title: "The Last Drop of Water" content: on to praise the artistic direction of the film compared to the "salacious" others during their day. The Last Drop of Water The Last Drop of Water is a 1911 American short silent Western film directed by D. W. Griffith, starring Blanche Sweet. Three known prints of the film survive. It was filmed in the San Fernando desert as well as Lookout Mountain, California. The film was considered the "most ambitious film made by Griffith during the California trip of 1911" before the Biograph company moved back to New York. It was filmed on or between the 14 May and


title: "Ronald J. Allen" content: of the world’s most distinguished scholars by entities including the Ministry of Education (中华人民共和国教育部) of the People's Republic of China in the fields of evidence and procedure. For several years, he has been responsible for hosting and supervising the study and research of Chinese law faculty and students at Northwestern University. In 2007, Allen was awarded the Yangtze River Scholar award, the highest academic honor given by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China. He became only the fourth American to receive this award, and the first law professor, domestic or foreign, to be so honored. Ronald


title: "Osvaldo Alonso" content: CONCACAF Champions League matches. In February 2011, Alonso signed a contract extension with Seattle through the 2014 season. In 2011, he led field players with 33 appearances and 2891 minutes (ranked 12th among field players in MLS). He played the full 90 minutes in each of his 32 MLS starts. Alonso scored a career-high three goals and matched his high with three assists. He scored the game-winner at Portland on July 10 by converting his first career penalty. He finished second on the team with 54 shots. He was selected as an MLS All-Star for the first time. He scored


title: "44th (Howitzer) Brigade Royal Field Artillery" content: was undertaken while demobilisation began. The division and its subformations were disbanded on 10 July 1919. 44th (Howitzer) Brigade Royal Field Artillery XLIV (Howitzer) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery was a brigade of the Royal Field Artillery which served in the First World War. It joined the BEF in August 1914 before being broken up in May 1916. It was reformed as XLIV Brigade, Royal Field Artillery in early 1917, serving in Palestine and the Western Front before being disbanded after the end of the war. XLIV (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA was formed in March 1900 as L (Howitzer) Brigade-Division, RFA commanding


title: "Joseph May Swing" content: Washington DC. From 1938 to 1940 he served as chief of staff for the 2nd Infantry Division, then as commander of artillery for the 1st Cavalry Division. Swing was promoted to brigadier general in 1941 and organized the division artillery of the 82nd Infantry Division, shortly before their conversion to an Airborne division. After being promoted to major general, in February 1943 Swing activated the newly formed 11th Airborne Division at Camp Mackall, North Carolina. He was then sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations to assist with planning the airborne operations conducted during Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily.


title: "Gun laws in California" content: as "series" members. As of February 2006, over 10,000 "off-list" receivers (frames) for such rifles have been legally imported to, and purchased within, California. The only requirement for these receivers are that the combination of make and model is not explicitly listed as banned, and as long as the owner does not add certain "characteristic features" turning the firearm into an assault weapon (i.e. pistol grip, flash suppressor, etc.). These characteristic features can be used, however, if a nondetachable 10-round (or less) magazine, conforming in the converse to the California Code of Regulations §5469, formerly §978.20, definition of detachable magazine,


title: "Elsham railway station" content: Elsham railway station Elsham railway station is a former railway station in Elsham, Lincolnshire, England. The station was opened by the Trent, Ancholme and Grimsby Railway on 1 October 1866 and like other T. A. & G. stations had staggered platforms. The station was the most easterly of the T. A. & G. stations the line, situated just a few miles from Wrawby Junction, Barnetby where it joined the M. S. & L. R. towards Grimsby. It was formally closed by British Rail on 3 October 1993. The final station master was Mr Robert Christopher Swinton, retired in 1966. Joint


title: Damatria content: Damatria Damatria is a village on the Greek island of Rhodes, located on the west coast, about 20 km far from the capital. It is a part of the Municipal unit of Petaloudes. It has a population of 641 people (2011). Damatria is believed to be the only village of Rhodes dating back to the Dorian era in the 11th century B.C. Excavations in the surrounding area have confirmed continuous habitation for over 3,000 years. Historians believe this ancient settlement was actually named after the sanctuary of the Goddess Dimitra that had been built in the area. Most of the


title: WVEZ content: WVEZ WVEZ (106.9 MHz, "106.9 Play") is an FM radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary format. Licensed to St. Matthews, Kentucky, United States, the station serves the Louisville metropolitan area. The station is currently owned by SummitMedia. The station is also broadcast on HD radio. The station's studios are located at Chestnut Centre in Downtown Louisville and the transmitter site is in New Albany, Indiana. As with many adult contemporary stations, WVEZ switches to Christmas music between mid-autumn and December 25. The station came on the air in 1966 playing CBS' "Young Sound" Adult Contemporary format. It switched to a


title: "Gordon Lorenz" content: Christmas". It was one of the last Christmas singles to sell one million copies, won an Ivor Novello Award for highest selling record of 1980 – beating Barbra Streisand's "Woman in Love" and The Police's "Don't Stand So Close to Me". Subsequently employed full-time by EMI, Lorenz became one of the most prolific record producers in the music industry, producing over 800 albums (believed to be a world record), selling 8 million records, earning 17 platinum, gold and silver discs featuring some of the biggest international artists. After being asked by Unicef to help raise funds for children in Africa


title: "F1 grenade (Australia)" content: F1 grenade (Australia) The F1 fragmentation hand grenade is manufactured by Thales Australia and is used by the Australian Defence Force. The F1 grenade replaced the M26 grenade in Australian service in the late 1990s. It is a high explosive, anti-personnel grenade with a lethal radius of , casualty radius of and a safety radius of . The grenade weighs 375g and contains over 4000 2.4 mm steel ball fragments arranged to achieve uniform distribution of lethal fragments through 360° upon functioning. It has a fuse time of 4.5 to 5.5 seconds. Thales Australia also manufactures an F3 practice grenade,


title: "Kafr Zibad" content: Of this, 2,266 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,434 were used for cereals, while 22 dunams were built-up (urban) land. In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Kafr Zibad came under Jordanian rule. In 1961, the population of Kafr Zibad was 643. After the Six-Day War in 1967, Kafr Zibad came under Israeli occupation. 19% of the population of Kafr Zibad were refugees in 1991. The healthcare and education facilities for the surrounding villages are based in Kafr Zibad, Kafr Zibad secondary school one of the best school in the region. There


title: "Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences" content: symposia and conferences to discuss scientific issues and coordinate research. As of 2008, there are 37 academicians, 57 corresponding members, and 7 foreign members. Academician Murat Djumataev was elected to a position as the new president of the Academy on 31 October, 2017. The history of the Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences begins in 1943 when Kyrgyz Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established. It included institutes of geology, biology, chemistry, language, and history. An increasing potential of the branch resulted in establishing the Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz SSR by a decree of the Council of


title: "History of Kfarsghab" content: in the eyes of the Muslim world, the Sultan Baibars started attacking the Franks, seizing Antioch in 1268. From that date, the pre-existing divisions of the native Christians of Lebanon between Pro and Anti-Franks became more marked; especially that the anti-Frankish party finally found in the Mamluks the strong allies it was missing since the First Crusade in 1099. After a first limited Mamluk incursion in Jebbet Bsharri against the village of Hadath in 1268, the Mamluk armies came back to the region in 1283 in a more organized manner, and probably also returned in 1290 after the fall of


title: Barodontalgia content: removing the void space by carefully replacing the offending restoration, repeating the endodontic treatment or removing the tooth. Barodontalgia Barodontalgia, commonly known as tooth squeeze and previously known as aerodontalgia, is a pain in tooth caused by a change in ambient pressure. The pain usually ceases at ground level. Dental barotrauma is a condition in which such changes in barometric pressure changes cause damage to the dentition. The most common victims are underwater divers because in deep dives pressures can increase by several atmospheres, and military pilots because of rapid changes. In pilots, barodontalgia may be severe enough to cause


title: "Carl Philipp, Reichsgraf von Wylich und Lottum" content: 1, 1692 Governor of Minden. He fought the French again between 1691 and 1693 in the Low Countries. On September 20, 1698 he became governor of the Spandau Citadel. On January 17, 1701 he became a Knight in the Order of the Black Eagle and was made a Count by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. At the outbreak of the War of Spanish Succession he was made supreme commander of the Prussian troops in the Netherlands. In 1703 he besieged Rheinberg and Geldern, and later Lille and Tournai. He fought in the Battle of Blenheim and played an important role


title: "2007–11 Belgian political crisis" content: reform were added to the debate, with most Flemish parties in favour of finding money by strongly reducing spending, whilst the proposals supported by most French-speaking parties also included a significant raise in taxes. The crisis came to an end in December 2011 with the inauguration of a new federal government which agreed on partition of the BHV district and on policies aimed at tackling the economic downturn. The country's continuing linguistic divide played a large part in the crisis. Several times during the period Belgium was threatened to be split up amid rising Flemish separatism. The crisis broke out


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: Epargyreus clarus Epargyreus clarus, the silver-spotted skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is claimed to be the most recognized skipper in North America. "E. clarus" occurs in fields, gardens, and at forest edges and ranges from southern Canada throughout most of the United States to northern Mexico, but is absent in the Great Basin and western Texas. "E. clarus" larvae create and reside in unique shelters stuck together with silk, which do not protect them from predators. Natural predators of the species include paper wasp foragers, sphecid wasp and "Crematogaster opuntiae" ants. The species is also considered


