title: "Martian Manhunter" content: hero in the Southern Hemisphere, and that he maintains a number of different secret identities, many of them outside the United States. However, following two incidents later in the series in which John Jones separates from Martian Manhunter, he decides to focus on his original human identity and retire the others. The series establishes that J'onzz has a disturbed brother, Ma'alefa'ak, who uses his shape shifting abilities to pose as J'onzz, capturing and torturing Jemm, Son of Saturn, and terraforming part of Earth to resemble Mars (areoforming). This is all part of a grand plan designed to convince the rest


title: "Sterilization (microbiology)" content: used. Smaller pore sizes lower the flow rate, so in order to achieve higher total throughput or to avoid premature blockage, pre-filters might be used to protect small pore membrane filters. Tangential flow filtration (TFF) and alternating tangential flow (ATF) systems also reduce particulate accumulation and blockage. Membrane filters used in production processes are commonly made from materials such as mixed cellulose ester or polyethersulfone (PES). The filtration equipment and the filters themselves may be purchased as pre-sterilized disposable units in sealed packaging or must be sterilized by the user, generally by autoclaving at a temperature that does not damage


title: "Myrtle warbler" content: Myrtle warbler The myrtle warbler ("Setophaga coronata coronata") is a small New World warbler. This passerine bird was long known to be closely related to its western counterpart, Audubon's warbler, and at various times the two forms have been classed as separate species or grouped as yellow-rumped warblers, "Setophaga coronata". The two forms most likely diverged when the eastern and western populations were separated in the last ice age. In North America, the two forms are now again officially recognized as conspecific. The myrtle warbler has a northerly and easterly distribution, with Audubon's further west. It breeds in much of


title: "Myrtle warbler" content: Canada and the northeastern USA. It is migratory, wintering in the southeastern United States, eastern Central America, and the Caribbean. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe, and has wintered in Great Britain. The summer male myrtle warbler has a slate blue back, and yellow crown, rump and flank patch. It has white tail patches, and the breast is streaked black. The female has a similar pattern, but the back is brown as are the breast streaks. The myrtle can be distinguished from Audubon's warbler by its whitish eyestripe, white (not yellow) throat, and contrasting cheek patch. Their trill-like


title: "Myrtle warbler" content: songs, nearly indistinguishable, consist of a 3–4 syllable "tyew-tyew-tyew-tyew", sometimes followed by 3 more "tew"'s. The call is a hard "check". Its breeding habitat is a variety of coniferous and mixed woodland. Myrtle warblers nest in a tree, laying 4–5 eggs in a cup nest. These birds are insectivorous, but will readily take wax-myrtle berries in winter, a habit which gives the species its name. Experienced birders recognize myrtle warblers with the naked eye by their flycatcher-like habit of making short flights from their perch in search of bugs. They form small flocks on migration or in winter. Myrtle warbler


title: "America's Funniest Home Videos" content: and Fugelsang reveals the moment of impact (a screen that shows a still picture of that clip) that occurred in it. This segment was scrapped at the end of season ten. Another featured segment was "Who Would You Like to See...", in which a random person is asked which celebrity they would like to see involved in a random humorous mishap, with a photo of a celebrity's face posterized over the face of the actual person in the video. With the Sunday night 7:00 p.m. Eastern time slot now occupied by Disney films aired as part of "The Wonderful World


title: "Fever (Kylie Minogue album)" content: Fever (Kylie Minogue album) Fever is the eighth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue, released on 1 October 2001 internationally by Parlophone. The album was later released in the United States on 26 February 2002 by Capitol Records and was Minogue's first album release in the region since her second studio album "Enjoy Yourself" (1989). Minogue worked with writers and producers such as Cathy Dennis, Rob Davis, Richard Stannard, Julian Gallagher, TommyD, Tom Nichols, Pascal Gabriel and others to create the disco and Europop-influenced dance-pop album. Other musical influences of the album range from synth-pop to club music. Four


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: BMW 1 Series (E87) The BMW E81/E82/E87/E88 is the first generation of the BMW 1 Series range of small hatchback, coupe and convertible cars, which were produced from 2004 to 2013. It replaced the 3 Series Compact as the smallest and least expensive vehicle in the BMW range. The body styles of the range are: The 3-door and 5-door hatchbacks were replaced by the F20 and F21 models in 2011, while the E82 coupé and E88 convertible variants were replaced by the 2 Series F22 and F23 in 2013. The engines available were four-cylinder diesel and four- and six-cylinder petrol,


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: in both naturally aspirated and turbocharged forms. Unlike most hatchback competitors, the E81/E82/E87/E88 uses rear-wheel drive (instead of front-wheel drive). The 1 Series accounted for nearly one-fifth of the total BMW sales in 2008. Initially, BMW considered adopting the Rover R30 design program into the upcoming 1 Series, however it was eventually decided to develop the 1 Series alongside the E90 3 Series. The E81/E82/E87/E88 shares approximately 60% of components with the E90, including front and rear suspension, structure, chassis, powertrain, hardware and electronic elements. Design work was done by Christopher Chapman in 2001 under design director Chris Bangle. In


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: 2002, the "CS1 Concept" previewed the 1 Series design at the Geneva Motor Show. The first 1 Series production models - in the E87 five-door hatchback body style - were launched at the Paris Motor Show in September 2004. The chassis has a rear-wheel drive layout with a 50:50 weight balance, a longitudinally-mounted engine and aluminium multi-link suspension. The 1 Series was launched globally in September 2004 as the E87 five-door hatchback. The E87 was produced from 2004 until 2011, with the model range consisting of the 116i, 116d, 118i, 118d, 120i, 120d, 123d and 130i. Kerb Weight: 1340 kg.


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: The E81 three-door hatchback models were produced from July 2007 until 2012. As per the five-door body style, the model range consisted of the 116i, 116d, 118i, 118d, 120i, 120d, 123d and 130i. The overall length is the same as the five-door models, and the kerb weight is lighter. The 1 Series Coupé (E82) was unveiled in 2007 at the Frankfurt Motor Show and went on sale on 24 November 2007. The model range consisted of the 118d, 118i, 120i, 120d, 123d, 125i, 128i, 135i and the 1 Series M Coupé. In North America, the E82 went on sale in


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: October 2007 with the 128i and the 135i models. The E82 was produced until August 2013. The E88 convertible models were produced from 2007 until June 2013. The model range consisted of the 118d, 118i, 120i, 120d, 123d, 125i, 128i and 135i. The E88 uses a fabric roof (unlike the E93 3 Series convertible, which uses a folding metal roof). In early 2006, the 5-speed manual transmission was phased out in favour of the 6-speed gearbox. The automatic transmission option was a 6-speed ZF 6HP transmission for the 135i and 6l45 GM 6L50 transmission for the 128i. For the 135i


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: (2011 and up) model, a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission ("DCT") was also available. The factory specifications are as follows: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Only sold in Canada and the United States. In most countries, the 135i is the top model of the coupe and convertible range (excluding the limited production 1M Coupe). From 2007 to 2010, the 135i was powered by the N54 twin-turbo 3.0 litre engine with a 6-speed manual or a 6-speed automatic transmission. From 2010, the 135i engine was upgraded to the N55 single-turbo 3.0 litre engine with a 6-speed manual or a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission. The differential fitted to the


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: 135i uses double-helical ball bearings, which operate at a lower temperature and reach operating temperature quicker, due to a reduction of fluid required in the differential. The 135i brakes are 6-piston front calipers and 2-piston rear calipers, with disk sizes of 338 mm and 324 mm respectively. The 135is coupe and convertible model was sold from 2013 in the United States and Canada (in other markets, the next generation F20 1 Series had replaced the E82/E88 by this stage). It is powered by an upgraded version of the N55 engine which produces and . Other upgrades include sports suspension, an


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: M Sport body kit, and 18-inch wheels. Transmission options were - as per the 135i - a 6-speed manual or a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission. The 130i is the top model of the E81/E87 hatchback range and was released in September 2004. It is powered by the N52 3.0 litre naturally aspirated engine and transmission choices were a 6-speed manual or a 6-speed automatic. The BMW 1 Series M Coupe ("1M Coupe") is a high-performance version of the BMW 1 Series Coupe, developed by BMW's motorsport branch BMW M. While BMW naming convention would have called the car the "M1", the


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: name "BMW 1 Series M" was used instead, to avoid confusion with the original BMW M1. At the 2007 Tokyo Auto Show, BMW unveiled the "BMW 1 Series tii Concept", which was thought to be a preview of the M version of the 1 Series. However, the eventual M model appeared four years later and with significant differences, such as a six-cylinders instead of four. BMW officially announced the making of the M variant of the BMW 1-Series Coupé in December 2010. The 1M coupe was BMW M's second turbocharged engine (after the S63 V8 which debuted in the X6M).


