title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: time when Spain was the foremost power in the world. During the reigns of Philip IV and Charles II several magnificent plays were performed in the park for the royal family and the court. The gardens were neglected after the death of Philip IV in 1665, but have been restored and changed on many occasions, notably after being opened to the public in 1767 and becoming the property of the municipality in 1868. Philip V (1700–1746) ordered the creation of a parterre, the only French-style garden in the complex. During the reign of Ferdinand VI, Buen Retiro was the setting


title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: for magnificent Italian operas. Charles III (1759–1788) saw to the beautification of its perimeter, replacing the old walls with elegant wrought-iron railings. Juan de Villanueva's Astronomical Observatory was built during the reign of Charles IV (1788–1808). The Buen Retiro Palace was used until the era of Charles III. Most of the palace was destroyed during the Peninsular War (1807–1814) with the First French Empire. The reign of Queen Isabella II saw profound changes in the "Retiro". During the queen's minority, the gardens enjoyed a particularly prosperous period, with the planting of shade and fruit trees, and previously unplanted areas like


title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: the "Campo Grande", were landscaped as well. The gardens eventually passed to public ownership in 1868, at the time of the overthrow of Queen Isabella. In 1883 it hosted the Exposición Nacional de Minería. "El Retiro" gradually became the green heart of the city. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Monument to Alfonso XII of Spain was erected next to the pond, designed by architect José Grases Riera. Countless statues, fountains and commemorative monuments have filled the park and converted it into an open-air sculpture museum. The nineteen-thirties and forties witnessed the creation of new gardens attributed to


title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: Chief Gardener Cecilio Rodriguez who designed and built the rose garden. Close to the northern entrance of the park is the "Estanque del Retiro" (""Retiro Pond""), a large artificial pond. Next to it is the monument to King Alfonso XII, featuring a semicircular colonnade and an equestrian statue of the monarch on the top of a tall central core. The Rosaleda rose garden. Among the many rose bushes of all kinds stands the Fountain of the Fallen Angel, erected in 1922, whose main sculpture "El Angel Caído" (at the top) is a work by Ricardo Bellver (1845–1924) inspired by a


title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: passage from John Milton's "Paradise Lost", which represents Lucifer falling from Heaven. It is claimed that this statue is the only known public monument of Satan. The few remaining buildings of the Buen Retiro Palace, including Casón del Buen Retiro and the Salon de Reinos, now house museum collections. The Casón has a collection of 19th- and 20th-century paintings, including art by the Spanish painter Joaquín Sorolla. The Ejército, one of Spain's foremost Army museums, has moved to Toledo. Since assuming its role as a public park the late 19th century, the "Parque del Retiro" has been used as a


title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: venue for various international exhibitions. Several emblematic buildings have remained as testimony to such events, including the Mining building, popularly known as the Velázquez Palace (1884) by architect Ricardo Velázquez Bosco, who also designed the "Palacio de Cristal" (""Crystal Palace""), a glass pavilion inspired by The Crystal Palace in London, undoubtedly the gardens' most extraordinary building. Built along with its artificial pond in 1887 for the Philippine Islands Exhibitions, the Palacio de Cristal was first used to display flower species indigenous to the archipelago. The landscape-style gardens located in the former "Campo Grande" are also a reminder of the international


title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: exhibitions that have taken place here in the past. The Paseo de la Argentina, also popularly known as Paseo de las Estatuas (""Statue Walk""), is decorated with some of the statues of kings from the Royal Palace, sculpted between 1750 and 1753. There are now art galleries in the "Crystal Palace", "Palacio de Velázquez", and "Casa de Vacas". In the Retiro Park is also the Forest of Remembrance ("Bosque del recuerdo"), a memorial monument to commemorate the 191 victims of the 11 March 2004 Madrid attacks. From late May through early October, every Sunday at midday, the Banda Sinfónica de


title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: Madrid gives free concerts from the bandstand in the park near the Calle de Alcalá. Manuel Lillo Torregrosa composed 'Kiosko del Retiro' to this bandstand. The Park also features an annual Book Fair. Not only is there an annual book fair, but shelves for used books where people will drop off their used books, magazines, or newspapers. There are events throughout the year such as concerts, firework shows, and holiday/cultural events. There is also an outdoor exercising area for both the old and the young. While the older one includes equipment to stretch, keep arthritis in check, and keeps the


title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: elderly active with things such as bicycle pedals. The younger portion includes bars for triceps dips, pull-ups, sit-ups, and locals have brought bigger stones to use as weights. Around the lake, Retiro Pond, many puppet shows perform, and all manner of street performers and fortune tellers. Rowboats can be rented to paddle about the Estanque, and horse-drawn carriages are available. If rowing is not your forte there is a solar powered boat you can book passage on. Retiro provides multiple different sports courts that are managed by the city. For children there are multiple playground areas as well as ponds


title: "Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid" content: throughout the park with ducks you can feed. The inside of the Palacio de Cristal has been modified to include the edition of a stone slide in the interior. The major paths and walkways are used by families, runners, bikers and rollerbladers. Parque del Buen Retiro, Madrid The Buen Retiro Park (Spanish: "Parque del Buen Retiro", literally "Park of the Pleasant Retreat", or simply "El Retiro") is one of the largest parks of the city of Madrid, Spain. The park belonged to the Spanish Monarchy until the late 19th century, when it became a public park. The Buen Retiro Park


title: "Double bind" content: not merely in the selective survival of those persons who happen to select appropriate environments but also in the modification of family environment in a direction which might enhance the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the individual members." René Girard, in his literary theory of mimetic desire, proposes what he calls a "model-obstacle", a role model who demonstrates an object of desire and yet, in possessing that object, becomes a rival who obstructs fulfillment of the desire. According to Girard, the "internal mediation" of this mimetic dynamic "operates along the same lines as what Gregory Bateson called the ‘double bind’."


