title: "Colonia (United States)" content: participatory model of one hundred Mexican-origin colonia residents showed that participants who met the criteria for alcohol dependence showed more symptoms of anxiety and post-traumatic stress than the national average. Investigators found that among Mexican-American immigrants, lifetime prevalence for any anxiety disorder in men was 9% and 18% for women. For Mexican Americans born in the United States, 20% of men and 27% of women met the criteria for anxiety disorders. Mexican Americans living in colonia have considerable health risks due to unsafe living conditions, low educational attainment, high unemployment, comparatively high rates of communicable illness, lack of access to


title: "Isaac Sowells" content: Isaac Sowells Isaac Sowells (born May 4, 1982) is a former American football guard. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at Indiana. Sowells has also been a member of the Cincinnati Bengals, Hartford Colonials, and Detroit Lions. Sowells attended Doss High School in Louisville. Sowells played college football for Indiana University. He played in 27 games and was a general studies major. Sowells was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the fourth round (112th overall) in the 2006 NFL Draft. Sowells was released by the Browns


title: "Stephen Gostkowski" content: 2-yard line back to the 15-yard line. Since "The NFL Record & Fact Book" does not count statistics from playoff games when calculating regular-season streaks, Gostkowski ended the regular season with his extra point streak active at 463. During the 2016 offseason, the NFL changed the rule on kickoffs so that touchbacks would grant the offense an extra five yards, with possessions starting at the 25-yard line rather than the 20-yard line. The Patriots took advantage of Gostkowski's ability to deliver "mortar kicks" that have a long hang time but land inside the field of play, which then forces the


title: "Tales of the Jedi: Redemption" content: the convocation that has begun. While Nomi speaks, Vima gets bored and decides to take off and try out flying a mining ship. But, while flying, Vima gets caught in a magnetic loop and has her ship disabled and is forced to eject. She is then rescued by a late arrival for the convocation, Tott Doneeta. Upon arriving back at the station, Nomi questions her daughter's actions, asking how she can expect to become a Jedi with such brash choices. Vima responds by saying if Nomi would spend more time training her, she could have gotten out of it herself.


title: "Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990" content: little problem commanding attention, thanks to her spectacular dancing and the wonderfully aggressive choreography that informs the 90-minute show." In his opinion, the most "engaging" aspects of the concert were Jackson's ballads such as "Let's Wait Awhile" and "Come Back to Me". He adds that "[a]lthough the focus was clearly on Jackson's dynamic dancing and her apparently boundless energy, she acquitted herself well on the vocal front. The singing seemed mostly note-perfect recaps of the records, and there is less range and dynamics here than in her dancing, but overall, it was effective enough." "Los Angeles Times" critic Chris Willman,


title: "Seven fires prophecy" content: as a single Anishinaabe peoplehood but rather as a unified alliance called Council of Three Fires. Travelling east and north, and then west, the Council crossed a series of small islands known as "the stepping stones" until they arrived onto Manitoulin island, described as the "Fourth Stopping Place" of the "turtle-shaped island" marked by "miigis" shell. There on the island, the Council met up with the Mississaugas, who then spiritually fully re-aligned the formerly lost southern group with the northern group who were never lost. The Odawa facilitated the "healing" and the island became synonymous as the "Odawa's Island" in


title: "Salvatore Lo Piccolo" content: murders in Palermo was in part due to the return of the "so-called fugitives (Inzerillo family)... who have now returned... If they are back, it means that someone has authorized their return. This is not appreciated by the other side," he added. On November 5, 2007, Lo Piccolo and his son Sandro, as well as two other top mafiosi, Gaspare Pulizzi and Andrea Adamo, were arrested in a villa in Giardinello, between Cinisi and Terrasini. Police fired several warning shots in the air as they moved in against the mafiosi, who were all armed but apparently did not put up


title: "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film)" content: to erect before he leaves. The mayor then shames Cindy Lou for inviting the Grinch. Since the Grinch's attack has failed to crush the Whos' Christmas spirit, he concocts a plan to steal all of their presents, decorations, and food while they are sleeping. Creating a Santa suit and powered sleigh, and dressing his dog Max as a reindeer, the Grinch descends to Whoville and steals all of the Christmas gifts. When Cindy Lou catches him stealing the tree, he tells her he is taking it to Santa's workshop for repair of a defective light. On Christmas morning, the Whos


title: "Ipomopsis aggregata" content: Ipomopsis aggregata Ipomopsis aggregata is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family (Polemoniaceae), commonly known as scarlet trumpet, scarlet gilia, or skyrocket because of its scarlet red flowers with lobes curving back as if blown back by rocketing through the air. Since its discovery in 1814 by Frederick Pursch, the plant has undergone many name modifications. The current scientific name of ""Ipomopsis"", Latin for "similar to "Ipomoea"" or morning glories, refers to its similarities between the morning glories' similar red tubular flowers. "Aggregata", "brought together" in Latin refers to its petal growing pattern. Common names include scarlet gilia,


title: "Ipomopsis aggregata" content: scarlet trumpet, and skyrocket.. The potent smell from glands within its basal leave formations grant it the name skunk flower. In some areas it is also called honeysuckle, owing to the shape of the flower and the droplet of nectar that can be enjoyed by picking off the flower and sucking it out of the basal end. The common name of Gilia (once a component of its scientific name) is pronounced "Jee-lee-uh", an Italian pronunciation, after its original namesake, Italian scientist and clergyman Filippo Luigi Gilii. "Ipomopsis aggregata" is characterized by the USDA as a native species for the continental


title: "Ipomopsis aggregata" content: United States and Canada.It is native to western North America, growing mainly in the central to western regions and ranging from as far north as British Columbia to Mexico. "Ipomopsis aggregata" has characteristic red, trumpet-shaped flowers and basal leaves stemming from a single erect stem. Depending on elevation, height can range from 12 inches, in Rocky Mountain alpine areas, to over 5 feet, in areas of southern Texas. Trumpet flowers can range from white, red, orange-red, and pink. Pink flowers are especially common in high mesa areas of Colorado, such as the Flat Tops, Grand Mesa, or the Uncompahgre Plateau.


title: "Ipomopsis aggregata" content: Yellow flowers have been reported for plant but are extremely rare. Fernlike leaves are low to the ground, helping encourage warmth in colder areas, and have silver specks and a fine white pubescence. A well known delicacy in nature, "Ipomopsis aggregata" is well adapted to herbivory, as it can regrow multiple flowering stalks once lost. Although herbivory initially reduces seed and fruit count of the plant, intermediate herbivory and its stimulating factors could lead to the plant growing larger over time. Elk and mule deer are common herbivores on "Ipomopsis aggregata". Ipomopsis aggregata Wildflower Identification Page, Photos "Ipomopsis aggregata" is


title: "Ipomopsis aggregata" content: pollinated most commonly by long-tongued moths and hummingbirds, although others can be seen(1). Basal leaves overwinter, even in subalpine areas of the Rocky Mountains. The plant blooms in late spring to early summer, and into fall if climate conditions are favorable. Optimal growing conditions include little water, part shade, and sandy soil. Although defined as hermaphroditic, "Ipomopsis aggregata" has shown sex allocation in flowering months, with phenotypic gender reaching a proportion of 0.77 female components to male. The plant is currently being used to better understand pollination factors. Researchers used fluorescent particles on flowers to create pollen analogs to track


title: "Ipomopsis aggregata" content: pollinating hummingbirds. This ultimately gains insight into cross pollination techniques carried out by pollinating bodies. Further, it is a model for pollinator-mediated selection and spatial genetic patterns. Synonyms include: Some Plateau Indian tribes boiled it as a drink for kidney health. Patuletin glycosides can be found in "I. aggregata" as well as eupalitin and eupatolitin. Ipomopsis aggregata Ipomopsis aggregata is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family (Polemoniaceae), commonly known as scarlet trumpet, scarlet gilia, or skyrocket because of its scarlet red flowers with lobes curving back as if blown back by rocketing through the air. Since its


title: "Philippe Rondot" content: episode of the enquiry regarding the selling of "Lafayette" class frigates to Taiwan by Thomson, then directed by . After receiving a Clearstream listing from Jean-Louis Gergorin, Philippe Rondot directed an inquiry, following orders from the minister of Defence, and reporting to Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin directly. This caused Rondot's house to be searched in March 2006, and himself to be audited, by judges Jean-Marie d'Huy and Henri Pons. Rondot resided in a manor in Fléty, where he died on December 31, 2017, aged 81. Philippe Rondot Philippe Rondot (5 October 1936 – 31 December 2017) was a French


title: "Kavanagh College" content: at the Lindis Pass and Gabriel Read made public his successful discovery of gold at Tuapeka in June. The situation dramatically changed. Every steamer reaching Port Chalmers or Bluff was packed with would-be miners, many of whom were Catholics. Accordingly, Bishop Viard (Bishop of the Catholic diocese of Wellington in which Dunedin was located at that time) appointed Father Delphin Moreau SM, who had visited Otago in April 1859, to be its first resident priest. Mass was said in the courthouse until St Joseph's Church was completed in July 1862. In 1864 the Catholic population of Otago was estimated at


title: "Eleutherodactylus marnockii" content: Eleutherodactylus marnockii Eleutherodactylus marnockii, the cliff chirping frog, is a small eleutherodactylid frog found in central and western Texas, the United States, and in Coahuila, northern Mexico. It is also known as the cliff frog and Marnock's frog. Adult cliff frogs are in length.They have greenish ground color with brown mottling, often with banding on the rear legs. They have somewhat flattened bodies which allow them to hide in rock crevices. Cliff chirping frogs are nocturnal and live most of their lives on limestone rock faces. Like most frogs, they will hop, but they are also capable of crawling, which


title: "Eleutherodactylus marnockii" content: aids them in hiding in rock crevices. Breeding occurs year-round, except at the coldest times of the winter, but generally peaks during the rainy season in April and May. Females can lay up to three clutches of eggs a year, in a moist substrate of leaf litter or soil. Eleutherodactylus marnockii Eleutherodactylus marnockii, the cliff chirping frog, is a small eleutherodactylid frog found in central and western Texas, the United States, and in Coahuila, northern Mexico. It is also known as the cliff frog and Marnock's frog. Adult cliff frogs are in length.They have greenish ground color with brown mottling,


