title: "Wyethia mollis" content: Wyethia mollis Wyethia mollis is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name woolly mule's ears. The plant is hairy to woolly in texture, sometimes losing its hairs with age. "Wyethia mollis" is a coarse perennial herb native to the mountains of northern California, especially on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, and southeastern Oregon and western Nevada. It grows in forests and other mountain habitat such as dry open meadows with sagebrush. It grows from a tough taproot and caudex unit, producing a stem 30 to 40 centimeters tall, and reaching a


title: "Wyethia mollis" content: meter in height at times. It thrives in volcanic soils because of its deep roots. The leaves have lance-shaped or oval blades up to 40 centimeters long, which are glandular and coated in woolly hairs, especially when new. They usually grow up vertically from the base. The inflorescence is a solitary flower head or a cluster of 2 or 3 heads, each with up to 11 yellow ray florets which may be up to 4.5 centimeters long. The fruit is an achene about a centimeter long, not counting its pappus. The seeds are edible and taste similar to sunflower seeds.


title: "Umeå Arts Campus" content: – for the art academy, Bildmuseet and HUMlab – opened during the first half of 2012. Umeå Arts Campus Umeå Arts Campus is the name of a former industry area that recently (2009–2012) was rebuilt to house several of the arts educations at Umeå University in Sweden. The arts campus will be an education center for architecture, design and artwork. Famous departments at the Umeå Arts Campus include Umeå Academy of Fine Arts, Umeå Institute of Design, Umeå School of Architecture, the experimental platform for "humanities and new media", HUMlab, and the contemporary art museum, Bildmuseet. In the autumn fall


title: "Hue–Da Nang Campaign" content: Khánh Hòa, Phú Yên, Ninh Thuận and Bình Thuận, and requested them to form a defensive line from Qui Nhơn into the Mekong Delta to cover the retreat of the ARVN from the Central Highlands. Subsequently, General Phu issued the following orders: Rear Admiral Hoang Co Minh was to oversee military operations in the Qui Nhơn region, Brigadier-General Trần Văn Cẩm to hold Phú Yên, Brigadier-General Nguyen Ngoc Oanh and Brigadier-General Nguyen Van Luong was tasked with holding Nha Trang. Meanwhile, General Phan Dinh Niem, the commander of the ARVN 22nd Infantry Division, was required to form a defensive line


title: "Obscurior fragilis" content: Obscurior fragilis Obscurior fragilis is a moth of the Micronoctuidae family. It is known from north-western Thailand. The wingspan is about 10 mm. The head, patagia, anterior part of the tegulae, prothorax, basal part of the costa and costal part of the medial area are black. The costal-medial area is quadrangular. The forewing ground colour is brown, but dark brown in the subterminal and terminal areas. The crosslines are indistinct. The terminal line is marked by black interneural dots. The hindwing is grey, with a discal spot. The underside of the forewing is brown, while the underside of the hindwing


title: "Dolphin Cove Jamaica" content: the first attraction of its kind in Jamaica. The second park opened in Montego Bay in 2005 at the Half Moon Resort and is reserved for guests of the resort. The third facility at Lucea opened during 2010. In 2015, Dolphin Discovery bought these locations, and now they are partners. Dolphin Cove Jamaica Dolphin Cove Jamaica is a marine attraction in Jamaica at which guests can swim and interact with dolphins, sharks, and stingrays in their natural environment. Visitors may also interact with other species including iguanas, snakes and a variety of birds as well as other marine creatures in


title: "Fort Date Creek" content: Fort Date Creek Fort Date Creek, also known as Camp McPherson or Camp Date Creek, was a United States Army post established in 1867 sixty miles south of Prescott, Arizona. It was built to safeguard American settlers in Yavapai County. Fort Date Creek is located along Date Creek near the OX Ranch and was originally named Camp McPherson for General James B. McPherson at its founding on January 23, 1867. The fort was initially a temporary base protecting the road from La Paz to Prescott during the Hualapai War. Just after being founded, it was abandoned for a new post


title: "Standard Oil Company No. 16 (harbor tug)" content: Oil sold the tug to the McAllister Towing and Transportation Company and she was renamed "John E. McAllister." "No. 16" was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. Standard Oil Company No. 16 (harbor tug) Standard Oil Company No. 16 is a historic harbor tugboat located at Mariners Harbor, Staten Island, New York. She was built in 1907 by the Skinner Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company of Baltimore, Maryland for the Standard Oil Company. She has heavy steel frames and deck beams. She is 100 feet in length, 23 feet in beam and 11.2 feet in depth.


title: "Automotive industry in Russia" content: market: in 2014 they made up 27% of cars and 46% of trucks. The 2014 economic crisis led to a new fall in car sales and production levels, and reduced forecasts for future growth. The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016. Lada cars accounted for 34.6% of the total, down from 41.6% five years earlier. Almost half of those cars were over ten years old, and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva. The Russian automotive industry can be divided into four types of companies: local brand producers, foreign OEMs, joint


title: "Birger Ek" content: on 8 February 1943. He flew 171 wartime missions, including 29 in the Winter War. Captain Ek was the first Finnish "Suto" ("sukellusveneentorjuntalentäjä"), or submarine hunter pilot. He is credited with inventing and refining the method of dropping naval depth charges from aircraft. Immediately at the outbreak of the Winter War, Ek noticed that the small bombs used up to that time to combat submersibles were too weak against the Soviet submarines with their strong pressure hulls. They had to find another way of dealing with them. From a friend in the navy he learned about the depth charges that


title: "Kungumam (film)" content: to the USA for further studies. When Sundharam comes back four years later, he was shocked to see that his mother Vedhavalli (M. V. Rajamma) is a widow and was told that his father Sambasivam committed suicide due to the disgrace that he was unable to pay back the loans. Sundharam leaves to Bombay for an interview, where comes across the murder of broker Govindan and is shocked to see that the murderer is Punniyakodi (S. V. Ranga Rao), who is later introduced as Gomathi's father in a police investigation. Sundharam helps Punniyakodi to escape and in turn is suspected


title: "William Wilson (poet)" content: the "Chronicle of Scottish Poetry", also the friend of Robert Burns. They had three sons together. Wilson published poems in the "Edinburgh Literary Journal" and other leading periodicals. At this period, the young poet's charming conversation and manners made him a welcome guest in the literary circles of Edinburgh. At the house of Mrs. Anne Grant, of Loch Laggan, he was a constant visitor, and she owned his portrait by Sir John Watson Gordon. When 32 years of age, Wilson and his wife emigrated to the United States and settled at Poughkeepsie, New York, on the Hudson River. He was


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: Anthidium manicatum Anthidium manicatum, commonly called the European wool carder bee, is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter bees or mason bees. They get the name 'carder' from their behaviour of scraping hair from leaves such as lamb's ears ("Stachys byzantina"). They carry this hair bundled beneath their bodies to be used as a nest lining. Like other members of the tribe Anthidiini, these bees do not cut leaves or petals as is typical for megachilids. This bee is endemic to Europe, Asia and North Africa. It has recently been seen in regions of South America,


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: New Zealand, and the Canary islands. It was accidentally introduced into North America from Europe sometime in the mid 20th century. They are generalists, and do not seem to prefer any plant genera for foraging. This species belongs to the family Megachilidae and the order Hymenoptera, which consists of organisms such as ants, bees and wasps, and the superfamily Apoidea, which is more specific to bees and wasps. "Anthidium manicatum" is originally an Old World bee. It has a wingspan of approximately , with a body length of about for females, and for males. The males are substantially larger than


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: females. "A. manictum" are black and covered with yellow-grey hairs. Their faces and abdomen are covered in yellow spots. Male "A. manicatum" have a black head and thorax, coated with short yellowish brown hairs. The cheeks below the antennae, a small spot behind each eye, a bilobate spot on the clypeus, and the mandibles (except the apex) are yellow. The wings are dusky in color. The abdomen is black with grey hairs, with a band of brown hairs at each segment’s apex as well as along their lateral margins. This feature distinguishes male "A. manicatum" from native "Anthidium" species. There


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: is a yellow spot on each side of the segments except the 7th. A second pair of spots is often seen on the disks of the 4th and 5th segments. There is a spine on each side of the 6th and 7th segments at the apex, the 7th having a third thin spine in the middle. The legs exhibit variegation of yellow and are covered with grey hairs. Female "A. manicatum" are smaller in size than the males, but have a similar color pattern. The abdominal spots are smaller and the apex is rounded. Female legs are almost completely black,


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: with very small yellow spots. The anterior sides of the tarsal segments of each leg of female "A. manicatum" have fine, soft and small white-colored hairs. This pilosity occurs in most species of "Anthidium" in the Western Palearctic region. Male "A. manicatum" resemble "A. maculosum" in appearance. The two species have similar spiniform pygidia, as well as largely rounded sixth sterna (although that of "A. manicatum" is more so). "Anthidium manicatum" is found in parts of Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America. It has also recently been documented in the Canary Islands, and South American countries such as Argentina,


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. As of 2006, this species is also now established in New Zealand. This insect was accidentally introduced into the United States from Europe sometime prior to 1963, when it was discovered in New York State. It has since spread from the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada across the United States to California, where it was first collected in 2007. This species' tendency to occupy ready-made nesting sites, usually movable objects, allows it to spread to new locations easily. In Europe, this species is normally found in gardens, fields, and meadows in the southern part of Wales


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: and England, but is localized in other places within the United Kingdom, where they can be seen from May to September. "A. manicatum" is the only species of the genus "Anthidium" that can be found in England. Being a member of the Anthidiini tribe of megachilid bees, "A. manicatum" engages in highly elaborate nesting behavior. These bees construct their nests in preexisting cavities, using the trichomes of wooly plants. Female "A. manicatum" use their mandibles, which are sharply toothed, to remove trichomes from the stems and leaves of various plants. They then roll up the trichomes into a ball and


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: bring them to a preexisting cavity. Inside the cavity, the bees fashion the trichome ball into cells, where they deposit an egg as well as a provisioning mass consisting of nectar and pollen. The female creates several cells in a cavity. Once finished, she seals the entrance to the cavity with a terminal plug, which consists of inorganic and organic materials that she brings to the nest. Females collect "down" from such plants as lamb's ears ("Stachys byzantina"). They scrape the hairs from the leaves and carry them back to their nests bundled beneath their bodies. There it is used