title: "Nyota (bonobo)" content: language and culture in a second-generation bonobo reared in a bi-cultural environment. On Monday, April 25, 2005 he, his brother Nathan (died May 15, 2009) and mother Panbanisha (died November 6, 2012) moved to the Great Ape Trust in Iowa. His father, P-suke (died July 7, 2006 in Iowa), uncle Kanzi, grandmother Matata, and other relatives were also moved to the Trust. Nyota (bonobo) Nyota (pronounced "en-Yo-ta"; born 1998), also known by the lexigram , is a bonobo. Nyota was born at the Language Research Center at Georgia State University. His mother was Panbanisha and his father was P-suke. With


title: "Temburong District" content: district. The SAF Commandos regularly conducts jungle training here. Popular sports in Temburong include football, top-spinning, netball and sepak takraw. Temburong District Temburong is the easternmost district ("daerah") in Brunei. It is an exclave, as it is separated from the rest of Brunei by Malaysia and Brunei Bay. Bangar is the town and administrative centre of the district. In 2016, Temburong had a population of 10,543. The district borders Brunei Bay to the north and Sarawak, Malaysia to the east, south and west. The area covers . The Temburong River flows through the district, and the Sungai Pandaruan river forms


title: "Nikola Šarčević" content: and country music. On 20 April 2003, the band cancelled their US Tour after Nikola reported the disappearance of his brother, Miodrag Šarčević. Miodrag was found, deceased, four years later. Nikola was listed as one of the "World's Sexiest Vegetarians" in 2008 and 2009, despite the fact that Nikola claims he is not a vegetarian. Šarčević's second solo album, "Roll Roll and Flee", was released on 23 October 2006. On 2 December 2009, Šarčević announced on his official Facebook page that he would release his third solo record "Nikola & Fattiglapparna" in 2010. The 11-song album was his first release


title: "Common dace" content: Common dace The common dace ("Leuciscus leuciscus"), the dace or the Eurasian dace, is a fresh- or brackish-water fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae. It is an inhabitant of the rivers and streams of Europe north of the Alps as well as in Northern Asia. It is abundant in much of its range, and has also spread to Ireland where it is used as a bait fish. It will grow to a maximum length of , a maximum weight of , and may live for up to 16 years. The common dace natively lives in a temperate climate and prefers


title: "Common dace" content: water with a 6.0 to 8.0 pH and an ideal temperature range of . It prefers clear streams flowing over a gravelly bottom, and deep, still water, keeping close to the bottom in winter, but disporting itself near the surface in the sunshine of summer. It is preyed upon by the larger predaceous fishes of fresh waters, and owing to its silvery appearance is a favourite bait in pike angling. Its flesh is wholesome and is sometimes caught for food, but is not held in much estimation. While typically a freshwater fish, the dace enters brackish waters in the eastern


title: "Common dace" content: Baltic Sea. The dace is a lively, active fish, of gregarious habits, and exceedingly prolific, depositing its pale yellow eggs in the spring at the roots of aquatic plants or in the gravelly beds of the shallow, flowing streams it frequents. It poses a risk as a potential pest in some areas. In appearance it closely resembles the roach in both size and shape, with the head and back of a dusky blue color and the sides of a shining silvery aspect, with numerous dark lines running along the course of the scales. The ventral and anal fins are white,


title: "Common dace" content: tinged with pale red, and the dorsal, pectoral and caudal tipped with black. The dace feeds on worms, insects, insect-larvae, snails, and also vegetable matter, albeit rarely. In the United States, the name of dace is also applied to members of other genera of the family; the horned dace is a well-known species. In angling, the dace is known to respond to dry flies, particularly in the summer months. Common dace The common dace ("Leuciscus leuciscus"), the dace or the Eurasian dace, is a fresh- or brackish-water fish belonging to the family Cyprinidae. It is an inhabitant of the rivers


title: "Douglas squirrel" content: Douglas squirrel The Douglas squirrel ("Tamiasciurus douglasii") is a pine squirrel found in the Pacific coastal states of the United States as well as the southwestern coast of British Columbia in Canada. It is sometimes known as the chickaree or pine squirrel, although these names are also used for the American red squirrel. Variant spellings of the common name are Douglas' squirrel and Douglas's squirrel. The Native Americans of Kings River called it the "Pillillooeet", in imitation of its characteristic alarm call. John Muir described the Douglas squirrel, "Tamiasciurus douglasii", as "by far the most interesting and influential of the


title: "Douglas squirrel" content: California Sciuridæ". Adults are about 33 cm in length (including its tail, which is about 13 cm long), and weigh between 150 and 300 grams. Their appearance varies according to the season. In the summer, they are a grayish or almost greenish brown on their backs, and pale orange on the chest and belly, while legs and feet appear brown. In the winter, the coat is browner and the underside is grayer; also, the ears appear even tuftier than they do in summer. Like many squirrels, Douglas squirrels have a white eye ring. Mating can occur as early as February.