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: Since the 1M Coupe's N54 engine was also used in the E89 BMW Z4 sDrive35is, the 1M Coupe is only the second M model, after the Z8 and E39 M5's shared S62, to use an engine shared with non-M models. The outputs for this engine are at 5900 rpm and from 1,500 to 4,500 rpm. An additional is produced during overboost taking overall peak torque to . The only available drivetrain is a six-speed manual gearbox with an M limited slip differential. The front and rear track widths were widened by and respectively. As a result, the overall width is


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: . The curb weight is . Initial plans were to limit production of the 1M Coupe to 2700 units, however the final production total was 6309. The 1M Coupe placed third in Evo Magazine's 2011 Car of the Year (eCOTY) awards. It also featured on "Top Gear" on 26 June 2011 and recorded a time of 1:25.0 around the Top Gear test track under damp conditions. and received "Richard Hammond's Car of the Year 2011" award in the Top Gear magazine. In 2012, 1 Series vehicles were stolen by programming a blank key fob to start the car through the


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: on-board diagnostics (OBD) connection. The primary causes of this vulnerability lie in the lack of appropriate authentication and authorization in the OBD specifications, which rely largely on security through obscurity. BMW offered all owners a free fix through a software update, and all newer vehicles have upgraded software that fixed this vulnerability. The BMW ActiveE is a demonstration electric car based on the E82 coupe. It is the second vehicle after the Mini E to be developed under BMW Group's Project i. The electric drive system is the latest addition to BMW's EfficientDynamics program. The US Environmental Protection Agency official


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: range is , with an energy consumption of 33 kW·h/100 miles, and the agency rated the ActiveE's combined fuel economy at 2.3L/100 km (102 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent). Deliveries of the ActiveE for field testing in the U.S. began in January 2012, after the Mini E trial ended. A total of 1,100 vehicles were produced participate in the program worldwide, with 700 allocated for the U.S. trial and 35 for a trial in China. In March 2007, the E87 five-door hatchback received a facelift (also called LCI). Changes included the N43 four-cylinder engine replacing the N45 and N46 engines,


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: various changes to improve fuel economy (marketed as "EfficientDynamics"), electric power steering replacing the traditional hydraulic power steering, revised bumpers and interior changes. In May 2007, the E81 three-door hatchback models were released. In November 2007, the E82 coupe models were released, followed by the E88 convertible models soon after. In 2011, the E82 coupé and E88 convertible models received a facelift. Changes included headlights and taillight revisions, new front/rear bumpers and minor revisions to the interior. For the 135i model, the N55 engine replaced the N54. Even though many engines are same, the facelifted 1 Series fuel consumption is


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: slightly higher in some models such as the 123d, and slightly lower in some models such as the 120i. In May 2005, in a commercial for the 1 Series Hatchback, Kermit the Frog was shown driving a BMW 1 Series around in a desert making figure eights, showcasing the car's agility. In the United States, the 1 Series Coupé was marketed as a successor to the BMW 2002. Reviews of the 1 Series' exterior styling were mixed, with the unusual proportions of the hatchback model often receiving criticism. The BMW 118d won the 'World Green Car Award' in 2008 as


title: "BMW 1 Series (E87)" content: a performance-oriented car with CO emissions and fuel consumption comparable to Toyota Prius. In 2006, a BMW 120d modified with a BMW customer racing kit entered by "Schubert Motors" placed 5th at the Nurburgring 24 Hours in a field of 220 cars. Ignition coil and fuel injector problems have been reported on models using the N43 engine. Timing chain failures have been reported on models using the N47 engines. The 1 Series is built in Regensburg and Leipzig, Germany. Sales statistics according to BMW's annual reports: BMW 1 Series (E87) The BMW E81/E82/E87/E88 is the first generation of the BMW


title: "Thomas and the Magic Railroad" content: feature film composed by Hummie Mann. A video game, called "Thomas and the Magic Railroad: Print Studio", was released based on the film. "Print Studio" was published by Hasbro Interactive and released for PC on August 25, 2000. On July 1, 2000, Destination Films began developing a sequel, but due to the negative reception by critics and the poor box office performance, the sequel was cancelled. However, it was back in production by HiT Entertainment as "Calling All Engines" (2005). HiT said that its theatrical division would be piloted by a Thomas film. Originally targeted for a late 2010 release,


title: "Lectures on Faith" content: at the beginning of paragraph 2: "There are two personages who constitute the great, matchless, governing and supreme power over all things ... They are the Father and Son." This could cause confusion when compared with section 130 of the Doctrine and Covenants: "The Holy Ghost has not a body of flesh and bones, but is a personage of Spirit." Section 130 was added in the 1876 edition and hence co-existed with the Lectures on Faith. In 1972, Elder Bruce R. McConkie, then a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' First Council of the Seventy, praised


title: Puebla content: war. Under the 1917 Constitution, the state was reestablished with 222 municipalities. One of the last skirmishes of the war occurred in Aljibes, Puebla in May 1920 when forces of Álvaro Obregón attacked those of Carranza as he was headed to Veracruz. Carranza was assassinated in Tlaxcalantongo in the Sierra Norte de Puebla soon thereafter. The 1920s immediately after the war was marked by instability. The governorship changed hands frequently with resistance to whoever was in power from other parts of the state. Despite this, the Universidad de Puebla was established by Maximino Ávila Camacho during this decade. True political


title: "History of Uganda (1971–79)" content: blessing for them. Muslims began to do well in what economic opportunities yet remained, the more so if they had relatives in the army. Construction work began on Kibuli Hill, the site of Kampala's most prominent mosque. Many Ugandan Muslims with a sense of history believed that the Muslim defeat by Christians in 1889 was finally being redressed. Christians, in turn, perceived that they were under siege as a religious group; it was clear that Amin viewed the churches as potential centres of opposition. A number of priests and ministers disappeared in the course of the 1970s, but the matter


title: "Elaine Paige" content: finished, and Paige's sister, Marion Billings, admitted, "That was very hard for Elaine, having to go on stage night after night knowing she wanted to be with Mum". Paige sang at the opening of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, and then made her Los Angeles concert debut at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium. In 2003, she played Angèle in "Where There's a Will", directed by Peter Hall. She next sang the role of Mrs Lovett in the New York City Opera production of Stephen Sondheim's "Sweeney Todd" in March 2004, earning positive reviews from critics, and a nomination


title: "Vera Baird" content: upon Tyne, with other young barristers, shortly after she finished her pupilage and becoming its Head of Chambers for some years. In 1983 she was retained to act for Billingham Against Nuclear Dumping (BAND) when the then nuclear waste disposal agency NIREX planned to store medium-level nuclear waste in a disused anhydrite mine under Billingham, though the plans were abandoned in 1985 when ICI the owners of the mine refused to co-operate. At the conclusion of the campaign her barrister fees were, at her instruction, donated by BAND to the Druridge Bay Campaign. She subsequently represented similar groups opposed to


title: "Ceres, Celestial Legend" content: license for the series, and will re-release the series in 2015. The "Ceres, Celestial Legend" novels were written by Nishizaki Megumi and illustrated by Watase Yuu, with storylines created by both. The first three novels each tell a side story of one of the characters; the last novels contain a three-part sequel to the main story. Ceres, Celestial Legend Ceres, Celestial Legend, known in Japan as , is a fantasy shōjo manga series written by Yuu Watase. It was originally serialized in "Shōjo Comic" from May 1996 through March 2000 and later reprinted by Shogakukan in fourteen collected volumes. The


title: "Jaguar XK" content: Jaguar XK The Jaguar XK (XK, XK8 and XKR) is a two-door grand touring 2+2 manufactured and marketed by Jaguar Cars from 1996-2014 in coupé and convertible bodystyles, across two generations. The XK was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1996 and was last manufactured in July 2014. The first generation was marketed as the XK8, replacing the XJS and was Jaguar's first 8-cylinder model since the Daimler 250, introducing the Jaguar AJ-V8 engine. The second generation XK, noted for its aluminium monocoque bodyshell, was launched in 2006 for model year 2007. Both generations were marketed in performance


title: "Jaguar XK" content: variants, as the XKR. The XK8 was launched in 1996 to replace the XJ-S. Two body styles were produced - a coupé and a convertible. The car was the first in the Jaguar line-up to use Jaguar's newly developed V8 engine - the AJ-V8. In 2000, the supercharged XKR was added to the range. The XKR featured 370 supercharged horsepower, a subtle rear spoiler, wire mesh front grille, and red exterior emblems. The XKR's motor was made in England, the ignition system was from NGK in Japan, the transmission was a Mercedes-Benz 722.6, the lighting system was by Valeo in


title: "Jaguar XK" content: France, and the supercharger was made by Eaton in the USA. So it was truly a world car. The 2000-2002 XKRs had the 4.0 engine which featured a plastic timing chain tensioner and plastic finned water pump. Replacement of these plastic items with metal ones is a prudent investment. The XK8 came standard with 17-inch alloy wheels, while 18-inch (standard on the XKR), 19-inch, and 20-inch wheels were available for the XK8 and XKR at an additional cost. Jaguar's Adaptive Cruise Control is an optional feature available on both models. Both models came with all-leather interior, burl walnut trim, and


title: "Jaguar XK" content: side airbags. In 2003 the XKR got many upgrades including horse power from 370- to - 390. In 2007 the XK-8 was replaced by the completely redesigned XK which had an all-aluminum body instead of the steel body, but with similar mechanicals. Therefore the 2003-2006 XKRs are becoming quite collectible by enthusiasts. The redesigned XK debuted in 2005 at the Frankfurt Motor Show in Germany, styled by Jaguar's chief designer Ian Callum. The X150's grille was also inspired from the famous 1961 Jaguar E-Type. The standard XK model has a limited top speed of while the XKR a limited top


title: "Jaguar XK" content: speed of . An even faster variant, the XKR-S model was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in 2012. The XKR-S gained an additional 40-horsepower over the XKR bringing the 0-60 mph time down to only 4.4 seconds and the top speed up to 300 km/h (186 mph) - making it the fastest Jaguar yet after the Jaguar XJ220. A convertible version of the XKR-S was released in 2012. Production of the XK ended in July 2014 without a replacement model. Most of the tooling is now used on the XK-based F-Type and the two models were produced concurrently on


title: "Jaguar XK" content: the same line from 2012-2014. which were not with were Jaguar XK The Jaguar XK (XK, XK8 and XKR) is a two-door grand touring 2+2 manufactured and marketed by Jaguar Cars from 1996-2014 in coupé and convertible bodystyles, across two generations. The XK was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1996 and was last manufactured in July 2014. The first generation was marketed as the XK8, replacing the XJS and was Jaguar's first 8-cylinder model since the Daimler 250, introducing the Jaguar AJ-V8 engine. The second generation XK, noted for its aluminium monocoque bodyshell, was launched in 2006


title: Cryptorchidism content: locate it, assess its viability, and determine the safest way to maintain or establish the blood supply. Multistage surgeries, or autotransplantation and anastomosis, are more often necessary in these situations. Just as often, intra-abdominal exploration discovers that the testis is nonexistent ("vanished"), or dysplastic and not salvageable. The principal major complication of all types of orchiopexy is a loss of the blood supply to the testis, resulting in loss of the testis due to ischemic atrophy or fibrosis. Cryptorchidism is seen in all domestic animals, most commonly in stallions, boars, and canines. The prevalence of this condition can vary depending