title: "John Tyrrell (Royal Navy officer)" content: John Tyrrell (Royal Navy officer) John Tyrrell (1646–1692) of Oakley, Buckinghamshire, son of Sir Timothy Tyrrell and Dame Elizabeth, his wife, was made by Charles II of England the Second Admiral in the East Indies. John Tyrrell served in the Restoration navy, including a long period as a lieutenant. On 24 October 1665, he was appointed the lieutenant of the third rate "Resolution". In 1672, he was appointed lieutenant of the fourth rate "Leopard", becoming her temporary commander on 28 May 1673 following the death of her captain, Peter Bowen. In September 1674, the King appointed him lieutenant of the


title: "Jimmy Fitzmorris" content: as lieutenant governor from 1972–1980 [and headed] up Louisiana's economic development efforts. It's hard to imagine now, but back then our state was tops in the nation in economic development." Fitzmorris'city council papers are in the municipal archives of the New Orleans Public Library. In 1999, Fitzmorris was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield. In 2001, Fitzmorris was also honored by the naming of the "Jimmy Fitzmorris Presidential Suite" at the New Orleans Sheraton Hotel. Mobashir Ahmed, managing director of the New Orleans Sheraton, declared: "We are pleased to honor one of Louisiana's greatest


title: "Frank Beaurepaire" content: twice broke the 1000 m and 1500 m records. He was named as the captain of the swimming team for the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris. He was eliminated in the heats of the 400 m freestyle, but at the age of 34 he claimed bronze in the 1500 m freestyle, behind fellow Australian Boy Charlton and Sweden's Arne Borg. He won a silver medal in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay alongside Charlton, Ernest Henry and Moss Christie. His last competitive appearance was his victory at Kew, Victoria in the State Championships in March 1928, which he won


title: "Ark clam" content: Ark clam Ark clam is the common name for a family of small to large-sized saltwater clams or marine bivalve molluscs in the family Arcidae. Ark clams vary both in shape and size. They number about 200 species worldwide. The shells of ark clams are often white or cream, but in some species, the shell is striped with, tinted with, or completely colored, a rich brown. In life the shell of most species has a top shell layer that is thick brown periostracum affixed to the harder calcareous part of the shell. In some species such as "Barbatia", this outer


title: "Ark clam" content: horny covering is tufted at the end of the shell into something that resembles a beard, hence the name "Barbatia" or bearded one. The group is known as "ark shells" because species such as "Arca" have a large flat area between the umbones which, in an undamaged shell, somewhat resembles a deck, with the rest of the shell perhaps illustrating an ancient wooden boat such as Noah's ark is thought to have been. All ark shells have a long straight hinge line with a single row of numerous small and unspecialized "teeth". This is known as a "taxodont dentition" and


title: "Ark clam" content: represents an ancient ancestor. This kind of hinge line is also found in the bivalve families Glycymerididae, Nuculidae and Nuculanidae. The thick outer skin or periostracum of an ark clam can act as camouflage, such that the shells can sometimes look like stones when lying on the bottom. Large ark clams, such as "Arca zebra", are commonly used as bait, as well as food, throughout the Caribbean. Some ark clams species, such as the blood cockle ("Anadara granosa", a.k.a. "Tegillarca granosa") are raised in aquaculture, e.g. in the estuaries of China's Fujian coast. Tegillarca granosa was used as a food


title: "Ark clam" content: by Indigenous peoples living on the northern Australian coastline through at least the past ~4500 years, with extensive evidence preserved in the form of shell mound sites. Genera within the family Arcidae include: Ark clam Ark clam is the common name for a family of small to large-sized saltwater clams or marine bivalve molluscs in the family Arcidae. Ark clams vary both in shape and size. They number about 200 species worldwide. The shells of ark clams are often white or cream, but in some species, the shell is striped with, tinted with, or completely colored, a rich brown. In


title: Mugwort content: Mugwort Mugwort is a common name for several species of aromatic plants in the genus "Artemisia." In Europe, mugwort most often refers to the species "Artemisia vulgaris", or common mugwort. While other species are sometimes referred to by more specific common names, they may be called simply "mugwort" in many contexts. The Anglo-Saxon "Nine Herbs Charm" mentions . A folk etymology, based on coincidental sounds, derives "" from the word "mug"; more certainly, it has been used in flavoring drinks at least since the early Iron Age. Other sources say "mugwort" is derived from the Old Norse "muggi" (meaning "marsh")


title: Mugwort content: and Germanic "wuertz" ("wort" in English, originally meaning "root"), which refers to its use since ancient times to repel insects, especially moths. The Old English word for mugwort is where , could be a variation of the Old English word for "midge": . "Wort" comes from the Old English (root/herb/plant), which is related to the Old High German "wurz" (root) and the Old Norse "urt" (plant). Species in the genus "Artemisia" called mugwort include: Mugwort oil contains thujone, which is toxic in large amounts or under prolonged intake. Thujone is also present in "Thuja plicata" (western red cedar), from which


title: Mugwort content: the name is derived. The downy hairs on the underside of the leaves can be scraped off and used as effective tinder. All parts of the plant contain essential oils with all-purpose insecticidal properties (especially in the killing of insect larvae). This is best used in a weak infusion, but use on garden plants is not recommended, as it also reduces plant growth. The leaves and buds, best picked shortly before mugwort flowers in July to September, were used as a bitter flavoring agent to season fat, meat and fish. Mugwort has also been used to flavor beer before the


title: Mugwort content: introduction of hops. The composition of Mugwort essential oil can vary depending on the genus of plant selected, its habitat, as well as the part of the plant extracted and the season of its harvest. Its main components can include camphor, cineole, α- and β-thujone, artemisia ketone (CAS: 546-49-6), borneol and bornyl acetate as well as a wide variety of other phenols, terpenes and aliphatic compounds. In the European Middle Ages, mugwort was used as a magical protective herb. Mugwort was used to repel insects – especially moths – from gardens. Mugwort has also been used from ancient times as


title: Mugwort content: a remedy against fatigue and to protect travelers against evil spirits and wild animals. Roman soldiers put mugwort in their sandals to protect their feet against fatigue. Mugwort is one of the nine herbs invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon "Nine Herbs Charm", recorded in the 10th century in the Lacnunga. Grieve's "Modern Herbal" (1931) states that "in the Middle Ages, the plant was known as , it being believed that John the Baptist wore a girdle of it in the wilderness...a crown made from its sprays was worn on St. John's Eve to gain security from evil possession, and in


title: Mugwort content: Holland and Germany one of its names is 'St. John's plant', because of the belief that – if gathered on St. John's Eve – it gave protection against diseases and misfortunes." In the Isle of Man, mugwort is known as "bollan bane", and is still worn on the lapel at the Tynwald Day celebrations, which also have strong associations with St John. There are several references to the Chinese using mugwort in cuisine. The famous Chinese poet Sū Shì in the 11th century mentioned it in one of his poems. There are even older poems and songs that can be


title: Mugwort content: tracked back to 3 BC. It was often called () or () in Mandarin. Mugwort can be prepared as a cold dish or can be stir-fried with fresh or smoked meat. The Hakka Taiwanese also use it to make "chhú-khak-ké" (), doughy sweet dumplings. Mugwort is also used as a flavoring and colorant for a seasonal rice dish. In traditional Chinese medicine, mugwort is used in a pulverized and aged form – called "" in English (from Japanese "mogusa") – to perform moxibustion, that is, to burn on specific acupuncture points on the patient's body to achieve therapeutic effects. In


title: Mugwort content: Germany, known as , it is mainly used to season goose, especially the roast goose traditionally eaten for Christmas. Mugwort – or – is used in a number of Japanese dishes, including "yōkan", a dessert, or "kusa mochi", also known as "yomogi mochi". Mugwort rice cakes, or "kusa mochi" are used for Japanese sweets called "daifuku" (literally 'great luck'). To make these, take a small amount of mochi and stuff it or wrap it round a filling of fruit or sweetened adzuki (red bean) paste. Traditional "daifuku" can be pale green, white or pale pink and are covered in a


title: Mugwort content: fine layer of potato starch to prevent sticking. Mugwort is a vital ingredient of "kusa mochi" (rice cake with mugwort) and "hishi mochi" (lozenge rice cake), which is served at the Doll Festival in March. In addition, the fuzz on the underside of the mugwort leaves is gathered and used in moxibustion. In some regions in Japan, there is an ancient custom of hanging "yomogi" and iris leaves together outside homes in order to keep evil spirits away. It is said that evil spirits dislike their smell. The juice is said to be effective at stopping bleeding, lowering fevers and


title: Mugwort content: purging the stomach of impurities. It can also be boiled and taken to relieve colds and coughs. In both North and South Korea, mugwort – () – is used in soups and salads. A traditional soup containing mugwort and clams is (), made in spring from the young plants just before they bloom. Another dish is named (), in which the mugwort is mixed with rice flour, sugar, salt and water and is then steamed. It is a common ingredient in rice cakes, teas, soups, and pancakes. Known as a blood cleanser, it is believed to have different medicinal properties


title: Mugwort content: depending on the region it is collected in. In some regions, mugwort thins the blood, while in another region, it is claimed to have hallucinogenic properties, causing some to pass out from direct skin contact (dermal absorption) with the active chemicals. For this reason, some Koreans also wear a silk sleeve when picking mugwort plants. Its primary use, however, is in moxibustion. Mugwort is burned on pressure points of the body, much like acupuncture. Mugwort pollen is one of the main sources of hay fever and allergic asthma in North Europe, North America and parts of Asia. Mugwort pollen generally


