title: Apple content: Collection, which is the responsibility of the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent. The University of Reading, which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group. The UK's national fruit collection database contains a wealth of information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is


title: Apple content: essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or producing cider. Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot. Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor. Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as


title: Apple content: popular tastes in apples have varied over time. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia and especially Indian Subcontinent . Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have a better flavor than modern cultivars, but they may have other problems which make them commercially unviable—low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being the "wrong" size. A few old cultivars are still


title: Apple content: produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as 'Cox's Orange Pippin' and 'Egremont Russet' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease. Many apples grow readily from seeds. However, more than with most perennial fruits, apples must be propagated asexually


title: Apple content: by grafting to obtain the sweetness and other desirable characteristics of the parent. This is because seedling apples are an example of "extreme heterozygotes", in that rather than inheriting genes from their parents to create a new apple with parental characteristics, they are instead significantly different from their parents, perhaps to compete with the many pests. Triploid cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that 3 sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes (aneuploids). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs


title: Apple content: infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive. Because apples do not breed true when planted as seeds, grafting is generally used to produce new apple trees. The rootstock used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than high at maturity), which bear fruit earlier in their life cycle than full size trees. Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far


title: Apple content: back as 300 BC, to the area of Persia and Asia Minor. Alexander the Great sent samples of dwarf apple trees to Aristotle's Lyceum. Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world. The majority of the rootstocks used today to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The East Malling Research Station conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and today their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with


title: Apple content: trees of 'Northern Spy' in Merton, England. Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form bud sports (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars. Since the 1930s, the Excelsior Experiment Station at the University of Minnesota has introduced a


title: Apple content: steady progression of important apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by local orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Its most important contributions have included 'Haralson' (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and 'Honeycrisp'. Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round. Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize pollinators to carry pollen. Honey bees are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are


title: Apple content: also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumblebee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate: One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D). Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollenizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate


title: Apple content: size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, will grow very large, which allows them to bear much more fruit, but makes harvesting very difficult. Depending on the tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks will bear about of fruit per year. Farms with apple orchards may open them to the public,


title: Apple content: so consumers may themselves pick the apples they will purchase. Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include 'Gala', 'Golden Supreme', 'McIntosh', 'Transparent', 'Primate', 'Sweet Bough', and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Fuji', 'Jonagold', 'Golden Delicious', 'Red Delicious', 'Chenango', 'Gravenstein', 'Wealthy', 'McIntosh', 'Snow', and 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'Winesap', 'Granny Smith', 'King', 'Wagener', 'Swayzie', 'Greening', and 'Tolman Sweet'. Commercially, apples can be stored for some months in controlled atmosphere chambers to delay ethylene-induced ripening. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and high


title: Apple content: air filtration. This prevents ethylene concentrations from rising to higher amounts and preventing ripening from occurring too quickly. For home storage, most cultivars of apple can be held for approximately two weeks when kept at the coolest part of the refrigerator (i.e. below 5 °C). Some can be stored up to a year without significant degradation. Some varieties of apples (e.g. 'Granny Smith' and 'Fuji') have more than three times the storage life of others. Non-organic apples may be sprayed with 1-methylcyclopropene blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening. Apple trees are susceptible to a number of


title: Apple content: fungal and bacterial diseases and insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue a program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed. Organic methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest. A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant; three of the more common diseases/pests are mildew, aphids and apple scab. Among the most serious disease problems are fireblight, a bacterial disease; and "Gymnosporangium" rust and black spot, two fungal diseases. Codling


title: Apple content: moths and apple maggots are two other pests which affect apple trees. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter. The larvae of the apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing) burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage. World production of apples in 2016 was 89.3 million tonnes, with China producing 50% of the world total (table). The European Union produced 13% of the world total. Other major producers with 5% or less of the world total


title: Apple content: each were the United States and Poland. A typical apple serving weighs 242 grams and provides 126 calories with a moderate content of dietary fiber (table). Otherwise, there is generally low content of essential nutrients (table). All parts of the fruit, including the skin, except for the seeds, are suitable for human consumption. The core, from stem to bottom, containing the seeds, is usually not eaten and is discarded. Apples can be consumed various ways: juice, raw in salads, baked in pies, cooked into sauces and spreads like apple butter, and other baked dishes. Several techniques are used to preserve


title: Apple content: apples and apple products. Apples can be canned, dried or frozen. Canned or frozen apples are eventually baked into pies or other cooked dishes. Apple juice or cider is also bottled. Apple juice is often concentrated and frozen. Apples are often eaten raw. Cultivars bred for raw consumption are termed dessert or table apples. Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as apple sauce. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. They are often baked


title: Apple content: or stewed and are also (cooked) in some meat dishes. Dried apples can be eaten or reconstituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid). Apples are milled or pressed to produce apple juice, which may be drunk unfiltered (called apple cider in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen to be reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be fermented to make cider (called hard cider in North America), ciderkin, and vinegar. Through distillation, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as applejack, Calvados, and apfelwein. Sliced apples turn brown with exposure to air due


title: Apple content: to the conversion of natural phenolic substances into melanin upon exposure to oxygen. Different cultivars vary in their propensity to brown after slicing and the genetically engineered Arctic Apples do not brown. Sliced fruit can be treated with acidulated water to prevent this effect. Sliced apple consumption tripled in the US from 2004 to 2014 to 500 million apples annually due to its convenience. Organic apples are commonly produced in the United States. Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe. The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay


title: Apple content: powders, or plant extracts (pyrethrum, neem) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality. A light coating of kaolin, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding. Apples are a rich source of various phytochemicals including flavonoids (e.g., catechins, flavanols, and quercetin) and other phenolic compounds (e.g., epicatechin and procyanidins) found in the skin, core, and pulp of the apple; they have unknown health value in humans. Phenolic compounds, such as polyphenol oxidase, are the main driving force behind browning in apples. Polyphenol oxidase catalyzes the


title: Apple content: reaction of phenolic compounds to o-quinones causing the pigment to turn darker and therefore brown. Ideain (cyanidin 3-O-galactoside) is an anthocyanin, a type of pigment, which is found in some red apple cultivars. Phlorizin is a flavonoid that is found in apple trees, particularly in the leaves, and in only small amounts if at all in other plants, even other species of the genus "Malus" or related plants such as pear trees. Apple seed oil and pectin can be produced. Preliminary research is investigating whether nutrients and/or phytochemicals in apples may be preventive against the risk of some types of


title: Apple content: cancer. One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome and is found in people who are also allergic to birch pollen. Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail oral allergy syndrome (OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat, but in rare cases can also include life-threatening anaphylaxis. This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen is neutralized in the cooking process.


title: Apple content: The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome. In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches. This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and urticaria, and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this


title: Apple content: particular reaction, so affected individuals can eat neither raw nor cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction. Breeding efforts have yet to produce a hypoallergenic fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy. The seeds of apples contain small amounts of amygdalin, a sugar and cyanide compound known as a cyanogenic glycoside. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds will cause no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause adverse reactions. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic


title: Apple content: glycosides must be hydrolyzed before the cyanide ion is released. The United States National Library of Medicine's Hazardous Substances Data Bank records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds. The proverb ""An apple a day keeps the doctor away"", addressing the health effects of the fruit, dates from 19th century Wales, according to Caroline Taggart, author of "An Apple a Day: Old-Fashioned Proverbs and Why They Still Work". The original phrase, Taggart said, was: "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread". In the 19th century and early 20th, the


title: Apple content: phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away", while the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922. Books Apple An apple is a sweet, edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus pumila). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus "Malus". The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, "Malus sieversii", is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists.


title: "David Temple" content: David Temple David Temple MBE is a British conductor and musical director of Crouch End Festival Chorus and Hertfordshire Chorus. He has conducted at the Barbican Centre, Royal Festival Hall and Symphony Hall, Birmingham, Royal Albert Hall, Sage Gateshead, The Roundhouse, Snape Maltings and St Albans Cathedral. He came to London in 1972 and joined the London Philharmonic Choir where he sang as a tenor under the chorus master John Alldis, performing with conductors including Boult, Stokowski, Solti, Haitink, Tennstedt, Barenboim, Giulini and Rattle. In 1984 he began his work with the newly formed Crouch End Festival Chorus. As chorus


title: Coccinellidae content: Coccinellidae Coccinellidae () is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03 to 0.71 inches). The family is commonly known as ladybugs in North America, and ladybirds in Britain and other parts of the English-speaking world. Entomologists widely prefer the names ladybird beetles or lady beetles as these insects are not classified as true bugs. The majority of coccinellid species are generally considered useful insects, because many species prey on herbivorous homopterans such as aphids or scale insects, which are agricultural pests. Many coccinellids lay their eggs directly in aphid and scale insect


title: Coccinellidae content: colonies in order to ensure their larvae have an immediate food source. However, some species do have unwelcome effects; among these, the most prominent are of the subfamily Epilachninae (which includes the Mexican bean beetle), which are herbivorous themselves. Usually, epilachnines are only minor agricultural pests, eating the leaves of grain, potatoes, beans, and various other crops, but their numbers can increase explosively in years when their natural enemies, such as parasitoid wasps that attack their eggs, are few. In such situations, they can do major crop damage. They occur in practically all the major crop-producing regions of temperate and