title: "Douglas squirrel" content: Gestation is about four weeks, and the young (which are altricial) are weaned at about eight weeks of age. There may be up to six kits in a litter, though four is more usual. In the southern and lower parts of their range they produce two litters each year. Douglas squirrels live in coniferous forest habitats along the Pacific Coast, from the Sierra Nevada (mountains) of California, northwards to the southwestern coast of British Columbia. "Tamiasciurus douglasii" prefer old-growth forests or mature second-growth forests, and some authors regard them as dependent on its presence. They are territorial; in winter, each


title: "Douglas squirrel" content: squirrel occupies a territory of about 10 000 square metres, but during the breeding season a mated pair will defend a single territory together. Douglas squirrels are active by day, throughout the year, often chattering noisily at intruders. In summer nights, they sleep in ball-shaped nests that they make in the trees, but in the winter they use holes in trees as nests. Groups of squirrels seen together during the summer are likely to be juveniles from a single litter. Douglas squirrels mostly eat seeds of coniferous trees such as Douglas fir ("Pseudotsuga menziesii"), Sitka spruce ("Picea sitchensis") and shore


title: "Douglas squirrel" content: pine ("Pinus contorta"). They also eat acorns, berries, mushrooms, the eggs of birds such as yellow warblers, and some fruit including strawberries and plums. Douglas squirrels are larder hoarders, storing their food in a single location or 'larder' called a midden. As the squirrel peels the scales off cones to get at the seeds, the discarded scales accumulate into piles that can grow to more than a meter across as the same site is used by generations of squirrels. Their predators include American martens, bobcats, domestic cats, northern goshawks, and owls; although they quickly acclimatise to human presence, humans can


title: "Douglas squirrel" content: be a threat to them, through robbing of their cone caches to find seeds for tree cultivation and through the destruction of old growth forest. However, the squirrels' numbers appear to be unaffected by commercial thinning of forests. Douglas squirrel The Douglas squirrel ("Tamiasciurus douglasii") is a pine squirrel found in the Pacific coastal states of the United States as well as the southwestern coast of British Columbia in Canada. It is sometimes known as the chickaree or pine squirrel, although these names are also used for the American red squirrel. Variant spellings of the common name are Douglas' squirrel


title: "Nick Owen" content: Nick Owen Nicholas Corbishley Owen (born 1 November 1947) is an English television presenter and newsreader, best known for presenting the breakfast television programme "TV-am" and the BBC's local news show "Midlands Today" since 1997. He was also the Chairman of Luton Town Football Club between 2008 and 2017. Owen was born in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, to father Bertie, a headmaster and Dunkirk veteran, and mother Esme ("née" Burton), a music teacher. He attended Kingsland Grange prep school, an independent boarding school in Shrewsbury which has since been renamed Shrewsbury High Prep School, between the ages of 7 and 13, then


title: "Habsburg Spain" content: by the Duke of Medina-Sidona. The Armada's goal was to ferry Spanish troops from the Netherlands to invade England. After three days of fighting with the English fleet, the Armada withdrew and was forced to make the journey around the coast of Scotland and Ireland, many ships being wrecked by storms. Spain had invested itself in the religious warfare in France after Henry II's death. In 1589, Henry III, the last of the Valois lineage, died at the walls of Paris. His successor, Henry IV of France, the first Bourbon king of France, was a man of great ability, winning


title: "Working Families Party" content: criminal justice. In the 1998 election for governor of New York, the party cross-endorsed the Democratic Party candidate, Peter Vallone. Because he received more than 50,000 votes on the WFP line, the party gained an automatic ballot line for the succeeding four years. Patricia Eddington of the WFP was elected to the New York State Assembly. In the 2002 election, the Liberal Party, running Andrew Cuomo (who had withdrawn from the Democratic primary), and the Green Party, running academic Stanley Aronowitz, failed to reach that threshold and lost the ballot lines they had previously won. This left the WFP as


title: "Hawarden Castle (medieval)" content: was lost. King Edward I's sense of outrage was such that he designed a punishment for Dafydd harsher than any previous form of capital punishment; Dafydd was hanged, drawn, and quartered in Shrewsbury in October 1283. In 1294 the castle was captured during the revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn. After the English Civil War in the 17th century the castle was slighted on the orders of Oliver Cromwell. Its ruins are on the New Hawarden Castle estate and are open to the public on some Sundays, typically the second and fourth Sundays in summertime. Hawarden Castle (medieval) Hawarden Old Castle


title: "Star Wars Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords" content: Exile will either be joined by Mical the Disciple (female) or Brianna the Handmaiden (male). The game features three main antagonists: Darth Traya, a mysterious assailant who remains in the dark through most of the game; , an undead Sith Lord with a murderous hatred for Jedi; and , a Sith Lord whose physical being was destroyed due to his immense affinity to the Force. While hiding on the "Harbinger", a Republic cruiser, the Exile is sedated by HK-50, an assassin droid, to be delivered to a crime syndicate called the Exchange, who have put out a bounty on live


title: "Hinduism and LGBT topics" content: in power in India at the time, refused to ban it. Similar protests occurred in 2004 against the lesbian-themed film "Girlfriend" — even though the portrayal of lesbianism was this time distinctly unsympathetic. Several human-rights groups such as the People's Union for Civil Liberties have asserted that sexual minorities in India face severe discrimination and violence, especially those from rural and lower caste backgrounds. In her book, "Love's Rite", Ruth Vanita examines the phenomena of same-sex weddings, many by Hindu rites, which have been reported by the Indian press over the last thirty years and with increasing frequency. In the


title: Pauraque content: Pauraque The pauraque ("Nyctidromus albicollis") – also called the common pauraque to distinguish it from similar species – is a nightjar species, one of two birds in the genus "Nyctidromus". It breeds in the subtropical and tropical of the New World, and except for northernmost birds it is largely resident all year round. This medium-sized nightjar is long and has two colour morphs, the plumage being variegated greyish-brown or rufous-brown. It is long-tailed and has broad rounded wings. The buff 'eyering' and 'facial stripe' contrast with the reddish sides of the face. The adult male pauraque has a white band


