title: "U.S. Route 26 in Oregon" content: for a short distance before exiting onto city streets, including Arthur Street, to reach the Ross Island Bridge. (Prior to 2005, US 26 ran through downtown Portland on the one-way couplet of Market and Clay Streets, which carry the Sunset Highway to its end at Naito Parkway (Pacific Highway West No. 1W), turning south there to reach the bridge.) US 26 leaves the bridge, which is at the beginning of the Mount Hood Highway No. 26, and follows Powell Boulevard, a surface street, to Gresham. There were plans to construct a freeway alignment of US 26—the Mount Hood Freeway—to bypass


title: "Augustus Thébaud" content: eight years he spent as the pastor of St. Joseph's Church, Troy. To this charge he returned after his second rectorship at Fordham and filled the position from 1863–69, and again from 1873-74. The intervening years we find him at first in Montreal and then at St. Joseph's Church, Hudson City, New Jersey. After spending another year at Fordham, he was assigned to St. Francis Xavier's parish, New York, where he passed the rest of his days. He died at St. John's College in 1885. Thébaud wrote a series of books on religious and historical subjects and published, besides numerous


title: "James Scripps Booth" content: wife and children. First in his El Molino home and later in a home he designed for himself on Linda Vista, Booth built studios where he executed an extensive body of work, primarily pastel drawings of nudes and clothed models set in the surrounding hills. Many of these were exhibited at the Detroit Museum of Art and the Scarab Club, where they were well received. In the 1930s, Booth established a studio and automotive workshop in Indian Village in Detroit. Here, he spent considerable time reworking and brightening his earlier pastels and producing works far more colorful than those he


title: "Jordan O'Connor" content: short films, "Pookums" and "The Squeeze Box", to which Jordan also composed the score. Over the years, The Breath has worked closely with the Métis Nation of Ontario as well as other clients, such as Indspire, the government of Ontario and Lotus Yoga Centre. • "Live In Your Head" (2006) Don Ross • "Lebreton" (2006) Jordan O’Connor • "Falling Forward" (2003) Jordan O’Connor • "Robot Monster" (2004) Don Ross • "Fragments Vol. One" (2001) Jordan O’Connor • "Huron Street" (2001) Don Ross • "Tequila Vampire Matinee" (2000) Kevin Quain • "Found" (2000) Jennifer Ryan • "Hands Like Mine" (2000) Shane


title: XEWW-AM content: 690 kHz seemed to be the obvious choice, particularly as 690 kHz was then and still is a Canadian clear channel and protection of the Canadian Class I-A in Montreal would be relatively straightforward. Ultimately, XEWW would be assigned a Class I-B priority—inferior to the Canadian station, but superior to all U.S. stations on 690 kHz; this protection of the Canadian Class I-A facilitated the eventual allocation of a U.S. co-channel Class II-B station just one state over, in Arizona. Since 1941, the required separation has been 40 kHz, and this separation is still mandated in a so-called "border regions",


title: "World Tamil Movement" content: tributes to Tamil Tigers "martyrs," large numbers of documents pertaining to LTTE cadres, operatives and activities" and photos suggesting the WTM encourages Tamil Canadian children to "develop a cult-like devotion and obedience" to the leader of the Tamil Tigers." In April 2008, Conservative MP Art Hanger tabled a petition in the House of Commons containing what he claimed were "the signatures of more than 1,000 Canadians of Sri Lankan origin." It urged the government to "ensure adequate surveillance and prosecution of the LTTE's front organizations and bogus charities." On June 16, 2008, the Government of Canada formally listed the World


title: "William Rickman" content: time he held the rank of Captain of Regiment 95. Having studied medicine, he was appointed surgeon to the Royal Navy ship HMS Launceston on January 1, 1766. He served on the Launceston for about 3½ years until about August 1769. A man named William Rickman appears in the records of Charles City County, Virginia in 1770. The records contain several references to Rickman and his dealings within the county, but none mention a wife or children. In 1775, the Charles City County William Rickman married Elizabeth Harrison, daughter of the Signer of the Declaration of Independence Benjamin Harrison. Miss


title: "B.J. Lawson" content: television ads against Price, which Price's opponents typically do not do. National right wing-libertarian, David H. Koch and Sarah Scaife-funded publication "Reason" called Lawson "one of the most credible Republican challengers of 2008, period." Lawson raised nearly $600,000 in a district in which the previous Republican contender, Lt. Col. Steve Acuff, raised only $50,000 in 2006. Lawson ordered 50,000 pocket copies of the United States Constitution to hand out to voters during the 2008 election cycle. Lawson raised almost $600,000 for the campaign, helped with $170,000 in one day during a designated money bomb. His campaign headquarters was in Cary,


title: "Cockermouth and Workington Railway" content: kept their pits open and made large profits, whilst the ordinary C&W shareholder had lost three-quarters of their money. More coal waggons were bought and the loading facilities at Workington harbour increased and the Fletchers reverted to rail transport of their coal, but in 1856, faced with an increased carriage rate, again threatened to remove their custom. They were now in a far stronger position; they were now leasing Lord Lonsdale's pits at Clifton, so pits they were working accounted for nearly half the revenue of the line. Furthermore, Lord Lonsdale had indicated that if the C&W's rates hindered exploitation


title: "I've Seen That Face Before (Libertango)" content: from Jones' album "Nightclubbing", after "Demolition Man" made no chart impact. It met with a commercial success, reaching Top 20 in no fewer than five European countries, including number 1 in Belgium, and now counts as one of Jones' signature tunes. A longer version of the song was released on a 12" single, which is available on the "Grand 12-Inches 7" CD compilation, compiled by Ben Liebrand, and also "Movie Klub 80: Episode 3" compilation CD (4 Ever Music/Warner Music Poland). The song was featured in key moments of the 1988 thriller movie "Frantic", set in Paris, directed by Roman


title: "Jackson Municipal Airport (Alabama)" content: Jackson Municipal Airport (Alabama) Jackson Municipal Airport is a city-owned public airport two miles south of Jackson, in Clarke County, Alabama. This airport is in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 and 2009–2013, both of which called it a "general aviation" facility. Jackson Municipal Airport covers 112 acres (45 ha) at an elevation of 62 feet (19 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway, 1/19, 5,003 by 80 feet (1,525 x 24 m) asphalt. In the year ending July 15, 2010 the airport had 2,800 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 233 per


title: "1899–1923 cholera pandemic" content: as a quarantine facility. Eleven people died, including a health care worker at the island hospital. 1899–1923 cholera pandemic The sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923) was a major outbreak of cholera beginning in India, where it killed more than 800,000 people, and spreading to the Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia. According to Leonard Rogers, following an outbreak of cholera at the Haridwar Kumbh Mela, the epidemic spread to Europe via Punjab, Afghanistan, Persia, and southern Russia. The last cholera outbreak in the United States was in 1910–1911 when the steamship "Moltke" brought infected people to New York City


title: "Emeline Piggott" content: Emeline Piggott Emmeline Piggott (December 15, 1836 – May 26, 1919) was a Confederate States of America spy from North Carolina, USA. For several years, she hid secret messages in her skirt and carried them between New Bern, North Carolina and the sea ports. She was almost caught several times. Eventually, Union forces arrested her on charges of blockade running, and she was sent back home. Emmeline Piggott was born on December 15, 1836 in Harlowe Township, Carteret County, North Carolina. She was the daughter of Col. Levi Whitehurst Piggott and Elizabeth Dennis. She grew up in Harlowe and when


title: "2010 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania" content: had announced her candidacy for the Republican primary in March. Although some questioned her lack of elected office experience and limited knowledge of foreign affairs, Luksik said she planned to be an advocate against big government and excessive spending. During a conversation in February 2009, Toomey had assured her he did not plan to run for Senate again. She was present the next month at the Pennsylvania Leadership Conference when Toomey announced his plans to run, but Luksik said she nevertheless planned to stay in the race. She said she did not feel betrayed by Toomey's surprise announcement, adding, "I


title: "Eric Greitens" content: in Anaheim, California. On May 20, 2012, Greitens was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Tufts University when he gave the commencement speech at the school's 156th commencement. That same year, he received the Bronfman Prize, which recognizes dynamic leaders whose innovation and impact serve as inspiration for the next generations. On April 18, 2013, "Time" named Greitens to its 2013 100 Most Influential People in the World. In 2014, "Fortune" featured Greitens as one of the World's 50 Greatest Leaders. Eric Greitens Eric Robert Greitens (; born April 10, 1974) is an American politician and former


title: "Centre Municipal Airport" content: Centre Municipal Airport Centre Municipal Airport is a city-owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (4 mi, 6 km) east of the central business district of Centre, a city in Cherokee County, Alabama, United States. It is owned by the City of Centre. This airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015 and 2009–2013, both of which categorized it as a "general aviation" facility. This airport has been closed Centre Municipal Airport covers an area of 43 acres (17 ha) at an elevation of 619 feet (189 m) above mean sea level. It has


title: "Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)" content: in 1832, deeply in debt. Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832) Thomas Boylston Adams (September 15, 1772 – March 13, 1832) was the third and youngest son of John and Abigail (Smith) Adams. In 1784 Abigail Adams traveled to Europe to accompany her husband on his diplomatic missions. While both of his parents were abroad, Thomas Adams lived with relatives in Haverhill, Massachusetts. In 1790 he graduated from Harvard University where he had studied law - according to his family’s wishes. His elder brother, John Quincy Adams, did not believe he had sufficient skills to practice law successfully. Adams accompanied his brother


title: "2011 in film" content: greatest art films of our age, but a revolution in the language of blockbuster filmmaking. One big-budget action film after another used digital cameras to show the world behind explosions in starker, stranger light, while constructing a backbone of classical ideas and images." These are the top-grossing films that were released in 2011. "" grossed $1,045,713,802, becoming the second film in the series to have grossed over $1 billion, and the 13th highest-grossing film of all time. "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2" grossed $1,341,511,219, becoming the third highest-grossing film of all time, the highest-grossing film in


title: "Ron Preston" content: death. Preston has two children. Preston was slated to ride in the 1979 Speedway World Pairs Championship Final with Bruce Penhall at the Speedway Center in Vojens, Denmark after first Kelly Moran had to pull out due to injuries suffered in a practice crash and the Moran's replacement Steve Gresham failed to arrive. However, Preston was left stranded at the Heathrow Airport in London, England and could not make it to Denmark in time, which forced Penhall to ride the Pairs Final alone. Ron Preston Ronald Nunan Preston (born July 15, 1958 in Newport Beach, California, United States) is an


