title: "Tsar Cannon" content: the Russian industry. If we render a Russian master able to create such a whopper cannon, the smaller ones would have much less use. Therefore, the Tsar Cannon was put on display in the Kremlin for foreign diplomats." However, subsequent studies showed that this version, which emphasized that the creation of the cannon was purely propagandistic, was only fiction. The cannon was last restored in 1980 in the town of Serpukhov. It was thoroughly studied by specialists in the Artillery Academy at that time and gunpowder residue was found, indicating that the cannon had been fired at least once, hinged


title: "Tsar Cannon" content: and dug into the ground. Another theory by other researchers the Tsar cannon never fired because the main part was bronze that would fade away after the shot, also due to the absence of a pilot hole that makes firing completely impossible. In the spring of 2001, as commissioned by the management of the Moscow Udmort enterprise "OAO Izhstal", a replica of the cannon was cast in iron. The replica weighed 42 tons, with a single wheel at 1.5 tons, the kernel at 1.2 meters and a caliber of exactly 89 cm. This copy was given as a present from


title: "Tsar Cannon" content: Moscow to Donetsk, which was installed in front of the Donetsk City Hall in May 2001. There were two copies, with the other one produced in Izhevsk set in the premises of OAO Izhstal. In 2007, another replica was installed in front of the National Art Gallery in Yoshkar-Ola. This replica was made in a scale of 1:2. This replica is incomplete, with ornaments changed or absent, and other details missing. The kernel of the cannon weighs about 12 tons, with the barrel and the carriage cast in steel, and the wheels being solid. Three staples were installed on the


title: "Tsar Cannon" content: cannon for fastening cables when moving it. It was cast on Zvenigovsky Shipyard named after N. S. Butyakov. Initially, the ornaments were cut from wood, and then cast from metal. The copy was suitable for shooting, as the barrel and the core were welded together. Four ornamental cannonballs are located next to the cannon. There was the world's largest 20-inch cast iron cannon in Perm. Unlike other "Tsar cannon"s, the one in Perm was a military weapon. The cannon, nicknamed the "Perm Giant", was made in 1868, by the order of the Ministry of Marine to the Motovilikha manufacturing plant


title: "Tsar Cannon" content: (which is PAO "Motovilikha Plants" today, manufacturing weapon systems such as cannons, mortars, howitzers, self-propelled artillery, "Grad", "Uragan" and "Smerch" rocket systems). Tests were carried out with the gun on 16 August 1869, starting from firing from the shore of the Kama River (which is around 0.8–1 km wide). Later tests were carried out on this place until the end of Perestroika, with a lot happening in Soviet times. A certain F. V. Pestich, chief of the artillery of Kronstadt port attending most of the tests. The Perm cannon made a total of 314 shots, including grapeshot and bombs of


title: "Tsar Cannon" content: different systems. As a result, the strength of the cannon was tested, and the weight of the powder charge was optimized. During the test, the charge weight was gradually increased to 120 kg. The set amount of propellant charge was 53 kg of black gunpowder in battle, putting the firing range to at most 1.2 km. As quoted by writer Mikhail Osorgin, who witnessed the events:"...In fact, 4 miles from the city, on the banks of the river, there was a cannon factory. Trying new guns, not testing shot projectiles (but shells seems more while there was none), but cannonballs.


title: "Tsar Cannon" content: They shot it over the Kama River, landing in the forest, where trees were knocked down and deep ditches were dug by those cannonballs. I was not allowed to go there. Yes, and there was no one, except on Sundays, when the plant was silent as tiny spiders float on the river and boats carry people from the factory to Zakamskaya Pohulyanka. There were undershoots where the cannonball fell into the water, rising fountain spray and steam. There was no one, and no guns behind the Dalyu on the other side, only the smoke from the volleys indicated where the


title: "Tsar Cannon" content: cannons were firing from... The river roared, shaking the air, and the mood of war was all over." A model of the Perm Tsar Cannon in full size was put before the Russian Pavilion at the 1873 World Exhibition in Vienna. The Perm cannon was to take its place in Kronstadt at Fort Constantine, where a special carriage was already installed to ensure all-around coverage, and to protect St. Petersburg from the sea. Two such cannons were also intended to equip the armored frigate "Minin", which was built in St. Petersburg from 1866 to 1878. However, the cannon never reached


title: "Tsar Cannon" content: Kronstadt. The Giant has been returned to the road in Perm. This is due to the fact that the engineer-inventor Pavel Matveyevich Obukhov of Chrysostom has developed the technology to produce high-strength steel cannons. Having established a factory in St. Petersburg, he began producing lighter cannons, which were installed with breech (the Krupp system), technically outdating the Perm cannon. Emperor Alexander II's decision saved it from destruction, instead preserving it as a historical relic. Today, the Perm Tsar Cannon is held on exhibition in the open museum of military equipment belonging to PAO "Motovilikha Plants". Tsar Cannon The Tsar Cannon


title: "Meadow brown" content: Meadow brown The meadow brown ("Maniola jurtina") is a butterfly found in the Palearctic realm. Its range includes Europe south of 62°N, Russia eastwards to the Urals, Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran, North Africa and the Canary Islands. The larvae feed on grasses. There is marked sexual dimorphism in this species. Males are less colorful, with smaller eyespots and much reduced orange areas on the upper forewings. They are also much more active and range far about, while females fly less and often may not move away from the area where they grew up. A variable number of smaller eyespots are


title: "Meadow brown" content: usually found on the hindwing undersides. These may number up to twelve per butterfly, with up to six on each wing, but sometimes none. The factors that govern polymorphism in this trait are not resolved, although a number of theories have been proposed (Stevens 2005). On the other hand, the evolutionary significance of the upperwing eyespots is more obvious: The more active males have a markedly more cryptic upperside pattern, whereas the females have more opportunity to present their eyespots in a sudden display of colors and patterns that presumably startle predators so the butterfly has a better chance of


title: "Meadow brown" content: escaping. Some specimens are bi-pupilled. Similar species are the gatekeeper (which prefers to rest with its wings open) and the small heath (which is smaller). More similar are the dusky meadow brown ("Hyponephele lycaon" smaller, male androconial area obliquely directed and divided into three parts by veins Cu1 and Cu2, female with two ochreous ringed eye-spots) is otherwise very similar, "Pyronia janiroides", "Hyponephele moroccana", "Hyponephele lycaon" and "Hyponephele lupina". Most problematic is the cryptic species complex of "Maniola" ("Maniola telmessia", "Maniola nurag", "Maniola chia", "Maniola halicarnassus" and "Maniola cypricola"). The egg, laid on a blade of grass as shown (Plate


title: "Meadow brown" content: 85), is upright and ribbed; the top is flattened, with an impressed ring thereon. Color, whitish green inclining to brownish yellow as it matures, and marked with purplish brown. The caterpillar is bright green, clothed with short whitish hairs; there is a darker line down the back, and a diffused white stripe on each side above the reddish spiracles; the anal points are white. Head rather darker green, hairy. The chrysalis is pale green, marked with brownish on the wing covers, the thorax is spotted with blackish, and the points on the body are brownish. Suspended, and with the old


title: "Meadow brown" content: skin attached. (South, 1906). Recorded larval food plants include rough meadow grass ("Poa trivialis"), smooth meadow grass ("Poa pratensis"), "Festuca" species, bents ("Agrostis" species), and cock's-foot ("Dactylis glomerata"), false brome ("Brachypodium sylvaticum"), downy oat-grass and "Helictotrichon pubescens". Less specific records of "Poa", "Bromus", "Festuca", "Milium", "Brachypodium", "Lolium", "Avena", "Alopecurus" and "Anthoxanthum". Adults feed on nectar from a wide spectrum of plants including "Centaurea", "Cirsium", "Leontodon", "Erica", "Rubus", "Heracleum", "Eupatorium", ("sensu lato") "Origanum", "Senecio", "Scabiosa", "Succisa", "Ligustrum" and "Filipendula". The meadow brown is univoltine (one generation per year) and adults emerge over a long period (spring, summer and autumn). Some individuals


title: "Meadow brown" content: have a short larval development time and produce late adults. This is genetically controlled. Because of the vast distribution habitats are hard to define but broadly are forest edge, forest-steppe and meadow steppe habitats up to 2,000 m above sea level, cultivated lands (meadow, forest plantations, parks and orchards). Meadow brown The meadow brown ("Maniola jurtina") is a butterfly found in the Palearctic realm. Its range includes Europe south of 62°N, Russia eastwards to the Urals, Asia Minor, Iraq, Iran, North Africa and the Canary Islands. The larvae feed on grasses. There is marked sexual dimorphism in this species. Males


title: Nautiloid content: the early Mesozoic, including pseudorthocerids, bactritids, nautilids and possibly orthocerids. The last straight-shelled forms were long thought to have disappeared at the end of the Triassic, but a possible orthocerid has been found in Cretaceous rocks. Apart from this exception, only a single nautiloid suborder, the Nautilina, continued throughout the Mesozoic, where they co-existed quite happily with their more specialised ammonoid cousins. Most of these forms differed only slightly from the modern nautilus. They had a brief resurgence in the early Tertiary (perhaps filling the niches vacated by the ammonoids in the end Cretaceous extinction), and maintained a worldwide distribution


title: "Gerard ter Borch" content: to the Netherlands. He seems to have resided for a time in Haarlem; but he finally settled in Deventer, where he became a member of the town council, as which he appears in the portrait now in the gallery of the Hague. He died at Deventer in 1681. Ter Borch is a significant painter of genre subjects. He is known for his rendering of texture in draperies, for example in "The Letter" and in "The Gallant Conversation", engraved by Johann Georg Wille. Ter Borch's works are comparatively rare; about eighty have been catalogued. Six of these are at the Hermitage,


title: Kykuit content: Kykuit Kykuit ( ), known also as the John D. Rockefeller Estate, is a 40-room historic house museum in Pocantico Hills, a hamlet in the town of Mount Pleasant, New York. The house was built for oil tycoon, capitalist, and Rockefeller family patriarch John D. Rockefeller. Conceived largely by his son, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and enriched by the art collection of the third-generation scion, Governor of New York, and Vice President of the United States, Nelson Rockefeller, it was home to four generations of the family. The house is a National Historic Landmark owned by the National Trust for