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: to be a perching species, meaning that adult males compete for territory to attract females. Although "E. clarus" is considered to be a pest of a few crop plants such as beans, its pest activity is not serious enough to warrant initiating major control measures. "E. clarus" has a wide distribution throughout North America: it ranges from southern Canada throughout most of the United States to northern Mexico, but is absent from the Great Basin and west Texas. The silver-spotted skipper prefers open ranges where nectar plants are found, such as forest edges, swamps, brushy areas, and riparian habitats at


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: lower elevations. At night, or on hot or cloudy days, "E. clarus" rests on the underside of a leaf. It hangs upside down, holding its wings together over its back so that its silver spot is exposed. "E. clarus" is often restricted by its habitat, preferring to fly in the shade. "E. clarus" caterpillars consume leaves of herbs, vines, shrubs, and trees in the pea family ("Fabaceae") including false indigobush ("Amorpha fruticosa"), American hogpeanut ("Amphicarpaea bracteata"), groundnut ("Apios americana"), American wisteria ("Wisteria frutescens"), Atlantic pidgeonwings or butterfly pea ("Clitoria mariana"), and the introduced Dixie ticktrefoil ("Desmodium tortuosum"), kudzu ("Pueraria montana"),


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: black locust ("Robinia pseudoacacia"), Chinese wisteria ("Wisteria sinensis") and an assortment of other legumes. Innate host plant preferences confer greater performance on larvae, due to differences in leaf nutrient concentrations. However, preference may be influenced by a larva’s rearing host species. Adults use their long tongues to feed on the nectar of a variety of flowers, mud, and even animal feces. They almost never visit yellow flowers, favoring blue, red, pink, purple, and sometimes white and cream-colored ones. These include everlasting pea, common milkweed, red clover, buttonbush, blazing star, and thistles. Females lay a single egg on or occasionally nearby


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: host plants. They have been reported to oviposit on the least snoutbean ("Rynchosia minima"). The eggs are green, with red coloration on top. Larvae are yellow with transverse subdorsal black stripes. The first thoracic segment is black, has a brown prothoracic shield, and is significantly thinner than its adjacent organs – the head and second thoracic segment. The head is described as black or reddish brown with large with two prominent anterior orange spots, which mimic eyes. The three true legs and midabdominal true legs are all bright orange. All larval instars of "E. clarus" build shelters on their host


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: plant. They build about 5 shelters throughout larval growth and development in 4 distinct styles, which are constructed from instinct and unique to larval size. The first, second, and third instars make a simpler, invariant structure that requires 2 incisions in the leaf and silk to fold over the flap created. Shelters are typically built on the apical portion of the leaflet. One study of "E. clarus" larvae in the Washington D.C. area defined 5 steps of shelter building: Larvae take breaks of about 30 minutes between each cut and fold. It typically takes less than 2 and a half


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: hours to complete shelter construction. Larvae spend about 95% of their time resting on the ceiling of the shelter.First instar shelters are typically fasted by only about 2-4 “guy-wires.” In addition, older caterpillars occasionally live in a nest of made of multiple leaves connected by silk, especially when using host plants with smaller leaflets. For example, first, second, and third instars can make shelters with one "Robinia" leaflet, but the fourth and fifth instars have to use 2 to 4 or 5 leaflets. Larvae pupate throughout the winter. The pupa is dark brown with black and white marks. There are


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: three or more overlapping generations of hibernating pupa in Florida – fewer in the northern regions. The adult wingspan ranges from 1.75 to 2.625 inches (4.5 to 6.7 cm). Each forewing is triangular and dark brown with a large yellow-orange medial patch. Male forewings are pointed than those of females. The hindwings are also dark brown with a large silver patch on the discal third of the ventral side. Adults are diurnal and fly from early to midsummer. They have one brood per year in the North and West, two in the East, and three to four in the Deep


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: South. Common predators include the paper wasp foragers "Polistes fuscatus" and "Polistes dominula", as well as "Crematogaster opuntiae" ants. Studies have found that shelters protect larvae from these predators in lab settings. Shelters delayed or prevented "Crematogaster opuntiae" colonies from detecting the larvae. This is likely because of these ants’ limited senses, in conjunction with the inhibitory structure of the shelter: they are only able to detect a motionless caterpillar within approximately one body length, and this is further obstructed by the mere single small opening into the shelter. While wasps in the laboratory setting did spend more time on


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: areas of the leaf damaged by feeding or silk deposition, the larval shelter prevented visual detection and posed a physical barrier. However, shelters did not protect against these predators in the field. Wasps only spend a few seconds on a leaflet to successfully identify and remove the larva from its shelter. This suggests that shelter identification and larval extraction is a learned ability, perhaps developed through visual or olfactory cues. Other predators include the sphecid wasp "Stictia carolina", which sometimes supplies its nests with silver-spotted skipper larvae. Other predators are also often attracted to the chemical cues from frass, or


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: insect excrement. "E. clarus" larvae use an anal comb to throw their frass up to 38 body lengths away from them. When disturbed, larvae regurgitate an unpleasant, greenish chemical in defense. "E. clarus" larvae are also a natural host of "Baculovirus". The advanced stages of this infection cause larvae to feed without resting. Later, they climb to higher and more exposed areas, where they are more conspicuous to predators. Predator attack leaves their infected remains to be absorbed by the surrounding vegetation, which will be consumed by new hosts. Instead of receiving ejaculate, a female receives a large spermatophore from


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: a male for each copulation. Thus, the number of spermatophores a female contains roughly equates to the number of copulations. Generally, when there are more than two spermatophores present in a female, each one’s placement and degree of erosion indicates its age relative to the other. "E. clarus", however, is particularly resistant to erosion. Once mated, females seem to reject males, at least for some time afterwards. Males perch on branches and tall weeds about 1–2 m above the ground, darting out when any insect passes in the hope for a receptive "E. clarus" female. When confronted by another conspecific,


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: male movements are swift and acrobatic. This perching behavior is part of a common mate-location strategy, in which males compete for sites where females are more likely to occur. Females do not engage in this behavior, but may have to fly considerable distances to find mates depending on the proximity of male territory to larval development site. Such sites are roughly the size of a small room and are most likely chosen based on vegetation and topography. "E. clarus" possesses compound eyes that lack pigment in the iris region. Each ommatidia, or single optical unit, has its own unique visual


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: field that spans about 2°. The small visual field can be due to crystalline tracts in the eye that restrict the light to reach the retina only through this path. "E. clarus" is known to be a nectar-thief species. An individual nectar thief is an animal that takes nectar from a flower but does not pollinate it while doing so. A species as a whole can be considered a thief species if it does not pollinate a species of flowers during more than 50% of its feedings. Research has found that while foraging on flowers, the butterfly tended to probe


title: "Epargyreus clarus" content: the innermost disk florets, which are the male organs, but not make contact with the outermost florets, which are the female organs. "E. clarus" is known to feed on various crop plants such as soybean and kidney bean. However, no large-scale control measures have been taken as the species' pest activity is not too detrimental. Epargyreus clarus Epargyreus clarus, the silver-spotted skipper, is a butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is claimed to be the most recognized skipper in North America. "E. clarus" occurs in fields, gardens, and at forest edges and ranges from southern Canada throughout most of the


title: "Argyrosomus japonicus" content: Argyrosomus japonicus Argyrosomus japonicus is a silvery to bronze-green colored fish, a member of the Sciaenidae family, which may grow up to in length. It is known as mulloway or jewfish in Australia and dusky kob or kabeljou in South Africa. The name jewfish refers to the large earstones, which are prized as "jewels" by some fishers. "Argyrosomus japonicus" is a large, slender fish which can grow to . It has a copper-colored head and is silvery with a bronze-green dorsal surface and paler belly. It has with a row of distinctive white spots running along the lateral line. The


title: "Argyrosomus japonicus" content: caudal fin is angular in juveniles but becomes more rounded in larger fish. "Argyrosomus japonicus" has an Indo-Pacific distribution occurring in coastal waters surrounding Australia, Africa, India, Pakistan, China, Korea and Japan. Adults are gregarious and are found over soft bottoms mainly beyond the surf zone, occasionally going inshore. Juveniles are exclusively found in shallow water and sometimes move into estuaries. In South Africa, the fish is sought after by both commercial and recreational fishermen alike. Over the past 5 years, the fish stock has been declining rapidly. In a recent study, local beach seine operations were cited as being


title: "Argyrosomus japonicus" content: responsible for decimating the fish stocks. Little regard is taken by these Seine Netters to conserve these fish. There have been continual reports that these Seine netters at Muizenberg Beach in False Bay have kept every fish caught on occasions when no fisheries' official is on site. There has been photographic proof posted on the web showing pickups full of undersized fish leaving the beach. These fish are supposed to be released, but the Seine netters seek opportunity to keep every fish possible when no law official is present. The authorities have been slow to act on this matter. In


title: "Argyrosomus japonicus" content: 2011, officials arrested one of the two seine netters that operate at Muizenberg Beach for having a freezer full (over 1500 juvenile) of undersized "Argyrosomus japonicus". The case was dropped until there was a public outcry and the department of public prosecution in Cape Town had decided to reopen the case. A decision should be made before the end of 2013 as to whether to charge the Muizenburg Beach Seine Netter or take no action and set a precedent for other operators to keep undersized fish. Argyrosomus japonicus Argyrosomus japonicus is a silvery to bronze-green colored fish, a member of


title: "Lophosoria quadripinnata" content: correspond very well with living "Lophosoria". The distribution of the "Cyatheacidites" has been used to infer that "Lophosoria" was located in the southern part of Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous Period, and then migrated to Australia and South America (Dettmann 1986). More recently, Cantrill (1998) described fossilized leaves in the early Cretaceous layer (more specifically in the Aptian) in Antarctica, which contained spores of "Cyatheacidites". The preservation of the leaves and spores was so good that Cantrill could identify the species, and described them by the name of "Lophosoria cupulata" (published as "Lophosoria cupulatus") with the genus change, as he


