title: "Northern alligator lizard" content: shows her how strong and suitable a mate he is. The Northern alligator lizard occurs along the Pacific Coast and in the Rocky Mountains from southern British Columbia through Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana south through Oregon to the coastal range and the Sierra Nevada in central California. As the map shows, the different subspecies have quite different ranges, with "E. c. principis" being the most widely distributed, whereas the "E. c. coerulea" subspecies occurs mainly around the San Francisco area but they are also found farther north into Humboldt County. The species is widely distributed along the Pacific


title: "Northern alligator lizard" content: coast and can be found from sea level up to elevation of about . It is found in a variety of forested habitats and montane chaparral. Northern alligator lizard The northern alligator lizard ("Elgaria coerulea") is a medium-sized lizard that occurs on the North American west coast. The northern alligator lizard was formerly known by the scientific name of "Gerrhonotus coeruleus" , but is nowadays assigned to the genus "Elgaria". Four subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies: "Nota bene": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than


title: Prestatyn content: end of the Offa's Dyke Path, although not on Offa's Dyke itself. It also marks the eastern end of the North Wales Path, a long-distance coastal route to Bangor, and the western end of the Clwydian Way. Other attractions include the remains of Roman baths and the nearby Neolithic mound, the Gop. Pontin's Holiday Centre was the location for a 1973 film of the popular British TV series, "On the Buses". The town was in the Delyn parliamentary constituency from 1983 to 1997, since when it has been in Vale of Clwyd. For elections to Denbighshire County Council the town


title: "The Quatrain of Seven Steps" content: seven strides such that Cao Pi is convinced of his innocence. Cao Zhi does so, and Cao Pi becomes so flustered with emotion that he spares his brother, although he later exacts punishment upon Cao Zhi in the form of demotion. The poem itself is written in the traditional "five-character quatrain" style and is an extended metaphor that describes the relationship of two brothers and the ill-conceived notion of one harming the other over petty squabbling. There exists two versions of the poem, one being six lines in length and the other four. The former is generally thought to be


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: Allium tricoccum Allium tricoccum (commonly known as ramp, ramps, spring onion, ramson, wild leek, wood leek, and wild garlic) is a North American species of wild onion widespread across eastern Canada and the eastern United States. Many of the English names are also used for other "Allium" species, particularly the similar "Allium ursinum" which is native to Europe and Asia. "Allium tricoccum" is a bulb-forming perennial with broad, smooth, light green leaves, often with deep purple or burgundy tints on the lower stems, and a scallion-like stalk and bulb. Both the white lower leaf stalks and the broad green leaves


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: are edible. The flower stalk appears after the leaves have died back, unlike the similar "Allium ursinum", in which leaves and flowers can be seen at the same time. Ramps grow in close groups strongly rooted just beneath the surface of the soil. "Allium tricoccum" was first named as such in 1789 by the Scottish botanist William Aiton, in "Hortus Kewensis", a catalog of plants cultivated in London's Kew botanic garden. The species had been introduced to Britain in 1770. The specific epithet "tricoccum" refers to the possession of three seeds. , Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts two


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: varieties: This treatment is followed by other sources, although the two taxa are frequently treated as two species, "Allium tricoccum" and Allium burdickii. "A. tricoccum" var. "burdickii" was first described by Clarence Robert Hanes in 1953; the epithet "burdickii" is in honor of Justin Herbert Burdick (1851–1939), a Midwestern physician and manufacturer who pointed out differences between what were then regarded as different "races" in letters to Asa Gray. The variety was raised to a full species by Almut Gutter Jones in 1979. The two varieties are distinguished by several features. "A. tricoccum" var. "tricoccum" is generally larger than "A.


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: tricoccum" var. "burdickii": the bulbs are larger, the leaves are usually wide rather than wide and the umbels typically have 30–50 flowers rather than 12–18. Additionally, the leaf stalks (petioles) and leaf sheaths are usually red or purplish in var. "tricoccum" and white in var. "burdickii". The leaves of var. "burdickii" also have less distinct stalks than those of var. "tricoccum". In Canada, ramps are considered rare delicacies. Since the growth of ramps is not as widespread there as in Appalachia and because of destructive human practices, ramps are a threatened species in Quebec. "Allium tricoccum" is a protected species


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: under Quebec legislation. A person may have ramps in his or her possession outside the plant's natural environment, or may harvest it for the purposes of personal consumption in an annual quantity not exceeding 50 bulbs or 50 plants, provided those activities do not take place in a park within the meaning of the National Parks Act. The protected status also prohibits any commercial transactions of ramps; this prevents restaurants from serving ramps as is done in the United States. Failure to comply with these laws is punishable by a fine. However, the law does not always stop poachers, who


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: find a ready market across the border in Ontario (especially in the Ottawa area), where ramps may be legally harvested and sold. Ramps are considered a species of "special concern" for conservation in Maine, Rhode Island, and Tennessee. They are also considered "commercially exploited" in Tennessee. Ramp festivals may encourage harvest in unsustainable quantities. According to West Virginia University botanist Earl L. Core, the widespread use in southern Appalachia of the term "ramps" (as opposed to "wild leek" which is used in some other parts of the United States) derives from Old English: The name ramps (usually plural) is one


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: of the many dialectical variants of the English word ramson, a common name of the European bear leek ("Allium ursinum"), a broad-leaved species of garlic much cultivated and eaten in salads, a plant related to our American species. The Anglo-Saxon ancestor of ramson was "hramsa", and "ramson" was the Old English plural, the –n being retained as in oxen, children, etc. The word is cognate with "rams", in German, Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian, and with the Greek "kromuon", garlic [...]. Wright’s "English Dialect Dictionary" (1904) lists as variants "rame, ramp, ramps, rams, ramsden, ramsey, ramsh, ramsies, ramsy, rommy", and "roms",


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: mostly from northern England and Scotland. "Allium tricoccum" is popular in the cuisines of the rural uplands of its native region. It is regarded as an early spring vegetable with a strong garlic-like odor and a pronounced onion flavor. Ramps also have a growing popularity in restaurants throughout North America. The plant's flavor, a combination of onions and strong garlic, is adaptable to numerous cooking styles. In central Appalachia, ramps are most commonly fried with potatoes in bacon fat or scrambled with eggs and served with bacon, pinto beans and cornbread. Ramps can also be pickled or used in soups


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: and other foods in place of onions and garlic. Chicago received its name from a dense growth of ramps near Lake Michigan in Illinois Country observed in the 17th century. The Chicago River was referred to by the plant's indigenous name, according to explorer Robert Cavelier, sieur de La Salle, and by his comrade, the naturalist and diarist Henri Joutel. The plant, called "shikaakwa" ("chicagou") in the language of local native tribes, was once thought to be "Allium cernuum", the nodding wild onion, but research in the early 1990s showed the correct plant was the ramp. The ramp has strong


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: associations with the folklore of the central Appalachian Mountains. Fascination and humor have fixated on the plant's extreme pungency. Jim Comstock, editor and co-owner of the "Richwood News Leader", introduced ramp juice into the printer's ink of one issue as a practical joke, invoking the ire of the U.S. Postmaster General. The inhabitants of Appalachia have long celebrated spring with the arrival of the ramp, believing it to be a tonic capable of warding off many winter ailments. Indeed, ramp's vitamin and mineral content did bolster the health of people who went without many green vegetables during the winter. It


title: "Allium tricoccum" content: is listed as a special concern in Maine and Rhode Island, and as a special concern and commercially exploited in Tennessee. The Menominee, Cherokee, Iroquois, Potawatomi and Ojibwa all consume the plant in their traditional cuisines. The Cherokee also eat the plant as a spring tonic, for colds and for croup. They also use the warm juice for earaches. The Ojibwa use a decoction as a quick-acting emetic. The Iroquois also a decoction of the root to treat worms in children, and they also use the decoction as a spring tonic to "clean you out". Allium tricoccum Allium tricoccum (commonly


title: "Pikmin 2" content: was not confirmed for a North American release until three years later in the June 2012 issue of "Nintendo Power" and was later confirmed for a June 2012 release. "Pikmin 2" re-released in North America for the Wii as a Nintendo Selects game along with the Nintendo Selects re-release of "Mario Power Tennis". In a developer round table discussion at E3 2008, a new "Pikmin" title was confirmed to be in development for Wii. At E3 2011, Miyamoto announced that development of the "Pikmin" game shifted from the Wii to its successor, the Wii U. At E3 2012, "Pikmin 3"


title: "Pontiac 6000" content: name (the 2000 Sunbird dropped the "2000" in 1985). In 1982, two trim levels were offered: 6000 and 6000 LE. Both came standard with the new-for-1982 Tech IV four-cylinder with throttle body injection. It made . Optional engines were GM's V6 with a 2-barrel carburetor which made , or a Oldsmobile diesel V6 which made . The diesel engine was problematic and unpopular and was discontinued in 1985. The 2.8 was updated for 1985 with multi-port fuel injection, raising output to exclusively for the STE. The fuel-injected 2.8 made its way into the Base and LE models for 1986, however


title: "Defender of the Crown" content: periodic jousting contests. From time to time the player may attempt to rescue a damsel in distress and can appeal for help from the legendary bandit Robin Hood. The game's strategy boils down to a war of attrition as the player tries to amass larger armies than his opponents and manages to attack their territories at the right time. Due to financial strains, Cinemaware decided to release the initial version without all the features originally planned for because of their need for revenue. Some features were partially implemented, but were removed so the game could be shipped. Some additional features


title: "German cruiser Prinz Eugen" content: the radiation danger. On 29 August 1946, the US Navy decommissioned "Prinz Eugen". By late December 1946, the ship was in very bad condition; on 21 December, she began to list severely. A salvage team could not be brought to Kwajalein in time, so the US Navy attempted to beach the ship to prevent her from sinking, but on 22 December, "Prinz Eugen" capsized and sank. Her main battery gun turrets fell out of their barbettes when the ship rolled over. The ship's stern, including her propeller assemblies, remains visible above the surface of the water. The US government denied


title: "Wilhelm Groener" content: () for the war economy. Groener negotiated with the civilian bureaucracy, unions and representatives of the employers. Despite his efforts to appear neutral to maximise output, he became the target of criticism. Factory owners resented him for accepting the unions as partners. Revolutionary groups used his strict admonishments against those who went on strike while soldiers died at the front to undermine his standing with the workers. The negotiations made the limits of Germany military power obvious to Groener and he began to doubt that Germany could win the war. This caused confrontations with the third "Oberste Heeresleitung" (OHL, the


title: "June and Jennifer Gibbons" content: themselves unable to concentrate; Jennifer apparently developed tardive dyskinesia (a neurological disorder resulting in involuntary, repetitive movements). Their medications were apparently adjusted sufficiently to allow them to continue the copious diaries they had begun in 1980, and they were able to join the hospital choir, but they lost most of their interest in creative writing. The case achieved some notice due to newspaper coverage by "The Sunday Times" journalist Marjorie Wallace. The British tabloid "The Sun" gave a brief account of their story, headlined "Genius Twins Won't Speak" (an apparent reference to their having tested above average intelligence when being