title: Pauraque content: near the wing tips, and the outer tail feathers are mainly white. The female's wing band is narrower and the white in the outer tail is more restricted. There are seven subspecies of the pauraque, differing in size and greyness. The male pauraque's song is very variable, but includes a whistled "weeeow wheeooo" ("who-r-you"), soft "puk puk" and a "whip" given in the courtship flight as he flutters around the female. Her call is a rapid succession of "whip" sounds. The breeding range of the common pauraque extends from southern Texas to the lower Paraná River region. Most populations are


title: Pauraque content: all-year residents, although the U.S. breeders ("N. a. merrilli") may winter in eastern Mexico. At the southern end of its range, subspecies "N. a. derbyanus" ranges from central and southern Brazil into the adjacent parts of Bolivia, and through Paraguay into Argentina and Uruguay. Even the southernmost birds seem to be nonmigratory, but at the limit of its range the species is only patchily distributed. For example, it is not recorded to breed in Entre Ríos Province (Argentina) and it is scarce in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil); about its presence in Uruguay likewise little is known, except that a


title: Pauraque content: population of some size is found along the Yaguarón River in the Cuchilla de Mangrullo region. It is found in open woodland/grassland habitats, but also scrubland and crop fields. This species has long legs (by nightjar standards) with bare tarsi, and is more terrestrial than most of its relatives. If disturbed, it will sometimes run rather than fly, and it frequently rests on roads and tracks. In general it prefers mixed habitat which offers densely vegetated hiding places – ideally forest – for the day, as well as open landscape – perhaps even rivers or wetlands – to hunt at


title: Pauraque content: night. The pauraque is nocturnal, like other nightjars, and starts to fly at dusk. Like its relatives, it feeds on insects caught in flight, usually by flycatching from a low perch, but also by foraging over open ground. No nest is made; the two elongated and elliptical pinkish eggs are placed upon the bare ground or leaf litter. Not globally threatened, it is considered a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN. Being an adaptable species that will tolerate human disturbance of habitat well, the pauraque has actually benefitted from limited deforestation. Logging creates areas of low and secondary growth


title: Pauraque content: in which the birds are able to hunt more efficiently. However, it will of course abandon heavily built-up or clear-cut locales, and, in addition, it is very vulnerable to predation by feral dogs and cats, disappearing from areas where these pests are abundant. Pauraque The pauraque ("Nyctidromus albicollis") – also called the common pauraque to distinguish it from similar species – is a nightjar species, one of two birds in the genus "Nyctidromus". It breeds in the subtropical and tropical of the New World, and except for northernmost birds it is largely resident all year round. This medium-sized nightjar is


title: Hartebeest content: Hartebeest The hartebeest (; "Alcelaphus buselaphus"), also known as kongoni, is an African antelope. Eight subspecies have been described, including two sometimes considered to be independent species. A large antelope, the hartebeest stands just over at the shoulder, and has a typical head-and-body length of . The weight ranges from . It has a particularly elongated forehead and oddly shaped horns, short neck, and pointed ears. Its legs, which often have black markings, are unusually long. The coat is generally short and shiny. Coat colour varies by the subspecies, from the sandy brown of the western hartebeest to the chocolate


title: Hartebeest content: brown of the Swayne's hartebeest. Both sexes of all subspecies have horns, with those of females being more slender. Horns can reach lengths of . Apart from its long face, the large chest and the sharply sloping back differentiate the hartebeest from other antelopes. Gregarious animals, hartebeest form herds of 20 to 300 individuals. They are very alert and non-aggressive. They are primarily grazers, with their diets consisting mainly of grasses. Mating in hartebeest takes place throughout the year with one or two peaks, and depends upon the subspecies and local factors. Both males and females reach sexual maturity at


title: Hartebeest content: one to two years of age. Gestation is eight to nine months long, after which a single calf is born. Births usually peak in the dry season. The lifespan is 12 to 15 years. Inhabiting dry savannas and wooded grasslands, hartebeest often move to more arid places after rainfall. They have been reported from altitudes on Mount Kenya up to . The hartebeest was formerly widespread in Africa, but populations have undergone drastic decline due to habitat destruction, hunting, human settlement, and competition with livestock for food. Each of the eight subspecies of the hartebeest has a different conservation status.


title: Hartebeest content: The Bubal hartebeest was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1994. While the populations of the red hartebeest are on the rise, those of the Tora hartebeest, already Critically Endangered, are falling. The hartebeest is extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, and Tunisia; but has been introduced into Swaziland and Zimbabwe. It is a popular game animal due to its highly regarded meat. The vernacular name "hartebeest" could have originated from the obsolete Afrikaans word "hertebeest", literally "deer beast". The name was given by the Boers, based on the resemblance of the


title: Hartebeest content: antelope to deer. The first use of the word "hartebeest" in South African literature was in Dutch colonial administrator Jan van Riebeeck's journal "Daghregister" in 1660. He wrote: ""Meester Pieter ein hart-beest geschooten hadde" (Master Pieter [van Meerhoff] had shot one hartebeest)". Another name for the hartebeest is "kongoni", a Swahili word. "Kongoni" is often used to refer in particular to one of its subspecies—Coke's hartebeest. The scientific name of the hartebeest is "Alcelaphus buselaphus". First described by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1766, it is classified in the genus "Alcelaphus" and placed in the family Bovidae. In 1979,


title: Hartebeest content: palaeontologist Elisabeth Vrba supported "Sigmoceros" as a separate genus for Lichtenstein's hartebeest, a kind of hartebeest, as she assumed it was related to "Connochaetes" (wildebeest). She had analysed the skull characters of living and extinct species of antelope to make a cladogram, and argued that a wide skull linked Lichtenstein's hartebeest with "Connochaetes". However, this finding was not replicated by Alan W. Gentry of the Natural History Museum, who classified it as an independent species of "Alcelaphus". Zoologists such as Jonathan Kingdon and Theodor Haltenorth considered it to be a subspecies of "A. buselaphus". Vrba dissolved the new genus in


