title: Peony content: particularly many of those in the Mediterranean region. Both allotetraploids and autotetraploids are known, and some diploid species are also of hybrid origin. The family name "Paeoniaceae" was first used by Friedrich K.L. Rudolphi in 1830, following a suggestion by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling that same year. The family had been given other names a few years earlier. The composition of the family has varied, but it has always consisted of "Paeonia" and one or more genera that are now placed in Ranunculales. It has been widely believed that "Paeonia" is closest to "Glaucidium", and this idea has been followed in


title: Peony content: some recent works. Molecular phylogenetic studies, however, have demonstrated conclusively that "Glaucidium" belongs in the Ranunculaceae family, Ranunculales order, but that "Paeonia" belongs in the unrelated order Saxifragales. The genus "Paeonia" consists of about 35 species, assigned to three sections: "Moutan", "Onaepia" and "Paeoniae". The section "Onaepia" only includes "P. brownii" and "P. californicum". The section "Moutan" is divided into "P. delavayi" and "P. ludlowii", together making up the subsection "Delavayanae", and "P. catayana", "P. decomposita", "P. jishanensis", "P. osti", "P. qiui" and "P. rockii" which constitute the subsection "Vaginatae". "P. suffruticosa" is a cultivated hybrid swarm, not a naturally


title: Peony content: occurring species. The remainder of the species belongs to the section "Paeonia", which is characterised by a complicated reticulate evolution. Only about half of the (sub)species is diploid, the other half tetraploid, while some species both have diploid and tetraploid populations. In addition to the tetraploids, are some diploid species also likely the result of hybridisation, or nothospecies. Known diploid taxa in the "Paeonia"-section are "P. anomala", "P. lactiflora", "P. veitchii", "P. tenuifolia", "P. emodi", "P. broteri", "P. cambedessedesii", "P. clusii", "P. rhodia", "P. daurica" subsps. "coriifolia", "daurica", "macrophylla" and "mlokosewitschii". Tetraploid taxa are "P. arietina", "P. officinalis", "P. parnassica",


title: Peony content: "P. banatica", "P. russi", "P. peregrina", "P. coriacea", "P. mascula" subsps. "hellenica" and "mascula", and "P. daurica" subsps. "tomentosa" and "wittmanniana". Species that have both diploid and tetraploid populations include "P. clusii", "P. mairei" and "P. obovata". "P. anomala" was proven to be a hybrid of "P. lactiflora" and "P. veitchii", although being a diploid with 10 chromosomes. "P. emodi" and "P. sterniana" are diploid hybrids of "P. lactiflora" and "P. veitchii" too, and radically different in appearance. "P. russi" is the tetraploid hybrid of diploid "P. lactiflora" and "P. mairei", while "P. cambedessedesii" is the diploid hybrid of "P.


title: Peony content: lactiflora", likely "P. mairei", but possibly also "P. obovata". "P. peregrina" is the tetraploid hybrid of "P. anomala" and either "P. arietina", "P. humilis", "P. officinalis", "P. parnassica" or less likely "P. tenuifolia", or one of their (now extinct) common ancestors. "P. banatica" is the tetraploid hybrid of "P. mairei" and one of this same group. "P. broteri", "P. coriacea", "P. clusii", "P. rhodia", "P. daurica" subsp. "mlokosewitschi", "P. mascula" subsp. "hellenica" and ssp. "mascula", and "P. daurica" subsp. "wittmanniana" are all descendants of hybrids of "P. lactiflora" and "P. obovata". According to recent genetic analyses, the monogeneric family Paeoniaceae


title: Peony content: is related to a group of families with woody species in the order Saxifragales. This results in the following relationship tree. One dissertation suggests the section "Onaepia" branches off earliest. A later publication of the same author and others suggests the "Moutan"-section splits off first. Within that section "P. ludlowii" and "P. delavayi" are more related to each other than to any other species. The peony is named after Paeon (also spelled Paean), a student of Asclepius and the Greek god of medicine and healing. In Greek Mythology, when Asclepius became jealous of his pupil, Zeus saved Paeon from the


title: Peony content: wrath of Asclepius by turning him into the peony flower. The genus "Paeonia" naturally occurs in the temperate and cold areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The section "Moutan", which includes all woody species, is restricted in the wild to Central and Southern China, including Tibet. The section "Onaepia" consist of two herbaceous species and is present in the West of North-America, "P. brownii" between southern British Columbia and the Sierra Nevada in California and eastward to Wyoming and Utah, while "P. californica" is limited to the coastal mountains of Southern and Central California. The section "Paeonia", which comprises all other


title: Peony content: herbaceous species, occurs in a band stretching roughly from Morocco to Japan. One species of the section "Paeonia", "P. anomala", has by far the largest distribution, which is also north of the distribution of the other species: from the Kola peninsula in North-West Russia, to Lake Baikal in Siberia and South to the Tien Shan Mountains of Kazakhstan. The rest of the section concentrates around the Mediterranean, and in Asia. The species around the Mediterranean include "Paeonia algeriensis" that is an endemic of the coastal mountains of Algeria, "P. coriacea" in the Rif Mountains and Andalucia, "P. cambessedesii" on Majorca,


title: Peony content: "P. russoi" on Corsica, Sardinia and Sicilly, "P. corsica" on Corsica, Sardinia, the Ionian islands and in western Greece", P. clusii" subsp. "clusii" on Crete and Karpathos, and subsp. "rhodia" on Rhodes, "P. kesrouanensis" in the Western Taurus Mountains, "P. arietina" from the Middle Taurus Mountains, "P. broteri" in Andalucia, "P. humilis" from Andalucia to the Provence, "P. officinalis" from the South of France, through Switzerland to the Middle of Italy, "P. banatica" in western Romania, northern Serbia and Slovenia and in southern Hungary, "P. peregrina" in Albania, western Bulgaria, northern Greece, western Romania, Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia, while "P.


title: Peony content: mascula" has a large distribution from Catalonia and southern France to Israel and Turkey. Between the two concentrations, the subspecies of "Paeonia daurica" occur, with subspecies "velebitensis" in Croatia, and "daurica" in the Balkans and Crimea, while the other subspecies "coriifolia", "macrophylla", "mlokosewitschii", "tomentosa" and "wittmanniana" are known from the Caucasus, Kaçkar and Alborz Mountains. "Paeonia emodi" occurs in the western Himalayas between Pakistan and western Nepal, "P. sterniana" is an endemic of southeastern Tibet, "P. veitchii" grows in Central China (Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan and the eastern rim of Tibet), like "P. mairei" (Gansu, Guizhou, Hubei, Shaanxi,


title: Peony content: Sichuan, and Yunnan), while "P. obovata" grows in warm-temperate to cold China, including Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Far Eastern Russia (Primorsky Krai) and on Sakhalin, and "P. lactiflora" occurs in Northern China, including Manchuria, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia (Far East and Siberia). The species of the section Paeonia have a disjunct distribution, with most of the species occurring in the Mediterranean, while many others occur in eastern Asia. Genetic analysis has shown that all Mediterranean species are either diploid or tetraploid hybrids that resulted from the crossbreeding of species currently limited to eastern Asia. The large distance between the ranges of


title: Peony content: the parent species and the nothospecies suggest that hybridisation already occurred relatively long ago. It is likely that the parent species occurred in the same region when the hybrids arose, and were later exterminated by successive Pleistocene glaciations, while the nothospecies remained in refugia to the South of Europe. During their retreat "P. lactiflora" and "P. mairei" likely became sympatric and so produced the Himalayan nothospecies "P. emodi" and "P. sterniana". Over 262 compounds have been obtained so far from the plants of Paeoniaceae. These include monoterpenoid glucosides, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, paeonols, and phenols. "In vitro" biological activities


title: Peony content: include antioxidant, antitumor, antipathogenic, immune-system-modulation activities, cardiovascular-system-protective activities and central-nervous-system activities. Ancient Chinese texts mention the peony was used for flavoring food. Confucius (551–479 BC) is quoted to have said: "I eat nothing without its sauce. I enjoy it very much, because of its flavor." Peonies have been used and cultivated in China since early history. Ornamental cultivars were created from plants cultivated for medicine in China as of the sixth and seventh century. Peonies became particularly popular during the Tang dynasty, when they were grown in the imperial gardens. In the tenth century the cultivation of peonies spread through


title: Peony content: China, and the seat of the Sung dynasty, Luoyang, was the centre for its cultivation, a position it still holds today. A second centre for peony cultivation developed during the Qing dynasty in Cáozhōu, now known as He Ze. Both cities still host annual peony exhibitions and state-funded peony research facilities. Before the tenth century, "P. lactiflora" was introduced in Japan, and over time many varieties were developed both by self fertilisation and crossbreeding, particularly during the eighteenth to twentieth centuries (middle Edo to early Shōwa periods). During the 1940s Toichi Itoh succeeded in crossing tree peonies and herbaceous peonies


title: Peony content: and so created a new class of so-called intersectional hybrids. Although "P. officinalis" and its cultivars were grown in Europe from the fifteenth century on, originally also for medicinal purposes, intensive breeding started only in the nineteenth century when "P. lactiflora" was introduced from its native China to Europe. The tree peony was introduced in Europe and planted in Kew Gardens in 1789. The main centre of peony breeding in Europe has been in the United Kingdom, and particularly France. Here, breeders like Victor Lemoine and François Félix Crousse selected many new varieties, mainly with "P. lactiflora", such as "Avant


title: Peony content: Garde" and "Le Printemps". The Netherlands is the largest peony cut flower producing country with about 50 million stems each year, with "Sarah Bernhardt" dominating the sales with over 20 million stems. Peony species come in two distinct growth habits, while hybrid cultivars in addition may occupy an intermediate habit. Six types of flower are generally distinguished in cultivars of herbaceous peonies. Herbaceous and Itoh peonies are propagated by root division, and sometimes by seed. Tree peonies can be propagated by grafting, division, seed, and from cuttings, although root grafting is most common commercially. Herbaceous peonies such as "Paeonia lactiflora",


title: Peony content: will die back to ground level each autumn. Their stems will reappear the following spring. However tree peonies, such as "Paeonia suffruticosa", are shrubbier. They produce permanent woody stems that will lose their leaves in winter but the stem itself remains intact above ground level. The herb known as Paeonia, in particular the root of "P. lactiflora" (Bai Shao, Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), has been used frequently in traditional medicines of Korea, China and Japan. In Japan, "Paeonia lactiflora" used to be called "ebisugusuri" ("foreign medicine"). Pronunciation of 牡丹 (peony) in Japan is "botan." In "kampo" (the Japanese adaptation of Chinese