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: British Aerospace 125 The British Aerospace 125 is a twinjet mid-size business jet. Originally developed by de Havilland and initially designated as the DH125 Jet Dragon, it entered production as the Hawker Siddeley HS.125, which was the designation used until 1977. Later on, more recent variants of the type were marketed as the Hawker 800. The type proved quite popular overseas; more than 60% of the total sales for the aircraft were to North American customers. It was also used by the Royal Air Force as a navigation trainer, as the Hawker Siddeley Dominie T1, and was operated by the


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: United States Air Force as a calibration aircraft, under the designation C-29. In 1961, de Havilland began work upon a small business jet, then known as the "DH.125 Jet Dragon", which was intended to replace the piston engined de Havilland Dove, a successful business aircraft and light transport. Prior to the start of the project, de Havilland had determined that a successful business jet would require several variables to be met, including a range of at least 1,000 miles, the speed and cost factors of a suitable jet engine to outperform turboprop-propelled competitors, and an engineering philosophy that favored reliability


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: and conventionality. The design team settled on a twin-engine aircraft with the engines mounted on the rear fuselage. The Bristol Siddeley Viper turbojet powerplant was selected to power the type. On 13 August 1962, the first of two prototypes conducted its first flight, a second aircraft followed it on 12 December that year. The second prototype was more aerodynamically-representative of a production aircraft, and was fitted out with more equipment than the first prototype; the subsequent production-standard aircraft incorporated several changes and improvements from the prototypes, such as a longer fuselage and a greater wingspan. The first production-standard aircraft performed


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: its first flight on 12 February 1963. The first delivery to a customer took place on 10 September 1964. The aircraft went through many designation changes during its service life. Hawker Siddeley had bought de Havilland the year before the project had started, but the legacy brand and "DH" designation was used throughout development. After the jet achieved full production, the name was changed to "HS.125" except for American exports which retained the "DH.125" until it was replaced by BH.125 for Beechcraft-Hawker. When Hawker Siddeley Aircraft merged with the British Aircraft Corporation to form British Aerospace in 1977, the name


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: changed to "BAe 125". When British Aerospace sold its Business Jets Division to Raytheon in 1993, the then-main variant of the jet became widely referred to as the "Hawker 1000". While the two prototypes were assembled at de Havilland's Hatfield site, final assembly of all production aircraft would take place at the Broughton factory near Chester until the 1990s. By the 2000s, the fuselage, wings and tailfin of the aircraft were still being assembled and partially equipped in the Broughton site, now being owned and managed by Airbus UK; various sub-assemblies were also produced in Airbus UK's Buckley facility. From


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: 1996 onwards, the assembled sections and components were shipped to Wichita, Kansas in the United States, to undergo final assembly. Writing in 1993, Flying Magazine said of the type "In numerical terms, the 125 series is the most successful British commercial aircraft ever built, and the world's longest in-production business jet". Production of the aircraft came to an abrupt halt in 2013 due to the bankruptcy of owner Hawker Beechcraft, who has suffered during the Great Recession of the late 2000s in which demand for business jets had slumped for a number of years. The type had been in production


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: for more than 50 years when manufacturing stopped, during which time over 1,600 aircraft had been produced. In April 2013, the type certificate and support responsibility for all 125s built was transferred to the reformed Beechcraft Corporation. As of October 2012, Beechcraft does not intend to restart production of its business jet lines; instead the company intends to alternatively sell or dismantle the production facilities for the 125 family. The DH.125 is a low-winged monoplane, powered by two engines mounted on the rear fuselage. It features a slightly swept wing, being based upon the larger de Havilland Comet's wing planform,


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: and employs large slotted flaps and airbrakes to better enable operations from small airfields; the aircraft can be flown from hardened grass airstrips. The type has a perfectly cylindrical fuselage with the one-piece wing mounted upon the underside of the fuselage; this design allows for the majority of manufacturing and assembly work of the wing and fuselage to be performed as separate sections with the two being joined together late in the production process. The wing also houses integral fuel tanks which contain the majority of the aircraft's fuel. Early models of the aircraft were powered by several versions of


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: the Bristol Siddeley Viper turbojet engine, while later aircraft have adopted more recent turbofan powerplants such as the Garrett TFE731 and Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300. As well as providing the propelling thrust of the aircraft, each engine's accessory gearbox drives electric generators for electrical power and fuel, oil and hydraulic pumps. The design is redundant so that in the event of a single engine failing, all aircraft systems continue to operate normally. All control surfaces of the aircraft are aerodynamically balanced via set-back hinges and geared tabs. The flaps and airbrakes are operated using the aircraft's hydraulics, while the


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: ailerons, elevators, and rudder are manually-actuated. The design of the control circuits allows for an Collins-built A.P.103 autopilot to be incorporated. Each aircraft is typically equipped with a de-icing system, which uses a mixture of bleed air from the engines, TKS fluid for general airframe, and AC electric windshield heating to prevent ice formation. From the type's introduction to service, weather radar was incorporated into the aircraft's avionics. Some operators, such as the Royal Air Force, have equipped their 125s with electronic countermeasures to defend against hostile missile attacks upon the aircraft. The pressurised fuselage was designed to accommodate two


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: pilots and six passengers. Various interiors were offered, with a high degree of passenger comfort. In an executive configuration, the flight deck is separated from the main passenger cabin; the single entrance of the aircraft, located directly behind the cockpit and forward of the passenger cabin, forms a vestibule area in which luggage can be stored and meals prepared during flight. An unobstructed cabin floor with 5 ft 9in of headroom and a 3 ft wide cabin door also allowed the loading of bulky equipment, which was seen as particularly attractive to military operators. In addition to the entrance door,


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: an emergency overwing exit hatch is located in the passenger cabin midsection over the starboard wing (although some versions have both port and starboard exits). The rear of the fuselage is occupied by a large equipment bay and, on some aircraft, one or two additional fuel tanks for extended operations. Having entered service as one of the first-generation executive jets, the British Aerospace 125 has been operated by a wide variety of customers, ranging from government and military operators to private customers and businesses, it has also seen use by several airlines. Many of the aircraft's customers have been located


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: in North America; in 1990, out of the 650 aircraft then being operated, more than 400 were being flown in the United States. Reportedly, one aircraft was being sold every seven working days for a substantial period of the type's production life. Successively larger versions were introduced to extend the type's appeal and to better compete against larger jets being used for business travel, such as the Gulfstream IV and Falcon 900. The Royal Air Force was a significant early operator of the type, receiving a number of aircraft for multiple roles, including some of the first batch of 30


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: aircraft to be produced. The majority of 125s were operated in an airborne training capacity for air force navigators, aircraft in this role were named as the "Hawker Siddeley Dominie"; the Dominie served in excess of 45 years before being retired in 2011 due to diminishing requirements. Additional 125s were acquired and operated by No. 32 Squadron RAF as communications and light transport aircraft; these are also occasionally operated to transport Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the British Royal Family. In the later stages of the War in Afghanistan, various 125s have been used to transport military officers


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: and other key personnel in and out of the country. As of 2010, the type was scheduled to be withdrawn from RAF service in 2022. It was withdrawn from the RAF in 2015 By the early 1990s, British Aerospace, the manufacturer of the type at this point, had two main variants of the aircraft in production; the smaller 125-800 and larger 125-1000. The 125-1000, which conducted its first flight on 16 June 1990, had several changes to give the type a reported intercontinental range, including the adoption of the newly developed Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300 engine and new digital


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: avionics, such as FADEC. Following Raytheon's purchase of British Aerospace's Business Jet Division during the 1990s, the two in-production variants were re-designated as the Hawker 800 and Hawker 1000 respectively. The 125 has had the dubious distinction of being the only business jet to have ever been hijacked; in 1967, a chartered 125 carrying the former Congolese Prime Minister Moise Tshombe was diverted to Algeria by armed individuals on board. The 125 is also likely to have been the only business aircraft to have ever survived being hit by an air-to-air missile; in August 1988, a British Aerospace 125-800 transporting


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: Botswanan President Quett Masire was struck by a missile which had apparently been inadvertently launched by a nearby Angolan Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23. While badly damaged by the direct hit, which resulted in the loss of an engine, the cabin decompressing, and fuel tanks being ruptured; the aircraft was successfully landed by BAe demonstrator pilot Arthur Ricketts, it was later rebuilt. In 2013, the FAA modified 14 CFR part 91 rules to prohibit the operation of jets weighing 75,000 pounds or less that are not stage 3 noise compliant, specifically mentioning the 125 series of aircraft. This required any aircraft of the


title: "British Aerospace 125" content: type to either have Stage 3 noise compliant engines installed or to be fitted with "hushkits", or otherwise they would not be permitted to fly over the majority of the United States after 31 December 2015, unless special permission had been granted. Private operators, air taxi, shared ownership and corporate charter operators worldwide. Between 1965 and 1972 Qantas used two Series 3s for crew training. Numerous 125 aircraft have been privately owned, such as the BAe 125 800 that was owned by Ayrton Senna da Silva, a triple-World Champion of Formula One racing. British Aerospace 125 The British Aerospace 125


title: "Manual transmission" content: in recent vehicles that feature an electric park brake the parking brake can only be released when the brake pedal is engaged. Sports cars are also often equipped with manual transmissions because they offer more direct driver involvement and better performance, though this is changing as many automakers move to faster dual-clutch transmissions, which are generally shifted with paddles located behind the steering wheel. For example, the 991 Porsche 911 GT3 uses Porsche's PDK. Off-road vehicles and trucks often feature manual transmissions because they allow direct gear selection and are often more rugged than their automatic counterparts. Conversely, manual transmissions