title: Hartebeest content: 1997 after reconsideration. An MtDNA analysis could find no evidence to support a separate genus for Lichtenstein's hartebeest. It also showed the tribe Alcelaphini to be monophyletic, and discovered close affinity between the "Alcelaphus" and the sassabies (genus "Damaliscus")—both genetically and morphologically. Eight subspecies are identified, of which two – "A. b. caama" and "A. b. lichtensteinii" – have been considered to be independent species. However, a 1999 genetic study by P. Arctander of the University of Copenhagen and colleagues, which sampled the control region of the mitochondrial DNA, found that these two formed a clade within "A. buselaphus", and


title: Hartebeest content: that recognising these as species would render "A. buselaphus" paraphyletic (an unnatural grouping). The same study found "A. b. major" to be the most divergent, having branched off before the lineage split to give a combined "caama/lichtensteinii" lineage and another that gave rise to the remaining extant subspecies. Conversely a 2001 phylogenetic study, based on D–loop and cytochrome b analysis by Øystein Flagstad (of the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim) and colleagues, found that the southern lineage of "A. b. caama" and "A. lichtensteinii" diverged earliest. Analysis of skull structure supports partition into three major divisions: "A. b. buselaphus"


title: Hartebeest content: division (nominate, also including "A. b. major" division), "A. b. tora" division (also including "A. b. cokii" and "A. b. swaynei") and "A. b. lelwel" division. Another analysis of cytochrome b and D-loop sequence data shows a notable affinity between the "A. b. lelwel" and "A. b. tora " divisions. The eight subspecies, including the two controversial ones, are: In 2000, a study scrutinised two major populations of the Swayne's hartebeest, from the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary and the Nechisar National Park, for mitochondrial (D-loop) and nuclear (microsatellite) variability in an attempt to estimate the levels of genetic variation between the


title: Hartebeest content: populations and within the subspecies. The results showed a remarkable differentiation between the two populations; that from the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary showed more genetic diversity than the one from the Nechisar National Park. Another revelation was that the translocation of the individuals from the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974 had not made a significant contribution to the gene pool of the Nechisar National Park. Additionally, the Swayne hartebeest populations were compared with a large red hartebeest population, and both subspecies were found to have a high degree of genetic variation. The study advocated in situ conservation of the Swayne's hartebeest


title: Hartebeest content: and a renewed attempt at its translocation in order to conserve genetic diversity and increase its population size in both the protected areas. The diploid number of chromosomes in the hartebeest is 40. Hybrids are usually reported from areas where ranges of two subspecies overlap. Hybrids between the Lelwel and Tora hartebeest have been reported in eastern Sudan and western Ethiopia, in a stretch southward from the Blue Nile to about 9° N latitude. A study proved a male hybrid of the red hartebeest and the blesbok ("Damaliscus pygargus") to be sterile. Sterility of the hybrid was attributed to difficulties


title: Hartebeest content: in segregation during meiosis, indicated by azoospermia and a low number of germ cells in its seminiferous tubules. There are three common cross-breeds between the subspecies: The genus "Alcelaphus" emerged about 4.4 million years ago in a clade whose other members were "Damalops", "Numidocapra", "Rabaticeras", "Megalotragus", "Oreonagor", and "Connochaetes". An analysis using phylogeographic patterns within hartebeest populations suggested a possible origin of "Alcelaphus" in eastern Africa. "Alcelaphus" quickly radiated across the African savannas, replacing several previous forms (such as a relative of the hirola). Flagstad and colleagues showed an early split in the hartebeest populations into two distinct lineages around


title: Hartebeest content: 0.5 million years ago – one to the north and the other to the south of the equator. The northern lineage further diverged into eastern and western lineages, nearly 0.4 million years ago, most probably as a result of the expanding central African rainforest belt and subsequent contraction of savannah habitats during a period of global warming. The eastern lineage gave rise to the Coke's, Swayne's, Tora and Lelwel hartebeest; and from the western lineage evolved the Bubal and western hartebeest. The southern lineage gave rise to Lichtenstein's and red hartebeest. These two taxa are phylogenetically close, having diverged only


title: Hartebeest content: 0.2 million years ago. The study concluded that these major events throughout the hartebeest's evolution are strongly related to climatic factors, and that there had been successive bursts of radiation from a more permanent population—a refugium—in eastern Africa; this could be vital to understanding the evolutionary history of not only the hartebeest but also other mammals of the African savanna. The earliest fossil record dates back to nearly 0.7 million years ago. Fossils of the red hartebeest have been found in Elandsfontein, Cornelia (Free State) and Florisbad in South Africa, as well as in Kabwe in Zambia. In Israel, hartebeest


title: Hartebeest content: remains have been found in northern Negev, Shephelah, Sharon Plain and Tel Lachish. This population of the hartebeest was originally limited to the open country of the southernmost regions of the southern Levant. It was probably hunted in Egypt, which affected the numbers in the Levant, and disconnected it from its main population in Africa. A large antelope with a particularly elongated forehead and oddly shaped horns, the hartebeest stands just over at the shoulder, and has a typical head-and-body length of . The weight ranges from . The tail, long, ends in a black tuft. The other distinctive features