title: "Missing Persons (band)" content: Little Steven & The Disciples of Soul, Quarterflash, Joe Walsh, Los Lobos (side stage only), and Stevie Nicks. The group followed up their debut with the experimental album "Rhyme & Reason" (1984), which was neither a commercial nor a critical success. The video for "Surrender Your Heart" was designed by Peter Max and received play on MTV, but the track failed to reach the Hot 100. Only the single "Give" met with any chart response. Wild left Missing Persons after this album, and was not replaced. Capitol was not happy about the direction the band was taking, as well as


title: "Angel Stadium" content: fence, and new bullpens. Fireworks shoot out of the display at the start of games, after every Angel home run and after every Angel win (they had been shot off from a parking garage before then). The field dimensions of the renovated stadium became somewhat asymmetrical, with the high fence in right center field (which earlier hid the football-only bleacher section) replaced by a high wall which contains a scoreboard displaying out-of-town scores of other games. A plaza was built around the perimeter of the stadium, and inside are statues depicting longtime Angel owner and chairman Gene Autry and Michelle


title: "Székelys" content: known from Hungarian grave findings from the period of the Hungarian conquest. After the Hungarians became Christians in the 11th century, the importance of these icons became purely visual and symbolic. The Székelys have succeeded in preserving traditions to an extent unusual even in Central and Eastern Europe. A description of the Székely Land and its traditions was written between 1859 and 1868 by Balázs Orbán in his "Description of the Székely Land". Hungarian: Romanian: Székelys The Székelys (), sometimes also referred to as Szeklers (, , , ), are a subgroup of the Hungarian people living mostly in the


title: "Edith Roosevelt" content: and Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler (1836–1895). Gertrude's father Daniel Tyler (1799–1882) served as Union general in the American Civil War. Edith's younger sister was Emily Tyler Carow (1865–1939). Edith also had a brother, Kermit (February 1860 – August 1860) who died one year before her birth. The name "Kermit," selected by Edith's parents as her brother's first name and as her middle name, was the surname of a paternal great-uncle, Robert Kermit. During her childhood, Edith was known as "Edie." Edith grew up in a brownstone on Union Square in New York City. Next door lived Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt (1858–1919). Edith


title: "Divine providence" content: the future" or omniscience, understood as an attribute of God. Augustine of Hippo is perhaps most famously associated with the doctrine of divine providence in the Latin West. Augustine held that since God's governance takes place in the universe comprising a vast multitude of relatively independent individuals differing in nature, function, and end, this implies the continuous control and unifying governance of a single supreme Being. However, Christian teaching on providence in the High Middle Ages was most fully developed by Thomas Aquinas in the "Summa Theologica". The concept of providence as care exercised by God over the universe, his


title: "Cape May warbler" content: Cape May warbler The Cape May warbler ("Setophaga tigrina") is a species of New World warbler. It breeds in northern North America. Its breeding range spans all but the westernmost parts of southern Canada, the Great Lakes region, and New England. It is migratory, wintering in the West Indies. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, with two records in Britain as of October 2013. The English name refers to Cape May, New Jersey, where George Ord collected the specimen later described by Alexander Wilson. This species was not recorded again in Cape May for another 100


title: "Cape May warbler" content: years, although it is now known as an uncommon migrant there. The genus name "Setophaga" is from Ancient Greek "ses", "moth", and "", "eating", and the specific "tigrina" is Latin for "tiger-striped" from "tigris", "tiger". This bird is a small passerine and is a mid-sized New World warbler. Length can vary from , wingspan is , and body mass can range from . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the bill is and the tarsus is . The summer male Cape May warbler has a brown back, yellowish rump and dark brown crown. The


title: "Cape May warbler" content: underparts are yellow, streaked black, giving rise to the bird's scientific name. The throat and nape are bright yellow and the face is striking chestnut with a black eyestripe. There is a narrow white wing bar. Other plumages resemble washed-out versions of the alternate-plumaged male's, lacking the strong head pattern. The yellowish rump and at least indications of the white wing bar are always present. This species is insectivorous and lays larger clutches in years when spruce budworm is abundant. It picks insects from the tips of conifer branches or flies out to catch insects. The Cape May warbler also


title: "Cape May warbler" content: feeds on berry juice and nectar in winter, and has, uniquely for a warbler, a tubular tongue to facilitate this behavior. The breeding habitat of this bird is the edges of coniferous woodland. Cape May warblers nest in dense foliage near the trunk of the tree, commonly a black spruce, and lay 4–9 eggs in a cup nest. This species can lay the largest clutch of any New World warbler, probably in response to increases in the numbers of spruce budworm during outbreaks. The song of the Cape May warbler is a simple repetition of high "tsi" notes. The call


title: "Cape May warbler" content: is a thin "sip". This bird usually sings from high perches. Cape May warbler The Cape May warbler ("Setophaga tigrina") is a species of New World warbler. It breeds in northern North America. Its breeding range spans all but the westernmost parts of southern Canada, the Great Lakes region, and New England. It is migratory, wintering in the West Indies. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, with two records in Britain as of October 2013. The English name refers to Cape May, New Jersey, where George Ord collected the specimen later described by Alexander Wilson. This


title: "USS Pueblo (AGER-2)" content: ships to have been captured since the wars in Tripoli. Reverse engineering of communications devices on "Pueblo" allowed the North Koreans to share knowledge with the Soviet Union that led to the replication of those communications devices. This allowed the two nations access to the US Navy's communication systems until the late 1980s when the US Navy revised those systems. The seizure of "Pueblo" followed soon after US Navy warrant officer John Anthony Walker introduced himself to Soviet authorities, setting up the Walker spy ring. It has been argued that the seizure of "Pueblo" was executed specifically to capture the


title: "St. Johns Bridge" content: St. Johns Bridge The St. Johns Bridge is a steel suspension bridge that spans the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, United States, between the Cathedral Park neighborhood in North Portland and the Linnton and Northwest Industrial neighborhoods in Northwest Portland. It carries the U.S. Route 30 Bypass. It is the only suspension bridge in the Willamette Valley and one of three public highway suspension bridges in Oregon. The bridge has a center span and a total length of . It is the tallest bridge in Portland, with two towers and a navigational clearance. The adjacent park and neighborhood of Cathedral


title: "St. Johns Bridge" content: Park are named after the Gothic Cathedral-like appearance of the bridge towers. Designed by internationally renowned engineer David B. Steinman (1886–1960) and Holton D. Robinson, of New York, the St. Johns was the longest suspension-type bridge west of the Mississippi River at the time of construction. It is the only major highway suspension bridge in the Willamette Valley and one of only three major highway suspension bridges in Oregon. At the time of the proposal to build the bridge, the area was served by a ferry that carried 1,000 vehicles a day. The proposal for a bridge was initially met


title: "St. Johns Bridge" content: with skepticism in Multnomah County, since St. Johns and Linnton were over five miles (8 km) from the heart of the city, and local business owners had minimal political clout. But after a lobbying effort that included a vaudeville-style show performed at grange halls and schools throughout the county, voters approved a $4.25 million bond for the bridge in the November 1928 elections. Initially, a cantilever bridge was proposed, but a suspension bridge was selected due to an estimated $640,000 savings in construction costs. The construction of the bridge began a month before the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and


title: "St. Johns Bridge" content: provided many county residents with employment during the Great Depression. Because of its proximity to the Swan Island Municipal Airport, some government officials wanted the bridge painted yellow with black stripes. County officials waited until St. Patrick's Day 1931 to announce that it would be painted green. Dedication of the bridge was put off for one month in order to make it the centerpiece of the 23rd annual Rose Festival. It was dedicated on June 13, 1931, and during the ceremony, the bridge engineer, David B. Steinman, said: The bridge was built within 21 months and one million dollars under


title: "St. Johns Bridge" content: budget. At the time of its completion, the bridge had: Eighteen years later, in the summer of 1949, 15-year-old high school student Thelma Taylor was abducted and held by her captor, Morris Leland, under the east side of the bridge (which was undeveloped at the time, now the location of Cathedral Park), and was eventually murdered there. The crime shocked the city and her killer was apprehended and put to death. It was not until the Marquam Bridge in 1966 that another non-movable bridge would be built in Portland. By the 1970s, the bridge had been allowed to deteriorate, and


title: "St. Johns Bridge" content: cash-strapped Multnomah County asked the state to take over maintenance. Initially, the state declined, since it was also suffering from a lack of funds. But pressure from an association of county governments forced the state government to take it over on August 31, 1975. A county official estimated the move saved them $10 million during the first ten years of state maintenance. Portions of the east approaches and east span were repainted beginning in 1987 and completed in 1994. In 1999, the Oregon Department of Transportation announced a $27 million rehabilitation project that began in March 2003 and was completed


title: "St. Johns Bridge" content: in the fall of 2005. Included in the project was replacement of the deck, repainting of the towers, waterproofing the main cables, lighting upgrades, and improving access for bicycle and pedestrian traffic. By November 2004, renovation costs soared to $38 million, due mostly to the need to replace nearly half of the 210 vertical suspender cables. During the project, the bridge sidewalks were closed at all times. In addition, the entire bridge was closed at night and continuously for a month. The newly refurbished bridge was rededicated on September 17, 2006. In 2008, A sculpture installed at one end, 40


title: "St. Johns Bridge" content: feet long, housed a music box rendition of Hoagy Carmichael's "Up a Lazy River" which was popular the year of its dedication. In July 2015, a group of protesters affiliated with Greenpeace rappelled down from the bridge to prevent the icebreaker MSV "Fennica" from leaving Portland, because it was destined to help Shell Oil Company drill for oil in the Chukchi Sea. They stayed there for forty hours, prompting the icebreaker to turn around after an initial departure attempt a few hours into the blockade. The vessel did eventually get through after three climbers came down, although it was met


title: "St. Johns Bridge" content: by dozens of kayakers in the water who joined the effort to slow or stop the ship from moving forward. St. Johns Bridge The St. Johns Bridge is a steel suspension bridge that spans the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, United States, between the Cathedral Park neighborhood in North Portland and the Linnton and Northwest Industrial neighborhoods in Northwest Portland. It carries the U.S. Route 30 Bypass. It is the only suspension bridge in the Willamette Valley and one of three public highway suspension bridges in Oregon. The bridge has a center span and a total length of . It


title: Indeterminism content: explains, determinism is fundamentally a denial of the arrow of time. With no arrow of time, there is no longer a privileged moment known as the "present," which follows a determined "past" and precedes an undetermined "future." All of time is simply given, with the future as determined or undetermined as the past. With irreversibility, the arrow of time is reintroduced to physics. Prigogine notes numerous examples of irreversibility, including diffusion, radioactive decay, solar radiation, weather and the emergence and evolution of life. Like weather systems, organisms are unstable systems existing far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Instability resists standard deterministic explanation.