title: Kykuit content: Historic Preservation, and tours are given by Historic Hudson Valley. "Kykuit", derived from the Dutch word Kijkuit meaning "lookout", is situated on the highest point in Pocantico Hills, overlooking the Hudson River at Tappan Zee. Located near Tarrytown and Sleepy Hollow, it has a view of the New York City skyline 25 miles to the south. John D. Rockefeller purchased land in the area as early as 1893 after his brother William had moved into a 204-room mansion, Rockwood Hall, in the area. When Rockefeller and his son chose Pocantico Hills as their residence, he quietly purchased multiple homes and


title: Kykuit content: properties in the area, and used the houses for himself, his family, staff, or to rent out. Rockefeller and his wife Laura Spelman Rockefeller moved into one of these houses, the Parsons-Wentworth House, in 1893. The couple would spend winter weekends and parts of each summer and fall there, sharing the upstairs rooms with their adult children and in-laws, pending construction of the manor house. The house burned down on September 17, 1902, and the Kent House became their temporary residence until rebuilding could occur. "The New York Times" described that Rockefeller was never satisfied with the destroyed house's electric


title: Kykuit content: wiring, which was installed before certain safety measures were developed. He had ordered workers to line the wires in piping, work which was to commence the day after the fire. The loss was estimated at $40,000. Kykuit was designed originally as a steep-roofed three-story stone mansion by the architects Chester Holmes Aldrich and William Adams Delano. Aldrich was a distant relative of the younger Rockefeller's wife, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, who was involved as artistic consultant and in the interior design of the mansion. The initial eclectic structure took six years to complete. Before being occupied it was substantially rebuilt in


title: Kykuit content: its present four-story Classical Revival Georgian form. Completed in 1913, it has two basement levels filled with interconnecting passageways and service tunnels. The home's interiors were designed by Ogden Codman, Jr., and feature collections of Chinese and European ceramics, fine furnishings and 20th-century art. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976. In 1979, its occupant, Nelson Rockefeller, bequeathed upon his death his one-third interest in the estate to the National Trust for Historic Preservation. As a result, Kykuit is open to the public for tours conducted by Historic Hudson Valley. The imposing structure, of local stone topped with


title: Kykuit content: the Rockefeller emblem, is located centrally in a inner compound (referred to as "the Park") within the larger Rockefeller family estate. This gated compound is guarded at all times. Save family residences, the rest of the estate (known as the open space) is open to the public for recreational purposes, as it always has been. Initially, landscaping of the grounds was given to the company of Frederick Law Olmsted, who had designed Manhattan's Central Park. Rockefeller Senior was unhappy with this work however and assumed control of the design himself, transplanting whole mature trees, designing lookouts and the several scenic


title: Kykuit content: winding roads. In 1906, the further design of Kykuit's grounds was undertaken by the architect William Welles Bosworth, who designed the surrounding terraces and gardens with fountains, pavilions and classical sculpture. These gardens in the Beaux-Arts style are considered Bosworth's best work in the United States, looking out over very fine views of the Hudson River. His original gardens still exist, with plantings carefully replaced over time, although his entrance forecourt was extended in 1913. The terraced gardens include a Morning Garden, Grand Staircase, Japanese Garden, Italian Garden, Japanese-style brook, Japanese Tea-house, large Oceanus fountain, Temple of Aphrodite, loggia, and


title: Kykuit content: semicircular rose garden. Nelson transformed previously empty basement passages beneath the mansion that lead to a grotto into a major private art gallery containing paintings by Picasso, Chagall and Warhol, the latter two having visited the estate. Between 1935 and the late 1970s more than 120 works of abstract, avant garde and modern sculpture were added to the gardens grounds from Nelson's collection, including works by Picasso ('Bathers'), Constantin Brâncuși, Karel Appel ('Mouse on Table'), Jean Arp, Alexander Calder, Alberto Giacometti, Georg Kolbe ('Ruf der Erde'), Gaston Lachaise, Aristide Maillol, Henry Moore, Louise Nevelson, Isamu Noguchi ('Black Sun'), and David


title: Kykuit content: Smith. Kykuit was renovated and modernized in 1995 by New Haven architect Herbert S. Newman and Partners. Included were major infrastructure changes enabling the estate to accommodate group tours of the first floor and art gallery, as well as a reconfiguration of third and fourth floor staff quarters into guest suites. The inner park area was opened to restricted conducted tours of the mansion and immediate surrounds in 1994, but remains occupied and controlled by the family by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, which leased the area from the National Trust for Historic Preservation in 1991 and serves as steward of


title: Kykuit content: what is referred to as "the historic area". Public tours are conducted by Historic Hudson Valley, an organization established in 1951 by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. "to celebrate the region's history, architecture, landscape, and material culture, advancing its importance and thereby assuring its preservation." Shuttle vans run from a visitor center located at the Philipsburg Manor House on Route 9 in Sleepy Hollow, New York. The estate, known as Pocantico or Pocantico Hills, occupies an area of . During much of the 20th century, the estate featured a resident workforce of security guards, gardeners, and laborers, and had its own


title: Kykuit content: farming, cattle, and food supplies. It has a nine-hole, reversible golf course, and at one time had 75 houses and 70 private roads, most designed by John D. Rockefeller, Sr. and his son. A longstanding witticism about the estate quips: "It's what God would have built, if only He had the money". In 1901, John D. Rockefeller, Sr. hired golf course architect Willie Dunn, the designer of Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, to build a golf course on the grounds. In late 1946, two of Junior's sons, John D. Rockefeller III and Laurance Rockefeller, each offered their respective residences, Rockwood Hall


title: Kykuit content: and Fieldwood Farm, as headquarters for the then newly formed United Nations. Family patriarch Junior vetoed the proposals as the sites were too isolated from Manhattan. He tasked his second son, Nelson, to buy a site along the East River, subsequently donated for the construction of the UN Headquarters. Among guests hosted by Nelson and his brother David have been Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan, and their wives. Other notable visitors have included UN President Kofi Annan, President of the Republic of South Africa Nelson Mandela, Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, King


title: Kykuit content: Hussein of Jordan, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, and Lord Mountbatten of Burma of the United Kingdom. Presently, 10 or so Rockefeller families live within the estate, in the central compound and beyond. Much land has been donated over the decades to New York State, including the Rockefeller State Park Preserve, and is open to the public for horseback riding, biking, and jogging. Bill Clinton, who lives just north of the estate, in Chappaqua, has taken regular runs in the State Park. Within the park: Outside the park: Additionally, family members have had a profound effect on the hamlet of


title: Kykuit content: Pocantico Hills, which is situated in the open space of the estate completely surrounded by family-owned land. The Union Church of Pocantico Hills, now owned by Historic Hudson Valley, was built by the Rockefeller family, which commissioned stained-glass windows by Matisse (an abstract rose window, memorializing Abby Aldrich), and Chagall (the remainder of the windows, emphasizing Biblical prophets and some New Testament themes, and memorializing various members of the family and others). They also helped finance the construction of the local Pocantico Hills School. Kykuit Kykuit ( ), known also as the John D. Rockefeller Estate, is a 40-room historic


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: Norwich Terrier The Norwich Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United Kingdom, and was bred to hunt small vermin or rodents. With a friendly personality, Norwich Terriers are today mostly a companion dog breed. One of the smallest terriers, these dogs are generally healthy, but are relatively rare, due in part to their low litter size and the common need for caesarian sections. Their drop-eared variety is the Norfolk Terrier. These terriers are one of the smallest working terriers ; at the withers), with prick ears and a double coat, which come in red, tan, wheaten, black


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: and tan, and grizzle. These small but hardy dogs can be courageous, intelligent and affectionate. They can be assertive but it is not typical for them to be aggressive, quarrelsome or shy. They are energetic and thrive on an active life. They are also quite hungry all the time and will eat anything edible. They are eager to please but have definite minds of their own. They are sensitive to scolding but 100% Terrier. They should not usually be kept outside or in a kennel setting because they enjoy the companionship of their owners. Norwich are not given to unnecessary


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: barking, but they will warn of a stranger approaching. Once they realize that there is no threat, they can become immediate friends. Norwich are generally good with children, and if introduced to other household pets as a puppy they generally co-habit peacefully, though caution should be observed around rodent pets as they may be mistaken for prey. US and UK breed surveys put the life expectancy of the Norwich Terrier at 13–13.5 years. While the Norwich Terrier is considered a healthy breed, there are some health issues for which responsible breeders do preventive genetic health testing, thereby reducing the incidences.


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: The Norwich Terrier does have a predisposition for some health issues but studies to determine the exact mode of inheritance or the exact frequency in the breed are unknown or have not been conclusive. At present there are no disorders identified as "most important". Of secondary magnitude, cataracts are recognized as a disorder that has been reported sporadically and may be inherited. Also of a secondary magnitude there are instances of epilepsy, narrow tracheas, luxating patellas, hip dysplasia, mitral valve disease, portosystemic shunts, atopy(allergic inhalant dermatitis) and incorrect bites (how the teeth meet when the jaws are closed). Like all


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: dogs, Norwich Terriers can have autoimmune reactivity to rabies vaccinations. Rabies-Vaccine-Induced Ischemic Dermatopathy, or RVI-ID, is a non-fatal but potentially serious reaction to chemicals called adjuvants in the vaccine. RVI-ID is often misdiagnosed, but if correctly diagnosed, is treatable. Symptoms may include: symmetrical dark spots or lesions at the tips of the ears; swelling, hard lumps or dark spots in the vicinity of the injection site. Higher volume Norwich breeders are seeing more dogs with breathing concerns, and the Norwich and Norfolk Terrier Club (USA) has formed a new "Health and Genetics Sub-Committee for Research on Upper Airway Syndrome in


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: Norwich Terriers". Upper Airway Syndrome (UAS) covers all abnormalities that can occur in the upper airway, including: elongated soft palates; too short soft palates; narrow/misshapen tracheas; collapsing tracheas; stenotic nares (nasal passages that are too small); swollen tonsils; everted laryngeal saccules. These upper airway disorders can occur singly or in combination with one or two others. All compromise the airway and the dog's ability to breathe normally; the dog's breathing often sounds raspy or moist. It may be that shorter muzzles may have increased incidence of such issues. Norwich Terriers generally have small litters of 1 to 3 puppies. Generally,


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: if a female is healthy, its optimal breeding period is between the ages of 2 (after all genetic health testing is complete - heart, eyes, hips and patellas) and six years. At seven years of age dogs are considered geriatric. The small supply and the high price of a purebred Norwich Terrier - often around US$2,500 in 2008 - has attracted fraud, as unsuspecting buyers pay full price for Cairn Terriers with docked tails, or mixed-breed puppies. In Canada and the United States, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals maintains an open registry of dogs that have completed their genetic health


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: testing program. Norwich Terriers are hardy, active dogs, bred for a working life of pursuing vermin and accompanying their farmer owners on horseback. A good daily walk is therefore the minimum needed to meet the exercise requirements of a healthy Norwich Terrier. Norwich Terriers compete in Earthdog competitions, and are increasingly common in Agility and Flyball competitions. The dogs were bred as working terriers, and thrive best with at least one hour of real activity daily, such as a good walk, run, or working session. The Norwich Terrier has two coats - a harsh, wiry topcoat and a soft warm


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: undercoat. Ideally, the coat is combed with a steel comb daily to once a week to remove the loose, dead hairs and prevent matting. Proper maintenance of the Norwich coat, like other hard wiry coats, requires "stripping," or pulling the oldest hairs from the coat (using fingers and/or a "stripping knife," a special grooming comb). Stripping results both in the coat retaining its proper appearance, and in the health of the dog's skin and coat. Ideally, owners hand-strip the coat on a regular basis to achieve what is called a "rolling" coat, where hairs of all lengths are growing in.