title: Hartebeest content: of the hartebeest are its long legs (often with black markings), short neck, and pointed ears. A study correlated the size of hartebeest species to habitat productivity and rainfall. The western hartebeest is the largest subspecies, and has a characteristic white line between the eyes. The red hartebeest is also large, with a black forehead and a contrasting light band between the eyes. The large Lelwel hartebeest has dark stripes on the front of its legs. Coke's hartebeest is moderately large, with a shorter forehead and longer tail in comparison to the other subspecies. Lichtenstein's hartebeest is smaller, with dark


title: Hartebeest content: stripes on the front of the legs, as in the Lelwel hartebeest. The Swayne's hartebeest is smaller than the Tora hartebeest, but both have a shorter forehead and similar appearance. Generally short and shiny, the coat varies in colour according to subspecies. The western hartebeest is a pale sandy-brown, but the front of the legs are darker. The red hartebeest is a reddish-brown, with a dark face. Black markings can be observed on the chin, the back of the neck, shoulders, hips and legs; these are in sharp contrast with the broad white patches that mark its flanks and lower


title: Hartebeest content: rump. The Lelwel hartebeest is a reddish tan. Coke's hartebeest is reddish to tawny in the upper parts, but has relatively lighter legs and rump. Lichtenstein's hartebeest is reddish brown, though the flanks are a lighter tan and the rump whitish. The Tora hartebeest is a dark reddish brown in the upper part of the body, the face, the forelegs and the rump, but the hindlegs and the underbelly are a yellowish white. The Swayne's hartebeest is a rich chocolate brown with fine spots of white that are actually the white tips of its hairs. Its face is black save


title: Hartebeest content: for the chocolate band below the eyes. The shoulders and upper part of the legs are black. Fine textured, the body hair of the hartebeest is about long. The hartebeest has preorbital glands (glands near the eyes) with a central duct, that secrete a dark sticky fluid in Coke's and Lichtenstein's hartebeest, and a colourless fluid in the Lelwel hartebeest. Both sexes of all subspecies have horns, with those of females being more slender. Horns can reach lengths of ; the maximum horn length is , recorded from a Namibian red hartebeest. The horns of the western hartebeest are thick


title: Hartebeest content: and appear U-shaped from the front and Z-shaped from the sides, growing backward at first and then forward, ending with a sharp backward turn. The horns of the red and the Lelwel hartebeest are similar to those of the western hartebeest, but appear V-shaped when viewed from the front. The Lichtenstein's hartebeest has thick parallel ringed horns, with a flat base. Its horns are shorter than those of other subspecies, curving upward then sharply forward, followed by an inward turn at an angle of about 45° and a final backward turn. The horns of Swayne's hartebeest are thin and shaped


title: Hartebeest content: like parentheses, curving upward and then backward. The horns of the Tora hartebeest are particularly thin and spread out sideways, diverging more than in any other subspecies. Apart from its long face, the large chest and the sharply sloping back differentiate the hartebeest from other antelopes. The hartebeest shares several physical traits with the sassabies (genus "Damaliscus"), such as an elongated and narrow face, the shape of the horns, the pelage texture and colour, and the terminal tuft of the tail. The wildebeest have more specialised skull and horn features than the hartebeest. The hartebeest exhibits sexual dimorphism, but only


title: Hartebeest content: slightly, as both sexes bear horns and have similar body masses. The degree of sexual dimorphism varies by subspecies. Males are 8% heavier than females in Swayne's and Lichtenstein's hartebeest, and 23% heavier in the red hartebeest. In one study, the highest dimorphism was found in skull weight. Another study concluded that the length of the breeding season is a good predictor of dimorphism in pedicle (the bony structures from which the horns grow) height and skull weight, and the best predictor of the horn circumference. Active mainly during daytime, the hartebeest grazes in the early morning and late afternoon,


title: Hartebeest content: and rests in shade around noon. Gregarious, the species forms herds of up to 300 individuals. Larger numbers gather in places with abundant grass. In 1963, a congregation of 10,000 animals was recorded on the plains near Sekoma Pan in Botswana. However, moving herds are not so cohesive, and tend to disperse frequently. The members of a herd can be divided into four groups: territorial adult males, non-territorial adult males, young males, and the females with their young. The females form groups of five to 12 animals, with four generations of young in the group. Females fight for dominance over


title: Hartebeest content: the herd. Sparring between males and females is common. At three or four years of age, the males can attempt to take over a territory and its female members. A resident male defends his territory and will fight if provoked. The male marks the border of his territory through defecation. Hartebeest are remarkably alert and cautious animals with highly developed brains. Generally calm in nature, hartebeest can be ferocious when provoked. While feeding, one individual stays on the lookout for danger, often standing on a termite mound to see farther. At times of danger, the whole herd flees in a


title: Hartebeest content: single file after an individual suddenly starts off. Adult hartebeest are preyed upon by lions, leopards, hyenas and wild dogs; cheetahs and jackals target juveniles. Crocodiles may also prey on hartebeest. The thin long legs of the hartebeest provide for a quick escape in an open habitat; if attacked, the formidable horns are used to ward off the predator. The elevated position of the eyes enables the hartebeest to inspect its surroundings continuously even as it is grazing. The muzzle has evolved so as to derive maximum nutrition from even a frugal diet. The horns are also used during fights


title: Hartebeest content: among males for dominance in the breeding season; the clash of the horns is loud enough that it can be heard from hundreds of metres away. The beginning of a fight is marked with a series of head movements and stances, as well as depositing droppings on dung piles. The opponents drop onto their knees and, after giving a hammer-like blow, begin wrestling, their horns interlocking. One attempts to fling the head of the other to one side to stab the neck and shoulders with his horns. Fights are rarely serious, but can be fatal if they are. Like the