title: "Amrum lighthouse" content: Amrum lighthouse The Amrum lighthouse is located in the southern part of the German island of Amrum, approximately 2 kilometres west of the village of Wittdün, yet still adhering to the municipality of Nebel. Its designation in German is "Seefeuer Amrum". It is one of the island's landmarks, being open to the public during the summer season. The focal plane height of the lightsource measures 63 metres above mean sea level and thereby it is one of the highest lights along the German North Sea shore. The tower itself is 41.8 metres tall, which makes its top reach 67.4 metres


title: "Amrum lighthouse" content: above msl. The range of the white sector amounts to 23.3 nautical miles. The lens is made up of 16 panels of converging lenses. The light character is "Fl, 7.5s", i.e. a single flashing light with an intervall of 7.5 seconds. A 230V/250V halogen metal vapour lamp is used as lantern. An article on the loss of three vessels around the islands of Amrum and Sylt, published in the "Hamburger Zeitung" in 1868, sparked a controversial debate among experts about where to build a lighthouse in the area. In 1872 it was decided that a lighthouse be built atop a


title: "Amrum lighthouse" content: 25 metres high dune on Amrum. Constructions were taken up in 1873 but turned into an obstacle course for all those involved. After five weeks only, the construction works had to be halted when the granite stones for the spiral stairs were missing. When the shipment arrived, a number of workers went on strike and refused to set foot on the "dull" island. Yet the remaining workers and some additional auxiliary hands were able to finish the brick building until November 1874, and to install the first order Fresnel lens with its Argand lamp of five wicks. The lens had


title: "Amrum lighthouse" content: been displayed at the Paris Exposition in 1867. Also, a dwelling house was built below the dune to host three lighthouse keepers. The "Amrum Wittdün lighthouse" ("Leuchtfeuer Amrum Wittdün") was officially activated on January 1, 1875, shortly before sunset. It was the first German lighthouse to be erected in Nordfriesland. In 1936, the lantern was electrified and only in 1952 the lighthouse received its red and white marking. The last keeper left the lighthouse in 1984 when the facility had become automated. The 2.7 metres tall optic with a weight of 2.9 tonnes is extremely precious. Its current value is


title: "Amrum lighthouse" content: put at five million Euro. Some parts have — compared to today's standards — extremely high durability. For example, a ball-bearing which carried the entire optic had to be changed only in 1993, 118 years after the lighthouse's activation. Amrum lighthouse was featured on two German stamps by Deutsche Post in 2005 and 2008. Amrum lighthouse The Amrum lighthouse is located in the southern part of the German island of Amrum, approximately 2 kilometres west of the village of Wittdün, yet still adhering to the municipality of Nebel. Its designation in German is "Seefeuer Amrum". It is one of the


title: "To the Top (TV series)" content: were earlier eliminated in the series to become the competition’s wildcards to make up the 18 finalists and they are AJ Ajrouche, Lance Busa, Ken Carpena, Mico Cruz, Cholo dela Cruz, Martin de Vera, Luis Gragera, Joshua Jacobe, MJ Magno, Miko Manguba, Seph Manlapaz, Bryan Olano, JP Palanca, Adrian Pascual, Louie Pedroso, Lharby Policarpio, Edric Ulang, and Chris Yumang. Each showdown, there will be an elimination. The judges will choose 2 weakest members from the teams. The winning team's weakest members will be saved, and those remaining will have sing-off to determine who will continue his journey to the top.


title: "Castilleja affinis" content: Castilleja affinis Castilleja affinis is a species of "Castilleja" known by the common name coast Indian paintbrush. It is native to western North America from Washington to Baja California, where it grows on hills and mountains slopes along the coast and inland. This is a perennial herb growing an erect stem up to about 60 centimeters in maximum height. It is greenish to purple in color and may be hairless to quite hairy. The leaves are variable in shape and up to 8 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a series of bracts in shades of bright red to yellowish. Flowers


title: "Castilleja affinis" content: appearing between the bracts are a bit longer and covered in hairs. They are green to purple lined with red or yellow. The fruit is a capsule just over a centimeter long. There are three subspecies of this plant, two of which are rare: Castilleja affinis Castilleja affinis is a species of "Castilleja" known by the common name coast Indian paintbrush. It is native to western North America from Washington to Baja California, where it grows on hills and mountains slopes along the coast and inland. This is a perennial herb growing an erect stem up to about 60 centimeters


title: "What Am I Waiting For" content: that Brown's production worked well with the project and helped Newfield to expand her musical range. Dawn Pomento of "Country Standard Time" gave a favorable review as well, saying that many of the songs were strengthened by Newfield's "muscular and lithe" voice and Brown's production. About.com review Matt Sexton rated the album four stars out of five, saying that "Can't Let Go" and "Knocked Up" showed Newfield's blues influences. Matt C., reviewing the album for Engine 145, gave it three-and-a-half stars out of five, saying that the first several tracks were ambitious, but that the album contained several weak tracks


title: "John Gunthorpe" content: John Gunthorpe John Gunthorpe (died 1498) was an English administrator, Keeper of the Privy Seal and Dean of Wells. Gunthorpe was a student at Cambridge University and had already entered into clergyship and received holy orders. By private appointment he served as a secretary to Queen Elizabeth. By 1452 he was Master of Arts at Cambridge University and served as a junior proctor in 1454-5. Gunthorpe traveled to Italy and was in Ferrara in August 1460. He had been attending the lectures of Guarino da Verona on rhetoric at Ferrara. His teacher Guarino died at the end of 1460 and


title: "Personal computer" content: Personal computer A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician. Computer time-sharing models that were typically used with larger, more expensive minicomputer and mainframe systems, to enable them be used by many people at the same time, are not used with PCs. Early computer owners in the 1960s, invariably institutional or corporate, had to write their own programs to do any useful work with the machines. In the 2010s, personal


title: "Personal computer" content: computer users have access to a wide range of commercial software, free-of-charge software ("freeware") and free and open-source software, which are provided in ready-to-run form. Software for personal computers is typically developed and distributed independently from the hardware or OS manufacturers. Many personal computer users no longer need to write their own programs to make any use of a personal computer, although end-user programming is still feasible. This contrasts with mobile systems, where software is often only available through a manufacturer-supported channel, and end-user program development may be discouraged by lack of support by the manufacturer. Since the early 1990s,


title: "Personal computer" content: Microsoft operating systems and Intel hardware have dominated much of the personal computer market, first with MS-DOS and then with Windows. Alternatives to Microsoft's Windows operating systems occupy a minority share of the industry. These include Apple's macOS and free and open-source Unix-like operating systems such as Linux. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) provides the main alternative to Intel's processors. "PC" is an initialism for "personal computer". The IBM Personal Computer incorporated the designation in its model name, but IBM has not used this brand for many years. It is sometimes useful, especially in a marketing context, to distinguish personal computers


title: "Personal computer" content: of the "IBM Personal Computer" family from personal computers made by other manufacturers. For example, "PC" is used in contrast with "Mac", an Apple Macintosh computer. This sense of the word is used in the "Get a Mac" advertisement campaign that ran between 2006 and 2009, as well as its rival, "I'm a PC" campaign, that appeared in 2008. Since none of these Apple products were mainframes or time-sharing systems, they were all "personal computers" and not "PC" (brand) computers In the history of computing there were many examples of computers designed to be used by one person, as opposed


title: "Personal computer" content: to terminals connected to mainframe computers. It took a while for computers to be developed that meet the modern definition of a "personal computers", one that is designed for one person, is easy to use, and is cheap enough for an individual to buy. Using the narrow definition of "operated by one person", the first personal computer was the ENIAC which became operational in 1946. It did not meet further definitions of affordable or easy to use. The Bendix G15 of 1956 was intended for use without an operating staff, and several hundred were made; it was too costly to


title: "Personal computer" content: be personally owned, however. An example of an early single-user computer was the LGP-30, created in 1956 by Stan Frankel and used for science and engineering as well as basic data processing. It came with a retail price of $46,000equivalent to about $,000 today. Introduced at the 1965 New York Worlds Fair, the Programma 101 was a printing programmable calculator described in advertisements as a "desktop computer". It was manufactured by the Italian company Olivetti, and invented by the Italian engineer Pier Giorgio Perotto, inventor of the magnetic card system for program storage. The Soviet MIR series of computers was


title: "Personal computer" content: developed from 1965 to 1969 in a group headed by Victor Glushkov. It was designed as a relatively small-scale computer for use in engineering and scientific applications, and contained a hardware implementation of a high-level programming language. Another innovative feature for that time was the user interface combining a keyboard with a monitor and light pen for correcting texts and drawing on screen. In what was later to be called the Mother of All Demos, SRI researcher Douglas Engelbart in 1968 gave a preview of what would become the staples of daily working life in the 21st century: e-mail, hypertext,


title: "Personal computer" content: word processing, video conferencing, and the mouse. The demonstration required technical support staff and a mainframe time-sharing computer that were far too costly for individual business use at the time. By the early 1970s, people in academic or research institutions had the opportunity for single-person use of a computer system in interactive mode for extended durations, although these systems would still have been too expensive to be owned by a single person. Early personal computersgenerally called microcomputerswere often sold in a kit form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. Minimal programming was done


title: "Personal computer" content: with toggle switches to enter instructions, and output was provided by front panel lamps. Practical use required adding peripherals such as keyboards, computer displays, disk drives, and printers. Micral N was the earliest commercial, non-kit microcomputer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. It was built starting in 1972, and few hundred units were sold. This had been preceded by the Datapoint 2200 in 1970, for which the Intel 8008 had been commissioned, though not accepted for use. The CPU design implemented in the Datapoint 2200 became the basis for x86 architecture used in the original IBM PC and its


