title: "Millennium Stadium" content: buildings, primarily the existing National Stadium (Cardiff Arms Park), Wales Empire Pool (swimming pool) in Wood Street, Cardiff Empire Telephone Exchange building (owned by BT) in Park Street, the newly built Territorial Auxiliary & Volunteer Reserve building in Park Street, and the Social Security offices in Westgate Street. The stadium was built by Laing in 1999 on the site of the National Stadium, with the head of construction being Steve Ager. It was built for the 1999 Rugby World Cup, for which Wales was the main host, with seven of the 41 matches, including the final, being played at the


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: stadium. The total construction cost of the stadium was £121 million, which was funded by private investment and £46 million of public funds from the Millennium Commission, the sale of debentures to supporters (which offered guaranteed tickets in exchange for an interest-free loan), and loans. The development left the WRU heavily in debt. The Millennium Stadium was named as such in recognition of the Millennium Commission's contribution to the building. The stadium was first used for a major event on 26 June 1999, when Wales played South Africa in a rugby union test match before a crowd of 29,000. Wales


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: won 29–19: the first time they had ever beaten the Springboks. On 8 September 2015 it was announced that the Millennium Stadium would be renamed Principality Stadium as the result of a 10-year naming rights deal with the Principality Building Society. Some fans expressed opposition on social media. On 22 January 2016, the Millennium Stadium was officially renamed as the Principality Stadium. The new name, written bilingually ("Stadiwm Principality Stadium") and covering of the upper stadium, was lit up at a special evening ceremony, to be followed by a festival to encourage grassroots rugby. The change of name also meant


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: a change of logo for the Millennium Stadium. There were three designs shortlisted, and a panel, which included the former Wales international captain Ryan Jones and staff and members of the WRU and Principality Building Society, chose the final design. A spokesperson for the WRU said: "The new stadium logo takes its inspiration from the venue's iconic architecture; four spires, curved frontage and fully retractable roof." The all-seater stadium has the capacity for 74,500 supporters and features a retractable roof, only the second stadium of its type in Europe, and the largest football stadium in the world with this feature,


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: by capacity. Additional seating is sometimes added for special events such as a rugby Test against the New Zealand All Blacks, or for the FA Cup Final. The current record attendance is set at just over 78,000, recorded at the Anthony Joshua v Carlos Takam fight, on 28 October 2017, in which Joshua successfully retained his WBA, IBF and IBO titles. The natural grass turf was made up of a modular system installed by GreenTech ITM. It features built in irrigation and drainage. The pitch itself was laid on top of some 7,412 pallets that could be moved so the


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: stadium could be used for concerts, exhibitions and other events. In May 2014, after much trouble with disease and stability, the surface was removed and replaced with a more resilient interwoven sand based Desso pitch. The four ends of the ground are called the North Stand, the West Stand, the South Stand, and the BT Stand (east). The South Stand was previously known as the Hyder Stand, until Hyder was sold. The stadium has three tiers of seating with the exception of the North Stand, which has two tiers. The lower tier holds approximately 23,500 spectators, the middle tier holding


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: 18,000 and the upper tier holding 33,000 spectators. The stadium was slightly restricted in size due to its proximity to Cardiff Rugby Club's home in the adjacent smaller stadium within Cardiff Arms Park. The WRU were unable to secure enough funding to include the North Stand in the new stadium, and the Millennium Commission would not allow any of its funds to be used in any way for the construction of a new stadium for Cardiff RFC. The WRU held talks with Cardiff RFC to see if it would be possible for the club to either move or secure funding


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: for the Cardiff Arms Park to be re-developed, but these were unsuccessful. The stadium thus had to be completed with a break in its bowl structure in the North Stand, known colloquially as the Cardiff fault or Glanmor's Gap, after Glanmor Griffiths, then chairman of the WRU and now a former president. The superstructure of the stadium is based around four masts. The stadium was built from 56,000 tonnes of concrete and steel, and has 124 hospitality suites and 7 hospitality lounges, 22 bars, 7 restaurants, 17 first aid points, 12 escalators and 7 lifts. The stadium has 7 gates


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: for access to the site; Gate 1 is from the River Walk via Castle Street (to the north), Gates 2 and 3 are via Westgate Street (to the east), Gate 4 is for Security only also via Westgate Street, Gate 5 is via Park Street (to the south) and Gates 6 and 7 are via the Millennium Plaza (also to the south). Any future renovation to the stadium will involve replacing the old North Stand of the former National Stadium with a new one similar to the three existing stands of the new Millennium Stadium. This will make the stadium


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: bowl-shaped and will increase its capacity to around 80,000. It will resolve the existing problems of deteriorating concrete quality on the old structure in the north stand. In each of the stadium's bars, so-called "joy machines" can pour 12 pints in less than 20 seconds. During a Wales versus France match, 63,000 fans drank 77,184 pints of beer, almost double the 44,000 pints drunk by a similar number of fans at a game at Twickenham. The stadium has a resident hawk named "Dad", who is employed to drive seagulls and pigeons out of the stadium. In 2005 the stadium installed


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: an "Arena Partition Drape System" – a black curtain made up of 12 drapes measuring – to vary the audience from a capacity of over 73,000 down to between 12,000 and 46,000, depending on the four different positions that it can be hung. The curtains can be stored in the roof of the stadium when not in use. The £1 million cost of the curtain was funded by the stadium, the Millennium Commission, its caterers Letherby and Christopher (Compass Group) and by the then Wales Tourist Board. The curtain was supplied by Blackout. In May 2015 Gareth Davies the Chairman


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: of the WRU announced that the stadium would be fitted with new seats, replacing the original seats from 1999 at a cost of £4 million to £5 million, which would be completed by 2018. In addition a new £3.1 million Desso hybrid pitch will be installed. A statue of Sir Tasker Watkins, the former WRU president between 1993 and 2004, was commissioned to stand outside Gate 3 of the stadium. The bronze statue, tall, was sculpted by Llantwit Major based sculptor Roger Andrews. The Welsh Government contributed £50,000, as did Cardiff Council. It was official unveiled on 15 November 2009


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: by his daughter, Lady Mair Griffith-Williams. As well as international rugby union and association football, the Millennium Stadium has hosted a variety of sports, including, rugby league (including the Challenge Cup Final on 3 occasions between 2003 and 2005, the opening ceremony of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup and Welsh Rugby League internationals), speedway, boxing, the Wales Rally Great Britain stage of the World Rally Championship, Monster Jam and indoor cricket. The indoor cricket match between The Brits and a Rest of the World team for the Pertemps Power Cricket Cup, which took place on 4 and 5 October


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: 2002. The stadium is the home of the Welsh rugby union team, who play all of their home fixtures at the venue. These games include those during the Six Nations, as well as the Autumn Internationals against nations from the Southern Hemisphere. Apart from the national team, the stadium has also hosted Heineken Cup finals on five occasions. In total, the site, including the National Stadium, has hosted the final of the Heineken Cup on seven occasions. The stadium has also been used for Celtic League games, and the semi-finals of the Anglo-Welsh Cup in 2006 and 2007. Since 2013,


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: the Millennium Stadium hosts the Judgement Day, a double-header fixture of the four Welsh Pro12 teams. The 2015 edition had 52,762 spectators, the highest in the history of the league. The stadium hosted the first match in the 2005 British and Irish Lions tour to New Zealand when they drew 25–25 against Argentina in a warm-up test match. On 30 March 2011, the stadium hosted the Welsh Varsity rugby match for the first time in the history of the match between the senior teams of Cardiff University and Swansea University. The stadium is used alternating years with Liberty Stadium in


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: Swansea. The Welsh Varsity event celebrated its 20th anniversary in 2016. The Welsh Rugby Union hosted the 1999 Rugby World Cup with the Final being played at the stadium. The stadium also hosted 3 pool matches and 1 quarter-final match (New Zealand 18–20 France) of the 2007 Rugby World Cup. On 15 October 2011, the stadium was open to Welsh Rugby Union fans free of charge, providing that they wear red so that they could watch a live screening of the 2011 Rugby World Cup semi-final between Wales and France that was played at Eden Park, Auckland, New Zealand. The


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: match was screened on the stadium's existing large screens, on all of their television screens and on a screen that was brought in for the occasion. The same was done for the Bronze Final between Wales and Australia which saw Wales defeated and take fourth place. The stadium hosted six pool matches, including two of Wales's, and two quarter-final matches during the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The stadium first hosted rugby league football during the 2000 World Cup: a double header featuring Cook Islands versus Lebanon and Wales versus New Zealand that attracted a crowd of 17,612. It was again


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: used as Wales' home ground during the 2002 New Zealand rugby league tour of Great Britain and France when they again hosted the Kiwis this time attracting 8,746 spectators. The Stadium has hosted three Challenge Cup Finals, which are usually played at Wembley, from 2003 to 2005. In 2003 the Bradford Bulls defeated the Leeds Rhinos 22–20 in front of 71,212 fans. St. Helens defeated Wigan 36–16 in 2004 in front of 73,734 fans, while Hull F.C. defeated Leeds 25–24 in 2005 in front of 74,213 fans, the largest rugby league crowd at the stadium. Also, in 2007 the stadium


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: hosted the inaugural Millennium Magic weekend. This was a two-day event in May when an entire round of Super League matches were played, three games on the Saturday and three games on the Sunday. The event was deemed a success by the sport's governing body, the RFL, and second Millennium Magic event took place in May 2008, although the 2009 and 2010 events were held at Murrayfield Stadium and were renamed Magic Weekend. In 2011, Magic Weekend moved back to Cardiff with the opening round of Super League being played. On Saturday 26 October 2013, the Millennium Stadium hosted the


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: opening ceremony and the first two fixtures of the 2013 Rugby League World Cup: a double-header featuring Wales against Italy and England against title favourites and eventual tournament champions Australia. This double header produced an overall attendance of 45,052 which is an International rugby league record at the stadium. The list of rugby league test matches played at the Millennium Stadium is: From 2000 to 2011, the stadium was the almost-permanent home of Welsh football. The national team played the vast majority of home matches at the Millennium Stadium, with a handful of friendly matches once or twice a year


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: at the Racecourse Ground, Wrexham or Liberty Stadium, Swansea. The first Welsh football game at the stadium was played against Finland in 2000, and drew a then-record home crowd for Welsh football of over 66,000. This has since been beaten on several occasions. However, since 2011, the majority of home games have been played at the smaller Cardiff City Stadium, the home of Cardiff City. While the Millennium Stadium was under construction, the original Wembley Stadium had hosted the Welsh rugby team during the building of the new ground. The favour was returned from 2001 while the new Wembley Stadium