title: "Insurgency in Ogaden" content: Insurgency in Ogaden The Insurgency in Ogaden is an ongoing separatist insurgency, waged by the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) against the Ethiopian government. The war began in 1994 when the ONLF attempted to recreate the Greater Somalian state by unifying Ethiopia's Somali Region with Somalia. The Ogaden region was conquered by the Ethiopian Empire in the middle of the 19th century, making it a buffer zone between the state and expanding European interests in the region. Unlike the rest of Ethiopia it is populated by the Ogadeni people, a subgroup of Somalis. For most of its history under Ethiopian


title: "Eric Marcus Municipal Airport" content: the command of the 472d (Reduced) Army Air Force Base Unit, AAF West Coast Training Center. Ajo AAF also had three auxiliary landing fields, located out on the (now) Barry Goldwater bombing range Although abandoned since the war, all of these fields are easily visible from the air. With the exception of the small caliber shooting at the former fire-in-butt range, all live ammunition activities took place on the Ajo-Gila Bend Gunnery Range, well away from the Ajo AAF. A Chemical Warfare Service Detachment was assigned to the Ajo AAF; however, their activities were restricted to classroom instruction. All chemical


title: "Codex Nanianus" content: of the codex is supported by codices Tischendorfianus IV and minuscule 700. In Matthew 2:15 – the same in Matthew 2:17 – it reads υπο του κυριου for υπο κυριου; the reading of the manuscript is supported by codices: Sinaiticus (א), Vaticanus (B), Ephraemi (C), Bezae (D), Dublinensis, Tischendorfianus IV, Sangallensis, Petropolitanus, the reading υπο κυριου is supported by Basilensis, Cyprius, Regius, Campianus, Vaticanus 354, U, Mosquensis II. In Matthew 27:49 it has Alexandrian interpolation ἄλλος δὲ λαβὼν λόγχην ἒνυξεν αὐτοῦ τὴν πλευράν, καὶ ἐξῆλθεν ὖδορ καὶ αἳμα ("the other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately came


title: "St Nicholas Olave" content: St Nicholas Olave A former church in the City of London, on the west side of Bread Street Hill in Queenhithe Ward.The Mortality Bill for the year 1665, published by the "Parish Clerk’s Company", shows 97 parishes within the City of London. By September 6 the city lay in ruins, 86 churches having been destroyed in the Fire of London. In 1670 a Rebuilding Act was passed and a committee set up under the stewardship of Sir Christopher Wren to decide which would be rebuilt. Fifty-one were chosen, but not St Nicholas Olave. Its unusual dedication refers to the earlier


title: "History of Budapest" content: activity, rallies, printing and selling of unauthorized material and secret-service surveillance. In addition the talks between opposition and government representatives (dubbed the "Round Table Consultations") were held there. Finally, the majority of the multi-sided regime decided to step over Gorbachev's line and open the borders (the first official break of the Iron Curtain), declared Hungary a Republic on October 23, 1989 then issued free elections. While communism was toppled in Berlin and Prague, the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party was simply voted out of power in Hungary, initiating a peaceful transition from one political system to another. Hungarians simply refer to


title: "Seul Choix Light" content: to the public and tours are available (including climbing the tower), which is "relatively rare for an active aid to navigation." On display are the fog signal and a very old dugout canoe which was found on site. There are also "unique copper moldings around some of the interior door frames... a [rare] decorative touch... in lighthouse dwellings." The lighthouse is in the end stage its historical restoration, being performed by National Restoration, Inc. Grounds are open year-round, and the light and museum is open from Memorial Day until October 15. It is also said to be haunted by the


title: "Jamshedji Framji Madan" content: had to leave school, and he joined Elphinstone Dramatic Club as a prop boy in 1868. By 1875, this amateur club turned into a professional theatre company staging shows all over India. In 1882, Madan left the theatre company and had a short successful stint in business at Karachi. He moved to Calcutta in 1883. His success in a business of supplying goods to army cantonments enabled him to buy Corinthian Hall, where theatre shows used to be staged. Also, he took over the Elphinstone Theatre Company, where he started his career, from Cooverji Nazir, one of the founders of


title: "Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt" content: Libertador, Edif. Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt. Caracas Av. Principal del Bosque (Frente a Proseín) Edif. Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt. Caracas Final Av. Pocaterra, Cruce con Calle Colinas, El Trigal Centro, Edif. Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt. Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt Universidad Alejandro de Humboldt was named in honor of Alexander von Humboldt German naturalist and explorer. UAH is a Venezuelan private university sponsored by the Civil Association Educational Humboldt, created by the National University Council in Resolution No. 28 of 25 July 1997 and authorized in its operation by Presidential Decree No. 2.225 of December 1, 1997. Enrollment is 12,200 including


title: "Vasyl Krychevsky" content: Vasyl Krychevsky Vasyl Hryhorovych Krychevsky (; January 12, 1873 in Vorozhba, now Lebedyn Raion - November 15, 1952 in Caracas, Venezuela) was a Ukrainian painter, architect, art scholar, graphic artist, film art consultant, pedagogue and master of applied art and decorative art. He is the designer of the 1918 Ukrainian coat of arms, state seals, banknotes. He was the brother of Ukrainian painter Fedir Krychevsky. Vasyl Krychevsky was born in the village of Vorozhba, near Lebedyn, to a family of eight children where he was the eldest. His father Hryhoriy Yakymovych Krychevsky was a county state doctor of Jewish descent


title: "Nottingham New Theatre" content: and Lucy Bromilow (both for This Wide Night) respectively, and Best Design for After the End. In 2013, three shows were selected from the Nottingham New Theatre by NSDF, from a total of 11 shows nationally. These included: Memory of Water by Shelagh Stephenson, "Mercury Fur" by Philip Ridley and "Jerusalem" by Jez Butterworth. In 2015, the production of "The Ritual Slaughter of Gorge Mastromas" by Dennis Kelly was selected by NSDF. It won The Festgoers Award, voted for by all the participants of the festival. The following year, the Nottingham New Theatre had two shows selected by NSDF. These


title: "Joan Jacobs Brumberg" content: Joan Jacobs Brumberg Joan Jacobs Brumberg (born April 29, 1944) is an American social historian and writes and lectures in the fields of women's history and medical history. Her first appointment at Cornell University (1979) was in Women's Studies and Human Development. From that point, her research, teaching and writing have been interdisciplinary and focused on gender. She is a Professor Emerita of Cornell University, and lectures and writes about the experiences of adolescents through history until the present day. In the subject area of Gender Studies, she has written about boys and violence, and girls and body image. Her


title: "Mauprat (novel)" content: the views of socialist thinkers such as Pierre Leroux, with whom she went on to form a journal, the "Revue Indépendante". In keeping with Sand's interest in equality, "Mauprat" depicts a new type of literary figure, the peasant visionary Patience. In addition, part of the novel takes place during the American Revolutionary War. "Mauprat" was adapted into a silent film with the same title by French director Jean Epstein in 1926. Luis Buñuel was assistant director on this film; it was his first film credit. Mauprat (novel) Mauprat is a novel by the French novelist George Sand about love and


title: Zemiology content: that the UK’s 54 billionaires paid income tax of only £14.7 million in 2006. At least 32 paid no income tax at all. In contrast, according to the Institute for Fiscal Studies, £3.4 billion a year would lift enough families out of poverty to hit Labour’s pledge of halving child poverty by 2010. It is estimated that 24,000 lives are prematurely ended due to the effects of air pollution. Moreover, these health consequences are estimated to cost the UK £29,000 per life year lost in "good" health, £15,000 per life year lost in "poor" health and £1,900–£2,000 per hospital admission.


title: "Kelly Watson" content: is visible tension between Kelly and Travis and this leads to the destruction of a tape exonerating Steven, who has been accused of murdering his nemesis Brian "Dodge" Forbes (Kelly Dingwall). Dodge kidnaps Kelly in order to lure Steven into a final showdown and leaves her tied up in the boot of his car. Travis rescues Kelly and finds her severely dehydrated. Kelly and Travis soon become close and begin a relationship. Kelly's sister Rachel (Tasma Walton) visits and is involved in a car crash that ends up killing her boyfriend, Rick (Andrew Rododera) and blames Kelly for not doing


title: "Aber Whitcomb" content: co-founder of MySpace where he was responsible for the engineering and technical operations groups. InfoWorld named Whitcomb as one of the "Top 25 CTOs of 2009." Whitcomb is a co-founder of i/o Ventures, an early stage startup program that focuses heavily on mentorship. He graduated from the University of Washington and was born and raised in Bellingham, WA. Aber Whitcomb Aber Whitcomb (born 1977) is the CTO and Co-Founder of Jam City, Inc (formerly SGN Games). As CTO of Jam City Inc, a multi-platform game developer and distributor, Aber Whitcomb oversees the cross-platform technology strategy and plays a key role


title: "1999 Thai Premier League" content: 1999 Thai Premier League The 1999 Thai Premier League consisted of 12 teams. The bottom club would be relegated to the Thailand Division 1 League. The club that came 11th would play in a relegation / promotion match against the club that came second in the Thailand Division 1 League Defending Champions Sinthana would enter the next edition of the Asian Club Championship. The league was also known as the Caltex Premier League. The club that came 11th would play in a relegation / promotion match against the runner-up in the Thailand Division 1 League † Royal Thai Army relegated


title: "History of nursing" content: Japan, he called for a compulsory draft of nurses. The casualties never happened and there was never a draft of American nurses. During World War II, nurses belonged to Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS), as they had during World War I, and as they remain today. (Nurses belonging to the QAIMNS are informally called "QA"s.) Members of the Army Nursing Service served in every overseas British military campaign during World War II, as well as at military hospitals in Britain. At the beginning of World War II, nurses held officer status with equivalent rank, but were not commissioned


title: "George Town, Chennai" content: about 4 km towards north and ends near Vallalar Nagar. The street derived its name from a mint of the East India Company that existed at the end of this street during the British era. Now the building houses Central Printing Press of Government of Tamil Nadu. This is considered one of few longest streets in the world. Several government offices, both state and central governments, including Andaman & Nicobar Island government's administrative offices of Shipping and Tourism Departments, are located on Rajaji Salai. The very attractive Burma Bazaar, noted for selling electronic goods and other items at cheaper rates,


title: "Kyoto Notre Dame University" content: of foreign students come from China, while other countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Indonesia, and the Philippines are also represented. The motto of the university is “Virtue and Knowledge.” This means KNDU teaches not only knowledge, but also morals or a sense of values. The mission faiths for students are respect, communication, sympathy, and action. KNDU also emphasizes “Virtue and Knowledge.” The goal of KNDU is “Be a lady.” This means that all students will be cultured and refined as represented by Our Lady (the Virgin Mary). KNDU was founded by the School Sisters


title: "Christian Noboa" content: of two unofficial friendly matches in late 2006 against Spanish provincial sides. The transfer to Russian football did practically nothing for his chances of being selected by then national team manager Luis Fernando Suárez. Under Sixto Vizuete's current management, he has been noticed and made his official debut against Brazil in a 2010 World Cup qualifiers. In the match, Noboa scored a wonderful goal to tie the game in the 89th minute for his first international goal. Noboa may have saved Ecuador's qualification dreams as he scored his second goal in as many games against Paraguay on 1 April 2009.