title: "Personal computer" content: descendants. In 1973, the IBM Los Gatos Scientific Center developed a portable computer prototype called SCAMP (Special Computer APL Machine Portable) based on the IBM PALM processor with a Philips compact cassette drive, small CRT, and full function keyboard. SCAMP emulated an IBM 1130 minicomputer in order to run APL/1130. In 1973, APL was generally available only on mainframe computers, and most desktop sized microcomputers such as the Wang 2200 or HP 9800 offered only BASIC. Because SCAMP was the first to emulate APL/1130 performance on a portable, single user computer, "PC Magazine" in 1983 designated SCAMP a "revolutionary concept"


title: "Personal computer" content: and "the world's first personal computer". This seminal, single user portable computer now resides in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.. Successful demonstrations of the 1973 SCAMP prototype led to the IBM 5100 portable microcomputer launched in 1975 with the ability to be programmed in both APL and BASIC for engineers, analysts, statisticians, and other business problem-solvers. In the late 1960s such a machine would have been nearly as large as two desks and would have weighed about half a ton. Another desktop portable APL machine, the MCM/70, was demonstrated in 1973 and shipped in 1974. It used the Intel 8008


title: "Personal computer" content: processor. A seminal step in personal computing was the 1973 Xerox Alto, developed at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). It had a graphical user interface (GUI) which later served as inspiration for Apple's Macintosh, and Microsoft's Windows operating system. The Alto was a demonstration project, not commercialized, as the parts were too expensive to be affordable. Also in 1973 Hewlett Packard introduced fully BASIC programmable microcomputers that fit entirely on top of a desk, including a keyboard, a small one-line display, and printer. The Wang 2200 microcomputer of 1973 had a full-size cathode ray tube (CRT) and cassette tape


title: "Personal computer" content: storage. These were generally expensive specialized computers sold for business or scientific uses. The introduction of the microprocessor, a single chip with all the circuitry that formerly occupied large cabinets, led to the proliferation of personal computers after 1975. 1974 saw the introduction of what is considered by many to be the first true "personal computer", the Altair 8800 created by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). Based on the 8-bit Intel 8080 Microprocessor, the Altair is widely recognized as the spark that ignited the microcomputer revolution as the first commercially successful personal computer. The computer bus designed for the


title: "Personal computer" content: Altair was to become a "de facto" standard in the form of the S-100 bus, and the first programming language for the machine was Microsoft's founding product, Altair BASIC. In 1976, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak sold the Apple I computer circuit board, which was fully prepared and contained about 30 chips. The Apple I computer differed from the other kit-style hobby computers of era. At the request of Paul Terrell, owner of the Byte Shop, Jobs and Wozniak were given their first purchase order, for 50 Apple I computers, only if the computers were assembled and tested and not


title: "Personal computer" content: a kit computer. Terrell wanted to have computers to sell to a wide range of users, not just experienced electronics hobbyists who had the soldering skills to assemble a computer kit. The Apple I as delivered was still technically a kit computer, as it did not have a power supply, case, or keyboard when it was delivered to the Byte Shop. The first successfully mass marketed personal computer to be announced was the Commodore PET after being revealed in January 1977. However, it was back-ordered and not available until later that year. Three months later (April), the Apple II (usually


title: "Personal computer" content: referred to as the "Apple") was announced with the first units being shipped 10 June, 1977, and the TRS-80 from Tandy Corporation / Tandy Radio Shack following in August 1977, which sold over 100,000 units during its lifetime. Together, these 3 machines were referred to as the "1977 trinity". Mass-market, ready-assembled computers had arrived, and allowed a wider range of people to use computers, focusing more on software applications and less on development of the processor hardware. During the early 1980s, home computers were further developed for household use, with software for personal productivity, programming and games. They typically could


title: "Personal computer" content: be used with a television already in the home as the computer display, with low-detail blocky graphics and a limited color range, and text about 40 characters wide by 25 characters tall. Sinclair Research, a UK company, produced the ZX Seriesthe ZX80 (1980), ZX81 (1981), and the ZX Spectrum; the latter was introduced in 1982, and totaled 8 million unit sold. Following came the Commodore 64, totaled 17 million units sold. In the same year, the NEC PC-98 was introduced, which was a very popular personal computer that sold in more than 18 million units. Another famous personal computer, the


title: "Personal computer" content: revolutionary Amiga 1000, was unveiled by Commodore on July 23, 1985. The Amiga 1000 featured a multitasking, windowing operating system, color graphics with a 4096-color palette, stereo sound, Motorola 68000 CPU, 256 KB RAM, and 880 KB 3.5-inch disk drive, for US$1,295. Somewhat larger and more expensive systems (for example, running CP/M), or sometimes a home computer with additional interfaces and devices, although still low-cost compared with minicomputers and mainframes, were aimed at office and small business use, typically using "high resolution" monitors capable of at least 80 column text display, and often no graphical or color drawing capability. Workstations


title: "Personal computer" content: were characterized by high-performance processors and graphics displays, with large-capacity local disk storage, networking capability, and running under a multitasking operating system. Eventually, due to the influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market, personal computers and home computers lost any technical distinction. Business computers acquired color graphics capability and sound, and home computers and game systems users used the same processors and operating systems as office workers. Mass-market computers had graphics capabilities and memory comparable to dedicated workstations of a few years before. Even local area networking, originally a way to allow business computers to share expensive


title: "Personal computer" content: mass storage and peripherals, became a standard feature of personal computers used at home. In 1982 "The Computer" was named Machine of the Year by "Time" magazine. In the 2010s, several companies such as Hewlett-Packard and Sony sold off their PC and laptop divisions. As a result, the personal computer was declared dead several times during this period. A workstation is a high-end personal computer designed for technical, mathematical, or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. Workstations are used


title: "Personal computer" content: for tasks such as computer-aided design, drafting and modeling, computation-intensive scientific and engineering calculations, image processing, architectural modeling, and computer graphics for animation and motion picture visual effects. Before the widespread use of PCs, a computer that could fit on a desk was remarkably small, leading to the "desktop" nomenclature. More recently, the phrase usually indicates a particular style of computer case. Desktop computers come in a variety of styles ranging from large vertical tower cases to small models which can be tucked behind an LCD monitor. The term "desktop" typically refers to a computer with a vertically aligned computer


title: "Personal computer" content: case that holds the systems hardware components such as the motherboard, processor chip, other internal operating parts. Desktop computers have an external monitor with a display screen and an external keyboard, which are plugged into USB ports on the back of the computer case. Desktop computers are popular for home and business computing applications as they leave space on the desk for multiple monitors. A gaming computer is a standard desktop computer that typically has high-performance hardware, such as a more powerful video card, processor and memory, in order to handle the requirements of demanding video games, which are often


title: "Personal computer" content: simply called "PC games". A number of companies, such as Alienware, manufacture prebuilt gaming computers, and companies such as Razer and Logitech market mice, keyboards and headsets geared toward gamers. All-in-one PCs (also known as single-unit PCs) are a subtype of desktop computer that combines the monitor and processor within a single unit. A separate keyboard and mouse are standard input devices, with some monitors including touchscreen capability. The processor and other working components are typically reduced in size relative to standard desktops, located behind the monitor, and configured similarly to laptops. A subtype of desktops, called nettops, was introduced


title: "Personal computer" content: by Intel in February 2008, characterized by low cost and lean functionality. A similar subtype of laptops (or notebooks) is the netbook, described below. The product line features the new Intel Atom processor, which specifically enables nettops to consume less power and fit into small enclosures. A home theater PC (HTPC) is a convergence device that combines the functions of a personal computer and a digital video recorder. It is connected to a TV set or an appropriately sized computer display, and is often used as a digital photo viewer, music and video player, TV receiver, and digital video recorder.


title: "Personal computer" content: HTPCs are also referred to as media center systems or media servers. The general goal in a HTPC is usually to combine many or all components of a home theater setup into one box. More recently, HTPCs gained the ability to connect to services providing on-demand movies and TV shows. HTPCs can be purchased pre-configured with the required hardware and software needed to add television programming to the PC, or can be cobbled together out of discrete components, what is commonly done with software support from MythTV, Windows Media Center, GB-PVR, SageTV, Famulent or LinuxMCE. A laptop computer (also called


title: "Personal computer" content: a notebook) is similar to a desktop, but is designed for portability. Usually, all of the hardware and interfaces needed to operate a laptop, such as the graphics card, audio devices or USB ports (previously parallel and serial ports), are built into a single unit. Laptops usually have "clamshell" design, in which the keyboard and computer components are on one panel and a flat display screen on a second panel, which is hinged to the first panel. The laptop is opened for use and closed for transport. Closing the laptop also protects the screen and keyboard during transportation. Laptops have


title: "Personal computer" content: both a power cable that can be plugged in and high-capacity batteries that can power the device, enhancing its portability. Once the battery charge is depleted, it will have to be recharged through a power outlet. In the interests of saving power, weight and space, laptop graphics cards are in many cases integrated into the CPU or chipset and use system RAM, resulting in reduced graphics performance when compared to an equivalent desktop machine. For this reason, desktop computers are usually preferred over laptops for gaming purposes. One of the drawbacks of laptops is that, due to the size and


title: "Personal computer" content: configuration of components, usually relatively little can be done to upgrade the overall computer from its original design or add components. Internal upgrades are either not manufacturer-recommended, can damage the laptop if done with poor care or knowledge, or in some cases impossible, making the desktop PC more modular and upgradable. Desktop PCs typically have a case that has extra empty space inside, where users can install new components. Some internal upgrades to laptops, such as memory and hard disk drive upgrades are often easily performed, while a display or keyboard upgrade is usually difficult or impossible. Just like desktops,


title: "Personal computer" content: laptops also have the same input and output ports for connecting to a wide variety of devices, including external displays, mice, cameras, storage devices and keyboards, which may be attached externally through USB ports and other less common ports such as external video. Laptops are also a little more expensive compared to desktops, as the miniaturized components for laptops themselves are expensive. A subtype of notebooks, called subnotebook, has most of the features of a standard laptop computer, but with smaller physical dimensions. Subnotebooks are larger than hand-held computers, and usually run full versions of desktop or laptop operating systems.