title: Coccinellidae content: tropical countries. The name "coccinellids" is derived from the Latin word "coccineus" meaning "scarlet". The name "ladybird" originated in Britain where the insects became known as "Our Lady's bird" or the Lady beetle. Mary (Our Lady) was often depicted wearing a red cloak in early paintings, and the spots of the seven-spot ladybird (the most common in Europe) were said to symbolise her seven joys and seven sorrows. In the United States, the name was adapted to "ladybug". Common names in some other European languages have the same association, for example, the German name "Marienkäfer" translates to Marybeetle. Coccinellids are


title: Coccinellidae content: often conspicuously coloured yellow, orange, or red with small black spots on their wing covers, with black legs, heads and antennae. There is, however, great variation in these colour patterns. For example, a minority of species, such as "Vibidia duodecimguttata", a twelve-spotted species, have whitish spots on a brown background. Coccinellids are found worldwide, with over 6,000 species described. Most coccinellids have round to elliptical, dome-shaped bodies with six short legs. Depending on the species, they can have spots, stripes, or no markings at all. Seven-spotted coccinellids are red or orange with three spots on each side and one in


title: Coccinellidae content: the middle; they have a black head with white patches on each side. As well as the usual yellow and deep red colourings, many coccinellid species are mostly, or entirely, black, dark grey, gray, or brown, and may be difficult for non-entomologists to recognise as coccinellids at all. Conversely, non-entomologists might easily mistake many other small beetles for coccinellids. For example, the tortoise beetles, like the ladybird beetles, look similar because they are shaped so that they can cling to a flat surface so closely that ants and many other enemies cannot grip them. Non-entomologists are prone to misidentify a


title: Coccinellidae content: wide variety of beetle species in other families as "ladybirds", i.e. coccinellids. Beetles are particularly prone to such misidentification if they are spotted in red, orange or yellow and black. Examples include the much larger scarabaeid grapevine beetles and spotted species of the Chrysomelidae, Melyridae and others. Conversely, laymen may fail to identify unmarked species of Coccinellidae as "ladybirds". Other beetles that have a defensive hemispherical shape, like that of the Coccinellidae (for example the Cassidinae), also are often taken for ladybirds. A common myth, totally unfounded, is that the number of spots on the insect's back indicates its age.


title: Coccinellidae content: In fact, the underlying pattern and colouration are determined by the species and genetics of the beetle, and develop as the insect matures. In some species its appearance is fixed by the time it emerges from its pupa, though in most it may take some days for the colour of the adult beetle to mature and stabilise. Generally, the mature colour tends to be fuller and darker than the colour of the . "Paraplectana tsushimensis" is an Asian spider that mimics ladybirds. Coccinellids are best known as predators of Sternorrhyncha such as aphids and scale insects, but the range of


title: Coccinellidae content: prey species that various Coccinellidae may attack is much wider. A genus of small black ladybirds, "Stethorus", presents one example of predation on non-Sternorrhyncha; they specialise in mites as prey, notably "Tetranychus" spider mites. "Stethorus" species accordingly are important in certain examples of biological control. They are natural predators of a range of serious pests, such as the European corn borer, a moth that costs US agriculture industry more than $1 billion annually in crop losses and population control. Various larger species of Coccinellidae attack caterpillars and other beetle larvae. Several genera feed on various insects or their eggs; for


title: Coccinellidae content: example, "Coleomegilla" species are significant predators of the eggs and larvae of moths such as species of "Spodoptera" and the Plutellidae. Larvae and eggs of ladybirds, either their own or of other species, can also be an important cannibalistic food resource when alternative prey are scarce. As a family, the Coccinellidae used to be regarded as purely carnivorous, but they are now known to be far more omnivorous than previously thought, both as a family and in individual species; examination of gut contents of apparently specialist predators commonly yield residues of pollen and other plant materials. Besides the prey they


title: Coccinellidae content: favour, most predatory coccinellids include other items in their diets, including honeydew, pollen, plant sap, nectar, and various fungi. The significance of such nonprey items in their diets is still under investigation and discussion. Apart from the generalist aphid and scale predators and incidental substances of botanical origin, many Coccinellidae do favour or even specialise in certain prey types. This makes some of them particularly valuable as agents in biological control programmes. Determination of specialisation need not be a trivial matter, though; for example the larva of the Vedalia ladybird "Rodolia cardinalis" is a specialist predator on a few species


title: Coccinellidae content: of Monophlebidae, in particular "Icerya purchasi", which is the most notorious of the cottony cushion scale species. However, the adult "R. cardinalis" can subsist for some months on a wider range of insects plus some nectar. Certain species of coccinellids are thought to lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs, apparently to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. Such a strategy amounts to the production of trophic eggs. Some species in the subfamily Epilachninae are herbivores,


title: Coccinellidae content: and can be very destructive agricultural pests (e.g., the Mexican bean beetle). Again, in the subfamily Coccinellinae, members of the tribe Halyziini and the genus "Tythaspis" are mycophagous. While predatory species are often used as biological control agents, introduced species of coccinellids are not necessarily benign. Species such as "Harmonia axyridis" or "Coccinella septempunctata" in North America outcompete and displace native coccinellids and become pests themselves. The main predators of coccinellids are usually birds, but they are also the prey of frogs, wasps, spiders, and dragonflies. The bright colours of many coccinellids discourage some potential predators from making a meal


title: Coccinellidae content: of them. This phenomenon, called aposematism, works because predators learn by experience to associate certain prey phenotypes with a bad taste. A further defence, known as "reflex bleeding", exists in which an alkaloid toxin is exuded through the joints of the exoskeleton, triggered by mechanical stimulation (such as by predator attack) in both larval and adult beetles, deterring feeding. Coccinellids in temperate regions enter diapause during the winter, so they often are among the first insects to appear in the spring. Some species (e.g., "Hippodamia convergens") gather into groups and move to higher elevations, such as a mountain, to enter


title: Coccinellidae content: diapause. Most coccinellids overwinter as adults, aggregating on the south sides of large objects such as trees or houses during the winter months, dispersing in response to increasing day length in the spring. Predatory coccinellids are usually found on plants which harbour their prey. They lay their eggs near their prey, to increase the likelihood the larvae will find the prey easily. In "Harmonia axyridis", eggs hatch in three to four days from clutches numbering from a few to several dozen. Depending on resource availability, the larvae pass through four instars over 10–14 days, after which pupation occurs. After a


title: Coccinellidae content: teneral period of several days, the adults become reproductively active and are able to reproduce again later, although they may become reproductively quiescent if eclosing late in the season. Total life span is one to two years on average. The atlas "Ladybirds (Coccinellidae) of Britain and Ireland" published in 2011 showed a decline of more than 20% in native species due to environmental changes and competition from foreign invaders. The distribution maps, compiled over a 20-year period with help from thousands of volunteers, showed a decline in the numbers of the common 10-spot and 14-spot ladybirds and a number of


title: Coccinellidae content: other species, including the 11-spot, 22-spot, cream-spot, water and hieroglyphic ladybirds, "Coccidula rufa, Rhyzobius litura" and "Nephus redtenbacheri". Conversely, increases were seen in the numbers of harlequin, orange, pine, and 24-spot ladybirds, as well as "Rhyzobius chrysomeloides". The kidney spot ladybird was recorded in Scotland for the first time in recent years, and the 13-spot was found to have recolonised Cornwall, Devon, and the New Forest. The most commonly recorded species was the 7-spot, closely followed by the Asian harlequin — an invader that arrived from continental Europe in 2003 after being introduced to control pests. An 'explosion' in the


title: Coccinellidae content: number of orange ladybirds, which feed on mildew, is thought to have been due to the warmer, damper conditions that now prevail in parts of England. In the United States, coccinellids usually begin to appear indoors in the autumn when they leave their summer feeding sites in fields, forests, and yards and search out places to spend the winter. Typically, when temperatures warm to the mid-60s F (around 18 °C) in the late afternoon, following a period of cooler weather, they will swarm onto or into buildings illuminated by the sun. Swarms of coccinellids fly to buildings in September through


title: Coccinellidae content: November depending on location and weather conditions. Homes or other buildings near fields or woods are particularly prone to infestation. After an abnormally long period of hot, dry weather in the summer of 1976 in the UK, a marked increase in the aphid population was followed by a "plague" of ladybirds, with many reports of people being bitten as the supply of aphids dwindled. The presence of coccinellids in grape harvests can cause ladybird taint in wines produced from the grapes. "Harmonia axyridis" (the harlequin ladybird) is an example of how an animal might be partly welcome and partly harmful.