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: Lamborghini Gallardo The Lamborghini Gallardo (; ) is a sports car built by the Italian automotive manufacturer Lamborghini from 2003 to 2013. It is Lamborghini's first best-selling model with 14,022 built throughout its production run. Named after a famous breed of fighting bull, the V10 powered Gallardo has been Lamborghini's sales leader and stable-mate to a succession of V12 flagship models—first to the Murciélago (4,099 built between 2001 and 2011), then to the current flagship, the Aventador. On 25 November 2013, the last Gallardo was rolled off the production line. The Gallardo was replaced by the Huracán in 2014. The


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: first generation Gallardo was powered with an even firing 90 degree V10 engine generating a maximum power output of . The Gallardo offers two choices of transmissions, a conventional (H-Box) six-speed manual transmission, and a more advanced six-speed electro-hydraulically controlled semi-automatic electrohydraulic manual transmission, which Lamborghini abbreviates to "E-gear". The "E-gear" allows the driver to make shifts much faster than they could with a manual transmission. The driver shifts up and down via paddles behind the steering wheel, but can also change to an automatic mode. The vehicle was designed by Luc Donckerwolke and was based on the 1995 Calà


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: prototype designed by Italdesign Giugiaro. For the 2006 model year (launched in late 2005) Lamborghini introduced many changes to the car to counter some criticisms garnered from the press and owners. These were based on the limited edition Gallardo SE. The exhaust system was changed to a more sporty one (including a flap to make it quieter during city driving), the suspension was revised, a new steering rack was fitted, the engine power was increased by 20 PS to a maximum of , and the biggest change was overall low gearing ratios, especially in 1st to 5th gear. These changes


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: gave the car much better performance than the original. The Lamborghini Concept S is a concept car based on the Gallardo, featuring a speedster (Barchetta) body designed by Luc Donckerwolke. It was built in 2005 and was first shown at that year's Geneva Motor Show. It was intended to be a modern interpretation of the single-seat roadsters of the past. Utilizing a 'saute-vent' (French for 'change wind') instead of a traditional windscreen, and dividing the interior into two distinct compartments by continuing the bodywork between the seats, which also serves as an air inlet feeding the mid-mounted 5.0 L V10


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: engine, giving the car a distinctly futuristic look along with increasing aerodynamic flow. The rear-view mirror is even electronically retractable to allow the driver to see behind, when necessary, or to retract it into the dashboard when not needed. Though considered more of a styling exercise than a working production vehicle, the final working show car only had to be modified slightly from the original computer-aided designs. Lamborghini was rumoured to be building 100 examples for customers, but decided to keep it as a styling exercise. Only 2 cars were ever produced: the high-window prototype sits in the Lamborghini museum


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: with no engine, while the running low-window prototype featured at Pebble Beach was up for auction on 10 December 2015 at RM Sotheby's Manhattan event "Driven by Disruption". It was expected to sell for $2.4 to 3 million, but failed to sell. The production spyder variant of the Gallardo was unveiled at the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 2006. It was considered by the company to be an entirely new model, with and a low-ratio six-speed manual transmission. The soft top is fully retractable. At the 2007 Geneva Auto Show, Lamborghini unveiled the Gallardo Superleggera. The name paid tribute


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: to the construction style of the first Lamborghini production model, the 350 GT, designed and built by Carrozzeria Touring and its emphasis on weight reduction. The Superleggera is lighter than the base Gallardo by due the use of carbon fibre panels for the rear diffuser, undertray, the rearview-mirror housings, the interior door panels, the central tunnel, engine cover; titanium wheel nuts and carbon fibre sports seats. The engine power was uprated by courtesy of an improved intake, exhaust and ECU for a total power output of . The 6-speed E-Gear transmission was standard on US spec models with the 6-speed


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: manual transmission offered as a no cost option. Production of the Superleggera amounted to 618 units worldwide. In December 2004, two Gallardos were donated to the Italian Polizia di Stato in honour of the force's 152nd anniversary, one was donated by Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. while a second one was donated by an independent organization. However, both of the cars were destroyed in the course of duty. When the Huracán, Gallardo's successor, was introduced, Lamborghini S.p.A produced personalised version for the Italian police force serving as the replacement of the destroyed cars. Two Gallardos have been "temporary" police cars for the


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: Metropolitan Police in London, one in 2005 and one in 2006, for specific publicity events. The 2006 vehicle was seen at the start of the 2006 Gumball Rally. Both vehicles were lent by Lamborghini London and were fitted with yellow and blue battenburg markings, police logos and a small blue lightbar. The Gallardo SE is a limited edition of 250 units introduced in 2005. It is distinguished from the regular Gallardo externally by a black-roofed two-tone color scheme as well as specially designed "Callisto" wheels. It also featured a two-tone interior further distinguishing it from the base model. All piping


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: and stitching on the ultra-quality leather are executed in the same color as the bodywork of the car. The midsections of the seats are finished in color-coded upholstery and even the black floormats have a color-coded border. A rear-view camera was standard on the Gallardo SE, as was the multimedia and navigation system, sports suspension and an exclusive cover. The optional E-gear transmission came with a new function: 'thrust' mode. This feature automatically revs the car to 5,000 rpm then drops the clutch engaging all four wheels in a controlled burnout to ensure that the car performs maximum acceleration. The


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: Gallardo Nera is a special edition (limited to 185 units) of the Gallardo and was introduced at the Paris Motor Show. The car was designed to showcase the customization options available to the customer in the Ad Personam program. It features special matte black body panels and was only available in a special shade of black: a combination of Nero Serapis and Nero Noctis. Brake calipers are painted a special silver and the taillights are smoked to match the darker paint scheme. The interior is stitched from high-contrast black and white leather in the Q-Citura (lozenge shaped) fashion. In 2007,


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: the Gallardo was entered in the FIA GT3 Championship, built by German motorsport specialists Reiter Engineering, who previously manufactured the Murciélago R-GT and the Diablo GTR Super Trophy racers. All the extra aerodynamic components were bolt-on parts, conforming with cost-effective regulations that meant the finished car had to closely resemble its road-going counterpart. Brembo racing brakes and OZ Racing wheels were also added. It was converted to rear wheel drive, other than when racing in the one-make Lamborghini Super Trofeo. The engine generated a maximum power output of at 7,800 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm. In 2007, the


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: Gallardo was entered by Japan Lamborghini Owners Club (JLOC) to the GT300 class of the Japanese Super GT Championship, the car had to conform to rather different regulations. It could produce no more than and must be rear wheel drive. The power was limited by air restrictors placed in the engine bay. The gearbox is a sequential 6-Speed twin-clutch setup. The rules regarding aerodynamics are far looser than those in FIA GT, meaning the Super GT car has more advanced aero, including a much bigger rear wing. It took a while to be competitive, only being consistently at the top


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: during the 2009 season. Lamborghini recalled about 1,500 Gallardo Coupé and Spyder models, from model years 2004 to 2006, because of the possibility of power steering fluid leaking and the risk of fire. The cars were built from May 2003 through April 2008. Presented at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, the Gallardo LP 560-4 was a significant update of the Gallardo, powered by a new, uneven firing V10 engine that produces at 8,000 rpm and of torque at 6,500 rpm. Featuring "Iniezione Diretta Stratificata" direct fuel injection system to improve efficiency; fuel consumption and CO emissions have been reduced by


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: 18% despite the increase in performance. The car was redesigned, inspired by the Murciélago LP 640 and Reventón. The new engine, more powerful than in the previous car, comes with two transmission choices: a 6-speed manual or 6-speed E-gear, the latter of which was revised to offer a Corsa mode which makes 40% quicker shifts than before and decreases traction control restrictions, a Thrust Mode launch control system was also added. Accompanied with a weight reduction. All the improvements add up to a claimed performance of 0- in 3.7 seconds, 0- of 11.8 and a top speed of . The


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: MSRP base price was $198,000 in the US and £147,330 (including NavTrak vehicle tracking system and delivery package) in the UK. The first US car was sold in the 16th Annual Race to Erase MS charity auction for $198,000 to former True Religion Jeans co-founder/co-creator Kymberly Gold and music producer Victor Newman. The Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560-4 Spyder was unveiled at the 2008 LA Auto Show. as the replacement for the previous Gallardo Spyder. It is the convertible model of the Gallardo LP 560-4 and as such possess all of its features like the new uneven firing V10 engine, improved


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: E-gear transmission and weight reduction. Performance has been improved to 0- in 3.8 seconds, 0- of 13.1 and a top speed of Japan models went on sale in July 2009. In March 2010, Lamborghini announced the release of the Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera, a lightweight and more powerful version of the Gallardo LP 560-4 in the same vein as the previous Superleggera. With carbon fibre used extensively inside and out to reduce weight to just making it the lightest road-going Lamborghini in the range. The odd firing 5.2L V10 on the LP 570-4 gets a power bump over the standard


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: Gallardo to at 8,000 rpm and at 6,500 rpm of torque. Performance has been improved to 0- in 3.2 seconds, and a top speed. Taiwan models went on sale in June 2010, with delivery beginning in July 2010. Lamborghini Gallardo LP570-4 Superleggera has a power to weight ratio of per horsepower. In November 2010, Lamborghini announced the LP 570-4 Spyder Performante, a convertible version of the LP 570-4 Superleggera. Employing the same odd firing 5.2L V10 and with a curb weight of , heavier than the coupé as usual with coupé based convertibles, the LP 570-4 Spyder Performante goes from


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: 0 to in 3.9 seconds, to in 12.0 seconds and has a top speed of . Taiwan models went on sale in April 2011, with delivery beginning in July 2011. Following the LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni and LP 550-2 Bicolore special editions, the LP 550-2 Coupé was offered by Lamborghini in the 2011 model year as the lowest priced model in the Gallardo line-up. The rear-wheel drive LP 550-2 Coupé is distinguished by unique black side skirts and "LP 550-2" badging, suspension tuning borrowed from the Valentino Balboni edition and came equipped with a 6-speed manual transmission with E-gear available


