title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: in apses, though they were square on the exterior. Rebuilding began in 1270, under the direction of Abbot Simon de Warwick, and was swiftly completed during a single twenty-four year building campaign, such was the financial strength of the abbey. The completed abbey church was in length, consisted of a nave with aisles, north and south trancepts with chapels in an eastern aisle, and a presbytery with aisles. To the east of the cloister and on the line of the transepts were a vestibule leading to the chapter house, the scriptorium and library. Beyond the church lay the kitchen, novices'


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: building and infirmary. The Abbey chronicle (which has not been fully translated from Latin) names the project officers as Simon de Warwick, a monk administrator and the master stonemason Master Simon, all of whom were still alive upon the completion of the project in 1294. The abbot's house, built of brick in 1483, survives as the King's Manor because it became the seat of the Council of the North in 1539; the abbots of St Mary's and the abbey featured in the medieval and early modern ballads of Robin Hood, with the abbot usually as Robin Hood's nemesis. In August


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: 1513 the Abbot supplied four chests for the use of Philip Tilney, treasurer of the English army before the Battle of Flodden. The Abbey seems to have become the accounting office for the army in the north, involving Thomas Magnus, Archdeacon of the East Riding, and two monks of the abbey, Richard Wode and Richard Rypon. St Mary's, the largest and richest Benedictine establishment in the north of England and one of the largest landholders in Yorkshire, was worth over £2,000 a year, (), when it was valued in 1539, during the dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII; it


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: was closed and subsequently substantially destroyed. On 26 November 1539 the Abbey surrendered £2,085 and 50 monks to the crown. "The Anonimalle Chronicle" is an important chronicle whose scope extends from the legendary Brutus to 1381. It was composed in Anglo-Norman by an anonymous monk of St Mary's Abbey towards the end of the 14th century. It includes the most detailed surviving description of a medieval parliament and a well-informed account of the Peasants' Revolt; these are likely to have been written by eyewitnesses and later incorporated into the chronicle. The body of the chronicle from Brutus to the year


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: 1307 has been described as a variant of the prose "Brut" but there are considerable differences (e.g. the chronicler shows an interest in early ecclesiastical history which the "Brut" does not). From 1307 to 1333 it follows the main "Brut" tradition more closely though it demonstrates a marked London interest. After 1333 the chronicle is an individual account probably drawing on sources originating in London. The manuscript was known to the 16th-century antiquaries Thynne and Stow; its title derives from Thynne's description of it. It afterwards passed through the hands of various owners until it was found in the possession


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: of the Ingilby family of Ripley Castle in 1920. The section from 1333 to 1381 was edited by V. H. Galbraith and published in 1927. In 1982 it was acquired by the Brotherton Collection, at the University of Leeds. Another partial edition appeared in 1991 in the form of an edition and translation of the chronicle from 1307 to 1334 by Wendy Childs and John Taylor. The Yorkshire Museum, built for the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, stands in part of the abbey cloister; parts of the east, south and west cloister walls were temporarily excavated in 1827–29 preparatory to digging the


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: museum's foundations. The relationship between the Museum and abbey is historically quite intimate as part of the richly carved chapter house vestibule (c. 1298–1307) survives incorporated into Tempest Anderson Hall lecture theatre (1911–12). These walls and part of the warming house are retained in the Museum as part of the Medieval gallery display. Excavations of the chapter house were undertaken in 1912 by the honorary curator of Medieval archaeology, Walter Harvey-Brook who, along with Edwin Ridsdale Tate designed and developed the Museum of Medieval Architecture on the site Further excavations in the abbey were undertaken in 1952–56 by the then


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: Keeper of the Yorkshire Museum, George Willmot who encountered the pre-Norman and Roman layers beneath the west wing of the nave. Excavations in 2014 and 2015 discovered an apse in the south transept, large parts of the wall foundations, and numerous residual small finds dating from the Roman to Modern periods. These investigations also encountered fragments of human remains, disturbed from burials somewhere on the site. One of the major conclusions of these excavations was the prevalence of in situ archaeological remains at a very shallow depth beneath the modern ground surface; in some cases as little as 7 cm


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: underground. The abbots of St. Mary's were similar in prestige to the Archbishop of York, being entitled to wear a mitre and having a seat in Parliament (allowing them the style "My Lord Abbot"). In total there were 30 Abbots, including: All that remains today are the north and west walls, plus a few other remnants: the half-timbered Pilgrims' "Hospitium", the West Gate and the 14th-century timber-framed Abbot's House (now called the King's Manor). The walls include interval towers along the north and west stretches, St Mary's Tower at the northwest corner and a polygonal water tower by the river.


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: Much stone was removed from the site in the 18th century, in 1705 for St. Olave's Church, between 1717–1720 for Beverley Minster, and in 1736 for the landing stage of Lendal Ferry. The remains of the Abbey were described by Edwin Ridsdale Tate in a 1929 publication in which he asserted that: ""Nowhere in England is there another spot so full of charm as York and where in York is there a more charming spot than the Gardens of the Philosophical Society, in which stand the beautiful fragments of that once powerful and noble monastery of St. Mary's. Here we


title: "St Mary's Abbey, York" content: must leave the venerable pile in the evening of its glory."" St Mary's Abbey, York The Abbey of St Mary is a ruined Benedictine abbey in York, England and a Grade I listed building. Once the richest abbey in the north of England, it lies in what are now the York Museum Gardens, on a steeply-sloping site to the west of York Minster. The original church on the site was founded in 1055 and dedicated to Saint Olaf II of Norway. After the Norman Conquest the church came into the possession of the Anglo-Breton magnate Alan Rufus who granted the


title: "Volumetric display" content: data to affect those areas of the display that need to be updated, as is the case in modern lossy-compression video formats such as MPEG. Furthermore, a 3D volumetric display would require two to three orders of magnitude more CPU and/or GPU power beyond that necessary for 2D imagery of equivalent quality, due at least in part to the sheer amount of data that must be created and sent to the display hardware. However, if only the outer surface of the volume is visible, the number of voxels required would be of the same order as the number of pixels


title: "Nuuksio National Park" content: hiking. These trails vary in length and difficulty, being between 1.5 km and 17 km long. In addition, there are 30 km of biking trails and 22 km of horse riding trails. Designated spots for grilling, camping and skiing are scattered across the park. The Siberian Flying Squirrel ("Pteromys volans") is the emblem of the national park due to its high density population density there. The national park comprises the westernmost part of the so-called Nuuksio lake highlands. Dozens of endangered or near threatened species animals, plants and fungi are known to inhabit the area, for instance the Siberian flying


title: "Sunbeam Motor Car Company" content: from the differential. Weight 16 cwt. Price £512. In February 1904 the 12-horsepower car was given a six-cylinder 16-horsepower stablemate. Like the 12 the new engine was designed to give its full power at what were even then considered low engine speeds. Particular note was made that special attention had once more been paid to further controlling the airflow beneath the car's apron and the chassis to reduce that bane of passengers' comfort, the car's disturbance of dust on the road. The new car also featured chain cases so the chains ran in oil, were rendered almost silent and were


title: "Sky lobby" content: elevators run from the residential lobby on the ground floor to the 44th floor, with two of the elevators stopping at the parking garage's main level on floor 6. At floor 44, residents transfer to two banks of three elevators. One bank serves floors 45–65 and the other serves 65–92. Although all six elevators stop at floor 65, this floor is roughly the same layout as the residential floors immediately above and below it. It is not a sky lobby because residents can also board elevators to higher floors at floor 44. The tower's 44th floor sky lobby includes a


title: "Advice (programming)" content: Xerox PARC's Interlisp. It also found its way to Flavors, the first object-oriented extension to Lisp developed at MIT. They were subsumed under the notion of method combination. Since method combination and macros are closely related, it's also interesting to note that the first macro system was described in 1963, three years before Warren Teitelman's PhD thesis. The practical use of advice functions is generally to modify or otherwise extend the behavior of functions which cannot be easily modified or extended. The Emacspeak Emacs-addon makes extensive use of advice: it must modify thousands of existing Emacs modules and functions such


title: Holybrook content: and falls within the area of the unitary authority of West Berkshire. The parish council and the unitary authority are responsible for different aspects of local government. The parish is in Reading West parliamentary constituency. Holybrook Holybrook is a civil parish, forming a contiguous part of Reading in West Berkshire and is a mixture of urban, suburban land with watercourses and flood meadows in Berkshire, England. The parish takes its name from the Holy Brook, a watercourse which forms its southern boundary and which is a corollary of the River Kennet. Its main settlements are part of Calcot those commonly


title: "Mister Peabody" content: the form of a talk show named "The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show", with Mr. Peabody and Sherman hosting historical guests. The series is inspired by the 1960s short segments, including their hand-drawn animation and comedy, and it also integrates some elements from the 2014 film. Mr. Peabody is voiced by Chris Parnell, while Max Charles reprises his role as Sherman from the film. In this series, Peabody's family is further explored, with his foster parents appearing in the first season's episode nine, and his distant Uncle Duke appearing in a time travel adventure in the fourth season's episode six.


title: "Business judgment rule" content: a court "will not substitute its own notions of what is or is not sound business judgment" if "the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interests of the company." Although a distinct common law concept from duty of care, duty of loyalty is often evaluated by courts in certain cases dealing with violations by the board. While the business judgment rule is historically linked particularly to the duty of care standard of conduct, shareholders who sue the directors often charge both


title: "Clay Regazzoni" content: age of 24. Many of his early motorsport experiences were across the border in Italy, Switzerland having banned motor racing following the horrific accident at the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans race. His first outings were in his own Austin-Healey Sprite, with which he took two podium finishes from only his first three races. This instant success encouraged Regazzoni to move up to a Mini Cooper for the 1964 club racing season. 1965 saw Clay Regazzoni behind the wheel of an open-wheeled car for the first time, as he entered the European Formula Three championship with a Brabham. This


title: WPXH-TV content: acquire the non-license assets of CBS affiliate WJSU-TV (channel 40, now Heroes & Icons affiliate WGWW) in Anniston under an LMA. The Allbritton deals served as the catalyst for an affiliation agreement between ABC and Allbritton in April 1996 that renewed or established new affiliation deals with the group's seven television stations. ABC and Allbritton reached a precursor agreement to that affiliation deal two months prior, after it declined an offer by the Sinclair Broadcast Group. Sinclair's notification to the network that the station had no intention of starting a news department and wanted to only carry its prime time