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: as a lining for their nest cavities. Females tend to build their nests at high locations. This may be in order to minimize the nest’s exposure to parasites and predators. This may also be to avoid nest usurpation by other female "A. manicatum". Besides trichomes, other materials used by female "A. manicatum" for building brood cells include mud, stones, resin, and leaves. Some of the plant materials that are collected are hydrophobic, a feature that may serve an anti-microbial function for the nest. Females smear a plant substrate, plant extrafloral trichome secretions, on brood cells. The primary material used to


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: build the cells are plant hairs, or "wool" (hence the name "wool carder bee"), that is collected from the stems and leaves of plants. Females largely use the hairs of "Lamiaceae", especially those of the genus "Betonica" or "Stachys". Additionally, females use specialized hair-like structures on the exterior of their tarsi to absorb the secretions of the plant hairs to apply onto the brood cells. These secretions are obtained from different species, such as "Anthirrinum", "Crepis", and "Pelargonium". The mating system of "A. manicatum" is unlike those of most other bees. Females exhibit polyandry and continuously mate throughout their reproductive


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: life. The interval of time between copulations amongst different males can be as short as 35 seconds in length. Males exhibit resource defense polygyny. "A. manicatum" display extreme polyandry, which is linked to male territoriality and resource defense of flowering plants. Males claim patches of floral plants, ward off conspecific males and other resource competitors, and mate with the females who forage in their territories. Copulations occur repeatedly and regularly in both sexes. Males that are unable to defend their own territory (usually because of their relatively small size) utilize an alternative ‘sneaking’ tactic. These unfit males receive fewer copulation


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: opportunities than females. Such mating and territorial behavior in bees has also been observed in "Anthidiellum notatum", "Anthidiellum perplexum", and "Anthidium banningense". However, males of the genus "Anthidiellum" chase away intruders rather than physically attacking them, so their aggressive behavior differs significantly. The territorial mating behavior of male "A. manicatum" occurs when foraging resources are amassed, allowing for monopolization and defense of territories by individual males. Resource defense, as exhibited by male "A. manicatum", has been thought to benefit females by reducing foraging competition for pollen and nectar. The rate a female visits a territory is highly correlated with the


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: number of flowers in that area. If females forage in sites that are being defended by males and the cost of additional matings is low for female members, then male resource defense and female polyandry may coevolve. Male "A. manicatum" display highly aggressive behavior. Males are highly aggressive towards each other as well as other visitors to the flowers in its territory. In the process of obtaining and defending flowering plant territories, they frequently attack conspecific males and heterospecific pollinators. "A. manicatum" sometimes lethally injure the pollinators as a result of their aggressiveness. The territorial behavior of males develops after


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: a period of flight without any localization. They will also defend "Anthidium manicatum" females, although they do harass them by holding them immobile and repeatedly attempting to mate. Studies show that there appears to be no selection pressure on male "A. manicatum" to be the first to copulate, and hence no (or very little) selection pressure to emerge before females. This is due to the females' polyandrous behavior, and can also be attributed to a phenomenon called "'Late' male sperm precedence". Patterns of sperm use by the females determine the benefits of resource defense for males. If the female uses


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: only the sperm from her first copulation in a breeding season, then selection will not favor the ‘sit-and-wait’ strategy of resource defense for the males over strategies that are pre-emptive, such as patrolling nest sites. However, if delayed mating can still ensure a high probability of procreating, then the resource defense strategy will be favored. ‘Late male sperm precedence’, or LMSP, is an experimental situation in which two males mate in sequence with a female and the second male will hold paternity of over 50% of the female’s offspring. Although females do have a spermatheca for long-term sperm storage, more


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: recent mates tend to father the brood she produces. This phenomenon might be caused by a variety of mechanisms, including sperm digestion or removal by the female, removal by the next male, or stratification of sperm from different males in the sperm storage organ of the female (i.e. the last sperm in is the first to come out). Studies have shown that "A. manicatum" males that copulate late in a sequence have a greater than average chance of paternity of the female’s eggs. Late male sperm precedence may have fostered the evolution of resource defense in "A. manicatum" males. Unlike


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: most other species of Hymenoptera, male "A. manicatum" are larger than females in size, displays male-biased sexual dimorphism. The selection for larger size in males may have resulted due to their aggressive territorial behavior and subsequent differential mating success. Although it does not tear other males apart, the abdominal armature of a male "A. manicatum" may have been developed due to territorial aggression, rather than for mating purposes. Male size has been found to correlate with mating success. Smaller males will implement alternative mating tactics if they cannot defeat larger males for territory. The mating behavior of male "A. manicatum"


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: can be determined by relative body size to other conspecific males. Territory owners are larger in size than wanderers, and copulate with females more frequently as well. The number of copulations a male territory owner can achieve varies based on the size of the territory – males with larger territories generally achieve more copulations than those with smaller territories. This difference may be due to the energy expenditure of smaller bees to defend their territory from larger males, the inability of small males to mate on their territory, or female choice of larger males (regardless of territory size). Hence the


title: "Anthidium manicatum" content: number of copulations a male obtains is positively correlated with territory quality as well as male size. "Anthidium manicatum" consumes the pollen from flowers of varying families. They are thus considered to be generalists. They visit garden flowers and weeds preferring blue flowers that have long throats with Old World origins. Both males and females hover near flowers similar to flies in the family Syrphidae. Anthidium manicatum Anthidium manicatum, commonly called the European wool carder bee, is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae, the leaf-cutter bees or mason bees. They get the name 'carder' from their behaviour of


title: "Don Shows" content: State University, said at the memorial service that the West Monroe Rebels were once "a doormat" of a football team that was always scheduled for opponents' homecoming games but is now envied by the rest of the state. Les Miles, coach of the Louisiana State University Tigers, who addressed the memorial service, earlier in the week described his friend Shows as: a great man, coach and father and he will be missed tremendously. he did so many wonderful things that impacted the lives of the players he coached. He had great success on the football field, but it was the


title: "St. John's Shrewsbury Anglican Church" content: use it as a community centre. On January 12, 2014, the church burned to the ground and was totally destroyed. An early 2014 investigation into this incident considered possible arson. On January 22, 2014, a letter to the editor of the Vankleek Hill "Review" from Rodney Brown of Brownsburg-Chatham argued that the fire reflected local language tensions: "Part of my ancestral history perished on Sunday, January 12[, 2014]. The Shrewsbury Church, in the municipality of Gore, built in 1856, was burned down by someone who obviously has [n]o respect o[r] appreciation for English history in this province. The ravaging of


title: "The Room (2010 video game)" content: discovers that Lisa is cheating on him with his best friend Mark, Johnny is outraged and ultimately kills himself. The game diverges from the film by only showing the events from Johnny's point of view. The player controls Johnny as he engages in activities that were only referred to in the film, such as his taking on a mystery client at his bank and his turning over drug dealer Chris-R to the police. The game also contains several in-jokes that attempt to provide backstories and account for idiosyncrasies in the film and its story. For example, a scene in the


title: "Prince Yangnyeong" content: family members helped encourage his first two sons to step aside and allow King Taejong's third and favorite son to become King Sejong. This plot ultimately brought Sejong to the throne. Later, Yangnyeong became a wandering traveler and lived in the mountains. After Sejong had taken the throne, the relationship between the brothers was strong, and Sejong often invited Yangnyeong to the palace. Yangnyeong lived as a wanderer and died in 1462, almost living for 68 years. Today, his descendants form one of the biggest clans of the House of Yi. In addition, it is believed that the plaque on


title: "Forman S. Acton" content: he knew and worked with included Albert W. Tucker, Grace Hopper, Richard Feynman, James H. Wilkinson, Claude Shannon, John Backus, and John Nash. Acton moved to the Department of Electrical Engineering in 1955. In 1963, he made the first of two extended visits to the Indian Institute of Technology at Kanpur, India, where he helped establish the school's early computing facilities and courses. He initially stayed for one year, and he returned in 1967 to teach and offer organizational advice. As computing evolved, Princeton's electrical engineering department added "computer science" to its name before the Department of Computer Science became


title: "Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada" content: local understreet pipeline networks were constructed in cities across Canada to meet this requirement. Other energy projects of the period included the Lakeview Generating Station, Mississauga, Ontario, 1962, the W.A.C.Bennett (hydro) Dam, British Columbia, 1967, the Gardiner (hydro) Dam, Saskatchewan, 1968, the Churchill Falls Hydro Dam, Labrador, 1971, the Nanticoke Generating Station (largest coal-fired plant in North America), Nanticoke, Ontario, 1978 and La Grande 2 Hydro Dam, Quebec, 1979. The energy crisis of 1973 had domestic repercussions with many consumers taking steps to reduce energy costs through the installation of improved home insulation and wood burning stoves. The existence in


title: "Dean, Smith & Grace" content: Newsmith Stainless Limited of Roberttown, West Yorkshire, and now trades as Dean Smith & Grace Lathes UK Limited. In 2012 the company was acquired by the MTTG group. In April 2015, it was announced that Dean, Smith and Grace was to be moved to Halifax by MTTG. Dean, Smith & Grace Dean, Smith & Grace is a British manufacturer of lathes and milling machines, based in Keighley, West Yorkshire. Their products have been described as "the Rolls Royce of lathes". The company was founded in 1865 by Joseph Dean (born c1825 in Barnoldswick, then in the West Riding of Yorkshire),


title: "Community health centers in the United States" content: to be awarded by the start of the 2019 fiscal year. Because patients can come from a diverse range of socioeconomic, educational, cultural, and linguistic backgrounds, CHCs offer additional public health services unrelated to direct care, such as health promotion and education, advocacy and intervention, translation and interpretation, and case management. CHCs emphasize empowerment, so they also have programs to help eligible patients apply to federally funded health coverage programs, such as Medicaid. Additionally, CHCs place great emphasis on meeting community needs. To meet this goal, administrative and health care personnel meet regularly to focus on the health care needs


title: "Scotland Yard (TV series)" content: the US. The complete series has been released on DVD in the UK by Network. Here is the list of "Scotland Yard" episodes (with their PAL running times): "Scotland Yard" aired at 10 p.m. Eastern opposite "The $64,000 Challenge" on CBS and "The Loretta Young Show" on NBC. It was replaced on the 1958 fall schedule by the five-week series "Encounter", a drama anthology which originated from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The BBC television series of the same name broadcast in 1960, and the 1970s London Weekend Television series "New Scotland Yard" are unrelated to these films. Scotland Yard (TV series)


title: "La Stazione" content: of the late Joseph Colombo, a former boss of the Colombo crime family. Colombo had previously starred in a 2005 mobster documentary on HBO. The building was added to the New Paltz Downtown Historic District on July 24, 2009. Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography La Stazione La Stazione (, "The Station") is an Italian restaurant and former train station in the village of New Paltz in Ulster County, New York. The building was the first of two railroad stations constructed in the town of New Paltz, and it is the only former Wallkill Valley Railroad station standing at its original location.


