title: "Dakshineswar Kali Temple" content: Bagicha", partly old Muslim burial ground shaped like a tortoise, considered befitting for the worship of Shakti according to Tantra traditions, it took eight years and nine hundred thousand rupees to complete the construction, and finally the idol of Goddess Kali was installed on the "Snana Yatra" day on 31 May 1855, amid festivities at the temple formally known as "Sri Sri Jagadishwari Mahakali", with Ramkumar Chhattopadhyay as the head priest; soon his younger brother Gadai or Gadadhar (later known as Ramakrishna) moved in and so did nephew Hriday to assist him. On 31 May 1855 more than 1 lakh


title: "Dakshineswar Kali Temple" content: Brahmins were invited from different parts of the country to grace the auspicious occasion. The next year, Ramkumar Chattopadhyay died, the position was given to Ramakrishna, along with his wife Sarada Devi, who stayed in the south side of the "Nahabat" (music room), in a small room on the ground floor, which now a shrine dedicated to her. From then until his death 30 years later in 1886, Ramakrishna was responsible for bringing much in the way of both fame and pilgrims to the temple. Rani Rashmoni lived only for five years and nine months after the inauguration of the


title: "Dakshineswar Kali Temple" content: temple. She seriously fell ill in 1861. Realizing that her death was near she decided to handover the property she purchased in Dinajpur (now in Bangladesh) as a legacy for the maintenance of the temple to the temple trust. She accomplished her task on 18 February 1861 and died on the next day. After her death in 1861, her sons-in-law took to celebrating Durga Puja in their respective premises. Built in the traditional 'Nava-ratna' or nine spires style of Bengal architecture, the three-storeyed south-facing temple has nine spires distributed in upper two storeys, and stands on a high platform with


title: "Dakshineswar Kali Temple" content: a flight of stairs, overall it measures square and rises over high. The "garbha griha" (sanctum sanctorum) houses an idol of goddess Kali, known as "Bhavatarini", standing on the chest of a supine Shiva, and the two idols are placed on a thousand-petaled lotus made of silver. Close to the main temple are the row of twelve identical Shiva temples built facing the east in the typical "aat-chala" Bengal architecture, they are built on either side of the ghat on the Hooghly river. To the North east of the Temple Complex is the Vishnu Temple or the Radha Kanta Temple.


title: "Dakshineswar Kali Temple" content: A flight of steps lead to the columned verandah and into the temple where a silver throne rests with a idol of Lord Krishna and a idol of Radha. Dakshineswar Kali Temple Dakshineswar Kali Temple is a Hindu temple located in Dakshineswar near Kolkata. Situated on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River, the presiding deity of the temple is Bhavatarini, an aspect of Kali, meaning, 'She who liberates Her devotees from the ocean of existence i.e. Saṃsāra'. The temple was built in 1855 by Rani Rashmoni, a philanthropist and a devotee of Kali. The temple is famous for its


title: "Linear discriminant analysis" content: estimate may be used in place of the exact value in the above equations. Although the estimates of the covariance may be considered optimal in some sense, this does not mean that the resulting discriminant obtained by substituting these values is optimal in any sense, even if the assumption of normally distributed classes is correct. Another complication in applying LDA and Fisher's discriminant to real data occurs when the number of measurements of each sample (i.e., the dimensionality of each data vector) exceeds the number of samples in each class. In this case, the covariance estimates do not have full


title: "E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)" content: E 11 road (United Arab Emirates) E 11 () is a highway in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The longest road in the Emirates, it stretches from Al-Silah in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and ends in Ras al-Khaimah emirate, running roughly parallel to UAE's coastline along the Persian Gulf. The road forms the main artery in some emirates' main cities, where it assumes various alternate names —Sheikh Maktoum Bin Rashid Road and Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Road in Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed Road in Dubai, and Sheikh Muhammad bin Salem Road in Ras al-Khaimah. The Dubai-Abu Dhabi Highway of


title: "E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)" content: E 11 links the two largest cities of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The project was proposed by the Sheikhs of Abu Dhabi and Dubai to Sheikh Zayed. In 1971, the project was approved and construction began. The highway was completed in 1980. The highway starts near Maqta Bridge in Abu Dhabi and becomes Sheikh Zayed Road in Dubai. In Dubai, E 11 is known as "Sheikh Zayed Road" (in Arabic: شارع الشيخ زايد). This road is the main artery of the city. The highway runs parallel to the coastline from the Trade Centre Roundabout to the


title: "E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)" content: border with the emirate of Abu Dhabi, away in the area of Jebel Ali. The road was formerly known as Defence Road. Between 1993 and 1998, of the road was expanded. Along with this improvement came a change in the name. Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the Ruler of Dubai at the time, named the road after the then president of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. The Sheikh Zayed Road is home to most of Dubai's skyscrapers, including the Emirates Towers. The highway also connects other new developments such as the Palm Jumeirah and


title: "E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)" content: Dubai Marina. The road has most of the Red Line of Dubai Metro running alongside it. In Dubai itself much of the highway has seven to eight lanes in each direction. "Listed in order from Trade Centre Roundabout towards Jebel Ali to Interchange 2." Sheikh Zayed Road has several interchanges to enable traffic to go on and off the highway. These interchanges commonly lead to roundabouts (rotaries) to enable traffic to exit or to go to the other side of the highway. There are many other exits although they are not as well equipped. As of 2007, the interchanges are:


title: "E 11 road (United Arab Emirates)" content: On 12 March 2008, a series of accidents occurred on the highway that are considered to be one of the worst road accidents in the UAE's history. According to the Abu Dhabi Police, 3 people were killed & 277 injured, 15 of whom were critically injured. Thick fog and poor visibility caused the accident. Around 200 vehicles crashed into each other before going up in flames. E 11 road (United Arab Emirates) E 11 () is a highway in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The longest road in the Emirates, it stretches from Al-Silah in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi


title: "Miguel Ortiz Berrocal" content: pendants, bracelets, or other body ornamentation. From 1967 to 2004, Berrocal worked in Verona, Italy, and in nearby Negrar, where he worked closely with sculptural foundries to produce his art. His work was exhibited widely throughout Europe and also in North and South America and Japan. In 2004 he returned to his birthplace in Spain, remaining artistically active until his sudden death in 2006. The Fundación Escultor Berrocal (Berrocal Sculpture Foundation) continues to preserve and promote his artwork and legacy, from its headquarters in his hometown of Villanueva de Algaigas in Spain. From a very early age, Berrocal demonstrated a


title: "Aid effectiveness" content: health sector, due in large part to the work of the International Health Partnership (IHP+). Created in 2007, IHP+ is a group of partners committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries. These partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development cooperation into practice. IHP+ mobilizes national governments, development agencies, civil society and others to support a single, country-led national strategy in a well-coordinated way. Critiques of the effect of aid have become more vociferous as the global campaigns to increase aid have gained momentum, particularly since 2000. There are those who argue that


title: "Output-based aid" content: by passing them on, with the government regulator unable to force the MNC to disclose enough information to judge the reasonableness of the requests." Privatizing basic services is a contentious issue because contracting out service provision to private firms may be detrimental to universal service provision. Private firms look to make a profit, and if this is their primary motive then universal access becomes less of a priority. Accountability to state services may deteriorate. Many critics have noted that in developed countries, the state is responsible for basic services that the World Bank wants private firms to provide in developing


title: "Saint George's Day" content: holiday. In early 2009, Mayor of London Boris Johnson spearheaded a campaign to encourage the celebration of St. George's Day. Today, St. George's day may be celebrated with anything English including morris dancing and Punch and Judy shows. A traditional custom on St George's day is fly or adorn the St George's Cross flag in some way: pubs in particular can be seen on 23 April festooned with garlands of St George's crosses. It is customary for the hymn "Jerusalem" to be sung in cathedrals, churches and chapels on St George's Day, or on the Sunday closest to it. Traditional


title: "Underworld: Evolution" content: Tanis' blood to learn Selene and Michael's location, killing Tanis. Visiting Macaro, Selene and Michael discover he actually is Alexander Corvinus. Alexander reveals that he has devoted his entire immortal life to keeping the Vampire-Lycan war a secret. However, he refuses to assist Selene in killing his sons. Then Markus arrives, beats Michael and impales him. He learns the location of William's prison by drinking Selene's blood. He mortally wounds his father and obtains the other half of the pendant. He mocks his father's refusal to help William, revealing that he intends, with William, to rule the world as god-like


title: WLVT-TV content: Jersey and northern and central Delaware–the station's focus on the broader market means that it frequently competes with Philadelphia's main PBS member station, WHYY-TV. In 2011, WLVT-TV moved from its more remote location along Mountain Drive North to a new studio facility, the PPL Public Media Center, on the south side of Bethlehem. The new facility is adjacent to the ArtsQuest complex on the SteelStacks Campus, previously home to the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. The new station, equipped with two large studios, holds many local productions including "Focus" (a local magazine show), "Scholastic Scrimmage", "Faces of Jazz", and "Behind the Guitar".


