title: Jenever content: distilleries to export their genever to the USA. Dutch-based Lucas Bols produces and sells "oude genever", known as "ginebra" in Spanish, in South America. Ketel One is now more known for producing vodka, but started out as, and still is, a jenever distillery. Traditionally the drink is served in a tulip-shaped glass filled to the brim. "Jonge jenever", colloquially a "jonkie" ("young'un"), is usually served at room temperature, sometimes (though this is now quite old fashioned) with some sugar and a tiny spoon to stir. The drink is sometimes served cold from a bottle kept in a freezer or on


title: Jenever content: the rocks ("jonge met ijs"). The higher-quality "oude jenever" (and "korenwijn") is usually served at room temperature. When jenever is drunk with beer (normally lager) as a chaser, it is referred to as a "kopstoot" (headbutt) or "duikboot" (submarine) in Flanders. Traditionally, jenever is served in full shot glasses taken directly from the freezer. As the glass is very full it is advisable to take the first sips without holding the glass, leaving it on the table and bending one's back to apply one's mouth to the glass. Recognized for its historic and cultural contribution, the European Union protected genever


title: Jenever content: with 11 appellations or AOCs of which most are exclusive to Belgium. Jenever Jenever (, ), also known as genièvre, genever, peket, or in the English-speaking world as Dutch gin or Hollands (archaic: Holland gin or Geneva gin), is the juniper-flavored national and traditional liquor of the Netherlands and Belgium, from which gin evolved. The European Union regulations specify that only liquor made in these two countries, two northern French departments and two German federal states can use the name "jenever/genever/genièvre". Jenever was originally produced by distilling malt wine ("moutwijn" in Dutch) to 50% ABV. Because the resulting spirit was


title: "National Hockey League Players' Association" content: vote in favor 706-22. The board had until January 2, 2013 to file the disclaimer, in which then the union would have dissolved and became a trade organization, which would have allowed players to file antitrust lawsuits against the NHL. On January 6, the NHLPA reached a tentative agreement with the NHL to end the lockout. The NHLPA then approved a league proposal for realignment in the league beginning in the 2013–14 season. While the management of daily operations is the responsibility of the NHLPA Executive Director, the ultimate control over all NHLPA activities resides with the players, who each


title: "Kronecker's theorem" content: Kronecker's theorem In mathematics, Kronecker's theorem is a theorem about diophantine approximation, introduced by . Kronecker's approximation theorem had been firstly proved by L. Kronecker in the end of the 19th century. It has been now revealed to relate to the idea of n-torus and Mahler measure since the later half of the 20th century. In terms of physical systems, it has the consequence that planets in circular orbits moving uniformly around a star will, over time, assume all alignments, unless there is an exact dependency between their orbital periods. Kronecker's theorem is a result in diophantine approximations applying to


title: "Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi" content: fourth volumes were not widely published or read. Pestalozzi had planned a fifth and sixth volume, but the manuscript of the fifth was lost in his 1804 trip to Paris and it is not known if a sixth was ever written. Pestalozzi wrote "Christopher and Elizabeth" in 1782 as a series of evening conversations to address social and political corruption. A weekly newspaper called the "Schweizerblatt" was also founded and disbanded during the same year with Pestalozzi briefly acting as the chief editor. In 1794 Pestalozzi visited his sister in Leipzig, Germany. During the visit, he met Johann Wolfgang von


title: "Stanley Donen" content: praises him for leading "the musical in a triumphant and personal direction: out of doors ... Not even Minnelli can rival the fresh-air excitement of such sequences. And few can equal his integration of song, dance and story." Andrew Sarris dismisses Donen as being without a personal style of his own and as being dependent upon his collaborators on his better films. Debbie Reynolds downplayed his contributions to "Singin' in the Rain", stating that "Stanley just operated the camera, because Stanley didn't dance." Among Donen's admirers are film directors Pedro Almodóvar, Lindsay Anderson, Charlie Chaplin, Damien Chazelle, Jules Dassin, William


title: "Age of Wonders II: The Wizard's Throne" content: led to faster combat and less maneuvering of units. Also in contrast to its predecessor, when gaining new levels Heroes can no longer choose new skills from a list of all available skills; instead, the player is forced to choose one of three offered skills, depending on the Hero's class. In "Age of Wonders", magic is used via the spell casting abilities of leaders and heroes, and global spells can be cast some distance away from the hero; use of spells in combat is restricted to battles where a hero with spell casting is present. Magic use in "Age of


title: Papillomaviridae content: DNA that might be present. Although a wide variety of papillomavirus sequences were identified in the study, the authors found little evidence for inter-species transmission. One zookeeper was found to be transiently positive for a chimpanzee-specific papillomavirus sequence. However, the authors note that the chimpanzee-specific papillomavirus sequence could have been the result of surface contamination of the zookeeper's skin, as opposed to productive infection. Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) can cause protuberant warts in its native host, the North American rabbit genus "Sylvilagus". These horn-like warts may be the original basis for the urban legends of the American antlered rabbit the


title: "Kung Fu (song)" content: except where indicated. Kung Fu (song) "Kung Fu" is a song by the band Ash, released as the first single from their album, "1977". It was released in March 1995 as a CD single, limited edition 7”, and standard 7” vinyl. The song was written by Tim Wheeler and produced by Owen Morris. The song was written by Tim Wheeler in five minutes on Boxing Day 1994 at Belfast International Airport, and recorded in one take on the following day. The song was recorded on The Verve's equipment, who were nearby recording their "A Northern Soul" album at the same


title: "Georg Joseph Vogler" content: the principles upon which he taught were opposed to those of all other teachers. Two major musicological contributions followed: "Tonwissenschaft und Tonsetzkunst" on the theory of harmony, and "Stimmbildungskunst" on voice training. He also invented a new system of fingering for the harpsichord, a new form of construction for the organ, and from 1778 to 1781 edited the "Betrachtungen der Mannheimer Tonschule" – a periodical providing analysis of new compositions and essays on music. Mozart condemned the fingering as "miserable", the young composer finding little musical success in Mannheim now musically dominated by Vogler. The proposed change in the construction


title: "Steven Bauer" content: same year, Bauer took over the series lead of the television show "Wiseguy" from Ken Wahl for the fourth and final season, playing US Attorney Michael Santana after Wahl's character disappears. Since then, Bauer has made his career primarily, though not exclusively, in action films and crime dramas on both the big and small screens. An example of this is the movie “The Lost City” where Rocky Echevarria starred a minor role alongside protagonist Andy Garcia. Also, including such motion pictures as "Primal Fear" and "Traffic". He also made an appearance in the video game spin-off "", playing drug dealer


title: "SOS Children's Villages" content: in which SOS' work focuses mainly on vulnerable children and families . In 2017, the organization launched the No Child Should Grow Up Alone campaign which aims to emphasize research showing that 1 in 10 children (220 million) worldwide is growing up alone. The campaign is based on a global research called the 'Care Effect' claiming that children growing up without adequate parental care are particularly vulnerable to different forms of human rights violations such as child labor, violence, and sex trafficking. The report concluded that:"If we provide care for today’s children in vulnerable circumstances, giving them the foundation they


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: Bedlington Terrier The Bedlington Terrier is a breed of small dog named after the mining town of Bedlington, Northumberland in North East England. Originally bred to hunt vermin the Bedlington Terrier has since been used in dog racing, numerous dog sports, as well as in conformation shows and as a companion dog. It is closely related to the Dandie Dinmont Terrier, Whippet and Otterhound. It is described as a very versatile yet contradictory dog, being both good with children and "fit to kill any other dog of his weight". They have powerful swimming skills, comparable to those of water dogs


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: such as the Newfoundland, and are noted for being very quick and having high endurance. Bedlingtons are noted for their similarity in appearance to lambs. The dogs have blue, liver or sandy colouration, all three of which may have tan points. Their fur forms a distinctive top knot on the dog's head. It is nonshedding and with minimal odor but needs weekly grooming to remove dead hair. Originally known as the Rothbury or Rodbury Terrier, the name "Bedlington Terrier" was not applied to the breed until 1825, but some dogs have pedigrees that can be traced back as far as


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: 1782. The first dog show with a class for Bedlington Terriers was held in 1870 at Bedlington. Bedlington Terriers shown at early shows were frequently dyed to improve the look of their fur. In 1948, a Bedlington Terrier known as Rock Ridge Night Rocket won best in show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. The breed has a high incidence of copper toxicosis, but with the exception of eye problems, it is mostly free from health complaints. The Bedlington Terrier has been described as resembling a lamb. It has also been compared to a miniature version of the Scottish


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: Deerhound. George Shields stated that exceedingly well-bred dogs possess the spirit of a thoroughbred racehorse. The dogs have blue, liver or sandy colouration, all three of which may have tan points. Bedlingtons carry what is known as the greying gene, a dominant trait carried on the G locus. This gene causes puppies born with black or dark brown fur to lighten to grey or liver with age. The fur of the Bedlington creates a shape on the top of the dog's head known as a topknot. Although most modern breed standards call for the dog's topknot to be lighter than


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: its body, when the breed was first being formed there was at least one prominent breeder, Mr. Pickett, who believed that the topknot should be darker, not lighter. The dog's coat has been described as shaggy, hard, and rugged in style and it has also been described as linty in texture, giving the breed the nickname of "linty-haired terrier". Its coat is made up of a combination of hard and soft hairs. It is extremely difficult to maintain a "show clip", even for professionals, and grooming can be quite expensive. Dogs in what is referred to as "show clip", or


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: groomed for the show ring, cannot have fur that stands out more than from their body, and the coat must have a "crisp" texture. If grooming is not performed regularly, the coat's condition rapidly deteriorates. For that reason, most Bedlingtons that are kept strictly as pets keep a lower maintenance "pet groom" style. Bedlington Terriers —like Poodles— have been referred to as a nonshedding, hypoallergenic breed. They have minimal dog odor as long as their coat and ears are healthy and their coat is groomed regularly to remove dead hair. The head of the dog must be rounded in shape


