately curb weight achieved by the excessive use of carbon fibre, magnesium and aluminium. The car has a weight distribution of 42% at the front and 58% at the rear. Audi originally announced the first e-tron model to be built by quattro GmbH at Neckarsulm,


title: "Audi R8" content: with a small production run beginning in late 2012. Keeping that announcement in place, Audi unveiled the R8 e-tron prototype at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. Features included two permanent magnet synchronous motors at the rear axle rated and (total), torque vectoring, electric single-wheel anti-slip regulation, Multimaterial Space Frame chassis with increased use of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic over R8 GT, springs made from fiberglass-reinforced plastic, wheel hubs made of forged titanium, anti-roll bar boasts made in hybrid aluminum and carbon fiber, 19-inch wheels with friction-optimized 225-35 series tires, 48.6 kWh lithium-ion battery beneath the passenger cabin as structural element, Crescendo Red


title: "Audi R8" content: Metallic body colour, fine chrome horizontal struts on the grille, e-tron-specific LED headlamp design, diffuser at the rear, 7-inch Multi Media Interface display, 6.7-inch AMOLED (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode) optic rear-view mirror system, leather and Alcantara upholstery, e-sound artificial engine noise emitting from a speaker system mounted in the underbody that is audible outside the car at speeds under . The prototype is based on the standard R8 and follows closely the original concept, with a shape reminiscent of existing V8 and V10 petrol-powered versions. Audi claimed the production version of the R8 e-tron was capable of a


title: "Audi R8" content: 0–100 km/h (62 mph) time of around 4.8 seconds, making it only 0.2 seconds slower than the R8 V8. Top speed was to be limited to to protect the charge of the battery making the performance figures true to the concept. It was planned to be put into production in early 2012. Along with the R8 e-tron, Audi also considered a small-scale production of a smaller and lighter zero-emission sports car based on the second e-tron concept displayed at the 2010 Detroit Motor Show. In 2010 Audi began a development program with the objective to manufacture the R8 e-tron in


title: "Audi R8" content: limited numbers. On June 26, 2012, one of the earliest R8 e-tron prototypes set a new electric car lap record at the Nürburgring racetrack with a time of 8:09.099. In May 2013, after developing 10 prototypes for research and development purposes, Audi decided to put the production of the electric car on hold due to its limited all-electric range as battery technology did not advance as fast as Audi had expected, making the R8 e-tron unviable for series production. In March 2014, Audi revised its decision and announced it will build the R8 e-tron upon customer request. The company explained


title: "Audi R8" content: that their latest development work resulted in an increased range from to approximately . The limited production R8 e-tron was based on the second generation R8 platform shared with the Lamborghini Huracán. The production version of the Audi R8 e-tron was revealed at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show The limited production electric sports car was available only in Europe in 2015 at a price of (). Fewer than 100 units were sold at the end-of-production. The R8 e-tron was fitted with two electric motors mounted on the rear wheels delivering and of torque. The battery pack consisted of a 92kWh


title: "Audi R8" content: T-shaped liquid cooled Lithium-ion battery. The e-tron could accelerate from in 3.9 seconds and could attain a top speed of . The e-tron's electric range was as promised by Audi. The curb weight of the car amounted to . Changes to the 2009 R8 LMS include the improvement of the engine cooling system capacity, suspension revisions, race-optimised electronics and exhaust systems, and a 6-speed transmission that can be inspected through an opening in the housing without the need to dismantle the entire assembly. Previous vehicles could be upgraded via an update kit. The final version of the vehicle was sold


title: "Audi R8" content: for €298,000 (£267,000 in the UK), with the first delivery going to the American-owned United Autosports team from Yorkshire in England. Introduced at the 2010 Wörthersee Tour, the Audi R8 GT is a high-performance version of the R8 Coupé FSI Quattro with a limited production of 333 cars worldwide (35 UK, 90 USA). Changes from the R8 5.2 FSI quattro include reduction in the curb weight by to and increased engine power to at 8000 rpm ( per ton) and at 6500 rpm of torque. Because of these changes the R8 GT has an increased top speed of and accelerates


title: "Audi R8" content: from 0– in 3.6 seconds, 0.3 faster than the R8 V10. The car also features some visual changes including red brake caliper, a fixed rear wing, front bumper mounted winglets and GT badging in place of the V10 badging. The car was released as for the 2012 model year at a price tag of US$239,000 (excluding US$1,250 destination charge, taxes, title, options and dealer charges). The "NF" (i.e. "Nachfolger" or simply "follower") prototype is a lighter weight version of the R8 with extended use of the lightweight carbon fibre-reinforced polymer. The vehicle identified as R8 NF was featured online describing


title: "Audi R8" content: the proliferation of carbon-fibre in vehicles such as the R8 and highlighted the carbon-fibre engine cover on the R8 Spyder, the roof of the R8-based E-Tron and the various pieces found on the limited-run R8 GT, amongst others. Denoted at the 2014 mark was the NF, or more specifically, the passenger section. The prototype was reported to be up 20% () lighter than an aluminum-bodied R8. The vehicle was presented in Audi's lightweight research and production plant in Neckarsulm, Germany. Changes include: R8 V10 plus (available only as a coupé) includes: Other options for all R8 variants include a high-beam


title: "Audi R8" content: assistant, a stowage package, various travel case sets, a cell phone preparation, with belt microphone and voice control, and the parking system plus with reversing camera. European models were delivered at the end of 2012. Early models include R8 V8 (Coupé/Spyder), R8 V10 (Coupé/Spyder), R8 V10 plus (Coupé). UK models went on sale as 2013 model year vehicles. The sales began in August 2012, with deliveries began in early 2013. US models went on sale in 2013-04-11 as 2014 model year vehicles. Early models include R8 V8 (Coupé/Spyder), R8 V10 (Coupé/Spyder), R8 V10 plus (Coupé). Japan models went on sale


title: "Audi R8" content: in August 2013. Early models include R8 V8 (Coupé), R8 V10 (Coupé/Spyder). The updated model was unveiled in 2013 Geneva Motor Show, followed by 2013. German models only include S Tronic transmission for V10 engine models. US model of R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro Spyder includes only 6-speed manual transmission. Japan model of R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro Spyder includes only 7-speed S Tronic transmission. Unveiled at the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans, the R8 GT Spyder is the convertible version of the R8 GT that combines the improvements in the R8 GT with a convertible body. Limited to