title: "Limiting factor" content: organism, when other factors necessary to the organisms life do not. Limiting factors may be physical or biological. Limiting factors are not limited to the condition of the species. Some factors may be increased or reduced based on circumstances. An example of a limiting factor is sunlight in the rain forest, where growth is limited to all plants on the forest floor unless more light becomes available. This decreases a number of potential factors that could influence a biological process, but only one is in effect at any one place and time. This recognition that there is always a "single"


title: "Pleurotus ostreatus" content: Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a common edible mushroom. It was first cultivated in Germany as a subsistence measure during World War I and is now grown commercially around the world for food. It is related to the similarly cultivated king oyster mushroom. Oyster mushrooms can also be used industrially for mycoremediation purposes. The oyster mushroom is one of the more commonly sought wild mushrooms, though it can also be cultivated on straw and other media. It has the bittersweet aroma of benzaldehyde (which is also characteristic of bitter almonds). Both the Latin and common names refer


title: "Pleurotus ostreatus" content: to the shape of the fruiting body. The Latin "pleurotus" (sideways) refers to the sideways growth of the stem with respect to the cap, while the Latin "ostreatus" (and the English common name, oyster) refers to the shape of the cap which resembles the bivalve of the same name. Many also believe that the name is fitting due to a flavor resemblance to oysters. The name "oyster mushroom" is also applied to other "Pleurotus" species, so "P. ostreatus" is sometimes referred to as the "tree oyster mushroom" or the "grey oyster mushroom" to differentiate it from other species in the


title: "Pleurotus ostreatus" content: genus. The mushroom has a broad, fan or oyster-shaped cap spanning 5–25 cm; natural specimens range from white to gray or tan to dark-brown; the margin is inrolled when young, and is smooth and often somewhat lobed or wavy. The flesh is white, firm, and varies in thickness due to stipe arrangement. The gills of the mushroom are white to cream, and descend on the stalk if present. If so, the stipe is off-center with a lateral attachment to wood. The spore print of the mushroom is white to lilac-gray, and best viewed on dark background. The mushroom's stipe is


title: "Pleurotus ostreatus" content: often absent. When present, it is short and thick. "Omphalotus nidiformis" is a toxic lookalike found in Australia and Japan. In North America, "Omphalotus olivascens", the western jack-o'-lantern mushroom and "Clitocybe dealbata", the ivory funnel mushroom, both bear a resemblance to "Pleurotus ostreatus". Both "Omphalotus olivascens" and "Clitocybe dealbata" contain muscarine and are toxic. The oyster mushroom is widespread in many temperate and subtropical forests throughout the world, although it is absent from the Pacific Northwest of North America, being replaced by "P. pulmonarius" and "P. populinus". It is a saprotroph that acts as a primary decomposer of wood, especially


title: "Pleurotus ostreatus" content: deciduous trees, and beech trees in particular. It is a white-rot wood-decay fungus. The oyster mushroom is one of the few known carnivorous mushrooms. Its mycelia can kill and digest nematodes, which is believed to be a way in which the mushroom obtains nitrogen. The standard oyster mushroom can grow in many places, but some other related species, such as the branched oyster mushroom, grow only on trees. They may be found all year round in the UK. While this mushroom is often seen growing on dying hardwood trees, it only appears to be acting saprophytically, rather than parasitically. As


title: "Pleurotus ostreatus" content: the tree dies of other causes, "P. ostreatus" grows on the rapidly increasing mass of dead and dying wood. They actually benefit the forest by decomposing the dead wood, returning vital elements and minerals to the ecosystem in a form usable to other plants and organisms. Despite this, the belief that "P. ostreatus" could damage New Zealand's forestry industry has led New Zealand to ban its importation. The oyster mushroom is frequently used in Japanese, Korean and Chinese cookery as a delicacy. It is frequently served on its own, in soups, stuffed, or in stir-fry recipes with soy sauce. Oyster


title: "Pleurotus ostreatus" content: mushrooms are sometimes made into a sauce, used in Asian cooking, which is similar to oyster sauce. The mushroom's taste has been described as mild with a slight odor similar to anise. The oyster mushroom is best when picked young; as the mushroom ages, the flesh becomes tough and the flavor becomes acrid and unpleasant. Oyster mushrooms are widely cultivated and used in Kerala, India where a wide variety of dishes are prepared from them. Oyster mushrooms are mainly cultivated in large clear polyethylene bags with buns of hay layered in the bags, and spawn sown between the layers. Oyster


title: "Pleurotus ostreatus" content: mushrooms are also used in the Czech and Slovak contemporary cuisine in soups and stews in a similar fashion to meat. Oyster mushrooms contain small amounts of arabitol, a sugar alcohol, which may cause gastrointestinal upset in some people. Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, is a common edible mushroom. It was first cultivated in Germany as a subsistence measure during World War I and is now grown commercially around the world for food. It is related to the similarly cultivated king oyster mushroom. Oyster mushrooms can also be used industrially for mycoremediation purposes. The oyster mushroom is one


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: Chicken Kiev Chicken Kiev (, "kotleta po-kyivsky", , "kotleta po-kiyevski"; literally "cutlet Kiev-style") is a dish made of chicken fillet pounded and rolled around cold butter, then coated with eggs and bread crumbs, and either fried or baked. In general, the dish of stuffed chicken breast is also known in Ukrainian, Russian and Polish cuisines as côtelette de volaille (, ; from French "chicken cutlet"). Since fillets are often referred to as suprêmes in professional cookery, the dish is also named suprême de volaille à la Kiev. It is particularly popular in the Post-Soviet states, several other countries of the


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: former Eastern Bloc, and in the English-speaking world. The history of this dish is not well documented, and various sources make controversial claims about its origin. Since the 18th century Russian chefs have adopted many techniques of French "haute cuisine" and combined them with the local culinary tradition. The adoption was furthered by the French chefs, such as Marie-Antoine Carême and Urbain Dubois, who were hired by Russian gentry. In particular the use of quality meat cuts, such as various cutlets, steaks, escalopes and suprêmes became widespread in the 19th century, and a number of original dishes involving such cuts


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: were developed in Russia at that time. The French term "de volaille" means literally "of poultry" but denotes almost exclusively chicken dishes in French cookbooks. The name "côtelette de volaille" means thus simply "chicken cutlet". Despite the original French name, the Russian recipe is unknown in French cuisine, where the term "côtelette de volaille" refers to chicken breasts in general and is used nearly synonymously with chicken "filet" or "suprême". The French term also denotes a minced chicken cutlet-shaped patty. The general Russian term for chicken cutlets, "kurinaya kotleta" (куриная котлета), refers predominantly to minced cutlets, whereas "kotleta de-voliay" is


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: applied exclusively to the stuffed chicken breast dish. The latter name appears in the pre- and post-revolutionary Russian literature (in cookbooks as well as in fiction) since the beginning of the 20th century and is usually mentioned as a common restaurant dish. The recipe in the classical Russian cookery textbook "The Practical Fundamentals of the Cookery Art" by Pelageya Alexandrova-Ignatieva (which had eleven editions between 1899–1916) includes a complex stuffing similar to quenelle (a mixture of minced meat, in this case the rest meat of chicken, and cream) but with butter added. It also points out that "the cutlets "de


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: volaille" are made from whole chicken fillets, like the game cutlets "à la Maréchale"". The recipe is preceded by a similar one for "hazel grouse cutlets "à la Maréchale"" with a quenelle and truffle stuffing. Another Russian cookbook published at the same time gives basically identical recipes for "côtelette de volaille" and "côtelette à la Maréchale" and notes that the only difference between them is that the former are made of chicken while the latter are made of game, such as hazel grouse, blackcock, etc. The term "à la Maréchale" ("marshal-style") denotes in French cookery tender pieces of meat, such


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: as cutlets, escalopes, sweetbreads, or chicken breasts, which are treated "à l'anglaise" ("English-style"), i.e. coated with eggs and breadcrumbs, and sautéed. Numerous recipes of such dishes, some of them with stuffings, are described both in Western and Russian cookbooks of the 19th century. Among the stuffed versions, one finds a recipe for a "fowl fillet "à la Maréchale"" stuffed with truffles and herbs in "The Art of French Cuisine of the 19th Century" (1847) by Marie-Antoine Carême, and a similar "filet de poulets à la Maréchale" with herbs and forcemeat in "La cuisine classique" (1868) by Urbain Dubois. Elena Molokhovets'


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: "A Gift to Young Housewives", the most successful Russian cookbook of the 19th century, has included since its first edition in 1861 an elaborate recipe for "hazel grouse "à la Maréchale"" stuffed with madeira sauce, portobello mushrooms and truffles. The main difference between the old time "côtelette de volaille" and the modern chicken cutlet Kiev-style is that the elaborate stuffings of the former are replaced by butter. The use of butter for chicken cutlets has been known in Russian cuisine at least since the invention of the Pozharsky cutlet in the first half of the 19th century. The Pozharsky cutlets


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: are breaded ground chicken patties for which butter is added to minced meat. This results in an especially juicy and tender consistency. The dish was a widely appraised invention of 19th-century Russian cuisine, which was also adopted by French "haute cuisine" and subsequently by the international cuisine. While the roots of chicken Kiev can thus be traced back to French "haute cuisine" and Russian cookery of the 19th century, the origin of the particular recipe known today as chicken Kiev remains disputed. The "Russian Tea Room Cookbook" notes that chicken Kiev was "most likely … a creation of the great


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: French chef Carême at the Court of Alexander I." Marie-Antoine Carême spent just several months of the year 1818 in St. Petersburg, but made a profound impact on Russian cuisine at this short time. The reforms carried out by his followers introduced in particular various meat cuts into Russian cookery. The recipe of the Russian "côtelette de volaille" is not present in Carême's major work mentioned above, but his "fowl fillet "à la Maréchale"" could have served as the starting point for the further development of such dishes. Some Russian sources attribute the creation of this dish (or of its


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: precursor) to Nicolas Appert, French confectioner and chef, best known as the inventor of airtight food preservation. In contrast, common biographic sources for Appert do not mention this dish, and the origin of these claims is unclear. Russian food historian William Pokhlyobkin claimed that chicken Kiev was invented in 1912 as "Novo-Mikhailovskaya kotleta" in а St. Petersburg Merchants' Club located near the Mikhailovsky palace, and was renamed "kotleta po-kiyevski" in 1947 by a Soviet restaurant. However, these claims collide with primary sources. The cookbook by Alexandrova-Ignatieva (including editions before and after 1912) describes indeed Novo-Mikhailovsky cutlets and mentions that they


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: were invented in the club near the Mikhailovsky palace. However, in the provided recipe these cutlets are made from minced meat similarly to the Pozharsky cutlet, with the only difference being the meat pounded by a tenderizer until it gets minced. This allows one to remove tendons from the meat and results in a more tender consistency of the ground meat than after the use of a grinder. The author also remarks that not only breasts but also other parts of chicken can be prepared this way and added to the mixture of meat and butter. The second claim of


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: Pokhlyobkin's version is invalidated, as the references of chicken Kiev appeared in published sources much earlier, since the 1910s. Oral tradition in Kiev attributes the invention of the "cutlet "de volaille" Kiev-style" ("kotleta de-volyay po-kievski") to the restaurant of the Continental hotel in Kiev in the beginning of the 20th century. A luxury hotel built in 1897 in the center of Kiev, it was run until the Nazi German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. The building was then mined by the retreating Red Army and exploded when the German Army (Wehrmacht) occupied Kiev in September 1941. After the