title: "Personal computer" content: Ultra-mobile PCs (UMPC) are usually considered subnotebooks, or more specifically, subnotebook tablet PCs, which are described below. Netbooks are sometimes considered to belong to this category, though they are sometimes separated into a category of their own (see below). A desktop replacement computer (DTR) is a personal computer that provides the full capabilities of a desktop computer while remaining mobile. Such computers are often actually larger, bulkier laptops. Because of their increased size, this class of computers usually includes more powerful components and a larger display than generally found in smaller portable computers, and can have a relatively limited battery


title: "Personal computer" content: capacity or none at all in some cases. Some use a limited range of desktop components to provide better performance at the expense of battery life. Desktop replacement computers are sometimes called "desknotes", as a portmanteau of words "desktop" and "notebook", though the term is also applied to desktop replacement computers in general. Netbooks, also called mini notebooks or subnotebooks, are a subgroup of laptops acting as a category of small, lightweight and inexpensive laptop computers suited for general computing tasks and accessing web-based applications. They are often marketed as "companion devices", with an intention to augment other ways in


title: "Personal computer" content: which a user can access computer resources. Walt Mossberg called them a "relatively new category of small, light, minimalist and cheap laptops." By August 2009, CNET called netbooks "nothing more than smaller, cheaper notebooks." Initially, the primary defining characteristic of netbooks was the lack of an optical disc drive, requiring it to be a separate external device. This has become less important as flash memory devices have gradually increased in capacity, replacing the writable optical disc (e.g. CD-RW, DVD-RW) as a transportable storage medium. At their inception in late 2007as smaller notebooks optimized for low weight and low costnetbooks omitted


title: "Personal computer" content: key features (e.g., the optical drive), featured smaller screens and keyboards, and offered reduced specifications and computing power. Over the course of their evolution, netbooks have ranged in their screen sizes from below five inches to over 13 inches, with weights around (). Often significantly less expensive than other laptops, by mid-2009 netbooks had been offered to users "free of charge", with an extended service contract purchase of a cellular data plan. In the short period since their appearance, netbooks have grown in size and features, converging with new smaller and lighter notebooks. By mid-2009, CNET noted that "the specs


title: "Personal computer" content: are so similar that the average shopper would likely be confused as to why one is better than the other," noting "the only conclusion is that there really is no distinction between the devices." A tablet is a type of portable PC that de-emphasizes the use of traditional input devices (such as a mouse or keyboard) by using a touchscreen display, which can be controlled using either a stylus pen or finger. Some tablets may use a "hybrid" or "convertible" design, offering a keyboard that can either be removed as an attachment, or a screen that can be rotated and


title: "Personal computer" content: folded directly over top the keyboard. Some tablets may run a traditional PC operating system such as Windows or Linux; Microsoft attempted to enter the tablet market in 2002 with its Microsoft Tablet PC specifications, for tablets and convertible laptops running Windows XP. However, Microsoft's early attempts were overshadowed by the release of Apple's iPad; following in its footsteps, most tablets now run mobile operating systems such as Android and iOS. In response, Microsoft built its Windows 8 operating system to better accommodate these new touch-oriented devices. Many tablet computers have USB ports, to which a keyboard or mouse can


title: "Personal computer" content: be connected. Smartphones are practically the same devices as tablet computers, the only differences between them being that smartphones are generally smaller than tablets, always have cellular integration, and (while modern smartphones almost always do) may not always have a slate form factor. The ultra-mobile PC (UMP) is a specification for small-configuration tablet PCs. It was developed as a joint development exercise by Microsoft, Intel and Samsung, among others. Current UMPCs typically feature the Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Linux operating system, and low-voltage Intel Atom or VIA C7-M processors. A pocket PC is a hardware specification for


title: "Personal computer" content: a handheld-sized computer (personal digital assistant, PDA) that runs the Microsoft Windows Mobile operating system. It may have the capability to run an alternative operating system like NetBSD or Linux. Pocket PCs have many of the capabilities of desktop PCs. Numerous applications are available for handhelds adhering to the Microsoft Pocket PC specification, many of which are freeware. Microsoft-compliant Pocket PCs can also be used with many other add-ons like GPS receivers, barcode readers, RFID readers and cameras. In 2007, with the release of Windows Mobile 6, Microsoft dropped the name Pocket PC in favor of a new naming scheme:


title: "Personal computer" content: devices without an integrated phone are called Windows Mobile Classic instead of Pocket PC, while devices with an integrated phone and a touch screen are called Windows Mobile Professional. Computer hardware is a comprehensive term for all physical parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to accomplish tasks. The boundary between hardware and software has become blurred, with the existence of firmware that is software "built into" the hardware. For example, a 2010-era LCD display screen contains a small computer inside. Mass-market consumer computers


title: "Personal computer" content: use highly standardized components and so are simple for an end user to assemble into a working system. Most 2010s-era computers only require users to plug in the power supply, monitor, and other cables. A typical desktop computer consists of a computer case (or "tower"), a metal chassis that holds the power supply, motherboard, hard disk drive, and often an optical disc drive. Most towers have empty space where users can add additional components. External devices such as a computer monitor or visual display unit, keyboard, and a pointing device (mouse) are usually found in a personal computer. The motherboard


title: "Personal computer" content: connects all processor, memory and peripheral devices together. The RAM, graphics card and processor are in most cases mounted directly onto the motherboard. The central processing unit (microprocessor chip) plugs into a CPU socket, while the memory modules plug into corresponding memory sockets. Some motherboards have the video display adapter, sound and other peripherals integrated onto the motherboard, while others use expansion slots for graphics cards, network cards, or other I/O devices. The graphics card or sound card may employ a break out box to keep the analog parts away from the electromagnetic radiation inside the computer case. Disk drives,


title: "Personal computer" content: which provide mass storage, are connected to the motherboard with one cable, and to the power supply through another cable. Usually, disk drives are mounted in the same case as the motherboard; expansion chassis are also made for additional disk storage. For large amounts of data, a tape drive can be used or extra hard disks can be put together in an external case. The keyboard and the mouse are external devices plugged into the computer through connectors on an I/O panel on the back of the computer case. The monitor is also connected to the input/output (I/O) panel, either


title: "Personal computer" content: through an onboard port on the motherboard, or a port on the graphics card. Capabilities of the personal computers hardware can sometimes be extended by the addition of expansion cards connected via an expansion bus. Standard peripheral buses often used for adding expansion cards in personal computers include PCI, PCI Express (PCIe), and AGP (a high-speed PCI bus dedicated to graphics adapters, found in older computers). Most modern personal computers have multiple physical PCI Express expansion slots, with some of the having PCI slots as well. A computer case is an enclosure that contains the main components of a computer.


title: "Personal computer" content: They are usually constructed from steel or aluminum combined with plastic, although other materials such as wood and tempered glass have been used for specialized units. Cases are available in different sizes and shapes; the size and shape of a computer case are usually determined by the configuration of the motherboard that it is designed to accommodate since this is the largest and most central component of most computers. The most popular style for desktop computers is ATX, although microATX and similar layouts became very popular for a variety of uses. Companies like Shuttle Inc. and AOpen have popularized small


title: "Personal computer" content: cases, for which FlexATX is the most common motherboard size. In the 1990s, desktop computer cases were larger and taller than 2010-era computer cases. The power supply unit (PSU) converts general-purpose mains AC electricity to direct current (DC) for the other components of the computer. The rated output capacity of a PSU should usually be about 40% greater than the calculated system power consumption needs to be obtained by adding up all the system components. This protects against overloading the supply, and guards against performance degradation. Power supply capacities range from 250 to 2000 watts for desktop computers. The central


title: "Personal computer" content: processing unit (CPU) is a part of a computer that executes instructions of a software program. In newer PCs, the CPU contains over a million transistors in one integrated circuit chip called the microprocessor. In most cases, the processor plugs directly into the motherboard. The processor chip may have a heat sink and a fan attached for cooling. A large number of computers today are suited to run an x86-compatible microprocessor manufactured by Intel, AMD, or VIA Technologies. The motherboard, also referred to as system board or main board, is the primary circuit board within a personal computer, and other


title: "Personal computer" content: major system components plug directly into it or via a cable. A motherboard contains a microprocessor, the CPU supporting circuitry (mostly integrated circuits) that provide the interface between memory and input/output peripheral circuits, main memory, and facilities for initial setup of the computer immediately after power-on (often called boot firmware or, in IBM PC compatible computers, a BIOS or UEFI). In many portable and embedded personal computers, the motherboard houses nearly all of the PC's core components. Often a motherboard will also contain one or more peripheral buses and physical connectors for expansion purposes. Sometimes a secondary daughter board is


title: "Personal computer" content: connected to the motherboard to provide further expandability or to satisfy space constraints. A PC's main memory is a fast primary storage device that is directly accessible by the CPU, and is used to store the currently executing program and immediately needed data. PCs use semiconductor random-access memory (RAM) of various kinds such as DRAM, SDRAM or SRAM as their primary storage. Which exact kind is used depends on cost/performance issues at any particular time. Main memory is much faster than mass storage devices like hard disk drives or optical discs, but is usually volatile, meaning that it does not