title: "Audi R8" content: 333 units worldwide, the R8 GT Spyder combines the aggressiveness of the R8 GT with an open top driving experience. Aside from the roof, the only performance related change is the change in weight which has increased to (dry weight). The engine frame is made of ultra-light magnesium; the soft top cover and the large side panels at the rear are made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). CFRP is also used for the modified front spoiler, the fixed rear spoiler and the new rear bumper; even the seats used are made of carbon fibre which result in a weight


title: "Audi R8" content: saving of alone. Together, these components provide a weight saving of over the standard V10 Spyder. Visual changes include add-on parts in contrasting titanium gray, a front splitter with a dual lip, flics at the sides of the front bumper, red GT badges, round exhaust tailpipes, an enlarged rear diffuser and tinted LED tail lights in a clear-glass design. A CFRP windshield frame is also available as an option. The European model went on sale for a base price of €207,800. US model went on sale as a 2012 Model Year vehicle, with delivery beginning in February 2012. Only 50


title: "Audi R8" content: units were sold in the US. The R8 Limited Edition is a limited production version of the R8 Coupé 4.2 FSI quattro for the UK market consisting of 100 units, commemorating the tenth victory for Audi in 24 Hours of Le Mans. It included a titanium body colour option (no-cost optional metallic and pearl effect paint options, Titanium Metallic at cost), titanium finish 19-inch '5-arm double-spoke Y design' alloy wheels (from R8 GT Coupe), red brake callipers, satellite navigation, the Audi Music Interface (AMI), an interior light package, a premium Bang and Olufsen sound system, mobile phone preparation via a


title: "Audi R8" content: Bluetooth interface with integrated seat-belt microphones, Audi magnetic ride adaptive suspension system, Black Fine Nappa Leather-upholstered seats and headrests with crimson red accents and red contrast stitching, red stitching on leather-covered multi-function steering wheel and instrument cowl, crimson red leather upholstery on monoposto, knee pads and passenger door handle in red leather, floor mats have a red surround and feature the R8 logo in silver, stainless steel pedals and illuminated door sills with bright aluminium inserts carrying the R8 logo, optional Carbon Package (carbon sigma sideblades, door mirrors, monoposto, inlays and door sill trims, illuminated engine bay), bespoke R8 Driving


title: "Audi R8" content: Experience at Silverstone Circuit. The vehicle was available to order from July 2011, with UK deliveries began in October. It is an electric version of the R8 Coupé designed by AUDI AG and Audi Electronics Venture, with Robert Bosch GmbH, Bosch Engineering GmbH and 3 institutes at the RWTH Aachen University (Institute of Automotive Engineering (ika), Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA), Institute of Electrical Machines (IEM)). It includes two separate blocks of 200-macrocell battery with total 38 kWh charge, front axle synchronous motor and rear axle asynchronous motors rated and , a DC/DC converter, heat pump, user-programmable


title: "Audi R8" content: instrument cluster. The car's basic drive functions – Park, Reverse, Neutral and Drive – are performed by operating buttons on the center tunnel. All other operations are controlled via a tablet computer that can be removed from the center console. As part of NASCAR's embracing of GT3 in their Grand American Road Racing Association Rolex Series races, GT3 cars were permitted to run with slight restrictions as the "national" GT3 in the United States. The R8 Grand-Am features an engine with its power reduced from to via an air restrictor and the engine electronics, a reduced fuel tank capacity of


title: "Audi R8" content: 83.3 litres, three-part rims for wheels and suspension, and deactivated anti-lock system and traction control (NASCAR/Grand-Am does not permit either traction control nor anti-lock brakes). Additional changes include loss of aerodynamic grip via smaller front splitter and rear diffuser, stiffer roll cages, an Earnhardt bar (anti-intrusion bars on the windscreen), and side window nets on both sides, both of which are required in the Rolex Series. As is the rule, NASCAR specified Continental tyres are used. Compared to the Audi R8 LMS ultra, the R8 Grand AM has lower down force. This model made its debut at the 50th Daytona


title: "Audi R8" content: 24 Hours in January 2012. The R8 V10 is a limited edition of the R8 Coupé 5.2 FSI quattro for the Chinese market with a limited production of 30 units. It included Nordic gold body colour, front and rear air intakes/outlets and lightweight tailpipes are in matt black, front and rear slats and rear bumper (partially) in matt titanium grey; front spoiler, flics, sideblades, exterior mirrors, a fixed rear wing, an enlarged rear diffuser in carbon matt; radiator grille in matt black; radiator grille surround and bars in matt titanium grey, 19" wheels in 5 twin-spoke "Y" design in titanium


title: "Audi R8" content: look, an aluminum gear knob with limited edition number from 1 up to 30 without number 4, 14 and 24; sports bucket seats in black Alcantara with contrasting stitching and piping in trim colour, headlining in Alcantara with contrasting stitching, knee pad in shark skin black with contrast stitching, centre console inlays and door trim inserts in body colour, monoposto and door pulls use inlays in carbon matt, doors and centre console are in body colour, instrument cluster with black dials and R8 emblem, door sill trims with aluminium insert and R8 logo, R tronic transmission. The vehicle was unveiled


title: "Audi R8" content: at the 2011 Guangzhou Auto Show. Unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show, the R8 LMS ultra is a modified version of the Audi R8 LMS with CFRP (carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic) doors with high-energy absorbing new crash foams, new PS1 safety seat developed by Audi, updated transmission providing additional reserves on long-distance runs, increased engine power to (depending on restrictor regulations) with higher torque at lower engine speeds, a larger engine oil cooler and transmission fluid cooler, relocated steering hydraulics oil cooler to the vehicle's midsection, enlarged air vents, improved air flow to radiator and interior, front 18-inch wheels with Michelin