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: war, the building was rebuilt and has since then been used by the Kiev Conservatory. According to the memoirs of contemporaries, Chicken Kiev was the signature dish of the hotel's restaurant. An early reference of "Kiev cutlets from chicken or veal" is found in the "Cookery Digest" (1915), a collection of recipes which were published in the Moscow "Journal for Housewives" in 1913–1914. These were minced meat cutlets similar to the Pozharsky cutlets, but shaped like a croquette with a bar of cold butter placed in the middle. Like modern chicken Kiev, the croquettes were covered with eggs and breadcrumbs


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: and fried. Later, "chicken cutlets Kiev-style" were listed in "Apportionments for dinners, separate dishes and other products of public catering" (1928) which served as a standard reference for Soviet catering establishments. The book also included other items for chicken cutlets, such as "cutlet "de volaille"" and "cutlet "à la Maréchale"". The book demanded renaming of many traditional restaurant dishes to replace the (mostly French-style) "bourgeoise" names with simple "proletarian" forms. In particular, the "cutlet Kiev-style" had to be renamed into "chicken cutlet stuffed with butter". This program was not realised immediately (at least not completely), and its successor, "The Directory


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: of Apportionments for Catering" (1940), published by the Soviet Ministry of Food Industry, still included the traditional names. In post-World War II publications of this directory and in other Soviet cookery books, such as "Cookery" (1955), the "Kiev-style" name was retained, but the terms "de volaille" and "à la Maréchale" were indeed dropped in favour of simple names such as "chicken cutlet stuffed with milk sauce" and "chicken cutlet stuffed with liver". As a result of this policy, the names "de volaille" and "à la Maréchale" disappeared from menus of Soviet restaurants. The "old-style" name "cutlet "de volaille" Kiev-style" was


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: occasionally mentioned in some post-World War II Soviet fiction books. In particular, in a short story "This Is Not Written In A Cookbook" (1947) by Yevgeny Vorobyov, a Soviet soldier and a former chef in a Moscow noble hotel explains to his comrade in arms, that "cutlets "de volaille" are made for two tastes. There are cutlets "de volaille" Kiev-style and cutlets "de volaille jardiniere"." In Poland, the name "kotlet de volaille" is used until today for chicken Kiev. Mentions of chicken Kiev are also found in US newspapers starting from 1937. The reports describe the Russian-style restaurant Yar in


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: Chicago serving this dish. The restaurant existed until 1951 and was run by Vladimir Yaschenko, a former colonel of the imperial Russian army. It was styled after the famous eponymous Moscow restaurant and was frequented by celebrities of that time. After World War II, US newspapers mentioned chicken Kiev served in New York restaurants. Recipes for a "chicken cutlet à la Kiev" were published in "The New York Times" in 1946 and in "Gourmet" magazine in 1948. Since the end of the 1940s or beginning of the 1950s, chicken Kiev became a standard fare in Soviet high class restaurants, in


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: particular in the Intourist hotel chain serving foreign tourists. Tourist booklets warned the diners of the danger it presented to their clothing. At the same time the popularity of this dish grew in the US. According to Darra Goldstein chicken Kiev became "a symbol of Russian "haute cuisine"". Chicken Kiev is made from a boned and skinned breast which is cut lengthwise, pounded and stuffed with butter. Western recipes usually call for garlic butter, while in Russian ones regular butter is used. Herbs (parsley and dill) can be added to the butter. In some American recipes butter is replaced by


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: blue cheese. In the classical preparation of French "côtelettes de volaille", the humerus bone of the wing is left attached. This also holds for their Russian versions and in particular for chicken Kiev. For serving, the bone is usually covered with a frilled paper napkin. However, industrially produced pure fillets are often used nowadays, and the cutlets are served without the bone. This is the usual way of serving chicken Kiev in the US. A spherically shaped version was developed by English chef Jesse Dunford Wood. In the middle of the 20th century, semi-processed ground meat cutlets were introduced in


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: the USSR. Colloquially known as Mikoyan cutlets (named after Soviet politician Anastas Mikoyan), these were cheap pork or beef cutlet-shaped patties which resembled industrially produced American beef burgers. Some varieties bore names of well known Russian restaurant dishes but they had little in common with the original dishes. In particular, a variety of a pork patty was called "Kiev cutlet". Since the late Soviet times, "real" chicken Kiev cutlets have been offered in Russia as convenience food. Introduced in Britain during 1976, chicken Kiev was Marks & Spencer company's first ready-made meal. It remains popular in the UK, being readily


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: available in supermarkets and served in some restaurant chains. Due to its popularity, it is included in the UK inflation basket which is composed by the Office for National Statistics for calculations of the consumer price inflation indices. The wide popularity of chicken Kiev as a pre-packaged meal led to the term "Kiev" being applied to various stuffed chicken dishes, such as "leek-and-bacon Kiev" or "cheese-and-ham Kiev" (the latter term replacing chicken Cordon Bleu). Vegetarian Kievs were introduced in the UK in the 1990s, and are popular vegetarian convenience foods. Among other entrees similar to chicken Kiev, the aforementioned chicken


title: "Chicken Kiev" content: Cordon Bleu with a cheese and ham filling instead of butter is particularly popular in the West. The recipe of Karađorđeva šnicla, a Serbian breaded veal or pork cutlet, was inspired by chicken Kiev. "Chicken Kiev" is the name used by William Safire for a speech made in Kiev during August 1991 by then U.S. President George H. W. Bush cautioning Ukrainians against "suicidal nationalism". Chicken Kiev Chicken Kiev (, "kotleta po-kyivsky", , "kotleta po-kiyevski"; literally "cutlet Kiev-style") is a dish made of chicken fillet pounded and rolled around cold butter, then coated with eggs and bread crumbs, and either


title: "Penna River" content: and generated political demands to build an aqueduct to bring water from the Krishna River to Rayalaseema. The upper basin was formerly covered by tropical dry forest, thorn forest, and xeric shrublands. Most of the dry tropical forest has now disappeared, due to clearance for grazing and overharvesting the forests for timber and firewood, replaced by thorny shrublands. The remnant forests of the Deccan are largely deciduous, dropping their leaves in the dry winter and spring months. The East Deccan dry evergreen forests of Coastal Andhra were evergreen, but these forests have largely been reduced to tiny remnant pockets. The


title: P60 content: P60 In the UK and Ireland, a P60 ("End of Year Certificate") is a statement issued to taxpayers at the end of a tax year. It is important a taxpayer does not destroy the P60 forms issued to them, as they form a vital part of the proof that tax has been paid. In Ireland, it details a taxpayer's taxable income and deductions made by PAYE, PRSI (Pay Related Social Insurance), health levy, and Universal Social Charge (which replaced the income levy that had started in 2009) for that year. If the taxpayer's liability to tax for any year needs


title: Valsad content: its beach and temples. The name 'Valsad' derives from "vad-saal", a Gujarati language compound meaning "hampered ("saal") by banyan trees ("vad")" (the area was naturally rich in banyan trees). Valsad is located at . It has an average elevation of 13 metres (42 feet). The city center is about 4 km inland from the Arabian sea. Tithal Beach is a tourist attraction in the coastal region of Valsad, overlooking the Arabian sea. It has many tourist attractions including some grand temples such as Shri Sai Baba and Shri Swami Narayan. The Indian government has funded in the development of the


title: "Jagged Edge (group)" content: "The Remedy" is "Tip of My Tongue" featuring Slip 'N Slide Records' labelmate Trina and Gucci Mane. A second warm-up single, "Lay You Down", was released before the "official" single titled "Baby". The group released their eighth studio album titled "J.E. Heartbreak 2" on October 27, 2014. On May 15th, released their first single titled "Hope." The song was co-written by brothers Brian and Brandon Casey. In November 2016, they released a new greatest hits album, featuring re-recorded versions of their biggest hit singles. In 2017, they recorded an episode of TV One's "Unsung" series, which premiered on July 9.


title: "District of Columbia home rule" content: particular attachment to the city, take in dealing with the District's local affairs. However, when confronted by hot-button political issues such as the death penalty, gun control or gay marriage, members of Congress are often pressured to cast votes consistent with the beliefs of their constituents, regardless of the law's effect on the city. In some instances, congressional intervention in the city's affairs has produced ruinous results. As an early example from the mid-19th century, when Jacksonian Democrats tried to exercise greater authority over the District, the population convened to request retrocession of the District back to the states of


title: "The Listerdale Mystery" content: man produces a revolver and tells George and Mary to go upstairs at gunpoint. At the top of the stairs, George suddenly fights back and knocks the man out badly. George is all for tying the man up but Mary begs him to leave the house, which they do, George taking the revolver with him. Once in the car, he checks the gun and is astonished to find that it isn't loaded. Mary confesses that the house is hers and the situation they found themselves in was staged by her as a test of any prospective husband and how he


title: "Immigration to Brazil" content: of the total population. Considering hypothesis 3 (based on Mortara, and considered most realistic), it would be of 22,088,829 people, or 18.56% of the total population. Considering hypothesis 4 (no return at all), the Population of Immigrant origin would be of 29,348,423 people, or 24.66% of the total population. Clevelário believes the most probable number to be close to 18%, higher than Mortara's previous estimate of 1947. According to the Census of 1872, there were 9,930,478 people in Brazil, of which 3,787,289 (38.14%) Whites, 3,380,172 (34.04%) Pardos, 1.954.452 (19.68%) Blacks, and 386,955 (3.90%) Caboclos. The White population grew faster than


title: "Jonny Jakobsen" content: Jonny Jakobsen Jonny Jakobsen (born 17 November 1963) is a Danish-Swedish former Bubblegum dance/eurodance singer better known under his fictitious identity as Indian taxi driver Dr. Bombay. He began as a country singer called Johnny Moonshine, but became famous only after developing the persona of Dr. Bombay. His debut was in 1998 with the album "Rice and Curry", hitting the charts with the title track, as well as "Calcutta" and "SOS (The Tiger Took My Family)". Subsequently, he went on to record albums as faux-Scottish Dr. MacDoo and faux-Mexican Carlito. He has gained some fame and notoriety in the Europop


title: "Green bean" content: Green bean Green beans are the unripe, young fruit and protective pods of various cultivars of the common bean ("Phaseolus vulgaris"). Immature or young pods of the runner bean ("Phaseolus coccineus"), yardlong bean ("Vigna unguiculata" subsp. "sesquipedalis"), and hyacinth bean ("Lablab purpureus") are used in a similar way. Green beans are known by many common names, including French beans, string beans (for old varieties; modern varieties are stringless), snap beans, snaps, and the French name . They are distinguished from the many other varieties of beans in that green beans are harvested and consumed with their enclosing pods, before the