title: "Gregory Kunde" content: (above the tenor high C) in falsettone. He made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, as des Grieux in Massenet's "Manon". He won considerable acclaim in Europe in "Les Huguenots", "A Life for the Tsar", and "Anna Bolena", and at the Pesaro Festival in 1992, as Idreno in "Semiramide", and in 1993, as Rinaldo in "Armida", opposite Renée Fleming. Other notable roles include; "Mitridate, re di Ponto", Rodrigo in "La donna del lago", Arnold in "Guillaume Tell", Ernesto in "Don Pasquale", Nadir in "Les pêcheurs de perles", Roméo in "Roméo et Juliette", Enée in "Les Troyens" etc.


title: "Giant Bomb" content: a Patreon-funded solo documentary project titled "Cloth Map" and joked with Gerstmann about the timing of the blinking meme going viral coinciding with his announcement, despite informing his colleagues of the decision weeks before. On May 1, 2017, Giant Bomb announced that Abby Russell and former intern Ben Pack would be joining the Giant Bomb East and West offices respectively, with additional hires planned for later in the year. In November 2017 the site announced that a new video producer, Jan Ochoa, had taken the seat vacated by Scanlon. Giant Bomb's editorial content is described as lighter and looser than


title: "Trump Plaza (Jersey City)" content: was to feature BMW zipcars upon its opening. Trump Plaza was designed by DeWitt Tishman Architects LLP and was completed in 2008. The building has of space and 445 units. It is the tallest residential building in New Jersey, and the third largest building in Jersey City. The property was scheduled for foreclosure on March 6, 2013. The second tower, Trump Plaza II, was planned to be and have 50 floors. It was also designed by DeWitt Tishman Architects LLP. In May 2010, developer Dean Geibel retained commercial real estate firm William Procida Inc. to assist in finding investors for


title: "Leviathan (Auster novel)" content: in the novel’s introduction. Ben, the novel’s central character meets Maria at the point where he begins to recreate his own life. The contrast is that while Calle/Maria parlayed her fictions into a career, Ben creates a life that finishes him. Stylistically, Auster proves his themes through circuitous multi-layered writing, reporting conflicting personal accounts to inscribe subjective kinds of truth. Auster references themes of coincidence and chance that began with the hero of his 1985 novel, "City of Glass" who believed that “nothing was real except chance”. In 2009, Audible.com produced an audio version of "Leviathan", narrated by Peter Ganim,


title: "David Trubridge" content: his incredible designs." Trubridge's work is inspired by flora, fauna and formations within landscapes. These include lighting, furniture, large scale commissions and sculptural pieces which are all designed with longevity in mind and integrity at their core. Perhaps one of the most well known Trubridge "signatures" is the Coral Light. Inspired by the designer's experiences underwater, the piece is based on the structure of a geometric polyhedron and is reminiscent of the intricate patterns within coral itself. Sold as a kitset, the environmental footprint of the light is also reduced. This is a typical Trubridge feature. The collections incorporate a


title: "Lucian Ban" content: Lucian Ban Lucian Ban (born 1969) is an American jazz pianist of Romanian origin. Raised in the tiny farming village of Teaca (Transylvania, Romania), Ban grew up listening to folk songs performed at weddings, birthdays, holidays, and other celebrations. At the age of seven, he moved to Cluj, where he started classical piano and composition training. He studied composition at Bucharest Music Academy from 1992 to 1995. He established the group Jazz Unit in 1995 and released two albums as a leader for Green Records in Romania. In 1999 he moved to New York City, where he studied for two


title: "Antony Johnston" content: Oni Press – "Spooked" (with Sophie Campbell), "Julius" (with Brett Weldele) and "Closer" (with Mike Norton) released between February and May 2004; "The Long Haul" (with Eduardo Barreto) and "F-Stop" (with Matthew Loux) released in February and April 2005. In 2006, Johnston and Christopher Mitten launched "Wasteland" (2006), an ongoing post-apocalyptic series, for Oni Press. It ran for 60 issues and concluded in April 2015. In 2006, Johnston adapted Anthony Horowitz's "Alex Rider" series for Walker Books, beginning with "". Johnston also wrote "Wolverine: Prodigal Son", a Marvel Comics-licensed original English-language manga version of "Wolverine", . Other Marvel work by


title: "116th Air Refueling Squadron" content: had a wooden body covered in fabric and only weighed 1,430 pounds. At the time President George W. Bush ordered coalition military units into Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom in March 2003, the 116th was in a training status to transition into the R model KC-135. Since then the 116th has supported continuous deployments including antiterrorism efforts abroad under Operation Enduring Freedom and air refueling missions over the US for homeland defense flights under Operation Noble Eagle. During a banquet ceremony in July 2003, the 141st Air Refueling Wing accepted the coveted Solano Trophy marking the wing as the best


title: VP-26 content: received five [[Battle Effectiveness Award]]s, three Captain Arnold Jay Isbell Trophies, two Golden Wrenches for maintenance excellence, two [[Navy Unit Commendation]]s, ten [[Meritorious Unit Commendation]]s, a [[Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation]], three [[Navy Expeditionary Medal]]s, an [[Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal]], [[Global War on Terrorism Service Medal|Global War on Terrorism Service]] and [[Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal|Expeditionary Medals]], six Bone Deep achievement medals, three [[Joint Meritorious Unit Citation]]s, a [[NATO Medal]] (for [[Kosovo]]), Gold, Silver, and Bronze Anchors for retention excellence and six [[Chief of Naval Operations Aviation Safety Award|Chief of Naval Operations Safety Awards]]. The squadron was assigned the


title: Monserrate content: Monserrate Monserrate (after Catalan homonym mountain "Montserrat)" is a mountain that dominates the city center of Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia. It rises to above the sea level, where there is a church (built in the 17th century) with a shrine, devoted to "El Señor Caído" ("The Fallen Lord"). The hill, already considered sacred in pre-Columbian times when the area was inhabited by the indigenous Muisca, is a pilgrim destination, as well as a major tourist attraction. In addition to the church, the summit contains restaurants, cafeteria, souvenir shops and many smaller tourist facilities. Monserrate can be accessed by


title: Monserrate content: aerial tramway, a funicular or by climbing, the preferred way of pilgrims. The climbing route, however, had been indefinitely closed due to drought, and the associated wildfires and landslides. It was reopened in 2017. All downtown Bogotá, south Bogotá and some sections of the north of the city are visible facing west, making it a popular destination to watch the sunset over the city. Every year, Monserrate and its neighbour Guadalupe attract many tourists. The history of Monserrate goes back to the pre-Columbian era. Before the Spanish conquest, the Bogotá savanna was inhabited by the Muisca, who were organised in


title: Monserrate content: their loose Muisca Confederation. The indigenous people, who had a thorough understanding of astronomy, called Monserrate "quijicha caca"; "grandmother's foot". At the solstice of June, the Sun, represented in their religion by the solar god Sué, rises exactly from behind Monserrate, as seen from Bolívar Square. The Spanish conquistadors in the early colonial period replaced the Muisca temples by catholic buildings. The first primitive cathedral of Bogotá was constructed on the northeastern corner of Bolívar Square in 1539, a year after the foundation of the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada. In the 1620s, the "Cofradia de la Vera


title: Monserrate content: Cruz" ("Brotherhood of Vera Cruz") began using the Monserrate's hill top for religious celebrations. As time passed, many devoted residents of Bogotá began participating in the climb to the hill top. In 1650, four gentlemen met with the Archbishop as well as Juan de Borja, the head of the Tribunal of Santafe de Bogotá, in order to secure permission to build a small religious retreat on the top of Monserrate. The founders decided to establish the hermitage retreat in the name of Monserrat's Morena Virgin. Her sanctuary was located in Catalonia, near Barcelona, giving the mountain the name Monserrate. Some


title: Monserrate content: people believe Montserrat was chosen to be the patron saint, due to one of the founders, Pedro Solis, having an uncle who had previously served as abbot in the Montserrat sanctuary. By 1656, Father Rojas had been assigned guarding the sanctuary and ordered the carving of a crucifix and a statue of Jesus Christ. After this statue was taken off the cross, it earned the name "El Señor Caído" ("The Fallen Lord"). Originally, these sculptures were placed inside a small chapel dedicated to the adoration of Christ instead of being placed inside the religious retreat itself. As time passed, more


title: Monserrate content: and more people began visiting the sanctuary in order to see the statue of Jesus, rather than the matron saint of Monserrat. By the 19th century, the statue of "The Fallen Lord" had gained so much attention, that the sculpture to the Virgin of Montserrat was removed from the hill as the center piece of the sanctuary and replaced with "El Señor Caido". The mountain has retained the name Monserrate afterwards. Ever since then, for more than four centuries, pilgrims and citizens have hiked the mountain to offer their prayers to the shrine of "El Señor Caido". Both Monserrate and


title: Monserrate content: its neighbor Guadalupe Hill are icons of Bogota's cityscape. The hill is a touristic attraction with a funicular, cable car, or pilgrimage climbing trail access. Monserrate Monserrate (after Catalan homonym mountain "Montserrat)" is a mountain that dominates the city center of Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia. It rises to above the sea level, where there is a church (built in the 17th century) with a shrine, devoted to "El Señor Caído" ("The Fallen Lord"). The hill, already considered sacred in pre-Columbian times when the area was inhabited by the indigenous Muisca, is a pilgrim destination, as well as a