title: "Robert Anderson (mathematician)" content: Robert Anderson (mathematician) Robert Anderson (fl. 1668–1696), was an English mathematician and silk-weaver. Anderson was from London. John Collins, one of the early members of the Royal Society, helped with the loan of books and the supply of scientific information. He devoted special attention to improving the art of gunnery, and during at least twenty-one years from 1671 conducted some thousands of experiments with cannon mounted at his own expense on Wimbledon Common, showing that his means must have been considerable. ‘I am very well assured,’ he says, ‘I have done more, being a private person, than all the engineers


title: "Paul A. Zahl" content: Paul A. Zahl Paul Arthur Zahl (1910 Bensenville, Illinois – Oct. 16, 1985 Greenwich, Connecticut) was an explorer and biologist. He was a frequently published author and columnist as well as a respected photographer. He served as senior scientist to the National Geographic Society from 1958 to 1975. Zahl was an honors graduate of North Central College in Illinois, received his doctorate in experimental biology from Harvard University in 1936, and immediately became notable in cancer research at Haskins Laboratories. However, he became increasingly interested in natural history. In 1939, Zahl wrote his first book, "To the Lost World", about


title: "16th Indiana Infantry Regiment" content: Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to December 1862. 1st Brigade, 1st Division, Sherman's Yazoo Expedition to January 1863. 1st Brigade, 10th Division, XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee, to July 1863. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, XIII Corps, Department of the Tennessee, to August 1863, and Department of the Gulf to September 1863. Unattached Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to November 1863. 1st Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to June 1864. 4th Brigade, Cavalry Division, Department of the Gulf, to August 1864. District of LaFourche, Department of the Gulf, to June 1865. The 16th Indiana Infantry mustered out


title: "2012 Republican Party presidential debates and forums" content: were working on his property, he told the contractor, "you can't have any illegals working on our property, that's... I'm running for office, for Pete's sake! I can't have illegals." The ninth Republican debate was held at Oakland University in Auburn Hills, Michigan, and was sponsored by CNBC and the Michigan Republican Party. It was moderated by Maria Bartiromo and John Harwood. It focused on the economy and was attended by Michele Bachmann, Herman Cain, Newt Gingrich, Jon Huntsman, Jr., Ron Paul, Rick Perry, Mitt Romney and Rick Santorum. The defining moment of the debate came when Rick Perry said


title: "Nassos Daphnis" content: Mitchell and Aaron Siskind. In August 2015, Richard Taittinger Gallery announced its exclusive representation of the Estate of Nassos Daphnis. Daphnis received his first solo exhibition at the gallery, "Pixel Fields", from September 17-October 24, 2015 and his diptych "4-A-78, 4-B-78", 1978 was included in the group exhibition, "Ballet Mecanique" from January 16-February 20, 2016. Reviewing "Ballet Mecanique" for Whitewall Magazine, Emory Loppicolo discussed with the gallery how Daphnis' work could be contemplated in dialogue with Mario Merz's work from the 1970s and 1980s: "Merz and Daphnis were both iconic masters of the 20th century and both had first-hand experience


title: "1993 Zambia national football team plane crash" content: 8–7 in a penalty shoot out after the game ended 0–0 after normal and added time. The accident was the subject of the 2014 Spanish/Zambian documentary film "Eighteam", directed by Juan Rodriguez-Briso. All thirty people onboard died in the crash. 1993 Zambia national football team plane crash On the evening of 27 April 1993, a DHC-5 Buffalo transport aircraft of the Zambian Air Force crashed into the Atlantic Ocean shortly after taking off from Libreville, Gabon. The flight was carrying most of the Zambian national football team to a FIFA World Cup Qualifier against Senegal in Dakar. All 25 passengers


title: "Formulary apportionment" content: used in both the United States and Canada to apportion income of corporations between the sub-national jurisdictions in which they operate. In many U.S. states formulary apportionment is also used to apportion the combined income of a related group of companies. Tax in each US state is thus assessed based on the unitary combination of all related entities. The related entities included in the unitary combination may be worldwide entities or only entities within the United States, depending on the state. The latter is known as water's edge combined reporting. Worldwide unitary combined reporting was first approved by the US


title: "Los Angeles Times suburban sections" content: Traditionalists were opposed to expanding the existing San Fernando Valley zoned pages into a semi-independent publication with its own focus and its own printing plant. That circumstance had been completed by 1989, when Jeffrey S. Hall, vice president of marketing for the "Times" was named to a new position of president of the San Fernando Valley edition, directing business operations there. The editorship remained with Charles Carter, who reported to Suburban Editor Robert Rawitch. The edition had a circulation of 230,827 daily and 266,373 Sundays. In 1997, Julia C. Wilson was named president of both the San Fernando Valley and


title: "Jacksonville Rockets" content: cancelled due to construction delays, and the team resumed their original name in 1968. The Rockets fielded mostly losing teams and drew modest crowds for most of their run. They drew sellout and near-sellout crowds in Jacksonville in 1967, when they were in contention for the EHL championship. Otherwise, they averaged around 2,500 spectators per game. The Rockets finally folded in 1972 due to economic pressures. They were followed by the American Hockey League's Jacksonville Barons, who relocated from Cleveland, Ohio in 1973. The Barons folded at the end of the 1973–1974 season, and Jacksonville did not have a hockey


title: "Moose Factory Island" content: Moose Factory Island Moose Factory Island is an island in the Moose River, Ontario, Canada, about from its mouth at James Bay. It is adjacent to the community of Moosonee across the Moose River, from which it is accessible by water taxi. The island is home to the community of Moose Factory. This town is associated with the entire island, but politically, the island is divided into two entities: Moose Factory Island is part of the poorly drained, sparsely forested Hudson Bay Lowlands. It is flat and made up of marine clay, underlain by sedimentary rocks, mainly limestone, dolomite and


title: "Ulysses S. Grant and the American Civil War" content: and ammunition. Total casualties, killed or wounded, for the final operation against Vicksburg that started on March 29, 1863 were 10,142 for the Union and 9,091 for the Confederacy. Although the victory at Vicksburg was a tremendous advance in the Union War effort, Grant's reputation did not escape criticism. During the initial campaign in December 1862, Grant became upset and angry over speculators and traders who inundated his department and violated rules about trading cotton in a militarized zone. As a result, Grant issued his notorious General Order No. 11 on December 17, expelling all Jews who he believed were


title: "Preconsolidation pressure" content: like the constant rate of strain test (CRS) or the incremental loading test (IL). These tests can be costly due to expensive equipment and the long period of time they require. Each sample must be undisturbed and can only undergo one test with satisfactory results. It is important to execute these tests precisely to ensure an accurate resulting plot. There are various methods for determining the preconsolidation pressure from lab data. The data is usually arranged on a semilog plot of the effective stress (frequently represented as σ') versus the void ratio. This graph is commonly called the e log


title: "Edward Windsor, 3rd Baron Windsor" content: of Oxford and his first wife, Dorothy Neville. Katherine had a prominent younger half-brother and sister by her father's second marriage to Marjory Golding, Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, and Mary de Vere. On 2 October 1553, the day after the coronation of Queen Mary, he was appointed a Knight of the Carpet. He fought at the Battle of St Quentin (1557), an engagement of the Italian War of 1551–1559, as part of an English force commanded by Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford. In 1558, he succeeded to his father's title of Baron Windsor, which brought him


title: "Archaeology of Windsor Castle" content: the castle took place in the late 1970s. In the late 1980s it was discovered that the motte beneath the Round Tower was in danger of collapse. In advance of strengthening works, a major archaeological investigation into the design and structure of the building and mound took place between 1988-92. Windsor Castle was one of three royal sites excavated over four days on behalf of Channel 4's archaeological television programme "Time Team" from 25 to 28 August 2006. It was undertaken by Oxford Archaeology. In the United Kingdom, Channel 4 devoted an evening television program to each day's findings, presented


title: "Church of St Peter, Great Berkhamsted" content: clear windows in the clerestory, allowing more light to enter the nave. He extended the aisles by knocking down the dividing walls of two chambers at the west end; one of these chambers, in the south-west corner of the nave, was used to house the town fire engine. A door to the right of the great west door had "Engine House" painted above it on the outside; Butterfield blocked up this door. The flint from these alterations was kept in storage and was later used in the construction of Sunnyside Parish Church in 1909. On the exterior of the church,


title: "Israel national under-17 football team" content: Israel national under-17 football team The Israel national under-17 football team represents Israel in association football at the under-17 youth level, and is controlled by the Israel Football Association. The team is for Israeli players aged 17 or under at the start of a two-year European Under-17 Football Championship cycle, so players can be up to 17 years old. Although the Israel Football Association became a member of UEFA as late as 1994, Israel U-16s took part in several European youth championships since the late 1980s, beginning with the 1987 European U-16 tournament, for which they qualified but failed to


title: "C. R. M. F. Cruttwell" content: history (1934) which earned him the Oxford degree of DLitt. In 1936 Cruttwell delivered the Lees-Knowles Lecture at Trinity College, Cambridge, under the title "The Role of British Strategy in the Great War". In the same year he published a biography of the Duke of Wellington and in 1937 produced his final major academic work, "A History of Peaceful Change in the Modern World". An attempt in 1935 to emulate his grandfather and become one of the university's members of parliament failed when, as a Conservative candidate in the general election of 1935, Cruttwell was defeated. An Independent, A. P.