title: Coccinellidae content: It was introduced into North America from Asia in 1916 to control aphids, but is now the most common species, outcompeting many of the native species. It has since spread to much of western Europe, reaching the UK in 2004. It has become something of a domestic and agricultural pest in some regions, and gives cause for ecological concern. It has similarly arrived in parts of Africa, where it has proved variously unwelcome, perhaps most prominently in vine-related crops. Ladybirds have long been of interest to children. They had many regional names (now mostly disused) in English, such as variations


title: Coccinellidae content: on Bishop-Barnaby (Norfolk and Suffolk dialect) – Barnabee, Burnabee, the Bishop-that-burneth, and bishy bishy barnabee. The etymology is unclear, but it may be from St. Barnabas' feast in June, when the insect appears, or a corruption of "Bishop-that-burneth", from the fiery elytra of the beetles. The ladybird was immortalised in the popular children's nursery rhyme "Ladybird Ladybird": Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home Your house is on fire and your children are gone All except one, and that's Little Anne For she has crept under the warming pan. This poem has its counterpart in German as "Marienwürmchen," collected in "Des Knaben


title: Coccinellidae content: Wunderhorn", and set to music by Robert Schumann as Op. 79, No. 13, and a Polish nursery rhyme, "Little Ladybirds' Anthem", of which a part ("fly to the sky, little ladybird, bring me a piece of bread") became a saying. Many cultures consider ladybirds lucky and have nursery rhymes or local names for the insects that reflect this. For instance, the Turkish name for the insect is "uğur böceği", literally meaning "good luck bug". In many countries, including Russia, Turkey, and Italy, the sight of a coccinellid is either a call to make a wish or a sign that a


title: Coccinellidae content: wish will soon be granted. In Christian areas, they are often associated with the Virgin Mary and the name that the insect bears in the various languages of Europe corresponds to this. Although historically many European languages referenced Freyja, the fertility goddess of Norse mythology, in the names, the Virgin Mary has now largely supplanted her, so that, for example, "freyjuhœna" (Old Norse) and "Frouehenge" have been changed into "marihøne" (Norwegian) and "Marienkäfer" (German), which corresponds with Our Lady's bird. Sometimes, the insect is referred to as belonging directly to God (Irish "bóín Dé", Polish "boża krówka", Russian божья коровка


title: Coccinellidae content: ("bozhya korovka"), all meaning "God's [little] cow"). In Dutch it is called "lieveheersbeestje", meaning "little animal of our Good Lord". In both Hebrew and Yiddish, it is called "Moshe Rabbenu's (i.e. Moses's) little cow" or "little horse", apparently an adaptation from Slavic languages. Occasionally, it is called "little Messiah". The insects have been used to symbolise Ladybird Books (part of Penguin Group), the Ladybird range of children's clothing sold by the former high street chain Woolworth's in the UK, while the ladybird street tile is a symbol against senseless violence in the Netherlands, and is often placed on the sites


title: Coccinellidae content: of deadly crimes. Ladybirds have served as the US state insects of Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, and Tennessee, though only New York has selected a species native to the United States ("Coccinella novemnotata"); the other states have all adopted an invasive European species ("Coccinella septempunctata"). They have also been adopted as the mascot of Candanchú, a ski resort near Canfranc in the Spanish Pyrenees. Coccinellidae Coccinellidae () is a widespread family of small beetles ranging in size from 0.8 to 18 mm (0.03 to 0.71 inches). The family is commonly known as ladybugs in North America, and


title: "Center Depot" content: for the Haverhill Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail. The Salem line was used by two of Wakefield's major manufacturers, the Wakefield Rattan Company, and the L. B. Evans Shoe Company. The present station first appears on city maps in 1874, suggesting a construction date between then and 1870. Center Depot The Center Depot is a historic railway station at 57 Water Street (MA 129) in Wakefield, Massachusetts. Built in the early 1870s, it is a surviving element of the railroad infrastructure that enabled Wakefield's growth as an industrial center in the late 19th century. The depot was added to


title: "Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce" content: Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce Luis Fernández de Córdoba y Arce was a Spanish sailor and military man who was Governor of Chile between May 1625 and December 1629. A Spanish noble gentleman of El Carpio, in the Province of Cordova and member of an influential family, Luis Fernandez de Cordoba y Arce made his military career in the navy becoming a general of the Navy of the Philippines. After that he was given a post, by his uncle the Viceroy of Peru, Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar. He was made general of the plaza and presidio


title: "SeXXXy Eddy" content: week later at IWS "Violent Valentine", he and "Paranoid" Jake Matthews (with valet Lollipop) defeated Green Phantom and Kid Kamikaze. On February 23, he and Karnage (with Andy Rossetti) lost to "Aftershock" (Damian and Drake Styles) in a match for the NWA Canadian Tag Team Championship at "CWA: The Return". On March 1, Eddy appeared at IWA-Mid South's 500th Anniversary Show in Joliet, Illinois and participated in an 8-man TLC Open Contract match which involved: Ash, Ruckus, Mickie Knuckles, Devon Moore, Brandon Thomaselli, Jaysin Strife and "Diehard" Dustin Lee. Despite losing the match, Eddy won a moral victory when he


title: "The Force" content: ruby slippers from "The Wizard of Oz" (1939), with both being entities that send the protagonist on a quest. In her 1980 "Washington Post" review of "The Empire Strikes Back", Judith Martin described the Force as "a mishmash of current cultic fashions without any base in ideas. It doesn't seem to be connected with ethics or a code of decent behavior, either." The introduction of midi-chlorians in "The Phantom Menace" was controversial, with Evan Narcisse of "Time" writing that the concept ruined "Star Wars" for him and a generation of fans because "the mechanisms of the Force became less spiritual


title: "Senjō Station" content: February 1939 as an intermediate stop when the then Yosan Mainline was extended westwards from towards . At that time, the station was operated by Japanese Government Railways (JGR), later becoming Japanese National Railways (JNR). With the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Shikoku. Senjō Station The station is served by the JR Shikoku Yosan Line and is located 254.3 km from the start of the line at . Only local trains stop at the station and the eastbound trains terminate at . Connections with other services are needed to travel further


title: "Loop variant" content: Loop variant In computer science, a loop variant is a mathematical function defined on the state space of a computer program whose value is monotonically decreased with respect to a (strict) well-founded relation by the iteration of a while loop under some invariant conditions, thereby ensuring its termination. A loop variant whose range is restricted to the non-negative integers is also known as a bound function, because in this case it provides a trivial upper bound on the number of iterations of a loop before it terminates. However, a loop variant may be transfinite, and thus is not necessarily restricted


title: "St. Matthias' Abbey" content: care of the structure, and on the other the need to meet current demands. The basilica has therefore been thoroughly transformed during a long-drawn-out exercise in cleaning up and alteration. The crypt has been extended by a further two bays and provided with new means of access. The place of the veneration of Saint Matthias the Apostle, as well as the altar space, have been adapted to modern requirements. Stable choir stalls have been built for the monks' choir. A lift has been installed for easier access to all levels. On 10 December 2007 during a solemn pontifical office with


title: "Amorpha fruticosa" content: Amorpha fruticosa Amorpha fruticosa is a species of flowering plant in the legume family (Fabaceae) known by several common names, including desert false indigo, false indigo-bush, and bastard indigobush. It is found wild in most of the contiguous United States, southeastern Canada, and northern Mexico, but it is probably naturalized in the northeastern and northwestern portion of its current range. The species is also present as an introduced species in Europe, Asia, and other continents. It is often cultivated as an ornamental plant, and some wild populations may be descended from garden escapes. "A. fruticosa" grows as a glandular, thornless


title: "Amorpha fruticosa" content: shrub which can reach in height and spread to twice that in width. It is somewhat variable in morphology. The leaves are made up of many hairy, oval-shaped, spine-tipped leaflets. The inflorescence is a spike-shaped raceme of many flowers, each with a single purple petal and ten protruding stamens with yellow anthers. The fruit is a legume pod containing one or two seeds. 6'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-12a-hydroxydalpanol, a rotenoid, can be found in the fruits of "A. fruticosa". Several members of the amorfrutin class of compounds have been isolated from the fruits. Amorfrutins as well as other secondary metabolites from "A. fruticosa" have


title: "Amorpha fruticosa" content: displayed favorable bioactivities counteracting diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Amorpha fruticosa Amorpha fruticosa is a species of flowering plant in the legume family (Fabaceae) known by several common names, including desert false indigo, false indigo-bush, and bastard indigobush. It is found wild in most of the contiguous United States, southeastern Canada, and northern Mexico, but it is probably naturalized in the northeastern and northwestern portion of its current range. The species is also present as an introduced species in Europe, Asia, and other continents. It is often cultivated as an ornamental plant, and some wild populations may be descended from


title: "John Clement (physician)" content: After the accession of Edward VI of England he retired to Louvain to escape persecution for his Catholicism; he was exempted from the general pardon granted by Edward. He returned to England in Mary Tudor's reign and practised his profession in Essex, but fled abroad again when Elizabeth I came to the throne. Mechlin was his last place of exile. He lies buried in the cathedral church of St. Rumbold in that city. He wrote: "Epigrammatum et aliorum carminum liber"; and also translated from Greek into Latin: John Clement (physician) John Clement (born in Yorkshire about 1500; died 1 July


title: "Jean François Renaudin" content: Revolution, Renaudin was promoted to Lieutenant de Vaisseau on 1 January 1792, and to Captain on 1 January 1793; he was appointed to command the 20-gun corvette "Perdrix", cruising off Belle-Ile and Rochefort. He later transferred to the frigate "Andromaque", on which sustained a fight against a ship of the line and four Spanish frigates. Renaudin commanded the "Vengeur du Peuple" in the fleet of Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse. Exiting Brest, "Vengeur" was separated from her fleet, which prevented her from taking part in the Action of 29 May 1794; on the next day, however, she sustained fire from ten British ships


title: "Beecher's Handmade Cheese" content: and texture of their cheddar. Flagship cheese is produced using a cheddaring process, but owing to a different taste, Beecher's does not call this cheese cheddar. The cheese has been described as having a "sweet finish and creamy texture" unlike the tangier cheddars, owing to this being one of the cheeses they create with a mixture of different cheese cultures. After being prepared in blocks and aged for approximately one year, the Flagship—unlike cheddars—lacks a rind, is moister, resembles butter visually, and carries a milky aroma due to being aged in plastic bags. A variant called "Flagship Reserve" is aged