title: Peony content: medicine), its root was used as a treatment for convulsions. It is also cultivated as a garden plant. In Japan "Paeonia suffruticosa" is called the "King of Flowers" and "Paeonia lactiflora" is called the "Prime Minister of Flowers." In China, the fallen petals of "Paeonia lactiflora" are parboiled and sweetened as a tea-time delicacy. Peony water, an infusion of peony petals, was used for drinking in the Middle Ages. The petals may be added to salads or to punches and lemonades. Peonies are also extensively grown as ornamental plants for their very large, often scented flowers. The peony is among


title: Peony content: the longest-used flowers in Eastern culture. Along with the plum blossom, it is a traditional floral symbol of China, where the "Paeonia suffruticosa" is called 牡丹 (mǔdān). It is also known as 富貴花 (fùguìhuā) "flower of riches and honour" or 花王 (huawang) "king of the flowers", and is used symbolically in Chinese art. In 1903, the Qing dynasty declared the peony as the national flower. Currently, the Republic of China government in Taiwan designates the plum blossom as the national flower, while the People's Republic of China government has no legally designated national flower. In 1994, the peony was proposed


title: Peony content: as the national flower after a nationwide poll, but the National People's Congress failed to ratify the selection. In 2003, another selection process has begun, but to date, no choice has been made. The ancient Chinese city Luoyang has a reputation as a cultivation centre for the peonies. Throughout Chinese history, peonies in Luoyang have been said to be the finest in the country. Dozens of peony exhibitions and shows are still held there annually. In the Middle Ages, peonies were often painted with their ripe seed-capsules, since it was the seeds, not the flowers, which were medically significant. Ancient


title: Peony content: superstition dictated that great care be taken not to be seen by a woodpecker while picking the plant's fruit, or the bird might peck out one's eyes. In Serbia, it is said in folklore that the red peonies blooming at the fields of Kosovo represent the blood of Serbian warriors who died when fighting in the Battle of Kosovo in June 1389. In 1957, the Indiana General Assembly passed a law to make the peony the state flower of Indiana, a title which it holds to this day. It replaced the zinnia, which had been the state flower since 1931.


title: Peony content: Mischievous nymphs were said to hide in the petals of the Peony, giving it the meaning of Shame or Bashfulness in the Language of Flowers. While the peony takes several years to re-establish itself when moved, it blooms annually for decades once it has done so. Peonies tend to attract ants to the flower buds. This is due to the nectar that forms on the outside of the flower buds, and is not required for the plants' own pollination or other growth. Peonies are a common subject in tattoos, often used along with koi-fish. The popular use of peonies in


title: Peony content: Japanese tattoo was inspired by the ukiyo-e artist Utagawa Kuniyoshi's illustrations of "Suikoden", a classical Chinese novel. His paintings of warrior-heroes covered in pictorial tattoos included lions, tigers, dragons, koi fish, and peonies, among other symbols. The peony became a masculine motif, associated with a devil-may-care attitude and disregard for consequence. Famous painters of peonies have included Conrad Gessner (ca. 1550) and Auguste Renoir in 1879. "Paeonia officinalis" can be found in the altar picture of "Maria im Rosenhag" by Schongauer in the former Dominican Church in Colmar. The Italian Jesuit, painter and architect Giuseppe Castiglione (1688-1766), who worked at


title: Peony content: the court of the Qianlong Emperor in the Qing dynasty, painted peonies. Peony The peony or paeony is a flowering plant in the genus Paeonia, the only genus in the family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, Europe and Western North America. Scientists differ on the number of species that can be distinguished, ranging from 25 to 40, although the current consensus is 33 known species. The relationships between the species need to be further clarified. Most are herbaceous perennial plants tall, but some are woody shrubs tall. They have compound, deeply lobed leaves and large, often fragrant flowers, in


title: "John Hathorne" content: John Hathorne John Hathorne (August 1641 – May 10, 1717) was a merchant and magistrate of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Salem, Massachusetts. He is best known for his early and vocal role as one of the leading judges in the Salem witch trials. Hathorne was absent from the list of men appointed to the Court of Oyer & Terminer in June 1692. That court relied heavily on the spectral evidence, examinations, interrogations, and affidavits previously conducted by Hathorne, co-signed by Jonathan Corwin, and recorded by Rev. Samuel Parris and/or Ezekiel Cheever Jr. On September 22, 1692, the date of


title: "Urtica dioica" content: Urtica dioica Urtica dioica, often called common nettle, stinging nettle (although not all plants of this species sting) or nettle leaf, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Urticaceae. Originally native to Europe, much of temperate Asia and western North Africa, it is now found worldwide. The species is divided into six subspecies, five of which have many hollow stinging hairs called trichomes on the leaves and stems, which act like hypodermic needles, injecting histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation upon contact ("contact urticaria"). The plant has a long history of use as a source


title: "Urtica dioica" content: for traditional medicine, food, tea, and textile raw material in ancient societies. "Urtica dioica" is a dioecious, herbaceous, perennial plant, tall in the summer and dying down to the ground in winter. It has widely spreading rhizomes and stolons, which are bright yellow, as are the roots. The soft, green leaves are long and are borne oppositely on an erect, wiry, green stem. The leaves have a strongly serrated margin, a cordate base, and an acuminate tip with a terminal leaf tooth longer than adjacent laterals. It bears small, greenish or brownish, numerous flowers in dense axillary inflorescences. The leaves


title: "Urtica dioica" content: and stems are very hairy with non-stinging hairs, and in most subspecies, also bear many stinging hairs (trichomes or spicules), whose tips come off when touched, transforming the hair into a needle that can inject several chemicals causing a painful sting or paresthesia, giving the species its common names: stinging nettle, burn nettle, burn weed, or burn hazel. The taxonomy of "Urtica" species has been confused, and older sources are likely to use a variety of systematic names for these plants. Formerly, more species were recognised than are now accepted. However, at least six clear subspecies of "U. dioica" are


title: "Urtica dioica" content: described, some formerly classified as separate species: Other species names formerly accepted as distinct by some authors but now regarded as synonyms of one or other subspecies include "U. breweri, U. californica, U. cardiophylla, U. lyalli, U. major, U. procera, U. serra, U. strigosissima, U. trachycarpa", and "U. viridis". "Urtica dioica" is considered to be native to Europe, much of temperate Asia and western North Africa. It is abundant in northern Europe and much of Asia, usually found in the countryside. It is less widespread in southern Europe and north Africa, where it is restricted by its need for moist


title: "Urtica dioica" content: soil, but is still common. It has been introduced to many other parts of the world. In North America, it is widely distributed in Canada and the United States, where it is found in every province and state except for Hawaii, and also can be found in northernmost Mexico. It grows in abundance in the Pacific Northwest, especially in places where annual rainfall is high. The European subspecies has been introduced into Australia, North America and South America. In Europe, nettles have a strong association with human habitation and buildings. The presence of nettles may indicate the site of a


title: "Urtica dioica" content: long-abandoned building. Human and animal waste may be responsible for elevated levels of phosphate and nitrogen in the soil, providing an ideal environment for nettles. Nettles are the exclusive larval food plant for several species of butterflies, such as the peacock butterfly, comma ("Polygonia c-album"), and the small tortoiseshell. It is also eaten by the larvae of some moths including angle shades, buff ermine, dot moth, the flame, the gothic, grey chi, grey pug, lesser broad-bordered yellow underwing, mouse moth, setaceous Hebrew character, and small angle shades. The roots are sometimes eaten by the larva of the ghost moth "Hepialus


title: "Urtica dioica" content: humuli". Stinging nettle is particularly found as an understory plant in wetter environments, but it is also found in meadows. Although nutritious, it is not widely eaten by either wildlife or livestock, presumably because of the sting. It spreads by abundant seeds and also by rhizomes, and is often able to survive and re-establish quickly after fire. "Urtica dioica" produces its inflammatory effect on skin (stinging, burning sensation often called "contact urticaria") both by impaling the skin via spicules – causing mechanical irritation – and by biochemical irritants, such as histamine, serotonin, and choline, among other chemicals. Anti-itch drugs, usually


title: "Urtica dioica" content: in the form of creams containing antihistamines or hydrocortisone, may provide relief from nettle dermatitis. In Great Britain, the use of dock leaves on nettle stings is an established folk remedy, and revolves around the sap released from rubbing the leaf over affected areas of skin, which provides a cooling sensation. Docks and nettles regularly grow in the vicinity of each other due to both plants favouring the same soil conditions, and this may have aided the dock's popularity as a treatment for nettle stings. The term, "contact urticaria", has a wider use in dermatology, involving dermatitis caused by various


title: "Urtica dioica" content: skin irritants and pathogens. In Great Britain and Ireland, the stinging nettle ("U. dioica" subsp. "dioica") is the only common stinging plant and has found a place in several figures of speech in the English language. Shakespeare's Hotspur urges that "out of this nettle, danger, we pluck this flower, safety" ("Henry IV, part 1", Act II Scene 3). The figure of speech "to grasp the nettle" probably originated from Aesop's fable "The Boy and the Nettle". In Seán O'Casey's "Juno and the Paycock", one of the characters quotes Aesop "Gently touch a nettle and it'll sting you for your pains/Grasp


title: "Urtica dioica" content: it as a lad of mettle and soft as silk remains". The metaphor may refer to the fact that if a nettle plant is grasped firmly rather than brushed against, it does not sting so readily, because the hairs are crushed down flat and do not penetrate the skin so easily. In the German language, the idiom "sich in die Nesseln setzen", or to sit in nettles, means to get into trouble. In Hungarian, the idiom "csalánba nem üt a mennykő" (no lightning strikes the nettle) means bad things never happen to bad people. The same idiom exists in the


title: "Urtica dioica" content: Serbian language неће гром у коприве. In Dutch, a "netelige situatie" means a predicament. In French, the idiom "faut pas pousser mémé dans les orties" (don't push grandma in the nettles) means that we should be careful not to abuse a situation. The name urticaria for hives comes from the Latin name of nettle ("Urtica", from urere, to burn). The English word 'nettled', meaning irritated or angry, is derived from 'nettle'. There is a widespread idea in Great Britain that the nettle was introduced by the Romans. The idea is mentioned by William Camden in his book "Britannia" 1586. However,