title: Mugwort content: travels less than 2,000 meters. The highest concentration of mugwort pollen is generally found between 9 and 11 am. The Finnish allergy association recommends tearing as a method of eradicating mugwort. Tearing mugwort is known to lessen the effect of the allergy, since the pollen flies only a short distance. The mugwort plant has been used as an anthelminthic, so it is sometimes confused with wormwood ("Artemisia absinthium"). The plant, called "nāgadamanī" in Sanskrit, is used in Ayurveda for cardiac complaints as well as feelings of unease, unwellness, and general malaise. In traditional Chinese medicine, there is a belief that


title: Mugwort content: moxibustion of mugwort is effective at increasing the cephalic positioning of fetuses who were in a breech position before the intervention. A Cochrane review in 2012 found that moxibustion may be beneficial in reducing the need for ECV, but stressed a need for well-designed randomised controlled trials to evaluate this usage. Mugworts are used medicinally, especially in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean traditional medicine. Some mugworts have also found a use in modern medicine for their anti-herpetic effect. For example, one species, "Artemisia argyi", is often called "mugwort" in the context of traditional Chinese medicine, or more specifically "Chinese mugwort", or


title: Mugwort content: () in Mandarin. "Artemisia princeps" is Korean mugwort, known locally as (). It is also found in Japan, where it is known as (). Mugwort Mugwort is a common name for several species of aromatic plants in the genus "Artemisia." In Europe, mugwort most often refers to the species "Artemisia vulgaris", or common mugwort. While other species are sometimes referred to by more specific common names, they may be called simply "mugwort" in many contexts. The Anglo-Saxon "Nine Herbs Charm" mentions . A folk etymology, based on coincidental sounds, derives "" from the word "mug"; more certainly, it has been


title: "MV Liemba" content: men and four officers). During World War I the Germans converted "Goetzen" to an auxiliary warship under the name SMS "Goetzen". They gave her a gun from the light cruiser , a ship no longer operational and which her crew later scuttled in the mouth of the Rufiji River. She also received an gun, one of two that "Königsberg" had brought out from Germany to arm auxiliary cruisers should the opportunity arise. Lastly, the survey ship contributed two 37 mm Hotchkiss revolver guns to "Goetzen"s armament. The Germans appointed Oberleutnant zur See Siebel captain of "Goetzen". Under his command "Goetzen"


title: "Danny Parslow" content: was released by Cheltenham at the end of 2016–17. Parslow re-signed for York City permanently on 30 June 2017 on a one-year contract. Parslow was capped once by Wales at under-17 level, appearing as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 defeat by Germany on 13 February 2002. He made his under-19 debut after starting a 2–1 defeat by Portugal on 22 September 2003. He played two more matches for the under-19s to finish his career at that level with three caps. Parslow later represented the under-21 team and made his debut in a 0–0 draw with Latvia in August 2004.


title: "Walter Long, 2nd Viscount Long" content: Walter Long, 2nd Viscount Long Walter Francis David Long, 2nd Viscount Long (14 September 1911 – 23 September 1944), was a British peer and soldier. The eldest son of Brigadier-General Walter Long (d. 1917), Long was educated at St David's School, Reigate, and later at Eton on the insistence of his mother, who had remarried in 1921 to Lord Glyn. Traditionally the Longs were educated at Harrow. After his father's death in 1917, there was tension between his grandfather, Walter Long, 1st Viscount Long and his mother, who refused to allow her son to spend any of his school holidays


title: "MigrationWatch UK" content: terrorists on their return and the risk of their continued presence to our society to which the British state owes a first duty of protection". In January 2004, it was revealed that the British government was considering introducing HIV testing for potential immigrants in the light of a Health Protection Agency report that found two in three heterosexuals being diagnosed with HIV had contracted it in Africa. HIV testing of immigrants had previously been criticised by the All-Party Parliamentary Group on AIDS, who argued that it would simply serve to stigmatise HIV-positive people. The plan was also criticised by the


title: "Penrhyn Castle" content: Penrhyn Castle Penrhyn Castle () is a country house in Llandygai, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales, in the form of a Norman castle. It was originally a medieval fortified manor house, founded by Ednyfed Fychan. In 1438, Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house. Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s. The present building was created between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper, who expanded and transformed the building beyond recognition. However a spiral staircase from the original property can still be seen, and


title: "Penrhyn Castle" content: a vaulted basement and other masonry were incorporated into the new structure. Hopper's client was George Hay Dawkins-Pennant (1764-1840), who had inherited the Penrhyn Estate on the death of his second cousin, The 1st Baron Penrhyn (first creation; 1737-1808), who had made his fortune from slavery in Jamaica and local slate quarries. The eldest of George's two daughters, Juliana, married an aristocratic Grenadier Guard, Edward Gordon Douglas (1800-1886), who, on inheriting the estate on George's death in 1840, adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant. Edward, the grandson of The 14th Earl of Morton, was created The 1st Baron Penrhyn (second


title: "Penrhyn Castle" content: creation) in the Peerage of the United Kingdom in 1866. The cost of the construction of this vast 'castle' is disputed, and very difficult to work out accurately, as much of the timber came from the family's own forestry, and much of the labour was acquired from within their own workforce at the slate quarry. It cost the Pennant family an estimated £150,000. This is the current equivalent to about £49,500,000. Penrhyn is one of the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century; Christopher Hussey called it, "the outstanding instance of


title: "Penrhyn Castle" content: Norman revival." The castle is a picturesque composition that stretches over 600 feet from a tall donjon containing family rooms, through the main block built around the earlier house, to the service wing and the stables. It is built in a sombre style which allows it to possess something of the medieval fortress air despite the ground-level drawing room windows. Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style, with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving. The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture, including a one-ton slate bed made for Queen Victoria


title: "Penrhyn Castle" content: when she visited in 1859. The 4th Baron Penrhyn died in June 1949, and the castle and estate passed to his niece, Lady Janet Pelham, who, on inheritance, adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant. In 1951, the castle and 40,000 acres (160 km²) of land were accepted by the treasury in lieu of death duties from Lady Janet. It now belongs to the National Trust and is open to the public. The site received 109,395 visitors in 2017. Penrhyn's attractions include a formal walled garden, extensive informal gardens, an adventure playground, picnic areas and woodland walks. The Penrhyn Castle Railway Museum,


title: "Penrhyn Castle" content: a narrow gauge railway museum. In the nineteenth century, Penrhyn Castle was the home of the Pennant family (from 1840, the Douglas-Pennants), owners of the Penrhyn slate quarry at Bethesda. The quarry was closely associated with the development of industrial narrow-gauge railways, and in particular the Penrhyn Quarry Railway (PQR), one of the earliest industrial railways in the world. The PQR ran close to Penrhyn Castle, and when the castle was bequeathed to the National Trust in 1951 a small museum of industrial railway relics was created in the stable block. The first locomotive donated to the museum was "Charles",


title: "Penrhyn Castle" content: one of the three remaining steam locomotives working on the PQR. Over the years a number of other historically significant British narrow-gauge locomotives and other artifacts have been added to the collection. It houses one of the finest art collections in Wales, with works by artists such as Canaletto, Richard Wilson, Carl Haag, Perino del Vaga, and Palma Vecchio. The collection formerly included a Rembrandt - ("Catrina Hooghsaet", valued at up to £40 million; the Dutch Culture Ministry tried to buy the painting for Amsterdam’s Rijksmuseum in 2007, but could not meet the asking price). The family began collecting paintings


title: "Penrhyn Castle" content: from the early years of the 19th century; this significant collection was catalogued by the 2nd Lord Penrhyn's daughter Alice Douglas-Pennant. The castle has stunning views over the Snowdonia mountains, the Menai Strait and Puffin Island. In 2014, David Haneke from the Welsh National Opera chose Penrhyn Castle as the location for the video design for the company's summer performance of Debussy's infamous "The Fall of The House of Usher". Scenes filmed at the location were projected onto three separate screens during the performances. A parkrun takes place in the grounds of the castle each Saturday morning, starting and finishing


title: "Penrhyn Castle" content: at the castle gates, the fee to enter the castle grounds is waived for runners. Penrhyn Castle Penrhyn Castle () is a country house in Llandygai, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales, in the form of a Norman castle. It was originally a medieval fortified manor house, founded by Ednyfed Fychan. In 1438, Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house. Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s. The present building was created between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper, who expanded and transformed the building


title: "Texas toad" content: Texas toad The Texas toad ("Anaxyrus speciosus") is a species of medium-sized (to ) toad that occurs in the southern United States and northern Mexico. It breeds in temporary water pools after heavy rains. The Texas toad is native to the United States where it is found in the state of Texas (in 2009 it was designated as the Texas State Amphibian), its range also extends northward to Oklahoma, westward to New Mexico and southward to northern Mexico. It is a desert species and is found in dry grassland, savannahs with scattered mesquite and open woodland, usually on sandy or


title: "Texas toad" content: frequently inundated soils. Males measure and females in snout–vent length. The Texas toad feeds on insects such as beetles, ants and bugs. It digs a burrow in soft soil and can bury itself in mud. It sometimes conceals itself in a gopher burrow, under a log or in a deep crack in the mud to prevent desiccation, spending much of its time dormant in prolonged dry weather. Breeding occurs after heavy rains when male frogs congregate at temporary pools, ditches, cattle tanks and other wet places and call continuously, especially at night. The call is described as being a "series


title: "Texas toad" content: of explosive trills", each lasting for about one and a half seconds with intervals of one second. The females seem to be attracted to the largest males with the loudest calls. The eggs are laid in the water, often entangled in submerged vegetation. They hatch in two days and the tadpoles feed on algae growing on underwater plants. They may retreat to deeper water when disturbed. They spend between eighteen and sixty days as tadpoles depending on circumstances such as water temperature, after which time they undergo metamorphosis and leave the water as juvenile toads. Other toads using the same