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: as a cost option. The LP 550–2 AD is based on the LP 550-2 Coupé with Ad Personam customization, which includes transparent engine cover, engine room LED lighting, diamond pattern leather interior upholstery, travel package. The Taiwan model of the LP 550-2 Coupé went on sale on 9 July 2010. In 2012, the LP 550-2 Spyder was introduced with the same specifications as the Coupé, as the lowest priced Spyder model. The vehicle was unveiled in Balboni Ginza Tower. Japan models went on sale on 8 December 2011. The Gallardo LP560-4 Polizia is a police car version of the Gallardo


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: LP560-4 coupé for the Italian State Police. It features a camera recording system featuring a camera beside the rear view mirror, GPS navigation, a gun holster, a police radio, a Paletta warning sign, a portable screen, a refrigerator and defibrillator in the front cargo compartment, blu Polizia body colour, a police beacon with blue LEDs at the vehicle's front, roof, side, and rear. In October 2008, a private ceremony was held at the Viminale Palace where Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. donated a Gallardo LP560-4 Polizia, to the head of the Italian State Police, Prefect Antonio Manganelli. The new Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: Polizia was used as a replacement to its predecessor to fulfill roles with the Lazio Highway Police Department. Limited to 250 units, the Gallardo LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni was named after Lamborghini test driver Valentino Balboni and to his request, unlike the contemporary line-up, the Balboni is rear wheel drive, reducing the curb weight by to . The engine is rated at . Other features include re-calibrated optional E-gear transmission, redeveloped 45% limited slip differential, full leather black upholstery with white colour strips, Polar white centre console, a stripe down the centre of the car, and a badge below the


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: left side window bears the signature of Valentino Balboni and the production number of the car. On right hand drive cars, the badge is located at the bottom of the right hand drive rear window. A special one off Balboni was created by the Singapore distributor of Lamborghini (Eurosport) which had Superleggera seats and a full Reiter Engineering Super Trofeo Strada body derived directly from the Super Trofeo series cars. This one off Balboni was viewed as the predecessor to the Singapore Edition limited run LP550-2 (see below) which had a stripped out Superleggera interior, Superleggera side skirts, rear deck,


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: rear diffuser and front bumper (sans Superleggera rear wing) but which critically was a 2wd car which catered to the enthusiast driver. This special Balboni was exported from Singapore to Indonesia in 2015. Lamborghini claims the LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni can reach a top speed of and reach in 3.9 seconds. The Gallardo LP 560-4 Gold Edition(金色限量版) is a limited (10 units) version of the Gallardo LP 560-4 for the Chinese market, with gold body colour, black engine cover frame, LED headlamps, Cordelia glossy wheels, red brake calipers, black interior, red stitching and embroidery at steering wheel and head rest.


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2012 Shenzhen-HongKong-Macau International Auto Show, and was sold for 3.988 million yuan (USD $810,000). The Bicolore is a special edition of the Gallardo, available in both LP 560-4 and LP 550-2 trims. Released in 2010 it features a unique two-tone paint job. The car was available only in orange, yellow, grey, white or blue with a black roof with unique Skorplus alloy rims. Taiwan model of the LP 560-4 Bicolore went on sale on 10 March 2011. The LP550-2 Super Trofeo is a version of the LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni for the Hong Kong


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: market. It does not include the centre stripe of the original car. It includes an e-Gear transmission, Super Trofeo body kit (tail wing, front and tail diffuser, side skirts), front and side airbags, TFT screen with USB/iPod connection, GPS with Bluetooth, front axle height control. The LP 570-4 Superleggera Nero Nemesis (消光黑色特別版) is a version of the LP 570-4 Superleggera for the Taiwan market, with matte black body colour, matte black interior upholstery, silver interior stitching, 4-point seat belt. The vehicle was available for sale from 2010 to 2013. The LP 570-4 Superleggera Bianco Canopus Limited Edition (中華民國建國百年特仕車) is a


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: version of the LP 570-4 Superleggera for the Taiwan market, commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Republic of China. It includes matte white body colour, e-gear transmission, silver interior stitching, and 4-point seat belts. The vehicle went on sale during the 100th year of the Republic of China, with pre-order which began in February 2011. The LP 550-2 Tricolore is a version of the Gallardo LP 550-2 for the Europe, Middle East, and Asian Pacific markets, commemorating the 150th anniversary of Italian unification. It includes green, white, and red stripes (representing the flag of Italy) from cargo bay to engine


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: cover; white body colour, carbon fibre rear view mirror and side skirts taken from the Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera, matte black front air intake grille from the Gallardo LP 570-4 Superleggera, black interior, green, white, red stripes at left seat aligned to the exterior tricolor stripes; 'Tricolore' embroidering at driver seat, e-gear panel and steering wheel in carbon fibre, Alcantara upholstery at centre console and door trim, Nero Perseus black leather upholstery, 'Tricolore' plaque at door sill, seat side and inner window frame. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2011 Turin Auto Show. Taiwan models of the LP 550-2 Tricolore


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: went on sale on 2 June 2011. Presented at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show, the Super Trofeo Stradale was a limited (150 units) version of the LP570-4 Superleggera. Boasting a dry weight of , it is lighter than a comparably equipped LP570-4 Superleggera. Essentially a road version of the Super Trofeo race car, equipped with the same adjustable rear spoiler that offers an aerodynamic load 3 times that of the standard Gallardo LP 560-4 for increased dynamic stability during tight, high-speed driving. Another element taken directly from the racing version was the removable engine hood with quick-release system. The vehicle


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: includes Rosso Mars (red) body colour, 6-speed E-gear transmission, carbon fibre and Alcantara interior upholstery with red stitching, double-A-arm suspension, 19-inch wheels, titanium bearing and bolts, Pirelli P Zero Corsa tires. Optional equipment includes carbon-ceramic brake discs, a tubular interior roll cage, 4-point safety belts and fire extinguisher, satellite navigation, with Bluetooth connection for mobile phones, an anti-theft system, grey or white brake calipers and a lifting system that raises the front axle. The Taiwan model was sold in limited quantities (3 units), with both road and track versions. The road version includes exclusive carbon fibre tail wing and engine


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: cover, Alcantara interior upholstery and Alcantara racing seats. The track version includes a racing type roll cage, red 4-point seat belts, travel package and a chrome and carbon fibre interior package. The car won the Targa Tasmania in 2010. The Singapore Limited Edition was a limited (10 units) version of the Gallardo LP 550-2 in Singapore, celebrating 10 years of Lamborghini's presence in Singapore. Available in black and white primary body color with red side stripes accented by a badge featuring the Merlion, it includes parts taken from the LP570-4 Superleggera such as the front spoiler, a rear wing, a


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: wheel set and interior trim. The vehicle went on sale with SGD$20000 from the sale of each car donated to The Straits Times School Pocket Money Fund. Delivery took place at the Mandarin Oriental hotel in Singapore. It was a version of the Lamborghini Gallardo LP560-4 for Panama's National Police, seized from David Murcia Guzman of DMG Group Holding, S.A. The LP 550-2 Hong Kong Edition commemorates the 20th anniversary of Lamborghini cars being sold in Hong Kong. Modifications on the model include custom paint with a coat of Bianco Monocerus, a white color, matte gold stripes that run the


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: length of the hood, over the roof, and down the rear. Matte black accents round out the paint work with a matte black rear bumper and spoiler, side skirts, and spoiler, with HK20 graphics on the front spoiler, rear fascia and side sills. These extend to the interior on the headrests and center console. Only 8 will be produced with pricing at $3,680,000 each. The Gallardo Malaysia Limited Edition is a limited edition (20 units) version of the Gallardo LP 550-2 for the Malaysian market. Available in Blanco Monocerus (solid white), Verde Ithaca (pearl green) and Arancio Borealis (pearl orange)


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: body color, it includes the body kit from the LP 570-4 Superleggera (front bumper, carbon side skirts, 4 titanium exhaust tips and a carbon fibre rear diffuser), a different interior with Alcantara and leather with bespoke stitching and a 6-speed E-gear transmission. The vehicle was unveiled at Eminent Century Sdn Bhd, the official Malaysian importer of Lamborghini cars, and JH Italia Sdn Bhd, the sole dealer, in Kuala Lumpur. The vehicle went on sale for RM868,000 before duties, road tax and insurance (RM 1,680,000 excluding insurance). To mark its 50th anniversary, Lamborghini wanted to provide something special for the Indian


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: market where they had found a good business potential, hence a limited edition of six cars was launched based off the best selling variant of the Gallardo, the LP 550-2. To suit the Indian road conditions, the car features a lift suspension. With the push of a button, the ground clearance increases by taking it to . These 6 cars were then split into 3 groups; based on the colours. 2 cars were produced in Arancio Borealis (pearl orange), 2 in Bianco Isis (pearl white) and 2 in Verde Ithaca (pearl green), representing the colours of the Indian Flag. All


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: cars featured the Indian flag tricolour stripes running the entire length of the car and engine intake manifold cover in the same colour. The Gallardo LP550-2 Indonesia Limited Edition is based on the LP550-2 model but features a Superleggera style body and a bright green Verde Ithaca body colour. It was limited to the Indonesian Market only and available in January 2013. The 2013 Gallardo LP550-2 Indonesia Limited Edition received several items from the option list as standard equipment, the most eye catching naturally being the Superleggera bumpers and side skirts, a glass engine cover with the optional LED lights


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: installed which gave an even better view of the V10 engine at night and available with E-Gear transmission. The wheels are the regular dual five spoke Apollo wheels seen on the Gallardo LP560-4 model, but finished in glossy black for the Indonesian edition. The LP 560-4 Noctis is a version of the Gallardo LP 560-4 with two-tone colour schemes, for Hong Kong and Chinese markets. Available in dark grey/silver and dark blue/silver body colour, 6-speed E-gear transmission, 19-inch alloy wheels, black leather and grey Alcantara upholstery, adjustable suspension. The vehicle was unveiled at the Auto Guangzhou 2011, and later the