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: with no stop. Their eyes are almond-shaped and small, and the lips are close-fitting and lack flews. The back must be arched, and the body should be slightly longer in length than in height. Although is the preferred height for male dogs, a range from is allowed; for females, the preferred height is and the acceptable range is from . Both genders must weigh between . They possess a light, springy gait. Bedlingtons are sharp and plucky. Their bark has been called hound-like and has been compared to the firing of a machine gun. A fast dog with high endurance,


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: the Bedlington Terrier is just as quick in water as it is on land, and their swimming speed rivals that of the Newfoundland. Bedlington Terriers "have pace enough to keep up with the ordinary speed of a horse." Because of the Whippet in their lineage, they have a tendency to bolt. Their versatility has been praised, with some dogs willing to "[be] a house-dog, a gun-dog, a rat-dog, a badger-dog, or, if needed, [to] bolt a fox..." They are also known for their intelligence and tenacity when it comes to taking on vermin. Bedlingtons are quite fond of fighting, and


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: are prone to jealousy when around other dogs. One man stated that "this dog was about fit to kill any other dog of his weight" and compared him to the fighting dogs used in dog fighting. They have also been used in pit fighting. However, both the AKC and the ASPCA call the breed "mild" and "gentle" and recommends it as being good with children. PetFinder says the breed is soft in temperament, companionable, demonstrative, loyal, and a quiet housedog. Although the breed may chase small animals outside, it is accepting of them inside. Playful and cheerful, the breed can


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: be high-strung and excitable, and is prone to being headstrong. The New Zealand Kennel Club warns against keeping them with dogs that have dominant personalities, "as once challenged they are terrifying fighters, despite their gentle appearance", but otherwise the breed is good with other dogs. Some breeders, notably George Newcombe, have argued that the working ability and courage of the Bedlington terrier has declined since it began being bred for show. Poodle may have been introduced into the breed to make the coat easier to groom and maintain. George Newcombe of the Working Bedlington Terrier Club said that "the pure


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: [Bedlington Terrier] could no longer be considered a serious working breed" and proceeded to cross his dogs with Lakeland Terriers in an attempt to bring back the Bedlington's working qualities. Bred in the village of Bedlington in Northumberland, the Bedlington Terrier has been described as "the favourite companion of the northern miners". They were originally known as Rodbury Terriers, Rothbury Terriers, or "Rothbury's Lambs", because the Lord of Rothbury had taken a particular liking to the dogs. Before this, they were known as "gypsy dogs", as the Romani people—often referred to using the derogatory name 'Gypsies'—and poachers used them to


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: hunt. The first mention of the Bedlington terrier, or as it was then known, the Rothbury or Rodbury Terrier, was in 1825, most likely in "The Life of James Allen", but some dogs' pedigrees have been traced as far back as 1782. James' father, William, was much in demand as an otter hunter, and he kept Bedlington Terriers in order to help him hunt. They were also valued by their owners as rabbit coursing dogs and racing dogs, until the Whippet became more popular as a racing dog and a courser. The Bedlington Terrier name was first given to a


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: dog named Young Piper, which was owned by a man named Joseph Ainsley. Ainsley's Piper has been called "the best of his race" and "had a reputation for great pluck and courage". Piper began working with badgers at eight months old, and carried on hunting other animals generally regarded as vermin until he was blind. Piper is also known for saving a child from a pig, keeping the animal at bay until help arrived. Piper died at fifteen. The first shows that had a class for the Bedlington Terrier were held in 1870 at Bedlington. The following year, there was


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: a Bedlington Terrier class at a show held at Crystal Palace, where a red dog named Miner took first prize. Miner also won a show held at Birmingham. The Bedlington Terrier Club was established in 1875. Many dogs in early shows were clipped and dyed to bring them closer to the breed standard and improve their chances of winning. It is unknown if the judges of the time were aware of this practice, or if they cared. The practice of trimming was eventually accepted by The Kennel Club, under the pretense that the trimming was being done to "smarten a


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: dog to show his shape and general contour." Bedlington Terriers are closely related to the Dandie Dinmont Terrier. In fact, the Earl of Antrim once exhibited two terriers from the same litter, and one won shows as a Dandie Dinmont, while the other won shows as a Bedlington. Bedlington Terriers are also related to the Kerry Blue Terrier and the Soft Coated Wheaten Terrier. The shape of its back suggests that it may related to the Whippet and it may also be related to the otterhound. Bedlington Terriers have been crossed with Whippets to produce a Lurcher with "extra guts,


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: pep, [and] fire." In 1948, Ch. Rock Ridge Night Rocket took best in show at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show and was subsequently featured in LIFE magazine. One of his descendants, Ch. Femars' Cable Car, was featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated in the February 8, 1960 edition. Median longevity of Bedlington Terriers, based on two recent UK surveys, is about 13.5 years, which is longer than for purebred dogs in general and longer than most breeds similar in size. The longest-lived of 48 deceased dogs in a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey was 18.4 years. Leading causes


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: of death among Bedlington Terriers in the UK were old age (23%), urologic (15%), and hepatic (12.5%). The leading "hepatic" cause of death was copper toxicosis. Dogs that died of liver diseases usually died at a younger age than dogs dying of most other causes. Bedlington Terrier owners in the UK reported that the most common health issues among living dogs were reproductive, heart murmur, and eye problems such as epiphora, retinal dysplasia, and cataracts. Bedlingtons seem to be more prone to these eye diseases than other breeds. They also have a high incidence of kidney problems. Copper toxicosis occurred


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: among about 5% of living dogs. Inbreeding is a concern, as some dogs "[having] been bred in and in to a damaging extent." Reputable breeders will conduct DNA testing of all litters and will not allow pups who carry the copper toxicosis gene to be bred, a practice which has significantly reduced the incidence of this disease in the breed. Excepting these problems, Bedlingtons are generally a very healthy breed. Copper toxicosis, also known as copper storage disease and copper overload syndrome, is an autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by an accumulation of copper in the liver. It is


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: closely related to Wilson's disease in humans. Bedlington Terriers are more prone to copper toxicosis than most other dog breeds. West Highland White Terriers, Skye Terriers, and Doberman Pinschers are also prone to copper storage disease. Bedlington Terriers are the only breed of dog in which haemolysis has been reported, but there have been no reports of neurological involvement in any dog breed. Studies have shown that in Bedlingtons, the disease is caused by a defective metallothionein that causes cell lysosomes to become saturated with copper. This causes the cell to store copper in the nucleus. There are three varieties


title: "Bedlington Terrier" content: of the disease: the "asymptomatic form" occurs when copper accumulates but there are no clinical symptoms of the disorder; the "fulminating form" which is seen mostly in young dogs, causes death in two to three days, and is thought to be caused by stress; and the "chronic form", which is characterized by an extended period of time in which liver disease slowly causes the death of the dog. Bedlingtons also have a tendency to accumulate iron in the liver, but not nearly to the extent that they accumulate copper. Bedlington Terrier The Bedlington Terrier is a breed of small dog


title: "Caffeinated drink" content: entirely or partly for the physical and mental effects of caffeine. Examples include the consumption of tea or coffee with breakfast in many westernized societies, in order to 'wake oneself up', or the deliberate consumption of energy drinks by students wishing to study through the night, or revellers seeking to maintain an alert attitude during social recreation. Caffeine can cause a physical dependence, if consumed in excessive amounts. The need for caffeine can be identified when individuals feel headaches, fatigue and muscle pain 24 hours after their last energy drink. Some commercially distributed drinks contain guarana, a South American berry


title: "Springvale, Victoria" content: or being purchased by their occupants – less than the metropolitan level of 71%. The suburb has an Australian Rules football team, Springvale District Football Club, competing in the Southern Football League. South Springvale SC compete in the Victorian State League Division 1 and play their home games at Warner Reserve. Sandown International Motor Raceway incorporates a motor racing track with permanent pit and grandstand facilities. It is accessible from the Princes Highway and via Sandown Park railway station. The Sandown Racecourse is co-located with the motor raceway, and is one of the four horse racing venues in Melbourne. On


title: "Termination of employment" content: "downsizing", "reduction in force" or "redundancy". These are not technically classified as firings; laid-off employees' positions are terminated and not refilled, because either the company wishes to reduce its size or operations or otherwise lacks the economic stability to retain the position. In some cases, a laid-off employee may eventually be offered their old position again by their respective company, though by this time they may have found a new job. Some companies resort to "attrition" ("voluntary redundancy") as a means to reduce their workforce. Under such a plan, no employees are forced to leave their jobs. However, those who


title: "Star's End" content: Star's End Star's End is a weekly, five-hour-long new-age music radio show broadcast by 88.5 WXPN, the University of Pennsylvania's radio station, in Philadelphia. It is the second longest-running show of its type in the world, after "Hearts of Space". "Star's End" was started in 1976 by Steve Pross and John Diliberto as a five-hour-long evening program. Diliberto later went on to host the syndicated nightly ambient music show "Echoes". In 1977 Gino Wong began sharing duties with Diliberto when Steve Pross entered the recording industry. At that point the concept was solidified and the opening theme that is still


title: "Axe (band)" content: in 1989 at reforming AXE, including UFO drummer Andy Parker, was made but petered out, with Barth going to Australia in order to work with ex-Rose Tattoo frontman Angry Anderson. Upon his return to America in 1991 the Denver, Colorado based Caught in the Act came to his attention and, persuaded to take the band under his wing, Barth set to work producing demos. The ensuing debut album, which was eventually released on the Swedish Empire label and featuring covers of two AXE classics, "Silent Soldiers" and "Steal Another Fantasy". Barth has continued to work with the group on a


title: "Grand Kremlin Palace" content: Grand Kremlin Palace The Grand Kremlin Palace (Большой Кремлёвский дворец; "Bolshoy Kremlyovskiy Dvorets"), also translated Great Kremlin Palace, was built from 1837 to 1849 in Moscow, Russia on the site of the estate of the Grand Princes, which had been established in the 14th century on Borovitsky Hill. Designed by a team of architects under the management of Konstantin Thon, it was intended to emphasise the greatness of Russian autocracy. Konstantin Thon was also the architect of the Kremlin Armoury and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. The Grand Kremlin Palace was formerly the tsar's Moscow residence. Its construction involved