title: "Texas toad" content: water bodies for breeding include the Gulf Coast toad ("Incilius valliceps"), the green toad ("Anaxyrus debilis"), the Great Plains narrow-mouthed toad ("Gastrophryne olivacea") and Couch's spadefoot toad ("Scaphiopus couchii"). The Texas toad sometimes hybridizes with Woodhouse's toad ("Anaxyrus woodhousii") or the Great Plains toad ("Anaxyrus cognatus"). The Texas toad has a wide range and a large total population and is one of the most common toads in the southern United States. It is tolerant of changes in its habitat and is present in cultivated areas as well as grasslands and savannahs. No particular threats have been identified and the International


title: "Texas toad" content: Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as being of "least concern". Texas toad The Texas toad ("Anaxyrus speciosus") is a species of medium-sized (to ) toad that occurs in the southern United States and northern Mexico. It breeds in temporary water pools after heavy rains. The Texas toad is native to the United States where it is found in the state of Texas (in 2009 it was designated as the Texas State Amphibian), its range also extends northward to Oklahoma, westward to New Mexico and southward to northern Mexico. It is a desert species and is found in


title: "Woodhouse's toad" content: Woodhouse's toad Woodhouse's toad ("Anaxyrus woodhousii") is a medium-sized () true toad native to the United States and Mexico. There are three recognized subspecies. "A. woodhousii" tends to hybridize with "Anaxyrus americanus" where their ranges overlap. Woodhouse's toad was first described in 1854 by the French herpetologist Charles Frédéric Girard. He gave it the name "Bufo woodhousii" in honor of the American physician and naturalist Samuel Washington Woodhouse. The large genus "Bufo" was split by Frost "et al." in 2006, with the North American species being included in the genus "Anaxyrus" and this toad becoming "A. woodhousii". There are three


title: "Woodhouse's toad" content: recognised subspecies: At one time, Fowler's toad ("Anaxyrus fowleri") was considered to be a subspecies. Woodhouse's toad is a robust amphibian and can grow to a maximum snout-vent length of . The head has prominent cranial crests in front of and in between the eyes. The parotoid glands are long and large. The dorsal surface of this toad is grayish-brown or yellowish-brown and it is speckled with small dark spots. There is a narrow pale line running along the spine. The belly is rather paler and is usually unspotted. The male has a single vocal sac on his throat. His


title: "Woodhouse's toad" content: call resembles the bleat of a sheep and lasts from one to three seconds. Woodhouse's toad is found in North America at altitudes of up to . Its range extends from Mexico in the south to Washington in the north. In the United States it is found in Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. In the western part of its range it is typically found in lowland riparian corridors, wooded land besides streams and rivers. At higher altitudes it inhabits wet meadows, ponds, reservoirs and


title: "Woodhouse's toad" content: lakes. It is also found in urban environments, canals, ponds and irrigated agricultural land. Woodhouse's toad is nocturnal and feeds on insects and other small invertebrates. Near human habitations these toads may congregate underneath outside lights to feed on the insects they attract. Breeding takes place at different times of year in different parts of the range. The males call from in, or close to, standing water and the eggs are laid in gelatinous strings in still-water habitats such as ditches, ponds, pools, cattle tanks and lakes. The tadpoles typically take from five to eight weeks to reach metamorphosis. Woodhouse's


title: "Woodhouse's toad" content: toad has a very wide range and presumed large total population. It is able to live in a number of types of habitat and can tolerate some modification to its habitat. The population seems steady and no particular threats have been identified so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed it as being of "least concern". In central Arizona it seems to be displacing the Arizona toad, ("Anaxyrus microscaphus"). Woodhouse's toad Woodhouse's toad ("Anaxyrus woodhousii") is a medium-sized () true toad native to the United States and Mexico. There are three recognized subspecies. "A. woodhousii" tends to hybridize


title: "A Gift to Last" content: 1899-1905, around the time of the Second Boer War. The pilot Christmas episode of "A Gift to Last" was adapted for the stage by Walter Learning and Alden Nowlan in 1978. The play has since become a perennial Canadian Christmas favourite and is regularly presented at regional theatres across the country. In 2012, Theatre Orangeville presented A Gift to Last with playwright Walter Learning in the role of Older Clement. A Gift to Last A Gift to Last is a CBC Television Christmas special broadcast in 1976, a subsequent family drama series that ran from 1978–1979, and a stage play


title: "Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia" content: Nedić to encourage him to accept the position, including threats to bring Bulgarian and Hungarian troops into the occupied territory and to send him to Germany as a prisoner of war. Unlike most Yugoslav generals, Nedić had not been interned in Germany after the capitulation, but instead had been placed under house arrest in Belgrade. On 27 August 1941, about seventy-five prominent Serbs convened a meeting in Belgrade where they resolved that Nedić should form a Government of National Salvation (, ) to replace the Commissioner Government, and on the same day, Nedić wrote to Danckelmann agreeing to become the


title: Sukaphaa content: December 2 has been celebrated in Assam as the Sukaphaa Divawkh, or Axom Divawkh (Assam Day), to commemorate the advent of the first king of the Ahom kingdom in Assam after his journey over the Patkai Hills. According to Ahom tradition, Sukaphaa was a descendant of the god "Khunlung", who had come down from the heavens and had ruled Mong-Ri-Mong-Ram. During the reign of Suhungmung, which saw the composition of the first Assamese chronicles and increased Hindu influence, Sukaphaa's origin was traced to the union of God Indra (identified with Khunlung) and Syama (a low-caste woman), and he was declared


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: Yellow-headed amazon The yellow-headed amazon ("Amazona oratrix"), also known as the yellow-headed parrot and double yellow-headed amazon, is an endangered amazon parrot of Mexico and northern Central America. Measuring in length, it is a stocky short-tailed green parrot with a yellow head. It prefers to live in mangrove forests or forests near rivers or other bodies of water. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the yellow-crowned amazon. It is a popular pet and an excellent talker. This species is part of the "Amazona ochrocephala" complex, which also includes the yellow-naped amazon ("A. auropalliata"). This complex, "a taxonomic headache", is


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: considered a single species by some authorities and split into three species by others. The split is mainly based on the amount of yellow in the plumage, the color of the legs and bill, the proximity of "A. oratrix" and "A. auropalliata" in Oaxaca, Mexico, without apparent interbreeding, and the presence of both "A. ochrocephala" and "A. auropalliata" in northern Honduras. This evaluation has, however, been confused by misunderstandings regarding the plumage variations in the populations in northern Honduras, where birds vary greatly in amount of yellow on the head, crown and nape, but have pale bills and a juvenile


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: plumage matching "A. oratrix", but neither "A. ochrocephala" nor "A. auropalliata". In 1997, the population from the Sula Valley in northern Honduras was described as a new subspecies, "hondurensis", of "A. oratrix". "A. auropalliata caribaea" on the Islas de la Bahía, which is relatively close to the recently described "A. oratrix hondurensis", may have a relatively pale lower mandible, indicating that gene flow may occur between the two. If confirmed, this could suggest that the two are better considered conspecific. Alternatively, it has been suggested that "caribaea" and "parvipes", both typically considered subspecies of "A. auropalliata", may be closer to


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: "A. oratrix" than they are to the nominate "A. auropalliata". Both are relatively small and have red on the shoulder like "A. oratrix", but unlike nominate "A. auropalliata." The members of this complex are known to hybridize in captivity, and recent phylogenetic analysis of DNA did not support the split into the three "traditional" biological species, but did reveal three clades, which potentially could be split into three phylogenetic species: a Mexican and Central American species (including "panamensis", which extends slightly into South America), a species of northern South America, and a species from the southern Amazon Basin. The Central


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: American clade can potentially be split further, with "panamensis" (Panama amazon) and "tresmariae" (Tres Marías amazon) recognized as two monotypic species. According to the traditional split, "A. oratrix" includes the taxa "tresmariae" (from Tres Marías Islands), "belizensis" (from Belize) and "hondurensis" (from Sula Valley, Honduras) as subspecies. An additional subspecies, "magna", has sometimes been recognized for the population on the Gulf slope of Mexico, but today most authorities consider it invalid, instead including this population in "oratrix", which also occurs on the Pacific slope of Mexico. In contrast, the population in north-western Honduras and adjacent eastern Guatemala (near Puerto Barrios),


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: which resembles "A. oratrix belizensis" and commonly is included in that subspecies, may represent an undescribed subspecies. It has sometimes been referred to as "guatemalensis", but until this population is officially described, the name remains provisional. The origin of the common epithet ""double" yellow-headed" is that this species is differentiated from the others in the yellow-headed amazon complex by possessing both the yellow nape and yellow crown of its two close relatives, hence a "double-yellow" head. The yellow-headed amazon averages long. The shape is typical of amazons, with a robust build, rounded wings, and a square tail. The body is


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: bright green, with yellow on the head, dark scallops on the neck, red at the bend of the wing, and yellow thighs. The flight feathers are blackish to bluish violet with a red patch on the outer secondaries. The base of the tail also has a red patch, which is usually hidden. The outer tail feathers have yellowish tips. The bill is horn-colored (gray), darker in immatures of the Belizean subspecies. The eye ring is whitish in Mexican birds and grayish in others. The most conspicuous geographical difference is the amount of yellow. In adults, the head and upper chest


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: are yellow in the subspecies of the Tres Marías Islands ("tresmariae"); just the head in the widespread subspecies of Mexico ("oratrix"); just the crown in Belize ("belizensis"); and the crown and nape in the Sula Valley of Honduras ("hondurensis", which thus resembles the yellow-naped parrot). Immatures have less yellow than adults; they attain adult plumage in 2 to 4 years. The variety "Magna" (or "Magnum") is bred for more yellow and commands a premium price as a pet. Some "extreme" Magnas have as much yellow as Tres Marías birds, but are distinguished from them by heavier barring on the chest


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: and a less bluish tint to the green plumage. Wild birds give low-pitched, sometimes human-sounding screams, but often fly silently (unlike many other parrots). The calls can be described as "a rolled "kyaa-aa-aaah" and "krra-aah-aa-ow", a deep, rolled "ahrrrr" or "ahrhrrrr"," etc. Young birds make a "clucking" sound to indicate that they are hungry. This species lives in riparian forest and areas with scattered trees, as well as evergreen forest in Belize and mangroves in Guatemala. A notable ecoregion of occurrence is the Belizean pine forests. It occurs singly or in pairs, in small groups, and occasionally in big flocks.