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: 2012 Auto Qingdao. The Chinese version was sold for 3,980,000 yuan. The Gallardo LP 560-4 Bianco Rosso (ガヤルド LP560-4 ビアンコ・ロッソ) is a limited (10 units) version of the Gallardo LP 560-4 coupé for the Japanese market, commemorating 45 years of importing Lamborghini to Japan and 10 years of Lamborghini Japan, inspired by Japan's flag. Designed by Lamborghini Design Centre, it includes red side mirror cover, red engine cover frame, red brake caliper, black interior, red leather upholstery at side side holder, door handle, hand brake; rear view camera, LED headlight package, 19-inch high gloss black Cordelia wheels, car navigation system,


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: lifting system. The vehicle went on sale on 18 May 2012 for 25.41 million yen ($320,100 US). Marrone Apus (matte brown), Giallo Horus (matte gold), Nero Nemesis (matte black), Bianco Canopus (matte white) body colours were introduced to the Taiwan market on 10 August 2010. In May 2009 Lamborghini introduced what it calls the 'Fastest one-make series in the world', featuring the Gallardo LP 560-4 Super Trofeo, a race-prepared version of the newer Gallardo LP560-4. The series supported European race series such as Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (DTM), FIA GT Series and the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC), featuring 18 races


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: overall and having a 30-car grid consisting of privateer teams as well as Lamborghini dealer teams and one factory team featuring guest drivers. The Super Trofeo race car was based on the Gallardo LP 560-4 sports car, but with a reworked chassis, dramatic body work/aerodynamics and a direct injection odd firing V10 engine rated at with higher compression ratio of 12.5:1, variable valve timing all prepared by the Reiter Engineering group. The car has dry weight of . E-gear transmission was standard. The race car and parts package cost €200,000 (US$284,300) plus tax, available via Lamborghini dealerships, with support and


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: parts sales trackside. The final motorsport iteration of the Gallardo was created externally by Lamborghini's long time motorsport partner Reiter Engineering. Introduced in 2014 the Reiter Extenso, later known as the Gallardo R-EX, extended the racing life of the Gallardo beyond the introduction of its replacement the Lamborghini Huracán GT3. West Racing campaigned an LP560 GT in the GT class of the American Le Mans Series for certain races of the 2011 season. However, as of July 2011, the team announced that they were developing a new car and by implication would no longer race the LP560. DP7 Racing has


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: currently entered two Gallardos in the Speed World Challenge GT Series, driven by Dan Pastorini and Chip Herr. In a test drive of the LP 550-2 Valentino Balboni, the test driver bearing the name of the car said he was against E-gear because it takes some amount of vehicle control away from the driver, and all-wheel drive Lamborghinis from the beginning, and the company was divided over AWD cars. In that review, an LP 550-2 with E-Gear was tested. As part of the Gallardo LP570-4 Superleggera launch in Taiwan, Jean-Michel Lorain of the La Côte Saint Jacques restaurant was invited


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: by Taiwan Lamborghini dealer Gramus International Co., Ltd. and Taiwan American Express company to cook French meals at The Landis Taipei Paris 1930 between 1 December 2010 and 4 December 2010, and at the Le Moût restaurant between 6 December 2010 and 9 December 2010, with a Gallardo LP570-4 Superleggera Nero Nemesis unveiled at the 1st floor lounge of The Landis Taipei hotel. In addition, for Lamborghini buyers using an American Express card until 31 December 2010, all Lamborghini vehicles got an order price of 2 million NTD, and Lamborghini LP 570-4 Superleggera Nero Nemesis buyers using an American Express


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: Centurion card can purchase the vehicle for 17,880,000 NTD. At the end of its production run, Lamborghini produced special editions of the Gallardo featuring parts from its Gallardo Super Trofeo race cars. These editions were based off on all the basic variants of the Gallardo and the cars receiving such modifications were given the Edizione Technica designation in addition to their names. Changes to the Gallardo LP 560-4 and the LP 550-2 includes revised front fascias with triangular and trapezoidal forms with diagonal elements in body color and black, larger air intakes ahead of the front wheels, new 19-inch "Apollo


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: polished" alloy wheels in matte black with spokes in polished silver, redesigned rear end with a wider surface area, optional Style Package (high-gloss black paintwork on the underside of the front spoiler, front and rear grilles and the transverse element of the rear trim). The LP 570-4 Edizione Tecnica was based on the LP 570-4 Superleggera and the LP 570-4 Spyder Performante, with a fixed rear wing, carbon-ceramic brakes, roof arch and front air intakes painted in contrasting color schemes (Nero Nemesis (matt black) body with Arancio Argos (orange) pillars and front air intakes, Bianco Canopus (matt white) body with


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: Arancio Argos pillars and front air intakes, and Arancio Argos body with Nero Nemesis pillars and front air intakes). The vehicles were unveiled at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, followed by the 2013 Shanghai Motor Show (in which a Gallardo LP 560-4 Spyder Edizione Technica in Grigio Telesto paint scheme was unveieled). The vehicles were available at Lamborghini dealerships from November 2012. Early models include the LP 550-2 (Coupé/Spyder), LP 560-4 (Coupé/Spyder), LP 570-4 (Superleggera/Spyder Performante). The 2013 LP 570-4 Super Trofeo is a race car version of the Gallardo LP 570-4 for the Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo series. It


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: features adjustable aerodynamic devices, a ten-position rear wing and improved front brake cooling over the 2012 Gallardo via remodeled brake ducts. The vehicle was unveiled at the final round of the 2012 Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo European series in Los Arcos, Navarra. The Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo Asia (亞洲限量版) is a limited (3 units, 1 in Taiwan, 1 in Thailand and no one knows about the other one) version of the LP 570-4 Super Trofeo 2013 for the Asian market. It includes a matte black carbon fibre tail wing, matt black carbon fibre engine cover, yellow body colour, high


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: gloss carbon fibre door pedal, rear diffuser, rear view mirror cover; red ceramic carbon fibre brake caliper, Alcantara interior upholstery, 'Super Trofeo Asia' plaque at red rear window frame interior border with serial number, red stitching, carbon fibre upholstery at door trim, racing seats, centre console. The Gallardo LP 560-2 50° Anniversario is a version of the Gallardo LP 550-2 Coupé with increased engine power to , clear carbon fiber rear wing from the original Gallardo Superleggera, transparent engine cover, dark grey Scorpius wheels and a Bianco Opalis (white metallic) body colour. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 Shanghai


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: Motor Show, followed by The 2013 Quail Motorsport Gathering. Unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show, the Lamborghini Gallardo LP 570-4 Squadra Corse is a limited production (50 units, 15 in USA, 3 in Canada) street-legal version of the Lamborghini Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo 2013 race car. It features a removable engine cover with quick-release system, different front and rear bumpers, rear wing and the engine cover made from carbon composite material, carbon-ceramic brake system, e-gear six-speed transmission with, tricolore decals on the sides. It was available in 4 body colours (Giallo Midas (yellow), Bianco Monocerus (white), Grigio Thalasso


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: (grey) and Rosso Mars (red)), matte black rear wing with contrasts in body colour, hood, front air intakes, rear diffuser and 19-inch forged wheels in high-gloss black; choice of three brake calliper colours (red, black, yellow), carbon fibre (at door panels, racing seats and centre console cover, handbrake frame, the middle of the centre console, the lower rim of the steering wheel, the trim around the main and secondary instrument panels, the door handles, the handle for opening the glove box) and Alcantara (at underside of the dashboard, central panel of the seat cushion and the backrest) interior upholstery, bucket


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: seats (optional comfort seats). The rear wing was reported to produce three times more downforce than the standard Gallardo's electronically adjusted spoiler. The US model was offered in Giallo Midas colour only. Deliveries of the vehicle began in September 2013. The Gallardo LP 560-4 Macau GP is a limited (3 units) version of the Gallardo LP 560-4 Coupé for the Taiwan market, commemorating Hanss Lin (#38) of the Taiwan-based Gama Racing Team taking 2nd place in the Macau race of the 2013 Lamborghini Super Trofeo Asia series. Changes include the Gallardo Super Trofeo parts (front/rear bumpers, adjustable rear wing and


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: diffuser, front skirt, detachable carbon fibre engine cover), orange body colour, hexagon '63' decal and tricolore stripes unnung throughout the whole vehicle. The vehicle was unveiled at the Lamborghini Taipei event between 26 December 2013 and 30 December 2013, and went on sale for $16 million NTD. The Gallardo Super Trofeo was used in the 2012 Race of Champions. The last Lamborghini vehicle with a manual transmission was reported to be a Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560-2 50° Anniversario by "Popular Mechanics". On 25 November 2013, the last Lamborghini Gallardo, a LP 570-4 Spyder Performante with Rosso Mars (red) body colour,


title: "Lamborghini Gallardo" content: was built at the Sant'Agata Bolognese factory, to be received by a private collector in the upcoming weeks. A total of 14,022 units of the Lamborghini Gallardo had been built during its 10-year product cycle. Lamborghini Gallardo The Lamborghini Gallardo (; ) is a sports car built by the Italian automotive manufacturer Lamborghini from 2003 to 2013. It is Lamborghini's first best-selling model with 14,022 built throughout its production run. Named after a famous breed of fighting bull, the V10 powered Gallardo has been Lamborghini's sales leader and stable-mate to a succession of V12 flagship models—first to the Murciélago (4,099


title: "Danes (Germanic tribe)" content: time the Danes entire lineage of semi-mythical kings, starting from King Dan. As Saxo's texts are the first written accounts of Denmark's history, and hence the Danes, his sources are largely surviving legends, folk lore and word of mouth. The royal seat and capital of the Danes was located on Zealand near Lejre and constituted what has later been dubbed the Lejre Kingdom, ruled by the Skjöldung dynasty. Beginning in the 8th century, the Danes initiated the construction of trading towns across their realm, including Hedeby, Ribe, Aarhus and Viborg and expanded existing settlements such as Odense and Aalborg. Hedeby


title: "Sardar Sarovar Dam" content: than , most of it in drought prone areas of Kutch and Saurashtra. The dam's main power plant houses six 200 MW Francis pump-turbines to generate electricity and include a pumped-storage capability. Additionally, a power plant on the intake for the main canal contains five 50 MW Kaplan turbine-generators. The total installed capacity of the power facilities is 1,450 MW. To the south west Malwa plateau, the dissected hill tracts culminate in the Mathwar hills, located in Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Below these hills Narmada river flows through a long, terrific gorge. This gorge extends into Gujarat where the