title: "Green bean" content: bean seeds inside have fully matured. An analogous practice is the harvest and consumption of unripened pea pods, as is done with snow peas or sugar snap peas. Historically, green bean pods contained a "string", a hard fibrous strand running the length of one side of the pod. This string was either removed before cooking, or made swallowable by cutting the pod into short segments. Modern, commercially grown green bean varieties are "stringless" and lack strings, though heirloom varieties may retain this trait. Green beans are eaten around the world, and are sold fresh, canned, and frozen. They can be


title: "Green bean" content: eaten raw or steamed, boiled, stir-fried, or baked in casseroles. A dish with green beans popular throughout the US, particularly at Thanksgiving, is green bean casserole, a dish of green beans, cream of mushroom soup, and French-fried onions. Some US restaurants serve green beans that are battered and fried, such as green bean tempura. Green beans are also sold dried, and/or fried with vegetables such as carrots, corn, and peas, as vegetable chips. Nutritionally, green beans are a healthy vegetable and the flavonol miquelianin (Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide) can be found in green beans. The first "stringless" bean was bred in 1894


title: "Green bean" content: by Calvin Keeney, called the "father of the stringless bean", while working in Le Roy, New York. Most modern green bean varieties do not have strings. Green beans are classified by growth habit into two major groups, "bush" (or "dwarf") beans and "pole" (or "climbing") beans. Half-runner beans have both bush and pole characteristics, and are sometimes classified separately from bush and pole varieties. Their runners can be about 3–10 feet long. Over 130 varieties of green bean are known. Varieties specialized for use as green beans, selected for the succulence and flavor of their pods, are the ones usually


title: "Green bean" content: grown in the home vegetable garden, and many varieties exist. Pod color can be green, purple, red, or streaked. Shapes range from thin "fillet" types to wide "romano" types and more common types in between. Yellow-podded green beans are also known as wax beans. All of the following varieties have green pods and are "Phaseolus vulgaris", unless otherwise specified: According to UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT), the top producers of green beans (in metric tonnes) in 2012. Green bean Green beans are the unripe, young fruit and protective pods of various cultivars of the common bean ("Phaseolus vulgaris"). Immature


title: "History of the Jews in Algeria" content: 1942, British and American soldiers landed and took control of Algiers and the rest of Algeria. However, Jews were not returned all of their former civil rights and liberties, nor their French citizenships until 1943. This can partially be explained by the fact that Giraud himself, along with the Governor-General Marcel Peyrouton, in promulgating the cancellation of Vichy statutes on March 14, 1943, after the allies landed in North Africa, retained exceptionally the decree abolishing citizenship rights for Algerian Jews, claiming that they did not wish to incite violence between the Jewish and Muslim communities in Algiers. It was not


title: "Arthur Adams (comics)" content: published a single volume collecting Adams' previous two specials featuring Gumby. The book was initially called "Gumby's Arthur Adams Specials", but was eventually published with a sticker covering Adams' name on the cover, effectively renaming the book "Gumby's Spring Specials". According to Rich Johnston of Bleeding Cool, this was done on Adams' request, who wanted nothing to do with the publisher, and took action to keep his name off the book's cover. The book is nonetheless sold by merchants such as Mile High Comics under its originally intended name. Outside the field of comics, Adams has also provided illustrations for


title: "United Kingdom national football team" content: world's first football association, The Football Association (FA), was formed in 1863, its geographical remit was not clear: there was no specification of whether it covered just England, all of the United Kingdom, the British Empire or even the entire world. The question was answered when the Scottish Football Association (SFA) was founded in 1873. The third national football association, the Football Association of Wales (FAW) was founded in 1876 and a fourth, the Irish Football Association (IFA), was founded in 1880. Football therefore developed with separate associations and national teams for each of the countries of the United Kingdom


title: "John Wayles Eppes" content: Thomas Jefferson was the 14-year-old enslaved girl Betsy Hemmings (1783–1857), the mixed-race daughter of Mary Hemings and granddaughter of Betty Hemings; and 30 other slaves. Eppes and Maria had three children: After her son Francis was born, in 1802 Maria Jefferson Eppes "borrowed" Critta Hemings, one of Betty Hemings' daughters, from her father's domestic slave household, to care for the infant boy as a nurse. She cared for him for years. In 1827 after Jefferson's death, Francis W. Eppes purchased his former nurse from the estate and gave her freedom. She was then 58 years old and lived in freedom


title: "Eva-Britt Svensson" content: for opposing Europe-wide restrictions on freedom of speech and to prevent perceived gender stereotyping. She left the Parliament in September 2011. Eva-Britt Svensson Eva-Britt Svensson (born 5 December 1946 in Värnamo, Småland) is a Swedish politician and former Member of the European Parliament. She is a member of the Left Party. Svensson has been vice-chair of the EUL–NGL group, and chair of the European Parliament's Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality. She was also a member of the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection, a substitute for the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, a member of


title: "Toronto Croatia" content: the teams folded and the league disbanded following a winner-takes-all final. Toronto Croatia returned to the NSL. Towards the late 1980s, many players and coaches were brought over from Croatia to help elevate the team and its youth programs. Some of the notable players and managers arriving at that time were Drago Šantić (Sibenik), Velimir Crljen (Zadar), Dubravko Ledić (Mostar), and Mišo Smajlović. The early 1990s saw the team rise to prominence in the community once again as the Croatian War of Independence had begun in the homeland. This activity culminated in a trip to Croatia sponsored by the Croatian


title: Hyperspace content: powers, and allowed the PsiCorps to station their mothership far off the beacons to remain hidden without getting lost. A jump point allowing entry into hyperspace from normal space is characterized by a yellow-orange-red whirlpool, while jump points for ships emerging from hyperspace are characterized by a blue whirlpool. This is a result of the "red shift" of the light's wavelength moving away from the observer as the portal is opened into hyperspace and the "blue shift" of the light's wavelength moving towards the observer as the portal is opened from hyperspace. However, there seems to be multiple ways to


title: "Image sharing" content: Streamzoo, Path, PicsArt and Starmatic. Instagram, Snapchat and, in China, Nice (mobile app) are photo sharing apps with millions of users. Software can be found on the Internet to generate digital photo albums, usually to share photos on the web, using a home web server. In general, this is for advanced users that want to have better control over the appearance of their web albums and the actual servers they are going to run on. Image sharing sites usually propose several ways to classify images. Most sites propose at least a taxonomy where images can be grouped within a directory-like


title: "Pedro (card game)" content: non-suited cards (except the other five, or pedro, of the same color). Some play that a discarded trump can be grabbed by any player but I have seen rules that say no. This is to keep players from discarding low trump in hope of a better one. Also the 2 of trump stays with whomever has it. Making 16/32 very difficult. Then they are dealt the number of cards needed to reach 6. When the deal comes back around to the dealer, the dealer then sorts through the remaining deck and picks out the cards he needs to bring their


title: Rebutia content: synonyms and unresolved names: Recent research has indicated that the genus "Rebutia" as currently defined is polyphyletic. "Sulcorebutia" and "Weingartia" were kept as separate genera in the study; a summary cladogram for those species studied is shown below. Species formerly classified as "Weingartia", "Sulcorebutia" and "Cintia" show a close relationship to each other and to species of "Rebutia" with naked pericarpels ("Rebutia" II), including the type species "R. minuscula". The larger group of species of "Rebutia" studied, those with hairy or bristly pericarpels, form a separate, more distantly related clade ("Rebutia" I). It is suggested that these be excluded from


title: "Virginia State Route 10" content: through Richmond's West End. The state highway intersects Warwick Road and Walmsley Boulevard while passing through the neighborhoods south of the railroad line, including Broad Rock. SR 10's name changes to Iron Bridge Road shortly before exiting the city limits at its crossing of a reservoir along Falling Creek. SR 10 meets SR 150 (Chippenham Parkway) at a cloverleaf interchange shortly after the route enters the Meadowbrook community of Chesterfield County. The state highway has a cloverleaf interchange with another freeway, SR 288, just south of Chesterfield County Airport. SR 10 continues south through Chesterfield Court House, where the highway


title: Machiya content: Tokyo-based benefactor. The group works alongside individual "machiya" owners to restore their buildings and to have them designated as "Structures of Scenic Importance" (景観重要建造物, "keikan jūyō kenzōbutsu"); under this designation, the structures are protected from demolition without the permission of the mayor of Kyoto, and a stipend is provided by the city government to the owners of the "machiya" to help support the upkeep of the building. Many of these restored buildings serve, at least in part, as community centers. Iori, a company founded by art collector, author, and traditional culture advocate Alex Kerr in 2004 to save old "machiya",


title: "Desert tortoise" content: Desert tortoise The desert tortoises ("Gopherus agassizii" and "Gopherus morafkai") are two species of tortoise native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico and the Sinaloan thornscrub of northwestern Mexico. "G. agassizii" is distributed in western Arizona, southeastern California, southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah. The specific name "agassizii" is in honor of Swiss-American zoologist Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz. Recently, on the basis of DNA, geographic, and behavioral differences between desert tortoises east and west of the Colorado River, it was decided that two species of desert tortoises exist: Agassiz's desert tortoise ("Gopherus agassizii"


title: "Desert tortoise" content: ) and Morafka's desert tortoise ("Gopherus morafkai"). "G. morafkai" occurs east of the Colorado River in Arizona, as well as in the states of Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico. This species may be a composite of two species. The new species name is in honor of the late Professor David Joseph Morafka of California State University, Dominguez Hills, in recognition of his many contributions to the study and conservation of "Gopherus". The desert tortoise lives about 50 to 80 years; it grows slowly and generally has a low reproductive rate. It spends most of its time in burrows, rock shelters, and


title: "Desert tortoise" content: pallets to regulate body temperature and reduce water loss. It is most active after seasonal rains and is inactive during most of the year. This inactivity helps reduce water loss during hot periods, whereas winter hibernation facilitates survival during freezing temperatures and low food availability. Desert tortoises can tolerate water, salt, and energy imbalances on a daily basis, which increases their lifespans. These tortoises may attain a length of , with males being slightly larger than females. A male tortoise has a longer gular horn than a female, his plastron (lower shell) is concave compared to a female tortoise. Males