title: "Audi R8" content: 30-65/18 tires, optimized brake cooling at the front wheels, uniball joints transverse control arm mounts, weight-reduced compression and rebound-adjustable gas dampers from Bilstein, wider front hood with louvers, new wider rear wing with larger end plates, new front plate with optimized diffusion under the front end. Previous vehicles could be upgraded via an update kit. The vehicle was sold for €329,900.00 plus VAT, with delivery began in March 2012. They are limited versions of the 2012 R8 Coupé 4.2 FSI quattro (20 units) and 2012 R8 Coupé 5.2 FSI quattro (30 units) for the US market. The 2012 Exclusive Selection


title: "Audi R8" content: Edition R8 V8 includes Daytona Gray matte body colour, carbon fiber exterior splitter and diffuser, 19-inch titanium five-arm double spoke wheels, black grille surround, black exhaust finishers, R8 GT tail lamps, red brake calipers, exclusive leather package with Crimson Red elements and contrast stitching, exclusive leather Navigation surround, a thicker contoured leather multifunctional steering wheel, Carbon Fiber elements, Bang & Olufsen Sound System and Navigation with the Audi Music Interface. The 2012 Exclusive Selection Edition R8 V10 includes Ibis white exterior and Brilliant Black features (sideblade, exterior mirrors, rear license plate surround), R8 GT tail lamps, 19-inch bi-color e-tron wheels,


title: "Audi R8" content: Ibis interior upholstery with Alabaster White contrast stitching, carbon fiber monoposto driver's cockpit, exclusive leather Navigation surround and contoured steering wheel. Both models include a six-speed manual or automatic R tronic transmission. A limited edition (80 units) of the R8 Coupé 5.2 FSI quattro was built for the Chinese market. It included a choice of two body colors (Malibu blue body with Suzuka grey rocker panel side blades, or Suzuka grey body with Malibu blue side blades), 19-inch high-gloss black wheel hubs in a five twin-spoke "Y" design, fixed spoiler in carbon matte, shark skin upholstery with colored stitching, handbrake


title: "Audi R8" content: and steering wheel wrapped in Alcantara, instrument shield in carbon matte, aluminum gear knob engraved with characters "R8 专享" and the serial numbers had any "4" removed (considered an unlucky number in China), seat heating function, and R tronic transmission. Unveiled at the 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans, the R8 LMX is a limited (99 units) version of the Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro Coupé with LED and laser high beams module from Audi R18 e‑tron quattro with four 450 nanometer 5,500 Kelvin laser diode per module, increase engine power to and , 7-speed S Tronic transmission, carbon‑fiber


title: "Audi R8" content: ceramic brake discs ( front), red anodized brake calipers, 19‑inch wheels with 235/35 R 19 front and 305/30 R 19 rear tires, exclusive Ara Blue body colour, a fixed rear spoiler, matt carbon fiber‑reinforced polymer front spoiler lip, side flics, engine compartment cover, exterior mirror housings, sideblades, rear wing and the diffuser; singleframe grille, front air inlet grilles, rear outlet grille finished in titanium gray; sport exhaust system with high-gloss black tailpipes, black interior with blue accents, folding bucket seats upholstered in Nappa leather with Sepang Blue diamond pattern, backrest covers in Ara Blue, Sepang Blue stitching at parking brake


title: "Audi R8" content: lever, center tunnel console, steering wheel and the instrument cowl; black Alcantara headlining, black Nappa leather door trim, center tunnel console, parking brake lever, inlays in the doors, arc around the cockpit in matte carbon; illuminated aluminum inlays integrated into the CFRP door sill trims, selector lever for the S Tronic and knee pads upholstered in Nappa leather, floor mats with black piping and Sepang Blue stitching. The vehicle was set to go on sale in summer 2014. German model went on sale for €210,000.</ref> A police car was created based on the ABT R8 GTR, which is itself a


title: "Audi R8" content: modified version of the Audi R8 Coupé 5.2 FSI quattro. It includes increased engine power to and , 19-inch wheels with Hankook 235/35 Z19 and HA 305/30 Z19 tires, ceramic brake pads, stainless steel sport exhaust system, ABT sports suspension, ABT damper, carbon body kit from ABT, Recaro racing seats ABT, ABT sports steering wheel in carbon, roll-over bar, stainless steel belt clip and 4-point harness system. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2011 Essen Motor Show. The transmission options are either a Lamborghini-sourced six-speed manual gearbox with metal gate for the shift lever, or an Audi-developed "R Tronic" gearbox—which


title: "Audi R8" content: is a semi-automatic, without a traditional clutch pedal with automatic gears shifting mode. The R8 also features a distinctive curved bar of LED daytime running lamps (DRLs) mounted inside the xenon HID headlamp casings. The R8, like most mid- or rear-engine designed sports cars, utilises wider wheels and tyres on its rear axle. For the 18-inch alloy wheels (on standard summer tyres), there is just one range of sizes—the fronts are sized at 8.5J×18H2 ET42, whilst the rears are two inches wider at 10.5Jx18H2 ET50. With the 19-inch wheels (standard fit in most markets), the theme continues—the fronts are all


title: "Audi R8" content: 8.5J×19H2 ET42, and the rears are 11.0Jx19H2 ET50. 19-inch wheels for the winter tyre package have a ½" narrower rear compared to the summer tyre wheel package. There is also a corresponding difference in tyre sizes—18's are (eXtra Load) in front and at the rear. For the 19-inch tyres, two different options are available—all fronts are , and the rears are either or . Standard factory supplied tyre makes offered are either Continental SportContact3 or Pirelli P-Zero Rosso. The first Audi R8 LMS (chassis number 101) was delivered to Audi Sport Italia in 2009. Despite the development of the car,


title: "Audi R8" content: Audi itself had stated not to enter any races with the new GT3 car as an official 'factory' team. The car was unveiled at Essen Motor Show. In the 2009 24 Hours Nürburgring, and preceding VLN endurance races, Audi privateer teams had entered four cars, operated by the Abt Sportsline and Nürburging-based Phoenix race teams. Until the 19th hour, two of these R8 remained challengers for the lead, against two Manthey-operated Porsche GT3 in the same lap, before the leading #99 car suffered suspension problems. The #97 finished 2nd, and despite electrical and gearbox problems, the other two cars finished