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: Bentley Arnage The Bentley Arnage was a large luxury car produced by Bentley Motors in Crewe, England from 1998 to 2009. The Arnage, and its Rolls-Royce-branded sibling, the Silver Seraph, were introduced in the Spring of 1998, and were the first entirely new designs for the two marques since 1980. Another break from the past was to be found under the bonnet, for decades home to the same 6.75-litre V8 engine, a powerplant which could trace its roots back to the 1950s. The new Arnage was to be powered by a BMW V8 engine, with Cosworth-engineered twin-turbo installation, and the


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: Seraph was to employ a BMW V12 engine. The Arnage is over 5.4 meters (212 in) long, wide, and has a kerb weight of more than 2.5 metric tonnes. For a brief period it was the most powerful and fastest four-door saloon on the market. In September 2008, Bentley announced that production of the model would cease during 2009. Following the uplift in sales for all of Rolls-Royce, and resurgence of the Bentley marque, the then-owner, Vickers, set about preparing a new model to replace the derivatives of the Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit/Bentley Mulsanne which it had been selling since 1980.


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: In a complete switch from tradition, these new cars would have bodies built at the Crewe factory, with its internal combustion engines built elsewhere. A number of potential engines were examined, including the GM Premium V engine, and a Mercedes-Benz V8 engine, before, in late 1994, Vickers selected a pair of BMW power plants. It was decided that the Rolls-Royce model, to be called the Silver Seraph, would use BMW's naturally aspirated V12 engine while the more-sporting Bentley model would use a special twin-turbo version of the 4.4-litre BMW V8, which was developed by Vickers subsidiary, Cosworth Engineering. On its


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: introduction in the spring of 1998, the Arnage was available as a single model with this BMW V8 engine, with twin turbochargers, developing and of torque. The BMW V8 Arnage was renamed the Arnage Green Label for the 2000 model year. In addition, from 2000–2001, a special edition "Birkin" was produced. During the takeover battle in 1998 between BMW and Volkswagen Group for ownership of Rolls Royce and Bentley Motors, BMW had threatened to stop supply of their engines if Volkswagen Group won. While the threat was later withdrawn in conjunction with BMW acquiring the right to manufacture the Rolls-Royce


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: marque at a new location, it was clear that Volkswagen could not accept the business and reputation risks associated with having their rival as a long-term business partner. Furthermore, customers were nervous about engine and part availability (of which there turned out to be no issue) and orders for new cars dropped precipitously. Volkswagen's response was to prepare the old pushrod 6.75-litre 16-valve engine from the Turbo R for the Arnage, designed for the lighter and smaller BMW 32-valve V8 unit. Coupled with an outdated 4-speed automatic, the engine was extremely thirsty, and would not meet government-imposed emissions standards without


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: hasty modifications. The revised version of the car was launched as the Arnage Red Label in October 1999. At the same time, but without the fanfare, Bentley made several minor modifications to the original BMW engined cars, and designated them as the "Arnage Green Label" for the 2000 model year. As part of the modification process, both Red and Green Label cars received stiffer body shells and larger wheels and brakes. The stiffer body shell was needed because of the extra weight of the British engine. The larger brakes were needed for the same reason. Despite the larger brakes, braking


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: performance worsened with the extra weight of the 6.75 engine. The braking performance of the '99 Green Label from 70–0 was while the later Arnage T's performance was from the same speed. The rest of the revisions included: The lens covers for the headlights went from being glass (1998–99) to plastic (2000 onwards). The public relations department at Bentley pointed to customer demand as the driving force behind the reversion to the old two valve per cylinder 6.75-litre unit for the Red Label. This explanation appears to have been acceptable to all but a few of the motoring press who


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: welcomed the return of the old unit after criticising the BMW motor as at best insipid and, at worst, underpowered. In reality, the outgoing BMW-powered Arnage was technically more modern, considerably more fuel efficient, and had 32 valves with double overhead camshafts, twin-turbo and Bosch engine management technology – as opposed to 16-valve, single turbo and a pushrod motor with less advanced engine management. The Red Label's increase in motive power shaved less than a second of the 0 to time. However, the BMW twin turbo unit remained noticeably more agile and responsive from a driver's perspective, due to its


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: more responsive DOHC engine, better weight balance (maintaining a 51.1/48.9 weight distribution) and almost lower curb weight. Ultimately the Green Label was more reliable and significantly less expensive to service in the long term. The key limiting factor of the BMW engine's output was the ZF 5HP30 transmission which was not rated to handle more than the torque that the twin turbo engine was tuned to produce. Vickers had outsourced the production of the old 6.75-litre Rolls-Royce engine for use in the continued Continental and Azure models to Cosworth, so reverting to the old standby engine was a natural choice


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: for the company. The Red Label model reverted to the old V8 engine, which boasted torque of with a single Garrett T4 turbocharger. This was the greatest amount of torque for a four-door car at the time. Also returning was the General Motors-sourced four-speed 4L80-E automatic transmission. In total only seven Arnage Green Label units were built, all of which were left-hand-drive versions. There was a final series of vehicles built in 2000 with the 4.4-litre BMW engine designated the Arnage Birkin, of which 52 units were produced and are distinguishable by their three-dial as opposed to five-dial instrument center


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: dashboard configuration. A long-wheelbase version of the Red Label was launched at the North American International Auto Show in 2001. The Green Label ended production in 2000. The Red Label models were replaced in 2002. In 2001, the Arnage RL, a long-wheelbase model ( longer than the Arnage), was launched. The extra length is added to the car at its rear doors and its C-pillar. With the standard Arnage model, the rear wheel wells butt up against the rear door frames, but with the RL they are a few inches further back. The overall effect is a larger rear area


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: inside the car. This style of saloon stretch is sometimes called "double-cut" in the United States, due to the two main points where the car is extended. (Jankel and Andy Hotton Associates, for example, are two aftermarket coachbuilders especially known for this style.) Available only as a bespoke ("Mulliner") model, each RL is customised to the desires of the buyer. The RL, however, was also the first of a new series of Arnages which would finally cure the Bentley Arnage of the reliability and performance deficiencies experienced following its forced deprivation of the modern BMW engines it was designed to


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: use. The RL would also present a credible challenge to BMW's attempts to revive the Rolls-Royce brand with its planned new model, the Phantom. Wheelbases ranged from (or only slightly longer than the standard Arnage) to , and even , the latter two including a increase in the height of the roof. The wheelbase version is stretched between the front and rear doors (rather than at the C-pillar and at the rear doors), American limousine-style. The suspension was retuned for the added weight, allowing the larger car to still handle well. RL models were available with armoured elements, reflecting the


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: car's clientele. A full B6 package was available for $243,000 to $300,000, offering protection from assault weapons and grenades. The RL remains in production as of 2006. Though not particularly well advertised for reasons stated above, the RL's introduction saw the introduction of an entirely reworked version of the 6.75-litre V8 engine. Where the engine used in the Red Label was a quickly and less-than-completely-satisfactorily modified version of the Turbo RT's unit, the RL featured an entirely reworked version of the old 6.75-litre V8. More than half of the engine's parts were completely new, with Bosch Motronic ME7.1.1 engine management


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: replacing the old Zytek system, and two small Garrett T3 turbochargers replacing the single large T4. This new engine developed and , and was said to be capable of meeting all future emissions requirements. Finally, the Arnage was powered by a modern twin-turbo unit with state-of-the-art electronic management system similar to the originally Cosworth-BMW unit developed for the Arnage in 1998. Unfortunately, the development and testing of the revisions to the new 6.75L engine (2001-2006 RL, 2002-2006 R, T) were rushed by VW to meet regulatory requirements. As a result, the camshafts are prone to failure requiring extensive repair work


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: to remedy. In 2002, Bentley updated the Red Label as the series two Arnage R. This model was launched to contrast the Arnage T, which was developed to be more sporting. The Arnage R features two Garrett T3 turbochargers, as with the RL. The Arnage T, also from 2002, was claimed to be the most powerful roadgoing Bentley at its launch at the Detroit Motor Show. As with the Arnage R, there were twin-turbochargers, but tuned to develop and . The Arnage T's 0–60 mph (97 km/h) time is 5.5 seconds and it has a claimed top speed of .


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: All Arnage R and T models share the same wheelbase. The Arnage range was facelifted in 2005, with a front end resembling that of the new Continental GT. The Bentley State Limousine is an official state car created by Bentley Motors Limited for Queen Elizabeth II on the occasion of her Golden Jubilee in 2002. Two were built. The vehicle's twin-turbocharged, 6.75-litre V8 engine has been modified from Bentley's Arnage R version to produce and of torque. For the 2007 model year, the Garrett turbochargers were replaced with low-inertia Mitsubishi units designed to improve engine response. The engine was mated


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: to a version of the six-speed ZF automatic transmission found in the Continental range. Also, the capacity of the engine was increased from to . The new tuning gave the Arnage T and , while the milder Arnage R has and . For the Arnage "T", the factory stated 0–60 mph (97 km/h) acceleration is 5.2 seconds, and the top speed is . The face was borrowed from the Azure. Arnage T Arnage R and Arnage RL Bentley launched two limited Le Mans editions to celebrate the occasion of Bentley's return after 71 years to racing at Le Mans. Production


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: was planned of 50 Le Mans editions of the Continental R Mulliner and 150 of the Bentley Arnage Red label. Actually 46 copies were manufactured of the Continental R Le Mans and 153 of the Arnage Le Mans. Besides those planned models also 5 Le Mans editions were manufactured of the Continental T Le Mans and 4 of the Bentley Azure Le Mans. The Le Mans editions didn't replace any other model but were special editions of existing models. The Arnage Le Mans was a specially enhanced edition of the Arnage Red label. Exterior Le Mans Series Options Interior Le