title: "Desert tortoise" content: have larger tails than females do. Their shells are high-domed, and greenish-tan to dark brown in color. Desert tortoises can grow to in height. They can range in weight from . The front limbs have sharp, claw-like scales and are flattened for digging. Back legs are skinnier and very long. Desert tortoises can live in areas with ground temperatures exceeding because of their ability to dig underground burrows and escape the heat. At least 95% of their lives are spent in burrows. There, they are also protected from freezing winter weather while dormant, from November through February or March. Within


title: "Desert tortoise" content: their burrows, these tortoises create a subterranean environment that can be beneficial to other reptiles, mammals, birds, and invertebrates. Scientists have divided the desert tortoise into two types: Agassiz's and Morafka's desert tortoises, with a possible third type in northern Sinaloan and southern Sonora, Mexico. An isolated population of Agassiz's desert tortoise occurs in the Black Mountains of northwestern Arizona. They live in a different type of habitat, from sandy flats to rocky foothills. They have a strong proclivity in the Mojave Desert for alluvial fans, washes, and canyons where more suitable soils for den construction might be found. They


title: "Desert tortoise" content: range from near sea level to around in elevation. Tortoises show very strong site fidelity, and have well-established home ranges where they know where their food, water, and mineral resources are. Desert tortoises inhabit elevations from below mean sea level in Death Valley to in Arizona, though they are most common from around . Estimates of densities vary from less than eight individuals/km on sites in southern California to over 500 individuals/km in the western Mojave Desert, although most estimates are less than 150 individuals/km. The home range generally consists of . In general, males have larger home ranges than


title: "Desert tortoise" content: females, and home range size increases with increasing resources and rainfall. Desert tortoises are sensitive to the soil type, owing to their reliance on burrows for shelter, reduction of water loss, and regulation of body temperature. The soil should crumble easily during digging and be firm enough to resist collapse. Desert tortoises prefer sandy loam soils with varying amounts of gravel and clay, and tend to avoid sands or soils with low water-holding capacity, excess salts, or low resistance to flooding. They may consume soil to maintain adequate calcium levels, so may prefer sites with higher calcium content. Desert tortoises


title: "Desert tortoise" content: spend most of their lives in burrows, rock shelters, and pallets to regulate body temperature and reduce water loss. Burrows are tunnels dug into soil by desert tortoises or other animals, rock shelters are spaces protected by rocks and/or boulders, and pallets are depressions in the soil. The use of the various shelter types is related to their availability and climate. The number of burrows used, the extent of repetitive use, and the occurrence of burrow sharing are variable. Males tend to occupy deeper burrows than females. Seasonal trends in burrow use are influenced by desert tortoise gender and regional


title: "Desert tortoise" content: variation. Desert tortoise shelter sites are often associated with plant or rock cover. Desert tortoises often lay their eggs in nests dug in sufficiently deep soil at the entrance of burrows or under shrubs. Nests are typically deep. Shelters are important for controlling body temperature and water regulation, as they allow desert tortoises to slow their rate of heating in summer and provide protection from cold during the winter. The humidity within burrows prevents dehydration. Burrows also provide protection from predators. The availability of adequate burrow sites influences desert tortoise densities. The number of burrows used by desert tortoises varies


title: "Desert tortoise" content: spatially and temporally, from about 5 to 25 per year. Some burrows are used repeatedly, sometimes for several consecutive years. Desert tortoises share burrows with various mammals, reptiles, birds, and invertebrates, such as white-tailed antelope squirrels ("Ammospermophilus leucurus"), woodrats ("Neotoma"), collared peccaries ("Pecari tajacu"), burrowing owls ("Athene cunicularia"), Gambel's quail ("Callipepla gambelii" ), rattlesnakes ("Crotalus" spp.), Gila monsters ("Heloderma suspectum"), beetles, spiders, and scorpions. One burrow can host up to 23 desert tortoises – such sharing is more common for desert tortoises of opposite sexes than for desert tortoises of the same sex. Tortoises mate in the spring and autumn.


title: "Desert tortoise" content: Male desert tortoises grow two large white glands around the chin area, called chin glands, that signify mating season. A male circles around female, biting her shell in the process. He then climbs upon the female and insert his penis (a white organ, usually only seen upon careful inspection during mating, as it is hidden inside the male and can only be coaxed out with sexual implication) into the vagina of a female, which is located around the tail. The male may make grunting noises once atop a female, and may move his front legs up and down in a


title: "Desert tortoise" content: constant motion, as if playing a drum. Months later, the female lays a clutch of four to eight hard-shelled eggs, which have the size and shape of ping-pong balls, usually in June or July. The eggs hatch in August or September. Wild female tortoises produce up to three clutches a year depending on the climate. Their eggs incubate from 90 to 135 days; some eggs may overwinter and hatch the following spring. In a laboratory experiment, temperature influenced hatching rates and hatchling gender. Incubation temperatures from resulted in hatching rates exceeding 83%, while incubation at resulted in a 53% hatching


title: "Desert tortoise" content: rate. Incubation temperatures less than resulted in all-male clutches. Average incubation time decreased from 124.7 days at 77 °F to 78.2 days at . The desert tortoise grows slowly, often taking 16 years or longer to reach about 8 in (20 cm) in length. The growth rate varies with age, location, gender and precipitation. It can slow down from 12 mm/year for ages 4–8 years to about 6.0 mm/year for ages 16 to 20 years. Males and females grow at similar rates; females can grow slightly faster when young, but males grow larger than females. Desert tortoises generally reach reproductive


title: "Desert tortoise" content: maturity at age 15 to 20 years, when they are longer than 7 in (18 cm), though 10-year-old reproductive females have been observed. Their activity depends on location, peaking in late spring for the Mojave Desert and in late summer to fall in Sonoran Desert; some populations exhibit two activity peaks during one year. Desert tortoises hibernate during winters, roughly from November to February–April. Females begin hibernating later and emerge earlier than males; juveniles emerge from hibernation earlier than adults. Temperature strongly influences desert tortoise activity level. Although desert tortoises can survive body temperatures from below freezing to over ,


title: "Desert tortoise" content: most activity occurs at temperatures from . The influence of temperature is reflected in daily activity patterns, with desert tortoises often active late in the morning during spring and fall, early in the morning and late in the evening during the summer, and occasionally becoming active during relatively warm winter afternoons. The activity generally increases after rainfall. Although desert tortoises spend the majority of their time in shelter, movements of up to per day are common. The common, comparatively short-distance movements presumably represent foraging activity, traveling between burrows, and possibly mate-seeking or other social behaviors. Long-distance movements could potentially represent


title: "Desert tortoise" content: dispersal into new areas and/or use of peripheral portions of the home range. Desert tortoises can live well over 50 years, with estimates of lifespan varying from 50 to 80 years. Causes of mortality include predation, disease, human-related factors, and environmental factors such as drought, flooding, and fire. The annual death rate of adults is typically a few percent, but is much higher for young desert tortoises. Only 2–5% of hatchlings are estimated to reach maturity. Estimates of survival from hatching to 1 year of age for Mojave Desert tortoises range from 47 to 51%. Survival of Mojave Desert tortoises


title: "Desert tortoise" content: from 1 to 4 years of age is 71–89%. The desert tortoise is an herbivore. Grasses form the bulk of its diet, but it also eats herbs, annual wildflowers, and new growth of cacti, as well as their fruit and flowers. Rocks and soil are also ingested, perhaps as a means of maintaining intestinal digestive bacteria as a source of supplementary calcium or other minerals. As with birds, stones may also function as gastroliths, enabling more efficient digestion of plant material in the stomach. Much of the tortoise’s water intake comes from moisture in the grasses and wildflowers they consume


title: "Desert tortoise" content: in the spring. A large urinary bladder can store over 40% of the tortoise's body weight in water, urea, uric acid, and nitrogenous wastes. During very dry times, they may give off waste as a white paste rather than a watery urine. During periods of adequate rainfall, they drink copiously from any pools they find, and eliminate solid urates. The tortoises can increase their body weight by up to 40% after copious drinking. Adult tortoises can survive a year or more without access to water. During the summer and dry seasons, they rely on the water contained within cactus fruits


title: "Desert tortoise" content: and mesquite grass. To maintain sufficient water, they reabsorb water in their bladders, and move to humid underground burrows in the morning to prevent water loss by evaporation. Emptying the bladder is one of the defense mechanisms of this tortoise. This can leave the tortoise in a very vulnerable condition in dry areas, and it should not be alarmed, handled, or picked up in the wild unless in imminent danger. If it must be handled, and its bladder is emptied, then water should be provided to restore the fluid in its body. Ravens, Gila monsters, kit foxes, badgers, roadrunners, coyotes,


title: "Desert tortoise" content: and fire ants are all natural predators of the desert tortoise. They prey on eggs, juveniles, which are 2–3 inches long with a thin, delicate shell, or, in some cases, adults. Ravens are thought to cause significant levels of juvenile tortoise predation in some areas of the Mojave Desert – frequently near urbanized areas. The most significant threats to tortoises include urbanization, disease, habitat destruction and fragmentation, illegal collection and vandalism by humans, and habitat conversion from invasive plant species ("Brassica tournefortii", "Bromus rubens" and "Erodium" spp.). Desert tortoise populations in some areas have declined by as much as 90%


title: "Desert tortoise" content: since the 1980s, and the Mojave population is listed as threatened. It is unlawful to touch, harm, harass, or collect wild desert tortoises. It is, however, possible to adopt captive tortoises through the Tortoise Adoption Program in Arizona, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources Desert Tortoise Adoption Program in Utah, Joshua Tree Tortoise Rescue Project in California, or through Bureau of Land Management in Nevada. When adopted in Nevada, they will have a computer chip embedded on their backs for reference. According to Arizona Game and Fish Commission Rule R12-4-407 A.1, they may be possessed if the tortoises are obtained from


title: "Desert tortoise" content: a captive source which is properly documented. Commission Order 43: Reptile Notes 3: one tortoise per family member. The Fort Irwin National Training Center of the US Army expanded into an area that was habitat for about 2,000 desert tortoises, and contained critical desert tortoise habitat (a designation by the US Fish and Wildlife Service). In March 2008, about 650 tortoises were moved by helicopter and vehicle, up to 35 km away. Another potential threat to the desert tortoise's habitat is a series of proposed wind and solar farms. As a result of legislation, solar energy companies have been making


