title: "Schmidt camera" content: Schmidt, with a 5° field. The retronym "lensless Schmidt" has been given to this configuration. Yrjö Väisälä originally designed an "astronomical camera" similar to Bernhard Schmidt's "Schmidt camera", but the design was unpublished. Väisälä did mention it in lecture notes in 1924 with a footnote: "problematic spherical focal plane". Once Väisälä saw Schmidt's publication, he promptly went ahead and solved the field-flattening problem in Schmidt's design by placing a doubly convex lens slightly in front of the film holder. This resulting system is known as: Schmidt-Väisälä camera or sometimes as "Väisälä camera". In 1940, James Baker of Harvard University modified


title: "Schmidt camera" content: the Schmidt camera design to include a convex secondary mirror, which reflected light back toward the primary. The photographic plate was then installed near the primary, facing the sky. This variant is called the Baker-Schmidt camera. The Baker-Nunn design, by Dr. Baker and Joseph Nunn, replaced the Baker-Schmidt camera's corrector plate with a small triplet corrector lens closer to the focus of the camera. It used a 55 mm wide film derived from the Cinemascope 55 motion picture process. A dozen f/0.75 Baker-Nunn cameras with 20-inch apertures – each weighing 3.5 tons including a multiple axis mount allowing it to


title: "Schmidt camera" content: follow satellites in the sky – were used by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to track artificial satellites from the late 1950s to mid-1970s. The Mersenne-Schmidt camera consists of a concave paraboloidal primary mirror, a convex spherical secondary mirror, and a concave spherical tertiary mirror. The first two mirrors (a Mersenne configuration) perform the same function of the correcting plate of the conventional Schmidt. This form was invented by Paul in 1935 A later paper by Baker introduced the Paul-Baker design, a similar configuration but with a flat focal plane. The addition of a flat secondary mirror at 45° to the


title: "Schmidt camera" content: optical axis of the Schmidt design creates a Schmidt-Newtonian telescope. The addition of a convex secondary mirror to the Schmidt design directing light through a hole in the primary mirror creates a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope. The last two designs are popular with telescope manufacturers because they are compact and use simple spherical optics. A short list of notable and/or large aperture Schmidt cameras. Schmidt camera A Schmidt camera, also referred to as the Schmidt telescope, is a catadioptric astrophotographic telescope designed to provide wide fields of view with limited aberrations. The design was invented by Bernhard Schmidt in 1930. Some notable


title: "Battle of Trocadero" content: assembled. Alarmed by these events, the other European powers convened in October 1822 at the Congress of Verona and authorized France to intervene in the conflict and restore the rule of Ferdinand, with only Britain abstaining from that decision. On 17 April 1823, French forces led by Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, son of the future Charles X, crossed the Pyrenees into Spain. The French forces were welcomed by the Basques and in Catalonia. The duke dispatched a force to besiege San Sebastian while he launched an attack on Madrid, held by the rebel government, which on 23 May withdrew to


title: "Norwegian Elkhound" content: Norwegian Elkhound The Norwegian Elkhound is one of the ancient Northern Spitz-type breed of dog and is the National Dog of Norway. The Elkhound has served as a hunter, guardian, herder, and defender. It is known for its courage in tracking and hunting moose (or elk) and other large game, such as bears or wolves. The Norwegian Elkhound was first presented at a dog exhibition in Norway in 1877. It is one of the oldest dog breeds, and Elkhounds have been found buried in Viking burial grounds. They make excellent family pets. The AKC breed name "Norwegian Elkhound" is a


title: "Norwegian Elkhound" content: direct translation from its original Norwegian name "Norsk Elghund", meaning "Norwegian moose dog." The breed's object in the hunt is to independently track down and hold the moose at bay—jumping in and out toward the moose, distracting its attention, while signaling to the hunters by barking very loudly—until the hunter who follows the sound can arrive to shoot it. The dog will only bark while the moose is stationary, but it can also slowly drive the moose towards shooters lying in wait. The Norwegian Elkhound is also used on a leash. In this mode of hunting, the dog leads the


title: "Norwegian Elkhound" content: hunter in the direction of the moose while keeping quiet. The breed falls under the mitochondrial DNA sub-clade referred to as d1 that is only found in northern Scandinavia. It is the result of a female wolf-male dog hybridization that occurred post-domestication. Subclade d1 originated 480-3,000 years ago and is found in all Sami-related breeds: Finnish Lapphund, Swedish Lapphund, Lapponian Herder, Jamthund, Norwegian Elkhound and Hällefors Elkhound. The maternal wolf sequence that contributed to these breeds has not been matched across Eurasia and its branch on the phylogenetic tree is rooted in the same sequence as the 33,000 year-old Altai


title: "Norwegian Elkhound" content: dog (not a direct ancestor). According to The Kennel Club breed standard ideally the dog stands about high and weighs up to . Its grey, white, and black coat is made up of two layers: an underlying dense smooth coat ranging from black at the muzzle, ears, and tip of its tail to silvery grey on its legs, tail, and underbody and an overlying black-tipped protective guard coat. An ideal Elkhound has a tightly curled tail, as the dog shown in the photograph on this page. The Elkhound is a medium-sized dog and extremely hardy. Norwegian Elkhounds are bred for


title: "Norwegian Elkhound" content: hunting large game, such as wolf, bear and moose. Although the breed is strong and hardy, the dogs typically have an inseparable bond with their masters and are quite loyal. All Elkhounds have a sharp loud bark which makes them suitable as watchdogs. Norwegian Elkhounds are loyal to their "pack" and make excellent family dogs given proper attention. They are bold, playful, independent, alert, extremely intelligent, and, at times, a bit boisterous. They rank 54th in Stanley Coren's "The Intelligence of Dogs", being of above average working/obedience intelligence. Norwegian Elkhounds sometimes carry a genetic predisposition to suffer from progressive retinal


title: "Norwegian Elkhound" content: atrophy, or, like many medium and large breeds, hip dysplasia, renal problems, and cysts, particularly in later life; they are also prone to thyroid problems. Overall, however, they are a hardy breed with few health problems. Elkhounds are prone to rapid weight gain and must not be overfed. They have a lifespan of 12–16 years. There have been reports of elkhounds living to be 18 years old and older. In Medieval times it was known as a dyrehund, meaning "animal-dog" in Norwegian, and was highly prized as a hunting dog but rarely seen or bred outside of Norway. At the


title: "Norwegian Elkhound" content: end of the 19th century the breed came to England, and in 1901 The Kennel Club officially recognized it. Norwegian Elkhound The Norwegian Elkhound is one of the ancient Northern Spitz-type breed of dog and is the National Dog of Norway. The Elkhound has served as a hunter, guardian, herder, and defender. It is known for its courage in tracking and hunting moose (or elk) and other large game, such as bears or wolves. The Norwegian Elkhound was first presented at a dog exhibition in Norway in 1877. It is one of the oldest dog breeds, and Elkhounds have been


title: "Fort Blockhouse" content: was first built on the Gosport side of the harbour in 1431 after authorisation by Henry VI. The defences were upgraded in 1495 and armed with five guns. The blockhouse was replaced in 1539 by an eight-gun battery under the orders of Henry VIII after his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The first firing of the guns is believed to have occurred during the English Civil War when the guns were aimed at Southsea Castle after Parliamentary troops had captured it. The aim was not good, however, and the cannonball landed in St. Thomas' Church in Old Portsmouth. The original


title: "Brazilian Navy" content: Portuguese Navy. These became the core of the Navy of Brazil. The Brazilian Navy came into being with the independence of the country. Some of its members were native-born Brazilians, who under Portuguese rule had been forbidden to serve, while other members were Portuguese born who adhered to the cause of independence and foreign mercenaries. A number of establishments previously created by King João VI of Portugal were incorporated into the navy such as the Department of Navy, Headquarters of the Navy, the Intendancy and Accounting Department, the Arsenal (Shipyard) of the Navy, the Academy of Navy Guards, the Naval


title: "Brazilian Navy" content: of prominent Brazilians, most notably Pinheiro Machado and the Baron of Rio Branco, to have the country recognized as an international power. A strong navy was seen as crucial to this goal. The National Congress of Brazil drew up and passed a large naval acquisition program in late 1904, but it was two years before any ships were ordered. Law no. 1452 was passed on 30 December 1905, which authorized £4,214,550 for new warship construction, £1,685,820 in 1906, three small battleships, three armored cruisers, six destroyers, twelve torpedo boats, three submarines, and two river monitors were ordered. Though the Brazilian


title: "Stefan Starzyński" content: Stefan Starzyński Stefan Bronisław Starzyński (August 19, 1893, Warsaw – between December 21 and 23, 1939) was a Polish statesman, economist, military officer and Mayor of Warsaw before and during the Siege of 1939. Stefan Bronisław Starzyński was born on August 19, 1893 in Warsaw. He participated in the 1905 school strike. After graduating from a "gymnasium", he enrolled in the Department of Economics at the Higher School of Trade ("Wyższe Kursy Handlowe"), a private-run university, now Warsaw School of Economics. In 1909 he also joined various patriotic organizations, including the Riflemen's Association ("Związek Strzelecki"). In August 1914, after the


title: "Lemon shark" content: Lemon shark The lemon shark ("Negaprion brevirostris") is a species of shark from the family Carcharhinidae. Lemon sharks can grow to in length. They are often found in shallow subtropical waters and are known to inhabit and return to specific nursery sites for breeding. Often feeding at night, these sharks use electroreceptors to find their main source of prey: fish. Lemon sharks enjoy the many benefits of group living such as enhanced communication, courtship, predatory behavior, and protection. This species of shark gives birth to live young, and the females are polyandrous and have a biennial reproductive cycle. Lemon sharks


title: "Lemon shark" content: are not thought to be a large threat to humans. The lemon shark was first named and described in 1868 by Felipe Poey. He originally named it "Hypoprion brevirostris", but later renamed it "Negaprion brevirostris." The lemon shark has also appeared in literature as "Negaprion fronto" and "Carcharias fronto" (Jordan and Gilbert, 1882), "Carcharias brevirostris" (Gunther, 1870), and "Carcharhinus brevirostris" (Henshall, 1891). The shark's yellow colouring serves as a perfect camouflage when swimming over the sandy seafloor in its coastal habitat. The lemon shark commonly attains a length of and a weight up to by adulthood, although sexual maturity is