title: "Beer Ajam" content: income for many families. Poultry, sheep, in addition to widespread beekeeping. Beer Ajam Beer Ajam (, also spelled Bir Ajam, "lit." "Non-Arabs' Spring") is a Syrian Circassian village in the Quneitra Governorate in the Syrian controlled portion of the Golan Heights. It has been inhabited for about 150 years. Its first houses were built in 1872. Nearby localities include Quneitra to the north, Naba al-Sakhr to the northeast, al-Harra to the east, Namer to the southeast and Bariqa to the south. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Beer Ajam had a population of 353 in the 2004


title: "MCI Center (Los Angeles)" content: MCI Center (Los Angeles) MCI Center is a skyscraper in downtown Los Angeles, California, United States. It was completed in November, 1973 and has 33 floors. It is 32nd tallest building in Los Angeles. The Class A building has of office space with a glass atrium and courtyard. On March 21, 2005 Jamison Properties bought the building for $150 per square foot totaling $101,770,500. This purchase included 925 West Eighth Street (originally known as the "Broadway Plaza" which became known as Macy's Plaza) and the 3,000 space parking garage. In 2013, the Ratkovich Company acquired the property, and after a


title: "Miss South Africa" content: the Miss World pageant. That year Norma Vorster was crowned and the Miss SA. Two years later, an 18-year-old secretary from Durban, Penny Coelen, was crowned and would later go on to make history and win Miss World. It was not until 1992 that all persons of all races were allowed to compete in the Miss SA competition. Prior to that person's of colour competed in the Miss Africa South pageant. This was just the beginning for the Miss South Africa organisation and of the 60 women who have worn the crown only the last 27 winners have been chosen


title: "Douglas H. Johnston" content: $20 million. When it came time to allot tribal lands to individuals, Johnston had to review and sign each claim. Former Oklahoma Governor William H. Murray in his eulogy of Johnston on June 29, 1939, said: "Every allotment, every town lot, every parcel of land sold or transferred from the Nation from west of Duncan and Chickasha to Arkansas, every foot of land south of the Canadian River bears the name of Douglas H. Johnston as grantor, representing sovereignty of that soil. That, in itself, is a monument." Johnston was reelected to office in 1904. This was the last election


title: "2006 Portland LumberJax season" content: both coach and GM of the year, and owner Angela Batinovich was named Executive of the Year. Reference: Reference: Reference: "Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; LB = Loose Balls; PIM = Penalty Minutes" "Note: GP = Games Played; MIN = Minutes; W = Wins; L = Losses; GA = Goals Against; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average" Reference: 2006 Portland LumberJax season The Portland LumberJax were a lacrosse team based in Portland, Oregon playing in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2006 season was the LumberJax inaugural season,


title: "Concurrence (quantum computing)" content: Concurrence (quantum computing) In quantum information science, the concurrence is a state invariant involving qubits. The concurrence is an entanglement monotone defined for a mixed state of two qubits as: in which formula_2 are the eigenvalues, in decreasing order, of the Hermitian matrix with the spin-flipped state of formula_5, formula_6 a Pauli spin matrix, and the eigenvalues listed in decreasing order. A generalized version of concurrence for multiparticle pure states in arbitrary dimensions is defined as: in which formula_8 is the reduced density matrix across the bipartition formula_9 of the pure state, and it measures how much the complex amplitudes


title: "Sallie Wyatt Stewart" content: Sallie Wyatt Stewart Sallie Wyatt Stewart succeeded Mary McLeod Bethune as President of the National Association of Colored Women. During her term in office the membership of the organization was estimated at about 200,000 women. Stewart was born in Ensle, Tennessee on January 4, 1881 as the daughter of Armstead and Eliza (Jones) Wyatt. As a child her family moved to Evansville, Indiana, where she graduated from Evansville High School in 1897. The next year she began teaching in the Evansville public schools while continuing her education at Evansville Norman Cadet School and the University of Chicago. She worked as


title: "Middle East and globalization" content: the Arab world is opposing globalization some others feel that it has strengthened Islamic fundamentalism by facilitating extensive networks of formerly dissociated Muslims. In this view the Middle East can even be considered as one of its driving forces. The increase in the flow of information, communication and mobility has served Muslim fundamentalism but in a different way from the West. Whereas the latter is more profit –driven, the Islamists ideal of a globalized society is a network-connection of all Muslims in order to promote their definition of the world. One example showing how Muslims use globalization to strengthen and


title: "On the Job Training" content: the best laid plans; Chauncey and Diego hang and get hung up in small-time hustles that go sour and the boxing tournament KOs any chance of Chauncey sporting golden gloves. Just as his dream car is about to ride off into the sunset, Chauncey gets it, there's a big difference between having a dream and working hard to make a dream come true. On the Job Training On the Job Training is a 2008 independent feature film, written and directed by Geff Zamor. It premiered and won the audience award at the 2007 Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival and will


title: "Anastasia Klose" content: as one of "50 of Australia's Most Collectable Artists". Anastasia Klose Anastasia Klose (born 1978) is an Australian contemporary artist. Her work has received much attention in the art world due to the personal nature of her subject matter, often putting herself in humiliating situations. She is a graduate of both the Victorian College of the Arts (VCA) and the University of Melbourne. She is also the daughter of artist and academic, Elizabeth Presa. Klose's work largely comprises elements of video, performance and installation art. She is known for her lo-fi aesthetics with her use of iMovie editing software, generic


title: "Gilbert Potter" content: any person connected with it --- I was told a question of exchange might be raised, I wonder does the Government care enough about one who has been their servant for over 20 years to make an effort in my direction? Dal Eirann should be able to find out that I never injured an Irishman and lived always on good terms with the Irish, being born & having lived all my life In Ireland. [ Illeg ] claim to have the right to -My love to all our friends in Cahir --- and to the Bishop and May and their


title: "Danielson Ferreira Trindade" content: Danielson Ferreira Trindade Danielson Ferreira Trindade (born 9 January 1981), known simply as Danielson, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Portuguese club Rio Ave F.C. B as a central defender. Born in São Paulo, Danielson started his senior career with lowly Grêmio Esportivo Inhumense. In the middle of 2003 he moved to Portugal, playing the following five years with Rio Ave FC (the first three seasons in the Primeira Liga, the following two in the second division, with promotion in 2008). In 2008, Danielson signed with Russian Football Premier League side FC Khimki. However, in the following January


title: "Fernando da Costa Novaes" content: 1971. Some date on the role of birds in arbovirus ecology in the Amazon basin. SYMPOSIUM ON THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF MIGRATING BIRDS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF ARBOVIRUSES, 5: 178-179. Annals. Novosibirsk, Academy Science U.S.S.R. NOVAES, F.C. 1971. Estudo ecológico das aves em uma área de vegetação secundária do baixo rio Amazonas, Estado do Pará. Rio Claro, São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Zoologia e Fisiologia, 109p., il. Tese de doutorado. NOVAES, F.C. & PIMENTEL, T. 1973. Observações sobre a avifauna dos Campos de Bragança, Estado do Pará. Publ. Avulsas Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi, Belém, 20:


title: "Whole-life cost" content: years, in reality it will possibly perform well beyond this design life. For assets like these a balanced view between maintenance strategies and renewal/rehabilitation is required. The appropriateness of the maintenance strategy must be questioned, the point of intervention for renewal must be challenged. The process requires proactive assessment which must be based on the performance expected of the asset, the consequences and probabilities of failures occurring, and the level of expenditure in maintenance to keep the service available and to avert disaster. Whole-life cost is often referred to as "total cost of ownership (TCO)" when applied to IT hardware


title: Murombedzi content: Murombedzi Murombedzi is a town in Zimbabwe. Murombedzi, also known as Murombedzi Growth Point, is a small town in Zvimba District, Mashonaland West Province, in central northern Zimbabwe. The town lies about , by road, south of the town of Chinhoyi, in neighbouring Makonde District. This location lies approximately , by road, north of the town of Chegutu. Murombedzi is located about , by road, west of Harare, the capital of Zimbabwe and largest city in that country. The coordinates of the town are: 17° 42' 0.00"S, 30° 12' 0.00"E (Latitude:17.7000; Longitude:30.2000). In addition to the Murombedzi Town Council offices,


title: "Isocoma menziesii" content: Isocoma menziesii Isocoma menziesii is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family, known by the common name Menzies' goldenbush. It is native to California, Baja California, and Baja California Sur, where it grows in coastal and inland habitat such as chaparral, particularly in sandy soils. "Isocoma menziesii" is a subshrub forming a matted bush reaching between one and two meters (40-80 inches) tall. The erect branching stems may be hairless to woolly, are generally glandular, and vary in color from gray-green to reddish brown. The leaves are oval-shaped to somewhat rectangular, gray-green and sometimes hairy and glandular, and


title: "Isocoma menziesii" content: long with stumpy teeth along the edges. The abundant inflorescences are clusters of thick flower heads. Each head is a capsule with layers of thick, pointed, greenish phyllaries. The head is filled with large, protruding, cylindrical yellow disc florets with long stigmas. Isocoma menziesii Isocoma menziesii is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family, known by the common name Menzies' goldenbush. It is native to California, Baja California, and Baja California Sur, where it grows in coastal and inland habitat such as chaparral, particularly in sandy soils. "Isocoma menziesii" is a subshrub forming a matted bush reaching between


title: "United Kingdom agency worker law" content: at the will of the employer. The courts are of two minds about whether agency workers should be considered "employees" (under s 230 ERA) and importantly whom they should be considered "employees" of. Confusion in the courts has encouraged more claims, and has prevented the enforcement of clear rights. Agency workers have almost none of the main entitlements under the Employment Rights Act 1996. None of this is covered in the directive. That means agency workers may potentially be left without the following rights. In cl 4(1) the Bill created a right to have access to an Employment Tribunal under


title: "Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize" content: in Africa's Health Through Evidence and Persistence in the Spirit of Dr. Hideyo Noguchi." With significantly large money prizes attending this award, the Noguchi Prize already rivals the major established scientific awards. From the outset, the 2008 Noguchi Prizes—consisting of a citation, a medal and an honorarium of 100 million yen (US$843,668) -- were only intended to be the first in a continuing series; and subsequent prizes are expected to be awarded every five years. The prize has been made possible through a combination of government funding and private donations. The Japanese government has commemorated Dr. Noguchi's life by printing