title: "Urtica dioica" content: in 2011, an early Bronze age burial cist on Whitehorse Hill, Dartmoor, Devon was excavated. The cist dated from between 1730 and 1600BCE. It contained various high value beads as well as fragments of a sash made from nettle fibre. It is possible that the sash was traded from mainland Europe, but also that it was locally made. "U. dioica" has a flavour similar to spinach mixed with cucumber when cooked, and is rich in vitamins A and C, iron, potassium, manganese, and calcium. Young plants were harvested by Native Americans and used as a cooked plant in spring when


title: "Urtica dioica" content: other food plants were scarce. Soaking stinging nettles in water or cooking removes the stinging chemicals from the plant, which allows them to be handled and eaten without injury. After the stinging nettle enters its flowering and seed-setting stages, the leaves develop gritty particles called cystoliths, which can irritate the urinary tract. In its peak season, nettle contains up to 25% protein, dry weight, which is high for a leafy green vegetable. The leaves are also dried and may then be used to make a herbal tea, as can also be done with the nettle's flowers. Nettles can be used


title: "Urtica dioica" content: in a variety of recipes, such as polenta, pesto, and purée. Nettle soup is a common use of the plant, particularly in Northern and Eastern Europe. Nettles are sometimes used in cheesemaking, for example in the production of Cornish Yarg and as a flavouring in varieties of Gouda. Nettles are used in Albania as part of the dough filling for the "börek". The top baby leaves are selected and simmered, then mixed with other ingredients such as herbs and rice, before being used as a filling between dough layers. Similarly, in Greece the tender leaves are often used, after simmering,


title: "Urtica dioica" content: as a filling for hortopita, which is similar to spanakopita, but with wild greens rather than spinach for filling. In the UK, an annual World Nettle Eating Championship draws thousands of people to Dorset, where competitors attempt to eat as much of the raw plant as possible. Competitors are given stalks of the plant, from which they strip the leaves and eat them. Whoever strips and eats the most stinging nettle leaves in a fixed time is the winner. The competition dates back to 1986, when two neighbouring farmers attempted to settle a dispute about which had the worst infestation


title: "Urtica dioica" content: of nettles. Nettle leaves are steeped in a concentrated sugar solution to extract the flavour. The leaves are then removed and a source of citric acid (usually lemon juice) is added to help preserve the cordial and add a tart flavour. Commercially produced cordials are generally quite concentrated and are usually diluted by one part cordial to ten parts water – thus a bottle of cordial would be enough for diluted. The high concentration of sugar in nettle cordial gives it a long shelf life. Also, many recipes for alcoholic nettle beer are used, which is a countryside favourite in


title: "Urtica dioica" content: the British Isles. "U. dioica" herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or fresh leaves) to treat disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, locomotor system, skin, cardiovascular system, hemorrhage, influenza, rheumatism, and gout. As Old English "stiðe", nettle is one of the nine plants invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon "Nine Herbs Charm", recorded in the 10th century. Nettle was believed to be a galactagogue, a substance that promotes lactation. Urtication, or flogging with nettles, is the process of deliberately applying stinging nettles to the skin in order to provoke inflammation. An agent


title: "Urtica dioica" content: thus used is known as a rubefacient (something that causes redness). This is done as a folk remedy for treatment of rheumatism. In Ecuador there are indigenous healers that use stinging nettles with the belief that they improve fatigue and circulation, by rubbing raw leaves or flogging the plant directly on the body. Nettle stems contain a bast fibre that has been traditionally used for the same purposes as linen and is produced by a similar retting process. Unlike cotton, nettles grow easily without pesticides. The fibres are coarser, however. Historically, nettles have been used to make clothing for 2,000


title: "Urtica dioica" content: years, and German Army uniforms were almost all made from nettle during World War I due to a potential shortage of cotton. More recently, companies in Austria, Germany, and Italy have started to produce commercial nettle textiles. The fibre content in nettle shows a high variability and reaches from below 1% to 17%. Under middle-European conditions, stems yield typically between 45 and 55 dt / ha (decitons per hectare), which is comparable to flax stem yield. Due to the variable fibre content, the fibre yields vary between 0.2 and 7 dt / ha, but the yields are normally in the


title: "Urtica dioica" content: range between 2 and 4 dt / ha. Fibre varieties are normally cloning varieties and therefore planted from vegetative propagated plantlets. Direct seeding is possible, but leads to great heterogeneity in maturity. Nettles may be used as a dye-stuff, producing yellow from the roots, or yellowish green from the leaves. Fresh leaves contain approximately 82.4% water, 17.6% dry matter, 5.5% protein, 0.7 to 3.3% fat, and 7.1% carbohydrates. Mature leaves contain about 40% "α"- linolenic acid, a valuable omega-3 acid. For exact fatty acid contents see Table 1. Seeds contain much more fatty acid than leaves. Minerals (Ca, K, Mg,


title: "Urtica dioica" content: P, Si, S, Cl) and trace elements (Mn, Cu, Fe) contents depend mostly on the soil and the season. Carotenoids can be found primarily in the leaves, where different forms of lutein, xanthophyll and carotene are present (Table 2). Some carotenes are precursors of vitamin A (retinol), their retinol equivalents RE or retinol activity equivalents per g dry weight are 1.33 for mature leaves and 0.9 for young leaves. Nettle contains much less than carotenes and retinol than carrots, which contain 8.35 RE per g fresh weight. Depending on the batch and the leave and stem content, nettle contains only


title: "Urtica dioica" content: traces of zeaxanthin or between 20 – 60 mg / kg of dry matter. Nettle contains ascorbic acid (vitamin C), riboflavin (vitamin B), pantothenic acid, vitamin K and tocopherols (vitamin E). The highest vitamin contents can be found in the leaves. In laying hens, nettle can be used as an egg yolk colorant instead of artificial pigments or other natural pigments (derived from marigold for yellow). Nettle has high carotenoid contents, especially lutein, β-carotene and zeaxanthin, of which lutein and zeaxanthin act as yellow pigments. Feeding as little as 6.25 g dry nettle per kg feed is as effective as


title: "Urtica dioica" content: the synthetic pigments to colour the egg yolk. Feeding nettle has no detrimental effect on the performance of the laying hens or the general egg quality. Ruminants also avoid fresh stinging nettles, however if the nettles are wilted or dry, voluntary intake can be high. Dry nettle shoots are said to be “as good as good alfalfa hay”. As with other leafy herbs with relatively hard stems, the harvest should be done carefully to avoid leave drop losses. Nettle can be conserved as hay or silage. Nettles have a number of other uses in the vegetable garden, including the potential


title: "Urtica dioica" content: for encouraging beneficial insects. Since nettles prefer to grow in phosphorus-rich and nitrogen rich soils that have recently been disturbed (and thus aerated), the growth of nettles is an indicator that an area has high fertility (especially phosphate and nitrate), and thus is an indicator to gardeners as to the quality of the soil. Nettles contain nitrogenous compounds, so are used as a compost activator or can be used to make a liquid fertilizer, which although low in phosphate, is useful in supplying magnesium, sulphur, and iron. They are also one of the few plants that can tolerate, and flourish


title: "Urtica dioica" content: in, soils rich in poultry droppings. The stinging nettle is the Red Admiral caterpillar's primary host plant and can attract migrating Red Admiral butterflies to a garden. "U. dioica" can be a troubling weed, and mowing can increase plant density. Regular and persistent tilling will greatly reduce its numbers, and the use of herbicides such as 2,4-D and glyphosate are effective control measures. Three cultivation techniques can be used for the stinging nettle: 1) direct sowing, 2) growing seedlings in nurseries with subsequent transplantation and 3) vegetative propagation via stolons or head cuttings. The stinging nettle can also been grown


title: "Urtica dioica" content: in controlled-environment agriculture systems, such as soil-less medium cultivations or aeroponics, which may achieve higher yields, standardize quality, and reduce harvesting costs and contamination. "Urtica" is derived from a Latin word meaning 'sting'. "Dioica" is derived from Greek, meaning 'of two houses' (having separate staminate and pistillate plants; dioecious). Urtica dioica Urtica dioica, often called common nettle, stinging nettle (although not all plants of this species sting) or nettle leaf, is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the family Urticaceae. Originally native to Europe, much of temperate Asia and western North Africa, it is now found worldwide. The species is


title: "BMX racing" content: respective finish in the race, which are added to their cumulative totals, ultimately determining district rankings at the end of the calendar year. The number of points a racer gets after a race is determined by his place in the Main. On the local level, first place Novice class will get the winner 25 points, 2nd place 20 and so on with 8th getting only 3 points. The more points a racer has the higher his ranking and thus the lower the number he gets to wear on his front number plate the following season. For instance, say in ABA


title: "Percy Lavon Julian" content: General Mills (who had acquired Protex) at $0.142 per gram. Despite continually falling bulk prices of steroid intermediates, an oligopoly of large American multinational pharmaceutical companies kept the wholesale prices of corticosteroid drugs fixed and unchanged into the 1960s. Cortisone was fixed at $5.48 per gram from 1954, hydrocortisone at $7.99 per gram from 1954, and prednisone at $35.80 per gram from 1956. Merck and Roussel Uclaf concentrated on improving the production of corticosteroids from cattle bile acids. In 1960 Roussel produced almost one-third of the world's corticosteroids from bile acids. Julian Laboratories chemists found a way to quadruple the


title: Lobelia content: Lobelia Lobelia () is a genus of flowering plants comprising 415 species, with a subcosmopolitan distribution primarily in tropical to warm temperate regions of the world, a few species extending into cooler temperate regions. They are known generally as lobelias. The genus "Lobelia" comprises a substantial number of large and small annual, perennial and shrubby species, hardy and tender, from a variety of habitats, in a range of colours. Many species appear totally dissimilar from each other. However, all have simple, alternate leaves and two-lipped tubular flowers, each with five lobes. The upper two lobes may be erect while the


title: Lobelia content: lower three lobes may be fanned out. Flowering is often abundant and the flower colour intense, hence their popularity as ornamental garden subjects. The genus is named after the Flemish botanist Matthias de Lobel (1538–1616). Some botanists place the genus and its relatives in the separate family Lobeliaceae, others as a subfamily Lobelioideae within the Campanulaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group did not make a firm decision on this, listing the genus under both families. "Lobelia" is probably the base form from which many other lobelioid genera are derived; it is therefore highly paraphyletic and not a good genus in a