title: "Sarah Tyson Hallowell" content: lived in France until her death in 1924. Sarah Tyson Hallowell was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 7, 1846. Her parents were Caleb W. Hallowell and Mary Morris Tyson Hallowell, who were married on June 11, 1840. Caleb Hallowell was a merchant in Philadelphia, who was born in 1815 and died of tuberculosis in 1858. Her mother was born in 1820 and died in 1913 in Moret, France. Mary and Caleb were both born into the Quaker (Society of Friends) faith, but by the time of their marriage Caleb "had left the meeting". Mary was then "read out of


title: "1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning" content: declared that “the outbreak of poisoning” was due to eating bread made from rye grain that was infected with the fungus. The victims appeared to have one common connection -they had eaten bread from the bakery of Roch Briand who was subsequently blamed for using flour made from contaminated rye. Later investigations suggested mercury poisoning due to the use of Panogen or other fungicides used to treat grains and seeds. In 1982, a French researcher suggested "Aspergillus fumigatus", a toxic fungus produced in grain silos, as a potential culprit. In 2008, historian Steven Kaplan published a book on the incident


title: "Ihuatzio (archaeological site)" content: with the Aztecs, possibly developing the first truly territorial state of Mesoamerica. Due to its relative isolation within Mesoamerica, the Tarascan state had many cultural traits completely distinct from those of the Mesoamerican cultural group. It is particularly noteworthy for being among the few Mesoamerican civilizations to use metal for tools and ornamentation. In the late mesoamerican classical period, at least two non Purépecha ethnic groups lived around Lake Pátzcuaro: Nahuatl speakers in Jarácuaro, and some Chichimecan cultures on the northern banks, with the Nahua population being the second largest. A number of Nahua-speaking groups arrived to the area during


title: "Side A" content: the late Wyngard Tracy. Side A achieved major commercial success during the 1990s. In 1993, the group's third album went triple platinum and in the mid-1990s, Side A garnered two Awit Awards, the Philippines' equivalent of the Grammys. Side A's eponymous debut album included their first hit single "Eva Marie" which paved the way for their illustrious recording career. Classic Side A songs such as "Windows of Our Souls" and "Di Pa Huli" can be found on the album. The uptempo song "Di Pa Huli" catapulted the band into the mainstream. Instead of "Side B", the B-side of their albums


title: "Michael Allen (California politician)" content: lost reelection. Allen was raised in Los Angeles, California by his mother. When his father died when he was 6 years old, his mother raised him on her own and worked as a seamstress to support them. Allen resides in San Rafael, California; he has five grown children. He is of half-Mexican and half Swedish-Scottish ancestry. Michael Allen (California politician) Michael Allen (born January 2, 1947, Los Angeles, California) is an American politician who served in the California State Assembly. He is a Democrat. Prior to being elected to the state assembly, he was a member of the Santa Rosa


title: "Daniel Rigby" content: children's television series "Teletubbies". In March 2017 he won the best actor award at the Manchester Theatre Awards for his performance as Alan Turing in "Breaking the Code" at the Royal Exchange, Manchester. Daniel Rigby Daniel Rigby (born 6 December 1982) is an English actor and comedian. He received a BAFTA TV Award for his leading role as Eric Morecambe in the 2011 television film "Eric and Ernie". Rigby was born in Cheadle Hulme, Greater Manchester. He attended Cheadle Hulme School and studied performing arts at Stockport College. He then enrolled at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Rigby has


title: "1955–56 Port Vale F.C. season" content: in with a shot of promotion. In January, Eddie Baily was signed from Tottenham Hotspur for a club-record £7,000. Signing an inside-forward who was part of England's 1950 FIFA World Cup squad was a sign of the club's ambitions for top-flight football. Outclassed by Wednesday on 3 March, they lost 4–0 at Hillsborough, but followed this with wins over Blackburn Rovers and Bristol City. On 31 March they came to a 'hard-fought' 1–1 draw at Stoke's Victoria Ground, which left the "Valiants" in fifth place, level on points with second-placed Liverpool. In with a great chance of promotion by April,


title: "Jumani Johansson" content: by his step-father, Matt Johansson. Johansson was deported on September 28, 2011, for overstaying his visit in Malawi. He has a Malawian passport and had applied for reinstatement of his Malawian citizenship His lawyer, Zeros Matumba, had been trying to fight his deportation. Jumani Johansson Jim Jumani Johansson (legally Jim Jumani Immanuel Masauko Kamuzu Banda) is a 40-year-old Malawian-Swedish man who claims to be the son of former Malawian President Hastings Kamuzu Banda. He changed his name to Jim Jumani Immanuel Masauko Kamuzu Banda. Johansson says that it was after Banda died in 1997 that 'some government officials' told him


title: "Anne Moen Bullitt" content: her period. Bullitt, and her advisors, donated the papers of her famous parents to her father's alma mater, Yale University, and she helped clarify some aspects of their lives. Her father was an early friend and supporter of pioneering psychotherapist Sigmund Freud, and published a controversial book analyzing Woodrow Wilson, entitled "Thomas Woodrow Wilson – A Psychological Study". According to the "New York Daily News", after Freud heard Bullitt declare she was so devoted to her father, she looked upon him as her god, he replied: ""You know, I have developed a theory that male children's first love is their


title: "Devan Downey" content: Devan Downey Devan Deangelo Downey (born September 28, 1987) is an American professional basketball player. He was born in Chester, South Carolina where he attended Chester High School. Named S.C. Class AAA Player of the Year and Mr. Basketball as a senior at Chester High Devan Downey Averaged 36.9 points, 6.1 assists, 4.3 rebounds and 4.7 steals his senior year under coach De'Andre Scott. He played collegiately for the University of Cincinnati and then the University of South Carolina, where he was an honorable mention All-American and 1st team All-SEC player in 2008–09. Downey went undrafted in the 2010 NBA


title: "William Williams (veterinarian)" content: sued in the Scottish Court of session by a former colleague, John Adam McBride, leading to a great deal of ill-will in the college. In 1873 Williams founded the New Veterinary College in Edinburgh, in direct competition to William Dick's College. The new college was housed in Gayfield House on East London Street. In 1883, due to growing success, the College commissioned William Hamilton Beattie to design a purpose-built building on the east side of Elm Row, at the head of Leith Walk where it remained until closure in 1904. The building, later also serving as a BBC Scotland studio,


title: "Alejandro Pérez Navarro" content: official debut with Getafe's main squad on 27 October 2010, featuring the full 90 minutes against Club Portugalete in the campaign's Copa del Rey (1–1 away draw and aggregate win). On 16 December he played his first match in the UEFA Europa League, coming on as a substitute for Cata Díaz in the last minutes of the first half of a 1–0 group stage win over BSC Young Boys. On 20 August 2013, Pérez was loaned out to Bulgarian club PFC Levski Sofia in a season-long move. After 15 competitive appearances, he returned to Spain in the following transfer window


title: "Opal Kunz" content: courteous reply. Kunz died at home in Auburn, California in 1967. Opal Kunz Opal Kunz (November 6, 1894 – May 15, 1967) was an early American aviator, the chief organizer of the Betsy Ross Air Corps, and a charter member of the Ninety-Nines organization of women pilots. In 1930, she became the first woman pilot to race with men in an open competition. She made many public appearances to urge more women to take up flying. Opal Logan Giberson was born in 1894 or 1896 in Missouri to Edward F. Giberson and his wife. She graduated from Dana Hall School


title: "Shabir Shah" content: Shabir Shah Shabir Ahmad Shah, popularly known as Shabir Shah, (born 14 June 1953, in KadiporaAnantnag, Kashmir) is the founder and president of the Jammu and Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP), one of the main separatist political organizations seeking "right of self-determination" to Jammu and Kashmir. Having spent 31 years of his life in jails he is known as the “JAIL BIRD” , “ NELSON MANDELA OF Kashmir” and recognised by Amnesty International as “ THE PRISONER OF CONSCIENCE.” Born in a business family of South Kashmir’s Kadipora town in district Anantnag on 14 June 1953, Shabir Ahmad Shah did


title: "2012 Pekan Olahraga Nasional" content: Athletes from 33 provincial sports committee are expected to participate. The 2012 National Sports Week programme features 32 sports and a total of 44 disciplines. List of medals in the closing of the games: 2012 Pekan Olahraga Nasional 2012 Pekan Olahraga Nasional or 2012 National Sports Week was a multi-sport event in Indonesia which was held in Riau from 9–20 September 2012. The previous edition was held in East Kalimantan. Thousands of athletes, officials, and journalists all across of Indonesian provinces participated to the game. Riau won the selection of 2012 Pekan Olahraga Nasional host. 365 days before PON will


title: "Minuscule 801 (Gregory-Aland)" content: belongs to the textual subgroup 35. The Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11) is marked by an obelus. According to Gregory the manuscript was written in the 15th century. The manuscript is currently dated by the INTF to the 15th century. It was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Gregory (801, 264, 313). Gregory saw the manuscript in 1886. The manuscript is now housed at the National Library of Greece (130) in Athens. Minuscule 801 (Gregory-Aland) Minuscule 801 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ553 (von Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament written on paper. Palaeographically it


title: "Andres Spokoiny" content: in the private sector working for IBM in South America. He thought he would make his career in the corporate world until he received a phone call from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) in 1997 to come and work in Paris, France. (They had first known him when he ran High Holiday services for the Jewish community of Cuba as a rabbinical student.) While working at the JDC, a Jewish American NGO known for supporting Jewish communities around the world, in Paris, Spokoiny served as the JDC's Regional Director. He was on the frontline of the rebuilding of