title: "Audi R8" content: 23rd or better. Australian Mark Eddy participated in the 2010 Australian GT Championship with the first R8 LMS in the Southern Hemisphere. In the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring, the first four spots on the grid were occupied by Audi R8. Audi's Le Mans 24 Hour team, Joest Racing ran a pair of R8 LMS GT3's in the 2011 Bathurst 12 Hour held at the Mount Panorama Circuit, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia on 6 February 2011. The #7 R8 driven by an all-Australian crew of Mark Eddy, multiple Bathurst 1000 winner Craig Lowndes and Warren Luff qualified on pole alongside


title: "Audi R8" content: teammates Marc Basseng, Christopher Mies and Darryl O'Young in the #8 car. Bessing, Miles and O'Young won the race from Eddy, Lowndes & Luff by just 0.71 seconds with Lowndes setting the races fastest lap and a new class lap record of 2:09.0861 for the 6.213 km long circuit on lap 267 of the 292 ran in the 12-hour time frame. FIA GT3 and Australian GT Championship cars were included in the 12 Hour for the first time in 2011. The race had previously been the domain of Group 3E Series Production Cars. Phoenix Racing returned to the event in


title: "Audi R8" content: 2012 and won the event again with Christopher Mies, Darryl O'Young and Christer Joens. Two Audi R8 LMS customer race cars purchased by Flying Lizard Motorsports entered the GT Daytona class of 2014 United SportsCar Championship. Testing took place in Sebring on 2013-11-16, with the first race for both Flying Lizard Audi R8 LMS cars taking place in 2014 Rolex 24 at Daytona. Paul Miller Racing entered GT Daytona class of 2014 United SportsCar Championship with an Audi R8 LMS. In the 2012 24 Hours of Nürburgring (the 40th edition of the race), Audi secured its first-ever victory and a


title: "Audi R8" content: 1-2 finish in the 24-hour classic with a Phoenix team consisting of Marc Basseng, Christopher Haase, Frank Stippler and Markus Winkelhock taking the top spot of the podium and Christian Abt, Michael Ammermüller, Armin Hahne and Christian Mamerow of the Mamerow racing team (which used a Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG last year) taking second. Phoenix Racing went on to win the 2012 24 Hours of Spa in an Audi R8 LMS Ultra in the hands of Andrea Piccini, Rene Rast and Frank Stippler. They were closely followed by fellow Audi Sport team, W Racing Team.The R8 LMS Ultra in GT3 spec


title: "Audi R8" content: is capable of pulling 1.8g in corners and can accelerate from 0-60 mph in 3.2s. In the 2012 Rolex Sports Car Series Rolex 24 at Daytona race, Team APR Motorsport finished in 31st place with its drivers Ian Baas (USA)/Nelson Canache (YV)/Dion von Moltke (ZA)/Dr. Jim Norman (USA)/Emanuele Pirro (I). Oryx Racing came home in 32nd place with Humaid Al Masaood (UAE)/Saeed Al Mehairi (UAE)/Steven Kane (GB). Both teams drove the version of the car. In 2013, Audi won the GT class of the Rolex 24 in a 1-2 finish with Alex Job Racing (drivers Filipe Albuquerque, Oliver Jarvis, Edoardo


title: "Audi R8" content: Mortara and Dion von Moltke) and APR Motorsport (drivers Ian Baas, Marc Basseng, Rene Rast and Frank Stippler). An Audi R8 e-tron entered the Silvretta E-Auto Rally Montafon 2010 with factory driver Lucas Luhr. The R8 e-tron won the race against 23 other electric cars in the three-day race. An R8 e-tron prototype (rated and ) driven by Markus Winkelhock completed Nürburgring at 8:09.099 minutes. Many publications were hailing it as the first car to truly be able to beat the Porsche 997—considered by many to be one of the best sports cars ever made, and a leader in its


title: "Audi R8" content: class. Initial comparison tests have proven quite positive in this respect; "Evo Magazine" listed it as a "supercar", compared the R8 to the Porsche 911 Carrera 4S, Aston Martin V8 Vantage, and BMW M6 and after praising the R8's "amazing stability, traction and grip, unparalleled steering accuracy and bite, (and) its uncannily flat and disturbance-free ride", claimed that as a result of "the sublime effortlessness of it all", the Audi is a better sports car. The article concluded that "Audi humbles Porsche. A new dawn starts today". Other publications have also written similar reviews of the Audi beating the Porsche


title: "Audi R8" content: in comparison tests. In a half mile drag race conducted by Battle of the Supercars between the R8 and a 997 Carrera S, the Porsche won, crossing the line just a half metre before the R8. However, the R8 easily beat the Porsche around Top Gear's test track. The television show "Top Gear" compared the Nissan GT-R to the R8 V8, and remarked that the R8 was "simultaneously less impressive and yet somehow more involving". On the R8 they wrote that "it rewards driver input", calling it "fantastic in a way that will appeal more to true car enthusiasts", but


title: "Audi R8" content: also remarked that it (the V8 model) was "much slower", and the GT-R was cheaper. On their test track, the car performed better than a Lamborghini Gallardo and an Aston Martin DB9. On Bedford Autodrome, tested by Evo Magazine, the R8 was faster than the Lamborghini Gallardo. Customers bought every unit available for 2008 within a week after the R8 premiered at the Bogota International Auto Show and Auto Expo of Medellin. In 2.4.2013, the 100th Audi R8 GT3 race car, an Audi R8 LMS ultra, was delivered to Team MS RACING from Heilbronn-Biberach facility. As part of the Audi


title: "Audi R8" content: R8 e-tron concept launch, a PlayStation 3 video game titled Vertical Run was produced. The goal of Vertical Run is to beat the competition in a multiplayer challenge by collecting enough electrical energy and avoiding driving errors in the e-tron, in order to reach the highest possible speed. The game is accessible through the PlayStation Home service in the new Audi Space within PlayStation Home. After record consumer response in 2011, Audi brought back its #WantAnR8 Twitter campaign where fans can tweet for the opportunity to get behind the wheel of a 2012 Audi R8 for a day. The #WantAnR8


title: "Audi R8" content: hashtag would appear during a new 30-second spot called "Once Upon a Time," featuring the R8 supercar. The spot debuted on March 21, 2013 on the Audi YouTube channel, followed by network TV on March 26. The new #WantAnR8 Twitter contest ran from March 20, 2012 through October 29, 2012. The contest was split up into four entry periods, and two winners being selected in each round, for eight winners in total. Winners had the option to drive the R8 on the track at the Audi Sportscar Experience in Sonoma, CA or have an R8 delivered to their home. The