title: "New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games" content: New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games New Zealand at the 1938 British Empire Games was represented by a team of 69 competitors and 13 officials, including 18 athletes, 15 rowers, eight swimmers and divers, and seven each of boxers, cyclists and wrestlers. Selection of the team for the Games in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, was the responsibility of the New Zealand Olympic and British Empire Games Association. New Zealand's flagbearer at the opening ceremony was Jim Leckie. The New Zealand team finished fifth on the medal table, winning a total of 25 medals, five of which were


title: "Seven Years' War" content: fight across Germany and France in 1813–14 to take Paris was created directly in response to the logistic problems experienced by the Russians in the Seven Years' War. The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. In 1763, Pontiac's War broke out as a group of Indian tribes in the Great Lakes region and the Northwest (the modern American Midwest) said to have been led by the Ottawa chief Pontiac (whose role as the leader of


title: "MC Flasher" content: MC Flasher MC Flasher (born Simon Pribac) is a Slovenian-Canadian electronic music performance artist. As a longtime resident and art director of Slovenia's most famed club Ambasada Gavioli, MC Flasher has been the developer of new wave techno MC-ing and the creator of Ambasada's ideological structure in years 1998 to 2005. During his techno career he collaborated and performed with several other artists, including Takkyū Ishino, Sven Vaeth, Claude Young, Luke Slater, Dee Lite, Josh Wink), DJ Umek, Billy Nasty, and Craig Walsh. He is also the organizer and artistic director of the annual Music and Art festival "The Final


title: "Peugeot 2008" content: between the two companies of Peugeot and IKCO named "IKAP". The 2008 features a 1.6 inline-4 Turbo engine, producing and of torque at 4,000 rpm. The 2008's six speed automatic gearbox transfers the engine power to the front wheels. It is available with a five speed manual gearbox or a six speed manual, according to engine size. As of 2017, it is also available with a six speed automatic (1.2 turbo petrol). The Peugeot 2008 is available with Peugeot's grip control system. This is available on 1.6 litre petrol and 1.6 litre Diesel models. Grip control equipped models are supplied


title: "Isaiah Oggins" content: name "Oggins" arose again in 1945–1946. On February 10, 1949, FBI investigators questioned Esther Shemitz, wife of Whittaker Chambers, about the Ogginses, as Esther Chambers and Nerma Oggins had both attended the Rand School and had worked at the ILGWU and "The World Tomorrow" magazine. In early 1992, the U.S. and Russia formed the U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs. Overseeing the investigation was Dmitri Volkogonov. On September 23, 1992, Boris Yeltsin handed an Oggins case dossier to American diplomat Malcolm Toon: Oggins had been liquidated on Stalin's orders. Nerma Berman Oggins drifted from job to job and lived in the


title: "Alien abduction entities" content: 2 pencil, has a bluish light on one end. It is used as a weapon on combative abductees to make them more compliant, by numbing the will. It looks like a "Star Trek" "phaser" being fired, only that a bluish-white beam is being fired at the combative abductee. Linda Moulton Howe reported on a pencil-sized cylindrical device with a light on one end that has been independently reported in at least two alleged abductions. The device is apparently used in a manner analogous to a surgical scalpel by the alleged abductors. One alleged abductee claimed that when the device was


title: "All Parks Alliance for Change" content: to support park communities, and preservation of these communities. APAC's board of directors is composed of individuals elected from manufactured home parks. Board members are elected by the park residents, after their park has attained chapter status by recruiting 10 percent of the households to join as dues-paying members. APAC also has a paid staff that includes an executive director, community organizers, and others. APAC was founded in 1980 by a group of park residents in Anoka County who initially worked to eliminate no-cause evictions, and to create new storm shelter standards. These efforts eventually lead to the establishment of


title: "Cutting extinguisher" content: smoke diving is reduced. The small size of the access hole also reduces any risk of flashover or backdraft. Flashover is reduced by avoiding the need to open up a large access hole, backdraft by the flow of water through this small hole keeping any flow cooled and directed inwards, towards the fire. Secondary advantages are in gaining rapid access to the seat of the fire, directly through most construction materials and without needing to cause structural damage that may further weaken a structure. The cutting extinguisher technique originates in Sweden, with Cold Cut Systems Svenska AB. Cold Cut Systems


title: "Management of depression" content: effective, either alone or in combination with medication. Combining psychotherapy and antidepressants may provide a "slight advantage", but antidepressants alone or psychotherapy alone are not significantly different from other treatments, or "active intervention controls". Given an accurate diagnosis of major depressive disorder, in general the type of treatment (psychotherapy and/or antidepressants, alternate or other treatments, or active intervention) is "less important than getting depressed patients involved in an active therapeutic program." Psychotherapy is the treatment of choice in those under the age of 18, with medication offered only in conjunction with the former and generally not as a first line


title: "Krystyna Kurczab-Redlich" content: Krystyna Kurczab-Redlich Krystyna Kurczab-Redlich (born 1954) is a Polish journalist and author. As a correspondent in Russia for the Polish media, she has written documentary films on Chechnya investigating alleged human rights abuses by the Russian army. In 2000 she published "Pandrioszka", an account of life in contemporary Russia. Her 2007 book "Głową o mur Kremla" ("Banging one's head against the wall of the Kremlin"), a history of Russia from the 1980s to the present, earned her the nickname "the Polish Politkovskaya" ("Polska Politkowska"). Kurczab-Redlich received the Kazimierz Dziewanowski Award for her work as a foreign correspondent and the Melchior


title: "Timpanogos Storytelling Festival" content: Festival has grown each year—in both audience size and prestige. Attendance at annual Festival events total 26,000 and the Festival is recognized throughout the national storytelling world as a standard setter. The Festival and its organizers have received national media attention and awards. Storytelling event organizers from around the nation attend the Timpanogos Festival for training. The Timpanogos Storytelling Festival has garnered this reputation not only because of the great talent featured, but also because of the scenic setting, the terrific audience, the extraordinary community support, and its excellence in organization. In 1999, the National Storytelling Network honored Karen Ashton


title: Cimbali content: Bonetto, was made of only 6 main structural elements. Alongside the hydraulic and lever groups there was also a direct injection group equipped with an external pump. In the 1990s, Cimbali integrated a microprocessor to the “Dosatron” in order to better govern the main functions of the machine. In 1992, Cimbali introduced the “Dolcevita”, a family of fully automatic espresso machines targeting in-cup consistency and beverage quality. Designed by Salvemini, the “Dolcevita” played a significant role in Cimbali’s growth outside Italy in non-conventional markets new to espresso coffee. In 1995, Cimbali purchased its leading Italian competitor, Faema. In December 2017,


title: "Politics of Liguria" content: than 40% of votes special seats are added to the Council to ensure a large majority for the President's coalition. The Council is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under the "simul stabunt, simul cadent" clause introduced in 1999 (literally "they will stand together or they will fall together"), also the Council is dissolved and a snap election is called. In the latest regional election, which took place on 31 May 2015, Giovanni Toti of Forza Italia, supported also by Lega Nord Liguria, was elected President in a


title: "Schrankia costaestrigalis" content: line indistinct, pale; hindwing luteous whitish, with a grey discal dot. The moth flies from May to October depending on the location. Larva dark purplish brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale, the latter black-edged beneath; sides more ochreous; will feed on flowers of thyme in captivity. The larvae feed on various herbaceous and woody plants. Schrankia costaestrigalis Schrankia costaestrigalis, the pinion-streaked snout, is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Europe, the Canaries, Madeira, Syria, Armenia. It is also present in New Zealand. The species closely resembles Crambidae or Pyralidae species. The wingspan is 16–22


title: "Claud Morris" content: He travelled to the West Indies in 1939 and Canada where he joined the Canadian Army at the outbreak of World War II, but was invalided out in 1941. Back in Britain, he started as a sub-editor on the "Daily Express", and later as a personal assistant to Manny Shinwell, a Labour MP, writing speeches for members of the party. In 1949 he became political columnist for the "Daily Mirror", and unsuccessfully standing as a Labour party candidate for Bristol West in 1950 and 1951. In 1952, he bought a small South Wales newspaper, more than doubling its circulation in


title: "March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak" content: new mesocyclone and tornado further downwind becomes dominant. Over the course of a few miles, the new tornado intensified and the original one abruptly constricted and apparently became a satellite tornado to the new tornado. Eventually, the Hesston tornado (after traveling nearly ) occluded and merged with the new tornado, and the supercell began to re-intensify. The new tornado rapidly became very large, and violent damage was produced by the second tornado in Marion County. Several homes were again completely obliterated and swept away and one additional fatality was reported. The tornado produced very severe cycloidal ground scouring in farm


title: Capetinga content: means a white leaf. The city center of Capetinga is located at an elevation of 900 meters southeast of Passos and west of the Furnas reservoir. Neighboring municipalities are: Cássia (NE), Pratápolis (SE), São Sebastião do Paraíso (S), São Tomás de Aquino (SW), Itirapuã, Patrocínio Paulista and Franca, (W),and Ibiraci (NW). Distances The economy is based on services and agriculture, especially cattle raising for dairy production. The GDP in 2005 was approximately R$42 million, with 14 million reais from services, 1 million reais from industry, and 25 million reais from agriculture. There were 503 rural producers on 19,000 hectares of