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: Mans Series Options Identification of the chassis number The Bentley Arnage Le Mans chassis number follows the same identification as the Bentley Arnage Red label model: Bentley marked its 60 years of production at the Crewe factory with a special Diamond Series Arnage in 2006. 60 vehicles were planned, the majority for the United States, with diamond wood inlays, diamond quilted leather seats, a stainless steel front bumper, special 19 inch alloy wheels, and Union Jack badges on the front wings. In September 2008, it was announced that Arnage production would cease in 2009, once a final run of 150


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: "Final Series" models has been completed. The Arnage Final Series includes the Arnage T powertrain, including the aforementioned twin-turbo 6.75-litre V8 engine that produces and approximately of torque. The powertrain delivers torque to the rear wheels via a six-speed ZF automatic transmission. Outside, the Final Series features unique 20 inch alloy wheels, a retractable 'Flying B' mascot, body-coloured headlamp bezels, dark tint matrix upper and lower grilles, lower front wing vents, a 'Jewel-style' fuel filler cap and special badging. The interior, designed by Mulliner, features Final Series kick plates, drilled alloy pedals, unique chrome trim, a rear cocktail cabinet and


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: two picnic tables. The model also comes with four special umbrellas and a premium 1,000 watt audio system by Naim Audio. The model is offered with 42 exterior colour schemes, 25 interior hides and three wood veneers. It can also be specified with the bespoke color-matching offered by Bentley. The Final Series also marks the 50th anniversary of Bentley's V8 engine. The 2009 variant of the engine is still loosely based on the same design that was introduced in the 1959 Bentley S2. However, the 2008 engine shares no interchangeable parts with the 1950 model, the last common item having


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: been replaced in 2005. When the engine was first unveiled promotional literature described power and torque as 'adequate'. Now twin-turbocharged, the all-aluminium alloy engine delivers 0–60 mph in 5.3 seconds in a car weighing 2.5 tonnes. Fuel consumption is heavy, with Bentley stating that the model averages less than 10 mpg in the city and just over 20 on the highway in European testing. A replacement model, which is called the Bentley Mulsanne was launched in August 2009, at the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance, in Monterey, California. The Arnage was well received by the motoring press, with most critics admiring


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: the unimpeachable image but criticising the price and running cost. On 17 January 2005, the Arnage Convertible concept car, also known as the Arnage Drophead Coupe, was shown at the Los Angeles Auto Show. In April 2005, Bentley confirmed that the model would be produced at Crewe for Spring 2006 sales. Bentley also confirmed the new model will adopt the Azure tag, replacing the previous Azure as the company's large convertible. The new Azure uses a 6.75-litre twin-turbo V8 engine which produces and , and is capable of a top speed of . The Azure is set to be priced


title: "Bentley Arnage" content: at $320,000.00. The Bentley Arnage was replaced by the Bentley Mulsanne. The design of the car is now completely independent from Rolls-Royce cars, because of separate parent companies, Bentley being held by the Volkswagen Group, Rolls-Royce by BMW. Bentley Arnage The Bentley Arnage was a large luxury car produced by Bentley Motors in Crewe, England from 1998 to 2009. The Arnage, and its Rolls-Royce-branded sibling, the Silver Seraph, were introduced in the Spring of 1998, and were the first entirely new designs for the two marques since 1980. Another break from the past was to be found under the bonnet,


title: "Erich Wolfgang Korngold" content: not to use any period music or to approximate 16th-century musical sounds, explaining: The score concentrates on the regal Main Title, the triumphal entry march of Essex into London, the Queen's theme, and the recapitulation of that theme in the End Titles. "The Sea Hawk" was Korngold's last score for swashbuckler films, all of which had starred Errol Flynn. It is widely regarded as one of Korngold's best. The film ran two hours and six minutes and was one of the longest films he ever worked on. It includes symphonic score in all but twenty minutes. It was also his


title: "Passive transport" content: solute molecules) and pressure potential (external pressure e.g. cell wall). There are three types of Osmosis solutions: the isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, and hypertonic solution. Isotonic solution is when the extracellular solute concentration is balanced with the concentration inside the cell. In the Isotonic solution, the water molecules still moves between the solutions, but the rates are the same from both directions, thus the water movement is balanced between the inside of the cell as well as the outside of the cell. A hypotonic solution is when the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the


title: "Picea mariana" content: Picea mariana Picea mariana, the black spruce, is a North American species of spruce tree in the pine family. It is widespread across Canada, found in all 10 provinces and all 3 Arctic territories. Its range extends into northern parts of the United States: in Alaska, the Great Lakes region, and the upper Northeast. It is a frequent part of the biome known as taiga or boreal forest. The Latin specific epithet "mariana" means “of the Virgin Mary”. "Picea mariana" is a slow-growing, small upright evergreen coniferous tree (rarely a shrub), having a straight trunk with little taper, a scruffy


title: "Picea mariana" content: habit, and a narrow, pointed crown of short, compact, drooping branches with upturned tips. Through much of its range it averages tall with a trunk diameter at maturity, though occasional specimens can reach tall and diameter. The bark is thin, scaly, and grayish brown. The leaves are needle-like, long, stiff, four-sided, dark bluish green on the upper sides, paler glaucous green below. The cones are the smallest of all of the spruces, long and broad, spindle-shaped to nearly round, dark purple ripening red-brown, produced in dense clusters in the upper crown, opening at maturity but persisting for several years. Natural


title: "Picea mariana" content: hybridization occurs regularly with the closely related "Picea rubens" (red spruce), and very rarely with "Picea glauca" (white spruce). It differs from "P. glauca" in having a dense cover of small hairs on the bark of young branch tips, an often darker reddish-brown bark, shorter needles, smaller and rounder cones, and a preference for wetter lowland areas. Numerous differences in details of its needle and pollen morphology also exist but require careful microscopic examination to detect. From true firs, such as "Abies balsamea" (balsam fir), it differs in having pendulous cones, persistent woody leaf-bases, and four-angled needles, arranged all round


title: "Picea mariana" content: the shoots. Due to the large difference between heartwood and sapwood moisture content, it is easy to distinguish these two wood characteristics in ultrasound images, which are widely used as a nondestructive technique to assess the internal condition of the tree and avoid useless log breakdown. Older taxonomic synonyms include "Abies mariana", "Picea brevifolia", or "Picea nigra". Growth varies with site quality. In swamp and muskeg it shows progressively slower growth rates from the edges toward the centre. The roots are shallow and wide spreading, resulting in susceptibility to windthrow. In the northern part of its range, ice pruned asymmetric


title: "Picea mariana" content: black spruce are often seen with diminished foliage on the windward side. Tilted trees colloquially called "drunken trees" are associated with thawing of permafrost. In the southern portion of its range it is found primarily on wet organic soils, but farther north its abundance on uplands increases. In the Great Lakes States it is most abundant in peat bogs and swamps, also on transitional sites between peatlands and uplands. In these areas it is rare on uplands, except in isolated areas of northern Minnesota and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Most stands are even-aged due to frequent fire intervals in


title: "Picea mariana" content: black spruce forests. It commonly grows in pure stands on organic soils and in mixed stands on mineral soils. It is tolerant of nutrient-poor soils, and is commonly found on poorly drained acidic peatlands. It is considered a climax species over most of its range; however, some ecologists question whether black spruce forests truly attain climax because fires usually occur at 50 to 150 year intervals, while "stable" conditions may not be attained for several hundred years. The frequent fire return interval, a natural fire ecology, perpetuates numerous successional communities. Throughout boreal North America, "Betula papyrifera" (paper birch) and "Populus


title: "Picea mariana" content: tremuloides" (quaking aspen) are successional hardwoods that frequently invade burns in black spruce. Black spruce typically seeds in promptly after fire, and with the continued absence of fire, eventually dominates the hardwoods. It is a pioneer that invades the sedge mat in filled-lake bogs, though often preceded slightly by "Larix laricina" (tamarack), with which it may in time form a stable forest cover in swamps. However, as the peat soil is gradually elevated by the accumulation of organic matter, and the fertility of the site improves, balsam fir and "Thuja occidentalis" (eastern arborvitae) eventually replaces black spruce and tamarack. The


title: "Picea mariana" content: spruce budworm, a moth larva, causes defoliation which kills trees if it occurs several years in a row, though black spruce is less susceptible than white spruce or balsam fir. Trees most at risk are those growing with balsam fir and white spruce. Numerous cultivars have been selected for use in parks and gardens. The cultivar "P. mariana" 'Nana' is a dwarf form which has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Black spruce is the provincial tree of Newfoundland and Labrador. The timber is of low value due to the small size of the trees, but it


title: "Picea mariana" content: is an important source of pulpwood and the primary source of it in Canada. Fast-food chopsticks are often made from black spruce. However, it is increasingly being used for making cross laminated timber by companies such as Nordic Structures, which allows the high strength due to the tight growth rings to be assembled into larger timbers. Picea mariana Picea mariana, the black spruce, is a North American species of spruce tree in the pine family. It is widespread across Canada, found in all 10 provinces and all 3 Arctic territories. Its range extends into northern parts of the United States:


title: "Chestnut-sided warbler" content: Chestnut-sided warbler The chestnut-sided warbler ("Setophaga pensylvanica") is a New World warbler. They breed in eastern North America and in southern Canada westwards to the Canadian Prairies. They also breed in the Great Lakes region and in the eastern United States. The genus name "Setophaga" is from Ancient Greek "ses", "moth", and "", "eating", and the specific "pennsylvanicus" means " Pennsylvania ". These birds are migratory, wintering in Central America south to northern Colombia, with an unconfirmed sighting from as far south as Ecuador; they are also very rare vagrants to western Europe. They arrive in their breeding range in


title: "Chestnut-sided warbler" content: May and depart by mid-September. This species is a moderately-sized New World warbler. Despite having very different plumage, it is thought to be closely related to the widespread yellow warbler. In total, this species measures from in length and spans across the wings. Body weight ranges from . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the bill is and the tarsus is . In the summer, male chestnut-sided warblers are unmistakable in appearance. They display dark-streaked gray backs, white faces, black eyestripes and greenish crowns. Their underparts are white, with chestnut flanks, and they also