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: was being built, with the Millennium hosting: The stadium became notorious for an apparent "away team hoodoo"; the first 11 major cup finals were all won by the teams occupying the home dressing room. Stoke City beat Brentford 2–0 in 2002 to end the "hoodoo", after Paul Darby carried out a feng shui blessing. Liverpool were the first team to win the FA Cup at the Millennium Stadium in 2001 after beating Arsenal 2–1. They were also the first team to win the League Cup at the Stadium, defeating Birmingham City in a penalty shootout earlier that year. Liverpool also


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: won the last FA Cup Final to be played at the Millennium Stadium in 2006, beating West Ham United 3–1 in a penalty shoot-out that followed a 3–3 draw after extra time in what was billed as 'the best cup final of the modern era'. The Football League Third Division play-offs in 2003 saw AFC Bournemouth beat Lincoln City 5–2. In this game, Bournemouth set a new record for the most goals scored by one team in a single match at the stadium. This record has since been matched but not beaten. The last domestic cup match played was when


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: Doncaster Rovers beat Bristol Rovers 3–2 after extra time in the Football League Trophy Final on 1 April 2007. In 2001, the Football Association of Wales (FAW) confirmed that they had bid to host the 2003 UEFA Champions League Final. The stadium had recently been rated as a five-star stadium by UEFA, making it one of the favourites to host the match, but the final was eventually awarded to Old Trafford, the home of Manchester United. It was suggested that the stadium would have been one of the venues of a proposed UEFA Euro 2016 championship hosted jointly by Wales


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: and Scotland. However, the bid did not reach the formal UEFA selection stage, having been abandoned by the Welsh and Scottish Football Associations for financial reasons. In April 2014, the FAW did submit a formal bid to host three group matches and either a round of 16 match or a quarter-final at Euro 2020, which UEFA planned to host at 13 venues across Europe. When the host venues were voted on in September 2014, the Millennium Stadium lost out by a single vote behind Glasgow's Hampden Park, a decision that FAW chief executive Jonathan Ford put down to UEFA politics.


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: On 30 June 2015, the Millennium Stadium was chosen as the venue for the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final. UEFA rules meant it could not be branded as the Principality Stadium during the event, resulting in all titles and logos – as well as those of other non-UEFA sponsors – being covered or removed for the duration. The game was played on 3 June 2017 between Italian club Juventus and Spanish club Real Madrid, in a repeat of the 1998 final; Real Madrid won the match 4–1. When London was selected as the host city for the 2012 Summer Olympics,


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: the Millennium Stadium was named as one of the six venues for the football competition. It had the distinction of hosting the opening event of the Games – a 1–0 win for the Great Britain women's team against New Zealand – as well as four other group games and a quarter-final in the women's tournament, and three group games, a quarter-final and the bronze medal match in the men's. There have been five nights of boxing at the stadium. On 8 July 2006 when Matt Skelton beat Danny Williams for the Commonwealth heavyweight title. On 7 April 2007, Joe Calzaghe


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: beat Peter Manfredo to retain his WBO super middleweight belt. On 3 November 2007, Calzaghe beat Mikkel Kessler to retain his WBO super middleweight belt and win the WBA and WBC super middleweight titles. On 28 October 2017 Anthony Joshua successfully retained his WBA (Super), IBF, and IBO heavyweight titles against mandatory challenger Carlos Takam with a 10th round stoppage. On 31 March 2018, it hosted the World heavyweight unification fight between Anthony Joshua, holder of the WBA and IBF belts, and Joseph Parker, holder of the WBO belt. Joshua beat Parker on points. In 2001 it staged its first


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: ever motorsport event, hosting the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain, and has done every year since, in 2010 attracting a record crowd of 44,150. The temporary Motorcycle speedway track is in length and with sections of the stadiums lower seating bowl covered, the capacity of the stadium for the Grand Prix is set at 62,500. In September 2005 the stadium was host to the first ever indoor stage of the World Rally Championship during the Wales Rally Great Britain. The lower tier of the stadium was removed to create a figure-of-eight course. In addition to this, the stadium has


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: also hosted Supercross events. In October 2007, the stadium first hosted the UK leg of the Monster Jam trucks Europe tour, and returned in June 2008, again in 2009, 2010 and 2016. The stadium has also on occasion been used as a venue for shooting film and television productions. "Dalek", an episode of the 2005 season of the BBC science fiction television series "Doctor Who", was shot primarily on location at the stadium, using its underground areas to stand in for an underground base in Utah, United States in the year 2012. The location shooting for the episode took place


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: during October and November 2004. The underground areas of the stadium were used again in "Doctor Who" for the 2005 Christmas special, "The Christmas Invasion". The area was used as the headquarters for UNIT, based under the Tower of London. The episode was broadcast on Christmas Day 2005. Shots of the Stormcage in which River Song is incarcerated in series 5 and 6 are also in the stadium. The Hindi film "Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham" was also filmed there. The Wembley Stadium scene in the film "28 Weeks Later" was actually filmed at the Millennium Stadium. Although the outside is


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: footage of Wembley, the inside is all filmed in Cardiff. The effects team on the film edited the footage to make it look more like Wembley. Sébastien Foucan jumped over the gap of the opening of the stadium roof in the Parkour documentary "Jump Britain". The inaugural Express Eventing International Cup took place at the stadium on 30 November 2008. The three-event competition made up of dressage, cross-country and show jumping all took place over the one day. The event was won by Oliver Townend. The stadium has also been used for a variety of musical events, including the Manic


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: Street Preachers concert held on Millennium Eve, and, on the following day, a recording of the BBC's Songs of Praise, which attracted an attendance of 60,000. Tina Turner performed a sold-out concert at the stadium during her highly successful Twenty Four Seven Tour in 2000. Welsh rockers Stereophonics have played two sold out shows at the stadium: In July 2001 as part of their two-day "A Day at the Races" festival which would later be released to DVD and in 2003, shortly after the departure of the late Stuart Cable. American rock band Bon Jovi played the venue during the


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: One Wild Night Tour in 2001. At the end of January 2005, the stadium hosted a tsunami relief concert in aid of the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, with Eric Clapton headlining the event. The stadium has also been host to Madonna on two occasions, the first in July 2006 when she opened the UK leg of her Confessions Tour, and most recently in August 2008 when she kicked off her Sticky & Sweet Tour at the stadium. Other performers who have played at the stadium include Robbie Williams as part of his Weddings, Barmitzvahs &


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: Stadiums Tour, U2 as part of their Vertigo Tour, Red Hot Chili Peppers as part of their By the Way tour, The Rolling Stones as part of their A Bigger Bang Tour, R.E.M. as part of their Monster tour and again for their Around the Sun tour. Paul McCartney also played at the stadium as part of his Up and Coming Tour, and The Police performed there as part of their Reunion Tour. In late 2005, Oasis played at the stadium during their Don't Believe the Truth Tour and again on their Dig Out Your Soul Tour in 2009. In


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: 2008, the stadium hosted Neil Diamond and Bruce Springsteen with the E Street Band as part of their Magic Tour, On 22 August 2009, U2 again played at the stadium, as part of their European leg of their U2 360° Tour, playing to a record-breaking concert attendance of 73,354. The stadium offers conferencing facilities via the foodservice organisation Compass Group. The facilities consist of six individually designed lounges and 124 pitch-facing executive box suites. In addition to business events, the facilities are also available for dinners, banquets, balls, parties and weddings receptions. Millennium Stadium The Millennium Stadium (), since 2016


title: "Luis Trenker" content: liked to climb. In March 2004, the Museum Gherdëina displayed a collection of Trenker's belongings from a bequest of his family. Luis Trenker Luis Trenker (born Alois Franz Trenker, 4 October 1892 – 13 April 1990) was a South Tyrolean film producer, director, writer, actor, architect, and alpinist. Alois Franz Trenker was born on 4 October 1892 in Urtijëi, Tyrol (, ) in the Austro-Hungarian Empire (in present-day northern Italy). His father Jacob Trenker was a painter from North Tyrol, and his mother Karolina ("née" Demetz) was from Urtijëi in Val Gardena. He grew up speaking two languages: German, the


title: "George Rickey" content: University South Bend. There, he encountered and was inspired by the work of David Smith. Rickey turned from painting to creating kinetic sculpture. Rickey combined his love of engineering and mechanics by designing sculptures whose metal parts moved in response to the slightest air currents. His first sculpture was shown in New York in 1951 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art group show "American Sculpture 1951". The Museum of Modern Art, in New York purchased his seminal "Two Lines Temporal I", after Alfred Barr, MOMA's then Director, had seen it at the exhibition "Documenta III" in Kassel, Germany. Rickey's sculptures


title: "Cryptanalysis of the Enigma" content: mustered all the resources in time to actually do it. Admiral Dönitz had been advised that a cryptanalytic attack was the least likely of all security problems. Modern computers can be used to solve Enigma, using a variety of techniques. There were also projects to decrypt some remaining messages using distributed computing. Stefan Krah led an effort in Germany to crack three messages intercepted in 1942 by ; the messages were published by Ralph Erskine in a 1995 letter to "Cryptologia". Two of these messages were cracked in 2006, and the final one was deciphered in 2013. As of January


title: "1968 Liberal Party of Canada leadership election" content: and even the candidates had to battle their way through the throng to get anywhere. Asked the next day what his first thought was after being elected, Trudeau quipped that it was "how am I ever going to reach the podium". Outside were several protests, the largest being against the Vietnam War and demanding that Canada stop selling materiel to the United States. Trudeau was in first place on the first ballot with about as many votes as expected. Winters and Greene did surprisingly well, creating an unexpected four-way split in the anti-Trudeau vote with Turner and Hellyer. The result


title: "José Antonio Dávila" content: other works are: Davila also wrote a biography of the Bayamonese musician and composer Mariano Feliú Balseiro. The City of Bayamon has named a school and an avenue after him. José Antonio Dávila Dr. José Antonio Dávila (October 7, 1898 – December 4, 1941) was a postmodern Puerto Rican poet. Dávila (birth name: José Antonio Dávila Morales ) was born and raised in Bayamon, Puerto Rico into a literary family; he received both his primary and secondary education here and went to high school in Santurce, San Juan. In 1918, he enrolled in the University of Puerto Rico and later