title: "Beatmania IIDX 15: DJ Troopers" content: PhoeniX by DE-SIRE alternative, and the One More Extra Stage, TROOPERS by Des-TRACT. When Military Splash is unlocked, an option appears when an Extra Stage is unlocked in Standard mode, allowing access to it instead of a regular Extra Stage. To unlock Military Splash, the player must meet the criteria for any one of the 3 songs. The first tier of songs are based on the BEMANI series, with contributions from GuitarFreaks/DrumMania, Pop'n Music, And DanceDanceRevolution, respectively. To unlock Mirage Residence the player must get a Border Bonus (a pass with exactly 80% on the Groove Gauge) or Perfect Bonus


title: "Sports Monster" content: Sports Monster Sports Monster was a television program that aired on The Comedy Channel in 1990 and 1991. The program was a spoof version of a cable sports show, based on shows such as ESPN's "SportsCenter". The show starred Nick Bakay, Joe Bolster, and Jon Hayman as the program's announcers. Although Bakay, Bolster and Hayman were identified on the program by their own names, each adopted a fictional persona—Bakay as a long-time sports broadcaster, Bolster as a former Major League Baseball star, and Hayman as a journeyman baseball player. This show was one of the first attempts at original programming


title: "Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company" content: required to produce steel were located in abundance within a relatively small radius of the Birmingham mills. The Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company was one of the largest users of prison laborers, mostly Blacks convicted of petty crimes, as a method for paying fines. This practice was common for obtaining coal mining labor in Alabama at the close of the Reconstruction era. The number of convicts employed increased after U.S. Steel acquired TCI in 1907, as did the brutality of the conditions in which they labored. In 1908, the first full year of U. S. Steel's ownership of TCI,


title: "CIA activities in Vietnam" content: Vietnam did not grow any further due to the French discouraging CIA activity (the French were still clinging to the idea that they could one day still dominate Vietnam and the US was against this course of action). CIA involvement in Vietnam was discouraged by the French because it was found that the CIA would often reach past them to open channels to Vietnamese nationalists. CIA activity expansion occurred when the Indochina region became three separate states, and grew exponentially during the French War in 1953 to 1954 when the France was essentially forced to accept American assistance with unconventional


title: "Peritoma arborea" content: Peritoma arborea Peritoma arborea (formerly "Isomeris arborea", syn. "Cleome isomeris"), is a perennial shrub or bush in the spiderflower family (Cleomaceae) known by the common names bladderpod, bladderpod spiderflower and burro-fat. It has yellow flowers in bloom all months of the year. It emits a foul odor to discourage herbivory from insects. "Peritoma arborea" is commonly found along roadsides, desert dry washes, and flat areas up to , in the western Mojave Desert and Colorado Desert to Baja California Peninsula. It is native to California and Baja California Peninsula where it grows in a variety of habitats usually described as


title: "Peritoma arborea" content: desert or brush. It is a densely branching shrub high covered with tiny hairs. Its stalked leaves are generally composed of three equal leaflets long, oval to elliptic in shape and pointed at the tip. The plant produces abundant inflorescences at the ends of the stem branches much of the year. The four sepals are fused about halfway from their base. Each flower has four bright yellow long petals, six protruding stamens with anthers. The style is or aborts before flowering. The fruit is a leathery prolate spheroid capsule long and wide on a stalk. It is smooth and green


title: "Peritoma arborea" content: when new, aging to light brown. A typical inflorescence bears a number of flower buds at its tip, open flowers proximal to the buds, and maturing fruits which have shed their flowers below these. In the previous genus name, ""Iso"" means "equal", and ""meris"" means "part", referring to the stamens being of equal length. Peritoma arborea Peritoma arborea (formerly "Isomeris arborea", syn. "Cleome isomeris"), is a perennial shrub or bush in the spiderflower family (Cleomaceae) known by the common names bladderpod, bladderpod spiderflower and burro-fat. It has yellow flowers in bloom all months of the year. It emits a foul


title: "Kirk Stuart" content: Later that year he died during surgery on his spleen. With Al Grey Kirk Stuart Charles Kincheloe "Kirk" Stuart (April 13, 1934, Charleston, West Virginia - December 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and educator. Stuart studied at a conservatory before accompanying singers such as Billie Holiday (1956), Della Reese (1957–59), and Sarah Vaughan (1961–63). He also arranged and conducted for these singers. He led his own unit in Los Angeles later in the 1960s, and recorded with Al Grey in 1965 and once more with Reese in 1967. In later years he taught at Howard University, led ensembles


title: "Against All Things Ending" content: Meanwhile, Thomas Covenant travels to the ruins of Foul's Creche to face Joan. He refuses to ride a Ranyhyn in accordance with his ancient bargain with them, so the Humbled's Ranyhyn bring with them the steed formerly ridden by the Harrow, which they compel to bear Covenant. On the journey he speaks to the Feroce, diminutive creatures who worship the Lurker of the Sarangrave. They are offshoots of the same race that produced the "skest" and the "sur-jheherrin". The Feroce tell Covenant that the Lurker wants to be allied with Covenant, since it has realised the peril of the Worm


title: "Quaker Agriculture missions to the Miami" content: the interest in his farming methods, the Miami did not adopt them. Anecdotal stories from the report to the Baltimore Friends indicate that the Miami already farmed adequately and were very apt hunters; they may have simply found their hunting methods more efficient than the Quaker farm. The location of Dennis' farm became known as "Dennis' Station" or "Little Turtle's Farm School", and it became a central location for the "civilization project." Government money was allocated towards the project, but William Wells argued that nothing permanent could be achieved unless someone could be appointed as manager. Unfortunately, when Quakers William


title: "Romulo Valles" content: President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines, succeeding Lingayen-Dagupan Archbishop Socrates Villegas, assuming the post on December 1, 2017. Romulo Valles Romulo Geolina Valles, D.D. (born July 10, 1951) is the current Archbishop of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Davao in the City of Davao, on the island of Mindanao, Philippines and the President of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines since December 1, 2017. He was the former Archbishop of Zamboanga before being appointed to the Davao see. He was ordained a priest on 6 April 1976 at the age of 24. On 6 August 1997, aged


title: "Workers' Party of Korea" content: Leader; difficult tasks in general (and revolutionary changes in particular) can only be introduced through—and by—him. Thus, in historical development the Great Leader is the leading force of the working class; he is a flawless, incorruptible human being who never makes mistakes, is always benevolent and rules for the benefit of the masses (working class). For the Great Leader system to function, a unitary ideology must be in place; in North Korea, this is known as the Monolithic Ideological System. The Kim dynasty began with Kim Il-sung, the first leader of the WPK and North Korea. The official ideology is


title: "Sharp-tailed snake" content: Sharp-tailed snake The sharp-tailed snake or sharptail snake (Contia tenuis) is a small colubrid snake that lives in the Western United States and some parts of British Columbia. It is distributed through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, as well as British Columbia, Canada: Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia around Victoria, British Columbia, and a newly discovered site in Pemberton, British Columbia The sharp-tailed snake averages from eight to twelve inches long as an adult. It is distinguished by its sharp tail spine, which is the protruding tip of the last tail vertebra. The spine is not toxic and


title: "Sharp-tailed snake" content: cannot injure humans. Rather, the tail is used to stabilize small prey, such as slugs, for consumption. The dorsal surface ranges in color from greyish brown to brown to brick red, with bubble-gum pink and peachy-orange specimens occasionally found. The ventral surface is a striking series of black and white bars. Sharp-tailed snakes are shy, secretive creatures most often encountered under rocks and logs, and rarely to never found in the open. They are able to persist in urban areas where appropriate cover can be found. They are known to burrow into soft soil or cracks in the clay, and


title: "Sharp-tailed snake" content: may be encountered by people who are digging in the garden or removing concrete. When encountered, sharp-tailed snakes may roll into a ball and remain still. They can be mistaken for worms to the casual observer. Their diet is largely restricted to slugs and insects. 4-16 eggs are laid in the summer, underground or in a burrow. Young are 3-4 inches long. Recently, extensive studies on this reptile have shown definite differences that may prove to be a new species. The maximum length is 17-18 inches, with different scaling, as well as a longer tail. The species range extends from


title: "Sharp-tailed snake" content: southern British Columbia to southern Sierra Nevada and to the central coast of California. The fragmented distribution of the snake in the northern part of its range suggests that populations in British Columbia are relics of a more extensive previous distribution. Seven sites are known in the province, all located on the Gulf Islands and in southeastern Vancouver Island. In 1996-97 the persistence of the snakes was confirmed at four of the seven sites, where they appeared to be confined to habitat patches of about 2 km in diameter. The secretive habits and seasonal activity pattern of the snakes make


title: "Sharp-tailed snake" content: it difficult to assess their distribution and accurately estimate population densities. Sharp-tailed snake The sharp-tailed snake or sharptail snake (Contia tenuis) is a small colubrid snake that lives in the Western United States and some parts of British Columbia. It is distributed through the states of California, Oregon, and Washington, as well as British Columbia, Canada: Southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia around Victoria, British Columbia, and a newly discovered site in Pemberton, British Columbia The sharp-tailed snake averages from eight to twelve inches long as an adult. It is distinguished by its sharp tail spine, which is the protruding tip


title: "Edward Columbus Hosford" content: Alice Mae Baker. Their children included: Evelyn Elvira Hosford (1911-1925) and Mildred Elizabeth (Hosford) Dumich (1915-1989). Edward Columbus Hosford designed many county courthouses, including the following: Other buildings designed by Hosford include: Edward Columbus Hosford Edward Columbus Hosford, also known as Edward C. Hosford and E. C. Hosford, (April 24, 1883 – January 2, 1939) was a Georgia-born American architect noted for the courthouses and other buildings that he designed in Florida, Georgia and Texas. Edward Columbus Hosford was born in Eastman, Georgia, the son of Charles Columbus Hosford and his wife, B. Hattie Hosford. Little is known of his