title: "Pieterskerk, Leiden" content: Pieterskerk, Leiden The Pieterskerk is a late-Gothic church in Leiden dedicated to Saint Peter. It is known today as the church of the Pilgrim Fathers, where the pastor John Robinson was buried. It is also the burial place of the scientist Willebrord Snellius. In around 1100 the site held the county chapel of the counts of Holland, rebuilt in 1121. The present building took approximately 180 years to build, starting in 1390. Famous Leiden dignitaries are buried there, including the painter Jan Steen and the Leiden professor Herman Boerhaave. The beautiful stained-glass windows already took a terrible blow during the


title: "Pieterskerk, Leiden" content: Beeldenstorm, but were completely destroyed a couple of centuries later, in the gunpowder explosion of 12 January 1807. The windows were boarded up, and it wasn't until 1880 that a large-scale restoration took place. The "Pieterskerk" used to have a church tower, the "Westtoren" (west tower) from 1290 on. It was nicknamed "Coningh der Zee" (king of the sea), and was completed in stages, eventually reaching 110 metres (including the 35-metre-tall wooden spire). It collapsed in the night of 5 March 1512. The tower was not restored and the church remains towerless. Not only the stained glass windows were vandalised


title: "Pieterskerk, Leiden" content: during the Beeldenstorm, many other beautiful statues and paintings were made victim of the Reformation. The internationally renowned painting Het Laatste Oordeel by Lucas van Leyden was barely saved by mayor Van Swanenburg. On 7 July 1572 the church was closed for services. It reopened on 5 October of the same year for the first Protestant service. After this date the building of the church can be considered completed. In following centuries small homes were built against the sides of the church. They are still there today. The building was deconsecrated in 1971 and since 1975 has been managed by


title: "Pieterskerk, Leiden" content: a foundation and rented for a wide variety of events. Since 2001, with 50% government funding, a long-term restoration project started that ran until 2010. Discoveries made during this and earlier restorations were put on permanent display in the church. A mummy is also on display, that the foundation has chosen not to subject to scientific scrutiny. Though the windows have been lost, the various grave monuments by prominent Leiden sculptors can still be seen. The building is open to the public. Before 1811 many prominent people were buried in the Pieterskerk, such as the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius (known


title: "Pieterskerk, Leiden" content: for Arminianism), Herman Boerhaave, Jan Steen, Johannes de Laet, and John Robinson, pastor of the "Pilgrim Fathers". For a listing, see the category . Pieterskerk, Leiden The Pieterskerk is a late-Gothic church in Leiden dedicated to Saint Peter. It is known today as the church of the Pilgrim Fathers, where the pastor John Robinson was buried. It is also the burial place of the scientist Willebrord Snellius. In around 1100 the site held the county chapel of the counts of Holland, rebuilt in 1121. The present building took approximately 180 years to build, starting in 1390. Famous Leiden dignitaries are


title: "Schiefe Ebene" content: Schiefe Ebene The Schiefe Ebene ( literally: 'inclined plane') is a steep incline on Bamberg–Hof section of the Ludwig South-North Railway in the region of Upper Franconia, in Bavaria, Germany. The Schiefe Ebene is located in the "Landkreis" (country district) of Kulmbach, beginning east of Neuenmarkt–Wirsberg station and ending at Marktschorgast. The route is not electrified, but has been widened to two tracks. On the adjacent incline between Marktschorgast and Stammbach, the second track has been subsequently dismantled. On its way into the Franconian Forest mountains the ramp climbs 157.7 metres over a distance of 6.8 kilometres and therefore has


title: "Schiefe Ebene" content: an average incline of 23‰. It was built between 1844 and 1848 as part of the Ludwig South-North line and was opened on 1 November 1848. With its numerous supporting walls, cuttings and stone embankments it was technically one of the great engineering feats of its time. The cost of construction was 917,318 Gulden. In the era of steam, the ramp proved a real challenge for locomotives and crews. The majority of trains had to be reinforced by heavy pusher locomotives. These were stationed in the well-known locomotive depot at Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg. They included famous locomotives such as the DRG Class


title: "Schiefe Ebene" content: 95 (ex-Prussian T 20) and DRG Class 96 (ex-Bavarian Gt 2x4/4), as well as DRG Classes 57 (ex-Prussian G 10) and 50. In the early 1970s, the route was one of the last stamping grounds of the Deutsche Bundesbahn's Class 01 express train steam locomotive. From 2001 to 2004 the Schiefe Ebene was also traversed by modern ICE-TD power cars (DBAG Class 605) with tilting technology. Today the line is worked by the tilting DMUs of DB Class 612, that serve the hourly RegionalExpress lines of Hof–Würzburg and Hof–Lichtenfels as well as the "Interregio-Express" line Nürnberg-Hof-Dresden. At the foot of


title: "Schiefe Ebene" content: the ramp in the former locomotive depot at Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg station – located in Neuenmarkt – is the German Steam Locomotive Museum ("Deutsches Dampflokomotiv-Museum") or DDM. In the upper station, in the former waiting room of Marktschorgast station, there is a small museum and information centre on the history of the Schiefe Ebene. Entrance is free. Marktschorgast station is also the start of a railway history trail that runs along the Schiefe Ebene and recounts the history of the line on display boards. The walk ends at Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg station. The trail should be walked with stout footwear and can be completed


title: "Schiefe Ebene" content: in a few hours (length 7–8 km, hilly terrain). On the road side of Marktschorgast station is an overview board of the trail; the first display board is on the road side of the former goods shed, about 20 m northeast (in the direction of Hof) next to the railway yard. On 27 December 1944 a military train derailed in Neuenmarkt station, after its brakes had been unable to reduce the speed of the train sufficiently coming down the Schiefe Ebene. The exact cause remains unknown; the train was operating with two locomotives (one at the head and one at


title: "Schiefe Ebene" content: the tail of the train). One person was killed and an unknown number of people were injured. Reports of the accident were very sketchy. Schiefe Ebene The Schiefe Ebene ( literally: 'inclined plane') is a steep incline on Bamberg–Hof section of the Ludwig South-North Railway in the region of Upper Franconia, in Bavaria, Germany. The Schiefe Ebene is located in the "Landkreis" (country district) of Kulmbach, beginning east of Neuenmarkt–Wirsberg station and ending at Marktschorgast. The route is not electrified, but has been widened to two tracks. On the adjacent incline between Marktschorgast and Stammbach, the second track has been


title: "A Wednesday!" content: the cult status." He also gave it 4 stars out of 5. Anupama Chopra of NDTV thought the film to be a "provocative theatre. Its message is urgent and relevant but also disturbing and dangerous." She also felt what it suggested was "implausible". "A Wednesday!" grossed around Rs 120 million in India. The film had a distributor share of Rs44,600,000 in India. It gave satisfying results to the producers, distributors and exhibitors. The film was remade into Tamil and Telugu. The Tamil version had Kamal Haasan and Mohanlal in lead roles, while the Telugu version had Kamal Haasan and Venkatesh


title: "George Galatis" content: was the subject of a Time magazine cover story on March 4, 1996. Millstone 1 was permanently closed in July 1998. George Galatis George Galatis was a senior nuclear engineer and whistleblower who reported safety problems at the Millstone 1 Nuclear Power Plant, relating to reactor refueling procedures, in 1996. The unsafe procedures meant that spent fuel rod pools at Unit 1 had the potential to boil, possibly releasing radioactive steam throughout the plant. Galatis was the subject of a Time magazine cover story on March 4, 1996. Millstone 1 was permanently closed in July 1998. Every 18 months the


title: "Billy Reid (footballer, born 1986)" content: Billy Reid (footballer, born 1986) William Reid Jnr. (born 11 January 1986 in Glasgow), is a Scottish retired footballer who played as midfielder for Clyde, and had a short spell with Hamilton Academical. Reid started his career with Clyde. He made his senior debut in a Scottish First Division match against Ayr United in March 2003. He only made one more appearance after this, before being one of eight U19 players released by the club in January 2004. He went on to join Hamilton Academical, before returning to Clyde a year later. He is the son of football player and


title: "Charles Van Riper" content: midst of local superstition about stutterers. Even though he stuttered throughout his schooling years, he did very well academically, reading voraciously and showing great talent for writing. He subsequently attended the Northern State Normal School, and then the University of Michigan where he won honors for creative writing and graduated with a Master of Arts in English. After graduation, he taught high school English in Saline, Michigan, developing many techniques for dealing with his stuttering while teaching. Although he was regarded as a proficient and innovative teacher, the stress of his stuttering and his fear of speaking in many situations,


title: "Playing the Building" content: Playing the Building Playing the Building was an art installation by David Byrne, ex singer of Talking Heads, and Färgfabriken, an independent art venue in Stockholm. It originally ran from October 8 to November 13, 2005 at Färgfabriken. The concept would later be realized in New York City in the Battery Maritime Building in 2008 (May 31 to August 10), in London in The Roundhouse in 2009 (August 8 to 31), and in Minneapolis at the Aria building in the Minneapolis Warehouse Historic District in 2012 (November 5 to December 4). The concept entailed utilizing the infrastructure of these buildings


title: "Evan Royster" content: Week 17 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Royster recorded 113 yards on 20 carries while suffering rib injuries. At the end of his rookie season, Royster recorded 328 yards on 56 carries making him the second leader in rushing yards behind fellow rookie, Roy Helu, and beating the original starting running back, Tim Hightower. Royster was expected to compete for the starting spot in the 2012 season against Roy Helu and Tim Hightower, but lost the competition to rookie Alfred Morris. Before starting the season, he changed his jersey number to 22, his college jersey number. He scored his first career