title: "Lemon shark" content: attained at in males and in females. The maximum recorded length and weight is and , respectively. It has a flattened head with a short, broad snout, and the second dorsal fin is almost as large as the first. Lemon sharks have electroreceptors concentrated in their heads, called the ampullae of Lorenzini. These receptors detect electrical pulses emitted by potential prey and allow these nocturnal feeders to sense their prey in the dark. Lemon sharks are found from New Jersey to southern Brazil in the tropical western Atlantic Ocean. They also live off the coast of west Africa in the


title: "Lemon shark" content: southeastern Atlantic. In addition, lemon sharks have been found in the eastern Pacific, from southern Baja California to Ecuador. This species of shark often occupies the subtropical shallow waters of coral reefs, mangroves, enclosed bays, and river mouths; however, lemon sharks have also been found in the open ocean down to depths of 92 m. Although lemon sharks do swim up rivers, they never seem to travel very far into fresh water. They are found in open water primarily during migrations, and tend to stay along the continental and insular shelves for most of their lives. Information about activity patterns


title: "Lemon shark" content: and the use of space is important in understanding a species’ behavioral ecology. Animals often make decisions about habitat use by evaluating their environment’s abiotic conditions that serve as valuable indicators of good foraging sites or predator-safe locations. Lemon sharks select habitats in warm and shallow water with a rocky or sandy bottom. The environmental temperature influences an individual’s body temperature, which ultimately affects physiological processes such as growth and metabolism. Lemon sharks, therefore, select warm-water habitats to maintain optimal metabolic levels. They are believed to avoid areas with thick seagrasses because they make finding prey more difficult. Lemon sharks


title: "Lemon shark" content: tend to live in or near shallow-water mangroves, which are often the nursery areas of several species of fish. One theory is that lemon sharks select mangrove habitats due to the abundance of prey that resides there, while another theory posits that mangroves provide a safe haven from adult lemon sharks that occasionally feed on juvenile sharks and are unable to enter the shallow waters. Ontogenetic niche shifts, or changes in an animal’s niche breadth or position, to deeper waters are known to occur in relation to a lemon shark’s size. These changes occur due to the dramatic decrease in


title: "Lemon shark" content: the risk of predation as body size increases. Habitat selection clearly depends on a variety of biological and environmental variables. The mangrove areas that lemon sharks inhabit are often referred to as their nursery sites. A nursery site is best defined as the most common area sharks are encountered, the location sharks tend to remain at after birth or frequently return to, and the habitat used by shark groups repeatedly for several years. The nursery ground concept has been known and studied for at least a century. In addition, fossil evidence from 320 million years ago suggests the use of


title: "Lemon shark" content: shallow, coastal areas as pupping grounds is primitive. Lemon sharks have proven to be an ideal model species to challenge the belief that all sharks are asynchronous opportunistic predators due to their tendency to use nursery areas for an extended period of time. Lemon shark feeding behaviors are easy to determine because their well-defined home ranges are conducive to accurate calculations of both the amount and types of prey in the environment and diet of a lemon shark. Lemon sharks feed at night and are mainly piscivorous; however, they have been known to feed on crustaceans and benthic organisms. Intraspecific


title: "Lemon shark" content: predation, or cannibalism, of juvenile lemon sharks by larger conspecifics has also been documented. Rather than feeding randomly, lemon sharks display a high degree of preference for certain species and size of prey when environmental conditions are favorable. They also tend to prefer a prey when it is more abundant and available. Lemon sharks feed selectively on species that are slower and more easily captured by using a stalking technique. For example, parrotfish and mojarras are common prey in the Bahamas because they use camouflage rather than an escape response and are vulnerable due to their stationary foraging behavior. Lemon


title: "Lemon shark" content: sharks feed on prey that are intermediate in size compared to other available prey. This tendency can be explained by the tradeoff between the probability of capture and the profitability when it comes to prey size. The general trend in the foraging behavior of lemon sharks conforms to the optimal foraging theory, which suggests a positive relationship between prey selectivity and availability. Rather than rolling on their sides to rip off chunks of prey, lemon sharks approach their victim with speed only to brake suddenly using their pectoral fins upon contact. The animal then jabs forward multiple times until it


title: "Lemon shark" content: has a good grasp of its prey in its jaw and proceeds to shake its head from side to side until it tears off a chunk of flesh. A feeding frenzy, or large swarm of other sharks, then forms as the individuals sense the blood and bodily fluids released from the prey. Sounds of struggling prey also attract groups of sharks, suggesting they use sound detection for predation. Group feeding behavior such as pack hunting or communal scavenging was observed in a study in which pieces of the same stingray were found in the stomachs of several lemon shark individuals


title: "Lemon shark" content: that were caught and examined. Many species of sharks, including the lemon shark, are known to actively prefer to be social and live in groups or loose aggregations. A few benefits of group living are enhanced communication, courtship, predatory behavior, and protection. Group living and a preference for social interaction is thought to be important for the survival and success of juvenile lemon sharks. Group living, though, comes with its costs. A few include increased risk of disease, ease of parasite transmission, and competition for resources. Lemon sharks are found in groups based on similar size. Passive sorting mechanisms such


title: "Lemon shark" content: as its ontogenetic habitat shift have been postulated to contribute to the formation of groups organized based on size or sex. One exception to this behavior is that sharks up to 1 year old show no preference for groups of matched or unmatched size. One hypothesis for this finding is that it is beneficial for the small young lemon sharks to associate with the larger individuals because they have an easier time gathering information about the habitat regarding elements such as predators and local prey. Lemon shark groups form due to an active desire to be social rather than a


title: "Lemon shark" content: simple attraction to the same limited resources such as the mangrove habitat and prey associated with such a habitat. Many studies have related brain size with complex social behaviors in mammals and birds. The brain of a lemon shark, being comparable in relative mass to that of a mammal or bird, suggests they have the ability to learn from social interactions, cooperate with other individuals, and have the potential to establish dominance hierarchies and stable social bonds. Lemon sharks congregate for reproduction at special mating grounds. Females give birth to their young in shallow nursery waters to which they are


title: "Lemon shark" content: philopatric. Lemon shark young are known as pups and they tend to remain in the nursery area for several years before venturing into deeper waters. Lemon sharks are viviparous, meaning that the mother directly transfers nutrients to her young via a yolk-sac placenta and the young are born alive. Fertilization is internal and occurs after a male lemon shark holds a female, bites her, and inserts his clasper into her cloaca. Female lemon sharks are polyandrous and sperm competition occurs due to their ability to store sperm in an oviducal gland for several months. Several studies suggest that polyandry in


title: "Lemon shark" content: female lemon sharks has adapted out of convenience, rather than indirect genetic benefits to offspring. This type of polyandry is termed as convenience polyandry because females are believed to mate multiple times to avoid harassment by males. Females have a biennial reproductive cycle, requiring a year for gestation and another year for oogenesis and vitellogenesis after parturition. Lemon sharks reach sexual maturity around 12–16 years of age and have low fecundity. The maximum number of pups recorded in a litter is 18. This species of shark is best known in its behavior and ecology, mainly due to the work of


title: "Lemon shark" content: Samuel Gruber at the University of Miami, who has been studying the lemon shark both in the field and in the laboratory since 1967. The population around the Bimini Islands in the western Bahamas, where Gruber's Bimini Biological Field Station is situated, is probably the best known of all shark populations. As of 2007, this population was experiencing a severe decline and may disappear altogether as a result of destruction of the mangroves for construction of a golf resort. The lemon shark is targeted by commercial and recreational fishermen along the U.S. Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, and in the eastern Pacific


title: "Lemon shark" content: Ocean due to its prized meat, fins, and skin. Lemon shark skin may be used for leather and its meat can be consumed and is believed to be a delicacy in many cultures. Concern exists that over-fishing has led the lemon shark populations in the western north Atlantic and eastern Pacific Ocean to decline. Lemon sharks do not represent a large threat to humans. The International Shark Attack File lists 10 unprovoked lemon shark bites, none of which were fatal. Lemon shark The lemon shark ("Negaprion brevirostris") is a species of shark from the family Carcharhinidae. Lemon sharks can grow


title: "1996 California Proposition 209" content: affirmative action advocates and traditional civil rights and feminist organizations on the left side of the political spectrum. Proposition 209 was voted into law on November 5, 1996, with 55 percent of the vote, and has withstood legal scrutiny ever since. In November 2006, a similar amendment modeled on California's Proposition 209 was passed in Michigan, titled the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative. The constitutionality of the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative was challenged in the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals. The case, Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, made its way to the United States Supreme Court. On April 22,


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: Tynemouth Castle and Priory Tynemouth Castle is located on a rocky headland (known as Pen Bal Crag), overlooking Tynemouth Pier. The moated castle-towers, gatehouse and keep are combined with the ruins of the Benedictine priory where early kings of Northumbria were buried. The coat of arms of the town of Tynemouth still includes three crowns commemorating the tradition that the Priory had been the burial place for three kings. Little is known of the early history of the site. Some Roman stones have been found there, but there is no definite evidence that it was occupied by the Romans. The


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: Priory was founded early in the 7th century, perhaps by Edwin of Northumbria. In 651 Oswin, king of Deira was murdered by the soldiers of King Oswiu of Bernicia, and subsequently his body was brought to Tynemouth for burial. He became St Oswin and his burial place became a shrine visited by pilgrims. He was the first of the three kings buried at Tynemouth. In 792 Osred II, who had been king of Northumbria from 789 to 790 and then deposed, was murdered. He also was buried at Tynemouth Priory. Osred was the second of the three kings buried at


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: Tynemouth. The third king to be buried at Tynemouth was Malcolm III, king of Scotland, who was killed at the Battle of Alnwick in 1093. (This is the same Malcolm who appears in Shakespeare's "Macbeth".) The king's body was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander I, at Dunfermline Abbey, or possibly Iona. In 800 the Danes plundered Tynemouth Priory, and afterwards the monks strengthened the fortifications sufficiently to prevent the Danes from succeeding when they attacked again in 832. However, in 865 the church and monastery were destroyed by the Danes. At the same time,