title: Lobelia content: cladistic sense. For example, the Hawaiian species (see Hawaiian lobelioids), currently classified in several genera, originated from a single introduction to a now-submerged Hawaiian Island 15 million years ago, probably from an Asian "Lobelia" in "Lobelia" subg. "Tupa". A New Zealand study concluded that local species of" Hypsela, Isotoma" and "Pratia" should be treated as Lobelia. "Lobelia" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Setaceous Hebrew Character. Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens. These include "Lobelia cardinalis" syn. "Lobelia fulgens" (cardinal flower or Indian pink), "Lobelia siphilitica" (blue lobelia),


title: Lobelia content: and "Lobelia erinus", which is used for edging and window boxes. Numerous hybrids have been produced, notably "Lobelia" × "speciosa", a hybrid derived from "L. fulgens", "L. cardinalis" & "L. siphilitica". The term "fan hybrids" is also used. This plant is borderline hardy and requires fertile, moist soil. It is suitable for summer bedding schemes or growing in containers. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: The species used most commonly in modern herbalism is "Lobelia inflata" (Indian tobacco). Use of lobelia for cardiovascular diseases may cause adverse effects. Lobelia has been used as


title: Lobelia content: "asthmador" in Appalachian traditional medicine. Two species, "L. siphilitica" and "L. cardinalis", were once considered a cure for syphilis. Herbalist Samuel Thomson popularized medicinal use of lobelia in the United States in the early 19th century. Many members of the genus are considered poisonous, with some containing the toxic principle lobeline. Because of lobeline's similarity to nicotine, the internal use of lobelia may be dangerous to susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women, and individuals with cardiac disease. Excessive use will cause nausea and vomiting. It is not recommended for use by pregnant women and is best administered by a practitioner


title: Lobelia content: qualified in its use. It also has a chemical known as lobellicyonycin, which may cause dizziness. Extracts of "Lobelia inflata" contain lobeline and those from "Lobelia chinensis" contain apigenin, lobeline, lobelanine, isolobelanine, lobelanidine, quercetin, coumarins, glucosides and other flavonoids. Species include: About eleven species native to Mexico and Central America have spurs on the flowers. These spurred lobelias appear to form a monophyletic group. Most have been classified in the genera "Heterotoma" (or sometimes "Calcaratolobelia"). However, since their closest relatives such as "Lobelia anatina" are in "Lobelia", Koopman and Ayers classify them in "Lobelia". Partial list: Lobelia Lobelia () is


title: "Uncanny valley" content: "pageant retouching" photos, especially of children, which some find disturbingly doll-like. Due to rapid advancements in the areas of artificial intelligence and affective computing, cognitive scientists have also suggested the possibility of an "Uncanny Valley of Mind". Accordingly, people might experience strong feelings of aversion if they encounter highly advanced, emotion-sensitive technology. Among the possible explanations for this phenomenon, both a perceived loss of human uniqueness and expectations of immediate physical harm are discussed by contemporary research. A number of films that use computer-generated imagery to show characters have been described by reviewers as giving a feeling of revulsion or


title: Zucchini content: Zucchini The zucchini (, American English) or courgette (, British English) is a summer squash which can reach nearly in length, but is usually harvested when still immature at about . A zucchini is a thin-skinned cultivar of what in Britain and Ireland is referred to as a marrow. In South Africa, a zucchini is known as a baby marrow. Along with certain other squashes and pumpkins, the zucchini belongs to the species "Cucurbita pepo". It can be dark or light green. A related hybrid, the golden zucchini, is a deep yellow or orange color. In a culinary context, the


title: Zucchini content: zucchini is treated as a vegetable; it is usually cooked and presented as a savory dish or accompaniment. Botanically, zucchinis are fruits, a type of botanical berry called a "pepo", being the swollen ovary of the zucchini flower. The zucchini, like all squash, has its ancestry in the Americas. However, the varieties of squash typically called "zucchini" were developed in northern Italy in the second half of the 19th century, many generations after the introduction of cucurbits from the Americas in the early 16th century. The word "zucchini" and this culinary variety of "C. pepo" arose independently and simultaneously in


title: Zucchini content: 19th-century Tuscany and northern Italy. "Zucca" is the Italian word for pumpkin/squash and "zucchino"/"zucchina" ("zucca" + "ina" = little) are diminutive forms, becoming "zucchini"/"zucchine" in the plural. "Zucchino", the masculine form ("zucchini" in the plural), is the first form to be documented in writing. An Italian dictionary called "lo Zingarelli 2015, Zanichelli Editore", gives both forms, as does the "Devoto-Oli" published by Le Monnier, but the Accademia della Crusca, the most important research institution on Italian language, defines "zucchino" as the preferable form. The Treccani, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia italiana, another linguistic authority, gives "zucchina" as the main Italian word, and the


title: Zucchini content: masculine form as Tuscan dialect. In the United States, Australia, English-speaking Canada, Sweden and Germany, the plant is commonly called a "zucchini" (; plural: zucchini or zucchinis), from Italian: "zucchina" (plural: "zucchine"), diminutive of "zucca", "gourd, marrow, pumpkin, squash". The name "courgette" () is a French loan word, the diminutive of "courge" ("gourd, marrow") and is commonly used in France, Belgium, and other Francophone areas, as well as in the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Africa. In the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, Malaysia, and Singapore, a fully-grown, matured courgette is referred to


title: Zucchini content: as a "marrow". Most marrow cultivars sold in the UK are striped. In South Africa, the fruit is typically harvested as a baby vegetable, approximately finger size, and is referred to as "baby marrows". "Main article: squash blossom" The female flower is a golden blossom on the end of each emergent zucchini. The male flower grows directly on the stem of the zucchini plant in the leaf axils (where leaf petiole meets stem), on a long stalk, and is slightly smaller than the female. Both flowers are edible and are often used to dress a meal or to garnish the


title: Zucchini content: cooked fruit. Firm and fresh blossoms that are only slightly open are cooked to be eaten, with pistils removed from female flowers, and stamens removed from male flowers. The stems on the flowers can be retained as a way of giving the cook something to hold onto during cooking, rather than injuring the delicate petals, or they can be removed prior to cooking, or prior to serving. There are a variety of recipes in which the flowers may be deep fried as fritters or tempura (after dipping in a light tempura batter), stuffed, sautéed, baked, or used in soups. Zucchini,


title: Zucchini content: like all squash, has its ancestry in the Americas. However, the varieties of green, cylindrical squash harvested immature and typically called "zucchini" were developed in northern Italy, as much as three centuries after the introduction of cucurbits from the Americas. It appears that this occurred in the second half of the 19th century, although the first description of the variety under the name "zucchini" occurs in a work published in Milan in 1901. Early varieties usually appended the names of nearby cities in their names. The first records of zucchini in the United States date to the early 1920s. It


title: Zucchini content: was almost certainly taken to America by Italian immigrants and probably was first cultivated in the United States in California. A 1928 report on vegetables grown in New York State treats 'Zucchini' as one among 60 cultivated varieties of "C. pepo". When used for food, zucchini are usually picked when under in length, when the seeds are still soft and immature. Mature zucchini can be a metre long or more. The larger ones are often fibrous. A zucchini with the flowers attached is a sign of a truly fresh and immature fruit, and it is especially sought after for its


title: Zucchini content: sweeter flavor. Unlike cucumber, zucchini is usually served cooked. It can be prepared using a variety of cooking techniques, including steamed, boiled, grilled, stuffed and baked, barbecued, fried, or incorporated in other recipes such as "soufflés". Zucchini can also be baked into a bread similar to banana bread or incorporated into a cake mix similar to carrot cake. Its flowers can be eaten stuffed and are a delicacy when deep fried, as "tempura". Zucchini has a delicate flavor and requires little more than quick cooking with butter or olive oil, with or without fresh herbs. The skin is left in


title: Zucchini content: place. Quick cooking of barely wet zucchini in oil or butter allows the fruit to partially boil and steam, with the juices concentrated in the final moments of frying when the water has gone, prior to serving. Zucchini can also be eaten raw, sliced or shredded, in a cold salad, as well as lightly cooked in hot salads, as in Thai or Vietnamese recipes. Mature (larger sized) zucchini are well suited for cooking in breads. Zucchinis can be cut with a spiralizer to make zucchini noodles for low-carbohydrate recipes. In Bulgaria, zucchini may be fried and then served with a


title: Zucchini content: dip, made from yogurt, garlic, and dill. Another popular dish is oven-baked zucchini—sliced or grated—covered with a mixture of eggs, yogurt, flour, and dill. In Egypt, zucchini may be cooked with tomato sauce, garlic, and onions. In France, zucchini is a key ingredient in "ratatouille", a stew of summer fruits and vegetables prepared in olive oil and cooked for an extended time over low heat. The dish, originating near present-day Nice, is served as a side dish or on its own at lunch with bread. Zucchini may be stuffed with meat or with other fruits such as tomatoes or bell


title: Zucchini content: peppers in a dish called "courgette farcie" (stuffed zucchini). In Greece, zucchini is usually fried or stewed with other fruits (often green chili peppers and eggplants). It is served as an "hors d'œuvre" or as a main dish, especially during fasting seasons. Zucchini is also stuffed with minced meat, rice, and herbs and served with "avgolemono" sauce. In several parts of Greece, the flowers of the plant are stuffed with white cheese, usually feta or mizithra cheese, or with a mixture of rice, herbs, and occasionally minced meat. They are then deep-fried or baked in the oven with tomato sauce.