title: "Grand Kremlin Palace" content: the demolition of the previous Baroque palace on the site, designed by Rastrelli, and the Church of St. John the Baptist, constructed to a design by Aloisio the New in place of the first church ever built in Moscow. Thon's palace is 125 metres long, 47 metres high, and has a total area of about 25,000 square metres. It includes the earlier Terem Palace, nine churches from the 14th, 16th, and 17th centuries, the Holy Vestibule, and over 700 rooms. The buildings of the Palace form a rectangle with an inner courtyard. The building appears to be three stories, but


title: "Grand Kremlin Palace" content: is actually two. The upper floor has two sets of windows. The west building of the Palace held state reception halls and the imperial family's private chambers (picture). Its five reception halls (Georgievsky, Vladimirsky, Aleksandrovsky, Andreyevsky, and Ekaterininsky) are named for orders of the Russian Empire: the Orders of St. George, Vladimir, Alexander, Andrew, and Catherine. Georgievsky Hall is used today for state and diplomatic receptions and official ceremonies. International treaties are signed at the Vladimirsky Hall. It also leads to the Palace of Facets, Tsarina's Golden Chamber, Terem Palace, the Winter Palace, and the Palace of Congresses. Aleksandrovsky Hall


title: "Grand Kremlin Palace" content: and Andreyevsky Hall were combined in Soviet times to be used for meetings and conferences of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR; they were lavishly restored in accordance with Thon's designs in the 1990s. Currently it is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation though it is rarely used for this purpose. Grand Kremlin Palace The Grand Kremlin Palace (Большой Кремлёвский дворец; "Bolshoy Kremlyovskiy Dvorets"), also translated Great Kremlin Palace, was built from 1837 to 1849 in Moscow, Russia on the site of the estate of the Grand Princes, which had been established in the 14th century


title: "Michael Kidd" content: be completely understandable." In "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers" he employed leading ballet dancers, but insisted that his dancers avoid ballet dance moves, and instead focus on "work movements like ax wielding". In choreographing "Seven Brides", Kidd once said that he "had to find a way to have these backwoods men dance without looking ridiculous. I had to base it all around activities you would accept from such people—it couldn't look like ballet. And it could only have been done by superbly trained dancers." Yet he was able to integrate into the cast a non-dancer MGM contract player who was


title: Refinancing content: for various reasons: Refinancing for reasons 2, 3, and 5 are usually undertaken by borrowers who are in financial difficulty in order to reduce their monthly repayment obligations, with the penalty that they will take longer to pay off their debt. In the context of personal (as opposed to corporate) finance, refinancing multiple debts makes management of the debt easier. If high-interest debt, such as credit card debt, is consolidated into the home mortgage, the borrower is able to pay off the remaining debt at mortgage rates over a longer period. For home mortgages in the United States, there may


title: "Greater short-horned lizard" content: Greater short-horned lizard The greater short-horned lizard ("Phrynosoma hernandesi"), also commonly known as the mountain short-horned lizard, is a species of lizard endemic to western North America. Like other horned lizards, it is often called a "horned toad" or "horny toad", but it is not a toad at all. It is a reptile, not an amphibian. It is one of seven native species of lizards in Canada. The specific name, "hernandesi", honors Francisco Hernández (1514–1587) a Spanish physician who wrote an early account of a horned lizard, which was published in 1615. The greater short-horned lizard is often mistaken for


title: "Greater short-horned lizard" content: its close relative the pygmy short-horned lizard ("Phrynosoma douglasii" ), which has the same basic body type consisting of small pointed scales around the head and back. Until recent mitochondrial DNA evidence, "P. hernandesi" was considered to be the same species as "P. douglasii". They are now considered distinct species with the pygmy short-horned lizard ("P. douglasii" ) occupying the northwest portion of the United States and extreme southern British Columbia. When placed together the two are easily distinguished at full size, the pygmy short-horned lizard being much smaller. "P. hernandesi" is a highly variable species with different geographic populations


title: "Greater short-horned lizard" content: exhibiting differences in color, pattern and size with some authorities describing five subspecies. The greater short-horned lizard ranges in size from 2 to 5 inches (5.1 to 12.7 cm) in snout to vent length (SVL) and is a flat-bodied, squat lizard with short spines crowning the head. They have a snub-nosed profile and short legs. The trunk is fringed by one row of pointed scales, while the belly scales are smooth. The color is gray, yellowish, or reddish-brown, and there are two rows of large dark spots on the back. When threatened or aggressive, their colors become more intense. Females


title: "Greater short-horned lizard" content: grow to larger sizes than males: females average about 7 cm (about 2.75 inches) from snout to vent, with a maximum total length of about 15 cm (about 6 inches), and weigh about 18 g; whereas males have an SVL of only about 5 cm (about 2 inches), and weigh on the average about 10 g. Short-horned lizards are "sit-and-wait" predators. They feed primarily on ants, but will also take an occasional grasshopper or beetle. Often, they can be found sitting in the vicinity of a nest or trails. They are diurnal creatures being most active during mid-day and burrowing


title: "Greater short-horned lizard" content: at night. They rely extensively on camouflage to avoid predators. If provoked, some horned lizards can build up blood pressure in regions behind their eyes and accurately squirt their blood at attacking predators, which will deter canids from continuing their attack. It is rare for horned lizards to squirt blood at humans however, reserving this unique defense primarily for canids (i.e. foxes, coyotes, dogs) which have a strong reaction of distaste to the blood. Squirting blood has been observed in greater short-horned lizards but has not been observed in pygmy short-horned lizards. The mating season for this species is in


title: "Greater short-horned lizard" content: spring (May to June). They are viviparous, giving live birth : the female will birth 5 to 48 offspring from July to September. The young will measure about 24 mm from snout to vent and weigh each about one gram. The young have no horns yet and are able to take care of themselves within a few hours; they are not able to fully crawl until they are a day old. Males will become sexually active after their first year of life and females generally take two years before they can start reproducing. The greater short-horned lizard is the most


title: "Greater short-horned lizard" content: widely distributed lizard in North America and occurs in the widest range of habitats: West into central Nevada, East into North and South Dakota, North to Southern Saskatchewan and Alberta and then South into the Texas Panhandle and into central Mexico. This species of lizard is mostly an arid mountain dweller living in the range of 9000–11,300 feet (170–3440 m). It is the only member of its genus in Wyoming, which counts "Phrynosoma" as its state reptile. It is also considered an endangered species in Saskatchewan and Alberta. The greater short-horned lizard occupies ranges from semiarid plains to high elevations


title: "Greater short-horned lizard" content: in the mountains. This species is frequently found in a wide range of habitats like shortgrass prairies, sagebrush deserts, and juniper, pine, or fir forests. The soil in these habitats can be stony or rocky but usually has fine loose soil or sand present. The greater short-horned lizard is more cold tolerant than other species and is able to reach higher elevations and a greater distribution where the temperature is much cooler. Greater short-horned lizard The greater short-horned lizard ("Phrynosoma hernandesi"), also commonly known as the mountain short-horned lizard, is a species of lizard endemic to western North America. Like


title: Kinesin content: of kinesin and its amino acid sequence is well conserved among various kinesins. Each head has two separate binding sites: one for the microtubule and the other for ATP. ATP binding and hydrolysis as well as ADP release change the conformation of the microtubule-binding domains and the orientation of the neck linker with respect to the head; this results in the motion of the kinesin. Several structural elements in the Head, including a central beta-sheet domain and the Switch I and II domains, have been implicated as mediating the interactions between the two binding sites and the neck domain. Kinesins


title: "Turin King List" content: there is no introduction, and the list does not continue after the 19th Dynasty. The composition may thus have occurred at any subsequent time, from the reign of Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty. The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of reigns in years, with months and days for some kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family, which corresponds approximately to the dynasties of Manetho’s book. The list includes the names of ephemeral rulers or those ruling small territories that may be unmentioned in other sources. The list also is believed


title: "Fort Henry (West Virginia)" content: the Major lying dead in a crumpled heap at the bottom of the hill. To their great surprise they instead saw McColloch, still mounted on his white horse, galloping away from them. In 1782, a native army along with some British soldiers attempted to take Fort Henry. During this siege, Fort Henry's supply of ammunition was exhausted. The defenders decided to dispatch one of its men to secure more ammunition from the Zane homestead. Betty Zane volunteered for the dangerous task. During her departing run, she was heckled by both native and British soldiers. Upon successfully reaching the Zane homestead,


title: "Who's Who in the DC Universe" content: a state of flux. In the "" episode "Emperor Joker", during a battle between Batman and the Ten-Eyed Man, Bat-Mite (who breaks the fourth wall) was seen reading about the Ten-Eyed Man in issue #23 of the original "Who's Who" series. Who's Who in the DC Universe Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe (usually referred to as Who's Who) is the umbrella title for a number of comic book series which DC Comics published to catalogue the wide variety of fictional characters in their imaginary universe, the DC Universe. "Who's Who" was the creation of Len Wein,


title: "Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album" content: Award was merged with the Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album into the newly created Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop, Rock or Urban Album. Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album The Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album is an award presented at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards, to recording artists for releasing albums in the Latin pop genre. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement,


title: "Labrador Sea" content: Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel (NAMOC), that runs for thousands of kilometers along the sea bottom toward the Atlantic Ocean. The Labrador Sea is a major source of the North Atlantic Deep Water, a cold water mass that flows at great depth along the western edge of the North Atlantic, spreading out to form the largest identifiable water mass in the World Ocean. The Labrador Sea formed upon separation of the North American Plate and Greenland Plate that started about 60 million years ago (Paleocene) and stopped about 40 million years ago. A sedimentary basin, which is now buried under the


title: Skomer content: Skomer Skomer () is an island off the coast of Pembrokeshire, in the community of Marloes and St Brides in west Wales. It is well known for its wildlife: around half the world's population of Manx shearwaters nest on the island, the Atlantic puffin colony is the largest in southern Britain, and the Skomer vole (a subspecies of the bank vole) is unique to the island. Skomer is a national nature reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Protection Area. It is surrounded by a marine nature reserve and is managed by the Wildlife Trust of South