title: "Desert tortoise" content: plans for huge projects in the desert regions of Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah. The requests submitted to the Bureau of Land Management total nearly . In 2006, a proposal was made in California to build a landfill in Kern County, a site near the Desert Tortoise Natural Area, to dump trash for Los Angeles residents. A landfill would attract many of the tortoise’s predators – ravens, rats, roadrunners, and coyotes – which would threaten their population. Concerns about the impacts of the Ivanpah Solar thermal project led the developers to hire some 100 biologists and spend


title: "Desert tortoise" content: US$22 million caring for the tortoises on or near the site during construction. Despite this, in a 2011 Revised Biological Assessment for the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System, the Bureau of Land Management anticipated the loss or significant degradation of 3,520 acres of tortoise habitat and the harm of 57–274 adult tortoises, 608 juveniles, and 236 eggs inside the work area, and 203 adult tortoises and 1,541 juvenile tortoises outside the work area. The BLM expects that most of the juvenile tortoises on the project will be killed. The Desert Tortoise Preserve Committee protects roughly 5,000 acres of desert tortoise


title: "Desert tortoise" content: habitat from human activity. This area includes 4,340 acres in Kern County, 710 acres in San Bernardino County, and 80 acres in Riverside County. In the summer of 2010, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility filed a lawsuit against the National Park Service for not having taken measures to manage tortoise shooting in the Mojave National Preserve of California. Biologists discovered numerous gunshot wounds on dead tortoise shells. These shells left behind by vandals attracted ravens and threatened the healthy tortoises. Reptiles are known to become infected by a wide range of pathogens, which includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. More


title: "Desert tortoise" content: specifically, the "G. agassizii" population has been negatively affected by upper respiratory tract disease, cutaneous dyskeratosis, herpes virus, shell necrosis, urolithiasis (bladder stones), and parasites. Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is a chronic, infectious disease responsible for population declines across the entire range of the desert tortoise. It was identified in the early 1970s in captive desert tortoise populations, and later identified in the wild population. URTD is caused by the infectious agents "Mycoplasma agassizii" and "Mycoplasma testudineum", which are bacteria in the class Mollicutes and characterized by having no cell wall and a small genome. Mycoplasmae appear to be


title: "Desert tortoise" content: highly virulent (infectious) in some populations, while chronic, or even dormant in others. The mechanism (whether environmental or genetic) responsible for this diversity is not understood. Infection is characterized by both physiological and behavioral changes: nasal and ocular discharge, palpebral edema (swelling of the upper and/or lower palpebra, or eyelid, the fleshy portion that is in contact with the tortoises eye globe) and conjunctivitis, weight loss, changes in color and elasticity of the integument, and lethargic or erratic behavior. These pathogens are likely transmitted by contact with an infected individual. Epidemiological studies of wild desert tortoises in the western Mojave


title: "Desert tortoise" content: Desert from 1992 to 1995 showed a 37% increase in "M. agassizii". Tests were conducted on blood samples, and a positive test was determined by the presence of antibodies in the blood, defined as being seropositive. Cutaneous dyskeratosis (CD) is a shell disease of unknown origin and has unknown implications on desert tortoise populations. Observationally, it is typified by shell lesions on the scutes. Areas infected with CD appear discolored, dry, rough and flakey, with peeling, pitting, and chipping through multiple cornified layers. Lesions are usually first located on the plastron (underside) of the tortoises, although lesions on the carapace


title: "Desert tortoise" content: (upper side) and fore limbs are not uncommon. In advanced cases, exposed areas become infected with bacteria, fungi, and exposed tissue and bone may become necrotic. CD was evident as early as 1979 and was initially identified on the Chuckwalla Bench Area of Critical Environmental Concern in Riverside County, California. Currently, the means of transmission are unknown, although hypotheses include autoimmune diseases, exposure to toxic chemicals (possibly from mines, or air pollution), or a deficiency disease (possibly resulting from tortoises consuming low-quality invasive plant species instead of high-nutrient native plants). Two case studies outlined the spread of disease in desert


title: "Desert tortoise" content: tortoises. The Daggett Epidemiology of Upper Respiratory Tract Disease project, which provides supporting disease research for the Fort Irwin translocation project, lends an example of the spread of disease. In 2008, 197 health evaluations were conducted, revealing 25.0–45.2% exposure to "M. agassizii" and "M. testudineum", respectively, in a core area adjacent to Interstate 15. The spread of disease was tracked over two years, and clinical signs of URTD spread from the core area to adjacent, outlying locations during this time. Overlaying home ranges and the social nature of these animals, suggests that disease-free individuals may be vulnerable to spread of


title: "Desert tortoise" content: disease, and that transmission can occur rapidly. Thus, wild tortoises that are close to the urban-wildlife interface may be vulnerable to spread of disease as a direct result of human influence. The second study indicated that captive tortoises can be a source of disease to wild Agassiz's desert tortoise populations. Johnson "et al." (2006) tested blood samples for URTD (n = 179) and herpesvirus (n = 109) from captive tortoises found near Barstow, CA and Hesperia, CA. Demographic and health data were collected from the tortoises, as well from other reptiles housed in the same facility. Of these, 45.3% showed


title: "Desert tortoise" content: signs of mild disease, 16.2% of moderate disease, and 4.5% of severe disease, and blood tests revealed that 82.7% of tortoises had antibodies to mycoplasma, and 26.6% had antibodies to herpesvirus (which means the tortoises were seropositive for these two diseases, and indicate previous exposure to the causative agents). With an estimated 200,000 captive desert tortoises in California, their escape or release into the wild is a real threat to uninfected wild populations of tortoises. Projections from this study suggest that about 4400 tortoises could escape from captivity in a given year, and with an 82% exposure rate to URTD,


title: "Desert tortoise" content: the wild population may be at greater risk than previously thought. Edwards "et al." reported that 35% of desert tortoises in the Phoenix area are hybrids between either "Gopherus agassizii" and "G. morafkai", or "G. morafkai" and the Texas tortoise, "G. berlandieri". The intentional or accidental release of these tortoises could have dire consequences for wild tortoises. Before obtaining a desert tortoise as a pet, it is best to check the laws and regulations of the local area and/or state. Desert tortoises may not be moved across state borders or captured from the wild. They may, however, be given as


title: "Desert tortoise" content: a gift from one private owner to another. Desert tortoises need to be kept outdoors in a large area of dry soil and with access to vegetation and water. An underground den and a balanced diet are crucial to the health of captive tortoises. Wild populations of tortoises must be managed effectively to minimize the spread of diseases, which includes research and education. Despite significant research being conducted on desert tortoises and disease, a considerable knowledge gap still exists in understanding how disease affects desert tortoise population dynamics. It is not known if the population would still decline if disease


title: "Desert tortoise" content: were completely absent from the system; are tortoises more susceptible to disease during draught conditions? How does a non-native diet impact a tortoise’s ability to ward off pathogens? What are the causes of immunity exhibited by some desert tortoises? The 2008 USFWS draft recovery plan suggests that populations of tortoises that are uninfected, or only recently infected, should likely be considered research and management priorities. Tortoises are known to show resistance to disease in some areas, an effort to identify and maintain these individuals in the populations is essential. Furthermore, increasing research on the social behavior of these animals, and


title: "Desert tortoise" content: garnering a greater understanding of how behavior facilitates disease transmission would be advantageous in understanding rates of transmission. Finally, translocation of tortoises should be done with extreme caution; disease is typically furtive and moving individuals or populations of tortoises across a landscape can have unforeseen consequences. Corollary to research, education may help preventing captive tortoises from coming in contact with wild populations. Education campaigns through veterinarians, government agencies, schools, museums, and community centers throughout the range of the desert tortoise could limit the spread of tortoise diseases into wild populations. Strategies may include encouraging people to not breed their captive


title: "Desert tortoise" content: tortoises, ensure that different species of turtles and tortoises are not housed in the same facility (which would help to prevent the spread of novel diseases into the desert tortoise population), ensure captive tortoises are adequately housed to prevent them from escaping into the wild, and to ensure that captive turtles and tortoises are never released into the wild. Desert tortoises have been severely affected by disease. Both upper respiratory tract disease and cutaneous dyskeratosis have caused precipitous population declines and die-offs across the entire range of this charismatic species. Both of these diseases are extremely likely to be caused


title: "Desert tortoise" content: by people, and URTD is easily linked with people releasing captive tortoises into the wild. The combination of scientific research and public education is imperative to curb the spread of disease and aid the tortoise in recovery. The desert tortoise is the state reptile of California and Nevada. Desert tortoise The desert tortoises ("Gopherus agassizii" and "Gopherus morafkai") are two species of tortoise native to the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico and the Sinaloan thornscrub of northwestern Mexico. "G. agassizii" is distributed in western Arizona, southeastern California, southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah. The


title: "Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield" content: the regular time 1–1 (goal by José Luis Chilavert, from a penalty kick). This was Vélez's 5th and, to date, last international championship. After the Recopa, Vélez finished fifth in the 1997 Clausura and fourth in the 1997 Apertura. Subsequently, under Marcelo Bielsa's coaching, the club won their fifth national championship by finishing first in the 1998 Clausura, 6 points above runner-up Lanús. Vélez secured the championship in the penultimate fixture, with a 1–0 home win over Huracán (goal by Martín Posse). The team played 19 games, winning 14, drawing 4 and losing 1; with 39 goals for and 14


title: Gulmarg content: Gulmarg Gulmarg is a town, a hill station, a popular skiing destination and a notified area committee in the Baramula district of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The town is situated in the Pir Panjal Range in the western Himalayas. Originally called Gauri Marg (गौरी मार्ग) meaning (the path of Devi Gauri), which was later on changed to Gulmarg by Yusuf Shah of Chak Dynasty. Originally called Gauri Marg (गौरी मार्ग) meaning (the path of Devi Gauri) it was renamed to "Gulmarg" ("meadow of flowers") by Sultan Yusuf Shah of the Chak Dynasty who frequented the place with


title: Gulmarg content: his queen Habba khatoon in the 16th century. Wild flowers of 21 different varieties were collected by the Mughal emperor Jahangir for his gardens in Gulmarg. In the 19th century, British civil servants started using Gulmarg as a retreat to escape summers in North Indian plains. Hunting and golfing were their favorite pastime and three golf courses were established in Gulmarg including one exclusively for women. One of the golf courses survives and at an altitude of is the world's highest golf course. In 1927, British established a ski club in Gulmarg and two annual ski events were hosted one