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: the nuns of St Hilda, who had come there for safety, were massacred. The priory was again plundered by the Danes in 870. The priory was destroyed by the Danes in 875. The small parish church of St Mary remained. Earl Tostig made Tynemouth his fortress during the reign of Edward the Confessor. By that time, the priory had been abandoned and the burial place of St Oswin had been forgotten. According to legend, St Oswin appeared in a vision to Edmund, a novice, who was living there as a hermit. The saint showed Edmund where his body lay and


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: so the tomb was re-discovered in 1065. Tostig was killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in 1066 and so was not able to re-found the monastery as he had intended. In 1074 Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria, last of the Anglo-Saxon earls, granted the church to the monks of Jarrow together with the body of St Oswin (Oswine of Deira), which was transferred to that site for a while. In 1090 Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland decided to re-found Tynemouth Priory, but he was in dispute with William de St-Calais, the Bishop of Durham and so placed the


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: priory under the jurisdiction of the priory of St Albans. Monks were sent from St Albans in 1090 to colonise the new monastery. However, when the abbot of St Albans visited in 1093, Prior Thurgot of Durham met him and prevented the usurpation of the rights of Durham. In 1091, seamen from William II's ships plundered Tynemouth and one victim appealed to St. Oswin, whose shrine was in the priory, and the next day the ships were all lost on the rocks of Coquet Island in fair weather. Thereafter, William Rufus held St. Oswin in great reverence. In 1093 Malcolm


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: III of Scotland invaded England and was killed at Alnwick by Robert de Mowbray. Malcolm's body was buried at Tynemouth Priory for a time, but it is believed that he was subsequently reburied in Dunfermline Abbey, in Scotland. In 1095 Robert de Mowbray took refuge in Tynemouth Castle after rebelling against William II. William besieged the castle and captured it after two months. Mowbray escaped to Bamburgh Castle, but subsequently returned to Tynemouth. The castle was re-taken and Mowbray was dragged from there and imprisoned for life for treason. In 1110 a new church was completed on the site. It


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: is believed that at the time of Robert Mowbray's capture in 1095 there was a castle on the site consisting of earthen ramparts and a wooden stockade. In 1296 the prior of Tynemouth was granted royal permission to surround the monastery with walls of stone, which he did. In 1390 a gatehouse and barbican were added on the landward side of the castle. Much remains of the priory structure as well as the castle gatehouse and walls which are 3200 feet (975 m) in length. The promontory was originally completely enclosed by a curtain wall and towers, but the north


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: and east walls fell into the sea, and most of the south wall was demolished; the west wall, the gatehouse and a section of the south wall (with original wall walk) remain in good condition. In 1312 King Edward II took refuge in Tynemouth Castle together with his favourite Piers Gaveston, before fleeing by sea to Scarborough Castle. These events were dramatised by Christopher Marlowe in his play "Edward II", published in 1594. Act 2 Scene 2 of the play is set 'Before Tynemouth Castle'; Act 2 Scene 3 is set 'Near Tynemouth Castle'; and Act 2 Scene 4 is


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: set 'In Tynemouth Castle'. Tynemouth Priory was also the resting place of Edward's illegitimate son Adam FitzRoy. FitzRoy accompanied his father in the Scottish campaigns of 1322, and died shortly afterwards on 18 September 1322, of unknown causes, and was buried at Tynemouth Priory on 30 September 1322; his father paid for a silk cloth with gold thread to be placed over his body. In 1538 the monastery of Tynemouth was suppressed when Robert Blakeney was the last prior of Tynemouth. At that time, apart from the prior, there were fifteen monks and three novices in residence. The priory and


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: its attached lands were taken over by King Henry VIII who granted them to Sir Thomas Hilton. The monastic buildings were dismantled leaving only the church and the Prior's house. The castle, however, remained in royal hands. New artillery fortifications were built from 1545 onwards, with the advice of Sir Richard Lee and the Italian military engineers Gian Tommaso Scala and Antonio da Bergamo. The medieval castle walls were updated with new gunports. The castle was the birthplace of Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland in 1564, during the period when his father, the 8th Earl, was guardian of the


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: castle. The church remained in use as a parish church until 1668 when a new church was built nearby. The ruins of the church can still be seen. Beneath them is a small (18 feet by 12 feet) chapel, the Oratory of St Mary or Percy Chapel. Its notable decorative features include a painted ceiling with numerous coats of arms and other symbols, stained-glass side windows, and a small rose window in the east wall, above the altar. For some time a navigation light, in the form of a coal-fired brazier, had been maintained on top of one of the


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: turrets at the east end of the Priory church. It is not known when this practice began, but a source of 1582 refers to: "the kepinge of a continuall light in the night season at the easte ende of the churche of Tinmouthe castle ... for the more safegarde of such shippes as should passe by that coast". As Governor of Tynemouth Castle, Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland is recorded as having responsibility for the light's maintenance; and he and his successors in that office were entitled to receive dues from passing ships in return. In 1559, however, the


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: stairs leading to the top of the turret collapsed, preventing the fire from being lit. In 1665, therefore, the then Governor (Colonel Villiers) had a purpose-built lighthouse erected on the headland (within the castle walls, using stone taken from the priory); it was rebuilt in 1775. Like its predecessor, the lighthouse was initially coal-fired, but in 1802 an oil-fired argand light was installed and by 1871 it displayed a revolving red light. In 1841 William Fowke (a descendant of Villiers and his successor as Governor) sold the lighthouse to Trinity House, London. It remained in operation until 1895, when it


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: was replaced by St. Mary's Lighthouse in Whitley Bay to the north. Tynemouth Castle Lighthouse was subsequently demolished, in 1898. At the end of the 19th century the castle was used as a barracks with several new buildings being added. Many of these were removed after a fire in 1936. The castle played a role during World War II when it was used as a coastal defence installation covering the mouth of the river Tyne. The restored sections of the coastal defence emplacements are open to the public. These include a guardroom and the main armoury, where visitors can see


title: "Tynemouth Castle and Priory" content: how munitions were safely handled and protected. More recently the site has hosted the modern buildings of Her Majesty's Coastguard; however the new coastguard station, built in 1980 and opened by Prince Charles, was closed in 2001. Tynemouth Castle and Priory is now managed by English Heritage, which charges an admission fee. Tynemouth Castle and Priory Tynemouth Castle is located on a rocky headland (known as Pen Bal Crag), overlooking Tynemouth Pier. The moated castle-towers, gatehouse and keep are combined with the ruins of the Benedictine priory where early kings of Northumbria were buried. The coat of arms of the


title: "European hedgehog" content: European hedgehog The European hedgehog ("Erinaceus europaeus"), also known as the West European hedgehog or common hedgehog, is a hedgehog species found in Europe, from Iberia and Italy northwards into Scandinavia. It is a generally common and widely distributed species that can survive across a wide range of habitat types. It is a well-known species, and a favorite in European gardens, both for its endearing appearance and its preference for eating a range of garden pests. While populations are currently stable across much of its range, it is thought to be declining severely in Great Britain. "Erinaceus europaeus" has a


title: "European hedgehog" content: generalised body structure with unspecialised limb girdles. The animal appears brownish with most of its body covered by up to 6,000 brown and white spines. Length of head and body is ~ at weaning, increasing to or more in large adults. This species has an extremely short tail as an almost vestigial feature, typically . Weight increases from around at weaning to > in adulthood. The maximum recorded weight is 2000 g (4.4 lb), though few wild specimens exceed 1,600 g (3.5 lb) even in autumn. Adult summer weight is typically somewhat less than in autumn, with an average of


title: "European hedgehog" content: around and adult weights commonly as low as . Males tend to be slightly larger than females, but sex differences in body weight are overshadowed by enormous seasonal variation. "E. europaeus" is unlike any other creature across most of its range. Where it co-exists with the Northern white-breasted hedgehog ("Erinaceus roumanicus"), the two species are difficult to distinguish in the field, the latter having a white spot on its chest. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, "E. europaeus" is probably the largest species of hedgehog and is possibly the heaviest member of the Erinaceomorpha order, although the moonrat


title: "European hedgehog" content: ("Echinosorex gymnura"), similar in average mass if not known to equal to the hedgehog's maximum weight, can attain a considerably greater length. In Europe hedgehogs carry a large number of hedgehog fleas ("Archaeopsylla erinacei"). Leucistic or 'blonde' hedgehogs occasionally occur. Such specimens are believed to have a pair of rare recessive genes, giving rise to their black eyes and creamy-colored spines; however, they are not strictly speaking albino. They are extremely rare, except on North Ronaldsay and the Channel Island of Alderney where around 25% of the population is thought to be blonde. True albino forms of the hedgehog do


title: "European hedgehog" content: also occur infrequently. This species is largely nocturnal. It has a hesitant gait, frequently stopping to smell the air. Unlike the smaller, warmer-climate species, the European hedgehog may hibernate in the winter. However, most wake at least once to move their nests. They are solitary in nature with mature males behaving aggressively towards each other. Occasionally a male and female may share a hibernating spot. The European hedgehog is omnivorous, feeding mainly on invertebrates. Its diet includes slugs, earthworms, beetles, caterpillars and other insects. The preferred arthropods are the millipedes "Glomeris marginata" and "Tachypodoiulus niger" as well as the ground


title: "European hedgehog" content: beetle "Carabus nemoralis". Some fruits and mushrooms may supplement their diet. The breeding season commences after hibernation. Pregnancies peak between May and July, though they have been recorded as late as September. Gestation is 31 to 35 days. The female alone raises the litter which typically numbers between four and six, though can range from two to ten. Studies have indicated that litter size may increase in more northern climes. The young are born blind with a covering of small spines. By the time they are 36 hours old, the second, outer coat of spines begins to sprout. By 11


title: "European hedgehog" content: days they can roll into a ball. Weaning occurs at four to six weeks of age. European hedgehogs may live to ten years of age, although the average life expectancy is three years. Starvation is the most common cause of death, usually occurring during hibernation. If alarmed, the animal will roll into a ball to protect itself. Many potential predators are repelled by its spines, but predation does occur. Remains of hedgehogs have been found in the stomachs of European badgers ("Meles meles"), red foxes ("Vulpes vulpes") and pine martens ("Martes martes"). A large portion of these may be from