title: "Rani Chandra (The Sarah Jane Adventures)" content: Rani Chandra (The Sarah Jane Adventures) Rani Chandra is a fictional character played by Anjli Mohindra in the British children's science fiction television programme "The Sarah Jane Adventures", a spin-off from the long-running series "Doctor Who". She first appeared in "The Day of the Clown". Rani Chandra was introduced into "The Sarah Jane Adventures" as a replacement for departing character Maria Jackson played by Yasmin Paige. Paige left the series as a regular due to her wanting to complete her GCSE's, thus, Maria moved to America because her Dad had been offered a job there. Rani's parents, Haresh and Gita


title: Holly content: Holly Ilex , or holly, is a genus of about 480 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. The species are evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and climbers from tropics to temperate zones worldwide. The genus "Ilex" includes about 480 species, divided into three subgenera: The genus is widespread throughout the temperate and subtropical regions of the world. It includes species of trees, shrubs, and climbers, with evergreen or deciduous foliage and inconspicuous flowers. Its range was more extended in the Tertiary period and many species are adapted to laurel forest


title: Holly content: habitat. It occurs from sea level to more than with high mountain species. It is a genus of small, evergreen trees with smooth, glabrous, or pubescent branchlets. The plants are generally slow-growing with some species growing to tall. The type species is the European holly "Ilex aquifolium" described by Linnaeus. Plants in this genus have simple, alternate glossy leaves, frequently with a spiny leaf margin. The inconspicuous flower is greenish white, with four petals. They are generally dioecious, with male and female flowers on different plants. The small fruits of "Ilex", although often referred to as berries, are technically drupes.


title: Holly content: They range in color from red to brown to black, and rarely green or yellow. The "bones" contain up to ten seeds each. Some species produce fruits parthenogenetically, such as the cultivar 'Nellie R. Stevens'. The fruits ripen in winter and thus provide winter colour contrast between the bright red of the fruits and the glossy green evergreen leaves. Hence the cut branches, especially of "I. aquifolium", are widely used in Christmas decoration. The fruits are generally slightly toxic to humans, and can cause vomiting and diarrhea when ingested. However, they are an important food source for birds and other


title: Holly content: animals, which help disperse the seeds. Unfortunately this can have negative impacts as well. Along the west coast of North America, from California to British Columbia, English Holly ("Ilex aquifolium"), which is grown commercially, is quickly spreading into native forest habitat, where it thrives in shade and crowds out native species. It has been placed on the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board's monitor list, and is a Class C invasive plant in Portland. "Ilex" in Latin means the holm-oak or evergreen oak ("Quercus ilex"). Despite the Linnaean classification of "Ilex" as holly, as late as the 19th century in


title: Holly content: Britain, the term "Ilex" was still being applied to the oak as well as the holly – possibly due to the superficial similarity of the leaves. The name "holly" in common speech refers to "Ilex aquifolium", specifically stems with berries used in Christmas decoration. By extension, "holly" is also applied to the whole genus. The origin of the word "holly" is considered a reduced form of Old English "", Middle English "Holin", later "Hollen". The French word for holly, ', derives from the Old Low Franconian "*hulis" (Middle Dutch "huls"). Both are related to Old High German ', "huls", as


title: Holly content: are Low German/Low Franconian terms like ' or '. These Germanic words appear to be related to words for holly in Celtic languages, such as Welsh ', Breton ' and Irish "". Several Romance languages use the Latin word "acrifolium", literally "sharp leaf" (turned into "aquifolium" in modern time), so Italian ', Occitan ', etc. The phylogeography of this group provides examples of various speciation mechanisms at work. In this scenario ancestors of this group became isolated from the remaining "Ilex" when the Earth mass broke away into Gondwana and Laurasia about 82million years ago, resulting in a physical separation


title: Holly content: of the groups and beginning a process of change to adapt to new conditions. This mechanism is called allopatric speciation. Over time, survivor species of the holly genus adapted to different ecological niches. This led to reproductive isolation, an example of ecological speciation. In the Pliocene, around five million years ago, mountain formation diversified the landscape and provided new opportunities for speciation within the genus. The fossil record indicates that the "Ilex" lineage was already widespread prior to the end of the Cretaceous period. Based on the molecular clock, the common ancestor of most of the extant species probably appeared


title: Holly content: during the Eocene, about 50million years ago, suggesting that older representatives of the genus belong to now extinct branches. The laurel forest covered great areas of the Earth during the Paleogene, when the genus was more prosperous. This type of forest extended during the Neogene, more than 20million years ago. Most of the last remaining temperate broadleaf evergreen forests are believed to have disappeared about 10,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene. Many of the then-existing species with the strictest ecological requirements became extinct because they could not cross the barriers imposed by the geography, but others found


title: Holly content: refuge as a species relict in coastal enclaves, archipelagos, and coastal mountains sufficiently far from areas of extreme cold and aridity and protected by the oceanic influence. The genus is distributed throughout the world's different climates. Most species make their home in the tropics and subtropics, with a worldwide distribution in temperate zones. The greatest diversity of species is found in the Americas and in Southeast Asia. "Ilex mucronata", formerly the type species of "Nemopanthus", is native to eastern North America. "Nemopanthus" was treated as a separate genus with eight species. of the family Aquifoliaceae, now transferred to "Ilex" on


title: Holly content: molecular data; it is closely related to "Ilex amelanchier". In Europe the genus is represented by a single species, the classically named holly "Ilex aquifolium", and in continental Africa by this species and ("Ilex mitis"). "Ilex canariensis", from Macaronesia, and "Ilex aquifolium" arose from a common ancestor in the laurel forests of the Mediterranean. Australia, isolated at an early period, has ("Ilex arnhemensis"). Of 204 species growing in China, 149 species are endemic. A species which stands out for its economic importance in Spanish-speaking countries and in Brazil is "Ilex paraguariensis" or "Yerba mate". Having evolved numerous species that are


title: Holly content: endemic to islands and small mountain ranges, and being highly useful plants, many hollies are now becoming rare. Often the tropical species are especially threatened by habitat destruction and overexploitation. At least two species of "Ilex" have become extinct recently, and many others are barely surviving. They are extremely important food for numerous species of birds, and also are eaten by other wild animals. In the autumn and early winter the fruits are hard and apparently unpalatable. After being frozen or frosted several times, the fruits soften, and become milder in taste. During winter storms, birds often take refuge in


title: Holly content: hollies, which provide shelter, protection from predators (by the spiny leaves), and food. The flowers are sometimes eaten by the larva of the double-striped pug moth ("Gymnoscelis rufifasciata"). Other Lepidoptera whose larvae feed on holly include "Bucculatrix ilecella", which feeds exclusively on hollies, and the engrailed ("Ectropis crepuscularia"). Holly can contain caffeic acid, caffeoyl derivatives, caffeoylshikimic acid, chlorogenic acid, feruloylquinic acid, quercetin, quinic acid, kaempferol, tannins, rutin, caffeine, and theobromine. Holly berries can cause vomiting and diarrhea. They are especially dangerous in cases involving accidental consumption by children attracted to the bright red berries. Ingestion of over 20 berries may


title: Holly content: be fatal to children. Holly leaves, if eaten, might cause diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and stomach and intestinal problems. Holly plants might be toxic to pets and livestock. Leaves of some holly species are used by some cultures to make daily tea. These species are Yerba mate ("I. paraguariensis"), "Ilex guayusa", Kuding ("Ilex kaushue"), Yaupon ("I. vomitoria") and others. Leaves of other species, such as gallberry ("I. glabra") are bitter and emetic. In general little is known about inter-species variation in constituents or toxicity of hollies. Many of the holly species are widely used as ornamental plants in temperate/European gardens and


title: Holly content: parks, notably: Moreover, many hundreds of hybrids and cultivars have been developed for garden use, among them the very popular "Highclere holly", "Ilex "×" altaclerensis" ("I. aquifolium" × "I. perado") and the "blue holly", "Ilex "×" meserveae" ("I. aquifolium" × "I. rugosa"). The cultivar "I." × "meserveae" Blue Prince = ‘Conablu’ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit. Hollies are often used for hedges; the spiny leaves make them difficult to penetrate, and they take well to pruning and shaping. Holly – more specifically the European holly, "Ilex aquifolium" – is commonly referenced at Christmas time, and


title: Holly content: is often referred to by the name "Christ's thorn". In many Western Christian cultures, holly is a traditional Christmas decoration, used especially in wreaths and illustrations, for instance on Christmas cards. Since medieval times the plant has carried a Christian symbolism, as expressed in the well-known Christian Christmas carol "The Holly and the Ivy", in which the holly represents Jesus and the ivy represents the Virgin Mary. Angie Mostellar discusses the Christian use of holly at Christmas, stating that: In heraldry, holly is used to symbolize truth. The Norwegian municipality of Stord has a yellow twig of holly in its


title: Holly content: Coat-of-arms. The Druids held that "leaves of holly offered protection against evil spirits" and thus "wore holly in their hair". In the "Harry Potter" novels, holly is used as the wood in Harry's wand. In some Traditions of Wicca, the Holly King is one of the faces of the Sun God. He is born at Midsummer and rules from Mabon to Ostara. Holly Ilex , or holly, is a genus of about 480 species of flowering plants in the family Aquifoliaceae, and the only living genus in that family. The species are evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and climbers from