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: Maintaining a rolling coat is easier on the dog's skin and requires shorter grooming sessions. At minimum, the coat should be stripped once in the autumn and once in the spring. Clipping or cutting negatively affects the appearance of the coat's natural colours and texture. Only the American Kennel Club calls for a medium docked (long enough for a man's hand to grasp) tail, though a natural tail is not a disqualification. In Australia and Canada tail docking is optional, but in New South Wales, it is illegal. In the United Kingdom, tail docking is only permitted for working dogs


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: and is banned for dogs bred as pets or showing. Other countries that have banned tail docking include: Norway in 1987, and Sweden in 1988. In the last four years Cyprus, Greece, Luxembourg and Switzerland have also decided to introduce a ban on tail docking. Historically, tails were docked in the UK to avoid taxation of sporting dogs. Today, proponents of tail docking argue working Norwich Terriers should have a docked tail because there is less risk of damaging the tail or spine if it is used to extract the dog from a hole. Some proponents suggest the docked tail


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: makes for a prettier breed silhouette. Opponents of tail docking note that docking severely damages the important canine tail-signalling system, so vital to dogs' social communication. Where form follows function, the tail assists the dog with balance for movement over rough terrain and turning at speed. Arguments for and against tail docking are covered in this Michigan State University (Detroit College of Law) paper, including "History": Norwich Terriers are difficult to breed. Many have Caesarean sections. The North American average litter size for 2007 is two puppies with the total number of puppies for the year, in the USA, at


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: approximately 750. There are breeding lines with higher average litter sizes as can be easily traced in pedigrees of kennel clubs who include such information, i.e. The Dutch Kennel Club. Similar information can be obtained at internet site of Finnish Kennel Club. Recently in the United States, there has been significant pedigree fraud. Sometimes these fake Norwich Terriers are sold over the internet. The breed has existed since at least the late 19th century as a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The dogs were useful as ratters in the stable yard, bolters of fox for the hunt, and family


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: companions. It was the mascot of Cambridge students. Small red terriers, descendants of Irish Terriers, had existed in the area since at least the 1860s, and these might be the ancestors of the Norwich, or it might have come from the Trumpington Terrier, a breed that no longer exists. In its earliest history, it was also known as the "Jones Terrier" and the "Cantab Terrier". Since its earliest identification as a breed, puppies have had either drop or prick ears, and both were allowed when the Norwich was first recognized in the show ring in 1932 by The Kennel Club


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: (England). Drop ears were often cropped until it became illegal to do so. This intensified a long-standing controversy over whether drop-eared dogs should be allowed in the show ring and whether the primary difference was simply the ears or whether other, deeper, personality and structural differences marked the drop-eared variety. Starting in the 1930s, breeders increased their efforts to distinguish the breeds. While Norfolk and Norwich Terriers were inter-bred for a number of years today they are positively two distinctive breeds. In fact some historical texts indicate that they were distinctive breeds before they were inter-bred. Both ear types continued


title: "Norwich Terrier" content: to be allowed in the ring until The Kennel Club recognized the drop-eared variety as a separate breed, the Norfolk Terrier, in 1964, and the American Kennel Club, United Kennel Club, and Canadian Kennel Club did the same in 1979. Until that time, the breeds were designated by the AKC as Norwich Terriers, P.E. (prick ears) and Norwich Terriers, D.E. (drop ears). Bibliography Norwich Terrier The Norwich Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United Kingdom, and was bred to hunt small vermin or rodents. With a friendly personality, Norwich Terriers are today mostly a companion dog breed.


title: "Battle of Ulm" content: 177,000 troops of the Grande Armée at Boulogne, ready to invade England. They marched south on August 27 and by September 24 were ready to cross the Rhine from Mannheim to Strasbourg. After crossing the Rhine, the greater part of the French army made a gigantic right wheel so that its corps reached the Danube simultaneously, facing south. On October 7, Mack learned that Napoleon planned to cross the Danube and march around his right flank so as to cut him off from the Russians who were marching via Vienna. He accordingly changed front, placing his left at Ulm and


title: "Serra da Estrela" content: Serra da Estrela Serra da Estrela (, "Star Mountain Range") is the highest mountain range in Continental Portugal. Together with the Serra da Lousã it is the westernmost constituent range of the Sistema Central and also one of the highest in the system. It includes mainland Portugal's highest point at above mean sea level (although the summit of Mount Pico in the Portuguese Azores islands is higher). This point is not a distinctive mountain summit, but rather the highest point in a plateau, being known as Torre ("Tower" in English). Torre is an unusual summit in that it is accessible


title: "Serra da Estrela" content: by a paved road. The peak has a topographic prominence of and its parent peak is Pico Almanzor, in Spain. The mountain range, situated between the municipalities of Seia, Manteigas, Gouveia, Guarda and Covilhã, is about long and is across at its widest point. It is formed from a huge granite ridge that once formed the southern frontier of the country. There are three rivers that have their headwaters in the Serra da Estrela: the Mondego, which is the longest river entirely within Portuguese territory; and the Zêzere, which is a tributary of the Tagus; a tributary of the Mondego,


title: "Serra da Estrela" content: the Alva also has its headwaters in the range. It is high. The mountain range is now part of the Serra da Estrela Natural Park and offers skiing opportunities in the ski resort of Loriga, Seia Municipality. The Cão da Serra da Estrela ("Estrela Mountain Dog") is a breed of livestock guardian dog that takes its name from this region. "Queijo Serra da Estrela" (Serra da Estrela cheese) is a soft cheese from the region of Serra da Estrela. The recipe is more than 2000 years old. It is made from cardoon thistle, raw sheep's milk and salt. The cheese


title: "Serra da Estrela" content: is soft and gooey. The cheese becomes harder and chewier as time goes by. The region's ancient "bordaleira" sheep are also prized for their wool. The Serra da Estrela is also home to a hydroelectric system of dams, part of which is the Covão dos Conchos. The Covão dos Conchos looks like a natural sinkhole within the lake at first glance, but it was constructed as a spillway in 1955 and acts as a water diversion from Ribeira das Naves to Lagoa Comprida. A legend associated with the mountain is mentioned in chapter 41 of the American literary classic, Moby-Dick:


title: "Serra da Estrela" content: Archaeological investigations have allowed a picture of life during the fifth millennium BC, the Early Neolithic to emerge, where small communities sustained themselves by small game hunting, the gathering of acorn and other winter fruits, and migratory pastoralism. The raising of sheep and goats, introduced to the region by the first Neolithic settlers - suggests that spring and summer were spent on high ground pastures and winter on the lower grounds of the river valleys. The significance of the Serra da Estrela in Neolithic culture can be seen in the discovery that megaliths in the Mondego River basin were predominantly


title: "Serra da Estrela" content: built with an alignment that allowed the mountain range to be seen from within the inner chamber. At the same time the rise of Aldebaran, the brightest star of Taurus, behind the mountains could also be seen and its Heliacal rising in late April/early May could have been used as a temporal marker for the movement to the high pastures of Serra da Estrela. This archaeological narrative closely mirrors the local folklore that explains the name of the mountain range. Serra da Estrela Serra da Estrela (, "Star Mountain Range") is the highest mountain range in Continental Portugal. Together with


title: Teal content: Teal Teal is a medium blue-green color, similar to cyan. Its name comes from that of a bird—the common teal ("Anas crecca")—which presents a similarly colored stripe on its head. It can be created by mixing blue with green into a white base, or deepened as needed with black or gray. The complementary color of teal is maroon. It is also one of the initial group of 16 HTML/CSS web colors formulated in 1987. In the RGB model used to create colors on computer screens and televisions, teal is created by turning down the brightness of cyan to about one


title: Teal content: half. The first recorded use of teal as a color name in English was in 1917. The word is often used colloquially to refer to shades of cyan in general, including the color cyan itself, most notably in computer games where one of the players is cyan. Teal was a fad color during the 1990s, with, among others, many sports teams adopting the color for their uniforms. Its name is derived from the Middle English "tele", a word akin to the Dutch "taling" and the Middle Low German "telink". As a color, its name is believed to have been taken


title: Teal content: from the small freshwater common teal, a member of the duck family whose eyes are surrounded by this color. Teal blue is a medium tone of teal with more blue. The first recorded use of "teal blue" as a color name in English was in 1927. The source of this color is the "Plochere Color System", a color system formulated in 1948 that is widely used by interior designers. Teal was subsequently a heavily used color in the 1950s and 1960s. "Teal blue" is also the name of a Crayola crayon color (color #113) from 1990 to 2003. Teal-green: where


title: Teal content: it is a combination of blue/green but where the green is stronger with a hint of grey Teal Teal is a medium blue-green color, similar to cyan. Its name comes from that of a bird—the common teal ("Anas crecca")—which presents a similarly colored stripe on its head. It can be created by mixing blue with green into a white base, or deepened as needed with black or gray. The complementary color of teal is maroon. It is also one of the initial group of 16 HTML/CSS web colors formulated in 1987. In the RGB model used to create colors on