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: The range formerly included both coastal slopes of Mexico from the Tres Marías Islands and Jalisco to Oaxaca and from Nuevo León to northern Chiapas and southwestern Tabasco, as well as a disjunct area including most of Belize, and another comprising a small part of northeastern Guatemala and northwestern Honduras. However, their numbers have been reduced drastically—by 90%, to 7,000, from the mid-1970s to 1994, and by 68% from 1994 to 2004—because of capture for the pet trade and habitat destruction. Introduced populations can be found in Stuttgart, Germany where a population of over 50 individuals resides . Smaller introduced


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: populations are to found at Imperial Beach, Santa Ana, Loma Linda and Pasadena; all in Southern California. In addition, introduced –and apparently breeding– populations have been reported in Puerto Rico . The yellow-headed amazon is considered endangered by the IUCN, and is on the CITES Appendix I, which by international treaty, has made export, import and trade of wild-caught yellow-headed amazons illegal and the trade in birds bred in aviculture subject to controls in most of the world. Captive-bred yellow-headed amazons can be sold and owned legally subject to checks and regulations. Populations range from Central America, through Mexico, and


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: even into the southmost region of Texas. Generally, throughout the world, sale of Appendix I species bred in aviculture must be accompanied with official certification which is provided by the breeder, and they must have a closed ring on one leg. The popularity of yellow-headed amazons as a pet continues to fuel poaching efforts, which have nearly driven it to extinction in the wild. Their wild population has declined from 70,000 to 7,000 in the past two decades alone. An estimated 40-60% of poached yellow-headed amazons die before they are sold. The situation for "tresmariae", which potentially can be treated


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: as a separate species, is unclear, but its very small range gives cause for concern and some reports indicate it is under considerable threat. Though only captive-bred yellow-headed amazons may be owned, these are widely available (if somewhat expensive) and their personalities make them highly desirable pets; they have been kept as such for centuries because they are among the parrots that "talk" best. Their vocal abilities are generally bested only by the grey parrot and matched by similar species, such as the yellow-naped parrot. Yellow-headed amazons in captivity appear to have an affinity for both singing and the learning


title: "Yellow-headed amazon" content: of song - and a naturally powerful, operatic voice. As in most amazons, nervous plucking of plumage is rare among this species. A generally recognized disadvantage of the yellow-headed amazon and its close relatives (such as the yellow-naped amazon) is hormonal aggressiveness, most notable among males in the breeding season. It is a member of the "Hot Three" (referring to the male bird's "hot" temper), along with the yellow-naped and blue-fronted. Yellow-headed amazon The yellow-headed amazon ("Amazona oratrix"), also known as the yellow-headed parrot and double yellow-headed amazon, is an endangered amazon parrot of Mexico and northern Central America. Measuring


title: "Night snake" content: Night snake Hypsiglena torquata, commonly known as the night snake, is a species of rear-fanged colubrid. It ranges throughout the southwestern and western United States, as well as Mexico and British Columbia, Canada. Most of the following information refers to various species within "Hypsiglena". Total length is 12–26 in (30–66 cm). It is pale gray, light brown, or beige in color, with dark grey or brown blotches on the back and sides. The night snake's head is rather flat and triangular-shaped and usually has a pair of dark brown blotches on the neck. It also has a black or dark


title: "Night snake" content: brown bar behind the eyes that contrast against the white or pale gray upper labial scales, and the pupil of the eye is vertical. The belly is white or yellowish. Females are usually longer and heavier than males. The night snake has been found as far north as southern British Columbia, and as far south as Guerrero, Mexico. The eastern range of the night snake extends to Texas. Still, not much is known as far as population densities and exact range due to the highly cryptic nature of the night snake. The night snake is found in many differing types


title: "Night snake" content: of habitat including: grasslands, deserts, sagebrush flats, chaparral, woodlands, thorn scrub, thorn forest, and mountain meadows. Both rocky and sandy areas are inhabited by night snakes, and elevations over have been recorded. The night snake is also known to inhabit mammal burrows. Night snakes are known to be both crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk), and nocturnal. They are usually seen at night while crossing roads, but can be found under rocks, boards, dead branches and other surface litter during the day. Night snakes hibernate during the winter months, and are known to aestivate during periods of the summer.


title: "Night snake" content: They are generally most active from April to October, with peaks of activity usually occurring in June. Although the night snake poses no threat to humans, it is slightly venomous and uses this venom to subdue its prey. Their main prey is lizards. A study in southwestern Idaho found that the night snake's diet consisted mostly of side-blotched lizards ("Uta stansburiana") and their eggs. Other prey includes juvenile rattlesnakes and blind snakes, salamanders, frogs, and large insects. If threatened, the night snake may coil up and thrust its coils at the threat, while flattening its head into a triangular defensive


title: "Night snake" content: shape. Night snakes mate in the spring, and females lay a clutch of 2–9 eggs from April to August. Eggs hatch in 7 to 8 weeks, usually in late summer. Males reach sexual maturity after one year. Night snakes are known to be docile and easily handled. Captive night snakes have lived over 12 years. Night snake Hypsiglena torquata, commonly known as the night snake, is a species of rear-fanged colubrid. It ranges throughout the southwestern and western United States, as well as Mexico and British Columbia, Canada. Most of the following information refers to various species within "Hypsiglena". Total


title: "Ralph E. Gomory" content: the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation also supported programs on public understanding of science and the development of the Professional Science Masters, designed to allow students to pursue advanced training in science or mathematics while simultaneously developing workplace skills. In December 2007, after 18 years as President of the Sloan Foundation, Gomory became president emeritus and joined the Stern School of Business at New York University as a research professor. Currently he focuses his work on addressing the increasing complexities of the globalized economy and the differing goals of countries and companies. His 2001 book, co-written with Professor William Baumol, "Global


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: Orange (fruit) The orange is the fruit of the citrus species "Citrus" × "sinensis" in the family Rutaceae. It is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related "Citrus × aurantium", referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations. The orange is a hybrid between pomelo ("Citrus maxima") and mandarin ("Citrus reticulata"). The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced. Sweet oranges were mentioned in Chinese literature in 314 BC. , orange


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: trees were found to be the most cultivated fruit tree in the world. Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their sweet fruit. The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh, or processed for its juice or fragrant peel. , sweet oranges accounted for approximately 70% of citrus production. In 2014, 70.9 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, with Brazil producing 24% of the world total followed by China and India. All citrus trees belong to the single genus "Citrus" and remain almost entirely interfertile. This includes grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges, and various


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: other types and hybrids. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids and cultivars, and bud mutations have also been selected, citrus taxonomy is fairly controversial, confusing or inconsistent. The fruit of any citrus tree is considered a hesperidium, a kind of modified berry; it is covered by a rind originated by a rugged thickening of the ovary wall. Different names have been given to the many varieties of the genus. "Orange" applies primarily to the sweet orange – "Citrus sinensis" (L.) Osbeck. The orange tree is an evergreen, flowering tree, with an average height of


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: , although some very old specimens can reach . Its oval leaves, alternately arranged, are long and have crenulate margins. Sweet oranges grow in a range of different sizes, and shapes varying from spherical to oblong. Inside and attached to the rind is a porous white tissue, the white, bitter mesocarp or albedo ("pith"). The orange contains a number of distinct "carpels" (segments) inside, typically about ten, each delimited by a membrane, and containing many juice-filled vesicles and usually a few seeds ("pips"). When unripe, the fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non-climacteric. The "Citrus sinensis" group is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics: common oranges, blood or pigmented oranges, navel oranges, and acidless oranges. Other citrus groups also known as oranges are: An enormous number of cultivars have, like the sweet orange, a mix of pomelo and mandarin ancestry. Some cultivars are mandarin-pomelo hybrids, bred from the same parents as the sweet orange (e.g. the tangor and ponkan tangerine). Other cultivars are sweet orange


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: x mandarin hybrids (e.g. clementines). Mandarin traits generally include being smaller and oblate, easier to peel, and less acidic. Pomelo traits include a thick white albedo (rind pith, mesocarp) that is more closely attached to the segments. Orange trees generally are grafted. The bottom of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, while the fruit-bearing top has two different names: budwood (when referring to the process of grafting) and scion (when mentioning the variety of orange). The word "orange" derives from the Sanskrit word for "orange tree" ("नारङ्ग nāraṅga"), which in turn derives from a Dravidian root


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: word (from "நரந்தம் narandam" which refers to Bitter orange in Tamil). The Sanskrit word reached European languages through Persian نارنگ ("nārang") and its Arabic derivative نارنج ("nāranj"). The word entered Late Middle English in the fourteenth century via Old French "orenge" (in the phrase "pomme d'orenge"). The French word, in turn, comes from Old Provençal "auranja", based on Arabic "nāranj". In several languages, the initial "n" present in earlier forms of the word dropped off because it may have been mistaken as part of an indefinite article ending in an "n" sound—in French, for example, "une norenge" may have been


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: heard as "une orenge". This linguistic change is called juncture loss. The color was named after the fruit, and the first recorded use of "orange" as a color name in English was in 1512. As Portuguese merchants were presumably the first to introduce the sweet orange to some regions of Europe, in several modern Indo-European languages the fruit has been named after them. Some examples are Albanian portokall, Bulgarian портокал ("portokal"), Greek πορτοκάλι ("portokali"), Macedonian "", Persian پرتقال ("porteghal"), Turkish portakal and Romanian portocală. Related names can be found in other languages, such as Arabic البرتقال ("bourtouqal"), Georgian ფორთოხალი ("pʰortʰoxali")