title: Zucchini content: In Italy, zucchini is served in a variety of ways: fried, baked, boiled, or deep fried, alone or in combination with other ingredients. At home and in some restaurants, it is possible to eat the flowers, as well, deep-fried, known as "fiori di zucca" (cf. Pumpkin flower fritter). In Levantine countries, zucchini is stuffed with minced meat and rice plus herbs and spices. The dish, called محشي ("mahshi"), is then boiled in tomato based sauce, commonly cooked with ورق دوالي ("warak dwali"; stuffed grape leaves). Zucchini is also used in various kinds of stew. Stews that have low salinity are


title: Zucchini content: favorable in such cooking. In Mexico, the flower (known as "flor de calabaza") is often cooked in soups or used as a filling for quesadillas. The fruit is used in stews, soups (i.e. "caldo de res", "de pollo", or "de pescado", "mole de olla", etc.) and other preparations. The flower, as well as the fruit, is eaten often throughout Latin America. In Russia, Ukraine and other CIS countries, zucchini usually is coated in flour or semolina and then fried or baked in vegetable oil, served with a sour cream. Another popular recipe is "zucchini caviar", the squash spread made from


title: Zucchini content: thermically processed zucchini, carrots, onions and tomato paste, produced either homemade or industrially as a vegetable preserves. In Turkey, zucchini is the main ingredient in the popular dish "mücver", or "zucchini pancakes", made from shredded zucchini, flour, and eggs, lightly fried in olive oil and eaten with yogurt. They are also often used in kebabs along with various meats. The flowers are also used in a cold dish, where they are stuffed with a rice mix with various spices and nuts and stewed. In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed it to be Britain's 10th favorite culinary vegetable. Stuffed


title: Zucchini content: zucchini is found in many cuisines. Typical stuffings in the Middle Eastern family of dolma include rice, onions, tomato, and sometimes meat. Zucchini are low in food energy (approximately (or "food calories") per fresh zucchini) and contain useful amounts of folate (24 μg/100 g), potassium (261 mg/100 g), and provitamin A (200 IU [10 RAE]/100 g). Zucchini can be shaped into noodle-like spirals and used as a low-carbohydrate substitute for pasta or noodles. Members of the plant family Cucurbitaceae, which includes zucchini/marrows, pumpkins and cucumbers, can contain toxins called cucurbitacins. These are chemically classified as steroids; they defend the plants


title: Zucchini content: from predators, and have a bitter taste to humans. Cultivated cucurbitaceae are bred for low levels of the toxin and are safe to eat. However, ornamental pumpkins can have high levels of cucurbitacins, and such ornamental plants can cross-fertilize edible cucurbitaceae—any such cross-fertilized seeds used by the gardener for growing food in the following season can therefore potentially produce bitter and toxic fruit. Also, dry weather conditions/irregular watering can stress the plant and favor the production of the toxin. The toxin is not destroyed by cooking. Humans with an impaired sense of taste (particularly among the elderly) should therefore ask


title: Zucchini content: a younger person to taste the zucchini for them. In August 2015, a 79-year-old German man and his wife ate a zucchini grown by a neighbor. The couple noted the unusually bitter taste. Shortly afterwards, they were both admitted to Heidenheim hospital, apparently with symptoms of a gastrointestinal infection. The wife, who had eaten a smaller portion, survived, while the man died. Toxicological analysis of the meal confirmed the presence of cucurbitacin. Investigators warned that gardeners should not save their own seeds, as reversion to forms containing more poisonous cucurbitacin might occur. Zucchini is very easy to cultivate in temperate


title: Zucchini content: climates. As such, it has a reputation among home gardeners for overwhelming production. The part harvested as "zucchini" is the immature fruit, although the flowers, mature fruit, and leaves are eaten, as well. One good way to control overabundance is to harvest the flowers, which are an expensive delicacy in markets because of the difficulty in storing and transporting them. The male flower is borne on the end of a stalk and is longer-lived. While easy to grow, zucchini, like all squash, requires plentiful bees for pollination. In areas of pollinator decline or high pesticide use, such as mosquito-spray districts,


title: Zucchini content: gardeners often experience fruit abortion, where the fruit begins to grow, then dries or rots. This is due to an insufficient number of pollen grains delivered to the female flower. It can be corrected by hand pollination or by increasing the bee population. Closely related to zucchini are Lebanese summer squash or "kusa" (not to be confused with cushaw), but they often are lighter green or even white. Some seed catalogs do not distinguish them. Various varieties of round zucchinis are grown in different countries under different names, such as "Tondo di Piacenza" in Italy and "Ronde de Nice" in


title: Zucchini content: France. In the late 1990s, American producers in California cultivated and began marketing round yellow and green zucchini known as "8-ball" squash (the yellow ones are sometimes known as "1-ball" or "gold ball"). White zucchini (summer squash) is sometimes seen as a mutation and can appear on the same plant as its green counterpart. As of 2014, the world record for the longest zucchini is held by Giovanni Batista Scozzafava of Niagara Falls, Ontario, for a squash measuring . Zucchini The zucchini (, American English) or courgette (, British English) is a summer squash which can reach nearly in length,


title: "National Academy of Medicine" content: report produced by committee undergoes extensive review and evaluation by a group of external experts who are anonymous to the committee, and whose names are revealed only once the study is published. Victor Dzau is President and Chairman of the Council. His six-year term began on July 1, 2014. The Leonard D. Schaeffer Executive Officer is J. Michael McGinnis. The majority of studies and other activities are requested and funded by the federal government. Private industry, foundations, and state and local governments also initiate studies, as does the academy itself. Reports are made available online for free by the publishing


title: Phainopepla content: Phainopepla The phainopepla or northern phainopepla ("Phainopepla nitens") is the most northerly representative of the mainly tropical Central American family Ptiliogonatidae, the silky flycatchers. Its name is from the Greek "phain pepla" meaning "shining robe" in reference to the male's plumage. The phainopepla is a striking bird, long with a noticeable crest and a long tail; it is slender, and has an upright posture when it perches. Its bill is short and slender. The male is glossy black, and has a white wing patch that is visible when it flies; the female is plain gray and has a lighter gray


title: Phainopepla content: wing patch. Both sexes have red eyes, but these are more noticeable in the female than the male. The phainopepla ranges as far north as central California with the San Joaquin Valley and southern Utah, and south to central Mexico, the interior Mexican Plateau region; the southern edge of the plateau, the transverse mountains is its non-breeding home. It is found in hot areas, including desert oases, and is readily seen in the deserts of Arizona, southern Nevada, and southern California; also the Baja Peninsula, both Baja California-(north), and Baja California Sur where they are only breeding resident birds. Extreme


title: Phainopepla content: individuals have travelled as far as Canada, with one bird in 2009 reaching as far north as Brampton, Ontario, Canada. Their diet consists of berries, any small insects, fruits, vegetables. Phainopepla have a specialized mechanism in their gizzard that shucks berry skins off the fruit and packs the skins separately from the rest of the fruit into the intestines for more efficient digestion. So far this is the only known bird able to do this. They appear to relish the fruit of "Phoradendron californicum", the desert mistletoe. It nests in the spring. The eggs are gray or pink and speckled,


title: Phainopepla content: and the incubation, done by both the male and female, takes fifteen days. The young will be reared by the parents for up to nineteen more days. Phainopeplas have been found to imitate the calls of twelve other species, such as the red-tailed hawk ("Buteo jamaicensis") and the northern flicker ("Colaptes auratus"). Phainopepla The phainopepla or northern phainopepla ("Phainopepla nitens") is the most northerly representative of the mainly tropical Central American family Ptiliogonatidae, the silky flycatchers. Its name is from the Greek "phain pepla" meaning "shining robe" in reference to the male's plumage. The phainopepla is a striking bird, long


title: "Alexander Lebed" content: elected as governor of Krasnoyarsk Krai in 1998, however, he decided to stay in that position and did not run for president, despite calls for him to do so. General Lebed held the position until his death in the 2002 helicopter crash. Alexander Lebed was born in the Cossack town of Novocherkassk, in the Rostov Oblast, in 1950. In his youth he was not a bad student but preferred boxing and chess. He grew up in poverty, the son of a carpenter who spent several years in a Stalin era labor camp, and witnessed the Novocherkassk massacre in 1962. During


title: "University of the West of Scotland" content: the London campus provides a delivery point for UWS degree and postgraduate programmes to the international student population in London. The new campus has many facilities like live library, student's Association, Radio Statio, TV Studios etc. The Hamilton campus was founded in 1972 as the Bell College of Technology and closed its doors to staff and students in September 2018 - relocating to the new UWS Lanarkshire Campus located at Hamilton International Park, Lanarkshire. The main campus was constructed in Almada Street, Hamilton, South Lanarkshire. A "Memorandum of Understanding" between the College and the University of Strathclyde was signed in


title: "U.S. Route 95" content: U.S. Route 95 U.S. Route 95 (US 95) is a north–south U.S. highway in the western United States. Unlike many other US highways, it has not seen deletion or replacement on most of its length by an encroaching Interstate highway corridor, due to its mostly rural course. Because of this, it still travels from border to border and is a primary north–south highway in both Nevada and Idaho. This is one of the only US Routes or Interstate highways to cross from Mexico to Canada. As of 2010, the highway's southern terminus is in San Luis, Arizona, on the Mexico–US


title: "Angora rabbit" content: Angora rabbit The Angora rabbit (), which is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit, is bred for the long fibers of its coat, known as "Angora wool", that are gathered by shearing, combing, or plucking. Because rabbits do not possess the same allergy-causing qualities as many other animals, their wool is an important alternative. There are at least 11 distinct breeds of Angora rabbit, four of which are currently recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA): English Angora, French Angora, Giant Angora, and Satin Angora. Others include: German Angora, Chinese Angora, Finnish Angora, Japanese Angora, Korean Angora,


title: "Angora rabbit" content: Russian Angora, St. Lucian Angora, and Swiss Angora. Heavily furred (or "wooled)" rabbits existed during the reign of King Henry VIII (1509-1547). The Angora is said to have originated in Ankara (historically known as "Angora)", in present-day Turkey, and is known to have been brought to France in 1723. The Angora rabbit became a popular pet of the French royalty in the mid-18th century, and Angoras spread to other parts of Europe by the end of that century. They first appeared in the United States in the early 20th century. A noted historian of rabbit breeds, Bob D. Whitman, mentions


title: "Angora rabbit" content: a purported origin of the Angora breed dating to ten centuries earlier: "It has been written that the indigenous Trelicians, which were small and frail people, first bred the Angora rabbit in the southern Carpathian mountains around the 6th century." This information has not been substantiated and Whitman acknowledges "we will never know for sure". Angoras are bred mainly for their wool, which is silky and soft. At only 11 microns in diameter, it is finer and softer than cashmere. A healthy adult Angora's wool will grow approximately per month. Regular grooming is necessary to prevent the fiber from matting


title: "Angora rabbit" content: and felting on the rabbit, which causes discomfort that can lead to pain and even infection. Angora wool is harvested (plucked or shorn) every three to four months throughout the year. The coat needs to be monitored after 6 months of re-growth, as it may tend to "die" and easily mat. Angora wool may be gathered periodically by hand-plucking the hairs within the coat that are being naturally shed. A full harvesting is done by shearing the coat with clippers or small scissors, often while the rabbit sits atop a groomer's turntable. Typically starting with top & sides of head.