title: "Audi R8" content: new 30-second spot called "Once Upon a Time" was created by Audi of America advertising agency Venables, Bell and Partners. In December 2013, an Audi R8 valued at US$157,300 was awarded as a prize on the CBS daytime American game show "The Price Is Right". It was the largest prize ever won on the show. As part of the R8 facelift market launch in the UK, a new film for the R8 V10 plus had been produced. In addition, users of the free image-recognition app Blippar are able to view this video by simply pointing their phone at print and


title: "Audi R8" content: poster advertisements of the car, instantly bringing 2D photographs to life. An Audi R8 e-tron prototype were used in Marvel's Iron Man 3 movie, with Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.) as driver. A red 2014 Audi R8 Spyder was used in the U.S. premiere of Iron Man 3 at El Capitan and TCL Chinese Theatres, with Robert Downey, Jr. as driver. A 2014 Audi R8 V10 Plus Coupé was used in the Audi Health Check program in Canada (between 2013-07-15 and 2013-09-15), where some customers turning in out-of-warranty vehicles received as a shuttle an Audi R8 outfitted as a German


title: "Audi R8" content: EMS (Emergency Medical Services) vehicle. An Audi R8 Spyder was used in London's Leicester Square with the world premiere of The Wolverine, with Hugh Jackman. In the film, the car is driven by Wolverine (Hugh Jackman), Jean Grey (Famke Janssen), Yukio (Rila Fukushima), Shingen (Hiroyuki Sanada) and Mariko (Tao Okamoto) in an Audi R8 Spyder and the red colour 2012 Audi R8 Coupe - similar to the one which was put on display on a specially erected plinth on the red carpet. An Audi R8 e-tron was used in the end of "". As part of the 2014 Audi R8


title: "Audi R8" content: launch in the US, Audi Library iPad App was produced, allowing the user to configure a 2014 R8 V10 plus on the fully interactive digital brochure as well as access dynamic Audi content. In conjunction with the new Audi Library app, Audi also released a new video on the S tronic transmission. The video engages and excites sportscar enthusiasts by highlighting the incredibly fast shifting seven-speed S tronic double clutch transmission on the track. As part of the 2014 Audi R8 launch in the US, the Audi #WantAnR8 contest returned between October 23, 2013 and November 20, 2013, where fans


title: "Audi R8" content: are challenged to prove their love for the R8 by taking their own virtual turn on the Sonoma Raceway to create a video featuring original Audi R8 footage and music from innovative recording artists from around the world. As Volkswagen Group owns both Audi and Lamborghini (Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.), some of the R8 is shared with the Lamborghini Gallardo, including some of the chassis and floorpan, door handle mechanisms, transmissions, and the revised V10 engine. The R8 is made distinct by its Germanic exterior styling, cabin, smaller V8 engine, magnetic dampers, and pricing. The R8 (with the V8 engine) has


title: "Audi R8" content: a curb weight of . Its suspension uses BWI Group's magnetorheological dampers. Safety features include Bosch ESP 8.0 Electronic Stability Programme, which includes anti-lock braking system (ABS), electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), Anti-Slip Regulation (ASR) and Electronic Differential Lock (EDL), front dual-stage airbags, and 'sideguard' curtain airbags. The second generation of the flagship R8 was introduced at the 2015 Geneva Motor Show, including the series production version of the Audi R8 etron battery electric vehicle with an all-electric range of over . There are also 2 other versions, a V10 version with a V10 engine and more powerful V10 Plus with


title: "Audi R8" content: engine. The body is lighter and stiffer, thanks to substititution of several large aluminium parts in the shell by carbon-fibre. Extra electronics are in the chassis compared to the first generation to improve handling. The Audi TT’s ‘Virtual Cockpit’ was also made available. The V8 option as available for the previous generation model was dropped due to the V10 available in entry level trim as well. The all-wheel drive system and the 7-speed S-tronic transmission are standard with no manual transmission available. It shares the technical automobile platform with the Lamborghini Huracán. Presented at the 2016 New York International Auto


title: "Audi R8" content: Show, the R8 Spyder is the convertible version of the new R8. From launch it was only available with the standard V10 engine, which produces , although a V10 Plus Spyder with was added to the range in mid-2017. Unveiled at the 2017 International Motor Show Germany, the R8 RWS (Rear Wheel Series) is the rear wheel drive version of the Audi R8 limited to 999 units. It utilizes the same V10 engine of the standard R8 coupe. Because of the deletion of the all-wheel drive system, weight is reduced by . Visually, the R8 RWS is signified by a


title: "Audi R8" content: matte-black grille, matte-black front and rear airflow openings, and a gloss-black upper side blade. A red vinyl trim stripe that stretches from the front left to the right rear is optional. Sport seats are standard, as are black 19-inch wheels wrapped in 35-series rubber. The R8 RWS can accelerate from in 3.7 seconds and has a claimed top-speed of . The Audi R8 is used as a safety car in Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters and British Superbike Championship racing series. The Audi R8 LMS won the 2018 Bathurst 12 hour race. The Audi R8 LMS is the racing version of the


title: "Audi R8" content: R8. Despite looking identical to a regular R8, the LMS shares very little with its road-going counterpart in terms of features and mechanics. A new race specification V10 engine develops a peak power output of . The removal of the standard all-wheel drive system and the intelligent mix of materials such as aluminum in the Audi Space Frame (ASF), a structural CFRP component and the steel roll cage alone make the chassis about 30 kilograms lighter - now weighing 252 kilograms. At the same time, the torsional stiffness of the stressed frame has increased by 39 percent. These weight saving


title: "Audi R8" content: measures result in a weight of just . Aside from that, the car packs many safety features such as a modified spaceframe structure at the front and a carbon fibre crash element at the rear protect the driver in a crash, the special PS1 racing seat from the Audi R18 e-Tron quattro which has been known to set the safety standards for LMP1 cars is used for additional safety and is connected directly to the chassis for increased stiffness. A quickly adjustable foot lever system and a height and length adjustable safety steering column allow versatile adjustment to various drivers.