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Chevrolet Monte Carlo The Chevrolet Monte Carlo is a two-door coupe manufactured and marketed by Chevrolet from 1970 to 2007 model years (non-continuously), encompassing six generations. Chevrolet marketed the Monte Carlo as a personal luxury car, with the last generation classified as a full-sized coupé. The car was named for the city Monte Carlo in the Principality of Monaco, specifically the ward of Monte Carlo/Spélugues. The first four generations of the Monte Carlo (1970–72, 1973–77, 1978–80, and 1981–88) were of a rear-wheel-drive, V8-powered (a V6 engine from 1978) coupe design, utilizing body-on-frame construction. The later rear-wheel-drive generations did not incorporate


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: the trend of uni-body construction that became more prevalent in the early 1980s as automakers downsized their vehicle lines to satisfy increasing demand for fuel-economy after the 1973 oil crisis and the early 1980s recession. The SS model was reintroduced from mid-1983 to 1988 with a V8. After the discontinuation of the rear-drive Monte Carlo after 1988, the nameplate was revived in 1995 for the fifth-generation, a front-drive, V6-powered coupe based on the Chevrolet Lumina sedan. The sixth and final-generation Monte Carlo in 2000 was built alongside the Chevrolet Impala, which succeeded the Lumina as Chevrolet's mid-sized sedan. The Monte


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Carlo SS was revived from 2000 to 2007, that was initially powered by 3.8 L V6 (supercharged in 2004 and 2005) and by a 5.3 L V8 for 2006 and 2007. For the 1968 model year, GM instituted a split-wheelbase policy for its A-platform intermediate-sized cars. Two-door models would have a wheelbase, for sedans, and for station wagons. In 1969, GM introduced the Pontiac Grand Prix, a two-door that used A-platform layout that was stretched ahead of the firewall to make it long. This gave the design an unusually long hood design helping the new Grand Prix to outsell its


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: larger B-body predecessor, despite higher prices. The new layout was first known as the A-body Special, but would evolve into its own class known as the G-platform. The Monte Carlo started as Chevrolet's version of Pontiac Grand Prix, as conceived by Elliot M. (Pete) Estes, general manager of Chevrolet, and Chevrolet's chief stylist, David Holls. They modeled the styling on the contemporary Cadillac Eldorado, although much of the body and structure were shared with the Chevrolet Chevelle (firewall, windshield, decklid, and rear window were the same). New exterior "coke bottle styling" featured concealed windshield wipers. A light monitoring system was


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: optional. A mid-1990s article in the magazine "Chevrolet High Performance" stated that the first generation Monte Carlo was known to Chevrolet management under the working name "Concours". Usual practice at the time was that all Chevrolet model development names started with a "C". At one point, the proposal called for a formal coupe, sedan, and convertible. It has been noted that the sedan resembled a full-size Oldsmobile 98 prior to the use of the GM G platform with at least one photo showing the pull-up door handles that would be introduced on the 1970½ Camaro and 1971 Vega and full-sized


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Chevys, but not appear on Monte Carlos until the second-generation model debuted in 1973. When the car debuted for the 1970 model year, the only body style available was the two-door hardtop. Though the Monte Carlo was developed at Chevrolet under the leadership of Pete Estes, it was formally introduced in September 1969 by John Z. DeLorean, who succeeded Estes as Chevrolet's general manager earlier in the year after previously heading the Pontiac division, where he led the development of the Grand Prix. The styling of the 1970 model-year Monte Carlo is distinguished by its chromed rectangular grille having a


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: fine grid pattern of 720 small squares with two horizontal dividers, and centered in it, a chrome and red crest emblem adorned by a Corinthian helmet (commonly referred to as the “knight’s crest”), a thin hood spear with no vertical hood ornament, round headlamps with rounded chrome bezels (which appeared on a prototype 1970 Chevelle front end proposal which was rejected for the 4 headlight design), circular parking lamps inset into the front bumper directly below the headlamps, and tail lights with chrome trim around the perimeter of the lens, only. The standard powertrain was the Chevrolet "Turbo-Fire" small-block V8


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: with a two-barrel carburetor, rated at 250 hp (186 kW) (gross) at 4500 rpm and 345 lb·ft (468 Nm) of torque at 2800 rpm, mated to a column-mounted 3-speed Synchro-Mesh manual transmission. Front disc brakes were standard equipment. The dashboard was basically identical to the Chevelle except for fake wood trim, according to Holls a photographic reproduction of the elm trim used by Rolls-Royce, and higher grade nylon (or vinyl) upholstery and deep-twist carpeting were used. Base priced at US$3,123, the Monte Carlo cost $218 more than a comparable Chevelle Malibu. Various options were available. A two-speed Powerglide automatic transmission


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: (on 350 CID engines only), three-speed Turbo-Hydramatic, or a four-speed manual; most Monte Carlos were built with the Turbo-Hydramatic. Variable-ratio power steering, power windows, air conditioning, power seats, "rally" wheels, bucket seats, center console, full instrumentation, and other accessories were also available, bringing the price of a fully equipped Monte Carlo to more than $5,000. Optional engines included the four-barrel carbureted Turbo-Fire 350 CID small block V8, rated at 300 hp (224 kW) at 4800 rpm and 380 lb·ft (515 Nm) at 3200 rpm, the Turbo-Fire 400 (400 CID/6.5 L) with a two-barrel carburetor, rated at 265 hp (198 kW)


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: at 4800 rpm and 400 lb·ft (542 Nm) at 3800 rpm, and the Turbo-Jet 400 (402 CID/6.6 L) with a four-barrel carburetor, rated at 330 hp (246 kW) at 4800 rpm and 410 lb·ft (515 Nm) at 3200 rpm). Note that the two Chevrolet 400 CID V8s offered this year were actually two different designs. The two-barrel carbureted Turbo-Fire 400 was a Small Block Chevrolet V8 engine, similar, but different internally, to the 350, while the Turbo-Jet 400 was a slightly enlarged version of the 396 CID big block V8 and had an actual displacement of 402 CID. The most


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: "sporty" and powerful option was the Monte Carlo SS 454 package. Priced at $420, it included a standard Turbo-Jet 454 of 454 CID (7.4 L) with a four-barrel carburetor, rated at 360 hp (269 kW) at 4800 rpm. It also included heavy-duty suspension, wider tires, "SS 454" badging, and an automatic load-leveling rear suspension. The Turbo Hydra-Matic three-speed automatic was the only transmission available for this package. The rear axle came standard with a 3.06 ratio but was available in 2.56 and 3.31, although it still cost $222 (£142) extra. Weighing only a bit more than a comparably equipped Chevelle


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: SS 454, the Monte Carlo SS was quite a fast car, although it accounted for less than 3% of Monte Carlos sold in 1970. A labor strike at Chevrolet's Flint, Michigan assembly plant (where most Monte Carlo production was scheduled) during the early months of the 1970 model year immediately following the car's introduction on September 18, 1969 limited overall model-year sales to 159,341; short of the projected 185,000. During those early months, Monte Carlos were in short supply, with full-scale production not happening until February 1970, leaving many would-be buyers disappointed after going to their Chevrolet dealers and finding


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: no Monte Carlos in stock. Once full production was underway, Monte Carlos sold well and often at full list price (usually being ordered with many extra-cost options), making it a profitable model for Chevrolet and its dealership networks. SS 454s, however, did not sell so well in 1970, with only 3,823 of the 1970 Monte Carlos being the most powerful model in the range. Popular Mechanics reported 82% of readers who bought a Monte Carlo got one for the styling, however 10.1% of readers disliked the amount of rear leg room. The 1971 model saw minor styling changes, mostly cosmetic.


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: The headlamp bezels were more of a squircle shape with rectangular front parking lamps. The grille had no horizontal divider and the openings were rectangular-shaped. The hood spear included a stand-up ornament with “Chevrolet” script lettering. The grill emblem featured the year, "1971" in Roman numerals. The trunk lock keyhole had the Monte Carlo Crest surrounding it. The tail lights now had two horizontal and one vertical chrome strips. Inside, the SS model got new "European symbol knobs", and a four-spoke steering wheel became optional. AM/FM stereo radios with 8-track tape players were also optional. Mechanically it was largely unchanged,


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: although the small-block Turbo-Fire 400 two-barrel engine was dropped. Other engines had compression ratios lowered to allow the use of regular leaded, low-lead, or unleaded gasoline, per a GM corporate edict. Engine ratings fell to 245 hp (183 kW) for the base Turbo-Fire 350 CID (5.7 L) two-barrel, 270 hp (201 kW) for the Turbo-Fire 350-4V, and 300 hp (224 kW) for the Turbo-Jet 400. The SS 454 engine was actually raised to a nominal 365 gross hp (272 kW) despite the reduction in compression ratio. This increase in horsepower was a result of the 454 engine using the more


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: aggressive camshaft from the 390 hp 454 used in the 1970 Chevrolet Corvette and full-sized sedans. Chevrolet listed both gross and SAE net horsepower figures in 1971 with the impending change to SAE net ratings in 1972. The ratings compared as follows: The SS 454 package would be discontinued after this year following production of only 1,919 units, but the 454 CID V8 engine would remain optional in Monte Carlos through 1975. The reason given for discontinuing the SS was that the Monte Carlo was marketed as a luxury vehicle instead of a muscle car. The SS nameplate would be


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: resurrected 12 years later. Yet, at the same time that the Monte Carlo SS was judged a failure in the marketplace and discontinued, the Monte's reputation as a performance car on the race track was gaining strength because Ford and Chrysler were ending their factory-backed racing support due to declining muscle car sales and the need to divert dollars to meet costly Federal safety and emission regulations (General Motors' official policy had prohibited factory racing efforts since 1963). As factory support ended at Ford and Chrysler, the stock-car racing mantle switched to independent teams and sponsors, who overwhelmingly chose Chevrolets