title: Penkridge content: buildings dating from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, from the railway station eastward. Penkridge has its own historic stocks and cells remain in the town centre. The town has several pubs, and there are also numerous sports clubs in Penkridge including cricket, football, rugby union and tennis clubs. On the last Friday in November, for one night, the village centre used to close to traffic to allow a Victorian Night and Christmas Market to take place, in 2010 this event moved to the Market site where it has expanded to include over 70 stalls and a funfair. In terms of


title: "Edgar Broughton Band" content: organising a performance at Abbey Road on 9 December 1969. Only one track was released at the time: a rendition of "Out Demons Out", an adaptation of The Fugs' song "Exorcising the Demons Out Of the Pentagon", which had become the band's set-closer and anthem. The rest of the recording was lost until its rediscovery and release in a remixed form in 2004 as "Keep Them Freaks a Rollin': Live at Abbey Road 1969". The band's touring attracted some controversy from their series of free concerts at locations such as children's playgrounds, and from a number of cases of civil


title: "History of rugby league" content: normal leagues were suspended, a War Emergency League was established, with clubs playing separate Yorkshire and Lancashire sections to reduce the need for travel. This period also saw a temporary relaxation of the regulations prohibiting rugby union players from contact with rugby league. In an extraordinary development a team representing rugby league met a rugby union equivalent in two matches, held to raise money for the Red Cross. Both games were held under rugby union rules; both were won by the rugby league side. In Australia, the war years produced large crowds, and financially at least, the sport did not


title: "Philip Morris USA" content: & Hedges, Merit, Parliament, Alpine, Basic, Cambridge, Bucks, Dave's, Chesterfield (U.S. sale and production discontinued in late 2017), Collector's Choice, Commander, Lark, L&M, Players. Philip Morris USA Philip Morris USA is the United States tobacco division of Altria Group. The company's namesake Philip Morris was born in Whitechapel, United Kingdom in 1835, the son of a recent immigrant from Germany who had taken the name Bernard Morris. In 1847, the family opened a shop in London. The first cigarettes that Philip Morris made were in 1854 and were known as "Philip Morris English Ovals," a non-filter brand of oval-shaped cigarettes


title: "Ashley Giles" content: was publicised, a further two hundred mugs were produced with King Juan Carlos on the other side and were snapped up by Warwickshire fans. Fans during the Ashes series of 2005 also regularly sang "Y viva España" in Giles' honour. Giles was, until that successful run of form, also gently derided by commentators: the BBC's Test Match Special commentator Henry Blofeld famously labelled him a "Wheelie bin" because of his trundling run-up, much to Giles' disgust. Blofeld however, insisted that the moniker was not malicious. (It was originally bestowed on Giles by "The Guardian" journalist David Hopps.) In 2005, he


title: "Pomeranian Evangelical Church" content: as spiritual leaders of the prince-episcopal Lutheran state church any more, but superintendents (Stiftssuperintendenten; i.e. superintendent of the Hochstift) were appointed since 1558. In the same year the Cammin prince-bishopric also established a Lutheran consistory of its own. In 1556 Pomerania-Wolgast had established its own consistory (). Its ambit comprised Pomerania north of the river Randow and west of the rivers Swine and Oder. Between 1575 and 1815 Stralsund, a city in Pomerania-Wolgast, maintained an own consistory for the Lutheran congregations within the city boundary. During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) Pomerania fell under Swedish occupation. In 1625 the Wolgast


title: "HMS Otranto" content: weather and head sea, "Otranto" could make no more than . After taking fire from the light cruiser and the armoured cruiser , her commander, Captain Edwards, ordered "Otranto" out of line, away from the Germans, and headed west at her best speed as she had no value against the German cruisers. "Glasgow" was the only other British ship to survive the battle. "Otranto" was ordered to Montevideo to rendezvous with Rear Admiral Archibald Stoddart's squadron and arrived there on 10 November. She patrolled the Brazilian coast and east to Sierra Leone for the next month before arriving at Port


title: "Soviet Air Defence Forces" content: Forces – the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th, 11th, 14th, and 19th Air Defence Army. In 1963 the 30th independent Air Defence Corps in Tashkent became the 12th Independent Air Defence Army. In 1977, the Air Forces and Air Defence Forces were re-organised in the Baltic states and the Leningrad Oblast (a trial run for the larger re-organisation in 1980 covering the whole country). All fighter units in the PVO were transferred to the VVS, the PVO only retaining the anti-aircraft missile units and radar units – the 6th Independent Air Defence Army was disbanded, and the 15th Air Army


title: "Henry Huntly Haight" content: ending state subsidies for the railroads during his term as Governor. In 1871, Haight lost his bid for reelection to Newton Booth. Haight returned to his Alameda estate and his law practice. After he was governor, he returned his estate in Alameda, California. Haight later served on the City of Alameda's Board of Trustees, including time as its first president. He also served on the UC Board of Regents. He was also selected for a state Constitutional Convention, but died in 1878. Haight died on Sept. 2, 1878, in San Francisco. He is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Oakland,


title: "Manduca sexta" content: Manduca sexta Manduca sexta is a moth of the family Sphingidae present through much of the American continent. Commonly known as the Carolina sphinx moth and the tobacco hawk moth (as adults) and the tobacco hornworm and the goliath worm (as larvae), it is closely related to and often confused with the very similar tomato hornworm ("Manduca quinquemaculata"); the larvae of both feed on the foliage of various plants of the family Solanaceae. The tobacco hornworm is sometimes kept as a pet by children throughout its range. The larvae of these species can be distinguished by their lateral markings: Tomato


title: "Manduca sexta" content: hornworms have eight V-shaped white markings with no borders; tobacco hornworms have seven white diagonal lines with a black border. Additionally, tobacco hornworms have red horns, while tomato hornworms have dark blue or black horns. A mnemonic to remember the markings is tobacco hornworms have straight white lines like cigarettes, while tomato hornworms have V-shaped markings (as in "vine-ripened" tomatoes). "M. sexta" has mechanisms for selectively sequestering and secreting the neurotoxin nicotine present in tobacco. "M. sexta" is a common model organism, especially in neurobiology, due to its easily accessible nervous system and short life cycle. It is used in


title: "Manduca sexta" content: a variety of biomedical and biological scientific experiments. It can be easily raised on a wheat-germ-based diet. The larva is large, and thus it is relatively easy to dissect it and isolate its organs. "M. sexta" has a short life cycle, lasting about 30 to 50 days. In most areas, "M. sexta" has about two generations per year, but can have three or four generations per year in Florida. "M. sexta" eggs are spherical, approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter, and translucent green in color. They typically hatch two to four days after they are laid. Eggs are normally found on


title: "Manduca sexta" content: the underside of foliage, but can also be found on the upper surface. "M. sexta" larvae are green in color and grow up to 70 millimeters in length. Under laboratory conditions, when fed a wheat-germ based diet, larvae are turquoise due to a lack of pigments in their diet. "M. sexta" hemolymph (blood) contains the blue-colored protein insecticyanin. When the larva feeds on plants, it ingests pigmentacious carotenoids. Carotenoids are primarily yellow in hue. The resulting combination is green. During the larval stage, "M. sexta" caterpillars feed on plants of the family Solanaceae, principally tobacco, tomatoes and members of the


title: "Manduca sexta" content: genus "Datura". "M. sexta" has five larval instars, which are separated by ecdysis (molting), but may add larval instars when nutrient conditions are poor. Near the end of this stage, the caterpillar seeks a location for pupation, burrows underground, and pupates. The searching behaviour is known as "wandering". The imminence of pupation suggested behaviorally by the wandering can be anatomically confirmed by spotting the heart (aorta), which is a long, pulsating vessel running along the length of the caterpillar's dorsal side. The heart appears just as the caterpillar is reaching the end of the final instar. A common biological control


title: "Manduca sexta" content: for hornworms is the parasitic braconid wasp "Cotesia congregata", which lays its eggs in the bodies of the hornworms. The wasp larvae feed internally and emerge from the body to spin their cocoons. Parasitized hornworms are often seen covered with multiple white, cottony wasp cocoons, which are often mistaken for large eggs. A wasp species, "Polistes erythrocephalus," feeds on hornworm larvae. Before the larva pupates, it goes through a stage called the pre-pupa, where it shrinks considerably and prepares to pupate. Often people mistake this stage for a dead or dying caterpillar. The pupal stage lasts approximately 18 days under


title: "Manduca sexta" content: laboratory conditions (17 hours light, 7 hours dark, 27 °C). When reared on a short-day photoperiod (12 hours light, 12 hours dark), pupae enter a state of diapause that can last several months. During the pupal stage, structures of the adult moth form within the pupal case, which is shed during eclosion (adult emergence). Adult "M. sexta" have narrow wings with a wing span of approximately 100 mm. "M. sexta" moths are nectarivorous and feed on flowers, demonstrating a remarkable ability to hover. Adult males and females are sexually dimorphic. Males are identifiable by their broader antennae and the presence


title: "Manduca sexta" content: of claspers at the end of the abdomen. Female moths are typically ready to mate one week after eclosion, and do so only once. Males may mate many times. Mating generally occurs on a vertical surface at night, and can last several hours, with the male and female facing in opposite positions, their posterior ends touching. After mating, females deposit their fertilized eggs on foliage, usually on the underside of leaves. Like "Drosophila melanogaster", "M. sexta" is commonly used as a model organism for experiments. They are frequently studied in the laboratory due to their large size and relative ease


title: "Manduca sexta" content: of rearing. They may be reared on host plants, such as tobacco and tobacco relatives, tomato plants, or wheat-germ-based artificial diet. Their rearing is straightforward, as long as they receive a "long day" (i.e., 14 hour) daylight cycle during development to prevent diapause. Eggs are rinsed for one to five minutes in dilute household bleach for disinfection. Eggs are placed on diet cubes or host plants. The eggs hatch and develop at different speeds depending on temperature. The larvae are moved to fresh diet or leaves as their food spoils or is consumed. When they start to "wander", they are


title: "Manduca sexta" content: about to pupate, so are placed in a pupation chamber. Pupation chambers are holes drilled into a wood board. The "Manduca" larvae are sealed in the chamber using a stopper and allowed to pupate. After pupation, the pupae are placed in a breeding or colony chamber to eclose. Providing a cup of sugar water and a tobacco (or related) plant will allow mated females to oviposit fertile eggs, which can then be reared. When fed an artificial diet, "Manduca" larvae do not consume the xanthophyll needed to produce their green coloration; instead they appear blue. On some diets, they have