title: Gulmarg content: each during Christmas and Easter. Central Asian explorer Aurel Stein also visited Gulmarg during this period. After the end of London colonial rule, Gulmarg became a part of the independent princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. To ensure the accession of the princely state, Pakistan planned an invasion of the state called Operation Gulmarg. One of the routes used by the invading militia of Pathan tribesmen, armed and supported by Pakistani regular troops, passed through the Haji Pir pass and Gulmarg onto the state capital Srinagar. Gulmarg fell to the invading army, but the Indian army led by the 1


title: Gulmarg content: Sikh Regiment, which had been airlifted to Srinagar only after the Dogra ruler of the state Maharaja Hari Singh had signed an Instrument of Accession with India on 26 October 1947, successfully defended the outskirts of Srinagar. Thereafter, Indian counterattacks pushed the tribesmen back and many towns including Gulmarg were recaptured. In 1948, Indian Army established a ski school in Gulmarg which later became the High Altitude Warfare School of the Indian army specializing in snow–craft and winter warfare. On 1 January 1949, the war ended under UN supervision and a Ceasefire line (CFL), which was rechristened the Line of


title: Gulmarg content: Control (LOC) by the Shimla Agreement of 1972, came into being close to Gulmarg. After Indian Independence, Indian planners sought to develop a destination for Winter sports in India. The Department of Tourism of the Government of India invited Rudolph Matt, in 1960 to select a suitable location for such purpose. Matt zeroed in on Gulmarg as suitable location for development of a Winter sports destination in India. In 1968, Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering was established in Gulmarg to train ski instructors. Over the next decade Indian planners invested to transform Gulmarg into a world-class ski destination. Gulmarg became


title: Gulmarg content: a centre for skiers from Asian nations. In mid-1980s, heli-skiing was introduced in Gulmarg in collaboration with the Swiss skier Sylvain Saudan of Himalaya Heli-Ski Club of France. In the 1990s, the rise of militancy in Jammu and Kashmir affected tourism in Gulmarg. With the abatement of terrorism in the area, tourism started to recover in late 1990s. Work on the cable car project between Gulmarg and Apharwat Peak, which was commissioned in 1988 by Government of Jammu and Kashmir but was subsequently abandoned due to militancy in 1990, was resumed in 1998. In May 1998, Phase 1 of the


title: Gulmarg content: project, between Gulmarg and Kongdori, began its commercial operation. In May 2005, Phase 2 of the project was also inaugurated making it one of the longest and highest rope ways of Asia. The chairlift installed as a part of Phase 3 of the project began its operations in 2011. The National Winter Games were held in Gulmarg in 1998, 2004 and 2008. In 2014, Government of Jammu and Kashmir drafted a Master Plan–2032 for Gulmarg. The plan includes development of a solid-waste treatment plant on 20 acres of land close to Gulmarg. Gulmarg lies in a cup shaped valley in


title: Gulmarg content: the Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas, at an altitude of , 56 km from Srinagar. The soil in Gulmarg comprises glacial deposits, lacustrine deposits and moraines of Pleistocene age covering shales, limestones, sandstones, schists and other varieties of rocks. The natural meadows of Gulmarg, which are covered with snow in winter, allow the growth of wild flowers such as daisies, forget-me-nots and buttercups during spring and summer. The meadows are interspersed by enclosed parks and small lakes, and surrounded by forests of green pine and fir. Skiing and other winter sports in Gulmarg are carried out on the slopes


title: Gulmarg content: of Apharwat peak at a height of . Many points on Apharwat peak and Khilanmarg offer a panoramic view of Nanga Parbat and Harmukh mountains. Due to its high elevation, Gulmarg has a humid continental climate where the wet winter season sees heavy snowfall, especially for its latitude. Summers are moderate in temperature and length, whereas shoulder seasons are relatively cool. At the 2011 Indian census, Gulmarg had a total population of 1,965 over 77 households. Male population in the town stood at 1,957 while there were only eight females and no children between the ages of 0 and 6


title: Gulmarg content: years. Gulmarg had an average literacy rate of 99.24%, compared to the state average of 67.16%, of which male literacy was 99.23% and female literacy was 100%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes constituted 0.61% and 0.15% of the population respectively. Gulmarg has few permanent residents with most residents being tourists or those involved in the tourism industry. According to CNN, Gulmarg is the "heartland of winter sports in India" and was rated as Asia's seventh best ski destination. The town is accessible from Srinagar by road via Tangmarg. The road climbs uphill in the last 12 kilometres to Gulmarg passing


title: Gulmarg content: through forests of pine and fir. Winter sports like skiing, tobogganing, snowboarding and heli-skiing take place on the slopes of Mount Apharwat reachable by a Gondola lift. Maharani Temple (commonly known as Shiv Temple of Gulmarg) was built by a Hindu ruler Maharaja Hari Sisodia for his wife Maharani Mohini Bai Sisodia who ruled till 1915. This temple was considered as the stately possession of Dogra Kings. The temple is dedicated to Shiva and Parvati. This temple is situated on a slight hill top with greenery. This temple is visible from all corners of Gulmarg. The Roman Catholic St Mary's


title: Gulmarg content: Church is located in the valley of Shepherds in Gulmarg. It was built in 1902, during the period of British rule, and was constructed in a British style. Made of grey brick with a green roof and decorated wooden interior walls, it has been described as a "Victorian architectural wonder". In 1920 the church saw the wedding of the brother of Bruce Bairnsfather; Miss Eleanor Hardy Tipping married Capt. T. D. Bairnsfather, with newspapers describing the church as "very prettily decorated" and with the service conducted by Rev Canon Buckwell in the presence of both organ and a full choir.


title: Gulmarg content: St Mary's was closed for years, but was renovated and reopened in 2003, holding its first Christmas service there for 14 years. The church belongs to the Diocese of Amritsar, Church Of North India. Built by the French company Pomagalski, the Gulmarg Gondola is one of the highest in the world reaching 3,979 metres. The two-stage ropeway ferries about 600 people per hour between Gulmarg and a shoulder of nearby Apharwat Peak (). The first stage transfers from Gulmarg at to Kongdoori at . The second stage which has 36 cabins and 18 towers, takes passengers to a height of


title: Gulmarg content: on the Apharwat Peak . A chair lift system connects Kongdoori with Mary's shoulder for taking skiers to higher altitude. The high inflow of tourists has had an effect on the fragile eco-system of Gulmarg and activists have demanded tighter regulation to save the environment of the area from over tourism. An accident occurred on 15 June 2017 due to an enormous pine tree being uprooted by a gust of wind and breaking the perspex windows on one of the gondola cabins, causing it to swing violently and its seven occupants to fall to the ground. The first national bandy


title: Gulmarg content: competition is due to take place in Gulmarg in February 2019. Situated at an altitude of 2,650 m, it is the highest green golf course in the world. The historic Gulmarg Golf Club was started in 1911 by the British who used the place as a holiday resort. The origin of Gulmarg as the golfing centre of India goes back to the late 19th century when a 6-hole course was made in 1890-91 by Colonel Neville Chamberlain. The first golf championship was played at Gulmarg in 1922. The Nedou's Cup was introduced in 1929. An annual three-day Gulmarg Winter Festival


title: Gulmarg content: is held in March. Budding artists in the fields of music, films and photography are given an opportunity to showcase their work during the festival. Gulmarg has been the shooting location many Bollywood films like "Bobby", "Jab Tak Hai Jaan", "Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani", "Highway", "Phantom", "Haider", etc. A scene in "Bobby" was shot in a hut in Gulmarg that later come to be known as 'Bobby Hut'. Gulmarg Gulmarg is a town, a hill station, a popular skiing destination and a notified area committee in the Baramula district of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The town is


title: "Desert iguana" content: Desert iguana The desert iguana ("Dipsosaurus dorsalis") is one of the most common lizards of the Sonoran and Mojave deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. They also occur on several Gulf of California islands. Their color is mostly grey and tan. The species was first described in the "Catalog of North American Reptiles", by Spencer Fullerton Baird and Charles Frédéric Girard, in 1859 as "Crotaphytus dorsalis" it was reclassified two years later as "Dipsosaurus dofus dorsalis" by Edward Hallowell. The generic name comes from a combination of two Greek words meaning "hungry lizard": "Dipsa" (δίψα) for "thirsty",


title: "Desert iguana" content: and "sauros" (σαῦρος) for "lizard". The specific name, "dorsalis", comes from the Latin word "dorsum" meaning "spike", in reference to a row of enlarged keeled scales on the middle of the lizard's back which form a crest that extends almost to the tip of its vent. "Dipsosaurus" is a monotypic genus with "D. dorsalis" being its only recognized species. The desert iguana is a medium-sized lizard which grows to including the tail. They are pale gray-tan to cream in color with a light brown reticulated pattern on their backs and sides. Down the center of the back is a row


title: "Desert iguana" content: of slightly-enlarged, keeled dorsal scales that become slightly larger as you move down the back. The reticulated pattern gives way to brown spots near the back legs, turning into stripes along the tail. The tail is usually around 1½ times longer than the body from snout to vent. The belly is pale. During the breeding season, the sides become pinkish in both sexes. Their preferred habitat is largely contained within the range of the creosote bush, mainly dry, sandy desert scrubland below . It can also be found in rocky streambeds up to 1,000 m. In the southern portion of


title: "Desert iguana" content: its range this lizard lives in areas of arid subtropical scrub and tropical deciduous forest. These lizards can withstand high temperatures and are out and about after other lizards have retreated into their burrows. They burrow extensively and if threatened will scamper into a shrub and go quickly down a burrow. Their burrows are usually dug in the sand under bushes like the creosote. They also often use burrows of kit foxes and desert tortoises. Mating takes place in the early spring. It is believed that only one clutch of eggs is laid each year, with each clutch having 3-8


title: "Desert iguana" content: eggs. The hatchlings emerge around September. Desert iguanas are primarily herbivorous, eating buds, fruits and leaves of many annual and perennial plants. They are especially attracted to the yellow flowers of the creosote bush. Predators of these iguanas and their eggs are birds of prey, foxes, rats, long-tailed weasels, some snakes, and humans. Desert iguana The desert iguana ("Dipsosaurus dorsalis") is one of the most common lizards of the Sonoran and Mojave deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. They also occur on several Gulf of California islands. Their color is mostly grey and tan. The species was