title: "European hedgehog" content: hedgehog carcasses, especially road-kill. However, hedgehogs tend to be absent from areas where badgers are numerous. Eurasian eagle-owls ("Bubo bubo") and golden eagles ("Aquila chrysaetos") are the only regular avian predators of this species and may even prefer them as prey. The owl, after grabbing the hedgehog by its face, tends to skin the mammal's prickly back with its talons before consumption, resulting in several hedgehog backs being found around eagle-owl roosts and nests. In Spain, reduction of European rabbit ("Oryctolagus cuniculus") numbers due to rabbit haemorrhagic disease has made the European hedgehog one of the top preferred prey species


title: "European hedgehog" content: for eagle-owls. Elsewhere, eagle-owls often prefer these hedgehogs to any other prey species, as the hedgehog can comprise up to 23% by number and 30.7% by biomass of eagle-owl prey remains. On the Swedish island of Gotland the golden eagle may take larger numbers of hedgehogs than any other prey due to an otherwise low diversity of native land mammals, although the introduction of European rabbits has shifted the eagle's prey preferences there. The European hedgehog is endemic to Europe (including European Russia), with a global distribution extending from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula eastwards through much of


title: "European hedgehog" content: western to central Europe, and from southern Fennoscandia and the northern Baltic to north-west Russia. Present also on Mediterranean islands (Corsica, Sardinia, Elba, Sicily), on most of the French Atlantic islands as well as on British Islands (autochthonous and introduced). It is an invasive exotic species in New Zealand and has probably been introduced to Ireland and many of the smaller islands where it occurs. Colonists took hedgehogs from England and Scotland to New Zealand on sailing ships from the 1860s to the 1890s mainly for sentimental reasons. Few survived the 4-6 month voyage, but those that did had lost


title: "European hedgehog" content: all their fleas. Animals found their first homes in the South Island, where their spread was helped by guards dropping them off at country railway stations. Hedgehogs were introduced to the North Island about 1906 and, from then on, their numbers increased at an exponential rate. By the 1920s they had become so numerous that game-bird hunters blamed them for reduced bag-sizes. Hedgehogs were declared noxious animals and a bounty of one shilling a snout paid by regional authorities for several years. By the 1950s, hedgehogs could be found over the whole country with the exception of the coldest wettest


title: "European hedgehog" content: corner of the South Island and alpine areas of permanent snow. Nevertheless, hedgehogs have been seen climbing New Zealand glaciers. Hedgehogs do not reach the same weight in New Zealand as in colder parts of Europe. With its milder winters, New Zealand hedgehogs hibernate for only three months of the year so do not need to put on so much weight in autumn as their ancestors. In northern New Zealand, many hedgehogs do not hibernate at all. One of New Zealand's pioneer hedgehogs probably had faulty teeth for this feature is found in about 50% of today's animals. Most New


title: "European hedgehog" content: Zealanders welcome hedgehogs in their gardens as they relish slugs and snails. Conservationists are less happy as hedgehogs compete for invertebrate food with native bush birds and prey on some rare insects, lizards and ground-nesting birds. As a result, extensive hedgehog-control programs are under way in some parts of the country, killing thousands of them. To judge by roadkill counts, North Island hedgehogs were at their highest numbers in the 1950s. Since then, roadkill counts have fallen dramatically from about 50/100 km to less than 1/100 km. refs Brockie, R.E. in Carolyn King (Ed) The Handbook of New Zealand Mammals.


title: "European hedgehog" content: 1998. Oxford. The European hedgehog is found across a wide range of habitat types, encompassing both semi-natural vegetation types and those areas that have been heavily modified by man. The range includes woodland, grasslands such as meadows and pasture, arable land, orchards and vineyards as well as within the matrix of habitat types found in human settlements. It prefers lowlands and hills up to 400–600m, but is also locally present on mountains, exceptionally up to an altitude of 1500-2000m (e.g. Alps and Pyrenees). Outside cultivated land it prefers marginal zones of forests, particularly ecotonal grass and scrub vegetation. Hedgehogs are


title: "European hedgehog" content: most abundant within the gardens, parks and amenity land close to or within human settlements. They are generally scarce in areas of coniferous woodland, marshes and moorland, probably because of a lack of suitable sites and materials for the construction of winter nests (or hibernacula), which have specific requirements. Generally, the hedgehog is widely distributed and can be found in good numbers where people are tolerant of their residence in gardens. To date, the IUCN classifies the species as Least Concern and currently the population as Stable. In some areas, they are common victims of road kills and may be


title: "European hedgehog" content: hunted by dogs, such as in Sardinia. On 28 August 2007, the new Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) [launched in 1997] included the European hedgehog on the list of species and habitats in Britain that need conservation and greater protection. In Denmark and Poland, hedgehogs are protected by law. It is illegal to capture or hurt them, but it is accepted to house underweight hedgehogs found out during winter. Hedgehogs are protected in all European countries which have signed the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. A low coverage assembly of the genome of "Erinaceus europaeus"


title: "European hedgehog" content: was released by the Broad Institute in June 2006 as part of the Mammalian Genome Project. An estimate of 36.5 million by Burton was based on extrapolating up from a density of 2.5 animals/ha (one per acre), but this was based on limited data and is probably an overestimate. A more recent estimate of 1,550,000 in Great Britain (England 1,100,000, Scotland 310,000, Wales 140,000) is more reliable, but still has a high degree of uncertainty as it is based on very limited information about hedgehog density estimates for different habitat types. Given this figure, and more firmly established rates of


title: "European hedgehog" content: decline, it is now thought likely that there are fewer than a million hedgehogs in Great Britain. In 2007 the hedgehog was classified a Biodiversity Action Plan ‘priority’ species in Britain, largely in response to negative trends identified in national surveys such as "Mammals on Roads" survey, run by People's Trust for Endangered Species (PTES), that found an annual decline in counts of road casualties of around 7% from 2001 to 2004. Historic data from the "National Gamebag Census" suggest a steady decline between 1960 and 1980. Evidence from a questionnaire in 2005 and 2006 also supported an ongoing decline,


title: "European hedgehog" content: with almost half of ~20,000 participants in PTES' "Hogwatch "survey reporting the impression that there were fewer hedgehogs than there were five years earlier. A review of the available survey data for the population trend of the hedgehog in Britain was undertaken by the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) in a report commissioned by PTES and the British Hedgehog Preservation Society (BHPS). This concluded that, at a conservative estimate, 25% of the British hedgehog population had been lost in a decade. The report also highlighted the importance of long-term monitoring to provide datasets with sufficient power to allow the changes


title: "European hedgehog" content: to the population to be identified. Currently, the most important monitoring programmes involved in collecting information about the status of the British hedgehog population are PTES’ "Mammals on Roads" and "Living with Mammals" surveys, and the BTO "Breeding Bird Survey" and "Garden BirdWatch" survey. A recent review of these surveys now suggests that rural populations have declined by at least a half and urban populations by up to a third since 2000. This species has become a serious pest in areas where it has been introduced outside of its native range. One such location is the Western Isles of Scotland,


title: "European hedgehog" content: where introduced hedgehogs eat the eggs of ground-nesting waders such as common snipe, dunlin, common redshank and northern lapwing. It is also considered a pest in New Zealand where it preys upon various native fauna. European hedgehog The European hedgehog ("Erinaceus europaeus"), also known as the West European hedgehog or common hedgehog, is a hedgehog species found in Europe, from Iberia and Italy northwards into Scandinavia. It is a generally common and widely distributed species that can survive across a wide range of habitat types. It is a well-known species, and a favorite in European gardens, both for its endearing


title: "Milan Mandarić" content: Mandarić, however, returned from Serbia to complete the deal the following week. On 13 February 2007, Mandarić was officially unveiled as owner of Leicester City. However, that the club were still a public limited company (PLC) meant he did not acquire the title of chairman for a further 23 days. In April 2007, he sacked manager Kelly and replaced him with Nigel Worthington as caretaker manager for the last five games of the season. At the end of the season, Martin Allen was named the club's new permanent manager but Allen left after only three months in charge in August


title: "Racer X (band)" content: and Gilbert instead sought the services of fellow student Harry Gschoesser. After acquiring Gschoesser, Gilbert, with the help of Varney, recruited Jeff Martin of the Phoenix metal band Surgical Steel. Martin, who still lived in Phoenix and could not regularly write songs with Racer X in Los Angeles, began writing lyrics immediately for demo tapes that Gilbert had sent him. Recording for their first album began quickly. The band began the recording process in 1985, and Racer X's debut album "Street Lethal" was released on January 1, 1986 on Mike Varney's Shrapnel Records label. With the release of "Street Lethal",


title: "Philip Vian" content: job was pre-empted by his return to the Mediterranean to command (from ) an amphibious force for the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943. In September 1943, he commanded Force V, a flotilla of escort aircraft carriers providing air support for the Allied landings at Salerno, Italy. Force V comprised the escort aircraft carriers , , and , and the maintenance carrier , acting temporarily as a light fleet carrier. The planned period had to be increased and, when General Mark Clark requested Force V to stay longer despite fuel shortages, Vian replied: "My carriers will stay here if


title: "Extra attacker" content: a sixth skater in the final minute of play; even so, the Bruins lost the game 1–0. A 2018 model by Aaron Brown and Cliff Asness based on the 2015–16 NHL season suggested that, for a team down one point where losing 2–0 is no worse than losing 1–0, the ideal to time to pull the goalie is somewhere between 5 and 6 minutes from the end of the match. As this is much earlier than is usually considered appropriate, Malcolm Gladwell cited the study in an episode of his podcast "Revisionist History" as an instance in which "disagreeableness"─which here


title: "Nissan Cefiro" content: trim levels were 2.0 and 2.5 Excimo, 2.0 and 2.5 Excimo G, 2.0 and 2.5 S Touring, and 3.0 Brougham VIP. Five-speed manual transmission was only offered for the 2.0 Excimo and 2.0 S Touring. The limited edition "L Selection" and modified Autech version were also offered in Japan. In Australia, the A33 was called Nissan Maxima and sold from 1999 through to 2003. Trim levels were S, ST, and Ti—all powered by the 3.0-liter engine. The A33 was produced until 2008 for the Malaysian market and is available as the 3.0 Brougham VIP and Excimo 2.0 G. The Malaysian