title: "Angora rabbit" content: Moving across shoulders to tail. Then flipped for underside, tail (carefully) to chin, watch for nipples! —and up to —of wool may be harvested from a Giant Angora. Because of the length and abundance of their hair, Angora rabbits are particularly susceptible to "wool block", a potentially-lethal blockage of the digestive tract. All rabbits ingest some of their wool when they groom themselves, but their digestive system is not able to pass that foreign matter. The length of Angora hairs compounds the risk of impaction, which can lead to death. Clipping or plucking their wool every 90-120 days is considered


title: "Angora rabbit" content: a must to prevent wool block in Angora breeds. Cheyletiella parasitovorax is a skin parasite commonly found in Angora rabbits. Signs of infestation are flaky skin patches and fur loss. Wool mites reduce fiber yields and the resulting skin flakes are detrimental to the fiber quality. Wool mites may be treated with ivermectin or with carbaryl powder. The iconic long coat of the Angora is the result of a rabbit gene referred to as: l [i.e., lowercase "L"] This "Angora gene" is present in all Angora breeds. It has also sometimes been utilized in the development of other rabbit breeds


title: "Angora rabbit" content: or other breeds' new varieties. "Dwarf Angora" breeds including American Fuzzy Lop, Loin Head and Jersey Woolie, are now recognized in US by ARBA. Belgium and France have their own Dwarf Angora breeds.. There is also a rare Mini English Angora breed in New Zealand. Prior to 1939, there was one breed of "Angora Wooler". In 1939 ARBA reclassified "Angora Wooler" into "English Type" and "French Type". In 1944 ARBA officially separated Angora rabbits into two breeds: English Angora and French Angora. Rabbits of the Angora breed are adorned with "fur", growths of wool on the ears and the entire


title: "Angora rabbit" content: face except above the nose, and front feet, along with their thick body, and wool. They are gentle in nature, but they are not recommended for those who do not groom their animals. Their wool is very dense and needs to be groomed twice a week. This is the smallest Angora rabbit of the four ARBA-recognized breeds. This breed is more common as a pet because of the facial features that give it a puppy dog or teddy bear look. If the texture of the wool is correct, the maintenance is relatively easy; if the texture of the rabbit is


title: "Angora rabbit" content: cottony, it requires a great deal of maintenance. Some may find wool a challenge for beginning Spinners. The English Angora can be bred to have broken colors—i.e., white with black spots—but this is not accepted by ARBA standards, and would lead to a disqualification when showing the rabbit. When showing an English Angora rabbit, the toenails should also be only one color, the ears could be folded over at the tips, and the furnishings on the face may cover their eyes. The English Angora is the only one of the Angora breeds that has hair covering its eyes. This breed


title: "Angora rabbit" content: has a dense undercoat. If the texture is correct, it requires less maintenance than other Angora breeds. Small ear tufts are allowed, but not usually preferred by breeders. ARBA recognizes the same colors as with English Angora, plus broken. They are shown at ARBA shows using the types "white" and "colored" (broken being a colored). As with other ARBA shown rabbits, toenails should also be only one color. The French Angora is one of the large Angora breeds at 7.5 to 10 lbs, with a commercial body type. It differs from the English, Giant and German Angora in that it


title: "Angora rabbit" content: possesses a clean (hairless) face and front feet, with only minor tufting on the rear legs. The color of a French Angora is determined by the color of its head, feet and tail (all the same color). This variety of angora fibre has smooth silky texture. Beginning spinners may find Angora wool a challenge. Though common, the German Angora is not currently recognized by ARBA. The International Association of German Angora Rabbit Breeders (IAGARB) maintains a breed standard for the German Angora. The Giant Angora is the largest of the ARBA-recognized Angora breeds. It was originally developed to be an


title: "Angora rabbit" content: efficient commercial producer that could be sustained on 16-18% protein pellets plus hay, and live in the standard sized, all-wire cages. Because ARBA wouldn't allow German Angoras to be shown (their body type was considered too similar to other Angora breeds), Louise Walsh of Taunton, Massachusetts created a new breed. She used German Angoras, French Lops, and Flemish Giants to develop a completely different "commercial" body type. ARBA officially recognized the Giant Angora in 1988. Its coat includes three types of wool: soft under wool, awn fluff, and awn hair. The awn type wool exists only in the Giant and


title: "Angora rabbit" content: German Angora breeds. The Giant Angora has furnishings on the face and ears. Many people confuse the German with the Giant Angora, but it is their body type that differs. The only color variety ARBA currently recognizes for the Giant Angora is the Ruby-eyed White (REW), a color that indicates the genetic absence of pigment ("albino"). The Giant Angora produces more wool than the French, Satin or English Angoras. The Giant Angora is the only 6-class animal in the Angora breed. It is to have a commercial-type body with a very dense coat of wool. The head will be oval


title: "Angora rabbit" content: in appearance that is broad across the forehead and slightly narrower at the muzzle. The Giant Angora will have forehead tufts (head trimmings) and cheek furnishings. The head trimmings are to be noticeable, however, does are not as heavy in trimmings as the bucks. The ears should be lightly fringed and well tasseled. The Giant Angora is also the only breed of angora that is only shown as a ruby-eyed white. A Black color variety of the Giant Angora is in development, but has not been sanctioned by ARBA. The Giant Angora coat contains three fiber types for its texture.


title: "Angora rabbit" content: The underwool is to be the most dominant over the other two types of hair. It should be medium fine, soft, delicately waved and have a gentle shine. Beginning spinners may find Angora wool a challenge. The Awn Fluff has a guard hair tip and is a stronger, wavy wool. The Awn Fluff is found between the Underwool and Awn Hair. The Awn Hair, also known as guard hair, is the third type of fiber. The Awn Hair is a straight, strong hair that protrudes above the wool and must be present and evident. The classification of the Giant Angora


title: "Angora rabbit" content: is different than the other three breeds due to the fact it is a 6-class animal. The junior buck and junior doe must be under 6 months of age and have a minimum weight of 4 ¾ pounds. The intermediate buck and intermediate doe are 6–8 months of age. The senior buck and senior doe are 8 months of age or over. The senior buck must weigh at least 9 ½ pounds. The senior doe must weigh at least 10 pounds. In judging the Giant Angoras the majority of the points are based on the wool, which includes density, texture,


title: "Angora rabbit" content: and length. The points for "general type" include the body type, head, ears, eyes, feet, legs, and tail. Like many other "giant" breeds of rabbits, the Giant Angora grows slowly. A doe usually takes more than a year to reach full maturity (size and weight). A buck can take up to 1.5 years to fully mature (size and weight). The Satin Angora was developed in the late 1970s by Mrs. Meyer of Holland Landing, Ontario, Canada, who crossed French Angoras with rabbits of the Satin breed. In addition to the sheen (for which the Satin is known), true red and


title: "Angora rabbit" content: copper pigments emerged in the new rabbits. In all "satinized" coats, the hair shaft has a semi-transparent outer shell that reflects light, resulting in deep color, high luster, and an extremely soft and silky texture to the hairs. The Satin Angora (like the French Angora) has no furnishings on the face, ears, or feet. The Satin does not produce as much wool as other Angora breeds, but this trait is being improved upon through selective breeding. While more difficult to keep groomed than the Giant or French Angora, the Satin is less difficult than the English Angora. Because of the


title: "Angora rabbit" content: soft texture of the wool and the lower guard-hair count in the coat, matting occurs more readily. Daily combing therefore could be recommended. Satin Angora wool is said to be stronger for spinning than other Angora varieties, but because of its slipperiness, it can be more difficult to spin. Angora rabbit The Angora rabbit (), which is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit, is bred for the long fibers of its coat, known as "Angora wool", that are gathered by shearing, combing, or plucking. Because rabbits do not possess the same allergy-causing qualities as many other animals, their


title: "Blind signal separation" content: the signal, but are more commonly heuristics justified by good empirical performance. A common theme in the second approach is to impose some kind of low-complexity constraint on the signal, such as sparsity in some basis for the signal space. This approach can be particularly effective if one requires not the whole signal, but merely its most salient features. There are different methods of blind signal separation: Blind signal separation Blind signal separation (BSS), also known as blind source separation, is the separation of a set of source signals from a set of mixed signals, without the aid of information


title: "Jerry Lawler" content: commentator on "Raw" and pay-per-view events alongside Jim Ross and "SmackDown!" with Michael Cole, until the brands were separated and Lawler became exclusive to Raw. Lawler stated that his well-worked chemistry with Jim Ross has been a result of their different styles; according to Lawler, Jim Ross is a fine storyteller and keeps fans well-versed with current storylines, whereas he provides reaction and emotion to liven the commentary. In 2003, "Raw's" announce team of Lawler and Jim Ross feuded with "Sunday Night Heat"'s team of Jonathan Coachman and Al Snow. At Unforgiven, Lawler and Ross lost a match against Coachman


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: USS Bowfin (SS-287) USS "Bowfin" (SS/AGSS-287), a "Balao"-class submarine, was a boat of the United States Navy named for the bowfin fish. Since 1981, she has been open to public tours at the USS "Bowfin" Submarine Museum and Park in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, next to the USS Arizona Memorial Visitor Center. "Bowfin" was laid down by the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard at Kittery, Maine, on 23 July 1942, and launched on 7 December 1942 by Mrs. Jane Gawne, wife of Captain James Gawne, and commissioned on 1 May 1943, Commander Joseph H. Willingham in command. Following fitting out, the submarine proceeded


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: via Newport, Rhode Island, to New London, Connecticut, her base for shakedown training. Early in July 1943, she got underway for the Pacific war zone and, after transiting the Panama Canal and crossing the Pacific, reached Australia. After-voyage repair at Brisbane preceded her getting underway on 19 August to move north and west along the Australian coast to Darwin. She topped off her fuel tanks at that port and sailed on the morning of 25 August for her first war patrol. The warship reached the Mindanao Sea on 2 September, but plied its waters for more than three weeks without


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: encountering any worthwhile targets. On 24 September, she met with to conduct coordinated operations. The next day, the two submarines began tracking a six-ship convoy and continued the chase for some five hours before "Bowfin" finally attained a suitable attack position. She then launched her six bow torpedoes — four at a freighter and two at a trailing transport. Three exploded against the side of the first ship and both of those fired at the second struck home. The submarine immediately turned her fantail toward the convoy and emptied her stern tubes, sending four torpedoes in the direction of a


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: tanker. Gunfire at her periscope forced "Bowfin" to go deep, so prevented her crew from observing the progress of her last salvo, but they heard its torpedoes explode. When the submarine rose to periscope depth about an hour later, the 8,120-ton passenger-cargo ship "Kirishima Maru" was slowly sinking, the tanker was on fire, and the transport seemed to be settling by the stern. However, the two latter ships apparently were able to limp back to port, for the sinking of neither was confirmed by postwar study of Japanese records. Later in the day, members of "Bowfin"’s crew heard distant explosions