title: "Audi R8" content: A rescue opening in the roof as used in DTM race touring cars is implemented in the R8 LMS GT3, a first for any GT3 car, after an accident, it allows the driver's helmet to be lifted in a way that avoids straining the spinal column. Although the combination of the materials in the R8 LMS is more complex, Audi has managed to integrate the manufacturing process for production and race cars even more closely than before. In a new manufacturing facility at the Bollinger Hofe industrial park in Heilbronn, quattro GmbH produces both variants in combination. Although the race


title: "Audi R8" content: car, for example, is fitted with aluminum cast joints and a steel roll cage the racing chassis of the R8 LMS remains integrated in the basic production process up to and including the stages of roof assembly and cathodic dip painting (CDP), which is a form of priming. Following these production steps, the race cars are completed in Heilbronn-Biberach. The new aerodynamic concept of the Audi R8 LMS for the first time includes a fully lined underfloor and a conceptually integrated rear diffuser. As a result, the dimensions of the rear wing can be reduced without a corresponding increase of


title: "Audi R8" content: aerodynamic drag. The wheel arches, which are open rearwards via a larger cross-section, contribute to improved airflow. The airflow rate and cooling area of the radiator at the front have increased by ten percent to handle maximum outside air temperatures. In order to improve the race drivers' ability to concentrate on their tasks, fresh air circulation in the cockpit has been improved. At a speed of 200 km/h, the airflow rate is 250 litres per second. Audi has achieved these improvements despite the significantly higher constraints imposed on aerodynamics design by the 2016 regulations. Audi R8 The Audi R8 is


title: "Volvo XC90" content: Volvo XC90 The Volvo XC90 is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV manufactured and marketed by Volvo Cars since 2002 and now in its second generation. The first generation was introduced at the 2002 North American International Auto Show and used the Volvo P2 platform shared with the first generation Volvo S80 and other large Volvo cars. It was manufactured at Volvo's Torslandaverken. Volvo moved production equipment of the first generation to China and ended Swedish production at the end of 2014, renaming the car as the Volvo XC Classic (or Volvo XC90 Classic). At the end of 2014, the second


title: "Volvo XC90" content: generation XC90 was introduced. It is based on a new global platform, called "Scalable Product Architecture" or SPA for short. Both generations of the XC90 have won Motor Trend's SUV of the Year award in their debuts. In January 2001, Volvo débuted its "Adventure Concept Car" at the North American International Auto Show, to gauge reaction to the styling and features of its upcoming SUV. In November 2001, Volvo released a teaser image showing the frontal styling of the production version, named the XC90. Notable as Volvo's first SUV model, the styling of the XC90 recalled the concept. In January


title: "Volvo XC90" content: 2002, the full XC90 unveiling occurred, at the North American International Auto Show. Production began in August 2002, after Volvo's traditional mid-year shutdown, with the first XC90s coming out of the Torslanda factory in Sweden. At its North American launch for the 2003 model year, the XC90 was presented with a choice of two trim levels, the 2.5 T and the T6. The 2.5 T was the entry level version and offered a 2.5-litre "B5254T2" "T5" turbocharged inline-five engine, producing and mated to an Aisin co-developed five-speed "AW55-50/51" automatic. The T6 offered a 2.9-litre "B6294T" twin-turbocharged inline-six with and mated


title: "Volvo XC90" content: to a GM-sourced, Volvo-modified four-speed "4T65EV/GT" automatic. While the 2.5T came standard with front-wheel drive, a Haldex Traction all-wheel drive (AWD) system was optional. The T6 was offered only with the AWD system. A Yamaha V8 engine was added in 2005. This 4.4-litre Volvo B8444S engine produced for the first few models later upgraded to and of torque. Volvo sold just over 40,000 XC90 units in North America that year. The XC90 won the "North American Car of the Year" award and "Motor Trend" magazine's Sport/Utility of the Year for 2003. The ex-host of "Top Gear", Jeremy Clarkson, has owned


title: "Volvo XC90" content: three of these vehicles, and claims they were designed by someone who must've had children due to its practicality. The XC90 was updated for 2007 with a restyled front and rear and a revised interior. The 3.2 L "SI6" straight-6 engine replaced the B524T2 straight-5 in the base model for the US market. The 2007 XC90 debuted in April 2006 at the New York Auto Show. For model year (MY) 2009, the XC90 received a new rear logo, featuring larger lettering with wider spaces between the "VOLVO" letters. In 2010, all XC90 models received painted wheel arches (previously they were


title: "Volvo XC90" content: optional). In addition, a new, larger, circular Volvo logo appeared on the front grille. For MY 2012, new LED tail-lights became available on certain models, although entry-level models retain the previous style. For MY 2013, the XC90 received a cosmetic refresh that included standard LED daytime running lights and taillights, and exterior revisions including body colour bumpers, rocker panels and silver trim replacing black plastic trim. The refreshed model went on sale during late spring 2012 with a base price of for a front-wheel drive base model. For the 2014 model year the base price is . In early 2005


title: "Volvo XC90" content: a special version called "Ocean Race Edition" was unveiled. Special blue colour, leather interior with contrast stitching and special interior trim. A total of 800 were made. The first generation Volvo XC90 continues to be sold in China as the "XC Classic". It is being produced at the new Volvo factory located in Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, with the necessary tooling shipped over from Sweden. Equipment levels were changed compared to the international versions and only one engine, a 2.5L turbo petrol 5-cylinder engine with 220 hp, is available. All "XC Classic" come with AWD as standard and either a 5-speed


title: "Volvo XC90" content: manual or 5-speed automatic transmission. It is priced below the second generation XC90. The Volvo XC90's front end is designed to absorb frontal impacts and also deflect any pedestrians up on to the hood of the vehicle rather than underneath the vehicle. Volvo has patented the unique frontal structure that features crumple zones, and predetermined positions for the engine and other ancillaries during a frontal impact. The XC90's roof is reinforced with ultra-high-strength steel to help prevent a collapse in the passenger cavity in the event of a roll-over. This Volvo system is marketed as ROPS, and is closely associated