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: over Ford and Chrysler products due to Chevy's much greater availability and affordability of over-the-counter racing parts through the Chevy dealer network. The Monte Carlo was considered the best suited Chevrolet model for stock car racing by most NASCAR teams due to its wheelbase (only one inch above NASCAR's minimum requirements at that time, the Chevelle 2-doors had a shorter 112-inch wheelbase) and long-hood design which placed the engine further back in the chassis than most other vehicles for better weight traction. Thus the Monte Carlo became Chevy's standard-bearer for NASCAR from 1971 to 1989. Production of the 1971 Monte


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Carlo got off to a slow start due to a 67-day corporate-wide walkout (labor strike) that coincided with the introduction of the 1971 models in September 1970. This left dealerships with only a small shipment of 1971 models (built before the strike) in stock until the strike was settled in mid-November 1970, and then slow-going in reaching normal production levels until around January 1, 1971. Model-year production ended at 128,600 including the 1,919 SS models. A total of 12 1971 Monte Carlo's were shipped to Australia in 1971 and converted to RH drive, 4 of these were SS models from


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: the 1,919 produced. A Cadillac-like egg-crate grille similar to the 1971 Chevrolet Caprice, rectangular front parking lamps moved to the left and right edges of the grille, a wider hood spear without stand-up ornament, and a metal rear trim molding highlighted the changes to the 1972 Monte Carlo, the final year for the first generation design. The SS was dropped, but a new Monte Carlo Custom option appeared as a one-year only offering that included a special suspension and other items previously included with the SS option. Unlike the departed SS package, it was available with any engine on the


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: roster. The Monte Carlo Custom badging was similar to the Impala Custom. The engines were largely unchanged, but an industry-wide switch to SAE net hp numbers led to a reduction in the rated power of all Chevrolet engines. Chevrolet did not list gross horsepower figures for 1972. Compared to 1971 figures, only the 402 and 454 had a decrease in power. The new ratings for the Monte Carlo were: In California, which had emissions standards more stringent than federal law, the 4-barrel carbureted 350 was the standard and only available engine. Also, the only transmission offered in California was the


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Turbo Hydramatic. For 1972, the four-speed manual transmission was discontinued from the option list as a line in the Monte Carlo brochure describing its market position as a personal luxury car stated "Sorry, no four-on-the-floor." The standard three-speed manual and optional two-speed Powerglide automatic transmissions were offered only with the base 350 CID two-barrel engine, with the three-speed Turbo Hydramatic also available with this engine and a mandatory option with each of the optional engines. Mechanically, the most significant change was that variable-ratio power steering became standard equipment for the first time. Interior trim was relatively unchanged from 1971 other


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: than the availability of all-vinyl upholstery with the standard bench seat in addition to the optional Strato bucket seats. Cloth interiors were also offered with both bench and bucket seats. Monte Carlo 1972 model year production increased to 180,819 to set a new record in the final year for the first-generation A-body. Monte Carlo and other Chevrolet models were promoted as part of a new ad campaign in which Chevys in print and broadcast ads were featured at various tourist attractions and sites around the United States under the tagline "Chevrolet: Building a Better Way To See The USA." A


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: redesigned Monte Carlo was introduced alongside other GM intermediates. Like other GM mid-size cars, the 1973 Monte Carlo was no longer a hardtop, but a pillared coupe with rear side opera windows and frameless door glass. Prominent styling features included an egg-crate grille with a Monte Carlo emblem in front and vertical taillights above the bumper. The front bumper was a large federally mandated bumper that was among the required 1973 federal safety standards for all passenger cars sold in the U.S. with the requirement extended to rear bumpers on 1974 models. Also new was a double-shell roof for improved


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: noise reduction and rollover protection along with the flush-mounted pull-up exterior door handles first introduced on the Camaro and 1971 full-sized Chevrolets and Vegas. The separate body-on-frame construction carried over for 1973, as was the basic all-coil suspension. For improved ride and handling, the 1973 Monte Carlo featured a number of innovations (for a large American car) such as standard radial-ply tires, Pliacell shock absorbers, high-caster steering, and front and rear anti-roll bars (previously offered only with the SS package). The standard Monte Carlo with manual transmission, retained "traditional" steering and bias-ply tires, but the radial-tuned system was included when


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: the automatic transmission was ordered, earning the Monte Carlo S label. A new model for 1973 was the Monte Carlo Landau, which was basically an "S" with a rear quarter Landau vinyl roof, Turbine II wheels and driver and passenger-side sport mirrors. The interior of the 1973 Monte Carlo featured an all-new, wraparound cockpit-style instrument panel, similar to that found in some contemporary Pontiacs, Oldsmobiles and Buicks, in which gauges and various instruments were centered within easy reach of the driver. The simulated burl elm trim was retained. A split bench seat was standard, but "Strato Bucket" seats of a


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: new design were optional, along with a floor console featuring an equally new shifter with knob and button similar to Pontiac's Rally Sports Shifter replacing the Buick-like horseshoe shifter of previous years, and storage compartment. The bucket seats were of a one-piece high-back design with built-in headrests, and could swivel some 90 degrees to permit the driver and front passenger easier entry and exit. Cloth and vinyl trims were offered with both the bench and bucket seats. The standard engine was a 145 (net) hp (108 kW) 350 CID (5.7 L) Turbo-Fire V8. Optional engines included a 175 (net) hp


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: (30 kW) 350 CID V8 with a four-barrel carburetor and a four-barrel carbureted 454 CID Turbo-Jet V8 rated at 245 (net) hp (183 kW). The 1973 Monte Carlo was named "Motor Trend"'s "Car of the Year", due to its new styling and emphasis on Euro-style ride and handling. The 1973 Monte Carlo set a new sales record for Chevrolet, with nearly 250,000 sold for the model year. The success of the Monte Carlo and Pontiac's similar Grand Prix led to several new personal luxury cars from competitors, including subsequent Mercury Cougar, the Ford Gran Torino Elite, the Chrysler Cordoba and


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: restyled Dodge Charger, and even high-line versions of the AMC Matador, which got a swoopy new coupe design for 1974. The 1974 Monte Carlo received minor detail changes from its 1973 predecessor, most notably a revised egg-crate grille in the front, flush mount taillights (no longer recessed with horizontal chrome bars), a shorter trunk deck that housed the relocated license plate and the trunk lock mechanism. In 1973 the trunk lock was below the trunk deck and above the rear bumper in a space that no longer existed on the 1974. A larger rear bumper was added, and in the


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: interior the driver and passenger door map pockets were no longer available. The base Monte Carlo with manual transmission, standard suspension and bias-ply tires was discontinued, leaving only the "S" and "Landau" models equipped with radial-ply tires and upgraded suspensions along with standard power steering and front disc brakes. A three-speed manual transmission was listed as standard equipment on 1974 "S" and "Landau" models equipped with the standard 350 CID V8, and an automatic transmission was a required option with the larger 400 and 454 CID V8s. However, a number of sources indicate that Chevrolet built virtually all 1974 Monte


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Carlos with the Turbo Hydra-Matic transmission. The standard 350 CID Turbo-Fire V8 was again rated at with two-barrel carburetor in 49 states. For Californians, the standard engine was a 350 Turbo-Fire V8 with a four-barrel carburetor rated at that was not offered in the other 49 states. Reappearing on the Monte's option list for the first time since 1970 was a 400 CID Turbo-Fire small block V8 rated at with a two-barrel carburetor (not offered in California) or 180 hp (134 kW) with a four-barrel carburetor. The top engine was again the 454 CID Turbo-Jet big block V8 rated at


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: 235 hp (183 kW). Despite the Arab Oil Embargo of late 1973 and early 1974 that greatly cut into sales of standard and intermediate-sized cars in favor of smaller compacts and imported subcompacts, the Monte Carlo went the other way on the sales charts by setting a new sales record this year of over 300,000 units despite the long lines at gas stations and record-high gasoline prices. The Monte Carlo continued to lead in intermediate personal luxury car sales with the Grand Prix placing second and the arrival of new competitors this year, including an upsized Mercury Cougar, Ford Gran


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Torino Elite and AMC's Matador coupe. Chrysler would introduce its entries in this field for 1975 including the Chrysler Cordoba and redesigned Dodge Charger. Interior Dimensions The 1975 Monte Carlo received only minor styling changes from the 1974 model, including a new grille with the Monte Carlo emblem moved to the center section and new vertically shaped taillights with horizontal louvers. All models received catalytic converters to meet the latest federal and California emission requirements that included bonuses such as improved fuel economy and drivability, along with longer spark plug and muffler life, but required more expensive and lower-octane unleaded


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: gasoline. Engines were carryover from 1974 except for the addition of GM's High Energy electronic ignition being made standard equipment. However, power ratings for all engines were decreased due to the addition of the catalytic converter. The 454 CID V8 no longer offered on California cars, leaving the 400 CID four-barrel the top engine in the Golden State. The base 350 CID two-barrel was rated at (standard in 49 states), the 350 CID 4-barrel was rated at (available only in California), the 400 CID 4-barrel , and the 454 CID 4-barrel (now equipped with single exhaust with dual exhaust as


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: an option). A three-speed manual transmission was standard equipment with the base 350 CID V8 used in 49 states and California-only 350 four-barrel V8. The Turbo Hydra-Matic optional and a required option for the 400 and 454 V8s. Chevrolet sources, however, report that virtually all 1975 Monte Carlos were equipped with the Turbo Hydra-Matic transmission, which became standard equipment for 1976. New for 1975 was a Custom interior option that included a plusher cloth 50/50 bench seat with recliner on passenger side and lower door panel carpeting. The standard interior still consisted of a bench seat with knit-cloth and vinyl


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: or all-vinyl upholstery. The swiveling Strato bucket seats plus console and floor shifter were still optional with knit cloth or vinyl upholstery. Also, white all-vinyl interiors were available for the first time this year with either bench or bucket seats with contrasting colors for carpeting and instrument panels including black, red, blue and green. A gauge that showed if one was using too much gas, a part of the "Economider" Gauge package, became optional. Sales dropped off a bit from 1974's record-setting pace due to higher prices resulting from the addition of the catalytic converter, double-digit inflation and new competition