title: Skomer content: and West Wales. Skomer is known for its archeological interest: stone circles, standing stone and remains of prehistoric houses. Much of the island has been designated an ancient monument. The island has an area of . Its highest point is above sea level at Gorse Hill, while the majority of the island sits at around above sea level. Skomer is intersected by a series of slopes and ridges giving it a rich and varied topography. It is approximately from north–south and east–west. The island is almost cut in two near its eastern side by two bays. It is one of


title: Skomer content: several islands lying within a kilometre of the Pembrokeshire coast and separated from the mainland by the treacherous waters of Jack Sound. A number of islets surround Skomer, the largest of which are: Midland Isle (height 50 metres, 164 feet), Mew Stone (60 metres, 197 feet) and Garland Stone (32 metres, 105 feet). The name Skomer derives from "Skalmey", a name of Viking origin meaning Cleft Island, possibly from the fact that the eastern end of the island is nearly cut off from the main part. The volcanic rocks of which Skomer is comprised date from the Silurian period around


title: Skomer content: 440 million years ago. A series of basalts, rhyolites, felsites, keratophyres, mugearite and associated sedimentary rocks (quartzites, etc.) are grouped together as the 'Skomer Volcanic Series'. The series which is up to 1000m thick also includes trachyte, dolerite and skomerite which is an altered andesite. Basalt is the most common component of this sequence; some of it appears as pillow lava indicating that it was erupted under water. Other basalt flows show signs of contemporary sub-aerial weathering. This same suite of rocks can also be traced eastwards on the mainland along the northern side of the Marloes peninsula and extends


title: Skomer content: almost as far east as St Ishmael's. The entire sequence on Skomer dips between 15° and 25° to the south-southeast. It is cut by several faults, notably those responsible for the erosion of the inlets of North Haven and South Haven. A NW-SE aligned fault stretches between Bull Hole and South Haven, offsetting the strata on either side. Skomer was cut off from the mainland by rising sea levels after the last Ice Age. There is evidence of human occupation—field boundaries and settlement remains—dating back to the Iron Age. The Skomer Island Project, run jointly by the Royal Commission for


title: Skomer content: Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales (RCAHMW) with archaeologists from the University of Sheffield and Cardiff University, started in 2011, investigates the island's prehistoric communities. Airborne laser scanning together with ground excavations continued in 2016 and established that human settlement dates back 5,000 years. Rabbits were introduced in the 14th century and their burrows and grazing have had a profound effect on the island landscape. It was last permanently inhabited by the Codd family (all year round) in 1950. After the Second World War, the owner had offered the West Wales Field Society, now The Wildlife Trust of South and


title: Skomer content: West Wales, the opportunity to make a survey of Skomer which was accepted and Skomer opened for visitors from April 1946. The farm buildings in the centre of the island, now housing visitor accommodation, were refurbished in 2005. Skomer was featured in the BBC TV documentary "Coast" in Episode 4 of Series 5 (first aired August 2010). David Saunders MBE was in 1960 the first warden of Skomer. Skomer is best known for its large breeding seabird population, including Manx shearwaters, guillemots, razorbills, great cormorants, black-legged kittiwakes, Atlantic puffins, European storm-petrels, common shags, Eurasian oystercatchers and gulls, as well as


title: Skomer content: birds of prey including short-eared owls, common kestrels and peregrine falcons. The island is also home to grey seals, common toads, slow-worms, a breeding population of glow-worms and a variety of wildflowers. Harbour porpoises occur in the surrounding waters. The Skomer vole, a sub-species of bank vole, is endemic to the island. There are around 10,000 breeding pairs of puffins on Skomer and Skokholm Islands, making them one of the most important puffin colonies in Britain. They arrive in mid-April to nest in burrows, many of which have been dug by the island's large rabbit population. The last puffins leave


title: Skomer content: the island by the second or third week in July. They feed mainly on small fish and sand eels; often puffins can be seen with up to a dozen small eels in their beaks. After a period of declining numbers between the 1950s and 1970s, the size of the colony is growing again at 1–2% a year (). By 2004, there were numerous puffin burrows on the island and adults flying back with food run across the walkways oblivious to the tourists. An estimated 310,000 pairs of Manx shearwater breed on Skomer, with around 40,000 pairs on the "sister" island


title: Skomer content: Skokholm. These colonies jointly comprise around half the world population and make the islands the world's most important breeding site for the species. The birds usually nest in rabbit burrows, a pair reportedly using the same burrow year after year. Shearwaters are not easy to see as they come and go at dusk, but a closed-circuit television camera in one of the burrows allows subterranean nesting activity to be seen on the screen in Lockley Lodge on the mainland at Martin's Haven. The remains of shearwaters killed by the island's population of great black-backed gulls can also be seen. An


title: Skomer content: overnight stay in the hostel run by the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales allows guests to hear and see the shearwaters. The Manx shearwater has a remarkable life. After fledging the young birds migrate to the South Atlantic off the coasts of Brazil and Argentina. They remain there at sea for five years before returning to breed on their natal island. On their return they navigate back to within a few metres of the burrow in which they were born. As they are ungainly and vulnerable on the land, they leave their burrows at dawn for the fishing


title: Skomer content: grounds some fifty kilometres north out in the Irish Sea, not returning until dusk. Thus they attempt to avoid the gulls to which they would fall easy prey. Skomer has one unique mammal: the Skomer vole ("Myodes glareolus skomerensis"), a distinct form of the bank vole. The lack of land-based predators on the island means that the bracken habitat is an ideal place for the vole, with the population reaching around 20,000 during the summer months. Then the resident short-eared owls may be seen patrolling the areas close to the farmhouse in the centre of the island for voles to


title: Skomer content: feed their young. Boats sail to Skomer from Martin's Haven on the mainland, a sheltered 10-minute trip every day except Monday (Bank Holiday Mondays excepted) from April to October between 10am and noon (actual times may vary). Return sailings are from 3pm but the boatman will advise on the day. There are limits on the number of people allowed to visit the island (250 per day). Advance booking is not permitted and reservations are strictly on a first come, first served basis at Lockley Lodge in Martin's Haven and long queues can develop early each morning. Areas open for visitor


title: Skomer content: access are restricted to pathways. The Neck, an eastern area connected only by a narrow isthmus, is entirely out of bounds to visitors. In 2005–06, there was a renovation project of the farm buildings which included the old barn for improved overnight visitor and research accommodation, the volunteers' quarters were rebuilt and the warden's house at North Haven was also rebuilt. Solar power provides hot water and electricity for lighting. Self-catering visitor accommodation is now available from April to October. Skomer Skomer () is an island off the coast of Pembrokeshire, in the community of Marloes and St Brides in


title: "Ellemann–Jensen doctrine" content: Ellemann–Jensen doctrine The Ellemann–Jensen doctrine is a Danish idea specifically aimed at promoting small countries' ability to gain influence in the world order. The doctrine is not a written document but rather inspired by the former Danish Foreign Minister Uffe Ellemann-Jensen's term of office in which he promoted the notion that a small country can gain influence by supporting those greater countries that share the same values and ideas, which the small country itself embraces. Uffe Ellemann-Jensen led the European recognition of the renewed independence of the three Baltic countries in 1991, when Denmark was the first country to re-establish


title: "Potential well" content: in electron energy level and bandgap between nanomaterial and its bulk state. The following equation shows the relationship between energy level and dimension spacing: formula_1 formula_2 Research results provide an alternative explanation of the shift of properties at nanoscale. In the bulk phase, the surfaces appear to control some of the macroscopically observed properties. However, in nanoparticles, surface molecules do not obey the expected configuration in space. As a result, surface tension changes tremendously. The Young-Laplace equation can give a background on the investigation of the scale of forces applied to the surface molecules: formula_3 Under the assumption of spherical


title: "Satin bowerbird" content: Satin bowerbird The satin bowerbird ("Ptilonorhynchus violaceus") is a bowerbird endemic to eastern Australia. A rare natural intergeneric hybrid between the satin bowerbird and the regent bowerbird is known as Rawnsley's bowerbird. Mature males have violet-blue eyes and are uniformly coloured black, however, light diffraction by the surface texture of the feathers results in an almost metallic sheen giving a deep shiny blue appearance. Immature males are coloured and marked the same as females and are often mistaken for them. Females might be mistaken for the green catbird or spotted catbird with distinctively green/brown or otherwise entirely brown upper body


title: "Satin bowerbird" content: and lighter under body with a distinct reticulated or scalloped pattern, but with very striking blue eyes. The satin bowerbird is common in rainforest and tall wet sclerophyll forest in eastern Australia from southern Queensland to Victoria. There is also an isolated population in the Wet Tropics of north Queensland. Like all Ptilonorhynchidae, satin bowerbirds are predominantly frugivorous as adults, though they also eat leaves and a small amount of seeds and insects. As nestlings, however, they are largely fed on beetles, grasshoppers and cicadas until they can fly. Satin bowerbirds are not in the least finicky in their food


title: "Satin bowerbird" content: preferences, and have taken extremely readily to the numerous plants introduced since European settlement. Indeed, they are a major dispersal agent for a number of weedy plants, such as camphor laurel, the European olive and various species of privet. They are also often persecuted by horticulturalists because they frequently raid fruit and vegetable crops. Satin bowerbirds are aggressive when foraging, frequently attempting to displace other birds from fruit trees. Like all bowerbirds, the satin bowerbird shows highly complex courtship behaviour. Mate choice in satin bowerbirds has been studied in detail. Males build specialized stick structures, called bowers, which they decorate


title: "Satin bowerbird" content: with blue, yellow, and shiny objects, including berries, flowers, and plastic items such as ballpoint pens, drinking straws and clothes pegs. As the males mature they use more blue objects than other colours. Females visit these and choose which male they will allow to mate with them. In addition to building their bowers, males carry out intense behavioural displays called dances to woo their mates, but these can be treated as threat displays by the females. Nestbuilding and incubation are carried out by the females alone. Recent research has shown that female mate choice takes place in three stages: Experimental