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Chevrolet Silverado The Chevrolet Silverado, and its mechanically identical cousin the GMC Sierra, are a series of full-size and heavy-duty pickup trucks manufactured by General Motors and introduced in 1998 as the successor to the long-running Chevrolet C/K line. The Silverado name was taken from a trim level previously used on its predecessor, the Chevrolet C/K pickup truck from 1975 through 1998. General Motors continues to offer a GMC-badged variant of the Chevrolet full-size pickup under the GMC Sierra name, first used in 1987 for its variant of the GMT400 platform trucks. The heavy-duty trucks are informally referred to as


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: "Silverado HD" (and Sierra HD), while the light-duty version is referred simply to as "Silverado" (and Sierra). Although General Motors introduced its first pickup truck in 1930, the term "Silverado" was a designation used only to detail the trim for the Chevrolet C/K pickup trucks, Suburbans, and Tahoes from 1975 through 1999. GMC used a few variations of the "Sierra" name (e.g. Sierra, Sierra Classic, and High Sierra); however, Chevrolet still uses the CK and the CC in their current model codes. The Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks have been essentially the same for their entire history. However, there


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: are some trim and add-on option variations. Early models included variations in the engine and equipment, but the present differences are slight. The 1999 model year redesign included different grilles and interior trim, and certain features (e.g. Quadrasteer) were included at different times on the two trucks. The GMC Sierra has a luxury package known as "Denali" which adds additional creature comfort features and design changes. Chevrolet's equivalent to the Denali trim level is the High Country Silverado which was introduced in the 2014 model year. In 2018, at the Work Truck Show, another new Silverado will be released, being


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: the 4500 and 5500; these vehicles will be exclusive to Chevrolet, as GMC has no plans to offer an equivalent. GM webpage The GMT800 Silverado/Sierra 1500 and 2500 (non Heavy Duty) (light pickup trucks) were released in August 1998 as 1999 models. The "classic" light-duty GMT400 C/K trucks were continued in production for that first year alongside the new models, and the Heavy-Duty GMT400 pickups (alongside the GMT400 SUVs) were continued until 2000, with the new GMT800 Silverado/Sierra HD (Heavy Duty) released a year later. A small refresh for 2003 models was introduced in 2002, bringing slight design changes and


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: an upgrade to the audio and HVAC controls. The latter 2006 and 2007 GMT800 production units used the name "Classic" to denote the difference between the first and second generation trucks. In January 1993, GM began development on the GMT800 pickup program with numerous teams coming together. By the end of 1994, a final design was chosen and finalized for production in June 1995 at 36 months ahead of scheduled start in June 1998. Development sign-off was issued in late 1997, with pre-production and series production commencement in June 1998. There are a number of models of light-duty Silverados and


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Sierras, including the half-ton, SS, and Hybrid. The light-duty trucks use the 1500 name. They are available in three cab lengths, 2-door standard/regular cab, 4-door extended cab, and front-hinged 4-door crew cab. Three cargo beds are available: a short box, standard box, and a long box. The short box is only available with the crew cab. For the first year, only the regular cab and an extended cab were available, along with the Vortec 4300 V6, Vortec 4800 V8, and the Vortec 5300 V8. In 2000, a driver's side door option became available for the extended cab, giving it four


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: doors, and the crew-cab body was added to the lineup in 2004. Output on the 5.3 L engine also increased to and . The 6.0 L Vortec 6000 V8 was standard on the 2500 and was added for the 2001 Heavy Duty models, rated at , with the GMC Sierra 1500 "C3" getting an uprated version of this engine. The Silverado "Z71" got an optional lighter composite box, with a suspension package for towing, but lacked the high-output engine. The "C3" became the "Denali" for 2002, and Quadrasteer was added. GM introduced a reworked version of the Silverado and Sierra


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: in 2003, with a new front end and a slightly updated rear end. In 2006 the Silverado received another facelift, similar to the HD version introduced in 2005 HD models. In addition to that, Chevrolet has deleted the "Chevrolet" badge off the tailgate that was used from 1998-2005. Its SUV counterparts retained the use of the pre-facelift sheetmetal. During the 2005 model year, all light duty GMT800 pickups reverted to front disc/rear drum brakes as a cost cutting measure; heavy duty trucks and the SUVs retained their 4-wheel disc brakes. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gave the Silverado


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: an overall "marginal" score on the frontal offset crash test for poor structural integrity and poor dummy control, although no injuries were recorded on the dummy's body regions. GMC created an upscale version of its Sierra 1500 in 2001 called the Sierra C3. It used all-wheel drive with a 3.73 final drive gear ratio and included the 6.0 L "Vortec 6000" LQ4 V8 rated at at 5000 rpm and 370 lb•ft (502 N·m) of torque at 4000 rpm coupled to a 4L60E-HD four-speed automatic transmission along with other upscale equipment. For 2002, the name was changed to Sierra Denali, but


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: the specifications remained essentially the same except for the addition of Quadrasteer and GM changed from the 4L60E-HD to the 4L65E in conjunction with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio. The Denali is rated for towing and hauling in the cargo box. The Sierra Denali was initially equipped with Delphi's Quadrasteer system as standard equipment. It was a 4-wheel steering system that greatly reduced the truck's turning radius and improved lane changing while towing. General Motors dropped Quadrasteer from the Sierra Denali after the 2004 model year and its entire lineup after 2005 due to poor sales of this expensive


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: option. Launched in early 2003, the Silverado SS is a high-performance pickup truck built by Chevrolet. It is based on the 1500 Silverado Extended Cab with Fleetside Box and features upgrades in the drive train and both exterior and interior appearance. It was equipped standard with the 6.0 liter Vortec High-Output V8 rated at at 5200 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm coupled to a 4L65E four-speed automatic transmission. This was the same engine used for the second generation Cadillac Escalade. Chevrolet and GMC advertised this engine as the Vortec High Output and later as the "VortecMAX", while Cadillac


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: calls it the "HO 6000". The SS debuted in 2003 with a standard All Wheel Drive setup with a 4.10 final drive gear ratio and 4 wheel disc brakes. In 2005, in an attempt to increase sales, a 2-wheel drive version became available (the 2WD SS also lost its rear disc brakes in favor of drums, as did the rest of the 1/2-ton GMT800s). 2005 was also the first year the sunroof was available in the SS line up. In 2006, the AWD variant was dropped and the rear wheel drive was the only driveline layout available. In a further


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: effort to reduce cost, you could also get cloth interior and/or a bench seat. The Silverado SS also comes with the Z60 performance suspension and 20 inch aluminum wheels. All the SS trucks in both 2 wheel drive and AWD used the torsion bar style front suspension for better handling. SS themed trucks were only available from the factory in "Black Onyx", "Victory Red", and "Arrival Blue Metallic" from 2003 to 2004. In 2005 "Arrival Blue Metallic" was dropped from the color choices and replaced with "Silver Birch Metallic". In 2006, Chevrolet released a special edition Silverado SS under the


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: name "Intimidator SS" (licensed by Dale Earnhardt, Inc.) to honor the late Dale Earnhardt. The truck came with several minor appearance upgrades (rear spoiler, embroidered headrests, Intimidator custom badging), but was essentially just a regular Silverado SS. Of the 1,033 scheduled trucks, only 933 were made (the remaining 100 were sold as 2007 Silverado SS "classic" body style trucks before the 2007.5 MY changeover. These trucks were only available in Black Onyx exterior but could be ordered with cloth or leather interior. Also features- The Vortec High Output option was first introduced in 2004 to a limited market (mainly consisting


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: of Texas and several surrounding areas); it was available nationwide for MY 2005. It was available for both the Chevy and GMC 1500 series trucks. This special edition package (under option code B4V) included several options previously not found on the standard 1500 model, most notably the LQ9 6.0 L V-8 engine (the same used for the Silverado SS, the 2005-2006 GMC Denalis and the Cadillac Escalade). The LQ9 motor was rated at at 5200 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm, which was the same specifications shared in the SS models. The B4V package could only be ordered on


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: extended cab standard box 2WD trucks. They were all built at the Canadian assembly plant and were equipped with the Z60 High Performance suspension package, in addition to the M32 = 4L65E transmission, GT4 = 3.73 rear gear, and G80 Gov Lock as standard equipment. The 2004 models were equipped with the standard 10 bolt 8.625 rear end. The 2005 models were upgraded with the larger 14 bolt 9.5 rear end under RPO option AXN. The package also included one style of the newly introduced GM 20 inch wheels installed from the factory. This marked the first time the LQ9


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: engine was available for a two-wheel drive application. Unlike the previous years with the SS Package, you could order the interior combination in anything from basic cloth to fully loaded. There were also more exterior color options available with this package. In 2006, the Vortec Max trailering package became available. The Vortec Max package was added to the option list with an array of similar features and new badges, and at its core retained the LQ9/4L65-E powertrain. However, the Vortec Max package differed from the Performance edition in that it also came with a variant of the Z85 Handling/Trailering suspension,


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: as well as 17-inch wheels and tires under the option code NHT on 4x4 models versus the Z60 High Performance Suspension and 20-inch wheel and tire package of the regular B4V 2 wheel drive Performance Edition. This was because the Vortec Max package was intended for max trailer towing, while the Performance Edition was intended more for customers who wanted the Silverado SS mechanicals without the visuals of the SS. It was also made available (in addition to the extended cab) in the light duty 4 door crew cab models. For the first time it was also available in 2


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: wheel drive or 4 wheel drive on both the Silverados and Sierras, with or without the Z71 package. The newest Vortec Max performance package introduced in 2006 on the GMT900 includes a 10,800 pounds towing capacity. GM launched a hybrid version of the Silverado/Sierra in 2004, becoming the first ever GM hybrid passenger vehicle. Known within GM as the Parallel Hybrid Truck or PHT it is not actually a parallel hybrid by the current definition, but a type of micro hybrid design. The electric motor housed within the transmission flywheel housing, serves only to provide engine cranking/starting, battery charging, and


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: powering accessories. The engine automatically shuts down as the truck comes to a stop and uses 42 Volt electric power to the starter/generator unit to restart the engine as the brake pedal is released. Besides the typical 12 V automotive battery the PHT uses three additional 12 V valve regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries mounted under the rear seat to store and provide power. The truck uses a 5.3 L "Vortec 5300" V8 for primary propulsion power. These trucks were also purchased back from customers for more than what they were worth in the late 2000s. The PHT features four