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: and inferred that "Billfish" was going after the remnants of the convoy, a conclusion which proved to be correct, for their sister ship managed to damage two Japanese ships totaling about 12,000 tons. Although the submarines continued to pursue the remaining enemy vessels as they fled during the night, the battered group of Japanese ships finally managed to slip away in the darkness. The following morning, after "Bowfin"’s radar had picked up an enemy plane also equipped with radar, the submarine was forced to submerge to avoid detection. Two days later, she came across a 1,400-ton inter-island steamer and shadowed


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: her until reaching a firing position about three hours later. She then launched three torpedoes. One stopped before reaching the target, and the other two missed. On 30 September, as she left the Mindanao Sea, "Bowfin" chanced upon a diesel-propelled barge carrying over 100 Japanese soldiers and opened fire on it with her four-inch gun. When the target responded with machine gun fire, the submarine's 20-mm guns entered the fray. The battle came to an abrupt end when a four-inch round struck the enemy's magazine and blew apart the already sinking barge. On 2 October, as the submarine continued through


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: the Makassar Strait toward Australia, her crew sighted a schooner off Balikpapan. Willingham fired two shots across the stranger's bow, but failed to bring her to and sank her with gunfire. "Bowfin" arrived at Fremantle on 10 October, ending a successful patrol. Rear Admiral Ralph W. Christie, who commanded American submarines in the area, was lavish in his praise of the submarine's performance; he rewarded her commanding officer with the opportunity of heading a submarine division. To free him for the new role, Lieutenant Commander Walter Thomas Griffith relieved Willingham as commanding officer of "Bowfin" on 26 October. Upon completion


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: of refitting, "Bowfin" got underway on 1 November and headed for the South China Sea. From time to time during this patrol, she again cooperated with "Billfish". On 8 November, "Bowfin" picked up the trail of a group of five schooners. When she pulled within range of them, she opened fire with her four-inch gun and sank three before bombs from a Japanese plane forced the submarine to dive, allowing the two surviving vessels to slip away. After staying down until dark, "Bowfin" surfaced and resumed patrolling. Before long, she discovered and opened fire upon a large sailing ship which


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: went down after suffering hits by two four-inch shells. Two days later, she found her next victims, a pair of small steamers heading for Tawi-Tawi Bay, and set both ablaze with gunfire. Her luck was even better on the morning of 26 November, while she was approaching the coast of Indochina during a blinding rainstorm. Without prior knowledge that any other vessels were near, she unexpectedly found herself surrounded by Japanese shipping. After barely avoiding a collision with a tanker by backing all engines, she torpedoed and sank the 5,069-ton tanker "Ogurasan Maru" and then dispatched the 5,407-ton freighter "Tainan


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: Maru". A few hours later, her torpedoes ended the career of "Van Vollenhoven", a 691-ton coastal cargo ship which the Japanese had taken from her French owners when they overran Indochina almost two years before. On 28 November, after having sent a small passenger-cargo ship to the bottom with a single torpedo, "Bowfin" joined "Billfish" in attacking a convoy and quickly sank "Sydney Maru", a 5,425-ton freighter and "Tonon Maru", a 9,866-ton tanker. Meanwhile, one of the Japanese ships fired on "Bowfin" and scored hits which opened leaks in her starboard induction line, which, while serious, did not prevent the


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: submarine from getting off her last two torpedoes. Repair efforts at daylight slowed, but did not completely stop, the flooding, and "Bowfin" began her voyage back to Australia. En route to her base on 2 December, she came across a "two masted yacht...which...," in Griffith's words, "...looked like it might have been some planter’s yacht taken over by the Japs." The submarine's deck gun promptly destroyed this stranger; and, thereafter, "Bowfin" enjoyed an uneventful passage which brought her to Fremantle a week later. There, Rear Admiral Christie praised her performance as the "classic of all submarine patrols". The submarine got


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: underway on 8 January 1944 for her third war patrol. She proceeded through the Java, Banda, and Flores Seas to Makassar Strait where — on 16 January — she encountered a small schooner, surfaced, and sank the sailing vessel with her deck gun. The following day, she came across a cargo ship and two escorts, but her attacks on these targets were frustrated by malfunctioning torpedoes. One from her first spread of four bow torpedoes hit and stopped the freighter, but the other three missed and two shots from her bow tubes detonated before reaching the target. After reloading her


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: tubes, she returned to the convoy the following day and finished off the crippled cargo ship with four torpedoes which sent the 4,408-ton "Shoyu Maru" to the bottom. She also managed to hit one of the escorts with two "fish", but did not sink her. Out of torpedoes, "Bowfin" returned to Darwin for more and, while in port, picked up Rear Admiral Christie, who remained on board the submarine for the rest of the patrol to check on torpedo performance, first hand, and to learn the secret of "Bowfin"’s remarkable success. The day after she returned to sea, the submarine


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: put three torpedoes into a small cargo ship. Lt. Comdr. Griffith claimed the target sank and his distinguished passenger confirmed the kill, but the sinking was not borne out by postwar examination of Japanese records — possibly because "Bowfin"’s alleged victim was too small to be listed. About daybreak on 28 January, "Bowfin" began trailing a large tanker, and she continued the chase until reaching striking range that evening. She then fired all six bow torpedoes, but, since the target simultaneously changed course, none struck home. After a rapid reload, she sent six more toward the tanker, and this time,


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: two exploded against the side of the Japanese ship, sending towers of fire and smoke skyward. Nevertheless, the tanker remained afloat. As "Bowfin" closed to administer the "coup de grace", the enemy ship began fighting back with her main battery and machine gun fire. Undaunted, the submarine kept up the attack and during the ensuing 20 minutes fired six more torpedoes: two misses, followed by a pair of hits, then a miss, and finally another hit. At this point, the tanker's fire was becoming more accurate and forced the submarine to dive. When she came up, the Japanese vessel was


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: retiring from the scene, and by dawn had disappeared over the horizon. The next day, "Bowfin" laid a minefield in Makassar Strait before beginning the voyage back to Australia. On 30 January, she came across a pair of small schooners which she destroyed with her four-inch gun. The submarine moored at Fremantle on 5 February and began preparations for her next mission. Underway on 28 February 1944, the submarine headed for the Celebes Sea. On 10 March, her crew sighted a convoy of four ships screened by a couple of escorts. "Bowfin" fired six bow tubes, but four of the


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: torpedoes exploded prematurely. Japanese planes forced Griffith to dive and thus prevented anyone on board from observing the fate of the two other torpedoes. During the ensuing action, in which the escorts searched for the submarine, and she in turn strove to hide at some 350 feet below the surface, a chain dragged by one of the Japanese hunters scraped across "Bowfin"’s hull. Meanwhile, depth charge explosions — more than 20 — shook the submarine severely, but did no debilitating damage. When Griffith dared to rise to the surface, he saw a freighter down by the stern being taken under


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: tow. Despite the efforts of the enemy escorts and of five circling Japanese aircraft, "Bowfin" attacked the convoy, but could not follow the progress of her torpedoes because one of them had boomeranged and threatened her by running in a circular pattern. She dived to escape the danger and did not come up again until the next day. She attacked the freighter again, but the Japanese escorts drove her down once more. Later that day, she rose to periscope depth, found the damaged ship alone, and finished the 4,470-ton "Tsukikawa Maru" off with four well-aimed torpedoes. The submarine then began


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: looking for the rest of the convoy, caught up with it well after dark, and fired her remaining torpedoes, but none scored. She then headed back to Darwin for more, and stood out to sea again on 15 March with a fresh supply. Three days later, she emptied her bow tubes while attacking a small convoy, but all six either ran under their targets or missed wide of their marks. The inevitable depth charge barrage followed, but proved to be equally ineffective. When "Bowfin" attacked again later that day, she launched four torpedoes — all of which were wasted. She


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: did better on the night of 24 March, when, at the end of a long chase, she attacked a five-ship convoy in the Celebes Sea, sinking two freighters — 5,139-ton "Shinkyo Maru" and 5,395-ton "Bengal Maru". She also damaged a third ship, but could not finish her off for want of torpedoes. As a result, she headed back to Darwin, where she arrived on 1 April. There, Commander John H. Corbus relieved Lt. Commander Griffith in command of the submarine, which got underway again on 24 April and headed for the Palaus. Although this sixth patrol proved to be her


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: longest in both time and distance, she only managed to put two torpedoes into a freighter on 14 May, and it refused to sink. She performed lifeguard duty before heading, via Midway, for Pearl Harbor, where she arrived on 21 June. On 16 July, "Bowfin" left Hawaii and headed for the Ryukyu Islands. She encountered no worthwhile targets until 9 August, when her crew sighted four ships heading for the harbor at Minami Daito. She trailed them into port and, after they had moored, fired her bow torpedoes, blowing up two and damaging a third. A stray torpedo hit a


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: dock, sending a bus careering into the water, an incident the Cary Grant comedy film "Operation Petticoat" incorporated into its story line in 1959 (Grant yelling "We sunk a truck!" in the film after an unintentional misfire caused by a nurse on board). However, no sinkings were confirmed by Japanese records — again possibly because of the small size of the alleged victims. An authenticated kill came off the Tokara Islands on 22 August, when she attacked a convoy, hit several ships, and claimed several kills including two destroyers, but apparently only sank the 6,754-ton transport "Tsushima Maru". According to


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: Tsushima-muru Commemoration Association data, the ship was carrying 1,661 civilian evacuees, including 834 schoolchildren (of whom 775 were killed). Shortly after the sinking a "Gag Order" was enforced and families and survivors rarely spoke about the incident. The number of victims that have been identified by name, based on notifications from bereaved families (as of 22 August 2012), include 780 schoolchildren. On 28 August, Bowfin set a little trawler afire with her four-inch gun. However, since she had futilely fired her last four torpedoes at this target before surfacing, the submarine headed via Midway and Pearl Harbor for the west


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: coast of the United States. She reached San Francisco, California, on 21 September and entered the Mare Island Navy Yard for overhaul. At the end of the yard work, Commander Alexander K. Tyree relieved Commander Corbus on 16 December 1944; and, later that day, the submarine got underway westward back across the Pacific. Following training in Hawaiian waters, she headed for a station near the Japanese home islands south of Honshū where she performed lifeguard services for American planes — both naval and Army — raiding strategic enemy targets in Japan. On 17 February, "Bowfin" attacked two Japanese subchasers and