title: "Volvo XC90" content: with the Roll Stability Control (RSC), electronic stability control (DSTC), and SIPS systems of Volvo to prevent and ultimately minimise accident forces. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration measures the roll-over risk of the 2013 XC90 as 17.9%. The max. sideway thrust is 0.77g. The XC90's rear structure has been designed to absorb impact energy, with occupants are also protected by a whiplash protection system. Marketed as WHIPS, the system cradles the occupants during a rear-end collision. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety awarded the Volvo XC90 their Top Safety Pick award. The XC90 was granted the IIHS's rating of


title: "Volvo XC90" content: "good" in front, side, rear and roof strength tests and has Electronic Stability Control as standard equipment to receive the award. The industry-first Roll Stability Control was first introduced in XC90 in 2003. At the end of July 2007, Volvo Car Corp. announced the recall of 42,211 2005 model year XC90s for risk of battery short circuit and fire. The vehicles were manufactured in the Swedish Torslanda Plant between 7 June 2004, and 13 May 2005. The recall only applies to cars in the US and Canada. There have been no reports of short circuiting in the vehicles. In May


title: "Volvo XC90" content: 2012 Volvo announced that the second generation XC90 would go into production in late 2014, with orders being taken in 2014 and the vehicle officially going on sale in 2015. The SUV would be sold in Europe, Asia and North America, with the United States expected to account for at least a third of global sales. The present generation XC90 is based on Volvo's new platform, marketed as Scalable Product Architecture (SPA) technology which features a stronger platform offering weight reduction while improving safety and efficiency. The vehicle is longer, wider and lower than its predecessor. All engines in the


title: "Volvo XC90" content: XC90 will be 2.0-litre four-cylinder Drive-E powertrains with Volvo's eight-speed Geartronic transmission. The line-up will include two petrol engines: a twincharged 320 hp T6, producing 400 nm of torque and a turbocharged 254 hp T5, producing 350 nm of torque, two diesel engines: a twin turbo 235 hp D5, producing 470 nm of torque and a turbocharged 190 hp D4, producing 400 nm of torque. The top-of-the-line model is the XC90 Twin Engine, a plug-in hybrid which combines the more powerful petrol engine at the front with an electric motor at the rear to produce 400 hp and 640 nm


title: "Volvo XC90" content: of torque. The First Edition of the all-new Volvo XC90, 1,927 individually numbered cars only available for sale via digital commerce, sold out in 47 hours after orders opened on 3 September 2014. All 1,927 of the First Edition models, which could feature either the Petrol T6 or Diesel D5 engine, were finished in Onyx Black and feature 21-inch alloy wheels and include every available vehicle option. The limited production run number represents the year the Swedish brand was launched, with each model fitted with uniquely numbered tread plates and a distinctive rear mounted badge, with customers able to select


title: "Volvo XC90" content: their XC90 First Edition numbers. Number 1 was allocated to Carl XVI Gustav, the King of Sweden, with number 10 going to Zlatan Ibrahimović, Swedish professional footballer. The new XC90 has a redesigned chassis with double wishbone front suspension and a new integral link rear axle incorporating transverse leaf springs of lightweight material. The new XC90 can also be equipped with electronically controlled air suspension with a choice of five modes. The interior features a 9" tablet-like touch screen control console along with steering wheel controls and voice-control system, all linked to an interface, marketed as Sensus, which allows for


title: "Volvo XC90" content: access to cloud-based apps including Internet radio, connected navigation, parking, music streaming, OS mirroring Apple and Android devices in the touch screen display, and a Wi-Fi hot spot for using a tablet in the car. Other features include a gear lever made of Orrefors crystal as well as diamond-cut controls for the start/stop button and drive mode control, located on the centre console between the driver and passenger seats. The highest level audio system in the XC90 features a 1400W Class-D amplifier and 19 Bowers & Wilkins speakers as well as one of the first air-ventilated subwoofers in a car.


title: "Volvo XC90" content: Integrated into the car body, it turns the entire interior space into a large subwoofer. The latest sound processing software has been used to manage the timing of the sound and co-ordination of the speakers. The vehicle's seats have also been redesigned with adjustable side bolsters, seat cushion extension and massage. The second row features three individual seats with recline adjustment. A sliding function can be used to create more legroom for the passengers in the third row or to increase loading space. An integrated child booster cushion in the centre seat is available. The Volvo XC90 seats 5 people


title: "Volvo XC90" content: or can be available with 3rd row seating which seats 7 people. Volvo Cars' air purification system has been improved by adding a new carbon filter for more efficient capture of small, particles and pollen in the incoming air. The second generation XC90 offers a 360° view system capable of providing the driver with a birds-eye view, whereby information from all cameras is gathered and digitally integrated in a central processor to form a 360° image. The rear sensing system, marketed as "Park Assist Pilot", offers automatic reversing into a parking bay. The 2nd generation XC90 is the first Volvo


title: "Volvo XC90" content: to carry the company's new, more prominent iron mark, which has the iconic arrow aligned with the diagonal metallic slash across the grille, along with T-shaped LED daytime running lights known as "Thor's Hammer" by Volvo designers. The car will be available in five trim levels (Volvo describing it as "expressions"), namely Kinetic (base trim level), Momentum, Inscription (a more luxurious trim), R-design (a sportier trim) and Excellence (ultra-luxury). The Second Generation Volvo XC90 SUV feature (IntelliSafe), including Run-off-road protection package and Auto brake at intersection. The Volvo XC90 safety systems include: The Volvo brand has also made the claim


title: "Volvo XC90" content: that "By 2020, nobody shall be seriously injured or killed in a new Volvo." EURONCAP tested in 2015 a XC90 (model year 2016), 5-door SUV with standard equipment. EuroNCAP regards the XC90 model as a "best in class" performer. NHTSA currently only recorded for rollover. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety also crash-tested the XC90, and presented the following results: With over 50,000 vehicles sold in the U.K. by 2018, no driver or passenger fatality had been recorded. The T8 plug-in hybrid version of the XC90 is based on technology used in the Volvo V60 PHEV. The batteries are situated