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: 120 volt 20 amp AC outlets, two in the bed and two inside the cab under the rear seat. These are particularly interesting to the building/construction contractor market, since they often require AC power when on the job. Additionally, the extra reserves of power for the accessories make this truck well-suited to that market, where trucks often sit at idle for hours at a time. Availability was extremely limited at first, with commercial buyers getting the first allotment. Later in 2005, the truck was offered at retail in Alaska, California, Florida, Nevada, Oregon, Washington and Canada. For 2006–07 the truck


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: was generally available to retail buyers throughout North America. The Parallel Hybrid Truck was discontinued for the 2008 model year with the release of the GMT900 truck line. Starting in 2009, General Motors offers a second generation Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra equipped with a Two-Mode Hybrid powertrain and CVT. The HD variant is a heavy-duty light truck. It is a strengthened version of the Silverado/Sierra light-duty, and is available in the 1500HD, 2500HD, and 3500HD models. The 1500HD, introduced in 2000, offers a Vortec 6000 V8 with at 5200 rpm and of torque at 4000 rpm with a Hydra-Matic


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: 4L80E four-speed automatic transmission. The 2500HD also offers the LB7 Duramax V8 with at 3100 rpm and of torque at 1800 rpm, the LLY Duramax V8 with 310 hp (231 kW) at 3000 rpm and 605 lb·ft (820 N·m) at 1600 rpm, and the LBZ Duramax V8 with 360 hp (268 kW) at 3200 rpm and 650 lb·ft (881 N·m) at 1600 rpm. Also available is the Vortec 8100 V8 with at 4200 rpm and of torque at 3200 rpm. The 2500HD has an available five-speed (six-speed for 2006-2007 models) Allison 1000 transmission with the Vortec 8100 and Duramax 6.6.


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: The Silverado 3500 offers the same engine/transmission features that the 2500HD does, however it is usually equipped with "dually" twin wheels at the rear and has a stronger suspension. The HD models are primarily used for towing and high-weight cargo. The Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD came in at #2 in a 2016 study by iSeeCars.com ranking the top 10 longest-lasting vehicles. The Silverado 2500HD had 5.7% of vehicles over 200,000 miles, according to the iSeeCars study.:) Towing capacity for the 1500HD is rated at and can haul in the bed depending on options. Towing capacity for the 2500HD is rated at


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: with the gasoline 8.1L V8 with 3.73:1 rear and can haul in the bed depending on options. Towing capacity for the 3500HD is rated at and can haul in the bed depending on options. The addition of 4 wheel drive tends to reduce the towing and carrying capacity by 200 to , depending upon year and model. Other factors, such as options, can also affect these numbers. The all-new GMT900 generation of the Silverado/Sierra arrived in the last quarter of 2006 as a 2007 model. It features a redesigned exterior, interior, frame, and suspension as well as power increases on


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: certain engines. It takes styling cues from the 2007 GMT900 SUVs and the Chevrolet Colorado pickups. Like the GMT900 SUVs, these pickups also have greatly improved aerodynamics over their predecessors like steeply raked windshields and tighter panel gaps which improve fuel economy. The GMT800 models were continued through 2007 badged as "Classic", just as the GMT400 models continued for two years after the GMT800's introduction. The new Silverado earned the "North American Truck of the Year" award for 2007 and was "Motor Trend" magazine's Truck of the Year for 2007. Like its predecessors, the new Silverado offers buyers a choice


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: of two door regular cabs, four door extended cabs (with rear doors that now open 170 degrees similar to the Nissan Titan) and four door crew cabs with the rear doors opening in the same direction as the front doors. GM also offers the trucks in the traditional two and four wheel drive configurations. For the '07 model year, the Sierra Denali shares the same billet grille from the other Denali models, and also has the same dash as the '07 SUV's. The '07 Sierra Denali was initially the only half-ton pickup that had a 6.2 liter with and of


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: torque coupled to a six-speed transmission. This truck is also an optional all-wheel drive vehicle and goes 0-60 mph in 6.3 seconds. The Generation III small block V8 engines offered in the GMT 800 trucks were replaced in the GMT 900 series by the Generation IV small block V8 engine family, featuring upgrades such as increased power and Active Fuel Management on the 5.3 L and 6.0 L V8s. A new high performance 6.2 liter V8 (with and of torque) was introduced with the 2007 Cadillac Escalade and 2007 GMC Denali line, and is now available on the Silverado LTZ


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: trim line. After skipping the 2008 model year, with 2007 being the last for the GMT800 hybrid line, a two-mode hybrid model was introduced in late 2008 as a 2009 model. General Motors discontinued the Silverado Hybrid due to poor sales along with the GMC Sierra Hybrid, Chevy Avalanche, Chevy Tahoe Hybrid, GMC Yukon Hybrid, Cadillac Escalade Hybrid, and Cadillac Escalade EXT after the 2013 model year even though it was the one of the two first hybrid pickup trucks ever manufactured. Available in either two- or four-wheel-drive, the Sierra 1500 Hybrid is powered by a 6.0-liter V8. It's joined


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: by two 60-kilowatt electric motors supplied by a nickel–metal hydride battery pack under the rear seat. On its own, the V8 is rated at 332 horsepower and 367 pound-feet of torque. GM engineers say that combined output with the electric motors is 379 hp. The unique transmission houses the electric motors along with three different planetary gear sets and four traditional clutches. There were two dash options offered in this model Silverado and Sierra: a luxury-inspired dash that closely mimics the dash in their GMT900 SUVs, and a more traditional upright dash to make room for a passenger seat in


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: place of a center console. As of 2008, General Motors full-size trucks were no longer sold in United States and Canada with manual transmissions; they were only offered in Mexico in the Silverado 1500 V6 engine and Silverado 3500. All Silverado & Sierra 1/2-ton models received a revised bumper and shortened front fascia for the 2009 model year, and extended and crew cab models equipped with the Vortec 5300 V8 received a new six-speed 6L80 automatic transmission. The Vortec 6200 V8 was made available for LTZ and SLT models. Bluetooth was added to the equipment list, becoming standard on Denali,


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: SLT, and LTZ and optional on SLE and LT, as was an optional rear vision camera. An integrated trailer brake controller, first available on the Silverado and Sierra HD for 2007, is now an option on 1500 series trucks. The XFE package was new for 2009, available only on Silverado 1500 Crew Cab LT 2 wheel drive models, it included the 5.3L Vortec V8, soft tonneau cover, aluminum wheels, and low rolling resistance tires. A full mid-cycle refresh followed with all 2010 models, including new interior door panels (which moved the handle forward and added an additional cup holder) and


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: a six-speed automatic transmission on regular cab models with the 5.3L V8 was also made standard. The Vortec 6200 V8 was given wider availability, now being optional on LT and SLE extended and crew cabs. The new Z71 Appearance Package was optional on LT and LTZ, it included: body-color grille and front fascia, body color door handles and mirror caps, unique Z71 box side decals, chrome sill plates, and a unique Z71 gauge cluster. Two new exterior colors were added: Taupe Gray Metallic and Sheer Silver Metallic. For 2012, the Sierra and Silverado 1500 received another mid-cycle refresh. This time


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: the Silverado was given new grille and front fascia treatments for both LT and LTZ models. A newly redesigned touch-screen navigation radio was optional on LTZ, SLT, and Denali. Trailer sway control and hill start assist are now standard on all models. Cooled seats were made optional on LTZ and SLT and the woodgrain trim was replaced with brushed aluminum. The 8.1 L big-block V8 is no longer offered on the Heavy Duty models, and no replacement has been announced. The 6L90 6-speed automatic transmission is standard in all Heavy Duty models. The Allison 1000 transmission is paired with the


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: optional Duramax V8 diesel. As of 2011 the GMC and Chevrolet heavy Duty's have being upgraded with a new fully boxed high strength steel frame from front to rear improving stiffness by 92% with bigger rear springs, larger engine and transmission mounts and new hydraulic body mounts to improve the ride.The front suspension incorporates new upper and lower control arms and new torsion bars tailored to one of five different gross axle weight ratings. Upper control arms are constructed from forged steel that is both stronger and lighter than the previous arms, while the new lower arms are cast iron


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: to maximize load capacity. Using a unique torsion bar for each gross weight rating allows for better control over vehicle height, resulting in improved handling and better alignment for reduced tire wear. These improvements allow for up to a 6,000 pound front axle weight rating, allowing all 4wd trucks to accommodate a snow plow. Additional front suspension enhancements come from new urethane bump stops, two per side. The upper shock mount has been changed from a single stem mount to a two-bolt design to eliminate the possibility of squeaks and thumps. The rear suspension design uses asymmetrical leaf springs that


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: are wider and capable of greater load handling. The design features 3-inch wide leaves, with front and rear spring sections of different lengths to reduce the twisting that can result in axle hop and loss of traction. The 2500HD use a two-stage design with a rating of 6,200 lbs, and 3500HD models have a three-stage design with 7,050 lb and 9,375 lb ratings on single and dual-wheel models respectively For the 2011 model year of the Silverado/Sierra, the production of 1500 crew cab models partially moved from Silao, Mexico to Flint, Michigan. The Silverado comes standard with four-wheel ABS. StabiliTrak


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: and side curtain airbags are optional on certain trim levels. 2007 NHTSA crash test: The IIHS gave the Silverado a "Good" score in their frontal crash test, however 2007-09 models equipped with or without optional side curtain airbags received a "Poor" rating in the side impact test. For 2010 models the side structure was strengthened, side torso air bags were added, and side airbags became standard, with the upgrades the IIHS side impact overall rating improved to "Acceptable", while the overall side structure rating is improved from "Poor" to "Acceptable". The crew cab variant of the 2011-13 Silverado is also


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: rated "Marginal" in the IIHS roof strength test. In 2011 developer of the Chevrolet Volt and former vice chairman Bob Lutz joined VIA Motors in developing electric versions of the Chevrolet Silverado/GMC Sierra called VIA VTrux. On December 13, 2012, the redesigned 2014 Chevrolet Silverado, along with the related 2014 GMC Sierra were introduced in Detroit, Michigan, later making their public debut at the North American International Auto Show. GM dropped the 900 platform and changed to K2XX. The third generation Silverado 1500 has three gas engine options: 4.3 L EcoTec3 V6, 5.3 L EcoTec3 V8, or 6.2 L EcoTec3