title: "Irish honours system" content: lines of the Gaisce Awards". The March 2007 report of the Taskforce on Active Citizenship chaired by Mary Davis said: The Fianna Fáil–Green Party government's programme after the 2007 election endorsed this recommendation. Bertie Ahern clarified that these awards were "entirely different from the State awards system" he envisaged. He said the government was negotiating the details of the scheme with the President's office. In April 2009, it was reported that the Active Citizenship Office planned to have the system in place within three years. In July 2009, the McCarthy Report, on government cuts in response to the post-2008 economic


title: "Anthony P. Capozzi" content: right to present evidence and testimony favorable to the defense. The Petition was denied on October 14, 2008. Capozzi has been affiliated with numerous community and professional organizations. He has served on the board and as president to many local, regional, and statewide organizations from 1977 to the present day. In 1999, Capozzi was elected President of the Fresno County Bar Association. Also in 1999, he was elected President of the San Joaquin Valley Chapter of the Federal Bar Association. Capozzi began his heavy involvement with the California State Bar Association in 2000 when he served four years on the


title: "Coleomegilla maculata" content: Coleomegilla maculata Coleomegilla maculata, commonly known as the spotted lady beetle, pink spotted lady beetle or twelve-spotted lady beetle, is a large coccinellid beetle native to North America. The adults and larvae feed primarily on aphids and the species has been used as a biological control agent. Based on name connotation and to avoid confusion with other species also called "spotted ladybeetle", spotted pink ladybeetle is probably the most appropriate common name for this species. This is generally an oblong, flattened lady beetle species averaging about six millimetres long. Over most of its range the species is pink in coloration,


title: "Coleomegilla maculata" content: except for subspecies "fuscilabris" which is bright orange or red. Each wing cover features 6 black markings. The thorax is a similar shade of red with two large triangular black patches. Similarity is most apparent with the seaside lady beetle, but that species is limited to coastal habitats and features much larger black markings. In that species the apical pair of spots on the elytra as well as the pronotum markings are merged, unlike "Coleomegilla maculata". The larvae resemble miniature alligators and are dark coloured. They have three pairs of legs and grow to about six millimetres long. The eggs


title: "Coleomegilla maculata" content: are spindle shaped and laid upright in groups near potential prey. A female beetle may lay between 200 and 1,000 eggs in groups of 8-15 in protected sites on stems and leaves over a three-month period. The larvae actively seek out prey and may travel as far as twelve metres in their search for food. The larvae grow rapidly, moulting four times before attaching themselves by the abdomen to a leaf or other surface to pupate. The adult beetles emerge from three to twelve days later depending on the temperature. There are two to five generations per year. This species


title: "Coleomegilla maculata" content: is most abundant in September when they congregate before mating and winter hibernation. They overwinter in large aggregations in leaf litter, under stones and in other protected sites at the edge of fields and hedgerows. They emerge in spring and look for suitable prey and egg laying sites in nearby crops, often dispersing by walking along the ground. These lady beetles can be seen wherever the insects on which they prey are found. Crops which support aphid populations include wheat, sorghum, sweet corn, alfalfa, soybeans, peas, beans, cotton, potatoes, brassicacious crops, tomatoes, asparagus and apples. Besides aphids, they include in


title: "Coleomegilla maculata" content: their diet adelgids, mites, insect eggs (an example is fall webworm eggs) and small larvae. They also eat pollen which may constitute up to 50% of their food intake, nectar, water and honeydew. When normal prey is scarce, both adults and larvae sometimes exhibit cannibalistic tendencies, eating eggs, larvae and pupae of their own species. It has been found experimentally that interplanting a crop susceptible to aphid attack with a flowering plant such as the dandelion, "Taraxacum officinale", encouraged predation on aphids because the spotted lady beetles were attracted to their pollen-rich flowers. The spotted lady beetle commonly oviposits on


title: "Coleomegilla maculata" content: the native weed, "Acalypha ostryaefolia", when it grows near sweet corn crops in Kentucky. A research study showed that the insect favoured the weed over the corn even though it housed no prey insects. The first instar larvae fell from the weed plants and crawled across the soil for a distance of up to eight metres a day before ascending a sweet corn plant or another weed plant. The presence of this weed, in close proximity to the crop, resulted in more beetle larvae on the crop than was the case when the weed was absent. Research showed that spotted


title: "Coleomegilla maculata" content: lady beetle larvae were an important cause of natural mortality for "Helicoverpa zea" eggs on sweet corn. A study identified the spotted lady beetle as a significant predator of the eggs of the European corn borer, "Pyrausta nubilalis", with consumption averaging sixty eggs per day. Another study has shown that the spotted lady beetle reduced populations of eggs and small larvae of the Colorado potato beetle, "Leptinotarsa decemlineata", on potatoes and that the rate of consumption was highly correlated with the air temperature. Manipulative biological control aims to make use of the lady beetles already present in the environment by


title: "Coleomegilla maculata" content: making conditions as favorable as possible for them and by avoiding spraying chemicals that will interfere with their predation. Augmentative biological control recognises that lady beetles may be present but may be insufficient in numbers to control the pest species and seeks to make up this deficit. Classical biological control seeks to introduce a species that is not already present in the environment in the hope that it will become established and eventually control the pest. Supplies of the spotted lady beetle are available commercially for this purpose. Coleomegilla maculata Coleomegilla maculata, commonly known as the spotted lady beetle, pink


title: "Robert Jacquinot de Besange" content: for Chinese civilians located in a part of the Old City of Shanghai that was adjacent to the Shanghai French Concession. The de-militarised zone was respected by both side of the war and the concession authorities. It was administered by an international committee composed of representatives of the US, British and French communities, and policed by the Chinese police. The zone was credited with saving the lives of thousands of Chinese residents between 1937 and 1940, when it was abolished after de Besange left Shanghai. Aside from setting up the Safety Zone, de Besange was also responsible for arranging for


title: "Costus spicatus" content: it is kept moist. It reaches a maximum height of about 6 to 7 feet. "Costus spicatus" can develop a symbiotic partnership with certain species of ants (often only a single species of ant will be compatible). The ants are provided with a food source (nectar in "C. spicatus" flowers) as well as a place to construct a nest. In turn, the ants protect developing seeds from herbivorous insects. In Dominican folk medicine, herbal tea made from the leaves of "C. spicatus" is used to treat diabetes (hyperglycemia). However, a 2009 study concluded that this treatment "...had no efficacy in


title: "Jimmy Ibbotson" content: DePauw, recorded The Ballad of the Monon Bell. The song can be downloaded for free from the DePauw website. In 2004 the Aspen Fire Protection District produced this 48-minute documentary on the history of the Aspen Volunteer Fire Department. The AVFD traces its roots back to the silver boom days in Aspen. In 1881 the town devoted $200.00 to provide a fire department. Written by Ben Gagnon, narrated by Jimmy Ibbotson, and produced by Darryl Grob, this film provides a glimpse into this extraordinary organization. Jimmy Ibbotson James Arvey Ibbotson (born January 21, 1947) is an American musician who is


title: "Bengal Tiger at the Baghdad Zoo" content: revealed that the gold plated gun Tom was showing Kev when the tiger bit off Toms hand off was taken from the palace of the late Uday Hussein, the son of overthrown Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. Tom contacted Kev after he got his hand fixed because he wants the gold gun back. So, that he can start a new life in the United States by selling not only the gold-plated gun, but also selling a solid gold toilet seat that was also Uday Husseins. During Kev's episode in the home in Iraq when he sees the tigers ghost, Kev drops


title: "Stian Hinderson" content: Stian Hinderson Nagash or Lex Icon (real name Stian André Hinderson, born Stian André Arnesen, 7 May 1978) is a Norwegian black metal musician. He plays guitar, bass, drums, keyboards and does vocals. He began writing music in 1992, together with Fafnir and Glaurung for a project called Troll. Fafnir and Glaurung soon left the band, but Nagash continued Troll as a solo project, playing guitar and keyboard. Wanting to be in a band and "express himself on all levels", he founded the band Covenant together with Amund Svensson in 1993. (However, after having released two albums, they had to


title: "Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District" content: Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District The Grand Forks Near Southside Historic District is a historic district in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 2004. Many of the district's subdivisions were platted in 1878 in anticipation of railroad construction. Development was spurred by the arrival of the Great Northern Railroad in 1880 and a branch line of the Northern Pacific Railroad in 1885. The construction of Belmont Elementary School in 1887 and South Junior High School in 1932 were important developments in the area's later history. Significant growth of the


title: Duecento content: painted in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua set a new standard for narrative pictures. His "Ognissanti Madonna" hangs in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, in the same room as Cimabue's "Santa Trinita Madonna" and Duccio's "Ruccellai Madonna" where the stylistic comparisons between the three can easily be made. One of the features apparent in Giotto's work is his observation of naturalistic perspective. He is regarded as the herald of the Renaissance. In the early Duecento in Italy started to appear the Italian Gothic. The first Italian Gothic edifices were Cistercian abbeys. They spread in the whole Italian territory, often adapting the


title: "Air Bud (series)" content: and trained them for sports like Buddy. The puppies were signed to an endorsement deal by DiCicco for Milk-Bone dog biscuits for puppies. He intended to make his own sequel, "Air Bud: The Next Generation", which was scheduled to start production in the fall of 1999. The concept was a “cross between ‘Ferris Bueller’ and ‘Home Alone'”. In December 2011, Disney and William Morris Agency were sued over its Santa Paws movies as being unauthorized copies of their Santa Paws movies. The plaintiffs Ray Harter, Richard Kearney and Ed Corno, claimed they are based on their 1991 copyrighted script entitled,


title: "Aubrey MacKenzie" content: Aubrey MacKenzie Aubrey Duckworth MacKenzie (23 October 1894 – 15 July 1933) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne and St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL). A Brunswick junior, MacKenzie appeared twice for Melbourne in the 1914 VFL season before enlisting in the armed forces and serving during the war. MacKenzie was a member of Footscray's 1919 and 1920 Victorian Football Association premiership sides when he returned from the war and signed with St Kilda for the 1922 season. The South African born ruckman spent three years with St Kilda and helped turn a struggling outfit