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: and Amharic "birtukan". Also, in some of the Italian regional languages (e.g. Neapolitan), an orange is "portogallo" or "purtuallo", literally "(the) Portuguese (one)", in contrast to the Italian "arancia". In other Indo-European languages, the words for "orange" allude to the eastern origin of the fruit and can be translated literally as "apple from China". Some examples are German "Apfelsine" (alternative name for "Orange" and common in northern Germany), Dutch "appelsien" and "sinaasappel", Swedish "apelsin", Russian "апельсин" ("apelsin") and Norwegian "appelsin". A similar case is Puerto Rican Spanish "china". Various Slavic languages use the variants "pomaranč" (Slovak), "pomeranč" (Czech), "pomaranča" (Slovene),


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: and "pomarańcza" (Polish), all from Old French "pomme d'orenge". The sweet orange is not a wild fruit, having arisen in domestication from a cross between a non-pure mandarin orange and a hybrid pomelo that had a substantial mandarin component. Since its chloroplast DNA is that of pomelo, it was likely the hybrid pomelo, perhaps a BC1 pomelo backcross, that was the maternal parent of the first orange. Based on genomic analysis, the relative proportions of the ancestral species in the sweet orange is approximately 42% pomelo and 58% mandarin. All varieties of the sweet orange descend from this original cross,


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: differing only by mutations selected for during agricultural propagation. Sweet oranges have a distinct origin from the bitter orange, which arose independently, perhaps in the wild, from a cross between pure mandarin and pomelo parents. The earliest mention of the sweet orange in Chinese literature dates from 314 B.C. In Europe, the Moors introduced the orange to Spain which was known as Al-Andalus, modern Andalusia, with large scale cultivation starting in the 10th century as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards. Citrus fruits — among them the bitter orange — were introduced to Sicily in


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: the 9th century during the period of the Emirate of Sicily, but the sweet orange was unknown until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the 16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees into the Mediterranean area. Shortly afterward, the sweet orange quickly was adopted as an edible fruit. It also was considered a luxury item and wealthy people grew oranges in private conservatories, called orangeries. By 1646, the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe. Louis XIV of France had a great love of orange trees, and built the grandest of all royal Orangeries at


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: the Palace of Versailles. At Versailles potted orange trees in solid silver tubs were placed throughout the rooms of the palace, while the Orangerie allowed year-round cultivation of the fruit to supply the court. When Louis condemned his finance minister, Nicolas Fouquet, in 1664, part of the treasures which he confiscated were over 1,000 orange trees from Fouquet's estate at Vaux-le-Vicomte. Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange into the American continent. On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus may have planted the fruit in Hispaniola. Subsequent expeditions in the mid-1500s brought sweet oranges to South America and Mexico, and


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: to Florida in 1565, when Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St Augustine. Spanish missionaries brought orange trees to Arizona between 1707 and 1710, while the Franciscans did the same in San Diego, California, in 1769. An orchard was planted at the San Gabriel Mission around 1804 and a commercial orchard was established in 1841 near present-day Los Angeles. In Louisiana, oranges were probably introduced by French explorers. Archibald Menzies, the botanist and naturalist on the Vancouver Expedition, collected orange seeds in South Africa, raised the seedlings onboard and gave them to several Hawaiian chiefs in 1792. Eventually, the sweet orange


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: was grown in wide areas of the Hawaiian Islands, but its cultivation stopped after the arrival of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the early 1900s. As oranges are rich in vitamin C and do not spoil easily, during the Age of Discovery, Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy. Florida farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans around 1872, after which orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour orange rootstocks. Common oranges (also called "white", "round", or "blond" oranges) constitute about two-thirds of all the orange production. The majority


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: of this crop is used mostly for juice extraction. The Valencia orange is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popular variety when navel oranges are out of season. This is why an anthropomorphic orange was chosen as the mascot for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, held in Spain. The mascot was named Naranjito ("little orange") and wore the colors of the Spanish national football team. Thomas Rivers, an English nurseryman, imported this variety from the Azores Islands and catalogued it in 1865 under the name Excelsior. Around 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a Long Island nurseryman, who


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: in turn sold them to E. H. Hart of Federal Point, Florida. This cultivar was discovered by A. G. Hamlin near Glenwood, Florida, in 1879. The fruit is small, smooth, not highly colored, and juicy, with a pale yellow colored juice, especially in fruits that come from lemon rootstock. The fruit may be seedless, or may contain a number of small seeds. The tree is high-yielding and cold-tolerant and it produces good quality fruit, which is harvested from October to December. It thrives in humid subtropical climates. In cooler, more arid areas, the trees produce edible fruit, but too small


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: for commercial use. Trees from groves in hammocks or areas covered with pine forest are budded on sour orange trees, a method that gives a high solids content. On sand, they are grafted on rough lemon rootstock. The Hamlin orange is one of the most popular juice oranges in Florida and replaces the Parson Brown variety as the principal early-season juice orange. This cultivar is now the leading early orange in Florida and, possibly, in the rest of the world. Navel oranges are characterized by the growth of a second fruit at the apex, which protrudes slightly and resembles a


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: human navel. They are primarily grown for human consumption for various reasons: their thicker skin makes them easy to peel, they are less juicy and their bitterness – a result of the high concentrations of limonin and other limonoids – renders them less suitable for juice. Their widespread distribution and long growing season have made navel oranges very popular. In the United States, they are available from November to April, with peak supplies in January, February, and March. According to a 1917 study by Palemon Dorsett, Archibald Dixon Shamel and Wilson Popenoe of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: a single mutation in a Selecta orange tree planted on the grounds of a monastery near Bahia, Brazil, probably yielded the first navel orange between 1810 and 1820. Nevertheless, a researcher at the University of California, Riverside, has suggested that the parent variety was more likely the Portuguese navel orange ("Umbigo"), described by Antoine Risso and Pierre Antoine Poiteau in their book "Histoire naturelle des orangers" ("Natural History of Orange Trees", 1818–1822). The mutation caused the orange to develop a second fruit at its base, opposite the stem, embedded within the peel of the primary orange. Navel oranges were introduced


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: in Australia in 1824 and in Florida in 1835. In 1870, twelve cuttings of the original tree were transplanted to Riverside, California, where the fruit became known as "Washington". This cultivar was very successful, and rapidly spread to other countries. Because the mutation left the fruit seedless and, therefore, sterile, the only method to cultivate navel oranges was to graft cuttings onto other varieties of citrus trees. The California Citrus State Historic Park and the Orcutt Ranch Horticulture Center preserve the history of navel oranges in Riverside. Today, navel oranges continue to be propagated through cutting and grafting. This does


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: not allow for the usual selective breeding methodologies, and so all navel oranges can be considered fruits from that single, nearly two-hundred-year-old tree: they have exactly the same genetic make-up as the original tree and are, therefore, clones. This case is similar to that of the common yellow seedless banana, the Cavendish, or that of the Granny Smith apple. On rare occasions, however, further mutations can lead to new varieties. Cara cara oranges (also called "red navel") are a type of navel orange grown mainly in Venezuela, South Africa and in California's San Joaquin Valley. They are sweet and comparatively


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: low in acid, with a bright orange rind similar to that of other navels, but their flesh is distinctively pinkish red. It is believed that they have originated as a cross between the Washington navel and the Brazilian Bahia navel, and they were discovered at the Hacienda Cara Cara in Valencia, Venezuela, in 1976. South African cara caras are ready for market in early August, while Venezuelan fruits arrive in October and Californian fruits in late November. Blood oranges are a natural mutation of "C. sinensis", although today the majority of them are hybrids. High concentrations of anthocyanin give the


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: rind, flesh, and juice of the fruit their characteristic dark red color. Blood oranges were first discovered and cultivated in Sicily in the fifteenth century. Since then they have spread worldwide, but are grown especially in Spain and Italy under the names of "sanguina" and "sanguinella", respectively. The blood orange, with its distinct color and flavor, is generally considered favorably as a juice, and has found a niche as an ingredient variation in traditional Seville marmalade. Acidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid. They also are called "sweet" oranges in the United States, with similar


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: names in other countries: "douce" in France, "sucrena" in Spain, "dolce" or "maltese" in Italy, "meski" in North Africa and the Near East (where they are especially popular), "şeker portakal" ("sugar orange") in Turkey, "succari" in Egypt, and "lima" in Brazil. The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as juice, so they are primarily eaten. They remain profitable in areas of local consumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export to major population centres of Europe, Asia, or the United States. Sweet oranges have also given rise


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: to a range of hybrids, notably the grapefruit, which arose from a sweet orange x pomelo backcross. A spontaneous backcross of the grapefruit and sweet orange then resulted in the orangelo. Spontaneous and engineered backcrosses between the sweet orange and mandarin oranges or tangerines has produced a group collectively known as tangors, which includes the clementine and Murcott. More complex crosses have also been produced. The so-called Ambersweet orange is actually a complex sweet orange x (Orlando tangelo x clementine) hybrid, legally designated a sweet orange in the United States so it can be used in orange juices. The citranges


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: are a group of intergeneric sweet orange x trifoliate orange hybrids. The taste of oranges is determined mainly by the relative ratios of sugars and acids, whereas orange aroma derives from volatile organic compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, and esters. Bitter limonoid compounds, such as limonin, decrease gradually during development, whereas volatile aroma compounds tend to peak in mid– to late–season development. Taste quality tends to improve later in harvests when there is a higher sugar/acid ratio with less bitterness. As a citrus fruit, the orange is acidic, with pH levels ranging from 2.9 to 4.0. Sensory qualities vary


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: according to genetic background, environmental conditions during development, ripeness at harvest, postharvest conditions, and storage duration. As with other citrus fruits, orange pulp is an excellent source of vitamin C, providing 64% of the Daily Value in a 100 g serving (right table). Numerous other essential nutrients are present in low amounts (right table). Oranges contain diverse phytochemicals, including carotenoids (beta-carotene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin), flavonoids (e.g. naringenin) and numerous volatile organic compounds producing orange aroma, including aldehydes, esters, terpenes, alcohols, and ketones. Orange juice contains only about one-fifth the citric acid of lime or lemon juice (which contain about 47