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: from Chrysler's Cordoba and Dodge's Charger SE. Monte Carlo production ended up at around 250,000 units but would rebound to set a new record in 1976. A new crosshatch grille and vertically mounted rectangular headlamps, along with reshaped taillights identified the 1976 Monte Carlo (the reshaped taillight pattern was later incorporated into the fourth generation Monte Carlo). Under the hood, a new 305 CID 2-barrel V8 became the standard engine with the 350 2-barrel V8 and 400 CID V8 both optional. California cars got a 350 4-barrel as the base engine (not available in 49 states), and could be equipped


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: with the 400 4-barrel V8. The big-block 454 CID V8 was discontinued from the option list this year. The Turbo Hydramatic transmission became standard equipment on all 1976 Monte Carlos. Interior trims remained the same as 1975 with both base and Custom levels, but the instrument panel and steering wheel featured a new rosewood trim replacing the burled elm of previous years. A new option was a two-toned "Fashion Tone" paint combination. Monte Carlo sales hit an all-time record with production of 353,272 units this year. 191,370 "S" Coupes were made. 161,902 Landau Coupes which were $293 more. A revised


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: grille with smaller segments with the Monte Carlo "Knight's Crest" emblem moved to a stand-up hood ornament and revised taillight lenses marked the 1977 Monte Carlo, which was the last year for the 1973-vintage design before the introduction of a downsized 1978 Monte Carlo. Engine offerings were reduced to two engines for 1977. The base engine for 49 states was the 305 CID 2-barrel V8 and the 350 4-barrel V8 was optional (standard in California). The 400-cubic-inch V8 was dropped as an engine option. The Turbo Hydra-matic transmission was included standard equipment. Interior trim received only minor revisions this year


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: with upholstery choices including cloth, velour and vinyl in both base and Custom trims. Swivel out seats and 8-track were optional. This model year marks the only time in history when an intermediate model was larger in every dimension than a full-sized model, as the B-body Chevrolet Caprice/Impala had already been redesigned and downsized for 1977. The Monte Carlo also weighed more. In 1977 sales totaled 224,327 S coupes and 186,711 Landau coupes. All GM intermediate-sized cars including the Monte Carlo were downsized for the 1978 model year in response to the 1973 Arab Oil Embargo and CAFE requirements. The


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: 1978 model was 700-800 lb lighter and some 15 inches shorter than the 1977 model. The 1978 model also had more interior and trunk space than the earlier 1977 model. The engines offered in previous years were dropped in favor of a standard 231 CID V6 built by Buick or an optional Chevrolet 305 CID V8. New one-piece wall-to-wall carpeting was standard. The three-speed manual transmission reappeared for the first time in several years as standard equipment on the base model with the V6 engine, and the automatic was optional. The optional V8 and all Landau models came standard with


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: the automatic. A four-speed manual transmission with floor shifter was optional with the 305 V8, the first time a four-speed manual was offered on the Monte Carlo since 1971. Only minor trim changes were made to the 1979 Monte Carlo which included a restyled grille, revised parking lamp detail and new wrap-around taillamps. Mechanical changes included a new Chevrolet-built 200 CID V6 (the ancestor of the Vortec 4300) as the standard engine for the base Monte Carlo in 49 states while the Buick 231 CID V6 remained standard on base models in California and all Landau models. A new 267


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: CID V8 became optional and the 305 CID V8 continued as an option but was joined by a 160 hp version with a four-barrel carburetor. The same transmissions were carried over from 1978, including a standard three-speed manual and optional four-speed manual, or an optional three-speed Turbo Hydramatic automatic. This would be the last year that Chevrolet would offer manual transmissions on the Monte Carlo due to extremely low buyer interest. A black 1979 Monte Carlo was used by Michael Platt and William Matix during the 1986 FBI Miami shootout. A 1979 Monte Carlo modified to a lowrider, was also


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: heavily featured in the 2001 movie "Training Day". The car was driven by the main character Detective Alonzo Harris, played by actor Denzel Washington. The car had a mild frontal restyle, with quad headlights and turn indicators mounted beneath. The metric 200 3-speed automatic transmission became standard on all models and a new Chevrolet-built 229 CID V6 with 2-barrel Rochester carburetor replaced both the 200 CID V6 of 1979 and the Buick engine offered on all 1978 models and the 1979 Landau as the standard engine in 49 states (California cars still got the Buick engine). A new option for


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: 1980 was Buick's turbocharged version of the 231 CID V6 rated at . Other optional engines included 267 and 305 CID versions of the Chevrolet small-block V8 with up to . Front head room was 37.6 inches, while rear head room was a little bigger, at 37.8 inches. A power trunk opener was still optional. There were a total of 13,839 turbo Monte Carlo's for 1980. A new 14" rally wheel option was introduced with 5 slots (with squared ends and a pointed edge) – later shared with subsequent Chevrolet/GMC A/G-bodies including the Chevrolet S10 light duty truck. The body


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: was restyled with the other GM mid-size formal coupes (Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Pontiac Grand Prix, Buick Regal). It featured a smoother profile than the previous models and new vertical taillights similar to the 1973–1977 models. Engine offerings were carried over, including the standard 229 CID Chevrolet V6 (231 CID Buick V6 in California) an optional 267 CID V8 (not available in California), a 305 CID V8 in the base and Landau models, and a turbocharged 231 CID Buick V6 in the Monte Carlo Turbo. There were a total of 3,027 Monte Carlo Turbos for 1981. The Monte Carlo Turbo appeared


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: slightly different from other Monte Carlos that year because in addition to the turbo motor it also was equipped with a small hood scoop on the left side of the hood. It also had Turbo 3.8 badges with Chevrolet bowtie on the sides of the hood scoop, on the trunk lid, and on the right side of the dash. An automatic transmission, power steering and power front disc brakes were standard equipment. While this car was considered by some to be much better looking (and appeared more aerodynamic) than its Buick Regal, Pontiac Grand Prix, and Olds Cutlass cousins, only


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: one team tried to make a go of it in NASCAR cup racing. While the big Monte Carlo was the dominant body style in the late 1970s, winning 30 or so races, the downsized (and cleaned-up) 1981 body would only take two checkered flags in the 1981 and 1982 seasons when it was run. Few revisions were made on the 1982 Monte Carlo. All engines, except for the turbocharged 231 CID V6, which was discontinued along with the Monte Carlo Turbo model, were carried over from 1981. New for 1982 were the additions of a 260 CID V6 and an


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Oldsmobile 350 CID V8, both of which were diesel engines. With the introduction of GM's new mid-size platform that saw the introduction of the Buick Century, Chevrolet Celebrity, Oldsmobile Cutlass Ciera and Pontiac 6000, the chassis designations were shuffled up. The new mid-size cars were designated as A-body cars, whereas the cars previously designated as A-bodies were now called G-bodies. A black exterior was not offered in 1982 and also not available in 1982 for the first time in Monte Carlo history was a sportier interior option with Strato bucket seats and console, as only the standard notchback bench or


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: optional 55/45 bench were offered this year. Weight distribution was 57% in the front and 43% in the rear. Receiving only minor updates, the 1983 model year Monte Carlo gained a revised grille and interior trim patterns. The standard engine continued to be the 229 in V6, and the 165 hp 305 in V8 was optional. The Super Sport Package, Z65 was once again made an option in 1983. The Monte Carlo SS was reintroduced in 1983, following twelve years of being discontinued. The Monte Carlo SS featured European body color-coding, a new front fascia, a rear spoiler and a


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: V8. The 1984 year model coupe production totaled 112,730 with an additional 24,050 had the SS option (with an 305 V8 that saw a boost from the previous year). The Monte Carlo SS was available with Strato bucket seats and floor console as extra-cost options for the first time in place of the standard split bench seat with armrest (the Strato buckets also returned as an option on the regular Monte after a two-year absence). The regular Monte Carlo came standard with a 229 CID V6 (231 CID V6 for California) and a 305 V8 was optional. Available for the


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: last year in a base Monte Carlo was the 350 CID diesel engine, and there were only 168 manufactured. All engines for 1984 got the three-speed automatic transmission with the exception of three SSs at the end of the 1984 production run that received the Turbo Hydramatic 200-4R transmission with overdrive. In 1984, there were a limited number of Monte Carlo SSs made in Mexico, for Mexican sale. The differences are many compared to US/Canadian SSs. There was no rear spoiler. The rims were 14" checker style, an option on the base Monte Carlos in the US. The side mirrors


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: are a different style and black. The interior is from a Grand Prix and is blue in color. The engine was a 350 CID V8, and the transmission was a 4-speed manual with a Hurst shifter. Additional Information about the Mexican SS For 1985, T-tops were re-introduced because it had been discontinued after the 1983 model year and additional SS colors (Black, maroon and silver in addition to white), pinstriping, and options were made available. The (later to be highly sought after) medium blue ("gun metal") color for the SS was dropped. A four-speed automatic overdrive transmission, the Turbo Hydramatic


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: 200-4R, with a revised sport rear axle ratio containing 3.73:1 gears became standard on the SS. Gone for good were the 229 CID V6 and 350 CID V8 diesel engines. Introduced in place of the 229 CID V6 was a 262 CID (4.3 L) V6 (RPO LB4) that was fuel-injected with throttle-body fuel injection. The V-8's were fitted with computer controlled Quadrajet carburetors. The 1985 Chevrolet Monte Carlo, Chevy's rear-wheel-drive personal-luxury car, got more power, but for the first time since 1981, no diesel engine was offered in the Monte Carlo. On the base model, the previously standard 3.8 L


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Chevy V-6 gave way to a larger 4.3 L V-6 with throttle-body fuel injection. That brought along 20 extra horsepower, for a new total of 130. The optional 5.0 L V8 likewise gained some horsepower, via a jump in compression ratio. It jumped from 150 horsepower to 165. The High Output 5.0 L V8 in the 1985 Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS remained at 180 horsepower. 10.5-inch front disc brakes were standard. A/C was $730. The V-6 and base V8 could be backed by either a three- or four-speed automatic transmission, but the H.O. V8 in the SS came only with