title: "Lopez Adobe" content: the first post office and the first English-speaking school. The original Lopez Station adobe was destroyed in the 1910s for the construction of the San Fernando Reservoir (later renamed Van Norman Reservoir), part of the then new Los Angeles Aqueduct system. After the 1971 San Fernando earthquake the foundation was again exposed in the reservoir basin. It was later covered by the vehicle track when the Los Angeles Police Department built the Davis Training Center in the late 1990s. Between 1882 and 1883, the Lopez family built a larger adobe using 24-by-6-inch, sun-baked blocks. The surviving adobe home was built


title: "Rómulo Pico Adobe" content: Rómulo Pico Adobe Rómulo Pico Adobe, also known as Ranchito Rómulo and Andrés Pico Adobe, was built in 1834 and is the oldest residence in the San Fernando Valley, making it the second oldest residence in Los Angeles. Located in the Mission Hills section of the city, the Rómulo Pico Adobe is a short distance from the San Fernando Mission (Mission San Fernando Rey de España). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. Located on Sepulveda Boulevard in Mission Hills, the original part of the Romulo Pico Adobe was built in 1834 by Tongva-Fernandeño, Tataviam-Fernandeño,


title: Sheep content: Sheep Domestic sheep ("Ovis aries") are quadrupedal, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Like most ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates. Although the name sheep applies to many species in the genus "Ovis", in everyday usage it almost always refers to "Ovis aries". Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. An adult female sheep is referred to as a "ewe" (), an intact male as a "ram" or occasionally a "tup", a castrated male as a "wether", and a younger sheep as a "lamb". Sheep are


title: Sheep content: most likely descended from the wild mouflon of Europe and Asia. One of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes, sheep are raised for fleece, meat (lamb, hogget or mutton) and milk. A sheep's wool is the most widely used animal fiber, and is usually harvested by shearing. meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones in Commonwealth countries, and lamb in the United States (including from adults). Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today, and are also occasionally raised for pelts, as dairy animals, or as model organisms


title: Sheep content: for science. Sheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world, and has been fundamental to many civilizations. In the modern era, Australia, New Zealand, the southern and central South American nations, and the British Isles are most closely associated with sheep production. Sheepraising has a large lexicon of unique terms which vary considerably by region and dialect. Use of the word "sheep" began in Middle English as a derivation of the Old English word ""; it is both the singular and plural name for the animal. A group of sheep is called a flock, herd or mob.


title: Sheep content: Many other specific terms for the various life stages of sheep exist, generally related to lambing, shearing, and age. Being a key animal in the history of farming, sheep have a deeply entrenched place in human culture, and find representation in much modern language and symbology. As livestock, sheep are most often associated with pastoral, Arcadian imagery. Sheep figure in many mythologies—such as the Golden Fleece—and major religions, especially the Abrahamic traditions. In both ancient and modern religious ritual, sheep are used as sacrificial animals. The exact line of descent between domestic sheep and their wild ancestors is unclear. The


title: Sheep content: most common hypothesis states that "Ovis aries" is descended from the Asiatic ("O. orientalis") species of mouflon. Sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated by humankind (although the domestication of dogs may be over 20,000 years earlier); the domestication date is estimated to fall between 11,000 and 9,000 B.C in Mesopotamia. The rearing of sheep for secondary products, and the resulting breed development, began in either southwest Asia or western Europe. Initially, sheep were kept solely for meat, milk and skins. Archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests that selection for woolly sheep may have


title: Sheep content: begun around 6000 BC, and the earliest woven wool garments have been dated to two to three thousand years later. Sheep husbandry spread quickly in Europe. Excavations show that in about 6000 BC, during the Neolithic period of prehistory, the Castelnovien people, living around Châteauneuf-les-Martigues near present-day Marseille in the south of France, were among the first in Europe to keep domestic sheep. Practically from its inception, ancient Greek civilization relied on sheep as primary livestock, and were even said to name individual animals. Ancient Romans kept sheep on a wide scale, and were an important agent in the spread


title: Sheep content: of sheep raising. Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History ("Naturalis Historia"), speaks at length about sheep and wool. European colonists spread the practice to the New World from 1493 onwards. Domestic sheep are relatively small ruminants, usually with a crimped hair called wool and often with horns forming a lateral spiral. Domestic sheep differ from their wild relatives and ancestors in several respects, having become uniquely neotenic as a result of selective breeding by humans. A few primitive breeds of sheep retain some of the characteristics of their wild cousins, such as short tails. Depending on breed, domestic sheep


title: Sheep content: may have no horns at all (i.e. polled), or horns in both sexes, or in males only. Most horned breeds have a single pair, but a few breeds may have several. Another trait unique to domestic sheep as compared to wild ovines is their wide variation in color. Wild sheep are largely variations of brown hues, and variation within species is extremely limited. Colors of domestic sheep range from pure white to dark chocolate brown, and even spotted or piebald. Selection for easily dyeable white fleeces began early in sheep domestication, and as white wool is a dominant trait it


title: Sheep content: spread quickly. However, colored sheep do appear in many modern breeds, and may even appear as a recessive trait in white flocks. While white wool is desirable for large commercial markets, there is a niche market for colored fleeces, mostly for handspinning. The nature of the fleece varies widely among the breeds, from dense and highly crimped, to long and hairlike. There is variation of wool type and quality even among members of the same flock, so wool classing is a step in the commercial processing of the fibre.Depending on breed, sheep show a range of heights and weights. Their


title: Sheep content: rate of growth and mature weight is a heritable trait that is often selected for in breeding. Ewes typically weigh between , and rams between . When all deciduous teeth have erupted, the sheep has 20 teeth. Mature sheep have 32 teeth. As with other ruminants, the front teeth in the lower jaw bite against a hard, toothless pad in the upper jaw. These are used to pick off vegetation, then the rear teeth grind it before it is swallowed. There are eight lower front teeth in ruminants, but there is some disagreement as to whether these are eight incisors,


title: Sheep content: or six incisors and two incisor-shaped canines. This means that the dental formula for sheep is either or There is a large diastema between the incisors and the molars. In the first few years of life one can calculate the age of sheep from their front teeth, as a pair of milk teeth is replaced by larger adult teeth each year, the full set of eight adult front teeth being complete at about four years of age. The front teeth are then gradually lost as sheep age, making it harder for them to feed and hindering the health and productivity


title: Sheep content: of the animal. For this reason, domestic sheep on normal pasture begin to slowly decline from four years on, and the life expectancy of a sheep is 10 to 12 years, though some sheep may live as long as 20 years. Sheep have good hearing, and are sensitive to noise when being handled. Sheep have horizontal slit-shaped pupils, with excellent peripheral vision; with visual fields of about 270° to 320°, sheep can see behind themselves without turning their heads. Many breeds have only short hair on the face, and some have facial wool (if any) confined to the poll and


title: Sheep content: or the area of the mandibular angle; the wide angles of peripheral vision apply to these breeds. A few breeds tend to have considerable wool on the face; for some individuals of these breeds, peripheral vision may be greatly reduced by "wool blindness", unless recently shorn about the face. Sheep have poor depth perception; shadows and dips in the ground may cause sheep to baulk. In general, sheep have a tendency to move out of the dark and into well-lit areas, and prefer to move uphill when disturbed. Sheep also have an excellent sense of smell, and, like all species


title: Sheep content: of their genus, have scent glands just in front of the eyes, and interdigitally on the feet. The purpose of these glands is uncertain, but those on the face may be used in breeding behaviors. The foot glands might also be related to reproduction, but alternative reasons, such as secretion of a waste product or a scent marker to help lost sheep find their flock, have also been proposed. Sheep and goats are closely related: both are in the subfamily Caprinae. However, they are separate species, so hybrids rarely occur, and are always infertile. A hybrid of a ewe and


title: Sheep content: a buck (a male goat) is called a sheep-goat hybrid (only a single such animal has been confirmed), and is not to be confused with the sheep-goat chimera, though both are known as "geep". Visual differences between sheep and goats include the beard of goats and divided upper lip of sheep. Sheep tails also hang down, even when short or docked, while the short tails of goats are held upwards. Also, sheep breeds are often naturally polled (either in both sexes or just in the female), while naturally polled goats are rare (though many are polled artificially). Males of the


title: Sheep content: two species differ in that buck goats acquire a unique and strong odor during the rut, whereas rams do not. The domestic sheep is a multi-purpose animal, and the more than 200 breeds now in existence were created to serve these diverse purposes. Some sources give a count of a thousand or more breeds, but these numbers cannot be verified, according to some sources. However, several hundred breeds of sheep have been identified by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), with the estimated number varying somewhat from time to time: e.g. 863 breeds as of 1993, 1314


title: Sheep content: breeds as of 1995 and 1229 breeds as of 2006. (These numbers exclude extinct breeds, which are also tallied by the FAO.) For the purpose of such tallies, the FAO definition of a breed is "either a subspecific group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable external characteristics that enable it to be separated by visual appraisal from other similarly defined groups within the same species or a group for which geographical and/or cultural separation from phenotypically similar groups has led to acceptance of its separate identity." Almost all sheep are classified as being best suited to furnishing a certain


title: Sheep content: product: wool, meat, milk, hides, or a combination in a dual-purpose breed. Other features used when classifying sheep include face color (generally white or black), tail length, presence or lack of horns, and the topography for which the breed has been developed. This last point is especially stressed in the UK, where breeds are described as either upland (hill or mountain) or lowland breeds. A sheep may also be of a fat-tailed type, which is a dual-purpose sheep common in Africa and Asia with larger deposits of fat within and around its tail. Breeds are often categorized by the type


title: Sheep content: of their wool. Fine wool breeds are those that have wool of great crimp and density, which are preferred for textiles. Most of these were derived from Merino sheep, and the breed continues to dominate the world sheep industry. Downs breeds have wool between the extremes, and are typically fast-growing meat and ram breeds with dark faces. Some major medium wool breeds, such as the Corriedale, are dual-purpose crosses of long and fine-wooled breeds and were created for high-production commercial flocks. Long wool breeds are the largest of sheep, with long wool and a slow rate of growth. Long wool


title: Sheep content: sheep are most valued for crossbreeding to improve the attributes of other sheep types. For example: the American Columbia breed was developed by crossing Lincoln rams (a long wool breed) with fine-wooled Rambouillet ewes. Coarse or carpet wool sheep are those with a medium to long length wool of characteristic coarseness. Breeds traditionally used for carpet wool show great variability, but the chief requirement is a wool that will not break down under heavy use (as would that of the finer breeds). As the demand for carpet-quality wool declines, some breeders of this type of sheep are attempting to use