title: "Volvo XC90" content: at the centre of the vehicle can be charged using an electric vehicle charger and can also store energy recovered by means of regenerative brakes. Volvo says that the XC90 T8 sacrifices no passenger or cargo space to accommodate the hybrid equipment. However, the tank capacity was reduced to for MY2016-2018 and there is no spare tire. The vehicle emits 49 g/km of CO2 and has an all-electric range of under the New European Driving Cycle. Normal driving is conducted in the default hybrid mode, but the driver can push a button to switch to a mode that uses only


title: "Volvo XC90" content: electric power, with zero emission driving. Under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tests, the XC90 T8 has an all-electric range of , with some gasoline consumption (0.1 gal/100 mi), so the actual all-electric range is rated between . The EPA, under its five-cycle tests, rated the 2016 model year XC90 T8 energy consumption in all-electric mode at 58 kWh per 100 miles, which translates into a combined city/highway fuel economy of 53 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPG-e) (4.4 L/100 km; 64 mpg gasoline equivalent). When powered only by the gasoline engine, EPA's official combined city/highway fuel economy is


title: "Volvo XC90" content: . Deliveries of the XC90 T8 PHEV began in the United States in August 2015. Sales in Europe totaled 2,653 units in 2015. Cumulative sales in the U.S. totaled 488 units up until February 2016. According to Volvo, sales of the plug-in variant represent 20% of Volvo XC90 global sales by mid-March 2016. Volvo XC90 The Volvo XC90 is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV manufactured and marketed by Volvo Cars since 2002 and now in its second generation. The first generation was introduced at the 2002 North American International Auto Show and used the Volvo P2 platform shared with the


title: Atcham content: the parish to the east, is the village of Wroxeter, formerly a Roman city, and currently the site of one of Shropshire's commercial vineyards. There is a public house in the village called the "Mytton & Mermaid" (owned at one time by Clough Williams-Ellis as a staging post on the way to his iconic Italianate village of Portmeirion), but the school, post office and petrol station have all closed. The former garage remains as a small car-sales and vehicle-repair business. Atcham has a timber-framed village hall named the Malthouse, built in the 17th century as such, but after disuse converted


title: Pastoralism content: the year that corresponds to the seasonal patterns of precipitation. Transhumance is the seasonal migration of livestock and pastoralists between higher and lower pastures. Some pastoralists are constantly moving, which may put them at odds with sedentary people of towns and cities. The resulting conflicts can result in war for disputed lands. These disputes are recorded in ancient times in the Middle East, as well as for East Asia. Other pastoralists are able to remain in the same location which results in longer-standing housing. Different mobility patterns can be observed: Somali pastoralists keep their animals in one of the harshest


title: "News ticker" content: its run, but always featured yellow lettering on a black background, with the CNN logo as a bullet for each scrolled story (sister channel Headline News used a nearly identical ticker except featuring a blue background). CNN/U.S. and Headline News converted their respective tickers to a "flipper" version on December 15, 2008, with the introduction of new on-screen graphics package; a "flipper" ticker had already been in use previously on sister network CNN International. In 2012, after a trial run during its "American Morning" program, the ticker was modified to feature stories grouped into individual categories (such as national headlines,


title: "Magician (Feist novel)" content: D&D campaign which he based his books on had an invasion of the Midkemia world by Tekumel. As a result, much of the background of Kelewan - the Tsurani Empire, the lack of metals and horses, the Cho'ja, the pantheons of 10 major and 10 minor gods - come from Tekumel. Feist claims to have been unaware of this origin when he wrote "Magician". In March 2006, the novel was adapted into a comic book series titled "Magician Apprentice", released by Dabel Brothers Productions and Marvel Comics. The first six issues were released as a graphic novel hardcover. After almost


title: Seogwipo content: Silla in 935. However, it was subjugated by the Goryeo Dynasty in 938, and officially annexed in 1105. In 1300, among the 14 villages that made up Tamna Prefecture were Hongro and Yerye, two regions of modern Seogwipo. Tamna maintained local autonomy until 1404, when Taejo of the Joseon Dynasty placed it under firm central control. During the Joseon era, three fortresses were built in the Seogwipo area. In 1416, southern Jeju Island was divided into the prefectures of Jeongui and Daejeong. The former included Hongro, and the latter, Yerye, which had been the urban centers of Seogwipo City. In


title: "Franz Josef Glacier" content: Franz Josef Glacier Franz Josef Glacier / Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere is a long temperate maritime glacier located in Westland Tai Poutini National Park on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. Together with the Fox Glacier to the south, and a third glacier, it descends from the Southern Alps to less than above sea level. The area surrounding the two glaciers is part of Te Wahipounamu, a World Heritage Site park. The river emerging from the glacier terminal of Franz Josef is known as the Waiho River. The first European description of one of the west coast


title: "Franz Josef Glacier" content: glaciers (believed to be Franz Josef) was made in the log of the ship Mary Louisa in 1859. The glacier was later named after Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria by the German explorer, Julius von Haast in 1865. The Māori name for the glacier is "Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere" ('The tears of Hine Hukatere'), arising from a local legend: Hine Hukatere loved climbing in the mountains and persuaded her lover, Wawe, to climb with her. Wawe was a less experienced climber than Hine Hukatere but loved to accompany her until an avalanche swept Wawe from the peaks to


title: "Franz Josef Glacier" content: his death. Hine Hukatere was broken-hearted and her many, many tears flowed down the mountain and froze to form the glacier. Following the passage of the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998, the name of the glacier was officially altered to Franz Josef Glacier / Kā Roimata o Hine Hukatere. Franz Josef Glacier is currently long and terminates from the Tasman Sea. Fed by a large snowfield at high altitude, it exhibits a cyclic pattern of advance and retreat, driven by differences between the volume of meltwater at the foot of the glacier and volume of snowfall feeding the névé.


title: "Franz Josef Glacier" content: Franz Josef Glacier had periods of advances from 1946 to 1951 (340 m), 1965–1967 (400 m), 1983–1999 (1420 m) and 2004–2008 (280 m). The glacier advanced rapidly during the Little Ice Age, reaching a maximum in the early eighteenth century. Having retreated several kilometres between the 1940s and 1980s, the glacier entered an advancing phase in 1984 and at times has advanced at the phenomenal (by glacial standards) rate of 70 cm a day. The flow rate is about 10 times that of typical glaciers. Over the longer term, the glacier has retreated since the last ice age, and it