title: Hartebeest content: sassabies, hartebeest produce quiet quacking and grunting sounds. Juveniles tend to be more vocal than adults, and produce a quacking call when alarmed or pursued. The hartebeest uses defecation as an olfactory and visual display. Herds are generally sedentary, and tend to migrate only under adverse conditions such as natural calamities. The hartebeest is the least migratory in the tribe Alcelaphini (which also includes wildebeest and sassabies), and also consumes the least amount of water and has the lowest metabolic rate among the members of the tribe. Several parasites have been isolated from the hartebeest. These parasites regularly alternate between


title: Hartebeest content: hartebeest and gazelles or wildebeest. Hartebeest can be infected with theileriosis due to "Rhipicephalus evertsi" and "Theileria" species. South of the Sahara, common parasites include "Loewioestrus variolosus", "Gedoelstia cristata" and "G. hassleri". The latter two species can cause serious diseases such as encephalitis. However, parasites are not always harmful – 252 larvae were found in the head of one Zambian individual without any pathogenicity. Nematodes, cestodes, paramphistomes; and the roundworm "Setaria labiatopapillosa" have also been isolated from the hartebeest. In 1931, a red hartebeest in Gobabis (southwestern Africa) was infected with long, thin worms. These were named "Longistrongylus meyeri" after


title: Hartebeest content: their collector, T. Meyer. Hartebeest are primarily grazers, and their diets consist mostly of grasses. A study in the Nazinga Game Ranch in Burkina Faso found that the hartebeest's skull structure eased the acquisition and chewing of highly fibrous foods. The hartebeest has much lower food intake than the other members of Alcelaphini. The long thin muzzle of the hartebeest assists in feeding on leaf blades of short grasses and nibbling off leaf sheaths from grass stems. In addition to this, it can derive nutritious food even from tall senile grasses. These adaptations of the hartebeest enable the animal to


title: Hartebeest content: feed well even in the dry season, which is usually a difficult period for grazers. For instance, in comparison with the roan antelope, the hartebeest is better at procuring and chewing the scarce regrowth of perennial grasses at times when forage is least available. These unique abilities could have allowed the hartebeest to prevail over other animals millions of years ago, leading to its successful radiation in Africa. Grasses generally comprise at least 80 percent of the hartebeest's diet, but they account for over 95 percent of their food in the wet season, October to May. "Jasminum kerstingii" is part


title: Hartebeest content: of the hartebeest's diet at the start of the rainy season. Between seasons, they mainly feed on the culms of grasses. A study found that the hartebeest is able to digest a higher proportion of food than the topi and the wildebeest. In areas with scarce water, it can survive on melons, roots, and tubers. In a study of grass selectivity among the wildebeest, zebra, and the Coke's hartebeest, the hartebeest showed the highest selectivity. All animals preferred "Themeda triandra" over "Pennisetum mezianum" and "Digitaria macroblephara". More grass species were eaten in the dry season than in the wet season.


title: Hartebeest content: Mating in hartebeest takes place throughout the year, with one or two peaks that can be influenced by the availability of food. Both males and females reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age. Reproduction varies by the subspecies and local factors. Mating takes place in the territories defended by a single male, mostly in open areas. The males may fight fiercely for dominance, following which the dominant male smells the female's genitalia, and follows her if she is in oestrus. Sometimes a female in oestrus holds out her tail slightly to signal her receptivity, and the male


title: Hartebeest content: tries to block the female's way. She may eventually stand still and allow the male to mount her. Copulation is brief and is often repeated, sometimes twice or more in a minute. Any intruder at this time is chased away. In large herds, females often mate with several males. Gestation is eight to nine months long, after which a single calf weighing about is born. Births usually peak in the dry season, and take place in thickets – unlike the wildebeest, which give birth in groups on the plains. Though calves can move about on their own shortly after birth,


title: Hartebeest content: they usually lie in the open in close proximity of their mothers. The calf is weaned at four months, but young males stay with their mothers for two and a half years, longer than in other Alcelaphini. Often the mortality rate of male juveniles is high, as they have to face the aggression of territorial adult males and are also deprived of good forage by them. The lifespan is 12 to 15 years. Hartebeest inhabit dry savannas, open plains and wooded grasslands, often moving into more arid places after rainfall. They are more tolerant of wooded areas than other Alcelaphini,


title: Hartebeest content: and are often found on the edge of woodlands. They have been reported from altitudes on Mount Kenya up to . The red hartebeest is known to move across large areas, and females roam home ranges of over , with male territories in size. Females in the Nairobi National Park (Kenya) have individual home ranges stretching over , which are not particularly associated with any one female group. Average female home ranges are large enough to include 20 to 30 male territories. Each hartebeest subspecies is listed under a different conservation status by the IUCN. The species as a whole


title: Hartebeest content: is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. The hartebeest is extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, and Tunisia. Hartebeest are popular game and trophy animals as they are prominently visible and hence easy to hunt. Pictorial as well as epigraphic evidence from Egypt suggests that in the Upper Palaeolithic age, Egyptians hunted hartebeest and domesticated them. The hartebeest was a prominent source of meat, but its economic significance was lower than that of gazelles and other desert species. However, from the beginning of the Neolithic age, hunting became less common and consequently the remains of the hartebeest


title: Hartebeest content: from this period in Egypt, where it is now extinct, are rare. In a study on the effect of place and sex on carcass characteristics, the average carcass weight of the male red hartebeest was and that of females was . The meat of the animals from Qua-Qua region had the highest lipid content— per of meat. Negligible differences were found in the concentrations of individual fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals. The study considered hartebeest meat to be healthy, as the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 0.78, slightly more than the recommended 0.7. Hartebeest The hartebeest