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: g/l). The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has established the following grades for Florida oranges, which primarily apply to oranges sold as fresh fruit: US Fancy, US No. 1 Bright, US No. 1, US No. 1 Golden, US No. 1 Bronze, US No. 1 Russet, US No. 2 Bright, US No. 2, US No. 2 Russet, and US No. 3. The general characteristics graded are color (both hue and uniformity), firmness, maturity, varietal characteristics, texture, and shape. "Fancy", the highest grade, requires the highest grade of color and an absence of blemishes, while the terms "Bright", "Golden", "Bronze", and


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: "Russet" concern solely discoloration. Grade numbers are determined by the amount of unsightly blemishes on the skin and firmness of the fruit that do not affect consumer safety. The USDA separates blemishes into three categories: The USDA uses a separate grading system for oranges used for juice because appearance and texture are irrelevant in this case. There are only two grades: US Grade AA Juice and US Grade A Juice, which are given to the oranges before processing. Juice grades are determined by three factors: Like most citrus plants, oranges do well under moderate temperatures—between —and require considerable amounts of


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: sunshine and water. It has been suggested the use of water resources by the citrus industry in the Middle East is a contributing factor to the desiccation of the region. Another significant element in the full development of the fruit is the temperature variation between summer and winter and, between day and night. In cooler climates, oranges can be grown indoors. As oranges are sensitive to frost, there are different methods to prevent frost damage to crops and trees when subfreezing temperatures are expected. A common process is to spray the trees with water so as to cover them with


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: a thin layer of ice that will stay just "at" the freezing point, insulating them even if air temperatures drop far lower. This is because water continues to lose heat as long as the environment is colder than it is, and so the water turning to ice in the environment cannot damage the trees. This practice, however, offers protection only for a very short time. Another procedure is burning fuel oil in smudge pots put between the trees. These devices burn with a great deal of particulate emission, so condensation of water vapour on the particulate soot prevents condensation on


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: plants and raises the air temperature very slightly. Smudge pots were developed for the first time after a disastrous freeze in Southern California in January 1913 destroyed a whole crop. It is possible to grow orange trees directly from seeds, but they may be infertile or produce fruit that may be different from its parent. For the seed of a commercial orange to grow, it must be kept moist at all times. One approach is placing the seeds between two sheets of damp paper towel until they germinate and then planting them, although many cultivators just set the seeds straight


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: into the soil. Commercially grown orange trees are propagated asexually by grafting a mature cultivar onto a suitable seedling rootstock to ensure the same yield, identical fruit characteristics, and resistance to diseases throughout the years. Propagation involves two stages: first, a rootstock is grown from seed. Then, when it is approximately one year old, the leafy top is cut off and a bud taken from a specific scion variety, is grafted into its bark. The scion is what determines the variety of orange, while the rootstock makes the tree resistant to pests and diseases and adaptable to specific soil and


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: climatic conditions. Thus, rootstocks influence the rate of growth and have an effect on fruit yield and quality. Rootstocks must be compatible with the variety inserted into them because otherwise, the tree may decline, be less productive, or die. Among the several advantages to grafting are that trees mature uniformly and begin to bear fruit earlier than those reproduced by seeds (3 to 4 years in contrast with 6 to 7 years), and that it makes it possible to combine the best attributes of a scion with those of a rootstock. Canopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are being used increasingly in Florida


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: to harvest oranges. Current canopy shaker machines use a series of six-to-seven-foot-long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relatively constant stroke and frequency. Normally, oranges are picked once they are pale orange. Oranges must be mature when harvested. In the United States, laws forbid harvesting immature fruit for human consumption in Texas, Arizona, California and Florida. Ripe oranges, however, often have some green or yellow-green color in the skin. Ethylene gas is used to turn green skin to orange. This process is known as "degreening", also called "gassing", "sweating", or "curing". Oranges are non-climacteric fruits and cannot post-harvest


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: ripen internally in response to ethylene gas, though they will de-green externally. Commercially, oranges can be stored by refrigeration in controlled-atmosphere chambers for up to 12 weeks after harvest. Storage life ultimately depends on cultivar, maturity, pre-harvest conditions, and handling. In stores and markets, however, oranges should be displayed on non-refrigerated shelves. At home, oranges have a shelf life of about one month. In either case, optimally, they are stored loosely in an open or perforated plastic bag. The first major pest that attacked orange trees in the United States was the cottony cushion scale ("Icerya purchasi"), imported from Australia


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: to California in 1868. Within 20 years, it wiped out the citrus orchards around Los Angeles, and limited orange growth throughout California. In 1888, the USDA sent Alfred Koebele to Australia to study this scale insect in its native habitat. He brought back with him specimens of "Novius cardinalis", an Australian ladybird beetle, and within a decade the pest was controlled. The citrus greening disease, caused by the bacterium "Liberobacter asiaticum", has been the most serious threat to orange production since 2010. It is characterized by streaks of different shades on the leaves, and deformed, poorly colored, unsavory fruit. In


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees live for only five to eight years and never bear fruit suitable for consumption. In the western hemisphere, the disease was discovered in Florida in 1998, where it has attacked nearly all the trees ever since. It was reported in Brazil by Fundecitrus Brasil in 2004. As from 2009, 0.87% of the trees in Brazil's main orange growing areas (São Paulo and Minas Gerais) showed symptoms of greening, an increase of 49% over 2008. The disease is spread primarily by two species of psyllid insects. One of them is the Asian citrus


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: psyllid ("Diaphorina citri" Kuwayama), an efficient vector of the "Liberobacter asiaticum". Generalist predators such as the ladybird beetles "Curinus coeruleus", "Olla v-nigrum", "Harmonia axyridis", and "Cycloneda sanguinea", and the lacewings "Ceraeochrysa spp." and "Chrysoperla spp." make significant contribution to the mortality of the Asian citrus psyllid, which results in 80–100% reduction in psyllid populations. In contrast, parasitism by "Tamarixia radiata", a species-specific parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid, is variable and generally low in southwest Florida: in 2006, it amounted to a reduction of less than 12% from May to September and 50% in November. In 2007, foliar applications of


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: insecticides reduced psyllid populations for a short time, but also suppressed the populations of predatory ladybird beetles. Soil application of aldicarb provided limited control of Asian citrus psyllid, while drenches of imidacloprid to young trees were effective for two months or more. Management of citrus greening disease is difficult and requires an integrated approach that includes use of clean stock, elimination of inoculum via voluntary and regulatory means, use of pesticides to control psyllid vectors in the citrus crop, and biological control of psyllid vectors in non-crop reservoirs. Citrus greening disease is not under completely successful management. Greasy spot, a


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: fungal disease caused by the "Mycosphaerella citri", produces leaf spots and premature defoliation, thus reducing the tree's vigour and yield. Ascospores of "M. citri" are generated in pseudothecia in decomposing fallen leaves. Once mature, ascospores are ejected and subsequently dispersed by air currents. Brazil is the world's leading orange producer, with an output of 17 million tonnes, followed by China, India, and the United States as the four major producers. As almost 99% of the fruit is processed for export, 53% of total global frozen concentrated orange juice production comes from this area and the western part of the state


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: of Minas Gerais. In Brazil, the four predominant orange varieties used for obtaining juice are Hamlin, Pera Rio, Natal, and Valencia. In the United States, groves are located mainly in Florida, California, and Texas. The majority of California's crop is sold as fresh fruit, whereas Florida's oranges are destined to juice products. The Indian River area of Florida is known for the high quality of its juice, which often is sold fresh in the United States and frequently blended with juice produced in other regions because Indian River trees yield very sweet oranges, but in relatively small quantities. Production of


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: orange juice between the São Paulo and mid-south Florida areas makes up roughly 85% of the world market. Brazil exports 99% of its production, while 90% of Florida's production is consumed in the United States. Orange juice is traded internationally in the form of frozen, concentrated orange juice to reduce the volume used so that storage and transportation costs are lower. Oranges, whose flavor may vary from sweet to sour, are commonly peeled and eaten fresh or squeezed for juice. The thick bitter rind is usually discarded, but can be processed into animal feed by desiccation, using pressure and heat.


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: It also is used in certain recipes as a food flavoring or garnish. The outermost layer of the rind can be thinly grated with a zester to produce orange zest. Zest is popular in cooking because it contains oils and has a strong flavor similar to that of the orange pulp. The white part of the rind, including the pith, is a source of pectin and has nearly the same amount of vitamin C as the flesh and other nutrients. Although not as juicy or tasty as the flesh, orange peel is edible and has significant contents of vitamin C,


title: "Orange (fruit)" content: dietary fiber, total polyphenols, carotenoids, limonene and dietary minerals, such as potassium and magnesium. Orange (fruit) The orange is the fruit of the citrus species "Citrus" × "sinensis" in the family Rutaceae. It is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related "Citrus × aurantium", referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations. The orange is a hybrid between pomelo ("Citrus maxima") and mandarin ("Citrus reticulata"). The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo. The sweet orange has had its full


title: "Leeds School of Business" content: to establish the Graduate School of Business to administer master's degrees. The school moved to its present location in 1970. In October 2001, the Leeds family of New York made a $35 million commitment to the University of Colorado Boulder's business school, the country's seventh largest endowment to a business school. The school was renamed the Leeds School of Business in recognition of the gift. From 2009- 2011 Manuel Laguna served as interim dean after Dennis Ahlburg accepted the presidency of Trinity University in San Antonio. In January 2011 it was announced that David L. Ikenberry had been appointed dean


title: "Burren, County Down" content: By 1945, the Sisters had acquired a new novitiate in County Kildare and were succeeded in Tamnaharry by the Sisters of St Joseph of the Apparition. The house remained in religious hands until 1969, when the Morton Family of Banbridge bought it. Carrick Primary School and two pre-schools are located in the village, Carrick has 417 pupils while nearby Clontifleece Primary School (a rural school) closed in 2013 with 34 children enrolled. Gaelic football is a popular sport in Burren and the local team, St. Mary's Burren GAA, enjoyed considerable success at national level during the 1980s winning the All-Ireland