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: sank the 750-ton "Coast Defense Vessel No. 56" with torpedoes and then survived a 26-depth-charge attack by her victim's consort which had herself barely escaped destruction when some of "Bowfin"’s torpedoes exploded prematurely. The submarine later sank a Japanese sea truck with one torpedo. On 19 March about 15 miles south of Shikoku at 09:30, the submarine was on watch when a lone Navy torpedo bomber with white stars on its wings and its tail shot up headed in low toward the submarine. The plane had been hit moments earlier by enemy flak during its bombing run over the Kure


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: Naval Yard. The plane landed in the water dead ahead, about 500 yards off the bow. It floated for two minutes and then nosed down and sank. Both men in the plane jumped out and hung onto an inflated raft. Eleven minutes later, the crew of the "Bowfin" had them aboard. She rescued the pilot, Lieutenant R. U. Plant, and gunner, J. Papazoglakis (Pakis) of the downed Grumman Avenger torpedo bomber of Torpedo Squadron 83 (VT-83) from the aircraft carrier USS "Essex". The two men were cold and wet from just a few minutes in that water, but otherwise safe


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: and sound. The captain ordered the life raft sunk and the dye marker destroyed with small arms fire and then resumed patrol on the lifeguard station. The submarine soon set a course for the Marianas and ended the patrol upon her arrival at Guam on 25 March. Underway on 23 April for her eighth war patrol, the submarine plied the waters north of Honshū and Hokkaidō. Her first kill came on 1 May when two of her torpedoes sank the 2,719-ton transport "Chowa Maru". A week later, she overtook, torpedoed, and destroyed an 880-ton freighter "Daito Maru No. 3", but


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: that proved to be the last score of the patrol. After a fortnight of futile searching for targets, she arrived at Apra Harbor, Guam, for refit. While training for her ninth and final patrol of the war, "Bowfin" rescued a Marine Corps pilot whose fighter had crashed. She got underway on 29 May and pointed her bow back toward the enemy homeland. One of 9 submarines protected by newly developed mine-detecting sonar and sent into the Sea of Japan, she carefully threaded her way through the dangerous minefields of Tsushima Strait which guarded this previously sacrosanct maritime heart of the


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: Japanese Empire, but found little enemy shipping. Nevertheless, she wasted neither of her two attackable contacts: the first, the 1,898-ton transport "Shinyo Maru" took four torpedoes before sinking on 11 June; and the second, the 887-ton freighter "Akiura Maru" met a similar fate on 13 June. The submarine left the Sea of Japan by La Pérouse Strait (Soya Misaki) and headed for Hawaii. She reached Pearl Harbor on Independence Day and began preparations to return to action. Early in August, "Bowfin" sailed for the Marianas, her staging point for her 10th war patrol. However, while en route, she received word


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: of Japan's capitulation. As a result, she reversed course and returned to Hawaii and, then, headed for the Panama Canal on her way to the east coast of the United States. "Bowfin" arrived at Tompkinsville, Staten Island, New York, on 21 September 1945. She served in the Atlantic Fleet until decommissioned at New London on 12 February 1947 and placed in reserve. Reactivated because of the Navy's need to expand the fleet to support United Nations-led forces during the Korean War, the submarine was recommissioned on 27 July 1951 and, following shakedown training, sailed for the Pacific. After arriving at


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: San Diego, California, on 6 October, she worked from that port for the next two years, devoting her time to training operations and local exercises. The nominal ending of hostilities in Korea in the summer of 1953 reduced the Navy's need for active submarines and prompted "Bowfin"’s second inactivation. She arrived at San Francisco on 8 October 1953, and was placed out of commission, in reserve, at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard on 22 April 1954. The warship remained there until moving to Seattle, Washington, on 1 May 1960 to replace as the Naval Reserve training submarine there and to


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: begin a little over a decade's service. Her name was finally struck from the Navy list on 1 December 1971, and she was taken back to Pearl Harbor, where she now serves as a memorial. Audio tours are available to the general public at Pearl Harbor. Some areas of the ship are off limits. "Bowfin" was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986. "Tsushima Maru" was an unmarked Japanese cargo ship sunk by "Bowfin" between 22:00 and 22:30 local time on 22 August 1944 as the ship was carrying hundreds of schoolchildren from Okinawa to Kagoshima. Attacked while in convoy,


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: "Tsushima" sank close to the island of Akusekijima. About 1,484 civilians, including 767 schoolchildren, were killed; 59 children survived the sinking. On her sixth patrol, "Bowfin" destroyed a pier at Minami Daito that contained a crane and a bus. Thirteen small vessels were sunk by the "Bowfin"s deck guns. The submarine is owned and operated by the Pacific Fleet Submarine Memorial Association, and is now part of the USS "Bowfin" Submarine Museum & Park in Pearl Harbor, on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Visitors can tour the submarine with an audio narration of life in the vessel during World War


title: "USS Bowfin (SS-287)" content: II. The park's museum features exhibits and artifacts about submarines and the history of the United States Submarine Service, including detailed models, weapon systems, photographs, paintings, battleflags, recruiting posters, and a memorial honoring the 52 American submarines and the more than 3,500 submariners lost during World War II. The museum's other exhibits include a Kaiten torpedo and a 40-mm quad gun, along with Poseidon C-3 and Regulus I missiles. The park is located within walking distance of the visitor center for the USS "Arizona" Memorial, and the Battleship "Missouri" Memorial. USS Bowfin (SS-287) USS "Bowfin" (SS/AGSS-287), a "Balao"-class submarine, was


title: "James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie" content: Henry and John Lawrence was initially successful, partially due to the system of local cultural respect, while still maintaining British values against acts of widow burning, female infanticide, and burning of lepers alive by small segments of the Indian populace. However, Punjabi rule eventually came to be seen as despotic, largely because of the expansion of judicial system. Although often unpredictable or despotic, many Indians in “rationalized” provinces preferred their previous native rule. One further addition to the empire was made by conquest. The Burmese court at Ava was bound by the Treaty of Yandaboo, 1826, to protect British ships


title: "Roy Fisher" content: and qualifying as a teacher, he taught from 1953 at the grammar school in Newton Abbott, Devon, as part of a team engaged in a radical revision of English teaching methods. In the same year Fisher married artist Barbara Venables; they were to have two children. His son Ben (1963-2009) was Head of French at University of Bangor, and creator of one of the world's most popular narrow-gauge railway websites; his daughter Sukey (1959- ) is an award-winning screenwriter. Returning to Birmingham in 1957, where he again worked as a jazz musician and began encountering, often late at night, the


title: "People's Revolutionary Army (Argentina)" content: undertaken, with claims that the rural guerrillas occupied 52 towns, robbed 166 banks and took US $76 million in ransoms for the kidnappings of 185 people. The group continued the violent campaign even after democratic elections and the return to civilian rule in 1973, with Juan Peron's return. On June 20, 1973 the Peronist movement split after the Ezeiza massacre, that started when Lieutenant-Colonel Jorge Osinde's crowd monitoring right-wing Peronist militia reported the arrival of heavily armed Montoneros in two buses the day that Peron returned from exile. Victor E. Samuelson, an Exxon executive, was abducted on 6 December 1973


title: "Santa Clara University" content: initiatives intended to further its religious mission. Students are encouraged, but not required, to attend the Sunday evening student Masses in the mission church and are also encouraged to participate in campus ministry programs and lectures. All bachelor's degrees require three religious studies courses as part of the academic core. An emphasis on social justice is furthered through the Pedro Arrupe Partnership and Kolvenbach Solidarity programs, which offer service opportunities in the community and immersion opportunities throughout the world. As of Fall 2012, Santa Clara had an enrollment of 5,499 undergraduate and 3,130 graduate and professional students (total of 8,629


title: Ichneumonoidea content: Ichneumonoidea The superfamily Ichneumonoidea contains the two largest families within Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae and Braconidae. The group is thought to contain as many as 100,000 species, many of which have not yet been described. Like other parasitoid wasps, they were long placed in the "Parasitica", variously considered as an infraorder or an unranked clade, now known to be paraphyletic. The name is derived from Latin 'ichneumon', from Ancient Greek ἰχνεύμων (ikhneúmōn, "tracker"), from ἴχνος (íkhnos, "track, footstep"). The name is shared with the Egyptian mongoose, "Herpestes ichneumon". The superfamily is defined by fusion of the costal and radial veins of the


title: Ichneumonoidea content: fore wing, and almost all species have more than 11 antennal segments. Both included families have a cosmopolitan distribution. Ichneumonoids have morphological similarities with relatives within the order Hymenoptera, including ants and bees. Ichneumonoidea contains a great deal of morphological diversity, with species ranging in size from long. Most are slender, and the females of many species (particularly in the genus "Megarhyssa") have extremely long ovipositors for laying eggs. The ichneumonid wasps may be more familiar to non-entomologists than braconids, as they are generally larger. The two families are distinguished from each other primarily by details of wing venation. Most


title: Ichneumonoidea content: are brownish or black, not brightly colored. Fore wings lack vein 2m-cu. Ichneumonids vary greatly in size and their color varies from brightly colored yellow to uniform black. Fore wing with vein 2m-cu present and tubular. Parasitoidism evolved only once in the Hymenoptera, during the Permian, leading to a single clade, the Apocrita. The Apocrita emerged during the Jurassic. Ichneumonoids are solitary insects, and the vast majority are parasitoids; the larvae feed on or in another insect until it finally dies. Most hosts are holometabolus insect larvae, but there are many exceptions. In general, ichneumonoids are host specific, and only


title: Ichneumonoidea content: attack one or a few closely related host species. Many species use polydnaviruses to suppress the immune systems of their host insects. Due to the wide variety in hosts and lifestyles, see subfamily pages for more detail. The female ichneumonoid finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body. The ovipositor of ichneumonoids generally cannot deliver a sting as many wasps or bees do. It can be used to bore wood and lay eggs on hosts deep inside, or reach hosts hidden inside leaf shelters. Upon hatching, the larva feeds either externally or internally, killing


title: Ichneumonoidea content: the host when it is ready to pupate. Various ichneumonoids are used as biological control agents in controlling horticultural or forest pests. An example is the relationship between the species "Ichneumon eumerus" and its host butterfly "Phengaris rebeli". The butterfly larva is a parasite within "Myrmica" ant nests. The adult "I. eumerus" searches for ant nests and only enters when they contain "P. rebeli" caterpillars. Once inside, they oviposit their eggs within the caterpillars and escape the nest by releasing a chemical which causes the worker ants to fight each other rather than the intruding wasp. The wasp eggs then