title: Sheep content: a few of these traditional breeds for alternative purposes. Others have always been primarily meat-class sheep. A minor class of sheep are the dairy breeds. Dual-purpose breeds that may primarily be meat or wool sheep are often used secondarily as milking animals, but there are a few breeds that are predominantly used for milking. These sheep produce a higher quantity of milk and have slightly longer lactation curves. In the quality of their milk, the fat and protein content percentages of dairy sheep vary from non-dairy breeds, but lactose content does not. A last group of sheep breeds is that


title: Sheep content: of fur or hair sheep, which do not grow wool at all. Hair sheep are similar to the early domesticated sheep kept before woolly breeds were developed, and are raised for meat and pelts. Some modern breeds of hair sheep, such as the Dorper, result from crosses between wool and hair breeds. For meat and hide producers, hair sheep are cheaper to keep, as they do not need shearing. Hair sheep are also more resistant to parasites and hot weather. With the modern rise of corporate agribusiness and the decline of localized family farms, many breeds of sheep are in


title: Sheep content: danger of extinction. The Rare Breeds Survival Trust of the UK lists 22 native breeds as having only 3,000 registered animals (each), and The Livestock Conservancy lists 14 as either "critical" or "threatened". Preferences for breeds with uniform characteristics and fast growth have pushed heritage (or heirloom) breeds to the margins of the sheep industry. Those that remain are maintained through the efforts of conservation organizations, breed registries, and individual farmers dedicated to their preservation. Sheep are exclusively herbivorous mammals. Most breeds prefer to graze on grass and other short roughage, avoiding the taller woody parts of plants that goats


title: Sheep content: readily consume. Both sheep and goats use their lips and tongues to select parts of the plant that are easier to digest or higher in nutrition. Sheep, however, graze well in monoculture pastures where most goats fare poorly. Like all ruminants, sheep have a complex digestive system composed of four chambers, allowing them to break down cellulose from stems, leaves, and seed hulls into simpler carbohydrates. When sheep graze, vegetation is chewed into a mass called a bolus, which is then passed into the rumen, via the reticulum. The rumen is a 19- to 38-liter (5 to 10 gallon) organ


title: Sheep content: in which feed is fermented. The fermenting organisms include bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. (Other important rumen organisms include some archaea, which produce methane from carbon dioxide.) The bolus is periodically regurgitated back to the mouth as cud for additional chewing and salivation. After fermentation in the rumen, feed passes into the reticulum and the omasum; special feeds such as grains may bypass the rumen altogether. After the first three chambers, food moves into the abomasum for final digestion before processing by the intestines. The abomasum is the only one of the four chambers analogous to the human stomach, and is


title: Sheep content: sometimes called the "true stomach". Other than forage, the other staple feed for sheep is hay, often during the winter months. The ability to thrive solely on pasture (even without hay) varies with breed, but all sheep can survive on this diet. Also included in some sheep's diets are minerals, either in a trace mix or in licks. Feed provided to sheep must be specially formulated, as most cattle, poultry, pig, and even some goat feeds contain levels of copper that are lethal to sheep. The same danger applies to mineral supplements such as salt licks. Sheep follow a diurnal


title: Sheep content: pattern of activity, feeding from dawn to dusk, stopping sporadically to rest and chew their cud. Ideal pasture for sheep is not lawnlike grass, but an array of grasses, legumes and forbs. Types of land where sheep are raised vary widely, from pastures that are seeded and improved intentionally to rough, native lands. Common plants toxic to sheep are present in most of the world, and include (but are not limited to) cherry, some oaks and acorns, tomato, yew, rhubarb, potato, and rhododendron. Sheep are largely grazing herbivores, unlike browsing animals such as goats and deer that prefer taller foliage.


title: Sheep content: With a much narrower face, sheep crop plants very close to the ground and can overgraze a pasture much faster than cattle. For this reason, many shepherds use managed intensive rotational grazing, where a flock is rotated through multiple pastures, giving plants time to recover. Paradoxically, sheep can both cause and solve the spread of invasive plant species. By disturbing the natural state of pasture, sheep and other livestock can pave the way for invasive plants. However, sheep also prefer to eat invasives such as cheatgrass, leafy spurge, kudzu and spotted knapweed over native species such as sagebrush, making grazing


title: Sheep content: sheep effective for conservation grazing. Research conducted in Imperial County, California compared lamb grazing with herbicides for weed control in seedling alfalfa fields. Three trials demonstrated that grazing lambs were just as effective as herbicides in controlling winter weeds. Entomologists also compared grazing lambs to insecticides for insect control in winter alfalfa. In this trial, lambs provided insect control as effectively as insecticides. Sheep are flock animals and strongly gregarious; much sheep behavior can be understood on the basis of these tendencies. The dominance hierarchy of sheep and their natural inclination to follow a leader to new pastures were the


title: Sheep content: pivotal factors in sheep being one of the first domesticated livestock species. Furthermore, in contrast to the red deer and gazelle (two other ungulates of primary importance to meat production in prehistoric times), sheep do not defend territories although they do form home ranges. All sheep have a tendency to congregate close to other members of a flock, although this behavior varies with breed, and sheep can become stressed when separated from their flock members. During flocking, sheep have a strong tendency to follow and a leader may simply be the first individual to move. Relationships in flocks tend to


title: Sheep content: be closest among related sheep: in mixed-breed flocks, subgroups of the same breed tend to form, and a ewe and her direct descendants often move as a unit within large flocks. Sheep can become hefted to one particular local pasture (heft) so they do not roam freely in unfenced landscapes. Lambs learn the heft from ewes and if whole flocks are culled it must be retaught to the replacement animals. Flock behaviour in sheep is generally only exhibited in groups of four or more sheep; fewer sheep may not react as expected when alone or with few other sheep. Being


title: Sheep content: a prey species, the primary defense mechanism of sheep is to flee from danger when their flight zone is entered. Cornered sheep may charge and butt, or threaten by hoof stamping and adopting an aggressive posture. This is particularly true for ewes with newborn lambs. In regions where sheep have no natural predators, none of the native breeds of sheep exhibit a strong flocking behavior. Farmers exploit flocking behavior to keep sheep together on unfenced pastures such as hill farming, and to move them more easily. For this purpose shepherds may use herding dogs in this effort, with a highly


title: Sheep content: bred herding ability. Sheep are food-oriented, and association of humans with regular feeding often results in sheep soliciting people for food. Those who are moving sheep may exploit this behavior by leading sheep with buckets of feed. Sheep establish a dominance hierarchy through fighting, threats and competitiveness. Dominant animals are inclined to be more aggressive with other sheep, and usually feed first at troughs. Primarily among rams, horn size is a factor in the flock hierarchy. Rams with different size horns may be less inclined to fight to establish the dominance order, while rams with similarly sized horns are more


title: Sheep content: so. Merinos have an almost linear hierarchy whereas there is a less rigid structure in Border Leicesters when a competitive feeding situation arises. In sheep, position in a moving flock is highly correlated with social dominance, but there is no definitive study to show consistent voluntary leadership by an individual sheep. Sheep are frequently thought of as unintelligent animals. Their flocking behavior and quickness to flee and panic can make shepherding a difficult endeavor for the uninitiated. Despite these perceptions, a University of Illinois monograph on sheep reported their intelligence to be just below that of pigs, and on par


title: Sheep content: with that of cattle. Sheep can recognize individual human and ovine faces, and remember them for years. In addition to long-term facial recognition of individuals, sheep can also differentiate emotional states through facial characteristics. If worked with patiently, sheep may learn their names and many sheep are trained to be led by halter for showing and other purposes. Sheep have also responded well to clicker training. Sheep have been used as pack animals; Tibetan nomads distribute baggage equally throughout a flock as it is herded between living sites. It has been reported that some sheep have apparently shown problem-solving abilities;


title: Sheep content: a flock in West Yorkshire, England allegedly found a way to get over cattle grids by rolling on their backs, although documentation of this has relied on anecdotal accounts. Sounds made by domestic sheep include bleats, grunts, rumbles and snorts. Bleating ("baaing") is used mostly for contact communication, especially between dam and lambs, but also at times between other flock members. The bleats of individual sheep are distinctive, enabling the ewe and her lambs to recognize each other's vocalizations. Vocal communication between lambs and their dam declines to a very low level within several weeks after parturition. A variety of


title: Sheep content: bleats may be heard, depending on sheep age and circumstances. Apart from contact communication, bleating may signal distress, frustration or impatience; however, sheep are usually silent when in pain. Isolation commonly prompts bleating by sheep. Pregnant ewes may grunt when in labor. Rumbling sounds are made by the ram during courting; somewhat similar rumbling sounds may be made by the ewe, especially when with her neonate lambs. A snort (explosive exhalation through the nostrils) may signal aggression or a warning, and is often elicited from startled sheep. In sheep breeds lacking facial wool, the visual field is wide. In 10


title: Sheep content: sheep (Cambridge, Lleyn and Welsh Mountain breeds, which lack facial wool), the visual field ranged from 298° to 325°, averaging 313.1°, with binocular overlap ranging from 44.5° to 74°, averaging 61.7°. In some breeds, unshorn facial wool can limit the visual field; in some individuals, this may be enough to cause "wool blindness". In 60 Merinos, visual fields ranged from 219.1° to 303.0°, averaging 269.9°, and the binocular field ranged from 8.9° to 77.7°, averaging 47.5°; 36% of the measurements were limited by wool, although photographs of the experiments indicate that only limited facial wool regrowth had occurred since shearing.