title: "Chestnut-sided warbler" content: have two white wing bars. The adult females resemble washed-out versions of the summer male, and in particular, the females lack the strong head pattern, and also have little to no chestnut coloring on their flanks. Non-breeding birds of both sexes have greenish heads, and greenish upperparts which are usually unstreaked. They also have unstreaked pale grey breasts. Their wing bars are always present in their plumages. Their lack of streaking and greenish backs helps to distinguish this species from the larger blackpoll warbler in the fall. The songs are high whistled lines often described as "pleased, pleased, pleased to


title: "Chestnut-sided warbler" content: MEECHA". This accented song is used primarily to attract a female and decrease in frequency once nesting is well under way. Males also sing unaccented songs (without the "MEECHA" at the end) and these are used mostly in territory defense and aggressive encounters with other males. Some males sing only unaccented songs, and they are less successful at securing mates than males that sing both songs. Their calls are harsh "chip"s. Despite the fact that songs for courtship do not vary across small distances, songs for aggression are highly localized, a possible explanation being that female Chestnut-Sided Warblers disperse over


title: "Chestnut-sided warbler" content: long distances. The chestnut-sided warbler has benefited from the clearing of mature forests. They make use of the abundant second growth habitats. In the tropics where they winter however, the species occurs mostly in mature tropical rainforests. Their cup-shaped nests are placed in a low bush, which is usually located in young deciduous woodland or scrub. These birds lay 3–5 eggs that are creamy white or greenish with brown speckles in color. The nest is a small cup woven of bark strips, weed stems, grasses, and plant down. The nest is usually placed in a small crotch of a shrub


title: "Chestnut-sided warbler" content: or vertical tangle of vines no more than above the ground. This species is frequently parasitized by brown-headed cowbirds. This bird's numbers have increased as second growth forest became more common in the east in the late 19th century; their numbers have declined slightly since then. Chestnut-sided warblers are primarily insectivorous. They forage actively in shrubs and small trees, and sometimes will attempt to catch insects in mid-air. Most foraging consists of gleaning insects from foliage. They will include berries in their winter diets, such as those of "Cymbopetalum mayanum"; such trees can be used to attract wintering birds into


title: "Chestnut-sided warbler" content: gardens and parks. Chestnut-sided warbler The chestnut-sided warbler ("Setophaga pensylvanica") is a New World warbler. They breed in eastern North America and in southern Canada westwards to the Canadian Prairies. They also breed in the Great Lakes region and in the eastern United States. The genus name "Setophaga" is from Ancient Greek "ses", "moth", and "", "eating", and the specific "pennsylvanicus" means " Pennsylvania ". These birds are migratory, wintering in Central America south to northern Colombia, with an unconfirmed sighting from as far south as Ecuador; they are also very rare vagrants to western Europe. They arrive in their


title: "YTV (TV channel)" content: apply for an extension. Between the end of "Limbo" and the beginning of "Bionix", YTV launched the Anime Master forum. The Anime Master character is portrayed as a red-suited masked ninja, dubbed in the voice of YTV's robotic mascot, Snit, and has made a few guest appearances in "The Zone" and "Vortex" segments. Live-action show hosts have also done interviews in Anime North, most of the guests being voice actors for popular animated shows on the channel. The interviews were shown in the live action segments between programmes (called Animinutes), or as a separate block. In 2009, YTV moved the


title: "Caddo Lake" content: frogs, waterfowl, bobcats, river otters, beavers, eagles, and alligators. In 1993 Caddo Lake preservation entered a renaissance, with the announcement that 7,000 acres (28 km²) of Caddo purchased by the Nature Conservancy were to be merged with the 483 acre (2 km²) Texas Caddo Lake State Park to become the Caddo Lake State Park and Wildlife Management Area. As a result of efforts by the Caddo Lake Institute (co-founded by Don Henley and Dwight K. Shellman), in October 1993 Caddo Lake became one of thirteen areas in the United States protected by the Ramsar Convention. As of 2003 Caddo Lake


title: "Caddo Lake" content: aquatic fern, "Salvinia molesta", also known as Giant Salvinia. Accidentally introduced to the lake by boaters, the noxious weed doubles in size every two to four days, rapidly killing off life below the surface. Most of the growth of the plant is currently on the Louisiana side, where officials have been focused on recovering from damage caused by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005. Efforts at removing the weed have included biological means via beetles that normally eat the weed but cannot survive the Texas cold and now include herbicide. The Texas Water Resource Institute's Caddo Lake Salvinia Eradication Project


title: "Heaven Lake" content: Heaven Lake Heaven Lake (, "Ch'ŏnji" or "Cheonji"; , "Tiānchí"; Manchu: "Tamun omo" or "Tamun juce") is a crater lake on the border between China and North Korea. It lies within a caldera atop the volcanic Paektu Mountain, a part of the Baekdudaegan mountain range and the Changbai mountain range. It is located partly in Ryanggang Province, North Korea, at , and partly in Jilin Province, northeastern China. The caldera which contains Heaven Lake was created by the 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain. The lake has a surface elevation of . The lake covers an area of with a south-north


title: "Heaven Lake" content: length of and east-west length of . The average depth of the lake is and maximum depth of . From mid-October to mid-June, it is typically covered with ice. In ancient Chinese literature, ' also refers to ' ( sometimes translated as "southern sea"). Some other well-known lakes named Tianchi include those in Xinjiang and Taiwan. North Korean propaganda claims that Kim Jong-il was born near the lake on the mountain. In accordance with this, North Korean news agencies reported that on his death, the ice on the lake cracked "so loud, it seemed to shake the heavens and the


title: "Heaven Lake" content: Earth". As part of the Korean summit, the heads of states Kim Jong-un and Moon Jae-in visited Mount Paektu and Heaven Lake on 20 September 2018. Moon filled a bottle with some water from the lake to take back to South Korea. The mountain and the lake have high cultural significance across the Korean peninsula. Heaven Lake is also alleged to be home to the Lake Tianchi Monster. On September 6, 2007, Zhuo Yongsheng (director of a TV station's news center run by the administration office of the nature reserve at Mount Changbaishan, Jilin) shot a 20-minute video of six


title: "Heaven Lake" content: seal-like, finned "Lake Tianchi Monsters", near the border with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). He sent pictures of the Loch Ness Monster-type creatures to Xinhua's Jilin provincial bureau. One of them showed the creatures swimming in three pairs, in parallel. Another showed them together, leaving ripples on the volcanic lake. Heaven Lake Heaven Lake (, "Ch'ŏnji" or "Cheonji"; , "Tiānchí"; Manchu: "Tamun omo" or "Tamun juce") is a crater lake on the border between China and North Korea. It lies within a caldera atop the volcanic Paektu Mountain, a part of the Baekdudaegan mountain range and the Changbai


title: "Northern parula" content: Northern parula The northern parula ("Setophaga americana") is a small New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America from southern Canada to Florida. The northern parula is one of the smaller North American migratory warblers, often being one of the smallest birds in a mixed feeding flock besides kinglets or gnatcatchers. Length is , wingspan is and body mass is . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the bill is and the tarsus is . This species has mainly blue-gray upper parts, with a greenish back patch and two white wing bars. The


title: "Northern parula" content: breast is yellowish shading into the white belly. The summer male has bluish and rufous breast bands and prominent white eye crescents. At the end of the breeding season, individuals molt into a duller version of the breeding plumage. Females are similar-looking but tend to be duller and lack the breast bands. The unique breastband fades in males and may disappear altogether in females. Its song is a click-like trill or buzz, "zeeeeee-yip" and the call is a soft "chip". "Parula" ultimately derives from Latin "parrula", coal tit. The genus name "Setophaga" is from Ancient Greek "ses", "moth", and "",


title: "Northern parula" content: "eating", and the specific "americana" is Latin for "American". This species is migratory, wintering in southern Florida, northern Central America, the West Indies and most of the Lesser Antilles. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. While the species is still common as a breeder across most of eastern North America, there are conspicuous gaps in their breeding range that were likely once breeding grounds. They have been extirpated as a breeder from much of the Midwest as well as from many areas in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island and Vermont. Explanations for the


title: "Northern parula" content: disappearance may be changes in habitat or increasing air pollution, which limited the growth of epiphytes on trees that the warbler depended on for nesting. A further explanation is the clear-cutting and bog draining that have significantly reduced the amount of suitable habitat in eastern North America. The northern parula inhabits various habitats depending on season and location. This is primarily a forest-dwelling species, but the northern and southern breeding populations select different habitats. In general, abundance of this species has been found to be positively correlated with increased tree species diversity, canopy height, and percent canopy cover. Northern populations


title: "Northern parula" content: breed in mature, moist coniferous forests. This species constructs its pendulum nests in hanging vegetation and so it is often attracted to suspended clumps of moss or coniferous twigs that are more abundant in moist spruce bogs or hemlock swamps. Southern populations breed in mature, moist, bottomland forest where Spanish moss is prevalent. Outside of the breeding season, the northern parula becomes more of a habitat generalist and may be found in a wide variety of habitats during migration and winter. These habitats may include: pastures; moist, dry or wet forests; and agricultural fields or plantations. This is a monogamous


title: "Northern parula" content: species, however, a few cases of polygamy have been reported. Southern populations can start breeding as soon as March but to the north of the range, the species does not nest until May. The breeding habitat is humid woodland with growths of Old Man's Beard lichen or Spanish moss. Northern parulas nest in trees in clumps of these fungi (Old Man's Beard; "Usnea") or plants (Spanish moss; "Tillandsia usneoides"), laying 3–7 eggs in a scantily lined cup nest. Sites located near water sources are preferred and many nests are found at the end of branches suspended over water. Due to


title: "Northern parula" content: their longer breeding season, southern parulas frequently raise two broods, as opposed to northern ones who raise only one. The female hollows out a clump of vegetation in the moss and proceeds to fill the cavity with vegetation fibers, animal hair, grass, or pine needles. These nests average in outside diameter. The incubation period typically lasts 12 to 14 days and the young fledge at 10 to 11 days. Breeding maturity is attained the following year. The northern parula forages mostly or entirely on terrestrial invertebrates. Prey items include spiders, damselflies, locusts, bugs, grasshoppers, aphids, beetles, caterpillars, flies, wasps, bees,


title: "Northern parula" content: and ants. Regardless of season, caterpillars and spiders are consumed most often. During the winter, the northern parula consumes more beetles and occasionally forages on berries, seeds, and nectar. This species primarily captures prey from vegetation by a hover-glean method, however this species is versatile in using a variety of foraging methods. It may make short flights from a perch to snatch prey in mid-flight or even hang upside-down to forage. It is most often seen foraging in the mid- to upper canopy levels of vegetation. Though most foraging activity occurs in arboreal vegetation, this species occasionally forages on or


title: "Northern parula" content: around the ground as well. Northern parula The northern parula ("Setophaga americana") is a small New World warbler. It breeds in eastern North America from southern Canada to Florida. The northern parula is one of the smaller North American migratory warblers, often being one of the smallest birds in a mixed feeding flock besides kinglets or gnatcatchers. Length is , wingspan is and body mass is . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is , the bill is and the tarsus is . This species has mainly blue-gray upper parts, with a greenish back patch and