title: "Julie Fleeting" content: record stood at 111 goals in 111 caps for Scotland. In June 2011, Scotland's record goalscorer, ruled herself out of contention for being picked for Great Britain women's team at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She concurred with the opinion of her father, the Scottish FA's director of football development, Jim Fleeting that participation may "jeopardise" the Scottish national team. The 1–0 friendly victory against Belgium in August 2011, in which Fleeting scored the solitary goal, proved to be her last involvement with her country for more than three years. In that time, Fleeting missed two major championship qualifying campaigns and


title: "Common poorwill" content: Common poorwill The common poorwill ("Phalaenoptilus nuttallii") is a nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, the nightjars. It is found from British Columbia and southeastern Alberta, through the western United States to northern Mexico. The bird's habitat is dry, open areas with grasses or shrubs, and even stony desert slopes with very little vegetation. Many northern birds migrate to winter within the breeding range in central and western Mexico, though some remain further north. Remarkably, the common poorwill is the only bird known to go into torpor for extended periods (weeks to months). This happens on the southern edge of


title: "Common poorwill" content: its range in the United States, where it spends much of the winter inactive, concealed in piles of rocks. Such an extended period of torpor is close to a state of hibernation and is not known among other birds. The genus name "Phalaenoptilus" is a compound of Greek "phalaina", moth and "ptilon", feather. The species name "nuttallii" honors English-born American ornithologist Thomas Nuttall. This is the smallest North American nightjar, about in length, with a wingspan of approximately . It weighs . The sexes are similar, both gray and black patterned above. The outer tail-feathers are tipped with white, the


title: "Common poorwill" content: markings slightly more prominent in the male. The common poorwill is told from similar nightjars by its small size, short bill, rounded wings with tips that reach the end of the short tail at rest, and pale gray coloration. Like many other nightjars, the common name derives from its call, a monotonous "poor-will" given from dusk to dawn. At close range a third syllable of the call may be heard, resulting in a "poor-will-low". It also gives a "chuck" note in flight. The common poorwill is the only bird known to go into torpor for extended periods (weeks to months).


title: "Common poorwill" content: This happens on the southern edge of its range in the United States, where it spends much of the winter inactive, concealed in piles of rocks. This behavior has been reported in California and New Mexico. Such an extended period of torpor is close to a state of hibernation, not known among other birds. It was described definitively by Dr. Edmund Jaeger in 1948 based on a poorwill he discovered hibernating in the Chuckwalla Mountains of California in 1946. In 1804, Meriwether Lewis observed hibernating common poorwills in North Dakota during the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Though these observations were


title: "Common poorwill" content: recorded carefully in Lewis's journal, their significance was not understood. This was at least in part because the common poorwill was not then recognized as a species distinct from the whip-poor-will of eastern North America. Native Americans of the Hopi tribe were likely aware of the poorwill's behavior even earlier — the Hopílavayi name of this bird, "hölchko", means "The Sleeping One". Breeding is from March to August in the south of the range, and late May to September further north. The nest of the common poorwill is a shallow scrape on the ground, often at the base of a


title: "Common poorwill" content: hill and frequently shaded partly by a bush or clump of grass. The clutch size is typically two, and the eggs are white to creamy, or pale pink, sometimes with darker mottling. Both sexes incubate for 20–21 days to hatching, with another 20–23 days to fledging. There is usually one brood per year, but females may sometimes lay and incubate a second clutch within 100 m of the first nest while the male feeds young at the first site. The young are semiprecocial. An adult disturbed on the nest tumbles and opens its mouth, hissing, apparently imitating a snake. Like


title: "Common poorwill" content: other members of this family it feeds on nocturnal insects such as moths, beetles, and grasshoppers. It ejects pellets of the indigestible parts, in the manner of an owl. The common poorwill frequently takes prey off of the ground or by leaping into the air from the ground. It is reported to drink on the wing. Up to five subspecies are described, although these are all quite similar, and some may be of dubious validity. Common poorwill The common poorwill ("Phalaenoptilus nuttallii") is a nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, the nightjars. It is found from British Columbia and southeastern


title: "The Baldwin Brothers" content: The Baldwin Brothers The Baldwin Brothers are a Chicago-based lounge/electronica duo composed of Jason Hinkle and TJ Widner. The two met in junior-high school and have been composing electronic dance, pop and jazz music since 1983. The band signed with TVT Records in 2001 and are now represented by The Orchard (music label) after their buyout of TVT's music catalog. Their first full album, "Cooking With Lasers" was produced by Dave Trumfio and The Baldwin Brothers and was released in 2002. The track "Funky Junkyard" was featured in Warren Miller's 2002 feature "Storm." "Urban Tumbleweed" which features rapper Barron Ricks


title: "Roman military personal equipment" content: in the camp. The instrument is the ancestor of both the trumpet and the trombone. The German word for trombone, "Posaune", is derived from "buccina". A "tribulus" (caltrop) was a weapon made up of four sharp nails or spines arranged in such a manner that one of them always pointed upward from a stable base (for example, a tetrahedron). Caltrops served to slow down the advance of horses, war elephants, and human troops. It was said to be particularly effective against the soft feet of camels. The late-Roman writer Vegetius, in his work "De Re Militari", wrote: Roman military personal


title: "Triangulate cobweb spider" content: Triangulate cobweb spider The triangulate cobweb spider (scientific name: Steatoda triangulosa; also called the triangulate bud spider) is a common spider in the genus "Steatoda". It is well known for the triangle-shaped pattern on the dorsal side of its abdomen. The adult female "triangulate cobweb spider" is 3 to 6 mm long (1/8 to 1/4 inch), with a brownish-orange cephalothorax and spindly, yellowish legs, and tiny hairs. The round, bulbous abdomen is creamy in color, with parallel purply-brown zigzag lines running front to back. This distinctive pattern sets it apart from other theridiids in its area. The triangulate cobweb spider


title: "Triangulate cobweb spider" content: is known to prey on many other types of arthropods, ants (including fire ants), other spiders, pillbugs, and ticks. It preys on several other spiders believed to be harmful to humans, including the hobo spider and the brown recluse. The egg sac of the triangulated cobweb spider is made from loosely woven silk, and is about the same size as the spider itself. Each egg sac contains approximately 30 eggs. Cobweb spiders typically live on windows or in dirt areas. They eat for a margin of their day and spend hours developing their web; it does not break if it


title: "Triangulate cobweb spider" content: is woven well. Below or in its web, there may be many dead insects, ranging from stinkbugs to other spiders, and even wasps. Similar to other members of the family Theridiidae, "S. triangulosa" constructs a cobweb, i.e. an irregular tangle of sticky silken fibers. As with other web-weavers, these spiders have very poor eyesight and depend mostly on vibrations reaching them through their webs to orient themselves to prey or warn them of larger animals that could injure or kill them. They are not aggressive. Members of the genus "Steatoda" do have medically significant bites, but will not kill a


title: "Triangulate cobweb spider" content: person unless an allergic reaction occurs and there is one record of biting humans by this species in France. "S. triangulosa" is a cosmopolitan species, and is found in many parts of the world, including across North America, in southern Russia, New Zealand, and Europe. The spider is believed to be native to Eurasia and introduced elsewhere. This species is primarily a house spider, and builds webs in dark corners of buildings and other man-made structures. Triangulate cobweb spider The triangulate cobweb spider (scientific name: Steatoda triangulosa; also called the triangulate bud spider) is a common spider in the genus


title: "Maryse Ouellet" content: and was at ringside when he captured the FCW Southern Heavyweight Championship. On the September 22, 2006 episode of "SmackDown!", Ouellet, known as simply Maryse, was shown on the TitanTron welcoming the Montreal viewers in French to the season premiere of "SmackDown!" on the CW Network. Maryse made her first official televised appearance on the May 21, 2007 episode of "Raw" to present American rapper Timbaland's new music video for the single "Throw It on Me", in which she had appeared. By the time she began appearing regularly on "SmackDown" at the beginning of 2008, she had adopted a snobby


title: "4th Tank Battalion" content: Pendleton, California. It was composed, with the exception of 2 officers, entirely of reservists. It was the first unit to capture Japanese mandated territory in the Pacific. It participated in the Battle of Kwajalein, Battle of Saipan, Battle of Tinian, and the battalion's last major operation in World War II was the Battle of Iwo Jima. Late in 1946, a group of World War II veterans began meeting at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot on a volunteer basis. This became the formation of the first organized Marine Corps Reserve unit in San Diego. The unit was officially designated as the


title: Cytisine content: Cytisine Cytisine, also known as baptitoxine and sophorine, is an alkaloid that occurs naturally in several plant genera, such as "Laburnum" and "Cytisus" of the family Fabaceae. It has been used medically to help with smoking cessation. Its molecular structure has some similarity to that of nicotine and it has similar pharmacological effects. Like varenicline, cytisine is a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Cytisine has a short half-life of 4.8 hours, and is rapidly eliminated from the body. The use of cytisine for smoking cessation remains relatively unknown outside Eastern Europe. Plant species that contain cytisine are found


title: "Big Brother (Australian season 2)" content: were able to vote which three eventually went into the house. A close relationship formed between Nathan Martin and Jessica Hardy (Marty and Jess) who later got married after leaving the show. Their wedding plans and the ceremony were showcased in television special "Marty & Jess: An Outback Wedding". The couple separated in late 2005. The Australian rock band Killing Heidi entered the house for a special surprise birthday party for Jess. During an "Eviction", a 25-year-old male ran naked onto the stage and was subsequently fined $100 in court. The reserved Peter Corbett won the $250,000 first prize, with


title: "Marlovian theory of Shakespeare authorship" content: because they were by the same author, or because they were—whether consciously or unconsciously—simply copied by Shakespeare from Marlowe. It is worth noting, however, that Marlowe is the only contemporary dramatist from whom Shakespeare appears to 'copy' so much, and that the influence Marlowe had on Shakespeare is universally acknowledged. With stylometric approaches it is possible to identify certain characteristics which are very typical of Shakespeare, such as the use of particular poetic techniques or the frequency with which various common words are used, and these have been used to argue that Marlowe could not have written Shakespeare's works. In