title: "Gus Edwards" content: songs, the youngster would stand up in the audience, and pretending to be completely overcome by the song, break out in an "extemporaneous" solo of the same tune. In this way, the young Edwards would often sit in a balcony seat, and then stand and repeat a song that vaudeville stars such as Maggie Cline, Lottie Gilson or Emma Carus had just sung. In 1896, Edwards was just 17 years old and appearing at Johnny Palmer's Gaiety Saloon in Brooklyn, when James Hyde, a vaudeville agent, saw him performing. He booked a tour for Edwards and four other boys as


title: "Cristiano Ronaldo" content: team success in Spain to date, as he helped Real Madrid win "La Décima", their tenth European Cup. In the knockout phase of the competition, he scored a brace in each leg of a 9–2 aggregate win against Schalke 04, helping Madrid advance to the quarter-finals. His goal in a 3–0 home win over Borussia Dortmund—his 100th Champions League match—took his total for the season to 14 goals, equalling the record Messi had set two years before. After hitting a brace in a 4–0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena, he scored from the penalty spot in the


title: "Ama Ata Aidoo" content: She has portrayed the role of African women in contemporary society. She has opined that the idea of nationalism has been deployed by recent leaders as a means of keeping people oppressed. She has criticized those literate Africans who profess to love their country but are seduced away by the benefits of the developed world. She believes in a distinct African identity, which she views from a female perspective. She worked in the United States, where she held a fellowship in creative writing at Stanford University. She also served as a research fellow at the Institute of African Studies, University


title: "Quantitative trait locus" content: accurately than single-QTL approaches, especially in small mapping populations where the effect of correlation between genotypes in the mapping population may be problematic. In this method, one performs interval mapping using a subset of marker loci as covariates. These markers serve as proxies for other QTLs to increase the resolution of interval mapping, by accounting for linked QTLs and reducing the residual variation. The key problem with CIM concerns the choice of suitable marker loci to serve as covariates; once these have been chosen, CIM turns the model selection problem into a single-dimensional scan. The choice of marker covariates has


title: "Train surfing" content: riding on rooftops and footboards of trains was common, but over time, starting from the second half of the 19th century, with an increase in the sizes and speed of trains, passenger coaches began to be produced fully covered and insulated from streets with a placement of all passenger seats inside carriages in order to improve the safety of passengers and prevent people falling from a moving train. However, some individuals continued riding on the outside of trains to travel without having a ticket. In the United States, this became a common means of transportation following the American Civil War


title: "Uppingham School" content: headmaster from 1934–1944, was notable for later chairing the Wolfenden Committee whose report recommending the decriminalisation of homosexuality, was published in 1957. Uppingham has a tradition of high musical standards, based on the work of Paul David and Robert Sterndale Bennett and has opened a new music school, a fusion of new and old buildings named after the first Director of Music, Paul David. Uppingham has the greatest area of playing fields of any school in England, in three separate areas on different sides of the town: the Leicester to the west, the Middle to the south, and the Upper


title: "V-3 cannon" content: project was further cut back from five drifts to three, even though work had begun on some of the other drifts. The site was finally put out of commission on 6 July 1944, when bombers of RAF Bomber Command's 617 Squadron (the famous "Dambusters") attacked using "Tallboy" deep-penetration bombs. The project eventually came under the control of the SS, and SS General Hans Kammler ordered it to be ready for action in late 1944, assisted by Walter Dornberger. A battery was constructed of two shorter V-3 guns approximately long with 12 side-chambers, and it was placed in the hands of


title: "Whitewater Region" content: Public, was built in 1938 and initially served as a high school until Opeongo High School was built. In 1613, French explorer Samuel de Champlain, traveled through an area very near Cobden while exploring the Ottawa River. Due to the Chenaux Rapids, Champlain and his men were forced to portage. They presumably took shore in Browns Bay near present-day McKenzie's Hill. In 1953 a large rock was found in this area bearing a chiseled inscription. Though the inscription was hard to read it was determined that it said "Champlain Juin 2, 1613". Champlain's trail from this point is debatable. He


title: "Meadowlands Arena" content: Entertainment LLC, most future events scheduled for Izod Center were moved to Prudential Center, and Izod Center will be left dormant. While the arena was originally expected to be shut down by the end of January, logistical issues required certain upcoming events to still be held at Izod: its final event was a Ringling Bros. circus event in March 2015. Under the terms of the agreement, the operators of Prudential Center received the profits from any events held at Izod Center after January 31, 2015. On July 14, 2016, "The Record" reported that Devils Arena Entertainment had yet to pay


title: PhpGedView content: mode. From version 4 on, it works only with a database. PhpGedView (version 4.1 and up) supports output to GRAMPS XML file format. PhpGedView can be extended using modules. Several modules are available: interfaces to Gallery 2, phpBB, Lightbox (JavaScript), and Google Maps. PhpGedView previously had an integration module for Joomla which has since been discontinued. PhpGedView PhpGedView is a free PHP-based web application for working with genealogy data on the Internet. The project was founded and is headed by John Finlay. It is licensed under GPL. PhpGedView is hosted on Sourceforge, where it was Project of the Month in


title: "Skeletal formula" content: bonded by sharing more than one pair of electrons. The common bonds to carbon are single, double and triple bonds. Single bonds are most common and are represented by a single, solid line between two atoms in a skeletal formula. Double bonds are denoted by two parallel lines, and triple bonds are shown by three parallel lines. In more advanced theories of bonding, non-integer values of bond order exist. In these cases, a combination of solid and dashed lines indicate the integer and non-integer parts of the bond order, respectively. In recent years, benzene is generally depicted as a hexagon


title: "Player versus player" content: Some games offer open PvP (also sometimes called world PvP), where one player can attack another without warning anywhere in the game world. A pure PK game is one where PvP conflict is the only gameplay offered. Ganking (short for gang killing) is a type of PKing in which the killer has a significant advantage over his victim, such as being part of a group, being a higher level, or attacking the victim while they are at low health. PvP can also create additional facets in the community. In "Ultima Online" and "Asheron's Call", a rift formed between those who


title: "Aleksandr Vasilevsky" content: honorary position. In 1973, he published his memoirs, "The Cause of My Whole Life." Aleksandr Vasilevsky died on December 5, 1977. His body was cremated and his ashes immured in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. In his memoirs, Vasilevsky recalls Stalin's astonishment when, at a ceremony taking place in the Kremlin on December 4, 1941, the Soviet leader saw just a single Order of the Red Star and the medal "XX years of the RKKA" on Vasilevsky's uniform. However, Vasilevsky eventually became one of the most decorated commanders in Soviet history. Vasilevsky was awarded the Gold Star of Hero of the


title: "Geranium robertianum" content: Geranium robertianum Geranium robertianum, commonly known as herb-Robert, red robin, death come quickly, storksbill, fox geranium, stinking Bob, squinter-pip (Shropshire), crow's foot, or (in North America) Roberts geranium, is a common species of cranesbill native to Europe and parts of Asia, North America, and North Africa. It grows as a procumbent to erect annual or biennial plant, up to fifty centimetres high, producing small, pink, five-petalled flowers (8–14 mm in diameter) from April until the autumn. The leaves are deeply dissected, ternate to palmate, and the stems often reddish; the leaves also turn red at the end of the flowering


title: "Geranium robertianum" content: season. Its main area of distribution is Europe from the north Mediterranean coast to the Baltic and from the British Isles in the west to the Caucasus in the east, and eastern North America. "Geranium robertianum" is common throughout Great Britain and Ireland in woodland, hedgerows, scree and maritime shingle. It grows at altitudes from sea level to in Teesdale, England and above in parts of mainland Europe on calcareous alpine screes. In traditional herbalism, herb Robert was used as a remedy for toothache and nosebleeds and as a vulnerary (used for or useful in healing wounds). The name has


title: "Geranium robertianum" content: been explained as a reference to abbot and herbalist Robert of Molesme. Freshly picked leaves have an odor resembling burning tires when crushed, and if they are rubbed on the body the smell is said to repel mosquitoes. The active ingredients are tannins, a bitter compound called geraniin, and essential oils. It was carried to attract good luck, and due to its analogical association with storks, to enhance fertility. Geranium robertianum Geranium robertianum, commonly known as herb-Robert, red robin, death come quickly, storksbill, fox geranium, stinking Bob, squinter-pip (Shropshire), crow's foot, or (in North America) Roberts geranium, is a common


title: "The Bridges at Toko-Ri" content: who explains that Forney saved her husband from freezing to death when he had to ditch his jet at sea and warns her that when they return to Korea, Brubaker will have to attack the dangerous bridges at Toko-Ri. He advises her to face the reality that Harry might be killed, which neither his wife nor daughter-in-law did, and thus were crushed by despair. Late that night Nancy asks Brubaker about the bridges. Back on a carrier off Korea, Brubaker flies as wingman for Commander Lee (Charles McGraw), the carrier air group commander known as "CAG," on a dangerous reconnaissance


title: "Alice (TV series)" content: Jolene frequently mentions her grandmother, "Granny Gums", who had only three or four teeth. Jolene also mentions her distant relative Jefferson Davis "Boss" Hogg, a character from the concurrent CBS series "The Dukes of Hazzard." In one episode Sorrell Booke guest stars in this role, along with fellow "Dukes" character Enos (Sonny Shroyer). The latter years of the show focused on some character development, such as the hasty courtship and marriage of Vera and lovable cop Elliot (Charles Levin). Tommy eventually goes to college and is seen less frequently. In the final season, the character of Alice was absent several


title: Walensee content: Walensee The Walensee is one of the larger lakes in Switzerland. About 2/3 of its surface in the Canton of St. Gallen and about 1/3 in the Canton of Glarus. It is also known as "Lake Walen" or "Lake Walenstadt", after Walenstadt. Other towns and villages at the lake include: Weesen, Quinten, Quarten, and Murg. The three main rivers leading to this lake are the Seez, Murgbach, and Linth. The latter continues its course from Walensee to Lake Zurich. The Schnittlauchinsel, located at the eastern end of the lake, is the only island in the Walensee. The Churfirsten range raises