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: V8. Chevrolet's MyLink touch-screen multimedia interface system will be available on most models. It will have A2DP stereo streaming technologies, Bluetooth hands-free telephone, USB hookups, and an input for an Apple iPod or iPhone. When connected via the USB port, an iPhone 4/4S, iPhone 5/iPhone 5S, iPhone 6, or iPhone 6 Plus will be able to stream music from Pandora Radio. A Bose premium audio system, as well as a Bose surround sound audio system will be available on most models. OnStar will be standard on all models. Underneath, the Silverado rides on a fully boxed high strength steel frame


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: with hydroforming technology; truck cab's frame is built with high strength steel as well. The third generation Silverado uses aluminum on the hood, for the engine block and for the control arms in order to save mass. The truck's bed is made of roll-formed steel instead of stamped steel used by other manufacturers in order to save weight and gain strength. The third generation Silverado introduced the upmarket High Country edition which includes saddle brown leather interior, which is Chevrolet's first entry into the luxury market. A revised front end features styling cues from the 1980s-era Chevrolet C-Series Trucks, and,


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: on Z-71 models, a Z-71 badge was added to the front grille. The first production Silverado completed assembly on April 29, 2013. The Silverado 1500 went on sale in May 2013 as a 2014 model, with the Silverado HD Series being available in early 2014 for the 2015 model year. On January 10, 2014 a recall was issued for 370,000 Silverado and Sierra pickups due to a fire risk. A rebadged version of the Silverado called the Chevrolet Cheyenne is sold in Mexico. The American model version of the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado 1500/2500HD/3500HD and the 2015 Chevrolet Silverado High Country


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: was introduced to the Philippines market by Chevrolet Motorama Show late November 2014 as a MY2015, along with the MY2015 Chevrolet Suburban, 2015 Chevrolet Tahoe, 2015 Chevrolet Impala, 2015 Chevrolet Express Van, 2015 Chevrolet Trax and 2015 Chevrolet Colorado. On January 14, 2014, The Silverado, along with the Chevrolet Corvette Stingray, received the 2014 North American International Auto Show's Car and Truck of the Year awards. For the 2015 model year, the 6.2L Ecotec3 was paired with the new 8-speed 8L90 transmission, offering a wider ratio spread with more closely spaced gears, quicker shifts, and improved acceleration and fuel economy.


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: The Silverado 2500/3500 HD models continue to use the 6.0L L96 flex fuel capable Vortec engine combined with the 6l90e transmission, installed with engine oil and transmission fluid coolers for hauling/towing applications. For that year, Chevrolet introduced Special Edition for the Silverado truck series. They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2, Midnight Edition, Custom Sport Edition, Custom Sport Plus Edition, Black Out Edition, and Texas Edition. For 2016, the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 and GMC Sierra 1500 received its first mid-cycle refresh. The refreshed Silverado and Sierra received a new grille, new headlights and new front


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: fascia, with design influences from the 2015 Chevrolet Colorado, as well as all new LED tail lights on the 2016 Silverado LTZ, HIGH COUNTRY, 2016 GMC Sierra SLT and DENALI trim levels while the 2016 Chevy Silverado LT trim levels and below still have the pre-facelifted taillights along with the 2016 GMC Sierra SLE trim levels and below. On October 1, 2015, HD Radio was added to the Silverado, Sierra, and their HD level models. The Silverado/Silverado HD will add HD Radio to their 8-inch MyLink system as a standard on the LT and LTZ trims, while the Sierra/Sierra HD


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: will include the feature in its IntelliLink system as a standard on all its trims. 2016 Silverado and Sierra models optioned with the 8-inch touch screen feature Apple CarPlay and Android Auto capability. Trucks ordered with bucket seats and center console now feature a wireless charging pad on the console lid. For the 2017 model year, Silverado and Sierra HD models equipped with the 6.6L Duramax Turbo Diesel V8 (L5P) received a new front hood with air intake vents. Gasoline-powered models now have a capless fuel fill. Sierra HD now features standard HID headlamps on all trim levels. New colors


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: include "Graphite Metallic" and "Pepperdust Metallic" (Chevrolet) or "Dark Slate Metallic" and "Pepperdust Metallic" (GMC). Jet Black/Medium Ash Gray interior trim is added for Silverado High Country. Low-Speed Mitigation Braking is added to the Driver Alert Package for both Silverado and Sierra. Starting in 2016, GM offered an "eAssist" mild hybrid version of the 5.3L V8 engine in the Silverado LT and Sierra SLT, but only in the state of California. The engine came with an 8-speed automatic transmission and has the same horsepower and torque as the regular 5.3 V8. For 2017, it was also available in Hawaii, Oregon,


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Texas, and Washington. For 2018, it became available nationwide and was also offered in the Silverado LTZ. In late 2014, Chevrolet released the 2015 Silverado SSV (Special Service Vehicle) to complement its lineup of law enforcement vehicles. The SSV Silverado is available in 1500 Crew Cab form with either the short (5.5') or standard (6.5') cargo box. The 5.3L EcoTec3 V8 is the only engine option, and the truck is based on WT trim. It features beefier brake rotors, upgraded oil coolers, high output alternator, auxiliary battery and an upfitter friendly interior. In 2016, GMC introduced the Sierra All Terrain


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: X, which is equipped with a 5.3-liter V8 engine with performance exhaust, bumping output up from 355 to 365 horsepower. On the exterior, the Sierra All Terrain X features back 18 inch rims fitted with Goodyear Wrangler DuraTrac MT tires, black bed-mounted sport bar, LED off-road lights, and blacked-out accents. After introducing the Sierra 1500 All Terrain X full-size pickup and the Canyon All Terrain X small pickup, in 2017 GMC extended the same formula to its heavy-duty pickup family with the Sierra HD All Terrain X. Available on four-wheel drive Sierra 2500 HD crew cab models in either Black


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Onyx or Summit White exterior colors, the Sierra HD All Terrain X package provides a unique, premium mix of specialized exterior trim and off-road special equipment, uniquely paired with GMC's high-level of refinement and technologies. All Terrain X's customized appearance starts with a unique body-color grille surround, which flanks a distinctive grille insert that's unique to All Terrain. Body color door handles, front and rear bumpers, and bodyside moldings provide a distinctive monochromatic appearance, while black accents, including belt moldings, front bumper skid plate, and B-pillar accents, enhance its bold attitude. Sierra HD All Terrain X models also include unique


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: eighteen-inch black-painted aluminum wheels – fitted with rugged LT275/65R18 Goodyear Duratrac MT-rated tires – along with four-inch black sport side steps, black heated and power-folding trailering mirrors with integrated turn signals and LED guidance lamps, a spray-on bedliner, and a distinctive black bed-mounted sport bar, which is designed to support available GMC Accessories LED off-road driving lamps. Inside, the 2017 Sierra 2500 HD All Terrain X also features GMC IntelliLink with an 8-inch-diagonal color touchscreen, Teen Driver, remote-locking tailgate, remote starting system, Rear Vision Camera, adjustable pedals, leather-appointed seats, heated front seats and wireless mobile device charging. Sierra HD All


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Terrain X's strong, bold appearance is matched by equally strong engineering underneath its surface. A 6.0-liter gasoline engine is standard, but the all-new, next-generation 6.6-liter Duramax Diesel turbo-diesel V-8 is also available. More powerful and refined than ever before, this latest Duramax Diesel delivers 445 hp and 910 lb-ft of torque – providing plenty of power to trailer with confidence. For added confidence off-road, the Sierra HD All Terrain X also includes the Z71 off-road suspension package, which adds front underbody and transfer case skid plates, twin-tube Rancho shocks, hill descent control, and off-road information graphics in the Driver Information


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Center. An Eaton automatically-locking rear differential (410:1) is also standard equipment. For that year, Chevrolet has added and dropped some of the Special Editions for the Silverado truck series. They are in the following series of Rally Edition 1 and 2, Midnight HD Edition, Midnight Edition, Custom Sport HD Edition, Realtree Edition, Custom Sport HD Edition, Midnight Edition, and Special Ops Edition. There were several addition to this year's Special Editions for the Silverado series shown in boldface. They are the following series of Midnight, Midnight HD, Rally 1, Rally 2, High Desert, Custom Sport HD, Realtree, Special Ops, Alaskan


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: (Available on HD series only), Redline and Black Out. The remaining Special Edition listed in the 2017 Chevrolet Silverado brochure were All Star Edition and Texas Edition. Special edition models of the Chevrolet Silverado and Chevrolet Colorado were introduced to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Chevy Trucks. Chevrolet introduced Centennial Edition Chevrolet Silverado for this year. In addition to the Centennial Edition, the remaining Silverado Special Editions were virtually unchanged from the last year model. In January 2018, Chevrolet announced that it would continue production of the third-generation Silverado 1500 for 2019, and that it would be sold alongside the


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: all-new, fourth-generation 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500. Renamed the Chevrolet Silverado LD ("LD" for Light Duty), production of the previous-generation truck will move from Silao, Mexico and Fort Wayne, Indiana to Oshawa Car Assembly, Ontario, Canada. The first-generation Chevrolet Silverado 1500 was sold alongside the second-generation Chevrolet Silverado 1500 for the 2007 model year as the Chevrolet Silverado 1500 Classic, and 2500 and 3500 versions of the truck were also sold alongside their successors, the Chevrolet Silverado 2500 and 3500. GMC also offered versions of their Sierra trucks as the Sierra Classic for 2007 as well, and will do the same


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: for 2019, offering the predecessor generation model as the 2019 GMC Sierra 1500 Limited. GM's chief financial officer Dhivya Suryadevara confirmed that the third-generation models of the Silverado and Sierra will be continuously built and sold to customers right next to the 2019 pickups until the year 2019. Crew cab models will continue production until early 2019 while regular and double cab variant production won't end until the early second half of next year. On December 16, 2017, Chevrolet unveiled the all-new, fourth-generation 2019 Silverado 1500 at its Chevy Truck Centennial Celebration Weekend at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth,


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Texas. The reveal of the all-new Silverado was not expected until early 2018. For its debut, the Silverado 1500 was airlifted via helicopter onto a stage, where it was introduced to a crowd of Chevrolet truck owners and enthusiasts, as well as to the automotive press. In addition to the reveal of the 2019 Silverado 1500, multiple Chevrolet trucks of different generations were on display as well. The model shown at the reveal was the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500 LT Trail Boss 4X4, which is a factory-modified version of the Silverado 1500 LT Z71. Distinguishing features of the Trail Boss