title: Sheep content: In addition to facial wool (in some breeds), visual field limitations can include ears and (in some breeds) horns, so the visual field can be extended by tilting the head. Sheep eyes exhibit very low hyperopia and little astigmatism. Such visual characteristics are likely to produce a well-focused retinal image of objects in both the middle and long distance. Because sheep eyes have no accommodation, one might expect the image of very near objects to be blurred, but a rather clear near image could be provided by the tapetum and large retinal image of the sheep's eye, and adequate close


title: Sheep content: vision may occur at muzzle length. Good depth perception, inferred from the sheep's sure-footedness, was confirmed in "visual cliff" experiments; behavioral responses indicating depth perception are seen in lambs at one day old. Sheep are thought to have colour vision, and can distinguish between a variety of colours: black, red, brown, green, yellow and white. Sight is a vital part of sheep communication, and when grazing, they maintain visual contact with each other. Each sheep lifts its head upwards to check the position of other sheep in the flock. This constant monitoring is probably what keeps the sheep in a


title: Sheep content: flock as they move along grazing. Sheep become stressed when isolated; this stress is reduced if they are provided with a mirror, indicating that the sight of other sheep reduces stress. Taste is the most important sense in sheep, establishing forage preferences, with sweet and sour plants being preferred and bitter plants being more commonly rejected. Touch and sight are also important in relation to specific plant characteristics, such as succulence and growth form. The ram uses his vomeronasal organ (sometimes called the Jacobson's organ) to sense the pheromones of ewes and detect when they are in estrus. The ewe


title: Sheep content: uses her vomeronasal organ for early recognition of her neonate lamb. Sheep follow a similar reproductive strategy to other herd animals. A group of ewes is generally mated by a single ram, who has either been chosen by a breeder or (in feral populations) has established dominance through physical contest with other rams. Most sheep are seasonal breeders, although some are able to breed year-round. Ewes generally reach sexual maturity at six to eight months old, and rams generally at four to six months. However, there are exceptions. For example, Finnsheep ewe lambs may reach puberty as early as 3


title: Sheep content: to 4 months, and Merino ewes sometimes reach puberty at 18 to 20 months. Ewes have estrus cycles about every 17 days, during which they emit a scent and indicate readiness through physical displays towards rams. A minority of rams (8% on average) display a preference for homosexuality and a small number of the females that were accompanied by a male fetus "in utero" are freemartins (female animals that are behaviorally masculine and lack functioning ovaries). In feral sheep, rams may fight during the rut to determine which individuals may mate with ewes. Rams, especially unfamiliar ones, will also fight


title: Sheep content: outside the breeding period to establish dominance; rams can kill one another if allowed to mix freely. During the rut, even usually friendly rams may become aggressive towards humans due to increases in their hormone levels. After mating, sheep have a gestation period of about five months, and normal labor takes one to three hours. Although some breeds regularly throw larger litters of lambs, most produce single or twin lambs. During or soon after labor, ewes and lambs may be confined to small lambing jugs, small pens designed to aid both careful observation of ewes and to cement the bond


title: Sheep content: between them and their lambs. Ovine obstetrics can be problematic. By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have inadvertently caused some domestic sheep to have difficulty lambing; balancing ease of lambing with high productivity is one of the dilemmas of sheep breeding. In the case of any such problems, those present at lambing may assist the ewe by extracting or repositioning lambs. After the birth, ewes ideally break the amniotic sac (if it is not broken during labor), and begin licking clean the lamb. Most lambs will begin standing within an


title: Sheep content: hour of birth. In normal situations, lambs nurse after standing, receiving vital colostrum milk. Lambs that either fail to nurse or are rejected by the ewe require help to survive, such as bottle-feeding or fostering by another ewe. After lambs are several weeks old, lamb marking (ear tagging, docking, and castrating) is carried out. Vaccinations are usually carried out at this point as well. Ear tags with numbers are attached, or ear marks are applied, for ease of later identification of sheep. Castration is performed on ram lambs not intended for breeding, although some shepherds choose to omit this for


title: Sheep content: ethical, economic or practical reasons. However, many would disagree with regard to timing. Docking and castration are commonly done after 24 hours (to avoid interference with maternal bonding and consumption of colostrum) and are often done not later than one week after birth, to minimize pain, stress, recovery time and complications. The first course of vaccinations (commonly anti-clostridial) is commonly given at an age of about 10 to 12 weeks; i.e. when the concentration of maternal antibodies passively acquired via colostrum is expected to have fallen low enough to permit development of active immunity. Ewes are often revaccinated annually about


title: Sheep content: 3 weeks before lambing, to provide high antibody concentrations in colostrum during the first several hours after lambing. Ram lambs that will either be slaughtered or separated from ewes before sexual maturity are not usually castrated. Tail docking is commonly done for welfare, having been shown to reduce risk of flystrike. Objections to all these procedures have been raised by animal rights groups, but farmers defend them by saying they solve many practical and veterinary problems, and inflict only temporary pain. Sheep may fall victim to poisons, infectious diseases, and physical injuries. As a prey species, a sheep's system is


title: Sheep content: adapted to hide the obvious signs of illness, to prevent being targeted by predators. However, some signs of ill health are obvious, with sick sheep eating little, vocalizing excessively, and being generally listless. Throughout history, much of the money and labor of sheep husbandry has aimed to prevent sheep ailments. Historically, shepherds often created remedies by experimentation on the farm. In some developed countries, including the United States, sheep lack the economic importance for drug companies to perform expensive clinical trials required to approve more than a relatively limited number of drugs for ovine use. However, extra-label drug use in


title: Sheep content: sheep production is permitted in many jurisdictions, subject to certain restrictions. In the US, for example, regulations governing extra-label drug use in animals are found in 21 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Part 530. In the 20th and 21st centuries, a minority of sheep owners have turned to alternative treatments such as homeopathy, herbalism and even traditional Chinese medicine to treat sheep veterinary problems. Despite some favorable anecdotal evidence, the effectiveness of alternative veterinary medicine has been met with skepticism in scientific journals. The need for traditional anti-parasite drugs and antibiotics is widespread, and is the main impediment to certified


title: Sheep content: organic farming with sheep. Many breeders take a variety of preventive measures to ward off problems. The first is to ensure all sheep are healthy when purchased. Many buyers avoid outlets known to be clearing houses for animals culled from healthy flocks as either sick or simply inferior. This can also mean maintaining a closed flock, and quarantining new sheep for a month. Two fundamental preventive programs are maintaining good nutrition and reducing stress in the sheep. Restraint, isolation, loud noises, novel situations, pain, heat, extreme cold, fatigue and other stressors can lead to secretion of cortisol, a stress hormone,


title: Sheep content: in amounts that may indicate welfare problems. Excessive stress can compromise the immune system. "Shipping fever" (pneumonic mannheimiosis, formerly called pasteurellosis) is a disease of particular concern, that can occur as a result of stress, notably during transport and (or) handling. Pain, fear and several other stressors can cause secretion of epinephrine (adrenaline). Considerable epinephrine secretion in the final days before slaughter can adversely affect meat quality (by causing glycogenolysis, removing the substrate for normal post-slaughter acidification of meat) and result in meat becoming more susceptible to colonization by spoilage bacteria. Because of such issues, low-stress handling is essential in


title: Sheep content: sheep management. Avoiding poisoning is also important; common poisons are pesticide sprays, inorganic fertilizer, motor oil, as well as radiator coolant containing ethylene glycol. Common forms of preventive medication for sheep are vaccinations and treatments for parasites. Both external and internal parasites are the most prevalent malady in sheep, and are either fatal, or reduce the productivity of flocks. Worms are the most common internal parasites. They are ingested during grazing, incubate within the sheep, and are expelled through the digestive system (beginning the cycle again). Oral anti-parasitic medicines, known as drenches, are given to a flock to treat worms,


title: Sheep content: sometimes after worm eggs in the feces has been counted to assess infestation levels. Afterwards, sheep may be moved to a new pasture to avoid ingesting the same parasites. External sheep parasites include: lice (for different parts of the body), sheep keds, nose bots, sheep itch mites, and maggots. Keds are blood-sucking parasites that cause general malnutrition and decreased productivity, but are not fatal. Maggots are those of the bot fly and the blow-fly. Fly maggots cause the extremely destructive condition of flystrike. Flies lay their eggs in wounds or wet, manure-soiled wool; when the maggots hatch they burrow into


title: Sheep content: a sheep's flesh, eventually causing death if untreated. In addition to other treatments, crutching (shearing wool from a sheep's rump) is a common preventive method. Some countries allow mulesing, a practice that involves stripping away the skin on the rump to prevent fly-strike, normally performed when the sheep is a lamb. Nose bots are fly larvae that inhabit a sheep's sinuses, causing breathing difficulties and discomfort. Common signs are a discharge from the nasal passage, sneezing, and frantic movement such as head shaking. External parasites may be controlled through the use of backliners, sprays or immersive sheep dips. A wide


title: Sheep content: array of bacterial and viral diseases affect sheep. Diseases of the hoof, such as foot rot and foot scald may occur, and are treated with footbaths and other remedies. These painful conditions cause lameness and hinder feeding. Ovine Johne's disease is a wasting disease that affects young sheep. Bluetongue disease is an insect-borne illness causing fever and inflammation of the mucous membranes. Ovine rinderpest (or "peste des petits ruminants") is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease affecting sheep and goats. Sheep may also be affected by primary or secondary photosensitization. A few sheep conditions are transmissible to humans.


title: Sheep content: Orf (also known as scabby mouth, contagious ecthyma or soremouth) is a skin disease leaving lesions that is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Cutaneous anthrax is also called woolsorter's disease, as the spores can be transmitted in unwashed wool. More seriously, the organisms that can cause spontaneous enzootic abortion in sheep are easily transmitted to pregnant women. Also of concern are the prion disease scrapie and the virus that causes foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as both can devastate flocks. The latter poses a slight risk to humans. During the 2001 FMD pandemic in the UK, hundreds of sheep were culled and some


title: Sheep content: rare British breeds were at risk of extinction due to this. Other than parasites and disease, predation is a threat to sheep and the profitability of sheep raising. Sheep have little ability to defend themselves, compared with other species kept as livestock. Even if sheep survive an attack, they may die from their injuries or simply from panic. However, the impact of predation varies dramatically with region. In Africa, Australia, the Americas, and parts of Europe and Asia predators are a serious problem. In the United States, for instance, over one third of sheep deaths in 2004 were caused by


title: Sheep content: predation. In contrast, other nations are virtually devoid of sheep predators, particularly islands known for extensive sheep husbandry. Worldwide, canids—including the domestic dog—are responsible for most sheep deaths. Other animals that occasionally prey on sheep include: felines, bears, birds of prey, ravens and feral hogs. Sheep producers have used a wide variety of measures to combat predation. Pre-modern shepherds used their own presence, livestock guardian dogs, and protective structures such as barns and fencing. Fencing (both regular and electric), penning sheep at night and lambing indoors all continue to be widely used. More modern shepherds used guns, traps, and poisons