title: Kalsubai content: eastern mountain face taking off from the base village Bari. The Waki river, a tributary of Pravara, takes origin on its eastern slope and flows as a stream through the outer fringes of Bari. A short distance away from the stream a Hanuman temple has been built. This provides an important landmark to commence the trek as well as a resting post for those nearing the final lap of their trek. The route from behind this temple takes the hiker straight to the summit. The trek along this route is a mix of easy to ascend slopes as well as


title: "Leo McGarry" content: written in response to the death of the actor, and McGarry is discovered dead offscreen in his hotel room. According to executive producer Lawrence O'Donnell, the writers originally intended for Vinick to win the election. However, the death of Spencer forced him and his colleagues to consider the emotional strain that would result from having Santos lose both his running mate and the election. It was eventually decided that the last episodes would be rescripted by John Wells. Other statements from Wells, however, have contradicted O'Donnell's claims about a previously planned Vinick victory. The script showing Santos winning was written


title: "Sam Seaborn" content: Administration, often collaborating with White House Communications Director Toby Ziegler to write the President's most important public addresses, most notably States of the Union and his first inaugural address. In an episode in the third season, Sam is awed by President Bartlet's foresight and wisdom when resolving an apparent impasse among the Chinese, the Taiwanese and the United States. President Bartlet predicts that Sam will run for President someday and should not be scared; Bartlet believes that he can do it. During the fourth season, Sam decides to run for Congress in his home district — the California 47th in


title: "Plansee Group" content: Plansee Group The Plansee Group, trading name: "Plansee Holding AG", is an Austrian company which has its head office in Breitenwang (in the district of Reutte). The group of companies focuses on manufacturing powder metallurgical materials which it also processes to produce tools and formed parts. The Plansee Group is a private company, now in its third generation of ownership, that is managed by Dr. Michael Schwarzkopf. The Plansee Group is subdivided into three corporate divisions: PMG Sinterformteile was sold in December 2011. Worldwide, the Plansee Group has 36 production sites in 3 continents as well as sales offices and


title: "Plansee Group" content: representatives in 50 countries. In 2010, the Plansee Group achieved sales of 1.244 billion Euros. 50% of this turnover was earned in Europe, 31% in America and 19% in Asia. Every year, the Plansee Group invests approximately ten percent of its sales revenue in developing new products as well as in new processes and technologies. The Plansee Group companies cover the entire powder metallurgy process chain. The mined ore is used to produce pure metal powder. This is further processed using pressing, sintering and forming techniques to manufacture semi-finished products and tool blanks which are then subsequently machined. Depending on


title: "Plansee Group" content: requirements, the Plansee Group supplies metal powder, semi-finished products or ready-to-install components made from refractory and hard metals. Due to the scarcity and high price of resources, the initial step - namely the procurement of raw materials through collaborations with mines or by means of recycling - is becoming increasingly important. Although the materials that are most frequently processed by the Plansee Group are molybdenum and tungsten, it also works with other refractory metals such as tantalum, niobium and chromium as well as the associated alloys and composite materials. The company's target markets include the consumer electronics, coatings and medical


title: "Plansee Group" content: technology, semiconductor, automotive, aerospace, mechanical engineering and construction industries. The story of the Plansee Group starts with the inventive genius of the company's founder, Dr. Paul Schwarzkopf. The history of his life is closely bound up with the history of powder metallurgy itself. In 1921, he founded Metallwerk Plansee GmbH. Between 1936 and 1952, the company was owned by Deutsche Edelstahlwerke AG before Paul Schwarzkopf once again became sole proprietor of Metallwerk Plansee GmbH in 1952. In the 1980s, the Plansee Group consisted of 14 companies worldwide. By the mid-1990s, this number had grown to 24 companies. The year 2002


title: "Plansee Group" content: saw the emergence of the Ceratizit corporate division. A joint venture with the Japanese Mitsubishi Materials Group in 2005 led to the founding of the PMG corporate division. In 2008, the Plansee Group acquired the GTP division from Osram. This represented the birth of the Global Tungsten & Powders corporate division. Since 2011 Plansee Group holds shares in Molymet, a Chilean molybdenum supplier. Every four years, the Plansee Group invites guests to the Plansee Seminar. Since it was founded by Dr. Paul Schwarzkopf in 1952, this event has established itself as a meeting place for the cream of the world's


title: "Plansee Group" content: powder metallurgy experts from the fields of science and industry. The 17th seminar was held in May 2009. Only hitherto unpublished research results are presented at the Plansee Seminar, which also acts as a forum for the discussion of the latest findings relating to the technologies, materials and applications for high-performance materials manufactured using powder metallurgy. The 18th Plansee Seminar was held from June 3 to 7, 2013. Plansee Group The Plansee Group, trading name: "Plansee Holding AG", is an Austrian company which has its head office in Breitenwang (in the district of Reutte). The group of companies focuses on


title: "Earl of Chatham" content: Earl of Chatham Earl of Chatham, in the County of Kent, was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1766 for William Pitt the Elder on his appointment as Lord Privy Seal, along with the subsidiary title Viscount Pitt, of Burton Pynsent in the County of Somerset, also in the Peerage of Great Britain. The first Earl's wife, the former Lady Hester Grenville, daughter of the 1st Countess Temple, had earlier been created Baroness Chatham, of Chatham in the County of Kent, also in the Peerage of Great Britain, in 1761, as at that stage


title: "Peter Munk" content: in the years when Dr. Munk made two gifts exceeding $40 million to support the cardiovascular program at that hospital. There was not a single instance where Peter Munk interfered with the educational, research or clinical priorities of the institution." On September 3, 1956, Munk married Linda Joy Gutterson, the daughter of a Forest Hill pharmaceutical entrepreneur who gave Munk the start-up capital to fund his first company. Linda was 19, not long out of Havergal College; he was 10 years older. "'Linda tracked me down with a laser beam,' said Munk. 'I was a curiosity; I was different. Not


title: "Ticuna language" content: Some have tentatively associated the Ticuna language within the macro-arawakano or with macro-tukano, although most experts consider that this classification is highly speculative, given the lack of evidence. Recently a new and promising hypothesis has linked Yuri-Ticuna with the Saliban and Hoti languages.. However, some linguists maintain that Ticuna is actually an isolated language. Vowels qualities are . There are diphthongs and that carry a single tone, contrasting with vowel sequences and that carry two tones. There are no long vowels, but instead sequences of identical vowels (such as "aa") that carry two tones. Vowels may be nasalized or "laryngealized"


title: "Western Desert Campaign" content: month from July–October but the consumption of of fuel deliveries by road transport and truck unserviceability of reduced deliveries to the front. In November, a five-ship convoy was sunk during Operation Crusader and ground attacks on road convoys stopped journeys in daylight. Lack of deliveries and the Eighth Army offensive forced a retreat to El Agheila from 4 December, crowding the Via Balbia, where British ambushes destroyed about half of the remaining Axis transport. Convoys to Tripoli resumed and losses increased but by 16 December, the supply situation had eased, except for the fuel shortage and in December, the Luftwaffe


title: "Abbey of the Genesee" content: a number of other products such as jams and fruitcakes. The abbey is open from 2:00 am until 7:00 pm. Casual visitors are able to enter only a restricted part of the abbey. The abbey is open to serious individual guests and small groups who wish to make a retreat and avail themselves of the counseling of the monks. A small fee is charged to cover expenses. In 1974, the Dutch priest and writer Henri Nouwen was allowed to live with the community of monks as a temporary member for seven months. This is rather unusual, because while the Trappists


title: "Sandringham House" content: to focus on the expense associated with running his late father's private homes. Sandringham he described as a "voracious white elephant", and he asked his brother George to undertake a review of the management of the estate, which had been costing his father £50,000 annually in subsidies at the time of his death. The review recommended significant retrenchments, and its partial implementation caused considerable resentment among the dismissed staff. Edward spent a single night of his reign at the house, bringing Wallis Simpson for a shooting party in October 1936. The party was interrupted by a request to meet with


title: Gunther content: songs of various ages. As elsewhere in the Scandinavian tradition, Gunnar is the son of Gjuki and the brother of Gudrun and Högni. Depending on the poem Guthorm is either his full brother, step-brother, or half-brother. A sister Gullrönd also appears in one poem. Generally, none of the poems in the collection is thought to be older than 900 and some appear to have been written in the thirteenth century. It is also possible that apparently old poems have been written in an archaicizing style and that apparently recent poems are reworkings of older material, so that reliable dating is


title: "Picard (crater)" content: of the crater floor. It has a cluster of low hills at the bottom. The crater is named after the 17th-century French astronomer and geodesist Jean Picard. Johannes Hevelius mapped it as "Alopecia Insula". The crater didn't appear in Giovanni Riccioli's 1651 map, and was left unnamed for a few centuries. By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Picard. Between 100 and 120 km south are five of its six satellite craters, the other being Picard Y is more than 125 km east.