title: "Manduca sexta" content: very little pigment and pigment precursors, so are a very pale blue-white. As vitamin A and other carotenoids are necessary for the visual pigments (rhodopsin), an artificial-diet-reared hornworm may have poor vision due to lack of carotenoids in the diet. Captive-bred hornworms fed on an artificial diet are often given to insectivorous exotic animals, such as certain reptiles, fish and small mammals. They are preferred over wild-collected hornworms, which may bioaccumulate poisonous substances found in dietary plants. Hornworms, though originally bred for laboratories, are also farmed for this purpose. They are often sold already-packed into pods that include everything the


title: "Manduca sexta" content: larvae need, including food. Care is relatively easy, and animals seem to relish their bright color and flavor. Tobacco hornworms are facultative specialists; the larvae can grow and develop on any host plants. However, the larvae prefer solanaceous plants, such as tobacco and tomato plants. On these types of plants, larvae grow and develop faster. The lateral and medial sensilla styloconia, which are sensory receptors, on their mouthparts help them to identify solanaceous plants by recognizing indioside D, a steroidal glycoside found in those particular plants (del Campo et al., 2001). Tobacco hornworms are considered pests because they feed on


title: "Manduca sexta" content: the upper leaves of tobacco plants and leave green or black droppings on the plants. As adults, they do not damage plants since they feed on nectar. Tobacco hornworm larvae prefer humid environments. When dehydrated, tobacco hornworm larvae will move towards a source of water or to an area with a high relative level of humidity. They use their antennae to locate water to drink (Rowley and Hanson, 2007). Nicotine is poisonous to most animals that use muscles to move because nicotine targets the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction. However, the tobacco hornworm is capable of metabolizing nicotine from


title: "Manduca sexta" content: the tobacco plant and using nicotine as a defense against predators. It possesses a gene called cytochrome P450 6B46 (CYP6B46) that converts nicotine into a metabolite. About 0.65% of nicotine metabolites are transported from the gut to the hemolymph, where they are reconverted to nicotine and released into the air from the tobacco hornworm's spiracles. The emitted nicotine is used as a way to deter spiders, a practice known as “toxic halitosis.” In one study, tobacco hornworms that fed from nicotine-deficient plants or expressed low levels of CYP6B46 were more susceptible to wolf spider predation (Kumar et al., 2013). Tobacco


title: "Manduca sexta" content: hornworm caterpillars emit short clicking sounds from their mandibles when they are being attacked. This sound production is believed to be a type of acoustic aposematism, or warning sounds that let predators know that trying to eat them will be troublesome; tobacco hornworms have been observed to thrash and bite predators after producing those clicking sounds. These clicks can be heard at a close distance with a frequency range of 5 to 50 kHz. The intensity of clicks increases with the number of attacks (Bura et al., 2012). In the film "Sommersby", set on a tobacco plantation in Tennessee just


title: "Manduca sexta" content: after the American Civil War, the crop is threatened by a larval pest that resembles the tobacco hornworm. In the film, the pest is referred to as hogworm. Manduca sexta Manduca sexta is a moth of the family Sphingidae present through much of the American continent. Commonly known as the Carolina sphinx moth and the tobacco hawk moth (as adults) and the tobacco hornworm and the goliath worm (as larvae), it is closely related to and often confused with the very similar tomato hornworm ("Manduca quinquemaculata"); the larvae of both feed on the foliage of various plants of the family


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: Bugatti Veyron The Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4 is a mid-engined sports car, designed and developed in Germany by the Volkswagen Group and manufactured in Molsheim, France, by Bugatti. It was named after the racing driver Pierre Veyron. The original version has a top speed of . It was named "Car of the Decade and best car award" (2000–2009) by the BBC television programme "Top Gear". The standard Bugatti Veyron also won "Top Gear"s Best Car Driven All Year award in 2005. The Super Sport version of the Veyron is recognised by Guinness World Records as the fastest street-legal production car


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: in the world, with a top speed of . The roadster Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse version was the fastest roadster in the world, reaching an averaged top speed of in a test on 6 April, 2013. The Veyron's chief designer was Hartmut Warkuss and the exterior was designed by Jozef Kabaň of Volkswagen, with much of the engineering work being conducted under the guidance of engineering chief Wolfgang Schreiber. The Veyron includes a sound system designed and built by Burmester Audiosysteme. Several special variants have been produced. In December, 2010, Bugatti began offering prospective buyers the ability to customise exterior


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: and interior colours by using the "Veyron 16.4 Configurator" application on the marque's official website. The Bugatti Veyron was discontinued in late 2014. In May 1998, Volkswagen AG acquired the rights to use the Bugatti logo and the trade name Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. To succeed the EB 110 model produced under previous ownership, the maker quickly released a series of concept cars that would culminate in the Bugatti Veyron 16.4. Between October 1998 and September 1999, Bugatti introduced a series of Giugiaro-designed concept vehicles, each with permanent four-wheel drive and powered by the Volkswagen-designed W18 engine. The first, the EB118,


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: was a 2-door coupé presented at the 1998 Paris Motor Show. The next, the EB218, was a 4-door sedan presented at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show. A third, the 18/3 Chiron, was a mid-engined sports car presented at the 1999 International Motor Show in Frankfurt. In October, 1999, Bugatti unveiled a fourth concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show. The EB 18/4 Veyron was a mid-engined supercar styled in-house under the direction of Hartmut Warkuß. In 2000, a modified version, the EB 16/4 Veyron, was displayed at motor shows in Detroit, Geneva, and Paris. Rather than the three-bank W-18 of


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: the four previous concepts, the EB 16/4 featured the four-bank W16 engine architecture installed in every production example of the Bugatti Veyron. The decision to start production of the car was made by the Volkswagen Group in 2001. The first roadworthy prototype was completed in August 2003. It is identical to the later series variant except for a few details. In the transition from development to series production considerable technical problems had to be addressed, repeatedly delaying production until September 2005. The Veyron EB 16.4 is named in honour of Pierre Veyron, a Bugatti development engineer, test driver and company


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: race driver who, with co-driver Jean-Pierre Wimille, won the 1939 24 Hours of Le Mans while driving a Bugatti. The "EB" refers to Bugatti founder Ettore Bugatti and the "16.4" refers to the engine's 16 cylinders and 4 turbochargers. The Veyron features an 8.0-litre, quad-turbocharged, W16 cylinder engine, equivalent to two narrow-angle V8 engines bolted together. Each cylinder has four valves for a total of 64, but the configuration of each bank allows two overhead camshafts to drive two banks of cylinders so only four camshafts are needed. The engine is fed by four turbochargers and displaces , with a


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: square bore and stroke. The transmission is a dual-clutch direct-shift computer-controlled automatic transmission with seven gear ratios, with magnesium paddles behind the steering wheel and a shift time of less than 150 milliseconds, built by Ricardo of England rather than Borg-Warner, who designed the six speed DSG used in the mainstream Volkswagen Group marques. The Veyron can be driven in either semi-automatic or fully automatic mode. A replacement transmission for the Veyron costs just over . It also has permanent all-wheel drive using the Haldex Traction system. It uses special Michelin PAX run-flat tyres, designed specifically to accommodate the Veyron's


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: top speed, and cost per set. The tyres can be mounted on the wheels only in France, a service which costs . Kerb weight is . This gives the car a power-to-weight ratio, according to Volkswagen Group's figures, of per ton. The car's wheelbase is . Overall length is which gives of overhang. The width is and height . The Bugatti Veyron has a total of ten radiators: It has a (normal condition) and (after lowering to the ground), and a frontal area of . This gives it a drag area, the product of drag coefficient and frontal area, of


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: . According to Volkswagen Group and certified by TÜV Süddeutschland, the final production Veyron engine produces of motive power, and generates of torque. The nominal figure has been stated by Bugatti officials to be conservative, with the real total being at 6,000 rpm. German inspection officials recorded an average top speed of the original version at during test sessions on Volkswagen Group's private Ehra-Lessien test track on 19 April, 2005. This top speed was almost matched by James May on "Top Gear" in November, 2006, at the Ehra-Lessien test track, at . May noted that at top speed the engine


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: consumes of air per minute (as much as a human breathes in four days). Back in the "Top Gear" studio, co-presenter Jeremy Clarkson commented that most supercars felt like they were shaking apart at their top speed, and asked May if that was the case with the Veyron at . May responded that the Veyron was very controlled, and only wobbled slightly when the air brake deployed. The car's everyday top speed is listed at . When the car reaches , hydraulics lower the car until it has a ground clearance of about . At the same time, the wing


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: and spoiler deploy. In this "handling mode", the wing provides of downforce, holding the car to the road. "Top speed mode" must be entered while the vehicle is at rest. Its driver must toggle a special top speed key to the left of their seat, which triggers a checklist to establish whether the car and its driver are ready to attempt to reach . If so, the rear spoiler retracts, the front air diffusers shut, and normal ground clearance drops to . The Veyron's brakes use cross drilled, radially vented carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composite discs, manufactured by


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: SGL Carbon, The lightweight aluminium alloy monobloc brake calipers are made by AP Racing; the fronts have eight titanium pistons and the rear calipers have six pistons. Bugatti claims maximum deceleration of 1.3 g on road tyres. As an added safety feature, in the event of brake failure, an anti-lock braking system (ABS) has also been installed on the handbrake. Prototypes have been subjected to repeated 1.0 g braking from to without fade. With the car's acceleration from to , that test can be performed every 22 seconds. At speeds above , the rear wing also acts as an airbrake,


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: snapping to a 55° angle in 0.4 seconds once brakes are applied, providing an additional 0.68 g (6.66 m/s) of deceleration (equivalent to the stopping power of an ordinary hatchback). Bugatti claims the Veyron will brake from to a standstill in less than 10 seconds, though distance covered in this time will be half a kilometre (third of a mile). The targa top version of the Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4, dubbed the Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Grand Sport, was unveiled at the 2008 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance. It has extensive reinforcements to compensate for the lack of a standard roof and


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: small changes to the windshield and running lights. Two removable tops are included, the second a temporary arrangement fashioned after an umbrella. The top speed with the hardtop in place is the same as the standard coupé version, but with the roof down is limited to —and to with the temporary soft roof. The Grand Sport edition was limited to 150 units, with the first 50 going exclusively to registered Bugatti customers. Production began in the second quarter of 2009, with the car priced at (excluding taxes and delivery). A version was introduced at the 2012 Qatar Motor Show with