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: the four-speed automatic this year. Though the base coupe carried on visually unchanged, the SS was a different story. Previously offered only in white or dark blue metallic, color choices were expanded to include silver, maroon, and black. "Removable glass roof panels" (T-tops) came on board as a midyear option. Nearly 120,000 Monte Carlos found eager buyers in 1985. Though the total was down somewhat from 1984, the SS model saw sales climb from 24,050 to 35,484, a sure sign that performance was making a comeback. The 1985 Monte Carlo SS also came stock with a 35 millimeter sway bar


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: which added extra support for the high-performance rear end. For 1986, there were four distinct body styles available. The base model Sport Coupe was still available with the same general body panels that it had since 1981, but featured new "aero" side mirrors similar to those on Camaros and Chevrolet Corvette of the 1980s . New for the 1986 model year was a Luxury Sport model that had a revised front fascia, new "aero" side mirrors, and an updated sleek-looking rear fascia. The LS front fascia included "Euro" headlights with removable bulbs in a glass composite headlamp housing, versus the


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: smaller sealed beam glass headlights of previous years. The rear bumper of the LS no longer had a "notch" between the bumper and trunk, and the taillights wrapped around so that they were visible from the sides of the car. The Super Sport model for 1986 incorporated the "aero" mirrors, yet still utilized the prior year's styling for the rear bumper. Also new this year was the Aerocoupe model. The Aerocoupe was created by modifications to the Super Sport body, including a more deeply sloped rear window and a shorter trunk lid sporting a spoiler that lay more flat than


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: previous Super Sports. Only 200 Aerocoupes were sold to the public, which happened to be the exact number NASCAR officials required for road model features to be incorporated into the racing cars. 1986 Monte Carlo SS Aerocoupe Registry & Information In 1987, Chevrolet eliminated the Sport Coupe version of the Monte Carlo, leaving the LS, SS, and Aerocoupe. The Super Sport incorporated the "smoothed" rear bumper and tail lamps first introduced on the 1986 Luxury Sport and midway through the production year introduced the "lay-down" spoiler. The Aerocoupe made up 6,052 of the 39,251 total Super Sports that were produced


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: that year. 39,794 Luxury Sports were produced in 1987. This was the last year for the fourth-generation Monte Carlo. The 1988 models were actually built in late 1987, with only 16,204 SSs made for an asking price of US$19,320. Appearance and mechanicals were similar to the 1987 model. The 1988 model only came with the lay-down style spoiler, unlike the 1987 model, which came with either the lay-down or stand-up type spoiler. The Aerocoupe did not return, as Chevrolet had unveiled plans to produce the Lumina and race that body style in NASCAR. The new Lumina body style was much


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: more aerodynamic and negated the need for a "sleeker" version of the Monte Carlo SS. The Lumina coupe was introduced as a 1990 model to replace the Monte Carlo. Total production numbers for the final year of the rear-wheel drive Monte Carlo was 30,174 — almost half of the 1987 numbers. The final G-body Monte Carlo – a silver SS coupe — was produced on December 12, 1987 which rolled off the GM Arlington Assembly plant. Total SS production for '88 was 16,204. For the 1995 model year, the mid-size Lumina was split into two models with the sedan continuing


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: as the Lumina and the coupe reviving the Monte Carlo nameplate for its fifth generation. The new car rode on an updated W-body chassis shared with the Lumina, Pontiac Grand Prix, Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, Oldsmobile Intrigue, Buick Century and Buick Regal, and by its nature was the first front-wheel drive Monte Carlo. For 1995, the LS was $16,770 and the Z34 was $18,970. All 1995–2007 Monte Carlos were built in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada from February 14, 1994 to September 1999. Unlike Monte Carlos of previous years, the distinctive bulges to the front fenders and rear quarter panels were gone. A


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: special run of 400 1995 Z34s were made called the Monte Carlo Brickyard 400 Pace Car. The $2195 option included interior ornamentation, embroidered leather 45/55 seating with full floor console, an aero wing spoiler, and an accent stripe package. Throughout these five model years, the Monte Carlo was available in two trims, the LS and the Z34. Appearances were largely identical between the two models. Styling changes consisted mainly of the special red-colored badging, a lower front air dam, and blacked out trim on the Z34, the real difference being under the hood. LS models were powered by the 3.1


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: L 3100 V6 putting out at 5200 rpm (119 kW) and 185 lb·ft (251 Nm) while Z34's featured a more powerful 3.4 L DOHC V6 engine with 215 hp (160 kW) and 220 lb·ft (298 Nm). Aside from minor equipment changes, the fifth generation remained virtually unchanged during its run. In 1998, the 3.4 L was replaced with the 3800 Series II which cranked out 200 hp and 225 lb·ft of torque. All Z34 models came with 16-inch alloy wheels, optional on LS models in place of the standard 15-inch steel wheels with bolt-on wheel covers. 1998–1999 Z34 models received


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: redesigned 16-inch wheels, though the previous-style Z34 alloys remained on the LS. Though derided by some for its indistinct lines (called the 'Lumina Carlo') and its front-wheel drive drivetrain, the fifth generation sold well enough for Chevrolet to continue the line with a more original redesign in 2000. The 1995 bodystyle was also a favorite on the NASCAR circuit and enjoyed considerable success at the track. 1997 models added daytime running lights as standard to the standard dual airbags and ABS. Rear visibility was poor. Also, again Chevrolet made a limited production run of Monte Carlo Brickyard 400 pace cars,


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: though none were available for consumers. This generation of the Monte Carlo was the last 2-door non-truck vehicle featuring 6-passenger seating, although bucket seats were available as an option with a floor-mounted shifter. For 2000, Chevrolet not only again called upon GM Motorsports for design inspiration, but also to Monte Carlos of the past. Among the traits carried over from older Monte Carlos were the stylized wheel flares, vertically oriented tail lamps, and a stylized rear bumper. Another classic trait for 2000 was the return of the "Knight" badging, as well as a full gauge cluster, not seen on the


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Monte Carlo since 1988. Back again was the Super Sport moniker, replacing the Z34 designation of the fifth generation, which was a Lumina Coupe legacy. Chevrolet also retired the Lumina name, bringing back the Impala nameplace for the Monte Carlo's sedan counterpart. At the request of racing teams, Chevrolet stylists added a slight "hump" on the rear trunk – similar to, although smaller than, a Lincoln Mark VIII. It was a distinct trait that stayed with Monte Carlo until its demise, even though later in the generation every trim level would get a spoiler that all but masked the hump.


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: From the NASCAR circuit came the aerodynamic styling and duck tail spoiler. The 6th generation Monte Carlo is based on the Monte Carlo "Intimidator" concept car, produced in 1997. Chevrolet released several models inspired by then-current NASCAR drivers: The first model released was the 2002 Dale Earnhardt Signature Edition, also referred to as Intimidator Edition. This car had two color schemes; a black body with galaxy silver rocker panels and front and rear air dams, and an all black body with black ground effects. A thin red stripe above the silver ground effects was also included. Just behind the rear


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: side windows, the Dale Number 3 logo was placed with Earnhardt's signature below the Number 3 logo. The car also featured silver "Intimidator" SS badges on the right side of the trunk and standard Monte Carlo SS badges the bottom of the vehicle, just in front of the rear tires. An Intimidator badge with the number 3 also appeared on the dash, and Earnhardt’s signature appeared on the gauge cluster. The interior is all black ("charcoal") leather. This edition also came with 5 spoke, diamond cut wheels and received GMs L36 3800 V6 engine. In 2003, the Jeff Gordon edition


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: was released. The vehicle came with a superior blue body and silver ground effects, just like the Intimidator Edition; however, the Jeff Gordon edition also received lighter blue ghost flames on the body. It featured the number 24 behind the rear side windows. A Jeff Gordon signature was placed on the right side of the trunk and inside the car received a Jeff Gordon badge on the dash board and a two-tone gray a black leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob. It featured the 5 spoke, diamond cut wheels and received GMs L36 3800 V6 engine. In 2004 the Dale


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Jr. Edition came out, it was red in color and sported a black high sport kit. The number 8, with an “E” stripe design carried from the doors to the rear bumper. The 5 spoke diamond cut wheels featured a black stripe through each spoke and Dale Jr.'s signature appeared on the right side of the trunk lid. On the sides, the vehicle received Supercharged SS badges. Inside on the dash a #8 badge appeared and Dale Jr.'s signature on the cluster. This edition also got #8 floor mats and headrests. This was also the first nameplate car to receive


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: GMs L67 Supercharged 3800 V6 engine. They changed the fan speed for heat and air conditioning this year. previous years had 1-5 settings. Monte Carlo will now come with 10 dots to mark your fan speed. To compete, the Intimidator Edition was re-released in 2004, this time, however the vehicle featured "Intimidator" badges on the trunk lid and both side panels of the vehicle. The car was all black in color, received the 5 spoke, diamond cut wheels and this time received GMs L67 Supercharged 3800 V6 engine. 2005 marked the next and final nameplate, the Tony Stewart edition. It


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: was all black, but featured a white/orange line that thickened as it reached the back of the vehicle and contained number 20 just before the rear tires. Tony Stewart’s signature also appeared behind the rear windows on both sides. The Chevy bowtie on the trunk was white on this edition and another was painted on the front of the hood. The Monte Carlo badge was removed and instead replaced by the black Tony Stewart grille. The wheels were the same design as the Dale Jr. Edition, except the bowtie on the center cap was white this time. This edition also


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: received GMs L67 Supercharged 3800 V6 engine. General Motors released several Monte Carlos branded as "Pace Car" replicas. Each year featured a different color and all cars were limited to production numbers, however; all cars did have some things in common. All pace cars received: Galaxy Silver ground effects, Checkered Flagging on fenders & doors, TAZ decals on quarter panels and trunk lid behind the Monte Carlo script. It also has a "Race Inspired" rear spoiler that resembles the look of the NASCAR spoiler, Limited Edition Plaque on trunk lid, Monte Carlo script on the dash is replaced with "PACE


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: CAR", Gauge cluster displays "LIMITED EDITION" below the speedometer where it would say "Apply Brake To Shift From Park," 16-inch Diamond-Cut Cast-Aluminum Wheels, Door Opening Kick Plates Featuring the Monte Carlo Nameplate, and Stainless-Steel Dual Exhaust Tips. Interiors had two tone leather in 2000 through 2002 to match exterior with 2003 being solid black and Chevy "Bow Tie" embroidered headrests. All cars also came with GMs L36 3800 V6 engine. 2000 Pace Car: Production limited to 2,222 cars. Sports two-tone leather Black and Red. Exterior: Torch Red with Galaxy Silver ground effects. 2001 Pace Car: Production limited to 1,300 cars.