title: "Satin bowerbird" content: manipulations of the ornaments around the bowers have shown that the choices of young females (those in their first or second year of breeding) are mainly influenced by the appearance of the bowers, and hence by the first stage of this process. Older females, which are less affected by the threatening aspect of the males' displays, make their choices more on the basis of the males' dancing displays. It has been hypothesized that as males mature their colour discrimination develops and they are able to select more blue objects for the bower. It is not yet known whether this description


title: "Satin bowerbird" content: would also hold true for other species of bowerbird. Satin bowerbirds nest between October and February. Typically two eggs but occasionally one or three are laid in a shallow nest of twigs on top of which are placed leaves of "Eucalyptus" or "Acacia". These leaves turn brown as the eggs are laid, and may serve as camouflage. The eggs are cream but streaked with brown, and are much larger than typical for a bird of its size at around ; they are laid every other day and hatch asynchronously after 21 days of incubation. The young are able to fly


title: "Satin bowerbird" content: three weeks after hatching, but remain dependent on the female for another two months, finally dispersing at the beginning of the southern winter (May or June). Female satin bowerbirds mature at two to three years but males do not reach maturity until seven or eight years when they have moulted completely into their characteristic blue-black adult plumage. The satin bowerbird is the longest-lived passerine with anything approaching high-quality banding data: it is estimated that the average lifespan of the species is around eight or nine years, while the record longevity in the wild of twenty-six years is the greatest for


title: "Satin bowerbird" content: any banded passerine. Satin bowerbird The satin bowerbird ("Ptilonorhynchus violaceus") is a bowerbird endemic to eastern Australia. A rare natural intergeneric hybrid between the satin bowerbird and the regent bowerbird is known as Rawnsley's bowerbird. Mature males have violet-blue eyes and are uniformly coloured black, however, light diffraction by the surface texture of the feathers results in an almost metallic sheen giving a deep shiny blue appearance. Immature males are coloured and marked the same as females and are often mistaken for them. Females might be mistaken for the green catbird or spotted catbird with distinctively green/brown or otherwise entirely


title: "Mount Emei" content: Mount Emei Mount Emei (; ) is a mountain in Sichuan Province, China, and is one of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China. Mt. Emei sits at the western rim of the Sichuan Basin. The mountains west of it are known as Daxiangling. A large surrounding area of countryside is geologically known as the Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, a large igneous province generated by the Emeishan Traps volcanic eruptions during the Permian Period. At , Mt. Emei is the highest of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China. Administratively, Mt. Emei is located near the county-level city of


title: "Mount Emei" content: the same name (Emeishan City), which is in turn part of the prefecture-level city of Leshan. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. Mount Emei is one of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China, and is traditionally regarded as the bodhimaṇḍa, or place of enlightenment, of the bodhisattva Samantabhadra. Samantabhadra is known in Mandarin as Pǔxián Púsà (). Sources of the 16th and 17th centuries allude to the practice of martial arts in the monasteries of Mount Emei made the earliest extant reference to the Shaolin Monastery as Chinese boxing's place of origin. This is the


title: "Mount Emei" content: location of the first Buddhist temple built in China in the 1st century CE. The site has seventy-six Buddhist monasteries of the Ming and Qing period, most of them located near the mountain top. The monasteries demonstrate a flexible architectural style that adapts to the landscape. Some, such as the halls of Baoguosi, are built on terraces of varying levels, while others, including the structures of Leiyinsi, are on raised stilts. Here the fixed plans of Buddhist monasteries of earlier periods were modified or ignored in order to make full use of the natural scenery. The buildings of Qingyinge are


title: "Mount Emei" content: laid out in an irregular plot on the narrow piece of land between the Black Dragon River and the White Dragon River. The site is large and the winding footpath is , taking several days to walk. Cable cars ease the ascent to the two temples at Jinding (3,077 m), an hour's hike from the mountain's peak. The summit of Mount Emei has an alpine subarctic climate (Köppen "Dwc"), with long, cold (but not severely so) winters, and short, cool summers. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from in January to in July, and the annual mean is . Precipitation


title: "Mount Emei" content: is common year-round (occurring on more than 250 days), but due to the influence of the monsoon, rainfall is especially heavy in summer, and more than 70% of the annual total occurs from June to September. Visitors to Mount Emei will likely see dozens of Tibetan macaques who can often be viewed taking food from tourists. Local merchants sell nuts for tourists to feed the monkeys. Other featured animals includes "Rana adenopleura", "Vibrissaphora liui" and "Pheretima praepinguis" Mount Emei is known for its high level of endemism and approximately 200 plant species in various plant families have been described from


title: "Mount Emei" content: this mountain. Mount Emei Mount Emei (; ) is a mountain in Sichuan Province, China, and is one of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China. Mt. Emei sits at the western rim of the Sichuan Basin. The mountains west of it are known as Daxiangling. A large surrounding area of countryside is geologically known as the Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, a large igneous province generated by the Emeishan Traps volcanic eruptions during the Permian Period. At , Mt. Emei is the highest of the Four Sacred Buddhist Mountains of China. Administratively, Mt. Emei is located near the county-level


title: "Andros, Bahamas" content: of the Ocean, resulting in an unparalleled variety of sea life. Humpback whales, which are found in all the world's oceans, follow a regular migration route, summering in temperate and polar waters for feeding, and wintering in tropical waters for mating and calving. Humpbacks used to be common in the Tongue of the Ocean off Andros, and are still seen infrequently. Pilot whales are also seen off the coast of Andros. Inside the Andros Barrier Reef, staghorn, elkhorn and other corals are found in shallows 10–20 feet deep. Beyond the shallow reefs are tiny cays and islets, from which the


title: Idomeneo content: Idomeneo The libretto clearly draws inspiration from Metastasio in its overall layout, the type of character development, and the highly poetic language used in the various numbers and the "secco" and "stromentato" recitatives. The style of the choruses, marches, and ballets is very French, and the shipwreck scene towards the end of act I is almost identical to the structure and dramatic working-out of a similar scene in Gluck's "Iphigénie en Tauride". The sacrifice and oracle scenes are similar to Gluck's "Iphigénie en Aulide" and "Alceste". Kurt Kramer has suggested that Varesco was familiar with Calzabigi and therefore the work


title: "Walk the Tightrope" content: South Wales, in the dead of night. The album also features a cover version of "To Be with You", a 1992 hit by glam metal band Mr. Big. Andrew Tierney of the band says on the group's official website that performing an unrecorded Bee Gees song given to the band by Barry Gibb was a particular thrill. "The Bee Gees were, without a doubt, the major inspiration for this record. We looked at them, and above their image and what they wore, the thing that kept them current was the fact they consistently came up with incredible songs. Great songs


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: Sandia Mountains The Sandia Mountains (Southern Tiwa: Posu gai hoo-oo, Navajo: Dził Nááyisí; Zuni: Chibiya Yalanne) are a mountain range located in Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, immediately to the east of the city of Albuquerque in New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The range is largely within the Cibola National Forest, and part of the range is protected as the Sandia Mountain Wilderness. Its highest point is Sandia Crest, . "Sandía" means "watermelon" in Spanish, and is popularly believed to be a reference to the reddish color of the mountains at sunset. Also, when viewed from the west, the


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: profile of the mountains is a long ridge, with a thin zone of green conifers near the top, suggesting the "rind" of the watermelon. However, as Robert Julyan notes, "the most likely explanation is the one believed by the Sandia Indians: the Spaniards, when they encountered the Pueblo in 1540, called it Sandia, because they thought the squash gourds growing there were watermelons, and the name Sandia soon was transferred to the mountains east of the pueblo." In Southern Tiwa, "Posu gai hoo-oo" means "where water slides down arroyo". The author also notes that the Sandia Pueblo Indians, who are


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: Tiwa speakers, sometimes call the mountain "Bien Mur", "big mountain". The Sandias are a small range, a part of the Basin and Range Province, but built by a different phenomenon, consisting of a single north-south ridge, which rises to two major summits: Sandia Crest and South Sandia Peak, . The range measures approximately 17 miles (26 km) north-south, and the width in the east-west direction varies from 4 to 8 miles (6 to 12 km). The west side of the range is steep and rugged, with a number of sheer rock walls and towers near Sandia Crest. The east side


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: has a gentler slope. The Sandias are part of a single larger geologic unit, the Sandia–Manzano Mountains. The other part consists of the Manzano Mountains which lie to the south of the Sandias. The two ranges are separated by Tijeras Canyon, which leads to a historically important pass; the canyon is traversed by Interstate 40, following the route of historic U.S. Route 66. The Sandias are the highest range in the immediate vicinity, and are well-separated from the higher Sangre de Cristo Mountains. This gives Sandia Crest a relatively high topographic prominence of . Lying to the east and northeast


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: of the Sandias are two smaller ranges, the Ortiz Mountains and the San Pedro Mountains. The Sandia Mountains are home to the world's second longest tramway, Sandia Peak Tramway, which is long. Over this distance the tram cars ascend over . The average speed of the tram car is , and the length of the ride is approximately 15 minutes. The current longest tramway as of 2010 is in Armenia. The Sandia Mountains are a fault block range, on the eastern edge of the Rio Grande Rift Valley. The Sandias were uplifted in the last ten million years as part


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: of the formation of the Rio Grande Rift. They form the eastern boundary of the Albuquerque Basin. The core of the range consists of Sandia granite, approximately 1.5 billion years old (there is also some metamorphic rock of age 1.7 billion years). This is topped by a relatively thin layer (approximately 300 feet/100 meters) of sedimentary rock (mostly limestone, and some sandstone) of Pennsylvanian age (circa 300 million years ago). The limestone contains marine fossils including crinoids, brachiopods, gastropods, horn corals, and bryozoans. However, most of the fossils are too small for the human eye to detect. Potassium-feldspar (K-spar) crystals