title: Walensee content: steeply on the north side from the lake's level at 419 m to 2,306 m above sea level. On the south, the lake is overlooked by the massif of the Mürtschenstock, culminating at 2,441 m. The highest point of the lake's drainage basin is the Tödi (3,614 m). The lake provided the inspiration for a solo piano piece by Hungarian romantic composer Franz Liszt, called Au lac de Wallenstadt. The piece is part of a collection of solo piano works inspired by the composer's travels in 1830s Switzerland. Walensee The Walensee is one of the larger lakes in Switzerland. About


title: "Linum bienne" content: Linum bienne Linum bienne, the pale flax, is a flowering plant in the genus "Linum", native to the Mediterranean region and western Europe, north to England and Ireland. Pale flax grows as a biennial or perennial plant in dry, sunny calcareous or neutral grasslands from sea level up to 1000 m. It has long, narrow stems to 60 cm tall and slender leaves 1.5-2.5 cm long. The flowers have five petals about 1 cm long and nearly round; they are pale blue but streaked with darker colour. It flowers in late spring and, at least in more temperate regions, through


title: "Linum bienne" content: the summer. The flowers are monoecious and are pollinated by bees and wasps. "Linum bienne" (="L. angustifolium") is considered the probable wild forebear of the cultivated flax, and a fibre can be made from its stem. It is sometimes grown as a garden plant. It has been introduced into North America, where it is naturalized on the Pacific coast from Oregon to the central coast of California, and also in Pennsylvania; it is found in Hawaii, as well. Linum bienne Linum bienne, the pale flax, is a flowering plant in the genus "Linum", native to the Mediterranean region and western


title: "Guillermo Coria" content: Barcelona against Michel Kratochvil. Coria was initially banned from tennis for two years, starting in August 2001, and was fined $98,565. Coria claimed that the only supplement that he was taking was a multivitamin made by a New Jersey supplements company. His family employed a private lab to test the multivitamin, which was found to be contaminated with steroids. In December 2001, the ATP refused to acquit Coria, but reduced his ban from two years to seven months, which meant that he would be free to continue with his tennis career in March 2002. Coria sued the New Jersey supplements


title: "Dead zone (ecology)" content: 2015 dead zone measured 16,760 square kilometers (6,474 square miles). Nancy Rabalais of the Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium in Cocodrie, Louisiana predicted the dead zone or hypoxic zone in 2012 will cover an area of 17,353 sq kilometers (6,700 square miles) which is larger than Connecticut; however, when the measurements were completed, the area of hypoxic bottom water in 2012 only totaled 7,480 sq kilometers. The models using the nitrogen flux from the Mississippi River to predict the "dead zone" areas have been criticized for being systematically high from 2006 to 2014, having predicted record areas in 2007, 2008, 2009,


title: Meycauayan content: land and gentle rolling hills. Meycauayan is named to Filipino phrase "may kawayan" that means "with bamboo". Comfortably above sea level, this terrain is an interweaving of greenery and concrete road network. The slope of the land dips towards a west to north westerly direction. River, natural lake and drainage waterways envelope and criss-cross the area. Bulacan, a province of its name in its antiquity, is found between 120° 58’ 20” and the 127° 30’ longitude, with a latitude of 14° 41’ up to the 15°, the majority of the land, can be seen some mountains especially to the south


title: Colaba content: Colaba Colaba () or Kulābā is a part of the city of Mumbai, India, and also a Lok Sabha constituency. During Portuguese rule in the 16th century, the island was known as Candil. After the British took over the island in the late 17th century, it was known as Colio. The name Colaba comes from "Kolabhat", a word in the language of Kolis, the indigenous inhabitants of the islands, before the arrival of the Portuguese. The area that is now Colaba was originally a region consisting of two islands: Colaba and Little Colaba (or Old Woman's Island). The island of


title: Colaba content: Colaba was one of the Seven islands of Bombay ruled by the Portuguese. The Portuguese had acquired these lands from the Sultanate of Cambay by the Treaty of Bassein (1534). The group of islands was given by Portugal to Charles II of England as a dowry when he married Catherine of Braganza. The cession of Bombay and dependencies was strongly resented by Portuguese officials in Goa and Bombay, who resisted transfer of possession for several years, while the English representatives were confined to the island of Anjediva while negotiations continued. Angered by the back-tracking, Charles II leased these lands to


title: Colaba content: the British East India Company for a nominal annual rent. Gerald Aungier, second Governor of Bombay (1672), and the president of the English settlement of Surat, took possession of Colaba and Old Woman's Island on behalf of the Company in 1675. Portugal continued to hold Little Colaba island for several decades more before ceding it to the English in about 1762, subject to the retention of Portuguese ownership of a house on the island, that is now the Blessed Sacrament Chapel in Middle Colaba. This was leased by the Portuguese Government of Goa to the Bishop of Damao, the head


title: Colaba content: of the Padroado party in Bombay, as his residence. After an attempt by the Propaganda Fide party to seize the chapel, a court ruled that the house remained the property of the Government of Portugal and evicted the Propaganda Fide party. In 1743, British Colaba was leased to Richard Broughton at Rs. 200 yearly, and the lease was renewed in 1764. By 1796, Colaba had become a cantonment. Colaba was known for the variety of fishes – the bombil (Bombay duck), rawas, halwa, turtles, crabs, prawns and lobsters. A Colaba Observatory, a meteorological observatory was established in 1826 in the


title: Colaba content: part that was called Upper Colaba. The Colaba Causeway was completed in 1838, and thus, the remaining two islands were joined to the others. Gradually, Colaba became a commercial centre, after the Cotton Exchange was opened at Cotton Green in 1844. The real estate prices in the area went up. The Colaba Causeway was widened in 1861 and 1863. Colaba became a separate municipality ward in 1872. The Sick Bungalows (now known as INHS Ashvini) were built in the 19th century. The construction of the Anglican church of St. John the Evangelist (now known as Afghan Church after the First


title: Colaba content: Afghan War of 1838) began in 1847. The Church was consecrated in 1858, with the work on the steeple being concluded in 1865. The horse-drawn tram-cars were introduced in 1873 by Stearns and Kitteredge, who had their offices on the west side of the Causeway, where the Electric House now stands. The Prong's lighthouse was constructed at the southern tip of the island in 1875. The eponymous Sassoon Docks were built by David Sassoon on reclaimed land in the same year. The BB&CI Railways established the Colaba railway station or terminus, the site of which is now occupied by the


title: Colaba content: Badhwar Park layout. The development of Colaba pushed the native kolis to the edges of the island. The Bombay City Improvement Trust reclaimed around on the western shore of Colaba. Eminent citizens of Mumbai, such as Sir Pherozeshah Mehta, opposed the work, fearing that the reclamation would depress prices of land. However, the reclamation work continued and was completed in 1905. There was no fall in the land prices. In 1906, a seafront road with a raised sea-side promenade was completed, and named as "Cuffe Parade" after T. W. Cuffe of the Trust. The Gateway of India, the art deco


title: Colaba content: style Regal Theatre, the cafes (Café Mondegar, Cafe Royal and Leopold Cafe), and the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Royal Bombay Yacht Club, Bademiya Restaurant and Bagdadi restaurant, as well as a number of modern pubs, restaurants and clubs all add to the atmosphere . The southern tip is occupied by a military cantonment, including the large Navy Nagar layout built on reclaimed land known as Holiday Camp. The older parts of the cantonment retains its large, wooded spaces and is the only bit of green left in this otherwise congested area. In the midst of Navy Nagar lies the


title: Colaba content: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), one of India's leading scientific institutions. Colaba is renowned for high-end boutiques and imitation consumer goods, and is popular with tourists. Notable residents include Ratan Tata, Anil Ambani, and Ravi Shastri . Colaba Causeway, or just "Causeway" as it is known in Mumbai, offers everything from bracelets to perfumes to clothes to watches, clocks, DVDs and CDs. It has an old English charm and a very modern feel as well. Colaba is also the art center of Mumbai, with all the major galleries and museums located in and around this area. Colaba is home


title: Colaba content: to the Cooperage Football Ground. Nearest railway stations: On 26 November 2008, terrorist strikes occurred at various places in Colaba, notably the Taj Mahal Palace & Tower, Leopold Café and Mumbai Chabad House. The attacks resulted in over 100 deaths and significant damages. Colaba Colaba () or Kulābā is a part of the city of Mumbai, India, and also a Lok Sabha constituency. During Portuguese rule in the 16th century, the island was known as Candil. After the British took over the island in the late 17th century, it was known as Colio. The name Colaba comes from "Kolabhat", a


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: FirstEnergy Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, primarily for American football. It is the home field of the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL), and serves as a venue for other events such as college and high school football, soccer, and concerts. It opened in 1999 as Cleveland Browns Stadium and was renovated in two phases in early 2014 and 2015. The initial seating capacity was listed at 73,200 people, but following the first phase of the renovation project in 2014, seating capacity was reduced to 67,431. Since 2017, capacity is listed


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: at 67,895. The stadium sits on of land between Lake Erie and the Cleveland Memorial Shoreway in the North Coast Harbor area of downtown Cleveland, adjacent to the Great Lakes Science Center and Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The site was previously the location of Cleveland Stadium from 1931 to 1996. FirstEnergy Stadium is located on the site of Cleveland Stadium, commonly called Cleveland Municipal Stadium, a multipurpose facility built in 1931 that served as the Browns' home field from their inception in 1946 through the 1995 season. During the 1995 season, owner Art Modell announced his plans to


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: move the team to Baltimore, which resulted in legal action from the city of Cleveland and Browns season ticket holders. The day after the announcement was made, voters in Cuyahoga County approved an extension of the original 1990 sin tax on alcohol and tobacco products to fund renovations to Cleveland Stadium. Eventually, as part of the agreement between Modell, the city of Cleveland, and the NFL, the city agreed to tear down Cleveland Stadium and build a new stadium on the same site using the sin tax funds. Modell agreed to leave the Browns name, colors, and history in Cleveland