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: Black-and-white warbler The black-and-white warbler ("Mniotilta varia") is a species of New World warbler, and the only member of its genus, Mniotilta. It breeds in northern and eastern North America and winters in Florida, Central America, and the West Indies down to Peru. This species is a very rare vagrant to western Europe. This species is long and weighs . The summer male black-and-white warbler is boldly streaked in black and white, and the bird has been described as a flying humbug. Each wing is black with two white wing bars. Female and juvenile plumages are similar, but duller and


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: less streaky than males. Its song is a high "see wee-see wee-see wee-see wee-see wee-see" or "weesa weesa weetee weetee weetee weet weet weet". It has two calls, a hard "tick" and a soft, thin "fsss". It breeds in broadleaved or mixed forest, preferably in wetter areas. Black-and-white warblers nest on the ground, laying 4–5 eggs in a cup nest. This bird feeds on insects and spiders, and, unlike other warblers, forages like a nuthatch, moving up and down tree trunks and along branches. Relative to other New World warblers, it is not well studied. The black-and-white warbler is to


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: in length with a mass of to grams. True to their name, black-and-white warblers are black and white in colour. Both sexes have black and white crowns with a white eyebrow, black streaking on a white belly, black wings with two white wing bars, a black tail, a black-and-white streaked back, streaky undertail coverts, and grey-black legs and feet. Breeding males have a black-and-white streaked throat and black cheek, while females have a grey cheek and a white-cream coloured throat and sides. First fall males are very similar to adult females in colour and patterning, while first fall females resemble


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: to adult females but with less streaking and a more noticeable buffy wash. Juveniles are heavily spotted, and are similar to first fall individuals otherwise. This warbler can be confused with the blackpoll warbler ("Dendroica striata"). The blackpoll warbler is also black and white in its summer plumage, but has a solid black cap. The black-and-white warbler can also be confused behaviourally with the pine warbler ("Dendroica pinus") and yellow-throated warbler ("Dendroica dominica"). Linnaeus described the black-and-white warbler ("Mniotilta varia") in 1766. This warbler is a species of New World warbler or wood warbler (family Parulidae), and is the only


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: member of its genus due to its unique foraging adaptations. It is known to hybridize with the cerulean warbler ("Dendroica cerulea") and Blackburnian warbler ("Dendroica fusca"). The black-and-white warbler is thought to be closely related to the genus "Dendroica". No subspecies are known. The genus name comes from the Ancient Greek "mnion", meaning "seaweed", and "tillo", "to pluck". Vieillot mistranslated the first word, "mnion", as "moss". The specific "varia" is from the Latin "varius", meaning "variegated". The black-and-white warbler is a migratory species, breeding in North America and wintering in North and South America. It is typically found in deciduous


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: forest in its breeding range, but becomes more of a habitat generalist in the non-breeding season. The black-and-white warbler occupies a broad niche, and is found in a variety of habitats. In its breeding habitat, it prefers mature forest, but will occupy successional and second growth forest. Preferred forest types include deciduous and mixed forest, and this warbler sometimes occupies swampy forest. During migration, this species prefers forest to other land cover types and is frequently found in riparian areas. In its wintering habitat, it can be found in a variety of land cover types, from mangroves to wet, dry,


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: and cloud forest. It occupies both successional and mature forest. It has also been noted to winter in shade coffee plantations and gardens. Males are territorial in both their summer and winter habitats. The black-and-white warbler breeds in northern and eastern North America. It ranges from the Northwest Territories to the northwest and Newfoundland and Labrador to the northeast, to North Carolina to the southeast and Texas to the southwest. This species is migratory, wintering in Florida, Central America, and northern South America down to Peru. The IUCN estimates the extent of occurrence, or range, to be 11 500 000


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: km. This species occurs as a vagrant in Iceland, Ireland, Faeroes, and the UK. The IUCN classifies the black-and-white warbler as Least Concern due to its large range and population size. However, its population is decreasing. Habitat loss and degradation, especially forest fragmentation, are the main factors contributing to the species’ decline. If habitat loss continues, in either or both summer or wintering habitat, the species may continue to decline in the future. Pesticides such as fenitrothion and phosphamidon have contributed to the species’ decline in the 1970s, and others such as chlorinated hydrocarbons may continue to have an effect.


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: The black-and-white warbler has a high-pitched song, described as a repeating "wee-see" that is repeated at least 6 times in succession. It has a "chip" call as well as a "seet-seet" call that is sometimes given in flight"." The black-and-white warbler feeds in a manner similar to a nuthatch or a creeper. It forages on tree trunks and limbs to feed on insects below the bark’s surface. Its short legs and long hind toe are adaptations to this foraging method. The black-and-white warbler is unique among warblers in its time spent foraging on tree trunks and inner branches. This bird


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: also gleans, like many warblers, for insects. Its diet is composed of insects and other arthropods, including lepidopteran larvae, beetles, ants, and spiders. During migration and breeding, this warbler relies heavily on lepidopteran larvae. During migration, the black-and-white warbler sometimes joins mixed flocks to feed. The black-and-white warbler is of the first warblers to arrive to its spring breeding grounds. In the southernmost range of its breeding habitat, it can begin breeding mid-April. Males are territorial and defend their territory, both by singing and chasing competitors away. When a female arrives in a male's territory, he pursues her in an


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: effort to breed. The male may display by flapping his wings. The nest is cup-shaped, often located on the ground among roots or against a tree, or in crevices on tree stumps. The species prefers to nest in damp areas. The nest is constructed with grassy material, bark, and dry leaves, and lined with softer material such as moss and hair. The female is responsible for most of the nest-building. The female lays 4-5 eggs, which are light brown and speckled with darker brown. The female begins incubating once the last or second-to-last egg is laid. Incubation lasts 10 to


title: "Black-and-white warbler" content: 12 days, and is done solely by the female. During incubation, the female is sometimes fed by the male. Both parents care for the nestlings. The young fledge after 8 to 12 days, and stay around the nest while they improve their flight ability. During this time, the parents remain nearby. This species generally produces one brood per year. Black-and-white warbler nests are sometimes parasitized by the brown-headed cowbird ("Molothrus ater"). Black-and-white warbler The black-and-white warbler ("Mniotilta varia") is a species of New World warbler, and the only member of its genus, Mniotilta. It breeds in northern and eastern North


title: "Cinema of the United States" content: on MGM films, Alfred Newman worked at 20th Century Fox for twenty years, Cecil B. De Mille's films were almost all made at Paramount, and director Henry King's films were mostly made for 20th Century Fox. At the same time, one could usually guess which studio made which film, largely because of the actors who appeared in it; MGM, for example, claimed it had contracted "more stars than there are in heaven." Each studio had its own style and characteristic touches which made it possible to know this – a trait that does not exist today. For example, "To Have


title: "Freedom of the seas" content: registered with the US will cost more, and the employee wages will be even higher. Freedom of the seas allows a ship to move freely on the ocean as long as it follows international law. From the Vikings to the European, Central Asia, Africa and North and South America, trade has served an important role in history, and has been a key factor of a growing economy. Trade transfers the ownership of goods from one person or entity to another by getting a product or service in exchange from the buyer. When a ship sets sail, there may be many


title: "Ground beetle" content: Ground beetle Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North America and 2,700 in Europe. It is one of the ten largest animal families, as of 2015. Although their body shapes and coloring vary somewhat, most are shiny black or metallic and have ridged wing covers (elytra). The elytra are fused in some species, particularly large Carabinae, rendering the beetles unable to fly. The genus "Mormolyce" is known as violin beetles due to their peculiarly shaped elytra. All carabids except the quite primitive flanged


title: "Ground beetle" content: bombardier beetles (Paussinae) have a groove on their foreleg tibiae bearing a comb of hairs used for cleaning their antennae. Typical for the ancient beetle suborder Adephaga to which they belong, they have paired pygidial glands in the lower back of the abdomen. These are well developed in ground beetles, and produce noxious or even caustic secretions used to deter would-be predators. In some, commonly known as bombardier beetles, these secretions are mixed with volatile compounds and ejected by a small combustion, producing a loud popping sound and a cloud of hot and acrid gas which can injure small mammals,


title: "Ground beetle" content: such as shrews, and is liable to kill invertebrate predators outright. To humans, getting "bombed" by a bombardier beetle is a decidedly unpleasant experience. This ability has evolved independently twice as it seems – in the flanged bombardier beetles (Paussinae) which are among the most ancient ground beetles, and in the typical bombardier beetles (Brachininae) which are part of a more "modern" lineage. The Anthiini, though, can mechanically squirt their defensive secretions for considerable distances and are able to aim with a startling degree of accuracy; in Afrikaans, they are known as "" ("eye-pissers"). In one of the very few


title: "Ground beetle" content: known cases of a vertebrate mimicking an arthropod, juvenile "Heliobolus lugubris" lizards are colored similar to the aposematic "oogpister" beetles, and move in a way that makes them look surprisingly similar to the insects at a casual glance. A folk story claims that Charles Darwin once found himself on the receiving end of a bombardier beetle's attack, based on a passage in his autobiography. Darwin stated in a letter to Leonard Jenyns that a beetle had attacked him on that occasion, but he did not know what kind: A "Cychrus rostratus" once squirted into my eye & gave me extreme