title: "George Ashby (antiquary)" content: the English plays are mainly early 16th-century interludes. His valuable library, which was bequeathed to Thomas Lyas, his amanuensis, was sold soon after his death to a bookseller at Bury, and was rapidly dispersed. George Ashby (antiquary) George Ashby (1724–1808) was an English antiquary and sometime president of St John's College, Cambridge. Ashby was born in Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell, London in 1724. Educated at Croydon, Westminster, and Eton, he entered St John's College, Cambridge, on 30 October 1740, and took the degree of B.A., in 1744, of M.A. in 1748, when he was admitted fellow of St John's, and


title: "Jacques-Antoine Beaufort" content: destroyed in World War II (1944). Jacques-Antoine Beaufort Jacques Antoine Beaufort (1721 in Paris – 1784 in Rueil), was an 18th-century academic French painter. Little is known of his early life but he had his first public exhibition at the Marseille Academy in 1756, where he taught drawing, and later at the Paris Salon (1767–83). He was accepted into the Academie Royale in 1766. His best known painting is the "Oath of Brutus to avenge Lucretia" (Salon 1771). Other works include "Roman Charity" (Salon 1777). "The Death of Calamus in the Presence of Alexander" (Salon 1779) which was in the


title: "Momordica foetida" content: appropriate for planting cocoa tree. The closest relatives of "Momordica foetida" can be seen in a molecular phylogeny that includes all species of "Momordica". Momordica foetida Momordica foetida is a perennial climbing vine native of tropical Africa, closely related to the bitter melon ("M. charantia") and balsam apple ("M. balsamina"). Its species name ("bad-smelling") refers to its unpleasant smell. It was previously named "M. morkorra" (A. Rich) and "M. cordata" (Cogn.) The plant grows in forest edges and similar habitats (including disturbed and cultivated land), woodland, and wooded grassland. Its leaves are wrinkled, heart-shaped with irregular edges, up to 18


title: "Isaac Young House" content: on the house. The second floor has three different windows—a northern window with shutters similar to the windows on the front but no pediment, the middle one a small square window with a sill too long on one side, and on the south one with a larger lower pane than upper, dropping below the gable's roofline. The south elevation has two double-decker bay windows, one smaller than the other. Both are five-sided, set with six one-over-one double-hung sash augmented by a rectangular panel beneath them. At the corners are pilasters with square capitals, like the front verandah's columns. The eaves


title: "Robert William Chapman (engineer)" content: for him. He was appointed CMG in 1927 and knighted in 1938. On 14 February 1889 he married Eva Maud Hall, who survived him; they had six sons and two daughters: Robert William Chapman (engineer) Sir Robert William Chapman (27 December 1866 – 27 February 1942) was an Australian mathematician and engineer. Chapman was born in Stony Stratford in Buckinghamshire, England, eldest son of Charles Chapman (c. 1838 – 14 September 1921), a currier from Melbourne, Australia, and his wife Matilda, née Harrison (c. 1840 – 23 October 1933). His parents returned to Melbourne in 1876, where he was educated


title: "Project Trio" content: flute. The video has since received over 26,000,000 views. The success of the video led Seymour, who had been playing as a sub for the Cleveland Orchestra, to move to New York City to join Pattillo and Stephenson. In May 2007, the three wrote their first album, "Winter in June", which was recorded in Pittsburgh, after which they went on their first tour to Boulder, Detroit and Dallas. PROJECT Trio has since performed in concert halls, clubs and classrooms around the world, including the Kennedy Center, Brooklyn Academy of Music, SXSW and Carnegie Hall. They have toured Hong Kong, Australia,


title: "Mount Pleasant Road" content: other places; at that time, a road existed to the north and south of the cemetery. The road to the south, running between Clarence Street (renamed Heath Street on April 7, 1913) and Moore Avenue, was known as Lyle Street and Kinsman Avenue. The road to the north, running between Balliol Street and Merton Street, was known as Alberta Avenue. In an attempt to improve the flow of traffic coming from within the city, the operators of Mount Pleasant Cemetery were approached beginning in 1912 with the goal of opening a new right-of-way through the property. The operators initially refused,


title: "Human trafficking in Georgia (country)" content: Human trafficking in Georgia (country) Human trafficking in Georgia is common, where people are subjected to forced prostitution and forced labor. In 2009, women and girls from Georgia were forced into prostitution in Georgia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and Greece. In recent years, cases of forced prostitution of Georgian victims were also documented in Russia, Germany, and Austria. Men and women have been forced into labor in Georgia, Libya and Turkey. Men from Turkey are also forced into labor in the breakaway region of Abkhazia, which is outside the Georgian government’s control. The government of Georgia fully complies with


title: "Rochester Castle" content: Rochester Castle Rochester Castle stands on the east bank of the River Medway in Rochester, Kent, South East England. The 12th-century keep or stone tower, which is the castle's most prominent feature, is one of the best preserved in England or France. Situated on the River Medway and Watling Street, Rochester served as a strategically important royal castle. During the late medieval period it helped protect England's south-east coast from invasion. The first castle at Rochester was founded in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest. It was given to Bishop Odo, probably by his half-brother William the Conqueror. During the


title: "Rochester Castle" content: Rebellion of 1088 over the succession to the English throne, Odo supported Robert Curthose, the Conqueror's eldest son, against William Rufus. It was during this conflict that the castle first saw military action; the city and castle were besieged after Odo made Rochester a headquarters for the rebellion. After the garrison capitulated, this first castle was abandoned. Between 1087 and 1089, Rufus asked Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, to build a new stone castle at Rochester. He established the current extent of the castle. Though much altered through the centuries, some parts of Gundulf's work survive. In 1127 King Henry I


title: "Rochester Castle" content: granted the castle to the Archbishop of Canterbury in perpetuity. William de Corbeil built the massive keep that still dominates the castle today. Throughout the 12th century the castle remained in the custody of the archbishops. During the First Barons' War (1215–1217) in King John's reign, baronial forces captured the castle from Archbishop Stephen Langton and held it against the king, who then besieged it. The Barnwell chronicler remarked "Our age has not known a siege so hard pressed nor so strongly resisted". After resisting for just over seven weeks, the garrison surrendered. Although the castle had been greatly damaged,


title: "Rochester Castle" content: with breaches in the outer walls and one corner of the keep collapsed, it was hunger that eventually forced the defenders' hand. The castle did not stay under John's control for long: in 1216 it was captured by the French Prince Louis, who was the new leader of the baronial faction. John died and was succeeded by his son King Henry III in 1216; the next year, the war ended and the castle was taken under direct royal control. Rochester was besieged for the third time in 1264 during the Second Barons' War (1264–1267). The castle's royal constable, Roger de


title: "Rochester Castle" content: Leybourne, held Rochester in support of Henry III. Rebel armies led by Simon de Montfort and Gilbert de Clare entered the city and set about trying to capture the castle. Again the castle's defenders resisted, though this time with a different outcome. After a week, the rebel armies raised the siege in the face of relief from Henry himself. Although the garrison did not surrender, the castle suffered extensive damage that was not repaired until the following century. The castle saw military action for the last time in 1381 when it was captured and ransacked during the Peasants' Revolt. As


title: "Rochester Castle" content: Rochester Castle fell out of use its materials were reused elsewhere and custodianship relinquished by the Crown. The castle and its grounds were opened to the public in the 1870s as a park. At various points during the 19th and 20th centuries repairs were carried out. The castle is protected as a Grade I listed building and Scheduled Monument. Today the ruins are in the guardianship of English Heritage and open to the public. Castles were introduced to England by the Normans in the 11th century and their construction, in the wake of the conquest of 1066, helped the Normans


title: "Rochester Castle" content: secure their new territory. Rochester was an important city, built on the site of a Roman town at the junction of the River Medway and Watling Street, a Roman road. It has long been assumed that the first castle was located next to the river, just outside the south-west corner of the town walls. The conjectural site of the early castle later became known as "Boley Hill". Archaeologist Tom McNeill has suggested that these earliest castles in England may have been purely military in character, built to contain a large number of troops in hostile territory. According to the Domesday


title: "Rochester Castle" content: Book of 1086, the Bishop of Rochester was given land valued at 17s 4d in Aylesford, Kent, in compensation for land that became the site of Rochester Castle. Of the 48 castles mentioned in the survey, Rochester is the only one for which property-owners were reimbursed when their land was taken to build the castle. From the 11th century the castle-guard was a feudal obligation in England. This often took the form of knights garrisoning castles for their lords for a set period. There is no comprehensive list of which castles were owed service in this form, but military historian


title: "Rochester Castle" content: Cathcart King notes that they seem to have been predominantly high-status castles. Rochester's castle-guard consisted of 60 knights' fees, marking it as a particularly important fortification. It was probably William the Conqueror who gave the city and its castle to Bishop Odo of Bayeux, the king's half brother. On William's death in September 1087 his territories were divided between his two sons. Robert, the elder, inherited the title of Duke of Normandy and William Rufus became King of England. A significant number of Norman barons objected to dividing Normandy and England, and Bishop Odo supported Robert's claim to the English


title: "Rochester Castle" content: throne. Several others, including the earls of Northumberland and Shrewsbury and the Bishop of Coutances came out in support of Robert. Odo prepared Rochester Castle for war and it became one of the headquarters of the rebellion. Its position in Kent made it a suitable base for raids on London and its garrison could harry William's forces in the county. William set off from London and marched towards Rochester to deal with the threat. Before he arrived, news reached the king that Odo had gone to Pevensey Castle, which was under the control of Robert, Count of Mortain. William turned


title: "Rochester Castle" content: away from Rochester and seized Pevensey. The captured Odo was forced to swear to hand over Rochester to William's men. The king despatched a force with Odo in tow to demand Rochester's surrender. Instead of yielding, the garrison sallied and captured the entire party. In response William laid siege to the city and castle. Contemporary chronicler Orderic Vitalis recorded that the siege began in May 1088. Two siege-castles were built to cut off the city's supply lines and to protect the besiegers from sorties. Conditions within the city were dire: disease was rampant, exacerbated by the heat and flies. The


title: "Rochester Castle" content: garrison ultimately capitulated and terms were agreed. Odo, Eustace, Count of Boulogne, and Robert de Belleme, son of the Earl of Shrewsbury, were allowed to march away with their weapons and horses but their estates in England were confiscated. This marked the end of the castle's role in the rebellion, and the fortification was probably abandoned shortly afterwards. The siege-castles were abandoned after the conclusion of the siege and have since vanished. After the abandonment of Rochester's first castle it was replaced by another on the current site, in the south-west corner of the town walls. Founded between 1087 and


title: "Rochester Castle" content: 1089, some parts of the castle survive although it has been much altered by use and reuse in subsequent centuries. William the Conqueror had granted Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, the manor of Haddenham in Buckinghamshire – which as of the Domesday Survey had an annual income of £40 – for the duration of his life. In turn, the archbishop had granted the manor to Rochester's monks, so on the Conqueror's death Lanfranc and Gundulf, who was appointed Bishop of Rochester in 1077, had to appeal for reconfirmation of the original grant from the new king. William Rufus demanded £100 in


title: "Rochester Castle" content: exchange for confirmation of the grant. The two bishops felt such a sum was beyond their means and sought a compromise. Instead it was agreed that Gundulf would build a new stone castle at Rochester. Initially the two bishops were concerned that the cost would exceed the king's original request and that they would be responsible for the castle's upkeep. However Henry, Earl of Warwick, convinced them that a castle suitable for the king could be constructed for £40 and that following its completion the castle would be handed over to someone else. The actual cost to Gundulf was £60.