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: embedded within the Sandia granite give the mountains their distinct pink color. The Sandias encompass four different named "life zones" due to the large elevation change, and the resulting changes in temperature and amount of precipitation, from the base to the top. The desert grassland and savanna at the western base of the mountain (near the eastern edge of the City of Albuquerque, uphill of about Eubank or Juan Tabo Boulevards) is part of the "Upper Sonoran Zone." From , the Upper Sonoran Zone is found, but notable differences occur: one first finds a zone of primarily juniper, then a


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: mixed Piñon-Juniper-evergreen Oak zone, while a thin cover of black grama grass ("Bouteloua eriopoda") shifts in its dominance to a less thin cover of blue grama grass ("Bouteloua gracilis"); some plants of Chihuahuan Desert affinities are found in this area, including oreganillo ("Aloysia wrightii"), mariola ("Parthenium incanum"), desert marigold ("Baileya" spp.), and subspecies of the often-numerous Engelmann prickly pear ("Opuntia engelmannii"). From , in the "Transition Zone", Ponderosa Pine dominates, and evergreen oaks change to more cold-tolerant deciduous oaks. From , a mixture of conifers occurs in the "Canadian Zone"; Gambel Oak ("Quercus gambelii") is at its uppermost natural range


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: in this zone. Finally, from to the Sandia Crest at , mostly on the eastern side, spruce and fir dominate the "Hudsonian Zone." (All zone boundary elevations are approximate, depending on microclimate or aspect.) There are two easy ways to reach the top of the Sandias. The Sandia Peak Tramway ascends from the west side to a point on the crestline about south of Sandia Crest, at the top of the Sandia Peak Ski Area, which is located on the east side of the mountains. A road (NM 536) from the east provides access to the bottom of the ski


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: area and also to the Sandia Crest itself, where there is a gift shop, restaurant, scenic overlook, and a large electronic communication site with numerous towers and antennas. The Sandia Crest Scenic Byway is also a popular path for motorcycle riders with its miles of winding road to the summit. The Sandia Mountains are the most visited range in New Mexico. Numerous hiking trails exist on both sides of the range, such as the popular La Luz Trail and Crest Trail. Much of the west side of the range is included in the Sandia Mountain Wilderness; the trails on that


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: side are steeper, and water is very scarce. Numerous picnic and recreation sites can be found on NM 536. These sites, along with some sites on the west face of the Sandias, require a $3 daily use/parking permit as part of the National Fee Program. There are no developed campgrounds in the Sandias. The rock walls and pinnacles on the west side of the range provide abundant rock climbing opportunities, from bouldering and top-roping to multi-day big wall climbs on the Shield, the largest rock feature on the mountain. However the long hikes (often off-trail) required to reach many of


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: the climbs, and the variable quality of rock (often poor), prevent the Sandias from being a major climbing destination. Both Sandia Peak and Sandia Crest are popular launching sites for recreational hang gliding due to the sheer drop-offs to the west. Launches at the Peak occur throughout the summer. It's possible to walk the entire spine of the Sandia Mountains, a 26-mile hike with over 4,000 feet in elevation gain. The Sandias contain a location notable for prehistoric archaeology: the "Sandia Cave" was believed by some in the 1930s to the 1950s to have been inhabited 10000 to 12000 years


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: ago by the "Sandia Man," a cultural classification that is no longer used. The cave can be accessed via a 1/2 mile trail in Las Huertas Canyon, on the northeast side of the range, near Placitas, New Mexico. Ancestral and early Pueblo peoples have lived in the Sandia Mountains area for thousands of years. Examples of previous Pueblo settlements, now unoccupied, include Tijeras Pueblo and Pa'ako Pueblo, both founded around 700 years ago. Sandia Pueblo is a modern pueblo, abutting the Sandia Mountains on the northwest side of the range. Some of the foothills of the range are on Sandia


title: "Sandia Mountains" content: Pueblo land; there have been disputes in the past between the Pueblo, the Forest Service, and private landowners over rights to various parts of the range. The people of Sandia Pueblo consider the mountains a sacred place. Notes Bibliography Sandia Mountains The Sandia Mountains (Southern Tiwa: Posu gai hoo-oo, Navajo: Dził Nááyisí; Zuni: Chibiya Yalanne) are a mountain range located in Bernalillo and Sandoval counties, immediately to the east of the city of Albuquerque in New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The range is largely within the Cibola National Forest, and part of the range is protected as the


title: "Matthew Good" content: the breakup was confirmed, Good stated that the breakup was "a conscious effort on everybody's part". In a 2009 interview for The Ongoing History of New Music, Good stated that he decided the band was done after "The Audio of Being" was released, citing him no longer wanting to placate the needs of the other band members and no one wanting to tour the record as reasons. Good released his solo debut, "Avalanche", in 2003. The album featured major stylistic differences from those recorded with the previous band. The album featured the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra on several tracks, including the


title: "Spike-timing-dependent plasticity" content: variations of the window function have been proposed to allow for a range of learning speeds and classification accuracy. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity Spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) is a biological process that adjusts the strength of connections between neurons in the brain. The process adjusts the connection strengths based on the relative timing of a particular neuron's output and input action potentials (or spikes). The STDP process partially explains the activity-dependent development of nervous systems, especially with regard to long-term potentiation and long-term depression. Under the STDP process, if an input spike to a neuron tends, on average, to occur immediately "before" that


title: "Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)" content: Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal) Christ Church Cathedral is an Anglican Gothic Revival cathedral in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Montreal. It is located at 635 Saint Catherine Street West, between Union Avenue and University Street. It is situated on top of the Promenades Cathédrale underground shopping mall, and south of Tour KPMG. It was classified as by the government of Quebec on May 12, 1988. In 1999, it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada. The first Christ Church opened on Notre-Dame Street in Old Montreal in 1814. In 1850, it was designated as


title: "Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)" content: the cathedral for the new Anglican Diocese of Montreal upon its separation from the Anglican Diocese of Quebec. The cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1856. The present cathedral, a Neo-gothic structure, was designed by architect Frank Wills (1822–1856), who also designed Christ Church Cathedral in Fredericton, New Brunswick. Before construction began, Willis died, and Montreal architect, Thomas Seaton Scott (1826–1895) was commissioned to carry out his design. The structure was completed in 1859 and consecrated in 1867. Andrew Taylor oversaw alterations and other restoration of the Cathedral from 1890 to 1891 and installed a memorial window for Mrs. A.C.


title: "Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)" content: Hooper in 1902-03. Modeled after the 14th century Gothic-style churches of the English countryside, the cathedral features a square crossing tower. Unfortunately, the design, though acclaimed for its architecture, suffered from important engineering flaws. The soft ground could not support the heavy central stone tower and steeple, which began to subside and lean. By 1920, the tower leaned to the south. This defect formed the basis of an important lawsuit ("Wardle v. Bethune") often cited as precedent relating to Article 1688 of Quebec's Civil Code. George Allan Ross designed alterations in 1923 and reconstructed the tower from 1939 to 1940.


title: "Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)" content: In 1927, the stone steeple, weighing was removed. New foundations were poured in 1939, and in 1940, an anonymous donation permitted the construction of a much lighter steeple made of aluminum, molded to simulate the former stone spire. It is high, attaining a height of from the ground. Recent additions to the church include a choir gallery, built in 1980, and the church's third organ, installed in 1981. Notable musicians to have served as the church's organist include Alfred Whitehead (1922–1947) and S. Drummond Wolff (1952–1956). The organ is opus 77 of Karl Wilhelm, Inc. of Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec. It is


title: "Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)" content: a mechanical key and stop instrument with four-manuals, 42 stops and 63 ranks. In 1992, the pedal division was expanded with a 32' Bombarde. The organ replaced the earlier instrument that served the congregation from 1859. The earlier instrument was constructed by William Hill and Son in London to duplicate an organ given to the congregation by King George III and destroyed in the fire of 1856. The Hill instrument was remodeled and enlarged several on at least five occasions during the tenure of its service. In 1979, the congregation commissioned the mechanical organ and the earlier instrument was sold


title: "Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)" content: for parts. In the 1980s, a vast real estate project was undertaken below the cathedral. The project consisted of a 34-floor skyscraper, Tour KPMG built north of the Cathedral, underground parking, and two levels of retail stores situated beneath the cathedral. For a period in 1987, the Cathedral was supported on stilts while footings for the underground mall, Promenades Cathédrale, were excavated. This project allowed for the linkage of the eastern and western branches of Montreal's underground city, connecting Eaton's (now Les Ailes de la Mode) and The Bay. Christ Church Cathedral is the regimental church of the Canadian Grenadier


title: "Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)" content: Guards. The guards maintain their traditional ties with the church, as well as to McGill University, by marching from the Arts Building on campus, to the cathedral, annually in commemoration of Remembrance Day. The cathedral also houses the guards' retired regimental colours. Every Saturday at 4.30 pm throughout the year and every Wednesday at 6.30 pm during the summer months the cathedral hosts a series of weekly concerts, "L'Oasis Musicale", which supports and promotes local musicians, many of whom are studying at music colleges in Montreal and starting out on their career. The concerts are open to all. The concerts


title: "Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal)" content: feature a range of musicians, from solo instrumentalists and singers to ensembles, small orchestras, and choirs. The repertoire is mainly classical music, but occasionally you might hear some popular, folk, religious, or traditional music. Christ Church Cathedral (Montreal) Christ Church Cathedral is an Anglican Gothic Revival cathedral in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the seat of the Anglican Diocese of Montreal. It is located at 635 Saint Catherine Street West, between Union Avenue and University Street. It is situated on top of the Promenades Cathédrale underground shopping mall, and south of Tour KPMG. It was classified as by the government of Quebec


title: "Wizards (film)" content: Combs of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote, "What emerges from this mish-mash of material is a predictable confusion of sentiment and cynicism: Bakshi seems uncertain whether to try for the full other-worldly magic of Tolkein or to treat the whole thing as camp (the tone of the flower-child fairy-tale narrator strongly suggests the latter)." Audio clips from the film have been sampled by Toxik on the album "Think This", Cypress Hill on the albums "IV" and "Skull & Bones", Vanilla Ice on "Platinum Underground" and 65daysofstatic on the album "". 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment responded to an online petition