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: from other Silverado 1500 trim levels are its gloss black front fascia, black rear step bumper, black Chevrolet "bow-tie" emblems on the front grille and rear tailgate, gloss black-finished aluminum-alloy wheels, large off-road tires, altered suspension, "Trail Boss" decals on the sides of the pickup box, front bumper-mounted center fog lamps, "Z71" emblems on each front fender, and red-painted front tow hooks. The formal unveiling of the Silverado 1500 took place at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan on January 13, 2018 exactly 100 years after Chevrolet delivered its first trucks to customers on January 13,


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: 1918. At the unveiling, Chevrolet shown the commemoration of their 100th year of Chevy Trucks by a display of historic Chevrolet pickups temporarily shown at the stage before the launch and a presentation video showing how Chevy Trucks in 100 years have become the most dependable and longest lasting full-size pickups on the road. It shows that the company will not stop there and the next 100 years have just begun. The model was unveiled as a Silverado LT Trail Boss 4X4 model. After this, full details on the fourth-generation Chevrolet Silverado were announced. It started availability to customers in


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: August 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle with a base price of $32,200 MSRP. The Silverado 1500 features a more sculpted exterior design, with front headlamps that integrate into the front grille, which also incorporate LED Daytime Running Accent Lamps (DRL's). The Silverado 1500 will be available in eight distinct trim levels: WT, Custom, Custom Trail Boss, LT, RST, LT Trail Boss, LTZ, and High Country. Chevrolet announced that 2 more Silverado trims will be exhibited at SEMA 2018 with the High Country and LTZ. They include the RST Off Road and RST Street which will be added


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: into the Silverado trim lineup. Engine options include a carryover 4.3L gasoline V6, a revised 5.3L gasoline V8, a revised 6.2L gasoline V8, an all-new 3.0L Duramax turbocharged diesel inline six (I6), as well as an all-new 2.7L Turbocharged "L3B" 4 cylinder (I4) engine. The 6.2L gasoline V8 and 3.0L Duramax turbocharged diesel inline six (I6) engines will be mated to a ten-speed automatic transmission. The Silverado 1500 is the fourth full-size, half-ton pickup truck to offer a diesel engine option, following the 2018 Ford F-150, 2016 Nissan Titan XD, and 2014 Ram Truck 1500, and is the first to


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: offer a 4-cylinder engine. Its engine has an improved version of Active Fuel Management called "Dynamic Fuel Management" that shuts off any number of cylinders in a variety of combinations, maximizing fuel economy and avoiding switching between banks of cylinders. According to EPA ratings, rear drive 2019 Silverado models with the 2.7-liter turbo-four engine can hit 20/23 mpg city/highway. Standard features include a next-generation Chevrolet infotainment system 3 with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto, OnStar with 4G LTE Wi Fi Connectivity. The Waze mobile app can now be compatible in its infotainment system through the use of CarPlay. Trailering features


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: equipped for the 2019 model includes an industry's first trailering label and an in-vehicle towing app on its GM infotainment system. Advanced, active safety features included in the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado are: Chevrolet announced that they will release 3 All-new 2020 Silverado models including the Silverado 2500 HD and 3500 HD (2500 and 3500) models in the next 18 months. On November 21, 2018, Autoblog posted spy shots regarding the model getting a thinner disguise peeking the front headlights shown on Chevrolet's teaser photo of the vehicle. Chevrolet revealed official photos regarding the 2020 Silverado HD. The all-new 2019 GMC


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Sierra was unveiled in Detroit, Michigan on March 1, 2018. The Sierra 1500 will differentiate itself from its Chevrolet Silverado 1500 counterpart by offering unique features, such as a two-piece tailgate, a pickup bed constructed from carbon fiber, a 3" x 7" multi-color Heads-Up Display, a rear-view mirror backup camera system, and a luxury Denali trim level. The Sierra 1500 will also feature its own distinct exterior styling, though interior styling will be similar to that of the Chevrolet Silverado 1500. There are 6 functions of GMC Sierra's Multi-Pro Tailgate including a primary tailgate load stop for large items. Its


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: inner tailgate can be a load stopper, a full-width step, and a work area by dropping down the load stop or provide easy access to the bed just by folding down the inner tailgate. Powertrains include improved versions of the current 5.3L and 6.2L EcoTec3 V8 gasoline engines, as well as the same 3.0L Duramax Turbocharged Diesel I6 engine that will also be available in the 2019 Chevrolet Silverado 1500. An all-new, ten-speed automatic transmission will come as standard equipment on gasoline-powered Sierra 1500 models. Availability of the previous 4.3L EcoTec3 V6 gasoline engine was not announced at launch. The


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: 2019 GMC Sierra went on sale in September 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle at GMC dealerships nationwide. Chevrolet introduced a medium duty version of its Silverado, the Silverado 4500HD and 5500HD, which will replace the discontinued Chevrolet Kodiak and GMC TopKick medium-duty trucks. The truck was unveiled at the 2018 Work Truck Show in Indianapolis, Indiana in March 2018, and will join the Chevrolet 4500HD/XD and 5500HD/XD cabover trucks. It will compete with the Ford Super Duty F-450 and F-550 and Ram 4500 and 5500. Chevrolet also plans to make the vehicles available for sale at least


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: 160 selected dealerships, including the 240 that specializes in fleet and commercial truck sales. GMC has confirmed that they will not offer an equivalent, citing a lack of support for GMC to expand back into a medium duty market while making a push towards a premium market with their current lineup. The move leaves Chevrolet as the only brand in the GM truck division to have medium-duty vehicles in this segment as well as the only division to make its trucks and SUVs available for fleet sales. Allison Automatics started production of 1000 Series™ and 2000 Series™ fully automatic transmissions


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: specifically designed for the Silverado 4500 HD, 5500 HD, and 6500 HD. The medium-duty Silverado is a joint venture between GM and Navistar, it is built at Navistar's Springfield, Ohio plant. Navistar will also sell their own rebadged version, the International CV. The prices for this model starts at $48,465. When production of the CUCV II ended in 2000, GM redesigned it to coincide with civilian truck offerings. The CUCV nomenclature was changed to Light Service Support Vehicle (LSSV) in 2001. In 2005, LSSV production switched to AM General, a unit of MacAndrews and Forbes Holdings. The LSSV is a


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: GM-built Chevrolet Silverado 1500, Chevrolet Silverado 2500 HD, Chevrolet Tahoe, or Chevrolet Suburban that is powered by a Duramax 6.6 liter turbo diesel engine. The various Silverados, Tahoes, and Suburbans that are used provide numerous platforms for different kinds of vehicles. As GM has redesigned its civilian trucks and SUVs from 2001–present, LSSVs have also been updated cosmetically. The Militarization of standard GM trucks/SUVs to become LSSVs includes exterior changes such as CARC paint (Forest Green, Desert Sand, or 3-color Camouflage), blackout lights, military bumpers, a brush guard, a NATO slave receptacle/NATO trailer receptacle, a pintle hook and tow shackles.


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: The electrical system is changed to the 24/12 volt military standard. The dashboard has additional controls and dataplates. The truck also can be equipped with weapon supports in the cab, cargo tie down hooks, folding troop seats, pioneer tools, winches, and other military accessories. The Enhanced Mobility Package (EMP) option adds enhanced suspension, 4-wheel anti-lock brakes, a locking differential, on/off-road beadlock tires, a tire pressure monitoring system and other upgrades. About 2,000 LSSV units were sold to U.S. and international military and law enforcement organizations. General Motors relaunched GM Defense division in 2018 offering the ZH2 Silverado, an advanced technology


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Chevrolet Silverado with a hydrogen powered fuel cell and a heavy duty truck architecture modified for next generation military vehicle needs. There is also a ZH2 Chevrolet Colorado military version. Chevrolet is represented in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series by the Silverado. As of the 2016 season, 19 full-time teams use the Silverado. Chevrolet has won the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Manufacturers Championship 8-times since the series inception in 1995 and Chevrolet drivers have won the Drivers Championship a combined 12-times. The Silverado is also the title sponsor for the Chevrolet Silverado 250 Truck Series race at Canadian


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: Tire Motorsport Park. The truck also won the Primm 300 off-road race in 2004, 2005 and 2006. As of 2015, the Chevrolet Silverado is sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Chile, and the Middle East (except Iran), and the GMC Sierra is sold in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East (except Israel and Iran). GM has also announced plans to introduce the Silverado, along with the smaller Colorado, to China. Chevrolet will start selling the Silverado in Oceania in 2018 via its division Holden but will retain the Chevrolet brand and badge. The vehicles will


title: "Chevrolet Silverado" content: be Right Hand Drive versions for that region. There is a small gray market for both the Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra trucks in some parts of the world, mostly in Scandinavian countries and Germany. Chevrolet Silverado The Chevrolet Silverado, and its mechanically identical cousin the GMC Sierra, are a series of full-size and heavy-duty pickup trucks manufactured by General Motors and introduced in 1998 as the successor to the long-running Chevrolet C/K line. The Silverado name was taken from a trim level previously used on its predecessor, the Chevrolet C/K pickup truck from 1975 through 1998. General Motors continues


title: "Needful Things" content: business cycle all over again. In 1993, a film adaptation of King's book directed by Fraser C. Heston and starring Max von Sydow, Ed Harris, Bonnie Bedelia and J. T. Walsh was released in theaters. It received generally negative reviews from critics, with an overall rating of 26% on Rotten Tomatoes. The "Rick and Morty" episode "Something Ricked This Way Comes" parodies "Needful Things," featuring the Devil as the proprietor of a store named "Needful Things" which sells cursed items. Needful Things Needful Things is a 1991 horror novel by American author Stephen King. It is the first novel King


title: Teraina content: too. If a "Prosobonia" sandpiper once bred on Teeraina, it is almost certainly those rats that are responsible for these birds' disappearance; only a single taxon of "Prosobonia" remains today, precariously holding its own on atolls that are devoid of any rat species. Feral dogs, cats and pigs occur in varying numbers on Teraina; the cats especially are responsible for some decline in the number of ground-nesting seabirds. On the other hand, as noted above, the cats have thus far kept the rat population at bay. Lacustrine species reported from Teeraina include fish. and some unspecified "shrimp", i.e. (in all