title: Neo-Gramscianism content: Neo-Gramscianism Neo-Gramscianism applies a critical theory approach to the study of international relations (IR) and the global political economy (GPE) that explores the interface of ideas, institutions and material capabilities as they shape the specific contours of the state formation. The theory is heavily influenced by the writings of Antonio Gramsci. Neo-Gramscianism analyzes how the particular constellation of social forces, the state and the dominant ideational configuration define and sustain world orders. In this sense, the neo-Gramscian approach breaks the decades-old stalemate between the realist schools of thought and the liberal theories by historicizing the very theoretical foundations of the


title: "Mirza Aslam Beg" content: Sirohey, brief the USCENTCOM on Pakistan Armed Forces battle preparations and military operational capabilities of Pakistan armed forces in Saudi contingent. The Iraq war with Kuwait was a polarizing political issue in Pakistan and Beg carefully commanded and deployed the Pakistan Armed Forces' contingent forces during the Operation Desert Storm in 1991. Beg calculated that the popular opinion would be in favor of Iraq, as the anti-American sentiment in the Middle East began to grow at that time. But, neither did Beg's strategic prediction come true nor did he get an extension. Soon after the end of Gulf war, Beg


title: Simba content: raise Simba as adoptive "parents" and disapprove of his relationship with Nala, portraying Simba as he grows from an energetic young lion cub, into an incorrigible teenager and, finally, an independent young lion. In mid-February 2017, Donald Glover was cast as adult Simba. On November 1, 2017, JD McCrary was cast as young Simba. The success of "The Lion King "and popularity of its characters led to the production of "Timon & Pumbaa", an animated television series starring Timon and Pumbaa. Simba makes several appearances, including one episode in which Timon drags him out to try to revive Pumbaa's lost


title: "Bank of Valletta" content: ATM was installed in 2010, the first in the islands, enabling customers to transact banking services from their car. Bank of Valletta Bank of Valletta plc (BOV) is a Maltese bank and financial services company headquartered in Santa Venera. It is the oldest established financial services provider in Malta and one of the largest. As of 2014, the bank had 44 branches, 6 regional business centres, a head office, and a wealth management arm located around the Maltese Islands. It has representative offices in Australia, Belgium, Libya and Italy. With the advent of British rule in Malta, a group of


title: "Teylers Museum" content: Teylers Museum Teylers Museum () is an art, natural history, and science museum in Haarlem, Netherlands. Established in 1778, Teylers Museum was founded as a centre for contemporary art and science. The historic centre of the museum is the neoclassical Oval Room (1784), which was built behind the house of Pieter Teyler van der Hulst (1702–1778), the so-called "Fundatiehuis" (Foundation House). Pieter Teyler was a wealthy cloth merchant and banker of Scottish descent, who bequeathed his fortune for the advancement of religion, art, and science. He was a Mennonite and follower of the Scottish Enlightenment. In his will, Pieter Teyler


title: "Teylers Museum" content: stipulated that his collection and part of his fortune should be used to establish a foundation for their promotion: Teylers Stichting. The Teyler legacy to the city of Haarlem was split into two societies: Teylers First or Theological Society (Dutch: "Teylers Eerste of Godgeleerd Genootschap"), intended for the study of religion and Teylers Second Society (Dutch: "Teylers Tweede Genootschap"), which was to concern itself with physics, poetry, history, drawing, and numismatics. The executors of Teyler's will, the first directors of Teylers Stichting, decided to establish a centre for study and education. Under a single roof, it would house all manner


title: "Teylers Museum" content: of suitable artifacts, such as books, scientific instruments, drawings, fossils, and minerals. The concept was based on a revolutionary ideal derived from the Enlightenment: that people could discover the world independently, without coercion by church or state. The example that guided the founders in establishing Teylers Museum was the "Mouseion" of classical antiquity: a “temple for the muses of the arts and sciences” that could also serve as a meeting place for scholars and the venue for various collections. In 1779, Leendert Viervant started on the design of an "art and book room" behind Teyler’s residence. This neoclassical room, whose


title: "Teylers Museum" content: shape quickly led it to be called the Oval Room, was designed for research and study; here, scientific experiments would be conducted, public demonstrations held, and books, drawings, and prints viewed by the public. The Oval room was opened in 1784, with the scientist Martin van Marum as its first director. A showcase in the centre displays a mineralogical collection from the 18th century and the showcases around hold 18th-century scientific instruments. The upper gallery, which was designed to let in the maximum amount of light for viewing purposes, has 12 built-in bookcases, largely containing period encyclopaedias and periodicals. Over


title: "Teylers Museum" content: the ensuing centuries, the museum was gradually extended. The arrangement of each new part was consistent with the insights of the day; thereafter it remained almost wholly unchanged. In the 19th century, the museum was expanded with two painting galleries: Teylers First Painting Gallery in 1838 and Paintings Gallery II in 1892. In 1878, to mark the first centenary, a new entrance on the Spaarne (the current main entrance) was designed by the Viennese architect Christian Ulrich. It opened in 1885. The rooms behind it – the Instrument Room, and Fossil Room I and, behind it, Fossil Room II –


title: "Teylers Museum" content: were designed by the Haarlem architect A. van der Steur. At the same time, the library was extended and a 150-seat auditorium was added. Over a century later, in 1996, a large new wing was added; this was the design of Hubert-Jan Henket. In 2002, an adjoining property was added to the museum to serve as the museum shop and multimedia room. Teylers Museum holdings include fossils (some are the first ever discovered of "Archaeopteryx"), minerals, scientific instruments, medals, coins, and paintings. The museum’s first director, Martinus van Marum contributed to and used the facilities at Teylers Museum to research


title: "Teylers Museum" content: static electricity. To study fossils, he purchased fossil material such as the "Mosasaurus". To demonstrate the principles of hydraulics, he commissioned models of mills and cranes. To disseminate natural and cultural knowledge, public experiments were conducted, such as those with van Marum’s large electrostatic generator built in 1784 by John Cuthbertson in Amsterdam (the largest in the world). Lectures were given and scientific literature published. The collection of Teylers Museum holdings include works by Michelangelo, Raphael, Guercino, and Claude Lorrain. The museum contains graphic work of Rembrandt and Adriaen van Ostade. The Painting Galleries show a collection of works from


title: "Teylers Museum" content: the Dutch Romantic School and the later Hague and Amsterdam Schools, including major works by Barend Cornelis Koekkoek, Andreas Schelfhout, Cornelis Springer, Hendrik Willem Mesdag, Jan Willem Pieneman, Anton Mauve, Jacob Maris, Jan Hendrik Weissenbruch, George Hendrik Breitner, Jozef Israëls, and Isaac Israëls. In 2007, the works of John James Audubon were displayed. The original mission of the second society included research, as well as education. After the death of van Marum, Teylers continued to attract scientists of high standing as caretakers. The theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize winner Hendrik Lorentz was appointed Curator of Teylers Physics Cabinet in 1910,


title: "Teylers Museum" content: a position he held until his death in 1928. At the time of his appointment, Lorentz was at the height of his scientific career and was a central figure in the international community of physicists. Under his leadership, the Teylers Museum conducted scientific research in such diverse fields as optics, electromagnetism, radio waves, and atom physics. Lorentz was succeeded by the physicist and musician Adriaan Fokker. Physicist Wander Johannes de Haas served as conservator in the 1920s. The museum’s entire archives have also survived intact. They include the complete series of accounts for all acquisitions, extensions, salaries and day-to-day purchases


title: "Teylers Museum" content: since 1778, the complete series of visitors’ books since 1789, and the minutes of all meetings of the museum board since 1778. The museum is open six days a week; Tuesdays-Saturday 10:00-17:00, and Sundays 12:00-17:00. The museum is on the top 100 Dutch heritage sites list compiled by the Department for Conservation in 1990. It was nominated on 12 December 2011 by the Dutch Cabinet for UNESCO world heritage status, based on its long history as a public knowledge institute and its continued efforts to preserve public access to its collections. However, the nomination was withdrawn in 2013. Marjan Scharloo


title: "Teylers Museum" content: is the museum director and Michiel Plomp is the conservator of the museum. The museum had a record number of 157,843 visitors in 2016, which was around 20,000 more than the year before and 10,000 more than the previous record in 2012. Teylers Museum is a member of the Museumvereniging (Museum Association). Teylers Museum Teylers Museum () is an art, natural history, and science museum in Haarlem, Netherlands. Established in 1778, Teylers Museum was founded as a centre for contemporary art and science. The historic centre of the museum is the neoclassical Oval Room (1784), which was built behind the


title: "José Francisco Peña Gómez" content: Peña was once again the party's standard-bearer in the presidential election. Even by Dominican standards, the 1994 campaign was violent and dirty. Peña lost to Balaguer in an extremely tight election marred by numerous irregularities. A number of Peña supporters showed up to vote only to discover their names had vanished from the rolls. Peña called a general strike which was widely supported by his followers. After international protest, an investigation was mounted that raised grave concerns about the poll's legitimacy. The electoral board didn't know the total number of registered voters, and the voting lists distributed at polling stations


title: "Rubel Phillips" content: is necessary to defend the human right to a choice? ... I fear that the state Democratic Party is unwittingly being used as a tool for the same goals of the national party. ... Today, the majority of whites of this state are not one-party Democrats but true independents -- and they are glad that there is the beginning of a second party -- so they can have a real choice. The "Vicksburg Evening Post" deplored the campaign invective and claimed that "demagoguery is replacing logic, and that appeals to passion and prejudice far outweight any effort to discuss intelligently


title: "Eagle Food Centers" content: to compete with other chains, such as Jewel-Osco, Dominick's, Hy-Vee, Walmart and Kroger . The first sign of this was the selling of the Harvest Day bakery plant in Rock Island, Illinois to the Metz Baking Company in 1998. The company went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy in March 2000. In 2003, Eagle Food Stores ceased operations, and sold off its assets. Some of the stores were acquired by other chains, such as Hy-Vee, Kroger, Albertsons, and Butera. The Downtown Eagle Corporation was founded to take over two stores - one in Clinton, Iowa and the other in Dubuque, Iowa. They


title: "Myrna Driedger" content: her leading opponent by over one thousand votes. Although the governing New Democratic Party made significant inroads in south-end Winnipeg in 2003, they were unable to do better than a third-place finish in Driedger's riding, due in part to the popularity of Manitoba Liberal Party candidate Rick Ross. Driedger has participated in a panel seeking input on possible reforms to the province's Young Offenders Act, and has also participated in programs for aboriginal children. In 2001, she visited France and Switzerland on a fact-finding mission concerning the health-care policies of these countries. In 2003, she advocated the establishment of a


title: "Oceanic crust" content: crust with laboratory determinations of seismic velocities in known rock types, and samples recovered from the ocean floor by submersibles, dredging (especially from ridge crests and fracture zones) and drilling. Oceanic crust is significantly simpler than continental crust and generally can be divided in three layers. According to mineral physics experiments, at lower mantle pressures, oceanic crust becomes denser than the surrounding mantle. The most voluminous volcanic rocks of the ocean floor are the mid-oceanic ridge basalts, which are derived from low-potassium tholeiitic magmas. These rocks have low concentrations of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), light rare earth elements (LREE),