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: a horizontal colour split with a bright yellow body framed in visible black carbon (including black-tinted wheels), seats in yellow-coloured leather upholstery with black stitching, middle console in black carbon, dashboard, steering wheel and gearshift made of black leather with yellow stitching. It was priced at . The Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport is a faster, more powerful version of the Bugatti Veyron 16.4. Production is limited to 30 units. The Super Sport has increased engine power of at 6,400 rpm and a maximum torque of at 3,000–5,000 rpm, and a revised aerodynamic package. The Super Sport has a top


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: speed, making it the fastest production road car on the market when it was released although it is electronically limited to to protect the tyres from disintegrating. The Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport World Record Edition is a version of the Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport. It is limited to five units. It has an orange body detailing, orange wheels, and a special black exposed carbon body. The electronic limiter is also removed with this version. The vehicle was unveiled in 2010 at The Quail, followed by the 2010 Monterey Historic Races at Laguna Seca, and the 2010 Pebble Beach


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: Concours d'Elegance. The Super Sport is valued at . On 4 July 2010 James May, a television presenter on BBC Two's television show "Top Gear", drove the Veyron Super Sport at . Later that day, Bugatti's official test driver Pierre Henri Raphanel drove the Super Sport version of the Veyron on Volkswagen's Ehra-Lessien (near Wolfsburg, Germany) high-speed test track to establish the car's top speed. With representatives of the Guinness Book of Records and German Technical Inspection Agency (TÜV) on hand, Raphanel made passes around the big oval in both directions achieving an average maximum speed of , thus taking


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: back the title from the SSC Ultimate Aero TT as the fastest production vehicle of all time. The 431.072 km/h mark was reached by averaging the Super Sport's two test runs, the first reaching and the second . When the record was certified it was already well-known to the public that the customer car would be electronically limited to . Yet, after a query by the "Sunday Times" Guinness' PR director Jaime Strang was quoted on 5 April 2013: "As the car’s speed limiter was deactivated, this modification was against the official guidelines. Consequently, the vehicle’s record set at 431.072


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: km/h is no longer valid." On 10 April 2013 it was written on its website: "Guinness World Records would like to confirm that Bugatti's record has not been disqualified; the record category is currently under review." On 15 April 2013 Bugatti's speed record was confirmed: "Following a thorough review conducted with a number of external experts, Guinness World Records is pleased to announce the confirmation of Bugatti's record of Fastest production car achieved by the Veyron 16.4 Super Sport. The focus of the review was with respect to what may constitute a modification to a car’s standard specification. Having evaluated


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: all the necessary information, Guinness World Records is now satisfied that a change to the speed limiter does not alter the fundamental design of the car or its engine." The Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Grand Sport Vitesse is a targa top version of the Veyron Super Sport. It produces a maximum output of at 6,400 rpm and a maximum torque of at 3,000–5,000 rpm. These figures allow the car to accelerate from a stand still to in 2.6 seconds. On normal roads, the Vitesse is electronically limited to . The vehicle was first unveiled at the 2012 Geneva Motor Show and


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: later appeared at the 2012 Beijing Auto Show and the 2012 São Paulo Motor Show. The Base price of the Vitesse is (without tax and transportation), with the car shown at the Geneva Motor Show costing and the car shown at the São Paulo Motor Show costing . A number of special editions of the Vitesse were made. The Vitesse SE, inspired by Bugatti Type 37A, was unveiled in 2012 and sold for (). The World Record Car (WRC) Edition was limited to 8 units, debuted in 2013, and went on sale for . In 2013, Bugatti produced a series


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: of Vitesse dedicated to racing legends, including Jean-Pierre Wimille Jean Bugatti, Meo Costantini, and Ettore Bugatti. A Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Grand Sport Vitesse driven by the Chinese racing driver Anthony Liu at Volkswagen Group's proving grounds in Ehra-Lessien became the fastest open-top production sports car, with a top speed of . After the world record attempt, Dr. Wolfgang Schreiber, President of Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S, said “When we introduced the Vitesse, we established the top speed for open-top driving to be 375 km/h. Still, we could not let go of the idea of reaching the 400 km/h mark with this car


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: as well. The fact that we have succeeded in reaching 408.84 km/h is a thrill for me, and it reaffirms once again that Bugatti is the leader when it comes to technology in the international automotive industry." The driver, Anthony Liu, claimed "Even at such high speeds it remained incredibly comfortable and stable. With an open top, you can really experience the sound of the engine and yet even at higher speeds I did not get compromised by the wind at all.” , 405 Veyrons have been produced and delivered to customers worldwide, with orders have already been placed for


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: another 30. Bugatti was reported to produce 300 coupes and 150 roadsters up to the end of 2015. Only 450 Bugatti Veyrons were produced in a span of over 10 years. The final production vehicle, a Grand Sport Vitesse titled "La Finale" (The Last One), was displayed at the Geneva Motor Show from 5–15 March 2015. In 2008, Bugatti then-CEO Dr Franz-Josef Paefgen confirmed that the Veyron would be replaced by another high-end model by 2012. In 2011, the new CEO Wolfgang Dürheimer revealed that the company was planning to produce two models in the future — one a sports


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: car-successor to the Veyron, the other a limousine known as the Bugatti 16C Galibier, which was later cancelled since Bugatti was later then working on a successor to the Veyron, which became the Bugatti Chiron. Originally the new model due in 2016 was meant to be no faster or more powerful than the Super Sport. This was later changed after a faster and more powerful in-game counterpart of the Super Sport appeared in Gran Turismo 6, known as the Bugatti Vision Gran Turismo. The Vision Gran Turismo debuted at the September 2015 Frankfurt Motor Show. A toned-down version of the


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: Vision Gran Turismo concept car, now called the Chiron, debuted at the March 2016 Geneva Motor Show. Production started in 2017 and will be limited to 500 units. All three former presenters of the popular BBC motoring show "Top Gear" have given the Veyron considerable praise. While initially skeptical that the Veyron would ever be produced, Jeremy Clarkson later declared the Veyron "the greatest car ever made and the greatest car we will ever see in our lifetime", comparing it to Concorde and S.S. "Great Britain". He also pointed out that the actual production cost of a Bugatti Veyron car


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: was , but was sold to customers for just . When asked why, he jokingly said that Volkswagen designed the car merely as a "Technical Exercise". James May described the Veyron as "our Concorde moment." Clarkson test drove the Veyron from Alba in northern Italy to London in a race against May and Richard Hammond who made the journey in a Cessna 182 aeroplane. A few episodes later, May drove the Veyron at the VW test track and took it to its top speed of . In series 10, Hammond raced the Veyron against the Eurofighter Typhoon and lost. He


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: also raced the car in Series 13 against a McLaren F1 driven by The Stig in a one-mile (1.6 km) drag race in Abu Dhabi. The commentary focused on Bugatti's "amazing technical achievement" versus the "non-gizmo" racing purity of the F1. While the F1 was quicker off the line and remained ahead until both cars were travelling at approximately 200 km/h, the Bugatti overtook its competitor from 200 to 300 km/h and emerged the victor. Hammond has stated that he did not use the Veyron's launch control in order to make the race more interesting. The Veyron also won the


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: award for "Car of the Decade" in "Top Gear"'s end of 2010 award show. Clarkson commented "It was a car that just rewrote the rule book really, an amazing piece of engineering, a genuine Concorde moment". When the standard version was tested in 2008, it did not reach the top of the lap time leader board, with a time of 1:18.3, which was speculated as being due to the car's considerable weight disadvantage against the other cars towards the top. In 2010 the Super Sport version achieved the fastest ever time of 1:16.8 (dethroned the Gumpert Apollo S, replaced by


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: the Ariel Atom V8 in 2011), as well as being taken to a verified average top speed of by Raphanel on the programme, thenceforth retaking its position as the fastest production car in the world. In 2011, Martin Roach's book "Bugatti Veyron: A Quest for Perfection – The Story of the Greatest Car in the World" took the stance that the car had now become so famous that it is effectively a bona fide celebrity. The book follows its author as he attempts to track down and drive the car, along the way interviewing chief designers, test drivers, and the


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: president of Bugatti. During its development period McLaren F1 designer Gordon Murray said in UK auto magazine "Evo": "The most pointless exercise on the planet has got to be this four-wheel-drive, thousand-horsepower Bugatti." But after driving it he called it "a huge achievement". Murray was impressed with the Veyron's engine and transmission after he test drove one for "Road and Track" magazine. He also praised its styling: "The styling is a wonderful mélange of classic curves and mechanical edges and elements — this should ensure that the car will still look good years from now, and therefore have a chance


title: "Bugatti Veyron" content: of becoming a future classic." Bugatti Veyron The Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4 is a mid-engined sports car, designed and developed in Germany by the Volkswagen Group and manufactured in Molsheim, France, by Bugatti. It was named after the racing driver Pierre Veyron. The original version has a top speed of . It was named "Car of the Decade and best car award" (2000–2009) by the BBC television programme "Top Gear". The standard Bugatti Veyron also won "Top Gear"s Best Car Driven All Year award in 2005. The Super Sport version of the Veyron is recognised by Guinness World Records as


title: "Peter and Paul Fortress" content: expected to hold up to sixty tombs, but by the time of the Russian Revolution, there were thirteen. The latest burial was of Nicholas II's first cousin once removed, Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrilovich (1992). The remains of his parents, Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich and his wife Viktoria Fyodorovna, were transferred to the mausoleum from Coburg in 1995. Other structures inside the fortress include the still functioning Saint Petersburg Mint building (constructed to Antonio Porta's designs under Emperor Paul), the Trubetskoy Bastion with its grim prison cells, and the city museum. According to a centuries-old tradition, a cannon is fired each


title: Dolma content: Dolma Dolma is a family of stuffed dishes common in the Mediterranean cuisine and surrounding regions including the Balkans, the South Caucasus, Central Asia and Middle East. Common vegetables to stuff include tomato, pepper, onion, zucchini, eggplant, garlic. Cabbage rolls and dishes of stuffed grape leaves are also very popular, and these are sometimes also called "sarma". Meat dolmas are generally served warm, often with tahini or egg-lemon sauce. Dolmas prepared with olive oil and stuffed with rice are generally served cold with a garlic-yogurt sauce. Stuffed vegetables are also common in Greek cuisine, called "gemista", as well as in