title: "Fred Ottman" content: R. Schyster). In July the Natural Disasters defeated Money Inc. to win the WWF Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Money Inc. three months later. After Earthquake took a leave of absence from the WWF early in 1993, Ottman wrestled in singles matches before leaving the company in early summer. He worked house shows against Terry Taylor in the spring. His final match saw him defeat The Predator (Horace Hogan) in a house show match in Tampa, FL on July 18th. After departing from the WWF, Ottman found himself at the center of one of the most infamous


title: Phronima content: Phronima Phronima is a genus of small, deep sea hyperiid amphipods of the family Phronimidae. It is found throughout the world's oceans, except in polar regions. "Phronima" species live in the pelagic zone of the deep ocean. Their bodies are semitransparent. Although commonly known as parasites, they are more technically correctly called parasitoids. Instead of constantly feeding on a live host, females attack salps, using their mouths and claws to eat the animal and hollow out its gelatinous shell. "Phronima" females then enter the barrel and lay their eggs inside, and then propels the barrel through the water as the


title: Laelia content: Laelia Laelia is a small genus of 25 species in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). "Laelia" species are found in areas of subtropical or temperate climate in Central and South America, but mostly in Mexico. "Laelia" is abbreviated L. in the horticultural trade. Mostly epiphyte herbs (with a few lithophytes) with laterally compressed pseudobulbs. One to four leathery or fleshy leaves are born near the top of each pseudobulb, and can be broadly ovate to oblong. The inflorescence is a terminal raceme (rarely a panicle). The flowers have 8 pollinia; petals are of a thinner texture than the sepals; sepals and


title: Laelia content: petals are of similar shape, but the sepals being narrower; the lip or labellum is free from the arched flower column. Species of "Laelia" can be found from western Mexico south to Bolivia, from sea level to mountain forests. The genus "Laelia" was described as part of subfamily Epidendroideae by John Lindley. Brazilian "Laelias", after being classified for several years under "Sophronitis", have now been placed in the genus "Cattleya". Moreover, species formerly placed in the genus "Schomburgkia" have been moved either to the genus "Laelia" or "Myrmecophila". "Laelia" comprises the following species: Species in this genus are found in


title: Laelia content: forests from sea level to mountain habitats above 2000 m. Species from above 2000 m of elevation like "L. albida", and "L. autumnalis" are adapted to temperate climates and can be grown outdoors in places like the Mexican Plateau, California and other subtropical areas with cool summers. "Laelia" is one of the orchid genera known to use crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis, which reduces evapotranspiration during daylight because carbon dioxide is collected at night. Laelias can be grown fastened to tree trunks, as long as the tree won't cast a deep shadow; they can also be fastened to a piece of


title: Laelia content: branch or a slab of cork so they can be hung in a place facing south. The growing medium must have good drainage, rapidly drying after watering; pieces of pine bark, charcoal or pebbles are good choices. If grown mounted they definitely need approximately 50-70% humidity, while cooler temperatures increase the blooming process. Watering can be done 2-3 times a week, but with lower frequency in winter. Fertilization can be done with a very dilute solution, twice a month especially during growing season (May to November in Northern Hemisphere). Laelia Laelia is a small genus of 25 species in the


title: Anti-authoritarianism content: such special knowledge I apply to such or such a savant. But I allow neither the bootmaker nor the architect nor savant to impose his authority upon me. I listen to them freely and with all the respect merited by their intelligence, their character, their knowledge, reserving always my incontestable right of criticism and censure. I do not content myself with consulting a single authority in any special branch; I consult several; I compare their opinions, and choose that which seems to me the soundest. But I recognise no infallible authority, even in special questions; consequently, whatever respect I may


title: "Smoke (Mortal Kombat)" content: of the grandmaster. Smoke is summoned by the clan's interim grandmaster as the next warrior to hunt down and kill the traitor, at which point he begins emerging from mist as a faint, grey figure with glowing red eyes just as the screen fades to black. The character has been met with mainly positive fan and critical reception, and is known as one of the most popular characters in the series. Fans ranked Smoke as the series' best character in a poll hosted by Mortal Kombat Online in 2013, and placed him eleventh in a 2013 online poll presented by


title: "Villa Lante" content: and formed into decorative patterns around small fountains and sculptures. The main feature of this parterre is the complex fountain at its centre, formed of four basins, separated by parapeted walks, the parapets decorated with stone pineapples and urns that intersect the water. At the heart of the complex, a centre basin contains the "Fontana dei Mori" by Giambologna: four life-sized moors stand square around two lions; they hold high the heraldic mountain surmounted by the star shaped fountain jet, the Montalto coat of arms. This is the focal point of this unusual composition of Casini and parterre. In the


title: "Minton's Playhouse" content: Estudio Sarah Garcia and a new brand identity designed by New York designer John Simoudis. Minton's Playhouse Minton's Playhouse is a jazz club and bar located on the first floor of the Cecil Hotel at 210 West 118th Street in Harlem and is a registered trademark of Housing and Services, Inc. a New York City nonprofit provider of supportive housing. The door to the actual club itself is at 206 West 118th Street where there is a small plaque. Minton's was founded by tenor saxophonist Henry Minton in 1938. Minton's is famous for its role in the development of modern


title: "History of rugby union" content: In the middle of the decade, after overseeing the rise in popularity of rugby union in the United States, members' bodies met in Chicago in 1975 and formed the United States of America Rugby Football Union, today known as USA Rugby. The 1981 Springbok Tour to New Zealand was also marked by political protests and is still referred to by New Zealanders as "The Tour". The tour divided New Zealand society and rugby lost some of its prestige, which was not restored until New Zealand won the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup. In 1983, the WRFU (Women's Rugby Football Union)


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: Millennium Stadium The Millennium Stadium (), since 2016 named for sponsorship purposes as the Principality Stadium (), is the national stadium of Wales, located in Cardiff. It is the home of the Wales national rugby union team and has also staged games of the Wales national football team. Initially built to host the 1999 Rugby World Cup, it has gone on to host many other large-scale events, such as the Tsunami Relief concert, the Super Special Stage of Wales Rally Great Britain, the Speedway Grand Prix of Great Britain and various music concerts. It also hosted six FA Cup finals


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: and several other high-profile football fixtures while Wembley Stadium was being redeveloped. The stadium is owned by Millennium Stadium plc, a subsidiary company of the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU). The stadium was designed by a team led by architects Bligh Lobb Sports Architecture. WS Atkins were the structural engineers, and the building contractor was Laing. The total construction cost of the stadium was £121 million, of which the Millennium Commission funded £46 million. The Millennium Stadium opened in June 1999 and its first major event was an international rugby union match on 26 June 1999, when Wales beat South Africa


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: in a test match by 29–19 before a crowd of 29,000. With a total seating capacity of 74,500, it is the third-largest stadium in the Six Nations Championship behind the Stade de France and Twickenham. It is also the second-largest stadium in the world with a fully retractable roof and was the second stadium in Europe to have this feature. Listed as a category four stadium by UEFA, the stadium was chosen as the venue for the 2017 UEFA Champions League Final, which took place on 3 June 2017. In 2015, the Welsh Rugby Union announced a 10-year sponsorship deal


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: with the Principality Building Society that saw the stadium renamed as the "Principality Stadium" from early 2016. Until 1969, Cardiff RFC and Wales both played their home matches on the same pitch at Cardiff Arms Park, but all this changed in the 1969–70 season. As a result of an agreement between Cardiff Athletic Club and the WRU, the National Stadium project established that a new stadium for international matches and events was required, with Cardiff RFC moving to a new purpose built stadium on the original cricket ground at the site of the former Cardiff Arms Park stadium. By 7


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: April 1984 the National Stadium was officially opened. However, in 1994, a redevelopment committee was set up to consider redeveloping the National Stadium, and by 1995 the WRU had been chosen to host the 1999 Rugby World Cup. In 1995, the National Stadium, which was designed in 1962, only had a capacity of 53,000; other nations' stadia, such as Twickenham (England) with a capacity of 75,000, and Murrayfield Stadium (Scotland) with a capacity of 67,000, had overtaken it. France was also about to build the Stade de France, which would have a capacity of more than 80,000 for the 1998


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: FIFA World Cup. The original capacity of the National Stadium was 65,000, but this had been reduced to 53,000, due to the Taylor Report. 11,000 of 53,000 capacity was on the East Terrace and the conversion to an all-seater stadium would have reduced the stadium capacity still further to just 47,500. In addition to the problems of capacity, the National Stadium was also very well hidden by the neighbouring buildings to the south in Park Street, Wood Street and to the east in Westgate Street, and also by Cardiff Rugby Ground in the north. It was only fully visible from


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: across the River Taff in the west. Access to the ground was also very restricted with the main entrance being a narrow opening in Westgate Street to the east which was shared by both vehicles and spectators alike. The options for the new stadium included adding a third tier to the existing National Stadium, or moving to a new site. This last option was discounted because it would have required a vast car parking facility, and that would have put severe short-term pressures on the local transport infrastructure, creating traffic jams and pollution. The committee eventually chose a new stadium


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: on the same site but with considerable increase in its capacity. It would also involve moving the alignment of the stadium from west-east to north-south. This was the option supported by the Millennium Commission. It would become the fourth redevelopment of the Cardiff Arms Park site. It was also decided that the new stadium should have a sliding roof to accommodate a multi-use venue, with a grass pitch for rugby and football. The only other sliding roofs in Europe at the time were at two Dutch stadia – the Amsterdam Arena, completed in 1996 with a capacity of 50,000; and


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: Gelredome in Arnhem, a 30,000-capacity ground built from 1996 to 1998. To remain on the Arms Park site, additional space had to be found to allow safe access and to provide room for the increased capacity and improved facilities. This was achieved by the purchase of adjacent buildings to the south and east and by the construction of a new £6 million River Walk by the River Taff on the western side of the stadium. By 1999, the Millennium Stadium had replaced the National Stadium, Cardiff Arms Park, as the national stadium of Wales for rugby union and association football


title: "Millennium Stadium" content: international matches. Cardiff RFC continued as before to play at Cardiff Arms Park rugby ground, which had replaced the cricket ground in 1969. The stadium was designed by a team led by Bob Sheard at Lobb Sport Architecture, who later merged with HOK Sport to become Populous. The building contractor was Laing and the structural engineers were WS Atkins. Mike Otlet of WS Atkins designed the stadium's retractable roof. Cimolai S.p.A. from Italy fabricated and erected the 72 steel plane frames for the stands and all the 4,500 components of the roof. Construction involved the demolition of a number of