title: "Battle of Ia Drang" content: North Vietnam] had withstood the terrible high-tech fire storm delivered against them by a superpower and had at least fought the Americans to a draw. By their yardstick, a draw against such a powerful opponent was the equivalent of a victory." Both sides routinely exaggerated the number of casualties inflicted on the other, and figures vary considerably depending on source. Four American helicopters were shot down and 55 damaged. The U.S. Army hadn't set up casualty-notification teams this early in the war. The notification telegrams at this time were handed over to taxi cab drivers for delivery to the next


title: "Barbara Billingsley" content: on TV as everyday mother June Cleaver on "Leave It to Beaver", alongside other 1950s family sitcoms such as "Father Knows Best", "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet", "Make Room For Daddy", and "The Donna Reed Show". It debuted on CBS in 1957, to mediocre ratings. The show was picked up by ABC the following year and became a hit, airing for the next five seasons. The show was broadcast in over 100 countries. Also starring on "Beaver" were Hugh Beaumont, in the role of Ward Cleaver, June's husband and the kids' father, as well as child actors Tony Dow


title: "Clannad (visual novel)" content: the game's soundtrack. The ending theme is "Torch", and both the opening and ending themes are sung by Lia. The rest of the soundtrack for both anime series is sampled from several albums released for the "Clannad" visual novel including the "Clannad Original Soundtrack", "Mabinogi", "-Memento-", "Sorarado", and "Sorarado Append". The cover art for "Sorarado Append" is also visible as the last shot in the ending video animation of the first season. An Internet radio show to promote the "Clannad" anime series called was broadcast between October 5, 2007 and October 3, 2008, containing 52 episodes. The show, produced by


title: "Video server" content: internet. In order to upload to the internet an account with an ISP (internet service provider) may be required. Phone apps that send direct security video feed to smartphones from security video servers are another recent security video server application innovation. This allows smartphone users to view security video server feed from anywhere they can use their smartphone. Video server A video server is a computer-based device that is dedicated to delivering video. Video servers are used in a number of applications, and often have additional functions and capabilities that address the needs of particular applications. For example, video servers


title: "Blue duck" content: Blue duck The blue duck or whio ("Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos") is a member of the duck, goose and swan family Anatidae endemic to New Zealand. It is the only member of the genus Hymenolaimus. Its exact taxonomic status is still unresolved, but it appears to be most closely related to the tribe Anatini, the dabbling ducks. Its Māori name, pronounced "fee-oh" and commonly used in New Zealand English, is an onomatopoetic rendition of the males' call. The whio is depicted on the reverse side of the New Zealand $10 banknote. The blue duck is long and varies in weight by sex.


title: "Blue duck" content: Females are smaller than males, weighing , whereas the males weigh . The plumage is a dark slate-grey with a greenish sheen on the head, a chestnut-flecked breast. The outer are tipped with white and the inner ones have black margins. The plumage of the two sexes are mostly the same, although the female has slightly less chestnut in the chest. The pinkish-white bill has fleshy flaps of skin hanging from the sides of its tip. The male's call is an aspirated whistle, and the female's is a rattling growl. The blue duck hatches with a green beak for just


title: "Blue duck" content: 8 hours after hatching; after which it then develops its final colour. The blue duck was first described in the 13th edition of the Systema Naturae published by Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1789. The species is the only member of its genus and has no close relatives. Its taxonomic relationships with other waterfowl species remains uncertain; DNA analysis has placed it as a sister to the South American dabbling ducks (Anatini), but with no close relative. As of 2013, it was commonly listed as "incertae sedis" but likely within the Anatinae and allied to the Anatini. It was formerly thought


title: "Blue duck" content: to be related to the shelduck tribe. Although the North Island and South Island whio are genetically distinct, they are not described as subspecies; they are, however, treated as separate management units. This species is an endemic resident breeder in New Zealand, nesting in hollow logs, small caves and other sheltered spots. It is a rare duck, holding territories on fast flowing mountain rivers. It is a powerful swimmer even in strong currents, but is reluctant to fly. It is difficult to find, but not particularly wary when located. The blue duck feeds almost entirely on aquatic invertebrates, with the


title: "Blue duck" content: majority of food items being made up of caddisfly larvae. It may on occasion take berries and the fruits of shrubs. Blue ducks nest between August and October, laying 4-9 creamy white eggs. The female incubates the eggs for 35 days and chicks can fly when about 70 days old. Nesting and egg incubation of four to seven eggs is undertaken by the female while the male stands guard. Nests are shallow, twig, grass and down-lined scrapes in caves, under river-side vegetation or in log-jams, and are therefore very prone to spring floods. For this, and other reasons, their breeding


title: "Blue duck" content: success is extremely variable from one year to the next. Captive North Island whio are held and bred on both main islands of New Zealand, but the progeny are returned to their respective island. South Island whio are held and bred in captivity in the South Island only. All captives are kept by approved and permitted zoological and wildlife facilities as part of the national recovery plan. As part of this current ten-year plan (2009-2019) is the WHIONE program which works with specially trained nose dogs to locate nests. The eggs removed and ducklings hatched and raised in captivity. Later


title: "Blue duck" content: they are conditioned for coordinated release. Blue ducks were presented to the International Waterfowl Association in the UK in the 1970s along with New Zealand shovelers, New Zealand scaup, and brown teal by The Wildlife Service of New Zealand. The species were maintained in the UK until at least 2012 before dying out. They have not been known to be exported and maintained anywhere else internationally. The blue duck is classified as Endangered by the IUCN due to its highly fragmented and shrinking population, and it is listed as Nationally Endangered in the New Zealand Threat Classification System. A 2010


title: "Blue duck" content: census estimated a total population size of 2,500-3,000 individuals, with a maximum of 1,200 pairs. The blue duck is a very localised species now threatened by predation from introduced mammals such as stoats, competition for its invertebrate food with introduced trout, and damming of mountain rivers for hydroelectric schemes. In 2009 the New Zealand Department of Conservation started a ten-year recovery programme to protect the species at eight sites using predator control and then re-establish populations throughout their entire former range. Female whio are especially vulnerable to stoats while nesting, and some populations are now 70 per cent male. In


title: "Blue duck" content: one study area, clutches of eggs lasted an average of nine days before being destroyed by stoats, and the one brood that hatched was killed the next day. In 2011 the New Zealand Department of Conservation and Genesis Energy started the Whio Forever Project, a five-year management programme for Whio. It will enable the implementation of a national recovery plan that will double the number of fully operational secure blue duck breeding sites throughout New Zealand, and boost pest control efforts. Blue duck The blue duck or whio ("Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos") is a member of the duck, goose and swan family


title: "Leadenhall Market" content: Leadenhall Market Leadenhall Market is a covered market in London, located on Gracechurch Street but with vehicular access also available via Whittington Avenue to the north and Lime Street to the south and east, and additional pedestrian access via a number of narrow passageways. It is one of the oldest markets in London, dating from the 14th century, and is located in the historic centre of the City of London financial district. The market dates from the 14th century and is said to derive its name from "Leather-hall", though it's disputable. It is typically open weekdays from 10 am until


title: "Leadenhall Market" content: 6 pm, and primarily sells fresh food; among the vendors there are cheesemongers, butchers and florists. Originally a meat, game and poultry market, it stands on what was the centre of Roman London. A number of commercial retailers are also located in the market, including clothes shops and a pen shop. The ornate roof structure, painted green, maroon and cream, and cobbled floors of the current structure, designed in 1881 by Sir Horace Jones (who was also the architect of Billingsgate and Smithfield Markets), make Leadenhall Market a tourist attraction. The main entrance to the market is on Gracechurch Street.


title: "Leadenhall Market" content: The double height entrance is flanked by tall, narrow gabled red brick and Portland stone blocks in a 17th-century Dutch style. The adjacent buildings to the south have a continuous retail frontage which is punctuated by narrow entrances to pedestrian ways into the market. Between 1990 and 1991 the market received a dramatic redecoration which transformed its appearance, enhancing its architectural character and detail. The redecoration scheme received a special mention in the Civic Trust Awards in 1994. The market is a Grade II* listed building, being listed in 1972. It was used to represent the area of London near


title: "Leadenhall Market" content: the Leaky Cauldron and Diagon Alley in the film "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" (2001) and is featured in the films "The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus," "Hereafter", "Brannigan", and "Love Aaj Kal". It was also used in the music video for the 1991 Erasure song "Love to Hate You". Leadenhall Market formed part of the marathon course of the 2012 Olympic Games; runners passed through the market from Whittington Avenue to Lime Street. Leadenhall Market Leadenhall Market is a covered market in London, located on Gracechurch Street but with vehicular access also available via Whittington Avenue to the north


title: "Hypermodernism (chess)" content: Hypermodernism (chess) Hypermodernism is a school of chess that emerged after World War I. It featured challenges to the chess ideas of central European masters, including Wilhelm Steinitz's approach to the centre and the rules established by Siegbert Tarrasch. The Hypermoderns demonstrated their new ideas with games and victories. Aron Nimzowitsch showed that games could be won through indirect control of the center, breaking with Tarrasch's view that the center must be occupied by pawns. Nimzowitsch advocated controlling the center of the board with distant pieces rather than with pawns, thus inviting the opponent to occupy the center with pawns,


title: "Jane Barnell" content: that made her believe she would never have a normal life. She returned to her grandmother's farm. In spring 1892 she met a circus performer named Professor William Heckler who talked her into stopping shaving and got her employment with John Robinson’s Circus. She tried several stage names before eventually settling on Lady Olga Roderick. At that time her beard was 13 inches long. She went back to North Carolina every winter until her grandmother died in 1899. She worked with the Robinson circus for fourteen years. At some point during her life, Barnell worked as a trapeze artist before


title: Wulingyuan content: Wulingyuan Wulingyuan (; ) is a scenic and historical site in the Wulingyuan District of south-central China's Hunan Province. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. It is noted for more than 3,000 quartzite sandstone pillars and peaks across most of the site, many over in height, along with many ravines and gorges with attractive streams, pools, lakes, rivers and waterfalls. It features 40 caves, many with large calcite deposits, and two natural bridges, Xianrenqiao (Bridge of the Immortals) and Tianqiashengkong (Bridge Across the Sky). The site is situated between and in Zhangjiajie City and lies


title: Wulingyuan content: about to the northwest of Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province. The park covers an area of 690 square kilometers (266 square miles). Wulingyuan forms part of the Wuling Mountain Range. The scenic area consists of four national parks, which are the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Suoxi Valley Nature Reserve, Tianzi Mountain Nature Reserve and the recently added Yangjiajie Scenic Area. Overall there are over 560 attraction sights to view. Wulingyuan Wulingyuan (; ) is a scenic and historical site in the Wulingyuan District of south-central China's Hunan Province. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992.