title: Dolma content: Italian cuisine, where they are named "ripieni" ("stuffed"). In 2017, dolma making in Azerbaijan was included into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. The tradition is present throughout the Republic of Azerbaijan, and is perceived as a central culinary practice in all of its regions. The word "dolma" is of Turkish origin from the word "dolmak" (to fill). The plural form in Greek is "dolmades" and this is sometimes preferred in English usage instead of "dolmas". The origins of dolma are unknown, but the dish is found in the cuisines of the Turkic countries, the Balkans, South Caucasus, Iran, Central


title: Dolma content: Asia, Egypt, Arabia, and the Middle East. The word varies between Turkic dialects called "dolama" in Turkmen and "tulma" in the Tatar language. The word dolma most likely comes from Ottoman palace cuisine, but stuffed vegetables have other names as well like "yemistos" in Greek and "mahshi" in Arabic. Dolma have been a part of Middle Eastern cuisine for centuries. Though the word "dolma" itself most likely has its roots in the cuisine of the Ottoman Topkapı Palace, stuffed vegetables are attested to in pre-Ottoman Arabic cookbooks that include recipes like eggplants stuffed with meat. Likewise, in Ancient Greece, fig


title: Dolma content: leaf stuffed with sweetened cheese was called "thrion". The exact origins are unknown, but the Persian variety has been traced to at least the 17th century and in the 19th century Naser al-Din Shah Qajars chef records several varieties including stuffed grape leaves, cabbage leaves, cucumbers, eggplants, apples, and quinces. The recorded stuffings included ground meat, sauteed mint, rice and saffron. Dolma is a common dish in Iraqi cuisine, which includes a version of stuffed cabbage leaves, onions in aubergines cooked in tomato sauce. Syrians, Lebanese, Palestinians, Iraqis and Iranians have been making stuffed grape leaves for centuries. Over time,


title: Dolma content: regional variations developed. In the Persian Gulf, basmati rice is preferred, and the flavor of the stuffing may be enhanced using tomatoes, onions and cumin. Muslim families often serve dolma as part of the "iftar" meal during Ramadan and during the Eid al-Fitr celebrations that mark the end of the holy month. Assyrians prepare meatless dolmas for Lent. Large pots of dolma are prepared during the Norouz festival. Dolma are part of cuisine of the Sephardic Jews as well. There are some variations in Jewish family dishes that are not found in other versions. Iraqi Jewish families had a version


title: Dolma content: of dolma with sweet and sour flavors that were not found in other versions. During winter months cabbage was a staple food for peasants in Persia and the Ottoman Empire, and it spread to the Balkans as well. Jews in Eastern Europe prepared variations of stuffed cabbage rolls with kosher meat—this dish was called "golub" in Russian, "holub" in Ukranian, and "teibel" in Yiddish. Jews in the Ottoman Empire used locally grown grape leaves and adopted the Turkish names of the dish. As meat was expensive, rice was sometimes mixed in with the meat. Jews in Europe would sometimes substitute


title: Dolma content: barley, bread or kasha for the rice. There are many varieties of the "zeytinyağlı" (with olive oil) and "sağyağlı" (with clarified butter) "dolmas". The "zeytinyağlı" dolmas are usually stuffed with rice and served cold, but variations with meat based fillings are served warm. The origins of stuffed vine leaves are unknown, but the dish was popular throughout the Ottoman Empire and can be found in many regional cuisines today. Sephardim call them "yaprakes finos", and they are known as "dolma bargh" in Iran, "dolmades" in Greece, "yalanchi sarma" in Armenia, and "yerba" in Syria. Some Israelis may use leaves picked


title: Dolma content: from the local mulberry trees. Stuffed vine leaves without meat are sometimes called "yalancı dolma", which means "liar's dolma" in Turkish. "Vişneli yalancı dolması" is a variation of stuffed vine leaves where the rice is seasoned with cinnamon, allspice and mint. The dolmas are slowly cooked together with morello cherries ("vişne"), and plums may be used also. A modern Israeli recipe has a meat-filled variant served in a pomegranate sauce with dried cherries. In Persian cuisine "basuts dolma" is a dish of cabbage rolls stuffed with beans and tart fruits. In Armenia, it is called Lenten Dolma or Pasuts Tolma


title: Dolma content: (պասուց տոլմա). It is wrapped with cabbage leaves, and stuffed with red beans, garbanzo beans, lentils, cracked wheat, tomato paste, onion and many spices and flavorings. Pasuts tolma is made of seven different grains – chickpea, bean, lentil, cracked wheat, pea, rice and maize. All the grains are boiled. This dolma is called "pasuts" (fast day) because the Christian New Year features the fast days, which end on Easter day. Armenian cooks sometimes use rose hip syrup to flavor stuffed cabbage rolls. Some Jewish families eat stuffed cabbage on "Simchat Torah". There is a Turkish variation with a chestnut and


title: Dolma content: rice based filling. Egyptians call this main course mahshi (also spelled mashi or mashy). It is stuffed vine leaves but traditionally, cabbage is used in the winter and vine leaves are used in the summer. According to Anthony Khatchaturian, a member of the Armenian community in Kolkata, India, the Bengali dish "potoler dorma" (stuffed gourd) was adapted from meat-stuffed vine leaves. "Mülebbes dolma" is a historic recipe from the Ottoman era. "Halep dolması"—named for Aleppo—is a dish of eggplants stuffed with a meat and rice filling that is flavored with spices and either sour plum flavoring syrup or lemon juice.


title: Dolma content: "Şalgam dolma" are stuffed russian turnips.. "Enginar dolması" is stuffed whole artichoke hearts. They may be stuffed with seasoned rice or ground meat cooked in fresh tomato sauce with aleppo pepper. Celery root may be substituted for the artichoke. A regional specialty from Mardin is mixed dolma platter. The sumac and Urfa pepper seasoned rice filling is first wrapped with onion layers, vine leaves and cabbage. The remainder of the rice is used to fill eggplant, zucchini and stuffing peppers. The wrapped onion dolma are added on the bottom of a deep cooking pot and the stuffed vegetables, cabbage rolls


title: Dolma content: and stuffed vine leaves are layered on top of the onion dolmas. The entire pot of dolmas are cooked in sumac flavored water. There are also seafood variants of dolma. Stuffed mussels, called "midye dolma" are very popular in Turkey. Midye dolma may be filled with rice, onion, black pepper and pimento spice. The filling for "kalamar dolma" (stuffed calamari) is made from Halloumi cheese, onion, fresh bread crumbs, garlic and parsley. The whole tentacle is stuffed with the mixture and fried in a butter, olive oil and tomato sauce. For another variation a whole small squid may be stuffed


title: Dolma content: with a bulgur and fresh herb mixture and baked in the oven. "Uskumru dolma" (stuffed mackerel) is a staple of Istanbul cuisine. The version that was traditionally prepared by Armenian cooks is particularly well-regarded. After the fish is prepared by carefully separating the skin from the meat, the meat is sauteed with onions, currants, dried apricots, almonds, hazelnuts, pine nuts, walnuts, cinnamon, cloves, allspice, ginger, fresh herbs and lemon juice. The entire mixture is stuffed into the whole, intact skin. The stuffed mackerel is then either baked or preferably grilled long enough to brown the skin. Sardines ("sardalya") may be


title: Dolma content: stuffed with a filling of kashar cheese, tomato, onion, dill and parsley. In Turkey, stuffed sardines may be served as a mezze platter at traditional taverns called "meyhane". There are several varieties of dolma made with offal. "Dalak dolması", widely considered a delicacy of Armenian origin, is spleen stuffed with rice that has been seasoned with allspice, salt, pepper, mint, parsley and onion. It may be served an accompaniment with the anise-flavored liquor called "rakı". "Mumbar dolma" is intestine stuffed with a moist mixture of ground meat, rice, pepper, cumin and salt. The stuffed intestine is then boiled in water


title: Dolma content: until it is cooked thoroughly, after which it may be sliced and fried in butter before serving. There are some fruit-based dolmas as well like "şekerli ayva dolması" (quince stuffed with a rice and currant filling, flavored with coriander, cinnamon and sugar) and "pekmezli ayva dolması" (meat and bulgur stuffed quince flavored with a traditional Turkish syrup, similar to molasses, called "pekmez"). "Pekmez" is also an ingredient in the meat-based variants of "elma dolması" (stuffed apples) and "sarı erık dolması" (stuffed yellow plums). Persian Jews may serve stuffed quince, called "dolma bay", as a Sabbath meal or during Sukkot. One


title: Dolma content: filling for stuffed apples is made from high-quality cubed lamb shoulder called "kuşbaşı", ground lamb and rice. First black grapes are boiled together with sumac—the resulting sumac flavored grape juice is drained and reserved. The "kuşbaşı" lamb is cooked in this sumac flavored grape juice. The apples are stuffed with a mixture of ground lamb combined with rice, salt, pepper and layered in a pot on top of the cooked chunks of "kuşbaşı". The apples are cooked in the remaining sumac flavored grape juice. Dried apricots and blanched almonds are added to the pot near the end of the cooking


title: Dolma content: process. A meatless variant of the filling is made from a sauteed mixture of diced apples, diced pears, walnuts, hazelnut, currants, cinnamon, cloves, and star anise. The hollowed out apples are stuffed with the mixture and baked in the oven. This version may be garnished with powdered sugar. Dolma Dolma is a family of stuffed dishes common in the Mediterranean cuisine and surrounding regions including the Balkans, the South Caucasus, Central Asia and Middle East. Common vegetables to stuff include tomato, pepper, onion, zucchini, eggplant, garlic. Cabbage rolls and dishes of stuffed grape leaves are also very popular, and these


title: "Dean Brown" content: Rural Science, Diploma in Business Administration, and he earned a Master of Rural Science at the University of New England. Dean Brown's political career was marked by his rivalry with John Olsen, the two representing the moderate and conservative wings of the South Australian Liberal Party respectively. He was first elected to the House of Assembly for the safe Liberal seat of Davenport in east Adelaide on 10 March 1973, and joined the Liberal Movement faction of the party. He served in the ministry of David Tonkin from 1979 to 1982. After Tonkin lost the 1982 election and retired from


title: Pyrolusite content: careful analyses of numerous examples of these dendrites has shown that none of them are in fact pyrolusite. Instead, they are other forms of manganese oxide. Some of the most famous early cave paintings in Europe were executed by means of manganese dioxide. Blocks of pyrolusite are often found at Neanderthal sites. It may have been kept as a pigment for cave paintings, but it has also been suggested that it was powdered and mixed with tinder fungus for lighting fires. Manganese dioxide, in the form of umber, was one of the earliest natural substances used by human ancestors. It


title: "Band society" content: hunter-gatherer societies shows they are not classifiable as simply closed patrilineal groups, and better approached in terms of a notion of a flexible, non-exclusive social band, having bilateral relations for marriage and other purposes with similar groups in a circumscribed territory. In 1962 Les Hiatt invalidated Radcliffe-Brown's theory of the horde, demonstrating that the empirical evidence from Aboriginal societies contradicted Radcliffe-Brown's generalisations. Bands have a loose organization. They can split up (in spring/summer) or group (in winter camps), as the Inuit, depending on the season, or member families can disperse to join other groups. Their power structure is often egalitarian.