title: "Rochester Castle" content: The bishop was a skilled architect and supervised the construction of the Tower of London's eponymous White Tower on behalf of William the Conqueror. Gundulf's castle was adjacent to Rochester Cathedral. According to archaeologist Oliver Creighton, when castles were positioned close to churches or cathedrals it suggested a link between the two, and in this case both were owned by the Bishop of Rochester. Often the same craftsmen and architects would work on these closely related buildings, leading to similarities in some of their features. Along with Durham and Old Sarum, Rochester is one of the best examples of a


title: "Rochester Castle" content: closely linked castle and religious building. In 1127 King Henry I granted Rochester Castle to the Archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, and his successors in perpetuity. He was given permission to build "a fortification or tower within the castle and keep and hold it forever". Corbeil is responsible for building the great tower or keep that still stands today, albeit in an altered state. The 12th century saw many castles in England rebuilt in stone, an advancement in sophistication of design and technology. Although Rochester had already been given a stone curtain wall by Bishop Gundulf, the Keep dates


title: "Rochester Castle" content: from this period. It visually dominated the rest of the castle, towering above its outer walls, and acted as a residence containing the castle's best accommodation. A sturdy fortification, it could also serve as a stronghold in the event of military action. Such was the importance of the keep as a symbol of Rochester it was depicted on the town's seal in the 13th century. Construction progressed at a rate of about per year. It was probably finished before Corbeil died in 1138 and definitely before 1141, when Robert, Earl of Gloucester, was imprisoned there during the Anarchy of King


title: "Rochester Castle" content: Stephen's reign. It is likely that after the keep was built there was no further building activity in the 12th century, although the structure was maintained. Though held by the Archbishops of Canterbury under the king, the monarch was still responsible for financially supporting the castle. Continuous records of royal expenditures known as "Pipe Rolls" began in the reign of Henry II, and included in the rolls are details of expenditure on Rochester Castle's upkeep. During the 12th century, these were generally small figures, but in 1172–1173 more than £100 was spent on the castle, coinciding with the rebellion of


title: "Rochester Castle" content: Henry II's sons. Following the fall of Normandy in 1204 to the French forces of King Philip II, King John increased his expenditure on the castles in south-east England in preparation for a possible invasion. Amongst these was Rochester and in 1206 John spent £115 on the castle's ditches, keep, and other structures. Under England's Angevin kings royal castles in south-east England were invested in to protect the country from invasion; Rochester was one of the most important. Custody of Rochester Castle remained with the Archbishops of Canterbury until the end of the 12th century. Despite ascending to the throne


title: "Rochester Castle" content: in 1199 King John did not confirm Hubert Walter as the castle's custodian until July 1202. John may have wished to regain direct control of what was an important castle. The crisis of John's rule began in 1212 with the discovery of a plot to overthrow him. Defeat at the Battle of Bouvines in July 1214 marked the end of John's ambitions to retake Normandy and exacerbated the situation in England. He returned to England in October and a few months later barons in the north of England were actively challenging his rule. A group of barons renounced their feudal


title: "Rochester Castle" content: ties to John in May 1215, and they captured London, Lincoln, and Exeter. John persuaded Stephen Langton, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, to cede control of Rochester Castle to a royal constable, Reginald de Cornhill. Under the terms of the agreement, the castle was to revert to the control of the archbishop at Easter 1215. This period was later extended to Easter 1216. Letters Patent dated 25 May 1215 requested that other royal constables would take over from Cornhill. The castle would still be returned to the archbishop when the agreement expired or if peace was restored to the kingdom


title: "Rochester Castle" content: before Easter 1216. In the meantime, control reverted to Langton whom John had asked to hold the castle "in such a way that by it no ill or harm shall come to us or our kingdom". John met the rebel barons at Runnymede, and on 19 June 1215 they renewed their vows of fealty. A peace treaty, which later became known as "Magna Carta", was sealed. Shortly after the treaty the agreement between John and Langton to appoint a royal constable in charge of Rochester Castle was dissolved, returning control to the archbishop. The peace did not last and the


title: "Rochester Castle" content: First Barons' War broke out. A group of rebels headed to Rochester to hold the city against John. The events surrounding the rebels' takeover of the castle are unclear, but contemporary chronicler Ralph of Coggeshall recorded that the king demanded Langton hand over the castle to royal control and the archbishop refused. Although Langton held out against the king's demands, the rebels feared he would eventually cave to pressure from the king and seized control of Rochester Castle for themselves. According to Ralph of Coggeshall, this was done with the consent of the castle's constable, Reginald de Cornhill, who seems


title: "Rochester Castle" content: to have switched allegiance from the king to the archbishop after John appointed him as royal constable of the castle. Langton left the country that same month, leaving the castle in the hands of the king's enemies. In a letter that year to justiciar Hubert de Burgh John expressed his frustration towards Langton, calling him "a notorious traitor to us, since he did not render our castle of Rochester to us in our so great need." After this point, Rochester Castle was no longer considered to be in the perpetual custody of the archbishops of Canterbury. At the time, John


title: "Rochester Castle" content: was in south-east England recruiting mercenaries in preparation for his war with the barons. Rochester blocked the direct route to London, which was also held by the rebels. According to Roger of Wendover, the rebels at Rochester were led by William d'Aubigny, lord of Belvoir. Estimates of the size of Rochester's garrison vary, with the chroniclers' figures ranging from 95 to 140 knights, supported by crossbowmen, sergeants, and others. Hearing the news that the city was in enemy hands, John immediately rode to Rochester and arrived on 13 October. Royal forces had arrived ahead of John and entered the city


title: "Rochester Castle" content: on 11 October, taking it by surprise and laying siege to the castle. Rochester bridge was pulled down to prevent the arrival of a relief force from London. The siege that followed was the largest in England up to that point, and would take nearly two months. Boley Hill to the south of the castle may have been used as John's headquarters during the siege. According to the Barnwell chronicler, five siege engines hurled a barrage of stones at the castle's wall day and night. These were supported by missiles from smaller bows and crossbows. Though the Barnwell chronicler claimed


title: "Rochester Castle" content: they smashed a hole in the castle's outer walls, Roger of Wendover asserted they were ineffective and that John turned to other methods to breach the defences. A letter dated 14 October indicates John was preparing to undermine the castle's walls. He wrote to Canterbury, asking for the production "by day and night of as many picks as you are able" and that they be sent to Rochester. On 26 October a relief force of 700 horse was sent from London. They turned back before arriving, perhaps because they heard the king was advancing to meet them. When the castle's


title: "Rochester Castle" content: outer walls were eventually breached, the defenders retreated to the relative safety of the keep. It too withstood the efforts of the siege engines, and once again John turned to mining to bring down the walls. The mine was dug beneath the south-east corner of the keep. A letter sent from Rochester on 25 November offers insight into the methods of medieval siegecraft. John ordered Hugh de Burgh to "send to us with all speed by day and night forty of the fattest pigs of the sort least good for eating to bring fire beneath the tower". The wooden props


title: "Rochester Castle" content: supporting the tunnel dug beneath the keep were set alight to collapse the mine, bringing down one corner of the keep. Still the garrison held out and sought safety behind the stone partition or cross-wall in the keep, abandoning half the building. The Barnwell chronicler remarked that "for such was the structure of the stronghold that a very strong wall separated the half that had fallen from the other". Conditions within the keep worsened by the day and the garrison were reduced to eating horse flesh. In an attempt to reduce the demand on limited provisions, some members were sent


title: "Rochester Castle" content: out of the keep, beginning with those least capable of fighting. Some sources record that they had their hands and feet amputated by the besiegers. On 30 November the garrison eventually surrendered and were taken captive. Initially John wanted to execute them all as was the custom of the time when a garrison had forced a long and bloody conflict. Savaric de Mauléon, one of John's captains, persuaded the king otherwise, concerned that similar treatment would be shown to royal garrisons by the rebels. Only one person was executed: a crossbowman who had previously been in the service of the


title: "Rochester Castle" content: king since childhood was hanged. Many of the rebels were imprisoned, sent to royal castles such as Corfe for safe-keeping. Of the siege the Barnwell chronicler wrote, "Our age has not known a siege so hard pressed nor so strongly resisted ... Afterwards few cared to put their trust in castles". Prince Louis of France, son of Philip II, was invited by the barons to become the new leader of the rebellion and become king in the event of their victory. In 1216 he arrived in England and captured Rochester Castle; it is not known how, however, as no documentary


title: "Rochester Castle" content: evidence recording the event survives. John died in 1216 and was succeeded by his nine-year-old son, Henry, with the support of the barons. With no prospect of becoming King of England, Louis returned to France. Rochester Castle was returned to royal control in 1217. Given the damage incurred during John's siege, the castle was in dire need of repairs. Between 1217 and 1237 around £680 were spent on repairs, of which £530 were taken up by work on the keep. In 1225 and 1226 the town walls were enhanced by the addition of a ditch at the cost of £300.