title: "Air (visual novel)" content: the guard and a sect of Buddhist monks follow them. After catching up, they place a curse on Kanna where she must endure constant reincarnation and death whenever she finds love; Misuzu is one such reincarnation. In the last arc, Air, Yukito's final wish to save Misuzu's life is heard. The timeline of the Dream arc has been reset, although it is now seen through the viewpoint of a crow Misuzu finds and names Sora. New things are revealed that were not seen following Yukito in the Dream arc. After Misuzu finds Sora and brings him back home, her condition


title: Graboid content: enough to allow the Graboid to pluck off the prey. When they are unable to break down the prey's hiding spot, the undaunted Graboids will continue circling it, like sharks at sea, until it ceases making vibrations. Usually they wait so long the prey dies of dehydration or starvation, i.e. several days. Graboids are depicted as highly intelligent, possessing memory and the ability to learn. For instance, in the first "Tremors" film the characters successfully killed a Graboid by having it swallow homemade dynamite. The second Graboid (nicknamed "Stumpy" by Val) had apparently noticed this trap and simply regurgitated the


title: "Alphonso Ford" content: points per game, he was selected to the All-EuroLeague 2002–03 First Team, after Siena qualified to the 2003 EuroLeague Final Four. Unfortunately, Ford had one of his worst shooting nights ever, in the semifinal against Benetton Treviso: he scored 15 points, making only 5 of his 19 shots. His 7 rebounds and 2 steals did not allow his team to overcome Benetton's obstacle, as they lost 62–65 in a highly intense game. In the Italian League 2002–03 season, Ford averaged 19.1 points per game, and Siena finished in fourth place in the league. Despite his leukemia being in an advanced


title: "British Amateur Rugby League Association" content: by BARLA's inclusion in the Emerging Nations World Championship in 2000. BARLA won the Emerging Nations World Championship beating Italy 20–14 in the final. BARLA runs many leagues, mainly based in the 'heartland' areas of the sport (Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumbria). The top division under their control is the National Conference League, with regional leagues including the North West Counties, Yorkshire, Cumberland, Pennine Hull & District and Barrow & District leagues. Its top knock-out competition is the BARLA National Cup and there are county cups for Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumbria. There is an InterTown Series played over the summer between


title: "Bearded lady" content: bearded women throughout the centuries, and Shakespeare also mentioned them in "Macbeth": “you should be Women, And yet your beards forbid me to interpret, That you are so”. (138–46; 1.3. 37–45) However, there are no known productions of "Macbeth" which include bearded witches. Sometimes it is caused by use of anabolic steroids. Cultural pressure leads most to remove it, as it may be viewed as a social stigma. The “bearded lady” is a cliché—a staple of a carnival sideshow. Darwin’s ideas on sexual selection that influenced the perception of women with excess facial hair were applied differently across race. Black


title: "NBA 2K" content: The game’s standard edition cover athlete is Giannis Antetokounmpo of the Milwaukee Bucks, while the cover athlete for the Australian and New Zealand version of the game is Ben Simmons of the Philadelphia 76ers. The "NBA 2K" series has achieved consistent critical and commercial success. Elements of the series that are frequently praised include its presentation, specifically its commentary, attention to detail, and soundtrack, its abundance of content, its overall gameplay, and its consistency in terms of yearly releases without any drastic dips in quality. Technical issues have plagued many of the releases, however, particularly in regards to the online


title: "John Gall (author)" content: Dynasty. This interest arose from a trip John Gall had made to Egypt in 1969. In 1975 he published his systems research under the title "General systemantics", republished two years later as "Systemantics: How Systems Work and Especially How They Fail" by Quadrangle, The New York Times Book Company. This work has been translated into Spanish, German, Hebrew, and Japanese. In 1986 the second edition was published with the title "Systemantics: The Underground Text of Systems Lore.", which was almost twice the size of the first edition. In 2002 he published a third edition under the title "The Systems Bible".


title: "Near Islands" content: known as the Ingenstrem Rocks. The total land area of all of the Near Islands is 1,143.785 km² (441.618 sq mi), and their total population was 47 persons as of the 2000 census. The only populated island is Shemya; the U.S. Coast Guard station on Attu closed in 2010 and all inhabitants left the island later that year. The islands were named "Near Islands" by Russian explorers in the 18th century because they were the nearest of the Aleutian Islands to Russia. They are the farthest of the islands from mainland Alaska. During the Second World War, the Japanese Imperial


title: "Hair dryer" content: Hair dryer A hair dryer, hairdryer or blow dryer is an electromechanical device that blows ambient or hot air over damp hair to speed the evaporation of water to dry the hair. Blow dryers enable better control over the shape and style of hair, by accelerating and controlling the formation of temporary hydrogen bonds within each strand. These bonds are powerful (allowing stronger hair shaping than the sulfur bonds formed by permanent waving products) but are temporary and extremely vulnerable to humidity. They disappear with a single washing of the hair. Hairstyles using blow dryers usually have volume and discipline,


title: "Hair dryer" content: which can be further improved with styling products and hairbrushes during drying to add tension, hold and lift. Blow dryers were invented in the late 19th century. The first model was created by Esther F. "Beau" Godefroy in his salon in France in 1890. The handheld, household hair dryer first appeared in 1920. Blow dryers are used in beauty salons by professional stylists and in the household by consumers. Most hair dryers consist of electric heating coils and a fan (usually powered by a universal motor). The heating element in most dryers is a bare, coiled nichrome wire that is


title: "Hair dryer" content: wrapped around mica insulators. Nichrome is used because of two important properties: It is a poor conductor of electricity and it does not oxidize when heated. A survey of stores in 2007 showed that most hair dryers had ceramic heating elements (like ceramic heaters), because of their "instant heat" capability. This means that it takes less time for the dryers to heat up and for the hair to dry. Many of these dryers have "normal mode" buttons that turn off the heater and blow room-temperature air while the button is pressed. This function helps to maintain the hairstyle by setting


title: "Hair dryer" content: it. The colder air reduces frizz and can help to promote shine in the hair. Many feature "ionic" operation, to reduce the build-up of static electricity in the hair, though the efficacy of ionic technology is of some debate. Manufacturers claim this makes the hair "smoother". Some stylists consider the introduction of ionic technology to be one of the most important advances in the beauty industry. Hair dryers are available with attachments, such as diffusers, airflow concentrators, and comb nozzles. Hair dryers have been cited as an effective treatment for head lice and earwax-prevention. Today there are two major types


title: "Hair dryer" content: of blow dryers (hair dryers): the handheld and the rigid-hood dryer. A hood dryer has a hard plastic dome that fits over a person's head to dry their hair. Hot air is blown out through tiny openings around the inside of the dome so the hair is dried evenly. Hood dryers are mainly found in hair salons. In 1890 the first hairdryer was invented by French stylist Fay Godefroy. His invention was a large, seated version that consisted of a bonnet that attached to the chimney pipe of a gas stove. Godefroy invented it for use in his hair salon


title: "Hair dryer" content: in France, and it was not portable or handheld. It could only be used by having the person sit underneath it. Armenian American inventor Gabriel Kazanjian was the first to patent a blow dryer in the United States, in 1911. Around 1915, hair dryers began to go on the market in handheld form. This was due to innovations by National Stamping and Electricworks under the white cross brand, and later U.S. Racine Universal Motor Company and the Hamilton Beach Co., which allowed the dryer to be small enough to be held by hand. Even in the 1920s, the new dryers


title: "Hair dryer" content: were often heavy, weighing in at approximately , and were difficult to use. They also had many instances of overheating and electrocution. Hair dryers were only capable of using 100 watts, which increased the amount of time needed to dry hair (the average dryer today can use up to 2000 watts of heat). Since the 1920s, development of the hair dryer has mainly focused on improving the wattage and superficial exterior and material changes. In fact, the mechanism of the dryer has not had any significant changes since its inception. One of the more important changes for the hair dryer


title: "Hair dryer" content: is to be made of plastic, so that it is more lightweight. This really caught on in the 1960s with the introduction of better electrical motors and the improvement of plastics. Another important change happened in 1954 when GEC changed the design of the dryer to move the motor inside the casing. The bonnet dryer was introduced to consumers in 1951. This type worked by having the dryer, usually in a small portable box, connected to a tube that went into a bonnet with holes in it that could be placed on top of a person's head. This worked by


title: "Hair dryer" content: giving an even amount of heat to the whole head at once. The 1950s also saw the introduction of the rigid-hood hair dryer which is the type most frequently seen in salons. It had a hard plastic helmet that wraps around the person's head. This dryer works similarly to the bonnet dryer of the 1950s but at a much higher wattage. In the 1970s, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission set up guidelines that hair dryers had to meet to be considered safe to manufacture. Since 1991 the CPSC has mandated that all dryers must use a ground fault circuit


title: "Hair dryer" content: interrupter so that it cannot electrocute a person if it gets wet. By 2000, deaths by blowdryers had dropped to fewer than four people a year, a stark difference to the hundreds of cases of electrocution accidents during the mid-20th century. Hair dryer A hair dryer, hairdryer or blow dryer is an electromechanical device that blows ambient or hot air over damp hair to speed the evaporation of water to dry the hair. Blow dryers enable better control over the shape and style of hair, by accelerating and controlling the formation of temporary hydrogen bonds within each strand. These bonds


title: "Joseph S. Clark Jr." content: which was long controlled by a Republican machine. Clark was an unsuccessful candidate for the Philadelphia City Council in 1933, with Dilworth serving as his campaign manager. The following year, he joined the firm of Dechert, Bok, Smith and Clark, and continued to practice law for seven years. He managed Dilworth's unsuccessful campaign for the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1934. From 1934 to 1935, he served as Deputy Attorney General of Pennsylvania. In this capacity, he engaged in trial work related to the closing of banks. In August 1941, Clark enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces (AAF) and