title: "Ground beetle" content: pain; & I must tell you what happened to me on the banks of the Cam in my early entomological days; under a piece of bark I found two carabi (I forget which) & caught one in each hand, when lo & behold I saw a sacred "Panagæus crux major"; I could not bear to give up either of my Carabi, & to lose "Panagæus" was out of the question, so that in despair I gently seized one of the carabi between my teeth, when to my unspeakable disgust & pain the little inconsiderate beast squirted his acid down my


title: "Ground beetle" content: throat & I lost both Carabi & "Panagæus"! Common habitats are under the bark of trees, under logs, or among rocks or sand by the edge of ponds and rivers. Most species are carnivorous and actively hunt for any invertebrate prey they can overpower. Some run swiftly to catch their prey; tiger beetles (Cicindelinae) can sustain speeds of 9 km/h – in relation to their body length they are among the fastest land animals on Earth. Unlike most Carabidae which are nocturnal, the tiger beetles are active diurnal hunters and often brightly coloured; they have large eyes and hunt by


title: "Ground beetle" content: sight. Ground beetles of the species "Promecognathus laevissimus" are specialised predators of the cyanide millipede "Harpaphe haydeniana", countering the hydrogen cyanide which makes these millipedes poisonous to most carnivores. As predators of invertebrates, including many pests, most ground beetles are considered beneficial organisms. The caterpillar hunters ("Calosoma") are famous for their habit of devouring prey in quantity, eagerly feeding on tussock moth (Lymantriidae) caterpillars, processionary caterpillars (Thaumetopoeidae) and woolly worms (Arctiidae), which due to their urticating hairs are avoided by most insectivores. Large numbers of the forest caterpillar hunter ("C. sycophanta"), native to Europe, were shipped to New England for


title: "Ground beetle" content: biological control of the gypsy moth ("Lymantria dispar") as early as 1905. A few species are nuisance pests. "Zabrus" is one of the few herbivorous ground beetle genera, and on rare occasions "Zabrus tenebrioides", for example, occurs abundantly enough to cause some damage to grain crops. Large species, usually Carabinae, can become a nuisance if present in numbers, particularly during outdoor activities such as camping; they void their defensive secretions when threatened, and in hiding among provisions their presence may spoil food. Since ground beetles are generally reluctant or even unable to fly, mechanically blocking their potential routes of entry


title: "Ground beetle" content: is usually easy. The use of insecticides specifically for Carabid intrusion may lead to unfortunate side effects, such as the release of their repugnatorial secretions, so it generally is not a good idea unless the same applications are intended to exclude ants, parasites or other crawling pests. Especially in the 19th century and to a lesser extent today, their large size and conspicuous coloration, as well as the odd morphology of some (e.g. the Lebiini), made many ground beetles a popular object of collection and study for professional and amateur coleopterologists. High prices were paid for rare and exotic specimens,


title: "Ground beetle" content: and in the early to mid-19th century, a veritable "beetle craze" occurred in England. As mentioned above, Charles Darwin was an ardent collector of beetles when he was about 20 years old, to the extent that he would rather scour the countryside for rare specimens with William Darwin Fox, John Stevens Henslow, and Henry Thompson than to study theology as his father wanted him to do. In his autobiography, he fondly recalled his experiences with "Licinus" and "Panagaeus", and wrote: No poet ever felt more delight at seeing his first poem published than I did at seeing in Stephen's "Illustrations


title: "Ground beetle" content: of British Insects" the magic words, "captured by C. Darwin, Esq." The Adephaga are documented since the end of the Permian, about . Ground beetles evolved in the latter Triassic, having separated from their closest relatives by . The family diversified throughout the Jurassic, and the more advanced lineages, such as the Harpalinae, underwent a vigorous radiation starting in the Cretaceous. The closest living relatives of the ground beetles are the false ground beetles (Trachypachidae) and the wrinkled bark beetles (Rhysodidae). They are sometimes even included in the Carabidae as subfamilies or as tribes "incertae sedis", but more preferably they


title: "Ground beetle" content: are united with the ground beetles in the superfamily Caraboidea. Much research has been done on elucidating the phylogeny of the ground beetles and adjusting systematics and taxonomy accordingly. While no completely firm consensus exists, a few points are generally accepted: As it seems, the ground beetles consist of a number of more basal lineages and the extremely diverse Harpalinae which contain over half the described species and into which several formerly independent families had to be subsumed. The taxonomy used here is based on the "Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera" and the "Carabidae of the World Database". Other classifications, while


title: "Ground beetle" content: generally agreeing with the division into a basal radiation of more primitive lineages and the more advanced group informally called "Carabidae Conjunctae", differ in details. For example, the system used by the Tree of Life Web Project makes little use of subfamilies, listing most tribes as "incertae sedis" as to subfamily. "Fauna Europaea", though, splits rather than lumps the Harpalinae, restricting them to what in the system used here is the tribe Harpalini. All the approaches mentioned above are legitimate as they agree with the phylogeny as far as it has been resolved. The inclusive Harpalinae presented here are used


title: "Ground beetle" content: for two reasons, one scientific and one practical – first, the majority of authors presently use this system, following the "Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera". Second, the MediaWiki markup cannot at present adequately represent the relationships of the ground beetle subgroups in detail if the restricted view of the Harpalinae is chosen. Carabinae – including Agoninae and Callistinae Cicindelinae – tiger beetles (roughly 2,600 species; sometimes included in the Carabidae) Cicindinae Elaphrinae Hiletinae Loricerinae Migadopinae Nebriinae (includes Notiophilinae, often included in Carabinae) Nototylinae Omophroninae – round sand beetles Paussinae – ant nest beetles, flanged bombardier beetles Promecognathinae Scaritinae – pedunculate ground


title: "Ground beetle" content: beetles Siagoninae Amblytelinae Apotominae Brachininae – typical bombardier beetles Broscinae Dryptinae (sometimes in Harpalinae) Gineminae (sometimes in Harpalinae) Harpalinae (over 20,000 species) Lebiinae – including Cyclosominae, Mormolycinae, Odacanthinae, Perigoninae (sometimes in Harpalinae) Licininae – including Chlaeniinae, Oodinae (sometimes in Harpalinae) Melaeninae Migadopinae Orthogoniinae (sometimes in Harpalinae) Panagaeinae (sometimes in Harpalinae) Platyninae (sometimes in Harpalinae) Pseudomorphinae (sometimes in Harpalinae) Psydrinae Pterostichinae – including Zabrinae (sometimes in Harpalinae) Trechinae – including Bembidiinae, Patrobinae Tribes "incertae sedis" Ground beetle Ground beetles are a large, cosmopolitan family of beetles, Carabidae, with more than 40,000 species worldwide, around 2,000 of which are found in North


title: "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six 3: Raven Shield" content: process. Afterward, John Clark interrogates the captured Gutierrez and learns the full details of the operation. Gospic's plan was to first buy South American oilfields and then kill hundreds of thousands of people throughout the continent, creating an economic crisis and causing the price of the oilfields to plummet. He would then use the massive oil proceeds to finance a new international Fascist movement, which would then invade each of the former Yugoslav territories to create a new Greater Croatia under neo-fascist rule and to finally have his revenge against the Allies for destroying the Ustaše movement. Gutierrez admits that


title: "Calypso bulbosa" content: Calypso bulbosa Calypso is a genus of orchids containing one species, Calypso bulbosa, known as the calypso orchid, fairy slipper or Venus's slipper. It is a perennial member of the orchid family found in undisturbed northern and montane forests. It has a small pink, purple, pinkish-purple, or red flower accented with a white lip, darker purple spottings, and yellow beard. The genus "Calypso" takes its name from the Greek signifying concealment, as they tend to favor sheltered areas on conifer forest floors. The specific epithet, "bulbosa", refers to the bulb-like corms. Calypso orchids are typically 10 to 14 cm in


title: "Calypso bulbosa" content: height. Their little purple blooms can be a pleasant sporadic sight on hiking trails from late March onwards, though in the more northerly parts of their range they do not bloom until May and June. The plants live no more than five years. This species' range is circumpolar, and includes California, the Rocky Mountain states and most of the most northerly states of the United States; most of Canada; Scandinavia much of European and Asiatic Russia; China, Mongolia, Korea and Japan—see external links for map. Although the calypso orchid's distribution is wide, it is very susceptible to disturbance, and is


title: "Calypso bulbosa" content: therefore classified as threatened or endangered in several U. S. states and in Sweden and Finland. It does not transplant well owing to its mycorrhizal dependence on specific soil fungi. The corms have been used as a food source by North American native peoples. The Thompson River Indians of British Columbia used it as a treatment for mild epilepsy. At least near Banff, Alberta, the calypso orchid is pollinated by bumble bees ("Bombus (Pyrobombus)" and "Psithyrus"). It relies on "pollination by deception", as it attracts insects to anther-like yellow hairs at the entrance to the pouch and forked nectary-like structures


title: "Calypso bulbosa" content: at the end of the pouch but produces no nectar that would nourish them. Insects quickly learn not to revisit it. Avoiding such recognition may account for some of the small variation in the flower's appearance. Four natural varieties and one nothovariety (variety of hybrid origin but established in the wild) are recognized: Calypso bulbosa Calypso is a genus of orchids containing one species, Calypso bulbosa, known as the calypso orchid, fairy slipper or Venus's slipper. It is a perennial member of the orchid family found in undisturbed northern and montane forests. It has a small pink, purple, pinkish-purple, or


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: Magnolia warbler The magnolia warbler ("Setophaga magnolia") is a member of the wood warbler family Parulidae. The genus name "Setophaga" is from Ancient Greek "ses", "moth", and "", "eating", and the specific "magnolia" refers to the type locality. American ornithologist Alexander Wilson found this species in magnolias near Fort Adams, Mississippi. This species is a moderately small New World warbler. It measures in length and spans across the wings. Body mass in adult birds can range from , though weights have reportedly ranged up to prior to migration. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is ,


title: "Magnolia warbler" content: the bill is and the tarsus is . The magnolia warbler can be distinguished by its coloration. The breeding males often have white, gray, and black backs with yellow on the sides; yellow and black-striped stomachs; white, gray, and black foreheads and beaks; distinct black tails with white stripes on the underside; and defined white patches on their wings, called wing bars. Breeding females usually have the same type of coloration as the males, except that their colors are much duller. Immature warblers also resemble the same dull coloration of the females. The yellow and black-striped stomachs help one to