title: "Personal computer" content: retain its contents (instructions or data) in the absence of power, and is much more expensive for a given capacity than is most mass storage. As a result, main memory is generally not suitable for long-term or archival data storage. Mass storage devices store programs and data even when the power is off; they do require power to perform read and write functions during usage. Although flash memory has dropped in cost, the prevailing form of mass storage in personal computers is still the hard disk drive. If the mass storage controller provides additional ports for expandability, a PC may


title: "Personal computer" content: also be upgraded by the addition of extra hard disk or optical disc drives. For example, BD-ROMs, DVD-RWs, and various optical disc recorders may all be added by the user to certain PCs. Standard internal storage device connection interfaces are PATA, SATA and SCSI. Solid state drives (SSDs) are a much faster replacement for traditional mechanical hard disk drives but are also more expensive in terms of cost per gigabyte. Solid state drives connect using several connectors, including SATA, M.2, and U.2. Some models use the NVMe protocol, which have vastly improved performance over standard hard disk drives and older


title: "Personal computer" content: SSDs that use the older AHCI protocol. A visual display unit, computer monitor or just display, is a piece of electrical equipment, usually separate from the computer case, which displays visual images without producing a permanent computer record. A display device was usually a CRT in the 1980s, but by the 2000s, flat panel displays such as a TFT LCD had largely replaced the bulkier, heavier CRT screens. Multi-monitor setups are quite common in the 2010s, as they enable a user to display multiple programs at the same time (e.g., an email inbox and a word processing program). The display


title: "Personal computer" content: unit houses an electronic circuitry that generates its picture from signals received from the computer. Within the computer, either integral to the motherboard or plugged into it as an expansion card, there is pre-processing circuitry to convert the microprocessor's output data to a format compatible with the display unit's circuitry. The images from computer monitors originally contained only text, but as graphical user interfaces emerged and became common, they began to display more images and multimedia content. The term "monitor" is also used, particularly by technicians in broadcasting television, where a picture of the broadcast data is displayed to a


title: "Personal computer" content: highly standardized reference monitor for confidence checking purposes. The video cardotherwise called a graphics card, graphics adapter or video adapterprocesses the graphics output from the motherboard and transmits it to the display. It is an essential part of modern multimedia-enriched computing. Graphics circuitry may be integrated with the motherboard, or may be on cards istalled in PCI, AGP, or PCI Express slots. When the IBM PC was introduced, most existing business-oriented personal computers used text-only display adapters and had no graphics capability. Home computers at that time had graphics compatible with television signals, but with low resolution owing to the


title: "Personal computer" content: limited memory available to the eight-bit processors available at the time. A keyboard is an arrangement of buttons that each correspond to a function, letter, or number. They are the primary devices used for inputting text. In most cases, they contain an array of keys specifically organized with the corresponding letters, numbers, and functions printed or engraved on the button. They are generally designed around an operators language, and many different versions for different languages exist. In English, the most common layout is the QWERTY layout, which was originally used in typewriters. They have evolved over time, and have been


title: "Personal computer" content: modified for use in computers with the addition of function keys, number keys, arrow keys, and keys specific to an operating system. Often, specific functions can be achieved by pressing multiple keys at once or in succession, such as inputting characters with accents or opening a task manager. Programs use keyboard shortcuts very differently and all use different keyboard shortcuts for different program specific operations, such as refreshing a web page in a web browser or selecting all text in a word processor. In addition to the alphabetic keys found on a typewriter, computer keyboards typically have a numeric keyboard


title: "Personal computer" content: and a row of function keys and special keys, such as CTRL, ALT, DEL and Esc Many keyboards include LED lights under the keys that increase the visibility of the letters or symbols in dark environments. A computer mouse is a small handheld device that users hold and slide across a flat surface, pointing at various elements of a graphical user interface with an on-screen cursor, and selecting and moving objects using the mouse buttons. Mice may be plugged into a dedicated mouse socket, or a USB port, or, may be connected wirelessly. Mice include one or more buttons to


title: "Personal computer" content: allow a user to signal the computer to carry out some operation, such as selecting an item from a menu of choices on the screen. A mouse may have a scroll wheel, to allow users to move the displayed image. The scroll wheel can also be pressed down, and used as a third button. Some mouse wheels may be tilted from side to side to allow sideways scrolling. Different programs make use of these functions differently, and may scroll horizontally by default with the scroll wheel, open different menus with different buttons, etc. These functions may be also user-defined through


title: "Personal computer" content: software utilities. Mechanical mice used a ball, which drove pulse generators to detect movement along "north-south" or "east-west" axies. Optical mice use a special mouse pad with a printed grid to allow detection of motion, or else use an imaging chip that allows detection of motion on almost any opaque surface. All computers require either fixed or removable storage for their operating system, programs and user-generated material. Early home computers used compact audio cassettes for file storage; these were at the time a very low cost storage solution, but were displaced by floppy disk drives when manufacturing costs dropped, by


title: "Personal computer" content: the mid-1980s. Initially, the 5.25-inch and 3.5-inch floppy drives were the principal forms of removable storage for backup of user files and distribution of software. As memory sizes increased, the capacity of the floppy did not keep pace; the Zip drive and other higher-capacity removable media were introduced but never became as prevalent as the floppy drive. By the late 1990s, the optical drive, in CD and later DVD and Blu-ray Disc forms, became the main method for software distribution, and writeable media provided means for data backup and file interchange. As a result, floppy drives became uncommon in desktop


title: "Personal computer" content: personal computers since about 2000, and were dropped from many laptop systems even earlier. A second generation of tape recorders was provided when videocassette recorders were pressed into service as backup media for larger disk drives. All these systems were less reliable and slower than purpose-built magnetic tape drives. Such tape drives were uncommon in consumer-type personal computers but were a necessity in business or industrial use. Interchange of data such as photographs from digital cameras is greatly expedited by installation of a card reader, which is often compatible with several forms of flash memory devices. It is usually faster


title: "Personal computer" content: and more convenient to move large amounts of data by removing the card from the mobile device, instead of communicating with the mobile device through a USB interface. A USB flash drive performs much of the data transfer and backup functions formerly done with floppy drives, Zip disks and other devices. Mainstream operating systems for personal computers provide built-in support for USB flash drives, allowing interchange even between computers with different processors and operating systems. The compact size and lack of moving parts or dirt-sensitive media, combined with low cost and high capacity, have made USB flash drives a popular


title: "Personal computer" content: and useful accessory for any personal computer user. The operating system can be located on any storage, but is typically installed on a hard disk or solid-state drive. A Live CD represents the concept of running an operating system directly from a CD. While this is slow compared to storing the operating system on a hard disk drive, it is typically used for installation of operating systems, demonstrations, system recovery, or other special purposes. Large flash memory is currently more expensive than hard disk drives of similar size (as of mid-2014) but are starting to appear in laptop computers because


title: "Personal computer" content: of their low weight, small size and low power requirements. Computer communications involve internal modem cards, modems, network adapter cards, and routers. Common peripherals and adapter cards include headsets, joysticks, microphones, printers, scanners, sound adapter cards (as a separate card rather than located on the motherboard), speakers and webcams. Computer software is any kind of computer program, procedure, or documentation that performs some task on a computer system. The term includes application software such as word processors that perform productive tasks for users, system software such as operating systems that interface with computer hardware to provide the necessary services for


title: "Personal computer" content: application software, and middleware that controls and co-ordinates distributed systems. Software applications are common for word processing, Internet browsing, Internet faxing, e-mail and other digital messaging, multimedia playback, playing of computer game, and computer programming. The user may have significant knowledge of the operating environment and application programs, but is not necessarily interested in programming nor even able to write programs for the computer. Therefore, most software written primarily for personal computers tends to be designed with simplicity of use, or "user-friendliness" in mind. However, the software industry continuously provide a wide range of new products for use in personal


title: "Personal computer" content: computers, targeted at both the expert and the non-expert user. An operating system (OS) manages computer resources and provides programmers with an interface used to access those resources. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the system. An operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory, prioritizing system requests, controlling input and output devices, facilitating computer networking, and managing files. Common contemporary desktop operating systems are Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Solaris and FreeBSD. Windows, macOS, and


title: "Personal computer" content: Linux all have server and personal variants. With the exception of Microsoft Windows, the designs of each of them were inspired by or directly inherited from the Unix operating system, which was developed at Bell Labs beginning in the late 1960s and spawned the development of numerous free and proprietary operating systems. Microsoft Windows is the collective brand name of several operating systems made by Microsoft which, as of 2015, are installed on PCs built by HP, Dell and Lenovo, the three remaining high volume manufacturers. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985, as an add-on


title: "Personal computer" content: to MS-DOS and in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs) generated by Apple's 1984 introduction of the Macintosh. , the most recent client and server versions of Windows are Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016. macOS (formerly OS X) is a line of operating systems developed, marketed and sold by Apple Inc. macOS is the successor to the original Mac OS, which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. macOS is a Unix-based graphical operating system, and Snow Leopard, Leopard, Lion, Mountain Lion, Mavericks, Yosemite, El Capitan and Sierra are its version codenames. The most


title: "Personal computer" content: recent version of macOS is codenamed macOS Mojave. Linux is a family of Unix-like computer operating systems. Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free software and open source development: typically all underlying source code can be freely modified, used, and redistributed by anyone. The name "Linux" refers to the Linux kernel, started in 1991 by Linus Torvalds. The system's utilities and libraries usually come from the GNU operating system, announced in 1983 by Richard Stallman. The GNU contribution is the basis for the alternative name GNU/Linux. Known for its use in servers, with the LAMP application stack