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: and create a new identity for his franchise, eventually becoming the Baltimore Ravens, while the NFL agreed to reactivate the Browns by 1999 through expansion or relocation of another team. Demolition on the old stadium began in November 1996 and was completed in early 1997. Debris from the former stadium was submerged in Lake Erie and now serves as an artificial reef. Ground was broken for the new stadium on May 15, 1997, and it opened in July 1999. The first event was a preseason game between the Browns and the Minnesota Vikings on August 21, followed the next week


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: by a preseason game against the Chicago Bears. The first regular-season Browns game at the stadium was played the evening of September 12, 1999, a 43–0 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. Since 2011, the stadium has been referred to by some as the "Factory of Sadness", a name that was first coined that year by comedian and Browns fan Mike Polk. Polk made a video outside the stadium in which he complains about the team's futility. Through the 2017 season, FirstEnergy Stadium is one of two NFL venues that have yet to host a postseason game of any kind, the


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: other being Mercedes-Benz Stadium, which opened in 2017 and is scheduled to host Super Bowl LIII in February 2019. The Browns are one of five teams who have yet to host a home playoff game in their respective stadium, along with the Atlanta Falcons, San Francisco 49ers, Detroit Lions, and New York Jets. The latter three teams, however, have hosted the Super Bowl at their respective stadiums, while the Jets' home, MetLife Stadium, has also hosted a New York Giants home playoff game. The stadium was designed by Populous, which was known at the time as the Sport Venue Event


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: Division of Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum (HOK). Indianapolis-based Huber, Hunt & Nichols was the construction manager. The stadium is a concrete and glass structure, using precast concrete and cast in-place for the upper concourse. Natural stone accents were used at the base of the stadium. The construction of the concrete superstructure took more than 6,000 truckloads of concrete, or the equivalent of , with a weight of approximately . The playing surface is a Kentucky Bluegrass irrigated field, with a sand-soil root zone and an underground heating system that involves nine boilers and 40 miles of underground piping. The heating


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: system prevents the field from freezing and extends the growing season of the turf. Although it was designed for football, the playing surface was built large enough to accommodate international soccer matches. The eastern seating section is the home of the Dawg Pound, a section of bleacher seats. It was designed as a successor to the original Dawg Pound at Cleveland Stadium, the bleacher section also located in the east end zone. When FirstEnergy Stadium opened in 1999, the Dawg Pound was a 10,644, double-deck area. During stadium renovations in 2014, the upper level of the Dawg Pound was reduced


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: to make way for a new, larger scoreboard, auxiliary scoreboard, and additional fan areas, and the bleacher seating in the upper level was replaced with chairbacks. In 2013, Browns owner Jimmy Haslam announced a modernization project for FirstEnergy Stadium. The project included two phases that took place during the NFL offseasons in 2014 and 2015. Phase one included improving the audio system, installing new scoreboards three times the size of the original scoreboards and at the time the 4th largest in a NFL stadium, and adding more seats to the lower bowl. Phase two included concession improvements, upgrades to technology


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: connectivity, graphics throughout the stadium, and enhancing the premium suites. The renovations reduced the stadium's capacity to approximately 68,000. The total cost of the renovations was estimated at $120 million with the city of Cleveland paying $30 million over 15 years and the Browns covering the rest of the cost. The city specifically chose not to sell the naming rights to the stadium itself, which is highly unusual for major American stadiums built in recent years. However, it instead sold the naming rights to each of the facility's four main entrance gates. Originally, the gates were named for National City


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: Bank, Steris Corp., CoreComm Inc., and the Cleveland Clinic Sports Health. The arrangement was later discontinued, though has since been partially restored. As of the 2018 season, the southwest gate is not sponsored, while the southeast gate is sponsored by and named for University Hospitals of Cleveland, the northeast gate by Cree Inc., and the northwest gate by Fifth Third Bank. The stadium is sometimes referred to as the "Factory of Sadness," due to the Browns' recent period of futility. Randy Lerner sold the Browns to Jimmy Haslam, CEO of truck stop chain Pilot Flying J, in August 2012. Before


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: the deal officially closed in October 2012, Haslam announced he would sell the stadium's naming rights. Haslam effectively ruled out his family business as buying the naming rights, mentioning that he had received offers for the naming rights, and that none of them are based in his home state of Tennessee. On January 14, 2013, it was reported that the naming rights were sold to FirstEnergy Corporation, the Akron-based electric utility serving most of northeastern Ohio. The Browns announced the following day that the stadium would be renamed "FirstEnergy Stadium, Home of the Cleveland Browns", with the deal getting official


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: Cleveland City Council approval on February 15, 2013. Though naming rights belong to FirstEnergy Corporation through 2029, the stadium itself is actually serviced by Cleveland Public Power. The stadium does not have public parking facilities. However, there are several adjacent parking facilities: the Port Authority visitors lot, the West 3rd Street parking lot, and the Great Lakes Science Center parking garage. Additionally, the West 3rd Street station of Cleveland's Waterfront light rail line serves the stadium. In addition to home games for the Browns, the stadium hosts other events during the year, including college football, high school football, and international


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: soccer, along with occasional concerts. The Ohio Classic, a college football game, was held there in both 2004 and 2005. In September 2006, it hosted the game between the Bowling Green Falcons and Wisconsin Badgers, which had an announced attendance of 30,307 people. From 2007 through 2009, the stadium hosted an event known as the Patriot Bowl, a season-opening game intended to showcase teams from the Mid-American Conference. The first Patriot Bowl featured the Army Black Knights and Akron Zips and drew 17,835 fans. The following season, Boston College defeated Kent State in the second Patriot Bowl on August 30,


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: 2008 in front of 10,788 people. The third and final Patriot Bowl game was between the Ohio State Buckeyes and Toledo Rockets. While the game was considered a home game for Toledo, the crowd of 71,727 was mostly Ohio State fans. It has hosted numerous high school football games, including playoff games of the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA) tournament. In June 2010, the Browns announced that four area powerhouses would play in doubleheader named the "High School Football Charity Game". The games were played on August 28, 2010. Most recently it hosted the rivalry game between two of


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: the Cleveland area's largest parochial schools, St. Ignatius High School and St. Edward High School, in October 2016, which had 17,400 fans in attendance. FirstEnergy Stadium is a periodic host for both the United States men's (USMNT) and women's national soccer (USWNT) teams. The stadium hosted a game between the USMNT and Venezuela in the run-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup and a game in 2013 against Belgium that drew 27,720 fans. The USWNT has played at the stadium on two occasions, the most recent being in 2016. It hosted a friendly against Germany in 2010 and the second


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: leg of a friendly series with Japan in 2016. The game against Japan had 23,535 fans in attendance, the largest crowd to see the USWNT play in Ohio. CONCACAF announced in December 2016 that FirstEnergy Stadium would host games in the group stage of the 2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup, with the USMNT playing at the stadium July 15, 2017 against Nicaragua as part of a doubleheader that also included Panama and Martinique. Both Panama and the United States won their respective matches by a score of 3–0. The stadium hosted the USWNT again on June 12, 2018, in a game


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: against China, won by the U.S. 2–1. A limited number of concerts have been held at FirstEnergy Stadium since it opened. The first concert held in the stadium was George Strait in 2000, followed in 2001 by NSYNC, as part of their "PopOdyssey" Tour, and The Three Tenors. Kenny Chesney has performed at the stadium on three occasions. His "Flip-Flop Summer Tour" came to Cleveland in 2007, followed by "The Poets and Pirates Tour" in 2008, and the "Brothers of the Sun Tour" in 2012. In 2015, the stadium was part of the circuits for One Direction and their "On


title: "FirstEnergy Stadium" content: the Road Again Tour" as well as Luke Bryan and his "Kick the Dust Up Tour". U2 performed at FirstEnergy Stadium July 1, 2017 as part of "The Joshua Tree Tour 2017". Tickets for the concert went on sale January 17 and were sold out the following day. Concerts held at the stadium in 2018 included Taylor Swift in Taylor Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour on July 17, followed by Beyoncé and Jay-Z on July 25 as part of their On the Run II Tour. FirstEnergy Stadium FirstEnergy Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, primarily for American


title: "Treaty of Westminster (1654)" content: of De Witt, who managed to avoid doing any major concession to England's maritime and colonial interests. Cromwell did not achieve his main objectives: the coveted political union came to naught and the E.I.C. remained in fact blocked from freedom of trade in the East Indies (this freedom for British commerce would be achieved only in the Treaty of Paris of 1784, ending the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War). On the other hand, the Dutch realized few of the objectives in their 36 articles. Matters like the freedom of the seas (as regards Dutch shipping), the principle of "free ship, free goods"


title: "Thomas Cushing" content: the resignation of Hancock and the election of James Bowdoin. Thomas was born in Boston, the capital of the British Province of Massachusetts Bay, on March 24, 1725, the second of at least seven children. The Cushing family, with deep roots in the province, descends from Deacon Matthew Cushing who emigrated from Norfolk, England, to Hingham in 1638. Thomas' father, also named Thomas (1694-1746), was one of the city's wealthiest merchants, a leading member of the Old South Church, and a city selectman. Thomas Sr. was a frequent moderator of town meetings, and accepted on behalf of the city of


title: "Nonviolent Communication" content: around the world. ... Empirical data is now coming slowly as independent researchers find their own funding to conduct and publish empirical studies with peer review. Richard Bowers' master's thesis (2012), updated to book form by Bowers and Moffett (2012), asserts that NVC has been absent from academic programs due to a lack of research into the theoretical basis for the model and lack of research on the reliability of positive results. Bowers' thesis meets the first objection through an analysis of existing theories which provide solid support for each element of the NVC (mediation) model. Without this theoretical understanding,


title: "Cladonia rangiferina" content: Cladonia rangiferina Cladonia rangiferina, also known as reindeer lichen (c.p. Sw. "renlav"), lat., is a light-colored, fruticose lichen belonging to the family Cladoniaceae. It grows in both hot and cold climates in well-drained, open environments. Found primarily in areas of alpine tundra, it is extremely cold-hardy. Other common names include reindeer moss, deer moss, and caribou moss, but these names may be misleading since it is not a moss. As the common names suggest, reindeer lichen is an important food for reindeer (caribou), and has economic importance as a result. Synonyms include "Cladina rangiferina" and "Lichen rangiferinus". Reindeer lichen, like