title: "Vanilla Ninja" content: The Indians Cry" by Vanilla Ninja, which resulted in a short ban from the charts for the group. However, on July 2, the single charted in Germany at the comparatively poor position of #42, and in Austria at #70. In a May 2005 interview with "The Baltic Times", the group attempted to distance themselves from the pop music genre. Piret Järvis told the newspaper that the group "started out with a pop-rock style of music". The band also claimed that their music is gradually become heavier and more typical of the rock genre. Following the arguably disappointing performance of the


title: "William H. Keeler" content: public attention. He said that Keeler was "probably one of the most politically savvy of all the cardinals in the country. He plays things safe and is very concerned about avoiding any scandal." Keeler, however, became the first bishop to identify publicly priests who had been "credibly accused of child abuse," listing 57 on the archdiocese website and detailing $5.6 million spent on settlements, legal fees and counseling. Keeler called for addressing the scandal "with humble contrition, righteous anger and public outrage. Telling the truth cannot be wrong." While victims and their advocates praised him and other bishops followed his


title: Bronzino content: in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Recent decades have been more appreciative of his art. Bronzino was born in Florence, the son of a butcher. According to his contemporary Vasari, Bronzino was a pupil first of Raffaellino del Garbo, and then of Pontormo, to whom he was apprenticed at 14. Pontormo is thought to have introduced a portrait of Bronzino as a child (seated on a step) into one of his series on "Joseph in Egypt" now in the National Gallery, London. Pontormo exercised a dominant influence on Bronzino's developing style, and the two were to remain collaborators for


title: "Robert Smirke (painter)" content: there again in 1777 and 1778. In 1786 he exhibited "Narcissus" and "The Lady and Sabrina" ( a subject from Milton's "Comus") at the Royal Academy; these were followed by many works, usually small in size, illustrative of the English poets, especially James Thomson. In 1791 Smirke was elected an associate of the Royal Academy, in which year he exhibited "The Widow". He became a full academician in 1793, when he painted as his diploma work "Don Quixote and Sancho". His last contribution to the academy, entitled "Infancy", appeared in 1813, but he continued to exhibit occasionally elsewhere until 1834.


title: "Almodis de la Marche" content: Almodis de la Marche Almodis de la Marche ( 1020 – 16 October 1071) was a French noble. She was famed for her marriage career, in particularly for her third marriage to Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona, with whom she committed double bigamy in 1053, for which the Pope had them excommunicated. She was the daughter of Bernard I, Count of Marche and wife Amélie. She married Hugh V of Lusignan around 1038 and they had two sons and one daughter. Almodis and Hugh of Lusignan divorced due to consanguinity, and Hugh arranged for her to marry Count Pons


title: "Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna" content: In addition, many people took advantage of the chaos to prosecute deadly local feuds. What is certain is the methods of death, including the "necklace" of a burning tyre, copied on the South African ANC-practice of the time, victims eviscerated and left to die, and even the occasion of a dozen heads arranged around the Alwis pond of the University of Peradeniya. The brief conflict created turmoil in Sri Lanka's national politics and its international relations. As a result of the struggle, the United Front Government proscribed the JVP in April 1971. It became an underground organisation and in 1978


title: "Perfect Strangers (TV serial)" content: (Claire Skinner and Toby Stephens) and their aunt (Lindsay Duncan) that has grown since the sudden death of the cousins' brother, and Daniel's attempts to reunite the trio. An early incident of Raymond suffering a stroke while giving a withering speech to the reunion-goers, and his subsequent bedridden state force him to appreciate the character of various relatives that reflect his own. Poliakoff's recurring use of old photographs to unlock the intricacies of individuals' lives is heavily present in this series. Perfect Strangers (TV serial) Perfect Strangers (renamed Almost Strangers for American distribution) is a television drama first aired in


title: "Robin Hood Battalion" content: Robin Hood Battalion The Robin Hood Battalion was a unit of the Volunteer Force of the British Army and Territorial Force, later the Territorial Army. The battalion served as infantry on the Western Front during World War I. In the 1930s it re-roled as an anti-aircraft unit and served in World War II, including North-western Europe from June 1944 to May 1945. The unit was formed on 30 May 1859 when six volunteers paraded at Nottingham Castle under Sergeant-Major Jonathan White. (White became the Adjutant and was still an officer in the corps 40 years later with the honorary rank


title: "Foster, Rastrick and Company" content: bridges and gas works. It had the facilities to produce cast industrial components including beams, cylinders and flywheels as well as some household items. In 1825 it listed railway components in a catalogue of products including rail, railway sleepers and railway chairs. At the end of the 1820s, Foster, Rastrick and Company produced steam locomotives intended for two railways: one in the USA and one just a few miles from the works at Stourbridge. The local opportunity had arisen after an agreement between James Foster and Francis Downing, the mineral agent of John William Ward, the 4th Viscount Dudley and


title: "Malcolm Pearson, Baron Pearson of Rannoch" content: get UKIP members back into the fold by adopting more eurosceptic policies themselves. He has tabled a number of unsuccessful bills in the House of Lords demanding Britain's withdrawal from the European Union. In November 2006, he tabled the European Union (Implications of Withdrawal) Bill, which called for an official cost benefit analysis of UK's EU membership. He joined UKIP on 7 January 2007, citing David Cameron's refusal to tell the British people about the disadvantages they suffer because of Britain's membership of the EU. He is also the co-founder of pro-free-trade think-tank, Global Britain, which publishes research on the


title: "Balto (film)" content: Balto (film) Balto is a 1995 American live-action/animated epic drama adventure film directed by Simon Wells, produced by Amblin Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures. The film is loosely based on a true story about the dog of the same name who helped save children from the diphtheria epidemic in the 1925 serum run to Nome. The film stars Kevin Bacon, Bridget Fonda, Jim Cummings, Phil Collins (in a dual role) and Bob Hoskins, with Miriam Margoyles in the live-action sequences. The live-action portions of the film were shot in New York City's Central Park. The film was the third


title: Riverkeeper content: has called on the EPA to select a final remedy that targets not just the sediment in the Gowanus Canal, but commits to stopping toxic pollution from CSOs, leaching of pollution from contaminated sites, and restoring shoreline habitat. ExxonMobil Settlement On November 10, 2010, Riverkeeper joined with New York State Attorney General Andrew Cuomo to announce a settlement against ExxonMobil holding the company responsible for cleaning up between 17 million and 30 million gallons of oil that were spilled and leaked from its refinery and storage facilities into the soil and groundwater in Greenpoint, Brooklyn, over the last century. Under


title: "Blue-black grassquit" content: Blue-black grassquit The blue-black grassquit ("Volatinia jacarina") is a small bird in the tanager family, Thraupidae. It was previously classified in the bunting and American sparrow family, Emberizidae. It breeds from southern Mexico through Central America, and South America as far as northern Chile, Argentina and Paraguay, and on Trinidad and Tobago . It is the only member of the genus "Volatinia". Adult blue-black grassquits are long and weigh . They have a slender conical black bill. The male is glossy blue-black, with a black tail and wings; the white inner underwing is visible in flight or display. Female and


title: "Blue-black grassquit" content: immature birds have brown upperparts and dark-streaked buff underparts. Social monogamous, extra-pair fertilizations, intraspecific parasitism, and quasi-parasitism are commonly found . During the breeding season, males defend small territories, about 13,0 - 72,5 m2, dominant males are normally lighter. The male has a jumping display, often performed for long periods, which gives rise to the local name "johnny jump-up". This is accompanied by a persistent wheezing "jweeee" call , jumping several times in a minute. The extravagant display also has a cost of call attention of predator, thus displays increase the nest predation . Predation are the main cause of


title: "Blue-black grassquit" content: breeding failure , and predator vocalizations can cause immune-related reaction to this specie . Nests are small cups of rootlets (diameter about 7.5 cm) found at herbaceous vegetation 10–50 cm high , clustered at landscape , and placed preferably at high complex habitat spots . Nests are built by both sexes . Blue-black grassquit The blue-black grassquit ("Volatinia jacarina") is a small bird in the tanager family, Thraupidae. It was previously classified in the bunting and American sparrow family, Emberizidae. It breeds from southern Mexico through Central America, and South America as far as northern Chile, Argentina and Paraguay, and


title: "Nephrops norvegicus" content: Nephrops norvegicus Nephrops norvegicus, known variously as the Norway lobster, Dublin Bay prawn, (compare langostino) or scampi, is a slim, orange-pink lobster which grows up to long, and is "the most important commercial crustacean in Europe". It is now the only extant species in the genus "Nephrops", after several other species were moved to the closely related genus "Metanephrops". It lives in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean, and parts of the Mediterranean Sea, but is absent from the Baltic Sea and Black Sea. Adults emerge from their burrows at night to feed on worms and fish. "Nephrops norvegicus" has the typical


title: "Nephrops norvegicus" content: body shape of a lobster, albeit narrower than the large genus "Homarus". It is pale orange in colour, and grows to a typical length of , or exceptionally long, including the tail and claws. A carapace covers the animal's cephalothorax, while the abdomen is long and segmented, ending in a broad tail fan. The first three pairs of legs bear claws, of which the first are greatly elongated and bear ridges of spines. Of the two pairs of antennae, the second is the longer and thinner. There is a long, spinous rostrum, and the compound eyes are kidney-shaped, providing the


title: "Nephrops norvegicus" content: name of the genus, from the Greek roots ("nephros", "kidney") and "ops" ("eye"). "Nephrops norvegicus" is found in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and North Sea as far north as Iceland and northern Norway, and south to Portugal. It is not common in the Mediterranean Sea except in the Adriatic Sea, notably the north Adriatic. It is absent from both the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. Due to its ecological demands for particular sediments, "N. norvegicus" has a very patchy distribution, and is divided into over 30 populations. These populations are separated by inhospitable terrain, and adults rarely travel distances


title: "Nephrops norvegicus" content: greater than a few hundred metres. "Nephrops norvegicus" adults prefer to inhabit muddy seabed sediments, with more than 40 percent silt and clay. Their burrows are semi-permanent, and vary in structure and size. Typical burrows are deep, with a distance of between the front and back entrances. Norway lobsters spend most of their time either lying in their burrows or by the entrance, only leaving their shelters to forage or mate. "Nephrops norvegicus" is a scavenger and predator that makes short foraging excursions, mainly during periods of subdued light. They feed on active prey, including worms and fish, which they