title: "Personal computer" content: as one of prominent examples, Linux is supported by corporations such as Dell, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Novell, Oracle Corporation, Red Hat, Canonical Ltd. and Sun Microsystems. It is used as an operating system for a wide variety of computer hardware, including desktop computers, netbooks, supercomputers, video game systems such as the Steam Machine or PlayStation 3 (until this option was removed remotely by Sony in 2010), several arcade games, and embedded devices such as mobile phones, portable media players, routers, and stage lighting systems. Generally, a computer user uses application software to carry out a specific task. System software supports applications


title: "Personal computer" content: and provides common services such as memory management, network connectivity and device drivers, all of which may be used by applications but are not directly of interest to the end user. A simplified analogy in the world of hardware would be the relationship of an electric light bulb (an application) to an electric power generation plant (a system): the power plant merely generates electricity, not itself of any real use until harnessed to an application like the electric light that performs a service that benefits the user. Typical examples of software applications are word processors, spreadsheets, and media players. Multiple


title: "Personal computer" content: applications bundled together as a package are sometimes referred to as an "application suite". Microsoft Office and LibreOffice, which bundle together a word processor, a spreadsheet, and several other discrete applications, are typical examples. The separate applications in a suite usually have a user interface that has some commonality making it easier for the user to learn and use each application. Often, they may have some capability to interact with each other in ways beneficial to the user; for example, a spreadsheet might be able to be embedded in a word processor document even though it had been created in


title: "Personal computer" content: the separate spreadsheet application. End-user development tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs. User-written software include spreadsheet templates, word processor macros, scientific simulations, graphics and animation scripts; even email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and often overlook how important it is. PC gaming is popular among the high-end PC market. According to an April 2014 market analysis, Gaming platforms like Steam (software), Uplay, Origin, and GOG.com (as well as competitive e Sports titles like "League of Legends") are largely responsible for PC systems overtaking console revenue in 2013. In 2001, 125 million


title: "Personal computer" content: personal computers were shipped in comparison to 48,000 in 1977. More than 500 million personal computers were in use in 2002 and one billion personal computers had been sold worldwide from the mid-1970s up to this time. Of the latter figure, 75% were professional or work related, while the rest were sold for personal or home use. About 81.5% of personal computers shipped had been desktop computers, 16.4% laptops and 2.1% servers. The United States had received 38.8% (394 million) of the computers shipped, Europe 25% and 11.7% had gone to the Asia-Pacific region, the fastest-growing market as of 2002.


title: "Personal computer" content: The second billion was expected to be sold by 2008. Almost half of all households in Western Europe had a personal computer and a computer could be found in 40% of homes in United Kingdom, compared with only 13% in 1985. The global personal computer shipments were 350.9 million units in 2010, 308.3 million units in 2009 and 302.2 million units in 2008. The shipments were 264 million units in the year 2007, according to iSuppli, up 11.2% from 239 million in 2006. In 2004, the global shipments were 183 million units, an 11.6% increase over 2003. In 2003, 152.6


title: "Personal computer" content: million computers were shipped, at an estimated value of $175 billion. In 2002, 136.7 million PCs were shipped, at an estimated value of $175 billion. In 2000, 140.2 million personal computers were shipped, at an estimated value of $226 billion. Worldwide shipments of personal computers surpassed the 100-million mark in 1999, growing to 113.5 million units from 93.3 million units in 1998. In 1999, Asia had 14.1 million units shipped. As of June 2008, the number of personal computers in use worldwide hit one billion, while another billion is expected to be reached by 2014. Mature markets like the United


title: "Personal computer" content: States, Western Europe and Japan accounted for 58% of the worldwide installed PCs. The emerging markets were expected to double their installed PCs by 2012 and to take 70% of the second billion PCs. About 180 million computers (16% of the existing installed base) were expected to be replaced and 35 million to be dumped into landfill in 2008. The whole installed base grew 12% annually. Based on International Data Corporation (IDC) data for Q2 2011, for the first time China surpassed US in PC shipments by 18.5 million and 17.7 million respectively. This trend reflects the rising of emerging


title: "Personal computer" content: markets as well as the relative stagnation of mature regions. In the developed world, there has been a vendor tradition to keep adding functions to maintain high prices of personal computers. However, since the introduction of the One Laptop per Child foundation and its low-cost XO-1 laptop, the computing industry started to pursue the price too. Although introduced only one year earlier, there were 14 million netbooks sold in 2008. Besides the regular computer manufacturers, companies making especially rugged versions of computers have sprung up, offering alternatives for people operating their machines in extreme weather or environments. In 2011, Deloitte


title: "Personal computer" content: consulting firm predicted that, smartphones and tablet computers as computing devices would surpass the PCs sales (as has happened since 2012). As of 2013, worldwide sales of PCs had begun to fall as many consumers moved to tablets and smartphones for gifts and personal use. Sales of 90.3 million units in the 4th quarter of 2012 represented a 4.9% decline from sales in the 4th quarter of 2011. Global PC sales fell sharply in the first quarter of 2013, according to IDC data. The 14% year-over-year decline was the largest on record since the firm began tracking in 1994, and


title: "Personal computer" content: double what analysts had been expecting. The decline of Q2 2013 PC shipments marked the fifth straight quarter of falling sales. "This is horrific news for PCs," remarked an analyst. "It's all about mobile computing now. We have definitely reached the tipping point." Data from Gartner showed a similar decline for the same time period. China's Lenovo Group bucked the general trend as strong sales to first time buyers in the developing world allowed the company's sales to stay flat overall. Windows 8, which was designed to look similar to tablet/smartphone software, was cited as a contributing factor in the


title: "Personal computer" content: decline of new PC sales. "Unfortunately, it seems clear that the Windows 8 launch not only didn’t provide a positive boost to the PC market, but appears to have slowed the market," said IDC Vice President Bob O’Donnell. In August 2013, Credit Suisse published research findings that attributed around 75% of the operating profit share of the PC industry to Microsoft (operating system) and Intel (semiconductors). According to IDC, in 2013 PC shipments dropped by 9.8% as the greatest drop-ever in line with consumers trends to use mobile devices. In the second quarter of 2018, PC sales grew for the


title: "Personal computer" content: first time since the first quarter of 2012. According to research firm Gartner, the growth mainly came from the business market while the consumer market experienced decline. Selling prices of personal computers steadily declined due to lower costs of production and manufacture, while the capabilities of computers increased. In 1975, an Altair kit sold for only around US$400, but required customers to solder components into circuit boards; peripherals required to interact with the system in alphanumeric form instead of blinking lights would add another $2,000, and the resultant system was only of use to hobbyists. At their introduction in 1981,


title: "Personal computer" content: the US$1,795 price of the Osborne 1 and its competitor Kaypro was considered an attractive price point; these systems had text-only displays and only floppy disks for storage. By 1982, Michael Dell observed that a personal computer system selling at retail for about $3,000 US was made of components that cost the dealer about $600; typical gross margin on a computer unit was around $1,000. The total value of personal computer purchases in the US in 1983 was about $4 billion, comparable to total sales of pet food. By late 1998, the average selling price of personal computer systems in


title: "Personal computer" content: the United States had dropped below $1,000. For Microsoft Windows systems, the average selling price (ASP) showed a decline in 2008/2009, possibly due to low-cost netbooks, drawing $569 for desktop computers and $689 for laptops at U.S. retail in August 2008. In 2009, ASP had further fallen to $533 for desktops and to $602 for notebooks by January and to $540 and $560 in February. According to research firm NPD, the average selling price of all Windows portable PCs has fallen from $659 in October 2008 to $519 in October 2009. External costs of environmental impact are not fully included


title: "Personal computer" content: in the selling price of personal computers. This impact differs between desktop computers and laptops. Personal computers have become a large contributor to the 50 million tons of discarded electronic waste that is being generated annually, according to the United Nations Environment Programme. To address the electronic waste issue affecting developing countries and the environment, extended producer responsibility (EPR) acts have been implemented in various countries and states. Organizations, such as the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, Basel Action Network, Toxics Link India, SCOPE, and Greenpeace have contributed to these efforts. In the absence of comprehensive national legislation or regulation on


title: "Personal computer" content: the export and import of electronic waste, the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition and BAN (Basel Action Network) teamed up with 32 electronic recyclers in the US and Canada to create an e-steward program for the orderly disposal of manufacturers' and customers' electronic waste. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition founded the Electronics TakeBack Coalition, a coalition that advocates for the production of environmentally friendly products. The TakeBack Coalition works with policy makers, recyclers, and smart businesses to get manufacturers to take full responsibility of their products. There are organizations opposing EPR regulation, such as the Reason Foundation. They see flaws in


title: "Personal computer" content: two principal tenets of EPR: First EPR relies on the idea that if the manufacturers have to pay for environmental harm, they will adapt their practices. Second EPR assumes the current design practices are environmentally inefficient. The Reason Foundation claims that manufacturers naturally move toward reduced material and energy use. Personal computer A personal computer (PC) is a multi-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician. Computer time-sharing models that were typically used with larger, more


title: "Mollusc shell" content: implicated in the onset of mineralization. In gastropod embryos, "Hox1" is expressed where the shell is being accreted; however no association has been observed between "Hox" genes and cephalopod shell formation. Perlucin increases the rate at which calcium carbonate precipitates to form a shell when in saturated seawater; this protein is from the same group of proteins (C-type lectins) as those responsible for the formation of eggshell and pancreatic stone crystals, but the role of C-type lectins in mineralization is unclear. Perlucin operates in association with Perlustrin, a smaller relative of lustrin A, a protein responsible for the elasticity of


title: "Fred Ascani" content: Military Aviation Hall of Fame, and an honoree in the city of Lancaster's Aerospace Walk of Honor. In 1992, Ascani was honored as an Eagle in the Air Command and Staff College's Gathering of Eagles Program. Beloit College presented him with its Distinguished Service Citation/DSC Award. In recognition of his absolute speed record in the F-86, he was awarded in 1951 the Thompson Trophy, the Mackay Trophy, and the De la Vaulx Medal. In June 2012, a street at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base was named after Ascani. The effective dates of Ascani's promotions are: Fred Ascani Alfredo John Ascani (May


title: "Shirley Shaker Village" content: two rocking chairs, two wash stands, and a wood stove with abundance of rugs. There were few tokens of personal taste in the arrangements of the rooms." The Shakers earned income by producing and selling jellies, applesauce, herbs, mops and brooms. When the community dwindled and they were no longer able to be self-supporting, in 1908 "believers" moved to the Hancock Shaker Village. The state purchased the property in 1909 and adapted it for use as an "industrial school" for troubled and delinquent boys. Extensive changes were made to the property, resulting in the movement, alteration, and demolition of buildings.