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: Sports two-tone leather Black and Silver. Exterior: Black with Galaxy Silver ground effects. 2002 Pace Car: Production limited to 1,150 cars. Sports two-tone leather Black and Yellow. Exterior: Competition Yellow with Galaxy Silver ground effects. 2003 Pace Car: Production limited to 1,401 cars. Sports leather Ebony Black seats with Ebony and Gray leather-wrapped steering wheel. Exterior: Superior Blue Metallic with Galaxy Silver ground effects. Trim levels initially consisted of the LS, and SS, the latter being the first front-wheel drive SS in the Chevrolet lineup. The LS used a 3.4 L OHV V6, while the SS got the 3.8 L


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: V6. A Supercharged "SS" model was added for 2004 and 2005, though the naturally aspirated "SS" continued as well, but was relabeled as "LT". The facelifted 2006 Monte Carlo (and the companion Impala sedan) was introduced at the 2005 Los Angeles Auto Show. The base engine was a 3.5 L V6 producing 211 hp (156 kW). Trim series for this generation include the entry level LS, the mid level LT, the upper level LTZ and, the top of the line SS. Only 14,829 SS models were produced over the two years, 8,794 in 2006 and 6,035 in 2007. The most


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: notable news, though, was the "SS" model's use of the generation IV small-block V8 — the first V8 since the 1988 model. The 5.3 L V8 produced 303 hp (226 kW). The interior for 2006 was mildly redesigned. The revised model also adds an improved interior with expanded Driver Information Center (DIC), enhanced ABS and traction control, as well as optional, seat-mounted side air bags for the front driver and passenger. A few Internet Discussion Forums describe the 2006–2007 model refresh as a Seventh Generation of the Monte Carlo. They cite the body panel updates, engine availability options, and interior


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: changes as significant enough to warrant a change, while admitting that even GM considers those years part of the Sixth Generation. There are other makes and models of automobiles that have made similar changes, while staying within the same generation (ex. the Fourth Generation Chevrolet Camaro, and even the earlier Second Generation of the Monte Carlo). The LT and LTZ model were available with the 3.9 L engine in 2006. For 2007 the LTZ model was dropped along with the engine in favor of utilizing the Flex Fuel 3.5 L as the exclusive engine for non-SS models. The Monte Carlo


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: ceased production at Oshawa Car Assembly Plant #1 on June 19, 2007, following an announcement in February 2007 of its demise. General Motors has released this statement: On Tuesday, June 19, 2007, the last two 2007 Chevrolet Monte Carlo models rolled off the line at the Oshawa Assembly Plant. The last two models were identical "SS" models with Precision Red exterior paint; Silver Rally Stripes; and Ebony Nuance leather interior. The two models features the "SS" 5.3 L V8 engine rated ; 18-inch polished aluminum wheels; heated exterior mirrors; as well as an AM/FM/CD and XM Radio. The vehicle was


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: discontinued due to declining sales in coupes in general and the company's plans to revive the Chevrolet Camaro, which would cannibalize sales of the Monte Carlo. The final Monte Carlo off the production line was retained by GM for their Heritage Center collection. The second-to-last Monte off the line, the last "saleable" unit, was auctioned off on August 15, at Manheim's Statesville Auto Auction in Statesville, North Carolina. The winning bid went to Fred Simon, owner of Simon Chevrolet in Woonsocket, RI where it is on display on the dealership floor. This unit was at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway over


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: the weekend of July 27–29 for the 2007 Allstate 400 at the Brickyard. While there, it was signed by all the current Team Chevrolet drivers who were active in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. From 1972 until the car's end of production in 1988, the Monte Carlo was campaigned in NASCAR racing. The 1973–1977 cars were the dominant body style through the years until 1980, when NASCAR mandated a move to the shorter wheelbase cars being built by Detroit. The 1981 and 1982 (referred to as the "flat-nose") Monte Carlo was raced by few teams and only won two races


title: "Chevrolet Monte Carlo" content: in those years. In 1983, the addition of the "SS" nose became the Monte Carlo body style used in NASCAR until the car went out of production. The Monte Carlo returned for the 1995 season with the fifth-generation body, but NASCAR allowed the car to have wider rear fenders, and as such deviated from "factory" sheetmetal, that up until that time the race spec cars had to use. The car captured several NASCAR Manufacturers Cup awards until it again was discontinued from production in 2007, and replaced by the Impala for racing. Chevrolet Monte Carlo The Chevrolet Monte Carlo is


title: "Science by press conference" content: criticize scientists involved in creating the publicity, it has also been used to assert that the media bear responsibility in many instances. Even well-intentioned scientists can sometimes unintentionally create truth-distorting media firestorms because of journalists' difficulty in remaining critical and balanced, the media's interest in controversy, and the general tendency of science reporting to focus on apparent "groundbreaking findings" rather than on the larger context of a research field. Further, when results are released with great fanfare and limited peer review, basic journalism skills require skepticism and further investigation; the fact that they often do not can be seen as


title: "John Bradstreet" content: war in the colonial Northwest by supplying the army's far-flung outposts. Also a combat force, the 'Battoe Men', as they were sometimes called, took part in combat operations, most famously Bradstreet's assault on Fort Frontenac/Carillon in 1758. Bradstreet died in New York City on 25 September 1774. He had married (to the widow of a cousin who shared his name), and had two children. John Bradstreet Major General John Bradstreet, born Jean-Baptiste Bradstreet (21 December 1714 – 25 September 1774) was a British Army officer during King George's War, the French and Indian War, and Pontiac's Rebellion. He was born


title: "Nate Jaqua" content: three years there was named West Coast Conference freshman of the year. After his 2002 season, Jaqua signed a Project-40 contract with Major League Soccer and entered the 2003 MLS SuperDraft, where he was selected third overall by Chicago Fire. Although Jaqua was expected to fill the hole in the Fire's lineup left by Josh Wolff, Damani Ralph quickly took that position, and Jaqua was relegated to a reserve role, starting only five games, scoring two goals and two assists. Although Jaqua remained blocked at forward by Ralph and Ante Razov in the 2004 season, DaMarcus Beasley's departure to PSV


title: "Barry Melton" content: Joe McDonald at a Malvina Reynolds concert in the Bay Area. After graduating early from Ulysses S. Grant High School in January 1965, Melton—inspired by S.I. Hayakawa's writings on general semantics—enrolled at San Francisco State University, where Hayakawa taught. Dissuaded by the fact that Hayakawa only taught upper-division courses and "lured away by the music," he dropped out after ten weeks, reuniting with McDonald in nearby Berkeley, California; paralleling the development of such contemporaneous groups as the Grateful Dead, various duo and jug band-oriented permutations of their act (centered around the Jabberwock, a Berkeley coffeehouse) would evolve into Country Joe


title: "Haret (crater)" content: Haret (crater) Haret is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the southern region on the far side of the Moon. It lies in midst of the triangle of craters formed by Bose to the northeast, Cabannes to the southeast, and Abbe to the west. The region about this crater is relatively level, although marked with a number of fresh, bowl-shaped craters. The form of Haret is generally circular, with an outward notched in the southwest rim where a smaller crater has merged with the formation. There is a second, even smaller impact in the northeast rim. The


title: "Carpentras (composer)" content: the arts, and Carpentras returned to Rome. While there he was surprised to discover his own music still being sung but in bastardized versions; as a result he carefully copied over some of his music, such as the pictured setting of the Lamentations of Jeremiah, and presented this collection to Clement VII as the "true" or "corrected" version. However, he did not stay in Rome, and after only two years he departed for Avignon, this time for good. In 1526 he became afflicted with tinnitus, a condition which terrified him, and which he described as a continuous hissing in his


title: "The Grantville Gazette" content: fore bearers." The Grantville Gazette was listed on the Locus (magazine) Paperback Bestsellers List for two months in a row during 2005, topping at number 9. The Grantville Gazette The Grantville Gazette (Grantville Gazette I or more recently yet, Grantville Gazette, Volume 1) is the first of a series of professionally selected and edited paid fan fiction anthologies set within the 1632 series inspired by Eric Flint's novel "1632". The electronically published the Grantville Gazettes, which are reaching long novel length with regularity, now make up the majority of the series in terms of words in print. Flint as series


title: "Student publication" content: Student publication A student publication is a media outlet such as a newspaper, magazine, television show, or radio station produced by students at an educational institution. These publications typically cover local and school related news, but they may also report on national or international news as well. Most student publications are either part of a curricular class or run as an extracurricular activity. Student publications serve as both a platform for community discussion and a place for those interested in journalism to develop their skills. These publications report news, publish opinions of students and faculty, and may run advertisements catered


title: "Student publication" content: to the student body. Besides these purposes, student publications also serve as a watchdog to uncover problems at the school. The majority of student publications are funded through their educational institution. Some funds may be generated through sales and advertisements, but the majority usually comes from the school itself. Because of this, educational institutions have specific way in which they can influence the publications through funding. Due to the rise in adoption of Internet accessible devices such as computers and smartphones, many high schools and colleges have begun offering online editions of their publications in addition to printed copies. (The


title: "Student publication" content: very first student newspaper in the United States to completely abandon its printed issues in favor of a website was "The Campus Lantern" at Eastern Connecticut State University, doing so in the 2000s; however paper issues of The Lantern have since been brought back.) Due to publishing content online student publications are now able to reach a much wider audience than before. With many student publications moving to online, content is more accessible to the student body and production of the content is easier and cheaper. As printed student publications become more and more scarce and student publications move online