title: "Eryngium maritimum" content: Eryngium maritimum Eryngium maritimum, the sea holly or seaside eryngo, is a species of "Eryngium" in the plant family Apiaceae and native to most European coastlines. It resembles a plume thistle in that its flower is burr-shaped, but the flowers are metallic blue rather than mauve. Protected from winds this dune plant grows to a height of 20 to 60 cm. Although widespread, it is considered endangered in many areas, such as Germany where its occurrence has been greatly reduced throughout and has become locally extinct in several districts. In Elizabethan times in England, these plants were believed to be


title: "Eryngium maritimum" content: a strong aphrodisiac. They are named in a speech by Falstaff: Sea holly was nominated the 2002 County flower for the city of Liverpool. Asteroid 199194 Calcatreppola was named after this plant. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (). "This article is based on a translation of an article from the " Eryngium maritimum Eryngium maritimum, the sea holly or seaside eryngo, is a species of "Eryngium" in the plant family Apiaceae and native to most European coastlines. It resembles a plume thistle in that its flower is burr-shaped, but the flowers are


title: Rangiora content: Coastal Pacific, introduced as the Coastal Pacific in 1987 and rebranded as the TranzCoastal in 1995, passes through Rangiora heading north in the morning and south again in the afternoon. This has recently been cut back to three trains each way per week in the off-peak season, following a similar format applied to the Overlander between Auckland and Wellington in 2006. Rangiora Rangiora is the largest town and seat of the Waimakariri District, in Canterbury, New Zealand. It is north of Christchurch, and is considered a satellite town of the city. With a population of Rangiora is the 25th largest


title: "Bowling average" content: 20. Due to this, when establishing records for bowling averages, qualification criteria are generally set. For Test cricket, the "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack" sets this as 75 wickets, while ESPNcricinfo requires 2,000 deliveries. Similar restrictions are set for one-day cricket. A number of factors other than purely the ability level of the bowler have an effect on a player's bowling average. Most significant among these are the different eras in which cricket has been played. The bowling average tables in Test and first-class cricket are headed by players who competed in the nineteenth century, a period when pitches were uncovered and


title: Inawashiro content: The town borders expanded considerably in 1955 through a merger with the villages of Iwase, Iwaho, Azauma, Nagase, Tsukinowa, Chisato, and Okinajima. The economy of Inawashiro is based on agriculture and tourism. There are many ski resorts, onsen and leisure facilities at Lake Inawashiro. Sulfur mining, formerly a mainstay of the local economy, ended with the closure of the last mine in 1968. Inawashiro has six public elementary schools and three public junior high schools operated by the town government. The town has one public high school operated by the Fukushima Prefectural Board of Education. The prefecture also operates one


title: "Humberto Sousa Medeiros" content: were targeted by vandals on several occasions. In one instance a cross was burned on the lawn of the diocese's chancery. In 1971, Medeiros described abortion as "the new barbarism". As in Brownsville, he became an advocate for the poor in Boston as well. His Pastoral Letter "Man's Cities God's Poor" Boston 1972 reflects his passion for the Poor. An opponent of the Vietnam War, the Archbishop condemned the bombing of Hanoi in a 1972 Christmas homily. Pope Paul VI created him Cardinal Priest of "Santa Susanna" in the consistory of March 5, 1973. Medeiros pleaded with the Vatican to


title: "GE Healthcare" content: countries. GE Healthcare operates as a subsidiary of General Electric. In 1893, C.F. Samms and J.B. Wantz founded the Victor Electric Company in a basement. By 1896 they made electrostatic generators for exciting x-ray tubes and electrotherapeutic devices. They had a staff of six and a capital of $3,000 invested in the company. Victor Electric plunged into the x-ray business and by 1896 (one year after Roentgen’s discovery) were making x-ray machines. The business grew rapidly and so, in 1896, moved into new premises three times the original size, but this did not solve the space problems and the company


title: "M40 rifle" content: chambered for .300 Winchester Magnum. The barrels not currently fitted to the rifles are usually stored with the unit armorers. The U.S. Marine Corps M40A3 uses a Schneider barrel and the U.S. Army M24 used a Rock Creek 5R barrel. M40 rifle The M40 rifle is a bolt-action sniper rifle used by the United States Marine Corps. It has had four variants—the M40, M40A1, M40A3, and M40A5. The M40 was introduced in 1966. The changeover to the A1 model was completed in the 1970s, the A3 in the 2000s, and the A5 in 2009. Each M40 is built from a


title: "Manto Tshabalala-Msimang" content: that "a retraction was not under consideration". The article also reported speculation among "many top medical experts at state and private institutions, who refused to be named as they feared retribution from the health ministry" that her liver condition was alcohol-induced, cirrhosis. According to a "Sunday Times" article titled "Manto: A Drunk and a Thief" published on 19 August 2007, the minister was a convicted thief who had stolen patient items at a hospital in Botswana, and had been deported from Botswana and declared a prohibited immigrant. With the endorsement of Jacob Zuma's supporters, Tshabalala-Msimang was re-elected to the ANC's


title: "Boscobel House" content: Boscobel House Boscobel House () is a Grade II* listed building in the parish of Boscobel in Shropshire. It has been, at various times, a farmhouse, a hunting lodge, and a holiday home; but it is most famous for its role in the escape of Charles II after the Battle of Worcester in 1651. Today it is managed by English Heritage. The building is just inside Shropshire, as is clear from all Ordnance Survey maps of the area, although part of the property boundary is contiguous with the Shropshire – Staffordshire border, and it has a Stafford post code. Boscobel


title: "Spanish language in the Philippines" content: Memorandum No. 560, s. 2008 that shall implement the Special Program in Foreign Language on a pilot basis starting school year 2009–2010. The program shall initially offer Spanish as a foreign language in one school per region, at two classes of 35 students each, per school. As of 2009, the Spanish government has offered to fund a project and even offered scholarship grants to Spain for public school teachers and students who would like to study Spanish or take up a master's degree in four top universities in Spain. The Spanish government has been funding the ongoing pilot teacher training


title: "Erik Weihenmayer" content: thus completing the more respected Seventh Summit. Weihenmayer has climbed rock and ice faces around the world. These include the first blind ascent of the 3,000-foot Nose of El Capitan in Yosemite, a difficult alpine climb of spectacular Alpamayo in Peru, and an ascent of a rarely-climbed 3,000-foot frozen waterfall in Nepal. In September 2014, Erik and blinded Navy veteran, Lonnie Bedwell, kayaked the entire 277-miles of the Grand Canyon, considered one of the most formidable whitewater venues in the world. In 2006, Erik created the Adventure Team Challenge, a first-of-its-kind adventure race in which teams of disabled and non-disabled


title: "Joint probability distribution" content: Joint probability distribution Given random variables "X", "Y", ..., that are defined on a probability space, the joint probability distribution for "X", "Y", ... is a probability distribution that gives the probability that each of "X", "Y", ... falls in any particular range or discrete set of values specified for that variable. In the case of only two random variables, this is called a bivariate distribution, but the concept generalizes to any number of random variables, giving a multivariate distribution. The joint probability distribution can be expressed either in terms of a joint cumulative distribution function or in terms of


title: "William Alden Smith" content: jargon. Smith constructed the Grand Rapids, Kalkaska and Southeastern Railroad in Michigan in 1897 and became owner of the Lowell and Hastings Railroad in 1900. In 1901 he was honored with the degree of Master of Arts by Dartmouth College. He was owner and publisher of the "Grand Rapids Herald" in 1906 and chairman of the board of directors of the Goodrich Company, which owned the Graham and Morton Steamship Line, the largest operator of steamboats from Chicago to various Lake Michigan ports. Smith died in Grand Rapids and is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery there. In 1909 he defended Federal


title: "Grifter (comics)" content: as well and the WildC.A.T.s were disbanded. During a mission for Jack Marlowe - Spartan, Cole's legs were shattered by a FBI double-agent's daughter. Therefore, he could no longer operate as Marlowe's field agent. He trained accountant Edwin Dolby (Grifter) to take his place. Dolby turned out to be unsuitable for the violent life that Grifter planned for him and resigned from Halo. After Marlowe apologized to him, he rejoined, but strictly as an accountant. Grifter remodeled the robotic body of former teammate Ladytron as a remote-controlled body for himself. Several months later, Grifter's legs were healed, a side effect


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: Embraer E-Jet family The Embraer E-Jet family is a series of narrow-body short- to medium-range twin-engine jet airliners, carrying 66 to 124 passengers commercially, manufactured by Brazilian aerospace manufacturer Embraer. The aircraft family was first introduced at the Paris Air Show in 1999 and entered production in 2002. The series has been a commercial success primarily due to its ability to efficiently serve lower-demand routes while offering many of the same amenities and features of larger jets. The aircraft is used by mainline and regional airlines around the world but has proven particularly popular with regional airlines in the United


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: States. Studies on a 70-seat airliner started in 1995. Embraer first disclosed that it was studying a new 70-seat aircraft, which it called the EMB 170, in 1997, concurrently with announcing the development of its ERJ 135. The EMB 170 was to feature a new wing and larger-diameter fuselage mated to the nose and cockpit of the ERJ 145. The proposed derivative would have cost $450 million to develop. While Alenia, Aerospatiale and British Aerospace through AI(R) were studying the Airjet 70 based on the ATR 42/72 fuselage for a range, AI(R) and Embraer were studying a joint development of


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: a 70-seater jet since their separate projects were not yet launched. In February 1999, Embraer announced it had abandoned the derivative approach in favour of an all-new design. The E-jet family was formally launched at the Paris Air Show on 14 June 1999 as the ERJ-170 and ERJ-190, designations later changed to Embraer 170 and Embraer 190. Launch customers for the aircraft were the French airline Régional Compagnie Aérienne Européenne with ten orders and five options for the E170; and the Swiss airline Crossair with an order for 30 E170s and 30 E190s. Production of parts to build the prototype