title: "Game On (exhibition)" content: revolutionised the games we play. Game On reveals the design processes behind four of the most significant games of recent times: Tomb Raider, Grand Theft Auto, Pokémon and The Sims, following these games all the way from their initial concept to the final product design. With over 150 playable games including Donkey Kong, Pong and Rock Band- as well as the top ten most influential consoles – the exhibition is a truly interactive experience. Games and consoles are constantly updated to ensure the exhibition is always reflective of current movements and trends. Game On aims to highlight the wider, global


title: Grocon content: such as shopping centres and high-rise buildings and started developing the projects themselves. It was also during the 1970s that Luigi Grollo handed the company over to his two sons and the business continued to rapidly expand. In 1975, Grocon moved to Darwin for 18 months after winning a large contract for rebuilding after Cyclone Tracy. This contract involved the construction of 400 houses for the government. Following this, the Grollo Group went on to develop buildings and operate businesses in a wide cross-section of industries, including commercial, residential, industrial, education, retail, sporting and tourism. In the 1980s, many developments


title: "Justin Thomas (baseball)" content: minor league contract with an invitation to 2011 spring training with the Pirates. The Boston Red Sox signed Thomas to a minor league contract on November 22, 2011. On April 4, 2012, the Red Sox selected Thomas' contract, adding him to their major league roster for their regular season opener against the Detroit Tigers the following day. Thomas was optioned April 27 to make room for Rich Hill, who recovered from Tommy John surgery. On May 12, 2012, Thomas was claimed off waivers by the New York Yankees. On September 1, 2012 Thomas was called up from Triple-A when the


title: "USNS Impeccable (T-AGOS-23)" content: of all 11 fishermen," said Robert Wiechert, Master of the "Impeccable". The RHIB made three trips to the distressed vessel and recovered all 11 individuals. "One of the crew members spoke English," said Hilgart. "He told the "Impeccable" crew that they were fishermen from the Subic Bay region. He confirmed that there were only 11 on board." Once the mariners were brought aboard "Impeccable", they were examined by medical personnel and given food and water. No serious injuries or illnesses were reported. Shortly after Impeccable arrived in port in Subic Bay, July 20, all 11 mariners were turned over to


title: "Piccadilly Third Stop" content: with its plan. This involves a robbery accessed from the London Underground on the embassy in Knightsbridge. Allmovie called it a "fast-paced, standard crime story"; while the "Radio Times" called it a "plodding low-budget thriller." Piccadilly Third Stop Piccadilly Third Stop is a 1960 British thriller film directed by Wolf Rilla and starring Terence Morgan, Yoko Tani and John Crawford. The screenplay concerns a wealthy playboy who hires a gang of criminals to help him steal £100,000. Crook Dominic Colpoys-Owen (Terence Morgan) has his eye on the loot inside an embassy in London, when foreign ambassador's daughter Seraphina (Yoko Tani)


title: "Lagmagadha Guthi" content: VDC. Initially, Lagma depended on ponds for water. However, due to the increased supply of narrow tube wells with manual pumps, locally known as "kael". The quality of the water is somewhat improved compared to ponds. Initially, individuals collected water from the same pond for both household and drinking use, while those who do the laundry let the water drain back into the same pond. This resulted in widespread water borne diseases and children's health suffered badly. With no alternative, people continued to drink from the same dirty pond. Ponds are privately owned by so-called "Zamindars", who have financial stakes


title: "Phil Parsons Racing" content: The No. 91 team of MSRP Motorsports had its share of drivers since its debut at Daytona in 2008. Larry Gunselman failed to qualify at Daytona, but made the next nine races with a best finish of 38th at Las Vegas. He was released after destroying the team's only Superspeedway car in a wreck that broke IRL champion Dario Franchitti's ankle. After Gunselman's departure, Kenny Hendrick drove the car at Richmond and Lowe's. Truck Series veteran Terry Cook took over running four races beginning with Darlington and ending with Indianapolis. Cook's best finish was 41st on three occasions, but his


title: "2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season" content: On April 16, the storm turned towards the northeast, paralleling the eastern coast of India. Around 0600 UTC, RSMC New Delhi reported that Bijli had reached its peak intensity with winds of 75 km/h (45 mph ). Early on April 17, RSMC New Delhi reported that Bijli had weakened to a deep depression as it moved northwest. Later, RSMC New Delhi downgraded the deep depression to a depression. Late on April 17, RSMC New Delhi reported that Depression ex-Bijli had made landfall near Chittagong, Bangladesh and had rapidly become an area of low pressure over Bangladesh. Maximum winds of 30


title: "Casey McGehee" content: for assignment on May 24. On May 26, McGehee accepted an assignment to the Giants AAA team, the Sacramento River Cats, but was promoted up a couple weeks later after batting .357 (15-for-42) with two homers and three doubles. He was designated for assignment again on June 30. On July 10, 2015, the Miami Marlins signed McGehee to a one-year contract. On February 23, 2016, the Detroit Tigers signed McGehee to a minor league contract. On March 28, 2016, McGehee was released by the Tigers. On March 30, the Tigers re-signed McGehee to a minor league contract. On June 18,


title: "La Academia 6: Última Generación" content: La Academia 6: Última Generación La Academia Última Generación is the last generation of La Academia as stated by its producer Eva Borja. Auditions were held in many cities across Mexico, Guatemala and the United States in July. The program was broadcast on Televisión Azteca for 16 weeks from August 31 to December 14, 2008. The headmaster of La Academia is Héctor Martinez, the same of the first two generations. The teachers are almost the same of the first generation, the host is Rafael Araneda from Chile, 20 is the number of contestants who are competing in the last generation


title: "Hart Schaffner Marx" content: and were replaced by a cousin, Joseph Schaffer (1848–1918), and the firm was renamed Hart Schaffner & Marx. At the same time, however, the wholesale business began to grow, overtaking the retail operations. On the strength of wholesale production, Hart, Abt and Marx won contracts to produce clothing for the U.S. military. This introduced the partners to prefabricated off-the-rack clothing and marked their entry into the ready-to-wear suit trade. In 1897, the company began running national advertisements for its products and began selling off-the-rack suits through a variety of distributors. Hart Schaffner & Marx commissioned well-known illustrators, such as John


title: "Imre Polyák" content: be inducted into the FILA International wrestling Hall of Fame. Imre Polyák Imre Polyák (16 April 1932 – 15 November 2010) was a featherweight Greco-Roman wrestler from Hungary. He competed in the 1952, 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won three silver and one gold medal. He won the world title in 1955, 1958 and 1962, and placed second in 1961 and 1963. Nationally Polyák won 12 Hungarian titles and was named Sportsman of the Year in 1958 and 1962. Polyák was a policeman by profession. After retiring from competitions he worked as a coach in his native club Újpesti.


title: Bellendena content: Tasmania have narrower leaves than elsewhere, and populations from higher altitudes have smaller leaves and more crowded foliage. The flowers occur in terminal racemes which are held on short stems above the foliage. These are followed by small egg-shaped (obovate) bright red or yellow fruit, which are ripe in late summer and autumn. "Bellendena montana" is found at altitudes above 1000 m (3500 ft), though rarely lower to 400 m. It grows on low-nutrient soils (mostly dolerite, but sometimes quartzite or basalt-derived) with good drainage, often rocky outcrops, as well as more boggy areas and alpine heathland. The plant has


title: "Józef Piłsudski Institute of America" content: academic institutions left no doubt as to the Germans' intentions. Matters looked grim across Axis-occupied Europe. After the surrender of France in 1940 and the addition of Italy to the German war effort, all outposts of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Paris and Rome ceased to function. The day after the Germans entered the French capital, Gestapo agents appeared in the Polish Library on the Île St. Louis. Although the library's director, Franciszek Pułaski, had removed the most valuable items and taken them to the south of France, the Germans confiscated or destroyed the remaining book collection and the


title: "Bertil Haase" content: Bertil Haase Bertil Robert Herman Haase Vidarsson (5 June 1923 – 7 July 2014) was a Swedish pentathlete who competed at both Winter and Summer Olympics. Hasse joined the Swedish Army as a volunteer and attended military school as a furir (private first class). He later retired from the army as a kapten. Together with Claes Egnell, Willie Grut and Gustaf Lindh he competed in the 1948 Winter Olympics in the winter pentathlon, which was contested as a demonstration event. As an excellent skier, he won both the downhill and the 10 km cross country disciplines, but lagged behind in


title: "Angelica hendersonii" content: Angelica hendersonii Angelica hendersonii is a species of angelica known as Henderson's angelica. It is native to the west coast of the United States from Washington to central California, where it grows in the coastal sage scrub and other habitat on the immediate coastline. This is a taprooted perennial herb producing a branching erect stem to heights between about 1 and 2 meters. The basal leaves are made up of oval-shaped leaflets each up to 10 centimeters long, with toothed edges and white woolly undersides. The woolly inflorescences are compound umbels of up to 60 rays holding clusters of fuzzy


title: "Angelica hendersonii" content: flowers. The flowers yield fruits which are paired bodies nearly a centimeter long each containing a seed. Angelica hendersonii Angelica hendersonii is a species of angelica known as Henderson's angelica. It is native to the west coast of the United States from Washington to central California, where it grows in the coastal sage scrub and other habitat on the immediate coastline. This is a taprooted perennial herb producing a branching erect stem to heights between about 1 and 2 meters. The basal leaves are made up of oval-shaped leaflets each up to 10 centimeters long, with toothed edges and white