title: "Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage" content: coins of Simon Thassi. Wolf Wirgin, writing in 1959, suggested that the coins were instead minted by King Herod Agrippa Alice Muehsam, writing in 1966, suggested that those coins with dates such as "Year 1" were actually First Jewish Revolt coinage. Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage were coins issued by the Judaean rebel state, headed by Simon Bar Kokhba, during the Bar Kokhba revolt against the Roman Empire of 132-135 AD. During the Revolt, large quantities of coins were issued in silver and copper with rebellious inscriptions, all being overstruck over foreign (mostly Roman) coins, when a


title: "Foster Spinning Co." content: The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Foster Spinning Co. Foster Spinning Co. is an historic textile mill on Cove Street in Fall River, Massachusetts. The mill was built in 1916 from red brick and had a capacity of 13,312 spindles when built. It was the last new textile mill built in Fall River. Its buildings are not particularly architecturally distinctive, representing typical early-20th century mill construction, but the complex is relatively complete, including the original main mill, boiler house, smokestack, and wooden storage building. In 1920 the plant was enlarged, increasing its capacity


title: "1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi, tornadoes" content: in Coahoma County, Mississippi. In addition, severe thunderstorm winds injured seven people near Clarksdale, Mississippi. 1953 Vicksburg, Mississippi, tornadoes The 1953 Vicksburg tornadoes were a deadly severe weather event that affected northeastern Louisiana, southeastern Arkansas, and western Mississippi on Saturday, December 5, 1953. At least four confirmed tornadoes touched down; one of the tornadoes produced F5 damage on the Fujita scale as it moved through the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, causing 38 deaths in the area. It remains the fifth-deadliest tornado to affect the U.S. state of Mississippi, behind the 1840 Great Natchez Tornado, the 1936 tornado in Tupelo, the


title: "Jackie Oakes" content: County on 15 February 1947. He was an ever-present for the remainder of the season, making a total of 16 appearances and scoring two goals. His first goal for the club came against that season's eventual league champions, Liverpool, in a 2–1 defeat at Anfield on 8 March 1947. Oakes' second goal that season came in the 2–0 win against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge on 4 April 1947. In season 1947–48, Oakes made 19 appearances in the league and two in the FA Cup, both against West Ham United He scored seven league goals. His first of the season was


title: "Iron Mountain Baby" content: as "an old fashioned telescoping valise." The case turned out to contain a baby, whose age was later estimated at approximately five days. Having fallen about , the child was badly bruised, with a pronounced dent in its head. Helms took the child home to his wife, Sarah Jane Knight Helms (July 10, 1850 – April 15, 1925) and they nursed him back to health. The child was named for his foster father, Bill Helms, and "Gould," the owner of the railroad, but also "Moses," because he was taken from the river. The story spread throughout the United States, and


title: Rumis content: Rumis Rumis is a game about optimal placement of blocks of various shapes within a confined space. "Rumi" means "stone" in Quechua. The theme and artwork are inspired by the Inca architecture. Rumis has also been published under the name Blokus 3-D. There are several playing boards available – each with a different architectural theme. The pieces are composed of two, three, and four cubes. Each player has eleven colored blocks, each block with a different shape (two of the four cube blocks are reflections of each other). Start with the board empty. Each player should have all of the


title: "Jacques Blanchard" content: should not be confused with the French sculptor of the same name who lived from 1634 to 1689. Jacques Blanchard Jacques Blanchard (1600–1638), also known as Jacques Blanchart, was a French baroque painter who was born in Paris. He was raised and taught by his uncle, the painter (ca. 1560–1630). Jacques’s brother and son, Jean-Baptiste Blanchard (after 1602–1665) and Gabriel Blanchard (1630–1704), respectively were also painters. Despite his polished and prolific output as a religious and decorative painter, very little is known of Blanchard’s early development. He apparently spent his adolescence apprenticed at the Paris studio of his maternal uncle


title: "Burg Lockenhaus" content: a chamber music festival initiated in 1982 by Pastor Herowitsch of Lockenhaus and the violinist Gidon Kremer of Riga. Lockenhaus Chamber Music Festival is an annual event. Burg Lockenhaus Burg Lockenhaus (Hungarian Léka) is a castle and medieval fortress in the Güns Valley in the southeastern part of Lockenhaus, in Burgenland, eastern Austria. Burg Lockenhaus is above sea level. The castle was built in Romanesque and Gothic architectural styles around 1200, and was initially called "Leuca" or "Léka". It is part of the Naturpark Geschriebenstein. The castle is in the Güns Valley, set amidst a hilly terrain in eastern Austria,


title: "Idaea dimidiata" content: Idaea dimidiata Idaea dimidiata, the single-dotted wave, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is a Holarctic species. The species has a wingspan of 13–18 mm. The ground colour of the wings is brownish yellow, brownish white to slightly reddish white.The pattern elements are dark grey to dark brown. The median band and the two crosslines can be incomplete or interrupted. They are marked by so-called costal stains on the front wing at the costa. There is a light wavy line, which is limited mainly to the inside edge and marked on both sides by dark stains in the


title: "Idaea dimidiata" content: marginal field. The fore and hindwings have black discal flecks, which are occasionally significantly weaker on the forewings. Marginal stains are connected by a thin line. The species occurs in the Western Palearctic and in the Nearctic. The species is widespread in West, South and Central Europe. In the North the range extends to South Scandinavia, and East to the Urals. Idaea dimidiata is found on almost all islands of the Mediterranean. Outside Europe it is found in Morocco and Northwestern Turkey, the Caucasus and Transcaucasia , from North Iran it extends to Afghanistan and Central Asia. In Cyprus, Turkey


title: "Idaea dimidiata" content: and the Levant in the South dimidiata antitaurica replaces dimidiata dimidiata, which also occurs in Canada and the most northern regions of the United States of America. The adults fly at night from June to August, occasionally later, and are attracted to light. The species prefers damp locations such as marshy woodland, fens and river banks. Idaea dimidiata Idaea dimidiata, the single-dotted wave, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is a Holarctic species. The species has a wingspan of 13–18 mm. The ground colour of the wings is brownish yellow, brownish white to slightly reddish white.The pattern elements


title: "Samir Farid" content: the Board in the Egyptian magazines "Al-Cinema" (1969) and "Al-Talliaa (Arabic: الطليعة )" in 1973, the Algerian magazine "Al-Shshtan" (1979) and the Cypriot magazine "Al-Ofok" (1987). He was a co-Founder of the National Festival of Short and Documentary films (1970), the National Festival of Feature Films (1971), the Arab Film Critics Union and the Egyptian Film Critics Association, (1972). Member of FIPRESCI since 1971. Member of International Jury Boards since 1972. The editor-in-chef of the Egyptian weekly journal "El-Cinema Wa El-Finoun", 1977. Member of the International Initiating Committee of the General History of Cinema 1982. The representative of "Variety" in


title: "Iowa Highway 140" content: The highway has previously been Primary Road No. 30, but it was renumbered to avoid confusion with the new US 30. Upon creation, the route was largely the same as it is today. In 1931, Iowa 140 was extended south to Hornick and west to US 75 at Sloan. It was extended west again in 1958 when I-29 was built, making its length . In 1961, Iowa 141's western end was redirected away from Sioux City and directed to Sloan via Hornick on Iowa 140. Upon this designation, Iowa 140 was truncated at Hornick. Three years later, Iowa 140 was


title: "Central chimpanzee" content: Central chimpanzee The central chimpanzee or tschego ("Pan troglodytes troglodytes") is a subspecies of the common chimpanzee (one of the closest living relatives to humans, along with the bonobo). It occurs mainly in Gabon, Cameroon, and the Republic of the Congo, but also, to a lesser extent, in other regions. "Pan" is derived from the Greek god of fields, groves, and wooded glens, Pan. "Troglodytes" is Greek for 'cave-dweller', and was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his "Handbuch der Naturgeschichte" ("Handbook of Natural History") published in 1779. The central chimpanzee occurs in Central Africa, mainly in Gabon, Cameroon, and


title: "Central chimpanzee" content: Republic of the Congo, but also in the Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, the Cabinda exclave of Angola, south-east Nigeria, and (possibly) the coastal extension of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its range extends north to the Sanaga River in Cameroon, east to the Ubangi River that defines the border between the two Congos, and south to the Congo River, which defines a large part of the same border. Chimpanzees are found predominantly in tropical moist forests and wet savanna woodlands, as well as the forest-savanna mosaics where these two biomes meet, from sea level to . They tend