title: "Rochester Castle" content: The new ditch enclosed Boley Hill, possibly to deny the position to future aggressors who might attack the castle. Repairs began with the castle's outer curtain wall. At the same time a chapel was built within the castle. In 1226 the hall, buttery, and dispensary were repaired. Work probably did not begin on the keep until 1226. It was mostly repaired by 1227, but work continued on it until 1232. During 1230 and 1231 a stone wall dividing the castle's enclosure into two parts was built which no longer survives. While attention was paid to making the castle a working


title: "Rochester Castle" content: fortification, Henry III also funded construction of residential and other buildings. In 1244, £132 was spent on building a second chapel next to the royal apartments. Stables and an almonry were added in 1248. The main gatehouse was rebuilt between 1249 and 1250 at a cost of over £120. Further repairs were carried out on the keep in 1256, this time costing more than £120. Later in the decade further attention was paid to the castle's defences, possibly in response to Henry III's worsening relations with his barons. Henry III's reign was in crisis in 1258. He had recently suffered


title: "Rochester Castle" content: defeat in Wales, there were agricultural problems leading to a famine, and relations with the pope were worsening. Discontent amongst England's magnates led Henry to promise reform, but under continued pressure his authority disintegrated. A royal council of fifteen magnates was formed in June that year, and the rule of the country transferred from the king to the council. With foreign help Henry's reign was restored in 1261 as the council were reluctant to start a civil war. Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, raised a rebellion. In 1264 civil war broke out between those loyal to the king and


title: "Rochester Castle" content: the baronial forces led by de Montfort. Rochester's constable in 1264, Roger de Leybourne, held the castle in support of Henry. John de Warenne, Earl of Surrey, was the garrison's co-commander. A baronial army led by Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford, laid siege to the castle on 17 April that year. Having marched from the earl's castle to Tonbridge the army attacked from the Rochester side of the river, either the south or west. While the army advanced towards the city the royalist garrison set alight the suburbs. The king's hall within the castle was also burned down, although


title: "Rochester Castle" content: it is unclear why. An army under Simon de Montfort marched from London with the intention of attacking the city from another direction. The earl's first two attempts to cross the Medway were fought back, but he was successful on 18 April, Good Friday. The method used is uncertain, although it involved a fire-ship. The smoke may have been used as cover for the rebels, or the ship may have been used to burn the bridge while the army travelled by water. In a co-ordinated attack that had been pre-arranged, the armies of de Montfort and de Clare attacked the


title: "Rochester Castle" content: city. They entered Rochester in the evening and that night the cathedral was raided. The following day the rebels captured the castle's outer enclosure and the royal garrison retreated to the keep. Because the next day was Easter Sunday there was no fighting, though hostilities resumed on the Monday. Siege engines were set up and targeted the keep. As in 1215 the keep proved resistant to missiles, and after a week had not succumbed. According to one contemporary source, the besiegers were about to dig a mine beneath the tower, but the siege was abandoned on 26 April when the


title: "Rochester Castle" content: earls received news of a relief force led by Henry III and his son, Prince Edward. Though the garrison had held out within the keep, the rest of the castle had incurred severe damage, but no attempt was made to carry out repairs until the reign of Edward III (1327–1377). It was noted in 1275 that the castle's constables had not only failed to make any effort to repair the structure but had caused further damage: they stole stone from the castle for reuse elsewhere. In 1281 John of Cobham, the constable, was granted permission to pull down the castle's


title: "Rochester Castle" content: hall and chambers which had been left as burnt-out ruins after the 1264 siege. Numerous surveys in the following century bear testament to the castle's sorry state and follow its steady decline. A survey from 1340 estimated that repairs would cost around £600, however another conducted 23 years later stated that it would cost £3,333 6s 8d. Natural weathering worsened the condition of the castle, and in 1362 a "great wind" damaged the structure. By 1369 few of the castle's buildings still stood: the keep, gatehouses, a hall, kitchen, and stable were all that survived, and even then in a


title: "Rochester Castle" content: state of ruin. Although it too was in desperate need of repair, the keep was still in use and was the centre of the domestic life at the castle. Between May 1367 and September 1370 repairs costing £2,262 were carried out. Records show that sections of the curtain wall were repaired and two mural towers built, one of them replacing a tower on the same site. The towers were positioned north-east of the keep and still stand. Although more work was undertaken between 1370 and 1377, the year of Edward's death, what it consisted of is unknown. The royal apartments


title: "Rochester Castle" content: built during Henry III's reign were never repaired; it has been suggested this was because by the 14th century, when considerable sums were being spent on repairs elsewhere in the castle, Rochester had fallen out of favour as a royal residence. As the castle's importance as a high-status residence waned, its role as a barracks and administrative centre came to the fore. The reign of Richard II (1377–1400) saw the investment of £500 in repairing the castle. This was in part in response to French raids on England's southern coast during the Hundred Years' War as England's fortunes in the


title: "Rochester Castle" content: conflict worsened. The most significant of these works was the construction of a tower at the north end of the castle, overlooking the bridge over the Medway. Records document the sum of £350 spent on a new tower between 1378 and 1383, and it mostly likely refers to the one guarding the bridge. Rochester Castle saw fighting for the final time during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. It was besieged and captured by a group of rebels who plundered the castle and released a prisoner. It has been suggested that the £66 10s spent in 1384–1388 and the £91 13s


title: "Rochester Castle" content: spent in 1395–1397 may have been partially in response to damage incurred during the revolt. During the reigns of Henry IV (1399–1413) and his successor Henry V (1413–1422), Rochester Castle was in the guardianship of William, Earl of Arundel and his brother Richard. The castle was given to Henry V's widow, Catherine of Valois, in 1423 as part of her dower to support her financially. She died in 1437, at which point the castle came under the custodianship of the clerk of the King's works. Despite this, there are no records of building work during the 15th century and almost


title: "Rochester Castle" content: nothing is known about Rochester Castle between then and the second half of the 16th century. The decline of the castle's military significance is marked by the leasing of the surrounding ditch, beginning in 1564 at the latest. Between 1599 and 1601 stone from Rochester Castle was reused to build nearby Upnor Castle, an artillery fort. Diarist Samuel Pepys commented on the condition of Rochester Castle, and as early as the 17th century the castle may have acted as a tourist attraction. By this time many castles were in a state of ruin, and Rochester was amongst those in need


title: "Rochester Castle" content: of repair, although still in use. In 1610 James I granted Sir Anthony Weldon control of the castle. During the English Civil War, Weldon declared for the Parliamentarian cause. The castle did not see fighting during the war, even though the city was captured by Royalists in 1648; this may indicate that the castle was not a serviceable fortification by this point. Weldon's support for the Parliamentarians may have spared the castle from slighting (demolition) in the aftermath, a fate shared by many other castles. Walker Weldon inherited the castle and carried out the destruction of part of the outer


title: "Rochester Castle" content: wall in the 18th century to sell off the building material; he had originally intended to dismantle more of the castle, but the plans were abandoned. A drawing from around this time suggests that the cross wall had been removed by this point. While other parts of the castle were dismantled, the two towers in the south-east wall were still being used for accommodation. In 1743 prisoners were held at the castle, probably in huts. Rochester Castle descended through the Weldon family until it was bequeathed to Thomas Blechynden in the 18th century. By 1774 Robert Child was in possession


title: "Rochester Castle" content: of the castle, and it remained in the possession of his family until 1884. There were unsuccessful plans in 1780 to reuse Rochester Castle as an army barracks, after the commander of the Royal Engineers for Chatham, Colonel Hugh Debbieg, asked the Child family for permission. The castle ruins inspired a painting by artist J. M. W. Turner in the late 18th century, one of his first oil paintings. Turner was renowned for his love of nature and was at the forefront of the picturesque movement, during which such ruins became fashionable. By the 19th century, gardens were created within


title: "Rochester Castle" content: the castle's enclosure. Charles Dickens lived in Rochester and included the castle ruins in "The Pickwick Papers" and "The Mystery of Edwin Drood". Through the words of one of his characters, Dickens described the castle as a "glorious pile – frowning wall – tottering arches – dark nooks – crumbling stones". Many of England's historic buildings, particularly ruins, have acquired myths and legends, and some are rumoured to be haunted. Rochester is no exception, and is reportedly haunted by a white lady. Dickens is also said to haunt the moat on Christmas Eve. The 19th century saw efforts to preserve


title: "Rochester Castle" content: the castle. In 1826 repairs were made to the well in the keep. At the same time a survey was carried out by A. W. N. Pugin and he excavated around the keep, investigating how it was built. He descended into the well in a bucket in an unsuccessful search for treasure. Victor Child Villiers, 7th Earl of Jersey, leased the castle to the Corporation of Rochester in 1870 for use as a public park; when it opened to the public in 1872, Rochester Castle was presented as a picturesque ruin, with trees planted in the enclosure and the walls


title: "Rochester Castle" content: overgrown with ivy. In 1884 the Corporation bought the castle for £6,572 (equivalent to £3.4 million in 2009 terms). Between 1896 and 1904, George Payne carried out repairs. In the first quarter of the century the gardens acquired a German field gun and a tank from the First World War, and a bandstand, though they were removed by 1961. Ivy was removed from the keep between 1919 and 1931 and the planting in the castles scaled back. In 1960 the origin of Boley Hill was investigated archaeologically, but the excavations failed to provide firm dating evidence. The castle's state was


title: "Rochester Castle" content: assessed in 1961, and the cost of repairs estimated at £30,000 (equivalent to £1.1 million in 2009 terms). The Ministry of Public Building and Works took over care of the castle from the Corporation of Rochester in 1965. Records of the Ministry's conservation work have gone missing, so precisely what was done is unclear. Between 1962 and 1965 the council removed buildings from the castle's ditch. Guardianship transferred to English Heritage in 1984. Since 1995 the City of Rochester has been responsible for daily management of the castle. Descaling at the start of the 21st century contributed to the decay