title: "Student publication" content: to best fit the news needs of today's students, student newspapers will run into several issues. One of these issues is the increase in demand for new content. While an update once a day or even once a week was once acceptable for a student publication, real time information resources will soon be demanded by students who grew up with constant updates of news coverage. This shift in content demand will require more effort and more time by the student newspaper staff. One of these issues is what is called the "daily me." Coined by Cass Sunstein in his book


title: "Student publication" content: "Republic.com," the "daily me" is the current trend of online readers looking for personalized information providers. In this way the reader deals with only the subjects they wish to deal with. In this way readers are not inconvenienced by material they have no interest in and can personalize an information product themselves, providing added value to both themselves and the provider. However, some believe this trend may not be the best for society, who is now faced with a public that chooses how well to be informed. On a campus paper, this trend will likely manifest itself in the increased


title: "Student publication" content: number of "hits" to the common "sports" and "opinion" sections of the paper, while hard news sections go un-noticed. This new type of print culture could possibly result in drastic formatting and content changes for student newspapers. "Gair rhydd", the student paper at Cardiff University, courted controversy when, on February 4, 2006, it reproduced the cartoons, originally printed in "Jyllands-Posten", depicting Muhammad. The issue was withdrawn from publication within a day of being released, the editor and two other student journalists were suspended, and a public apology was published in the next issue. In the same month, two editors of


title: "Student publication" content: the "Daily Illini", the independent student newspaper of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, were suspended after deciding to publish six of the twelve cartoons. However, student publications took a lead role in reprinting the Muhammad cartoons, often accompanying them with explanatory editorials. No fewer than 16 student newspapers and magazines in the United States, and a handful in other countries, ran one or more of the caricatures. University student newspapers in the Australia are usually independent of university administration yet are connected with or run by the student representative organisation operating at the campus. Editors tend to be elected


title: "Student publication" content: by the student body on a separate ticket to other student representatives and are paid an honorarium, although some student organisations have been known to employ unelected staff to coordinate the production of the newspaper (an example of this is the national "Student View" newspaper). Australian student newspapers have courted controversy since their inception. One of the more notorious of these controversies involved the publication of an article which allegedly incited readers to shoplift. The July edition of the magazine was banned by the Office of Film and Literature Classication following a campaign by conservative talkback radio hosts and other


title: "Student publication" content: media to have the material banned. The four editors of the July 1995 edition of La Trobe University student magazine "Rabelais" were subsequently charged with publishing, distributing and depositing an objectionable publication. An objectional publication was defined in this case, as one that incites criminal activity. The editors lodged an appeal, which led to a protracted four-year court case. The appeal was eventually defeated by the full bench of the Federal Court, who refused the editors application to appeal to the High Court of Australia. The charges were eventually dropped in March 1999. Many student newspapers in Canada are independent


title: "Student publication" content: from their universities and student unions. Such autonomous papers are funded by student fees won by referendums, as well as advertising, and are run by their staffs, with no faculty input. About 55 of Canada's student newspapers belong to a co-operative and newswire service called the Canadian University Press, which holds conferences, has correspondents across the country, is run democratically by its member papers, and fosters a sense of community among Canadian student journalists. The oldest continually published student newspapers in Canada are "The Varsity" (1880), "The Queen's Journal" (1873), and "The Dalhousie Gazette" (1868). The oldest student publication in


title: "Student publication" content: Canada is "The Brunswickan", which was founded in 1867 as a monthly but then switched to a weekly newspaper. The only Canadian student newspaper that continues to print on a daily schedule is "The Gazette" at the University of Western Ontario. Student publications are produced at Ireland's universities and Institutes of Technology as well as to a lesser extent at Colleges of Further Education. These publications include "The College Tribune" and "The University Observer" at University College Dublin, "Trinity News" and "The University Times" at Trinity College Dublin, "The College View" based at Dublin City University and "Sin Newspaper" at


title: "Student publication" content: NUI Galway. Other publications include "The Edition" (stylised as the eDITion), at Dublin Institute of Technology and the "UCC Express" and "Motley Magazine" at University College Cork. Each publication reports on affairs at its host university as well as on local, national and international news of relevance to students and many student journalists have gone on to work in Ireland's national press. All student publications in Ireland are funded by or linked to their host university or its students' union, with the exception of UCD's "College Tribune" which operates independently. Irish student publications are invited each year to enter the


title: "Student publication" content: national Student Media Awards, run by a Dublin-based marketing firm "Oxygen.ie" under various categories. Almost every university in Korea runs a student based press. Although many of these press are funded by the school, the students press has a significant amount of say amongst the student body. The College Editorial Guild of the Philippines or (CEGP) is the oldest and broadest intercollegiate alliance of student publications in the Asia-Pacific. Since its foundation, the Guild has remained steadfast in its commitment to uphold freedom of expression, press freedom and students' democratic rights. This dedication is what continues to unite and consolidate


title: "Student publication" content: CEGP's more than 750 member publications from different schools nationwide or worldwide. See also List of student newspapers Student newspapers in the UK are often given a constitutionally guaranteed editorial independence from the universities and student unions whose students they represent, although the majority are financially dependent on their Students' Union. The most successful (in terms of student media awards) include: Orbital Magazine (Royal Holloway, University of London),The Knowledge (University of Plymouth), "Nouse" (University of York), "York Vision" (University of York), "Impact" (University of Nottingham), The Epinal (Loughborough University), "Felix" (Imperial College), "Cherwell", "The Oxford Student" (University of Oxford), "The


title: "Student publication" content: Badger" (University of Sussex), "gair rhydd" (Cardiff University), "The Beaver" (London School of Economics), "Glasgow University Guardian" (Glasgow University), "The Boar" (University of Warwick), "Leeds Student" (University of Leeds), "Student" (University of Edinburgh), "Forge Press" (University of Sheffield), "The Courier" (University of Newcastle), "The Saint" (University of St Andrews), "Varsity", "The Cambridge Student", "The Tab" (University of Cambridge), "Epigram" (University of Bristol), "The Ripple (newspaper)" (University of Leicester), "Exeposé" (University of Exeter) "Spark*" (University of Reading), The "Gaudie" (University of Aberdeen)and LeNurb (Brunel University). Examples of British student newspapers that are financially as well as editorially independent from their respective


title: "Student publication" content: student unions are "Cherwell", "Varsity", "The Tab", "The Saint", The Epinal, "The Linc" (University of Lincoln), "Palatinate" (Durham University), "The Founder" (Royal Holloway) "Milk Magazine" (Bath Spa University), "The Gown" (Queen's University, Belfast) and "The Manchester Magazine" (University of Manchester). Since they are not part of their Students' Union at all, their independence is given a stronger guarantee than other papers who rely on their unions for funding and consequently cover stories with that in mind. In 2003, "The National Student", the UK's first independent national student newspaper was launched. "Scotcampus" a similar publication based in Scotland was founded in


title: "Student publication" content: 2001. In 2009, "The Student Journals" was founded as an independent online magazine for students, but started allowing international writers one year after launch. "Tinker v. Des Moines" concerns a group of students who wanted to wear black armbands to school in 1965 to protest United States involvement in Vietnam. After school officials heard about the planned silent protest, they suspended the students involved. A few of the students involved sued and the Supreme Court sided with the students, saying that provided that these speech acts did not distract themselves or others from academic work, the real purpose of the


title: "Student publication" content: school, then students were free to wear and say want they liked in school. This is considered the benchmark case in issues of student free speech and contains the famous phrase "students do not shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate." "Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier", heard by the United States Supreme Court in 1987 concerned a public school newspaper that attempted to print two controversial stories about issues of teen pregnancy and divorced families. It was the custom of the principal to look over the proposed paper before publication. With little time left before the publication deadline, the


title: "Student publication" content: principal decided that the two stories, though names had been changed to protect the stories' subjects, were inappropriate for the paper's younger readers; under direction of the principal, the paper was printed without the offending stories. The students filed suit, but the Supreme Court stood by the principal's ruling, that, because of time constraints, the only proper course of action was to not print the stories. It was decided that the students' First Amendment rights had not been infringed. This case is often cited by high schools and universities to support the custom of prior review. "Hazelwood" and "Tinker" offer


title: "Student publication" content: conflicting versions of student free expression. Student-directed publications may indeed be considered open or limited public forums for student expression, offering students freedom of expression under both "Hazelwood" and "Tinker". "Hazelwood", for example, does not say administrators must review or censor their papers before publication. In fact, journalism education organizations, like the Journalism Education Association, argue that prior review has no legitimate educational merit and is only a tool leading to censorship. Under certain limited conditions and situations presented by "Hazelwood", school administrators may be permitted prior review of (mostly high school) student publications. Until June 2005, the "Hazelwood" standard


title: "Student publication" content: was not considered to apply to public college and university newspapers, a decision most recently affirmed in the 2001 appeals court decision in "Kincaid v. Gibson". However, in June 2005, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled, in "Hosty v. Carter", that the "Hazelwood" standard could apply to student publications that were not "designated public forums," and in February 2006 the Supreme Court declined to hear the students' appeal. At this time, the "Hosty" decision applies only in the states of Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin. In response to the Kincaid decision, the California State Legislature passed AB 2581, which extended


title: "Student publication" content: existing state-level statutory protection of high school student journalists to college and university students. The bill was signed into law by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and took effect on January 1, 2007. Controversy over alleged censorship actions has led some student newspapers to become independent organizations, such as "The Exponent" of Purdue University in 1969, "The Daily Californian" of the University of California, Berkeley in 1971, "The Daily Orange" of Syracuse University in 1971, "The Independent Florida Alligator" of the University of Florida in 1973, "The Cavalier Daily" of the University of Virginia in 1979, "The Paisano" of the University of


title: "Student publication" content: Texas at San Antonio in 1981, and most recently "The Mountaineer Jeffersonian" of West Virginia University in 2008. Some states have laws which enhance the U.S. Constitution in protecting student expression documented by the Student Press Law Center. University administrations have learned to get around constitutional protections and effectively diminish critical student newspapers by following the example of former Boston University President John Silber, who on the advice of Harvard Law School Professor Alan Dershowitz, eliminated all funding for student newspapers in the 1970s in an attempt to suppress on-campus criticism. Silber's policy went so far as to ban student