title: "Boy'z" content: December 2008 that Sun Boy'z will disband with Dennis Mak leaving the entertainment industry. The reason to this decision is because he has decided to study Hotel Management in Switzerland. In the meantime, Steven Cheung, William Chan and Kenny Kwan would continue to pursue their careers as solo artists. In 2010, Boy'z (Kenny Kwan and Steven Cheung) appeared on stage together in EEG 10th Anniversary Concert. In 2011, they released a new single together titled "Ready to Go". In September 2007, Sun Boy'z went on a North America tour with Twins and several concerts were held in a few different


title: "Meteor Garden" content: face hurdles his mother throws their way to separate them. Though Shān Cài does not profess her love for him yet, Dào Míng Sì remains determined. The series show the journey of Dào Míng Sì and Shān Cài's feelings for one another. Meteor Garden Original Soundtrack (流星花園 電視原聲帶) was released on 14 August 2001 by Various Artists under EMI. It contains thirteen songs, in which ten songs are English songs. The opening theme song is "Qing Fei De Yi" or "Can't Help Falling for You" by Harlem Yu, while the ending theme song is by Penny Dai entitled "你要的愛" or


title: "1954 Guatemalan coup d'état" content: economy shifted away from Britain and Germany to the U.S., which became Guatemala's dominant trade partner. The Monroe Doctrine continued to be seen as relevant to Guatemala, and was used to justify the coup in 1954. Following a surge in global coffee demand in the late 19th century, the Guatemalan government made several concessions to plantation owners. It passed legislation that dispossessed the communal landholdings of the indigenous population and allowed coffee growers to purchase it. Manuel Estrada Cabrera, President of Guatemala from 1898 to 1920, was one of several rulers who made large concessions to foreign companies, including the


title: "Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)" content: USSR called Vympel (e.g. French counterpart; Division Action). However, mere existence of such group within the SVR is denied by Russian authorities. Nevertheless, there were some rumours that such a group does indeed exist and is assigned to execute very special operations abroad primarily for protection of Russian embassy personnel and internal investigations. It is believed that the group is deep undercover and consists of approximately 500 highly experienced operatives speaking several languages and having extensive record of operations while serving in other secret units of the Russian military. During Boris Yeltsin's presidency, the SVR conflicted with Russian Ministry of


title: "Flavio Briatore" content: team raced as Benetton-Renault in 2001 before becoming Renault F1 in 2002. Briatore has a reputation as a talent-scout, and probably his greatest 'find' has been Fernando Alonso. Briatore met with the teenage Spaniard in 1999. As his manager, Briatore secured him a race drive with Minardi in 2001, and promoted him to test-driver for Renault in 2002. For 2003, Briatore fired race-driver Jenson Button and replaced him with Alonso. When he replaced Button the outcry was huge, but Briatore stated, 'Time will tell if I am wrong.' With Alonso, Renault won both the driver's and constructor's championships in 2005


title: "Lot M. Morrill" content: Morrill moved to Augusta, Maine where he spoke in front of Maine's capital legislative committees. As a speaker, Morrill gained much experience in state politics. Morrill started a law practice in Augusta; his partners were James W. Bradbury and Richard D. Rice. In 1849, Morrill became Chairman of Maine's Democratic Party and served in this position until 1856. As a Democrat, Morrill was elected to Maine's House of Repusentatives in 1854. Morrill began to break from his party's platform starting in 1855 eventually changing over to the Republican Party; having opposed Democratic concessions to slave states. During the Presidential election


title: "Brooks & Dunn" content: of the Hill"; this rendition charted at number 55 in late 1999 based on unsolicited airplay. They also recorded "Keep On Swinging", which Brooks wrote with Five for Fighting, for the soundtrack to the 2006 animated film "Everyone's Hero". Finally, they collaborated with Mac Powell on "Over the Next Hill" from the to the 2008 film "", and took the song to number 55 on the country charts. Dunn has sung guest vocals on other artists' songs, including Lee Roy Parnell's mid-1994 cover of the Hank Williams song "Take These Chains from My Heart" (from Parnell's album "On the Road"),


title: "John Gibson (American soldier)" content: 1811 while Harrison was out of the territory. The American Indian Confederacy led by Tecumseh began to make aggressive movements and attacked Fort Harrison. Gibson called up the territorial militia and the Indiana Rangers, and organized several regiments to go to its aid. He was also instrumental in negotiating treaties with the Lenape and other tribes and preventing them from entering the war against the United States. Gibson remained acting governor once war was officially declared while Harrison led the army against the British and their native allies in the War of 1812. His final act as acting-governor was to


title: "Referendums in the United Kingdom" content: his wartime Coalition until victory was won over Japan. However, Deputy Prime Minister Clement Attlee refused, saying "I could not consent to the introduction into our national life of a device so alien to all our traditions as the referendum which has only too often been the instrument of Nazism and Fascism." In March 1975 Margaret Thatcher also quoted Clement Attlee that referendums are "a device of dictators and demagogues" as Napoleon, Mussolini and Hitler had exploited their use in the past. There are two types of referendum that have been held by the UK Government, pre-legislative (held before proposed


title: "Asian black bear" content: Asian black bear The Asian black bear ("Ursus thibetanus", previously known as "Selenarctos thibetanus"), also known as the moon bear and the white-chested bear, is a medium-sized bear species native to Asia and largely adapted to arboreal life. It lives in the Himalayas, in the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, Korea, northeastern China, the Russian Far East, the Honshū and Shikoku islands of Japan, and Taiwan. It is classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), mostly because of deforestation and hunting for its body parts. The species is morphologically very similar to some prehistoric


title: "Asian black bear" content: bears, and is thought by some scientists to be the ancestor of other extant bear species (aside from pandas and spectacled bears). Although largely herbivorous, Asian black bears can be very aggressive toward humans, who frequently trap or kill them for traditional medicine. Asiatic black bears are black and have a light brown muzzle. They are white on the chin, and have a distinct white patch on the chest, which sometimes has the shape of a V. Their ears are bell shaped, proportionately longer than those of other bears, and stick out sideways from the head. The tail is long.


title: "Asian black bear" content: Adults measure at the shoulder, and in length. Adult males weigh with an average weight of about . Adult females weigh , and large ones up to . Asiatic black bears are similar in general appearance to brown bears, but are more lightly built and are more slender limbed. The lips and nose are larger and more mobile than those of brown bears. The skulls of Asiatic black bears are relatively small, but massive, particularly in the lower jaw. Adult males have skulls measuring in length and in width, while female skulls are long and wide. Compared to other bears


title: "Asian black bear" content: of the genus "Ursus", the projections of the skull are weakly developed; the sagittal crest is low and short, even in old specimens, and does not exceed more than 19–20% of the total length of the skull, unlike in brown bears, which have sagittal crests comprising up to 41% of the skull's length. Although mostly herbivorous, the jaw structure of Asiatic black bears is not as specialized for plant eating as that of pandas: Asian black bears have much narrower zygomatic arches, and the weight ratio of the two pterygoid muscles is also much smaller in Asian black bears. The


title: "Asian black bear" content: lateral slips of the temporal muscles are thicker and stronger in black bears. A black bear with broken hind legs can still climb effectively. In contrast to polar bears, Asiatic black bears have powerful upper bodies for climbing trees, and relatively weak hind legs which are shorter than those in brown bears and American black bears. They are the most bipedal of all bears, and have been known to walk upright for over a quarter mile. The heel pads on the forefeet are larger than those of most other bear species. Their claws, which are primarily used for climbing and


title: "Asian black bear" content: digging, are slightly longer on the fore foot (30–45 mm) than the back (18–36 mm), and are larger and more hooked than those of the American black bear. On average, adult Asiatic black bears are slightly smaller than American black bears, though large males can exceed the size of several other bear species. The famed British sportsman known as the "Old Shekarry" wrote of how a black bear he shot in India probably weighed no less than based on how many people it took to lift its body. The largest Asiatic black bear on record allegedly weighed . Zoo-kept specimens


title: "Asian black bear" content: can weigh up to . Although their senses are more acute than those of brown bears, their eyesight is poor, and their hearing range is moderate, the upper limit being 30 kHz. Biologically and morphologically, Asiatic black bears represent the beginning of the arboreal specializations attained by sloth bears and sun bears. Asiatic black bears have karyotypes nearly identical to those of the five other ursine bears, and, as is typical in the genus, they have 74 chromosomes. From an evolutionary perspective, Asiatic black bears are the least changed of Old World bears, with certain scientists arguing that it is


title: "Asian black bear" content: likely that all other lineages of ursine bear stem from this species. Scientists have proposed that Asiatic black bears are either a surviving, albeit modified, form of "Ursus etruscus", specifically the early, small variety of the middle Villafranchian (upper Pliocene to lower Pleistocene) or a larger form of "Ursus minimus", an extinct species that arose four million years ago. With the exception of the age of the bones, it is often difficult to distinguish the remains of "Ursus minimus" with those of modern Asiatic black bears. Asiatic black bears are close relatives to American black bears, with which they share


title: "Asian black bear" content: a European common ancestor; the two species are thought to have diverged 3 million years ago, though genetic evidence is inconclusive. Both American and Asiatic species are considered sister taxa and are more closely related to each other than other species of bear. The earliest American black bear fossils, which were located in Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, greatly resemble the Asiatic species. The first mtDNA study undertaken on Asiatic black bears suggested that the species arose after the American black bears, while a second study could not statistically resolve the branching order of sloth bears and the two black species, suggesting


title: "Asian black bear" content: that these three species underwent a rapid radiation event. A third study suggested that American black bears and Asiatic black bears diverged as sister taxa after the sloth bear lineage and before the sun bear lineage. Further investigations on the entire mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence indicate that the divergence of continental and Japanese black bear populations might have occurred when bears crossed the land bridge between the Korean peninsula and Japan 500,000 years ago, which is consistent with paleontological evidence. Until the Late Pleistocene, two further subspecies ranged across Europe and western Asia. These are "Ursus thibetanus mediterraneus" in western