title: "KSVR (FM)" content: KSVR (FM) KSVR (91.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a variety and Regional Mexican format. Licensed to broadcast from Mount Vernon, Washington, United States, the station serves all of Skagit County; the station is currently owned by Board of Trustees of Skagit Valley College. KSVR launched its first broadcast in May 1973 on 90.1 FM from the campus of Skagit Valley College in Mount Vernon, Washington. The station's broadcast frequency later moved to 91.7 FM in 2002 after a signal conflict with Washington State University's KMWS that began in March 1997. KSVR's programming includes Spanish-language music and information, folk,


title: "The Bostonian Society" content: has been called "a comprehensive historical and educational resource". For several years, The Society oversaw a historic marker program across the city of Boston and ran a teacher training program called "Teaching Boston History Workshops", bringing together leading experts on various subjects, community-based organizations, teachers and museum educators, and the Society's "unequalled collections of primary sources". The Society oversees the annual Boston Massacre reenactment which occurs every year in March and has other historic programs with costumed interpreters. The Society also makes the Old State House available for various events from private events. The Bostonian Society operates three gift shops:


title: "Anoda cristata" content: Anoda cristata Anoda cristata is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family known by many common names, including spurred anoda, crested anoda, and violettas. Its exact native range is unclear but it probably spans Mexico and part or all of Central America. It is known throughout the rest of the Americas as well as Australia as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. This is an annual herb reaching a maximum erect height between one half and one meter. The stem is ridged and branching. The plant is variable in morphology, especially in leaf shape, but leaves


title: "Anoda cristata" content: are usually somewhat triangular, and hairy. Solitary flowers grow in the leaf axils. The flower is 2 to 3 centimeters wide, with pointed green to reddish sepals and lavender petals. The fruit is a bristly, disc-shaped capsule with 9 to 20 segments. Each segment produces a seed. This is sometimes an agricultural weed, especially of soybeans. It is tolerated as a weed of crop fields in parts of Mexico, and even fostered, because it is eaten and used as a source of medicinal remedies. Anoda cristata Anoda cristata is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family known by


title: "Saxon Railway Museum" content: Saxon Railway Museum The Saxon Railway Museum ("Sächsisches Eisenbahnmuseum" or "SEM") is located in Chemnitz, in the state of Saxony, eastern Germany. It is situated on the site of the former locomotive depot ("Bahnbetriebswerk" or "Bw") for goods train locomotives in the district Hilbersdorf. After the locomotive depot was closed in 1992, the society moved into the buildings which were protected as historical monuments. As a result, the museum has two roundhouses with turntables. In addition there are coaling and sanding facilities, water cranes, a working jack for inspection pits and a range of other equipment found in an operational


title: "Saxon Railway Museum" content: depot. The exhibition area describes and portrays the evolution of the railway in Saxony and especially in the area of Chemnitz. In addition to an extensive range of steam, diesel and electric locomotives, the museum also has a large collection of operational, narrow-gauge, "Feldbahn" engines. Many of the locomotives on show are loaned from private individuals, from the Dresden Transport Museum or the Nuremberg Transport Museum. As a result, the museum's collection includes the following: Special vehicles in the museum's fleet include a Tatra T141 tractor with a Culemeyer heavy trailer. There is also a working DRG Class 50 steam


title: "Saxon Railway Museum" content: locomotive, no. 50 3648, that is regularly used for special trips. At the end of August each year there is a large festival ("Heizhausfest") with a parade of locomotives. Egon Kretzschmar: "Die Bahnbetriebswerke in Chemnitz/Karl-Marx-Stadt" Bildverlag Böttger, Witzschdorf 2003 "(German)" Saxon Railway Museum The Saxon Railway Museum ("Sächsisches Eisenbahnmuseum" or "SEM") is located in Chemnitz, in the state of Saxony, eastern Germany. It is situated on the site of the former locomotive depot ("Bahnbetriebswerk" or "Bw") for goods train locomotives in the district Hilbersdorf. After the locomotive depot was closed in 1992, the society moved into the buildings which were


title: "Albert Nofi" content: "Recent Trends in Thinking About Warfare" and several other analytical papers. He retired from CNA at the end of 2006. Nofi has lectured at the University of Paris-Sorbonne, the Smithsonian Institution, the Library and Archives Canada, the Admiral Nimitz State Historic Site (home of the National Museum of the Pacific War), the Air War College, the Command and Staff College of the Marine Corps University, a number of other colleges and universities, and numerous Civil War Round Tables and local historical societies. For many years an Associate Fellow of the U.S. Civil War Center, a Director of the New York


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: Bell Tower of Xi'an The Bell Tower of Xi'an (), built in 1384 during the early Ming Dynasty, is a symbol of the city of Xi'an and one of the grandest of its kind in China. The Bell Tower also contains several large bronze-cast bells from the Tang Dynasty. The tower base is square and it covers an area of . The tower is a brick and timber structure and close to high. It is located in the center of Xi'an, at the intersection of the four streets of the east, west, south and north. It is the largest and


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: most preserved one among the many bell towers left over from ancient China. Xi'an Bell Tower was built in the 17th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (1384). It was originally located at the Yingxiang Temple of Guangji Street, north of West Street, facing the Xi'an Drum Tower, about 1,000 meters away from its current location. At that time, this place was directly opposite the north and south city gates, and it was the center of the city. With the expansion of Chang'an City in the early Ming Dynasty, the city center gradually moved eastward. After two centuries, the


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: city gate was rebuilt, and the new four streets of East, South, West, and North were formed. The bell tower at Yingxiang Temple seemed to deviate from the center of the city. In the tenth year of Wanli (1582), under the auspices of Shaanxi Provincial Supervision Officer Gong Yuxian, the county magistrates of Xianning and Chang'an were ordered to relocate them to the present site. In addition to rebuilding the pedestal, the construction of the intrinsic structure is all original, so the cost is not much and the project is rapid. But the overall migration of such a huge building


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: more than 600 years ago is rare in the history of world architecture. Gong Yuxian's "" recorded the details of the migration project. In the 38th year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (1699), the five years of Emperor Qianlong (1740) and the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), Xi'an Bell Tower was repaired on a large scale. Among them, in the five years of Qianlong, the governor Zhang Wei rebuilt according to the original structure and found that the house covered with Jingyun bell was so airtight that the bell sounded "not to be out" and the sound outside


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: was small. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty "Jing Yun" bell, which was originally suspended in the room, was removed from the outdoors, so that the sound of the time was far-reaching, and he wrote "". On October 10, 1939, the Xi'an Bell Tower was bombed by Japanese planes and was seriously damaged. After the bell tower was bombed, the Xijing Municipal Construction Committee Engineering Office repaired it. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xi'an Bell Tower was overhauled five times. In August 1956, it was listed in the Shaanxi Provincial People's Government as the first batch of key


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: cultural relics protection units in Shaanxi Province. It was officially opened to the public in 1984. In November 1996, it was included in the national key cultural relics protection unit. Similar to other Chinese clock towers, Xi'an Bell Tower was mainly used for time reporting and publishing news in ancient times. With the progress of the times, its traditional functions have been gradually phased out, and now it is open to the society as a national-level cultural relics protection unit for tourism and sightseeing. Visitors can purchase tickets to visit the building. It has also been used for many other


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: purposes in history. During the Revolution of 1911, the Rebels fought fiercely with the Qing army deployed here. During the War of Protecting the Nation, the Shaanxi Warlord Chen Shupan started the riots against Yuan Shikai from here. In 1927, Shilin, who came back from studying in the United States, opened a sound cinema here. This is the first cinema in Xi'an history. During the Anti-Japanese War, the Xi’an Bell Tower became an alarm station for warning the Japanese air raids because of its high terrain. The Kuomintang also used its four-door door to imprison criminals. During the period after


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: the founding of the People's Republic of China, it became the rostrum of the parade, review and celebrations on Labor Day and National Day. The lower part of the Xi'an Bell Tower is a square-shaped pedestal with a masonry structure. The surface is made of blue brick and the base is a two-story wooden structure. The height from the ground to the top of the building is 36 meters, of which the base is 8.6 meters high. Each side is 35.5 meters long and has a construction area of about 1,377.4 square meters. There are stairs inside to hover up.


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: The overall style is typical of the Ming Dynasty architectural style. The top is a triple-sided four-sided spire structure supported by a brawl. The top part is the “golden top” of the real gold platinum wrapped in the inner heart of the wood. The dark green roof tiles are covered with dark green glazed tiles, and the interior is decorated with gold paintings. In the middle of the pedestal, there are holes intersecting each other with a cross of about 6 meters. In the past, there were passages for the intersection of four streets in the southeast and northwest, and


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: pedestrian vehicles passed through the cave. With the development of urban construction, the hole can not adapt to the traffic flow needs, and now the hole has been closed. There is a road turntable around the clock tower, and there is a circular passage for the pedestrians underground. The door and window carvings of the Xi’an Bell Tower are exquisite and complex, showing the decorative arts prevailing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are 8 reliefs on each door leaf, and each relief contains an ancient allusion. The original giant clock of Xi'an Bell Tower was the "JingYun" bell


title: "Bell Tower of Xi'an" content: cast by the year of Jingyun in the Tang Dynasty. It was originally used by Jinglong temple in Chang'an City (currently in Xi'an West Street today). It was moved to Xi'an Bell Tower in the early Ming Dynasty. In 1953, JingYun bell moved to Xi'an Beilin Museum and is now on display in Dongting. The Xi'an Municipal Bureau of Cultural Relics copied the Jingyun Zhong. It was hung on the northwest corner of the base of the Xi'an Bell Tower on January 30, 1997 and is now open to tourists. The imitation Jingyun clock looks similar to the original clock.