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: and test airframes began in July 2000. The first prototype (PP-XJE) rolled out on October 29, 2001 at São José dos Campos, Brazil. Its first flight occurred 119 days later on February 19, 2002, marking the beginning of a multi-year flight test campaign. The aircraft was displayed to the public in May 2002 at the Regional Airline Association convention. Full production began in 2002, at a new factory built by Embraer at its São José dos Campos base. After a positive response from the airline community, Embraer launched the E175, which stretched the fuselage of the E170 by . The


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: first flight of the E175 took place on June 2003. In 2003, JetBlue ordered 100 Embraer 190s, delivered from 2005. After several delays in the certification process, the E170 received type certification from the aviation authorities of Brazil, Europe and the United States in February 2004. The first E170s were delivered in the second week of March 2004 to LOT Polish Airlines, followed by Alitalia and US Airways-subsidiary MidAtlantic Airways LOT operated the first commercial flight of an E-jet on 17 March 2004, from Warsaw to Vienna. Launch customer Crossair had in the meantime ceased to exist after its takeover


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: of Swissair; and fellow launch customer Régional Compagnie Aérienne deferred its order, not receiving its first E-jet—an E190LR—until 2006.) The first E175 was delivered to Air Canada and entered service in July 2005. In 2008, the 400th E-jet was delivered to Republic Airlines in the U.S. In September 2009, the 600th E-jet built was delivered to LOT Polish Airlines. On October 10, 2012, Embraer delivered the 900th E-Jet to Kenya Airways, its 12th Ejet. On 13 September 2013, the delivery of the 1,000th E-jet, an E175 to Republic Airlines for American Eagle, was marked by a ceremony held at the


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: Embraer factory in São José dos Campos, with a special "1,000th E-Jet" decal above the cabin windows. On 6 December 2017, the 1,400th E-Jet was delivered, an E175; it had a backlog of over 150 firm orders on 30 September 2017. On 18 December 2018, Embraer delivered the 1,500th E-Jet, an E175 to Alaska Air subsidiary Horizon Air, as Embraer claims a 80% market share of the North American 76-seaters. By then, the feet had completed 25 million flight hours in 18 million cycles (an average of 25/18round1 h) with a 99.9% dependability. On 6 November 2008, the longest flight


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: of an E190 was flown by JetBlue from Anchorage Airport to Buffalo International Airport over , a re-positioning flight after a two-month charter for Vice Presidential candidate Sarah Palin. On 14 October 2017, an Airlink Embraer E190-100IGW with 78 passengers aboard inaugurated the first scheduled commercial airline service in history to Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, arriving at Saint Helena Airport after a flight of about six hours from Johannesburg, South Africa, with a stop at Windhoek, Namibia. The flight began a once-a-week scheduled service by Airlink between Johannesburg and Saint Helena using Embraer 190 aircraft. The inaugural


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: flight was only the second commercial flight to Saint Helena in the island's history, and the first since a chartered Airlink Avro RJ85 landed at Saint Helena Airport on 3 May 2017. In November 2011, Embraer announced that it would develop revamped versions of the E-Jet to be called the E-Jet E2 family. The new jets would feature improved engines that would be more fuel efficient and take advantage of new technologies. Beyond the new engines, the E2 family would also feature new wings, improved avionics, and other improvements to the aircraft. The move came amid a period of high


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: global fuel costs and better positions Embraer as competitors introduced new and more fuel efficient jets, including the Mitsubishi Regional Jet. The new aircraft family also includes a much larger variant, the E195-E2 capable of carrying between 120 and 146 passengers. This jet better positions Embraer against the competing Airbus A220 aircraft. The PW1000G was previously selected for use on competing aircraft. In January 2013, Embraer selected the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G geared turbofan engine to power the E2 family. On February 28, 2018, The E190-E2 received its type certificate from the ANAC, FAA and EASA. It is scheduled to


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: enter service in the second quarter of 2018. The Embraer E-Jets line is composed of two main commercial families and a business jet variant. The smaller E170 and E175 make up the base model aircraft. The E190 and E195 are stretched versions, with different engines and larger wing, horizontal stabilizer and landing gear structures. The 170 and 175 share 95% commonality, as do the 190 and 195. The two families share near 89% commonality, with identical fuselage cross-sections and avionics, featuring the Honeywell Primus Epic Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS) suite. The E-jets also have winglets to improve efficiency. All


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: E-Jets use four-abreast seating (2+2) and have a "double-bubble" design, which Embraer developed for its commercial passenger jets, that provides stand-up headroom. The E190/195 series of aircraft have capacities similar to the initial versions of the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 and Boeing 737. The E-Jets have turbofan engines designed to reduce noise, which allows them to operate in airports that have strict noise restrictions, such as London City Airport. At , the E-Jet windows are larger than the Boeing 787 windows. The E170 is the smallest aircraft in the E-Jet family and was the first to enter revenue service in March


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: 2004. As of 2017, the E170 is largely out of production. The E170 typically seats around 72 passengers in a typical single class configuration, 66 in a dual class configuration, and up to 78 in a high density configuration. The E170 directly competes with the Bombardier CRJ700 and loosely with the turboprop Bombardier Q400. The jet is powered with General Electric CF34-8E engines of 14,200 pounds (62.28 kN) thrust each. The E175 is a slightly stretched version of the E170 and first entered revenue service in July 2005. The E175 typically seats around 78 passengers in a typical single class


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: configuration, 76 in a dual class configuration, and up to 88 in a high density configuration. Like the E170, It is powered with General Electric CF34-8E engines of 14,200 pounds (62.28 kN) of thrust each. It competes with the Bombardier CRJ900 in the market segment previously occupied by the earlier BAe 146 and Fokker 70. In late 2017, Embraer announced the E175SC (special configuration), limited to 70 seats like the E170 to take advantage of the E175 performance improvements, but still comply with US airline scope clauses limiting operators to 70 seats. Embraer is marketing the E175SC as a replacement


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: for the older 70-seat Bombardier CRJ700 with better efficiency and a larger first class. In 2018, a new E175 have a value of $27 million, projected to fall to $3-8 million 13 years later due to their concentration in the US with more than 450 in service within 560, with Republic and SkyWest operating over 120 each, Compass 55 and Envoy Air 45, after the similar experience with the CRJ200 and ERJ 145 demonstrates the limited remarketing opportunities. The E190/195 models are a larger stretch of the E170/175 models fitted with a new, larger wing, a larger horizontal stabilizer and


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: a new engine, the GE CF34-10E, rated at 18,500 lb (82.30 kN). These aircraft compete with the Bombardier CRJ-1000 and Airbus A220-100, the Boeing 717-200 and 737-600, and the Airbus A318. It can carry up to 100 passengers in a two-class configuration or up to 124 in single-class high density configuration. The first flight of the E190 was on March 12, 2004 (PP-XMA), with the first flight of the E195 (PP-XMJ) on December 7 of the same year. The launch customer of the E190 was New York-based low-cost carrier JetBlue with 100 orders options in 2003 and took its first


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: delivery in 2005. British low-cost carrier Flybe was the first operator of the E195, had 14 orders and 12 options, and started E195 operations on 22 September 2006. Flybe have since decided that they would remove the aircraft from their fleet in favour of the Dash 8 Q400 and Embraer 175, in an effort to reduce costs, by 2020. Air Canada operates 25 E190 aircraft fitted with 9 business-class and 88 economy-class seats as part of its primary fleet. JetBlue, American Airlines, and Georgian Airways also operate the E190 as part of their own fleet. By 2018, the first E190s


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: value was below $10 million and can be leased below $100,000, while most recent ones are worth $30 million and can be leased for less than $200,000 per month. On 2 May 2006, Embraer announced plans for the business jet variant of the E190, the Embraer Lineage 1000 (type name ERJ190-100 ECJ). It has the same structure as the E190, but with an extended range of up to 4,200 nmi, and luxury seating for up to 19. It was certified by the USA Federal Aviation Administration on 7 January 2009. The first two production aircraft were delivered in December 2008.


title: "Embraer E-Jet family" content: Embraer considered producing an aircraft which was known as the E195X, a stretched version of the E195. It would have seated approximately 130 passengers. The E195X was apparently a response to an American Airlines request for an aircraft to replace its McDonnell Douglas MD-80s. Embraer abandoned plans for the 195X in May 2010, following concerns that its range would be too short. , the Embraer fleet consists of the following aircraft: List of Embraer's E-Jet family deliveries and orders: Source: Embraer's order book as of October 30, 2018. Embraer E-Jet family The Embraer E-Jet family is a series of narrow-body


title: Saxicola content: Saxicola Saxicola (Latin: "saxum", rock + "incola", dwelling in), the stonechats or chats, is a genus of 15 species of small passerine birds restricted to the Old World. They are insectivores occurring in open scrubland and grassland with scattered small shrubs. The following 15 species are currently accepted in "Saxicola": Formerly included in the genus "Saxicola", but now treated in a separate genus: The genus was introduced by the German naturalist Johann Matthäus Bechstein in 1802. The type species was subsequently designated as the European stonechat. The name "Saxicola" is from Latin "saxum", "saxi" "stone" and "-cola" "dweller". The genus


title: Saxicola content: was formerly included in the thrush family Turdidae, but as with several other related genera, has now been shown to be correctly classified in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, in which it is most closely related to the genera "Oenanthe" (wheatears) and "Campicoloides". Genetic and behavioural evidence has also resulted in several new species being accepted in the genus in recent years, most notably the splitting of the former broad "species" common stonechat "Saxicola torquatus" into five species, a change now widely though not yet universally accepted. With addition of mtDNA cytochrome "b" sequence and nDNA fingerprinting data, it


title: Saxicola content: was confirmed that not only the Fuerteventura and Réunion stonechats are distinct species, but that in addition, the African, Madagascan, European, Siberian and Stejneger's stonechats are also all separate species. Due to confusion of subspecies allocation, the name "S. torquatus" was briefly used for the European species, with the African stonechat being incorrectly listed as "S. axillaris". Owing to misunderstandings of Latin syntax, several species have in the past been widely but incorrectly cited with feminine name endings (""S. torquata, S. maura, S. leucura, S. ferrea"", etc.). Saxicola Saxicola (Latin: "saxum", rock + "incola", dwelling in), the stonechats or chats,