title: "Asian black bear" content: Europe and the Caucasus and "Ursus thibetanus permjak" from eastern Europe, especially the Ural Mountains. Asiatic black bears are reproductively compatible with several other bear species, and have on occasion produced hybrid offspring. According to Jack Hanna's "Monkeys on the Interstate", a bear captured in Sanford, Florida was thought to have been the offspring of an escaped female Asiatic black bear and a male American black bear, and Scherren's "Some notes on hybrid bears" published in 1907 mentioned a successful mating between an Asiatic black bear and a sloth bear. In 1975, within Venezuela's "Las Delicias" Zoo, a female black


title: "Asian black bear" content: bear shared its enclosure with a male spectacled bear, and produced several hybrid descendants. In 2005, a possible black bear/ sun bear, hybrid cub was captured in the Mekong River watershed of eastern Cambodia. An Asiatic black bear/brown bear hybrid, taken from a bile farm, is housed at the Animals Asia Foundation's China Moon Bear Rescue . Asiatic black bears are diurnal, though they become nocturnal near human habitations. They may live in family groups consisting of two adults and two successive litters of young. They will walk in a procession of largest to smallest. They are good climbers of


title: "Asian black bear" content: rocks and trees, and will climb to feed, rest, sun, elude enemies and hibernate. Some older bears may become too heavy to climb. Half of their life is spent in trees and they are one of the largest arboreal mammals. In the Ussuri territory in the Russian Far East, black bears can spend up to 15% of their time in trees. Asiatic black bears break branches and twigs to place under themselves when feeding on trees, thus causing many trees in their home ranges to have nest-like structures on their tops. Asiatic black bears will rest for short periods in


title: "Asian black bear" content: nests on trees standing fifteen feet or higher. Asiatic black bears do not hibernate over most of their range. They may hibernate in their colder, northern ranges, though some bears will simply move to lower elevations. Nearly all pregnant sows hibernate. Black bears prepare their dens for hibernation in mid-October, and will sleep from November until March. Their dens can either be dug out hollow trees (sixty feet above ground), caves or holes in the ground, hollow logs, or steep, mountainous and sunny slopes. They may also den in abandoned brown bear dens. Asiatic black bears tend to den at


title: "Asian black bear" content: lower elevations and on less steep slopes than brown bears. Female black bears emerge from dens later than do males, and female black bears with cubs emerge later than barren females. Asiatic black bears tend to be less mobile than brown bears. With sufficient food, Asian black bears can remain in an area of roughly 1–2 sq km, and sometimes even as little as 0.5–1 sq km. Asiatic black bears have a wide range of vocalizations, including grunts, whines, roars, slurping sounds (sometimes made when feeding) and "an appalling row" when wounded, alarmed or angry. They emit loud hisses when


title: "Asian black bear" content: issuing warnings or threats, and scream when fighting. When approaching other bears, they produce "tut tut" sounds, thought to be produced by bears snapping their tongue against the roof of their mouth. When courting, they emit clucking sounds. Within Sikhote-Alin, the breeding season of black bears occurs earlier than in brown bears, starting from mid June to mid August. Birth also occurs earlier, in mid January. By October, the uterine horns of pregnant females grow to . By late December, the embryos weigh 75 grams. Sows generally have their first litter at the age of three years. Pregnant females generally


title: "Asian black bear" content: make up 14% of populations. Similar to brown bears, Asiatic black bears have delayed implantation. Sows usually give birth in caves or hollow trees in winter or early spring after a gestation period of 200–240 days. Cubs weigh 13 ounces at birth, and will begin walking at four days of age, and open their eyes three days later. The skulls of newborn black bear cubs bear great resemblance to those of adult sun bears. Litters can consist of 1–4 cubs, with 2 being the average. Cubs have a slow growth rate, reaching only 2.5 kg by May. Black bear cubs


title: "Asian black bear" content: will nurse for 104–130 weeks, and become independent at 24–36 months. There is usually a 2–3 year interval period before females produce subsequent litters. The average lifespan in the wild is 25 years, while the oldest Asian black bear in captivity died at the age of 44. Asiatic black bears are omnivorous, and will feed on insects, beetle larvae, invertebrates, termites, grubs, carrion, bees, eggs, garbage, mushrooms, grasses, fruits, nuts, seeds, honey, herbs, acorns, cherries, dogwood, and grain. Although herbivorous to a greater degree than brown bears, and more carnivorous than American black bears, Asiatic black bears are not as


title: "Asian black bear" content: specialized in their diet as pandas are: while pandas depend on a constant supply of low calorie, yet abundant foodstuffs, black bears are more opportunistic and have opted for a nutritional boom-or-bust economy. They thus gorge themselves on a variety of seasonal high calorie foods, storing the excess calories as fat, and then hibernate during times of scarcity. Black bears will eat pine nuts and acorns of the previous year in the April–May period. In times of scarcity, they enter river valleys to gain access to hazelnuts and insect larvae in rotting logs. From mid-May through late June, they will


title: "Asian black bear" content: supplement their diet with green vegetation and fruit. Through July to September, they will climb trees to eat bird cherries, pine cones, vines and grapes. On rare occasions they will eat dead fish during the spawning season, though this constitutes a much lesser portion of their diet than in brown bears. In the 1970s, black bears were reported to kill and eat Hanuman langurs in Nepal. They appear to be more carnivorous than most other bears, including American black bears, and will kill ungulates with some regularity, including domestic livestock. Wild ungulate prey can include muntjacs, serow, takin, wild boar


title: "Asian black bear" content: and adult water buffaloes, which they kill by breaking their necks. Asiatic black bears may be occasionally attacked by tigers and brown bears, although leopards, and packs of wolves and dholes can also be threats. Eurasian lynxes are a potential predator of cubs. Black bears usually dominate Amur leopards in physical confrontations in heavily vegetated areas, while leopards are uppermost in open areas, though the outcome of such encounters is largely dependent on the size of the individual animals. Leopards have been known to prey on cubs younger than two years old. The Asiatic black bear's range overlaps with that


title: "Asian black bear" content: of sloth bears in central and southern India, sun bears in Southeast Asia and brown bears in the southern part of the Russian Far East. Ussuri brown bears may attack black bears, though Himalayan brown bears seem to be intimidated by the black species in direct encounters. They will eat the fruit dropped by black bears from trees, as they themselves are too large and cumbersome to climb. Tigers will occasionally prey on black bears. Russian hunters may occasionally find black bear carcasses showing evidence of tiger predation, and their remains may occur in tiger scats. If they manage to


title: "Asian black bear" content: escape a tiger, black bears will attempt to rush up a tree and wait for the tiger to leave, though some tigers will pretend to leave, and wait for the bear to descend. One Manchurian tiger was reported to have lured an Asiatic black bear by imitating the species' mating call. Tigers regularly prey on young bears but adult bears are occasionally taken as well. Black bears are usually safe from tiger attacks once they reach five years of age. Although black bears prefer to avoid tigers, they can be extremely tenacious when attacked: Jim Corbett observed a fight between


title: "Asian black bear" content: a tiger and the largest black bear he had ever seen, which resulted in the bear managing to chase off the tiger, despite having half its nose and scalp torn off. However, black bears may be less vulnerable than brown bears to tiger predation, due to their habit of living in hollows or in close set rocks, thus making them harder to pursue. At least one fatal attack on a juvenile bear has been recorded in Jigme Dorji National Park, as Bhutan's tiger populations have begun to colonise higher altitude areas. Black bears may steal tiger kills: Jim Corbett twice


title: "Asian black bear" content: saw black bears carry off tiger kills when the latter was absent. Black bears typically inhabit deciduous forests, deserts, mixed forests and thornbrush forests. They rarely live in elevations of more than . They usually inhabit elevations around in the Himalayas in the summer, and will climb down to in winter. They sometimes occur at sea level in Japan. The fossil record indicates that black bears once ranged as far west as Germany and France, though the species now occurs very patchily throughout its former range, which is now limited to the Asian continent. Black bears occupy a narrow band


title: "Asian black bear" content: from southeastern Iran eastward through Afghanistan and Pakistan, across the foothills of the Himalayas in India, to Myanmar. With the exception of Malaysia, black bears occur in all countries in mainland Southeast Asia. They are absent from much of east-central China, though they have a patchy distribution in the southern and northeastern part of the country. Other population clusters exist in the southern Russian Far East and into North Korea. South Korea has a small remnant population. Black bears also occur in Japan's islands of Honshu and Shikoku and on Taiwan and Hainan. There is no definitive estimate as to


title: "Asian black bear" content: the number of Asiatic black bears: Japan posed estimates of 8–14,000 bears living on Honshū, though the reliability of this is now doubted. Although their reliability is unclear, rangewide estimates of 5–6,000 bears have been presented by Russian biologists. In 2012, Japanese Ministry of the Environment estimated the population at 15–20,000. Rough density estimates without corroborating methodology or data have been made in India and Pakistan, resulting in the estimates of 7–9,000 in India and 1,000 in Pakistan. Unsubstantiated estimates from China give varying estimates between 15–46,000, with a government estimate of 28,000. Wildlife Trust of Bangladesh conducted an on


title: "Asian black bear" content: field survey of bears in Bangladesh from 2008–2010 that included Asiatic black Bears. The survey was done in 87 different places mostly in north-central, north eastern and south eastern area of Bangladesh that had historical presence of bears. The survey result says that most of the areas still has some isolated small bear populations mainly the Asiatic black bears. According to the survey the most evidence found relating bears were of Asiatic black bears that included nests, footprints, local sighting etc. There are many reports on the presence of Asiatic black bears in central, north-central, north eastern and south eastern


title: "Asian black bear" content: parts of Bangladesh. Although Asiatic black bears still occurs in different parts of the country mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, the population is very low in number. The survey also fears that Asiatic black bears will soon be extinct from Bangladesh if necessary steps are not taken in near future. Three subspecies of Asiatic black bear occur in China: the Tibetan subspecies ("U. thibetanus thibetanus"), the Si Chuan subspecies ("U. thibetanus mupinensis"), and the northeastern subspecies ("U. thibetanus ussuricus"), which is the only subspecies of bear in northeastern China. Asiatic black bears are mainly distributed in the conifer forests