title: "Student publication" content: organizations funded by the university from placing advertisements in the student press. With his hands-off policy, Silber was able to eliminate the independence of "The Daily News" and financially crippled the more-radical "b.u. exposure". The "exposure" sued Silber and the university for infringement of their First Amendment rights, but the courts of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts eventually dismissed their case. Studies by the "Journal of Blacks in Higher Education" (JBHE) focusing on African American students have found that as few as 2.6% of editors of all student newspapers are of African-American descent, with other minorities showing similar trending. These numbers


title: "Student publication" content: are not much higher at schools with credited journalism schools. In these institutions, only 4.4% of editors are of African American descent. Both of these percentages are significantly below the percentage of population African- Americans make up in the total United States. Such skewed demographics in these publications could result in newspapers that only reflect the outlooks and values of a particular segment of the student population. The JBHE does not suggest any type of affirmative action program for student publications at this point in time. Student publication A student publication is a media outlet such as a newspaper, magazine,


title: "Kabir Suman" content: continued writing and composing songs, thinking mainly as group songs. After more than five years, ‘Nagarik’ again performed in a concert at Birla Academy Hall, where Kabir Suman played electronic keyboards. Other instruments were guitar, tabla, conga, drums and nal. After seeing the concert, Biman Ghosh, one of the officers of The Gramophone Company of India offered ’Nagarik’ to record an album in both vinyl record and cassette tape format. He insisted on Suman repeatedly to sing some songs on the forthcoming album, along with playing keyboards, but ultimately the recording company did not show much interest about alternative Bengali


title: "Hyundai Elantra" content: available on the "premium" GT edition. The XD was available with 1.6-, 1.8- and 2.0-L gasoline engines and a 2.0-L turbo diesel. North American models are available only with the 2.0-L gasoline engine. The 1.8-L engine is a 1.6-L engine modified for the New Zealand market. While compact on the outside, it was listed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as a mid-size car because of a spacious interior. Although the basic powertrain design had changed little since the second generation, fuel economy improved for Elantras with manual transmissions from an EPA city rating of to , and further


title: "Socialist feminism" content: feminism can be seen from its attack on marriage and upon male power over women. Its contributors, like anarchist feminists elsewhere, developed a concept of oppression that focused on gender oppression. Marriage was a bourgeois institution which restricted women's freedom, including their sexual freedom. Marriages entered into without love, fidelity maintained through fear rather than desire, oppression of women by men they hated—all were seen as symptomatic of the coercion implied by the marriage contract. It was this alienation of the individual's will that the anarchist feminists deplored and sought to remedy, initially through free love and then, and more


title: "Donald Pierce" content: claims to have built and assembled, and which had recently been all but wiped out by the X-Men. The four of them ally with Lady Deathstrike and three Hellfire Club mercenaries (Cole, Macon, and Reese) who were cybernetically enhanced by Pierce. Under Pierce's leadership, the new Reavers are dedicated to exterminating mutants, with highest priority given to the X-Men and Sebastian Shaw (CEO of Shaw Industries). The Reavers take over the X-Men's headquarters in their absence, but after the X-Men leave through the Siege Perilous, they manage to capture only Wolverine, whom they torture and crucify. During this time Pierce


title: "BMW M5" content: BMW M5 The BMW M5 is a high performance variant of the 5 Series executive car built by the Motorsport division of BMW. The first incarnation of the M5 was hand-built in 1986 on the 535i chassis with a modified engine from the M1 that made it the fastest production sedan at the time. Versions of the M5 have been built from subsequent generations of the 5 Series platform. The first BMW M5, based on the E28 5 Series, made its debut at the Amsterdam Motor Show in February 1985. It was the product of demand for an automobile with


title: "BMW M5" content: the carrying capacity of a saloon (sedan), but the overall appearance of a sports car. It utilized the 535i chassis with various mechanical changes. Most notably the M88/3 engine that was derived from the engine used in the M1. The cars sold in the United States were equipped with a more emissions friendly evolution of this engine known as the S38. At its launch, the E28 M5 was the fastest production sedan in the world. The first generation M5 was hand-built in Preussenstrasse/Munich prior to the 1986 Motorsport factory summer vacation. Thereafter, the M5 production was moved to Daimlerstrasse in


title: "BMW M5" content: Garching where the remainder were built by hand. This continued production would eventually lead to a class action lawsuit that was settled with vouchers being given to car owners. Chicago Clearing Corporation served as a market maker for these $4,000 vouchers that were officially issued in 1993. The M5 was produced in four different versions based on intended export locations. These were the left-hand drive (LHD) Euro spec, the right-hand drive (RHD) UK spec, the LHD North American (NA) spec for the United States and Canada, and the RHD South African (ZA) spec. The European and South African M5s utilised


title: "BMW M5" content: the M88/3 engine which produced . North American 1988 models used the S38B35 engine which was equipped with a catalytic converter and produced . Production of North American specification M5s commenced in November 1986 and ended in November 1987. Aside from 96 cars which were assembled in kit form at BMW's Plant in Rosslyn, South Africa, all E28 M5s were assembled by hand at BMW Motorsport in Garching, Germany. With a total production of 2,241 units, the E28 M5 remains among the rarest regular production BMW Motorsport cars – after the BMW M1 (456 units), BMW E34 M5 Touring (891


title: "BMW M5" content: units) and the BMW 850CSi (1510 units). European models European-Spec M5s were available with some options unavailable on US-Spec M5s, such as Water Buffalo leather and a Glass Moonroof. Left-hand drive (LHD) cars were equipped with 185TR390 metric alloy wheels, while right-hand drive (RHD) cars used 16x7.5 alloy wheels. Very early European-Spec LHD M5s had VINs that started with "WBA" instead of the "WBS" designation to indicate BMW Motorsport. It is estimated that no more than 15 M5s were produced with a "WBA" VIN. United States/Canada models US-Specification M5s were comprehensively optioned: Leather Door Panels, Leather Center Console, Full Trunk


title: "BMW M5" content: Carpeting, Air Conditioning, Power Windows, Power Sunroof, Power Seats, Cruise Control, On-Board Computer, Central Locking and Shadow-line Trim were standard. The United States/Canada Left-hand drive (LHD) cars were equipped with 16x7.5 alloy wheels. The only option on a US-Specification M5 was electrically heated front seats which were standard equipment on Canadian-Market cars. The only paint colour available was "jet black". The E34 generation of the M5 was produced from September 1988 to August 1995. Hand-built at BMW M GmbH in Garching, Germany, it was based on the E34 chassis produced at BMW's Dingolfing plant. After arriving as a painted shell


title: "BMW M5" content: from Dingolfing, the M5 was assembled by a team of M employees and took about two weeks. Only the South African M5 was entirely assembled at the Rosslyn, South Africa assembly plant from complete knock down kits supplied from Garching, Germany. Cosmetic changes to the exterior from the standard E34 include unique front and rear bumpers and side rocker panels, contributing to a drag coefficient of 0.32 (from 0.30), while the inside saw upgrades that include an M5-specific shifter surround and rear headrests. The E34 M5 released with the S38B36 engine which produced at 6,900 rpm and at 4,750 rpm.


title: "BMW M5" content: In the second half of 1991, engine displacement was increased to 3.8 litres with the S38B38, with exception to North America and South Africa, which continued with the 3.6 litre engine due to emission laws. Power increased to , and the ignition changed to a distributor-less system with each cylinder having an individual coil. BMW also used a dual-mass flywheel in place of the single in the 3.6 for a smoother idle and throttle input at the expense of response. The standard self-leveling suspension (SLS) system, which maintained a constant ride height in the rear, was replaced with Electronic Damper


title: "BMW M5" content: Control (EDCIII+), an electronically controlled and hydraulically regulated system that can switch between comfort "P" setting and a more track-oriented "S" setting. A 6-speed manual transmission was made standard on the last model year (1995), which added an overdriven top gear. The E34 M5 was the last M5 to feature an engine with a historical link to a BMW Motorsport racing engine. In 1992, a five-door Touring version (estate/wagon) was introduced in LHD form, with 891 cars made. The E34 M5 Touring was BMW M Division's first wagon, as well as the last hand built M car. The M5 came


title: "BMW M5" content: with an unusual wheel design. From 1988–1992 the M5 featured the three-piece Style 20 "M-System" wheels, which consisted of directional bolted-on wheel covers and fin assembly in front of the wheel itself. The black, 5-spoke wheel was a forged aluminum alloy, offered either as square 17x8 et20 setup or staggered with optional 9-inch wide wheels to the rear. The intent of the M-System cover was to divert heat from the brake assembly to increase cooling. In 1992 BMW changed the design to the "M-System II" (nicknamed "throwing stars") which improved brake cooling from the combination of the larger openings and


title: "BMW M5" content: fins placed in the driving direction. In May 1994, the M5 switched to 18-inch Style 37 "M Parallel" wheels that did away with the cover entirely. (Manufacturer claimed) There were four special editions of the E34 M5. The Cecotto, Winkelhock and 20 Jahre editions which were offered as LHD Euro specification models while the RHD UK Limited edition was only sold in the United Kingdom. In 1991, BMW asked two race drivers to design their "ideal" version of the E34 M5. One of the drivers, Johnny Cecotto, wanted a host of luxury items fitted on the M5, including Nappa leather


title: "BMW M5" content: for the steering wheel and heated seats. A total of 22 Cecotto E34 M5s were produced with options of having either Lagoon Green metallic (266) and Mauritius Blue metallic paint (287) and Light Parchment or Light Silvergrey for the interior. BMW also tasked touring car driver Joachim Winkelhock to come up with his own version of the car. The manufacturer wanted a lightweight E34 M5 stripped of some amenities. His ideal lightweight version M5 featured a smaller battery, the reduced US-spec 81L fuel tank, reduced sound deadening, and deletion of non-essential items such as rear headrests, vanity mirrors, rear window