title: "Redemption game" content: the home market. Redemption games did not have that problem. Redemption and merchandiser games could generate good revenue for many years, compared to months for most video games. Redemption games have allowed many arcades to remain profitable in an ever-changing entertainment market. A Japanese form of redemption game is pachinko, which features small metal balls which are both used in play and used for redemption, instead of tickets. Pachinko is primarily or entirely a game of chance. Redemption game Redemption games are typically arcade games of skill that reward the player proportionally to their score in the game. The reward


title: "Sigurd the Crusader" content: two being Øystein and Olaf. They were all illegitimate sons of the king with different mothers. To avoid feuds or war, the three half-brothers co-ruled the kingdom from 1103. Sigurd would rule alone after Olaf died in 1115 and Øystein in 1123. Before being proclaimed King of Norway, Sigurd was also styled as King of the Isles and Earl of Orkney. He would pass the Earl of Orkney title on to Haakon Paulsson, a son of Paul Thorfinnsson. Many historians have viewed Sigurd and Øystein's rule as a golden age for the medieval Kingdom of Norway. The country was able


title: "Irwin Allen" content: Rusty Ryan is doing an 'Irwin Allen' which is a reference to the fake earthquake they stage later in the story. Irwin Allen Irwin Allen (June 12, 1916 – November 2, 1991) was an American television, documentary and film director and producer with a varied career who became known as the "Master of Disaster" for his work in the disaster film genre. His most successful productions were "The Poseidon Adventure" (1972) and "The Towering Inferno" (1974). He also created several popular 1960s science fiction television series, such as "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", "Lost in Space", "The Time


title: "The Grove Family" content: The Grove Family The Grove Family was a British television series soap opera, generally regarded as the first of its kind broadcast in the UK, made and broadcast by the BBC Television Service from 1954 to 1957. The series concerned the life of the family of the title, who were named after the BBC's Lime Grove Studios where the programme was made. The programme was written by Roland and Michael Pertwee, the father and elder brother respectively of actor Jon Pertwee. As was common for British television at the time, the series was broadcast live and very few episodes survive


title: "European Short Course Swimming Championships" content: 100 Individual Medley, and 4x50 relays (free and medley). In 1996, the meet expanded to 38 events, adding the 100s and 200s of stroke, the 400 and 800/1500 frees, and the 200 and 400 IMs; and the name was changed to "Short Course". LEN also started numbering the championships again, such that 2011's meet was the 15th edition. In 2012, the meet expanded to 40 events: 19 for men, 19 for women, and two mixed. Of each 19, 17 are individual and 2 are relays. Sprint championships Short Course championships European Short Course Swimming Championships The European Short Course Swimming


title: Phlomis content: Phlomis Phlomis is a genus of over 100 species of herbaceous plants, subshrubs and shrubs in the family Lamiaceae, native from the Mediterranean region east across central Asia to China. Common names include Jerusalem sage and lampwick plant. The overall size varies between species from 30 cm tall up to 2 m tall. The leaves are entire, opposite and decussate (each leaf pair at right angles to the next) and rugose or reticulate veined. The bracts (floral leaves) are similar or different from the lower leaves. All parts are frequently covered with hairs. The bracteoles are ovate, lanceolate or linear.


title: Phlomis content: The flowers are arranged in whorls called verticillasters which encircle the stems. The stems are usually square in section with rounded corners, although tomentum on the stems can make them appear circular. The colour of the flowers varies from yellow to pink, purple and white. The calyx is tubular or campanulate with five or ten veins visible. Five teeth, either all equal or with the outer two longer than the others. The upper lip is hood shaped and laterally compressed ("P. tuberosa", however, has an uncompressed lip with a dense bearded edge). The lower lip is "trifid", the central lobe


title: Phlomis content: being larger than the lateral ones. There are four stamens ascending under the upper lip. Anther with forked end, the upper fork being shorter than the lower. The fruits are four three-sided, nutlets, and sometimes topped with hair, sometimes glabrous. The root system can be very extensive; roots of 6-week-old seedlings have been measured at 0.7 m. The name "Phlomis" derives from a Greek word for "flame", and may refer to the leaves' use in ancient times as lamp wicks. "Phlomis" species are the only host plants of the moths "Coleophora phlomidella" and "C. phlomidis". Species include: Phlomis Phlomis is


title: "David Trench" content: David Trench Sir David Clive Crosbie Trench (; 2 June 1915 – 4 December 1988) was a British Army officer and colonial governor. Trench was educated at Tonbridge School, Tonbridge, Kent and graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge with the degree of Master of Arts (M.A.). In 1938, Trench entered the Colonial Service as a cadet in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate and was seconded to the Western Pacific High Commission in 1941. He was also commissioned into the Royal Artillery (Supplementary Reserve). From 1939 to 1945, he fought in the Second World War and served in the British Solomon Islands


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: Chevrolet Colorado The Chevrolet Colorado and its counterpart, the GMC Canyon, are mid-size pickup trucks marketed by American automaker General Motors. They were introduced in 2004 to replace the Chevrolet S-10 compact pickups. It is named for the U.S. state of Colorado. The Chevrolet Colorado and its twin, the GMC Canyon were jointly designed by GM's North American operations, GM's Brazil operations, and Isuzu. Isuzu, which participated in the design process, began selling its own version worldwide in 2002. In late 2005, Isuzu offered a version in North America called the Isuzu i series. This North American model Isuzu shared


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: North American powertrains, styling, and equipment with the Colorado/Canyon twins and differed from Isuzu's worldwide offering. All Chevrolet, GMC, and Isuzu versions worldwide are based on the GMT355, itself the basis for the GMT 345-based Hummer H3. Most vehicles for markets outside North America are manufactured at a GM plant in Rayong, Thailand, as well as at a GM plant in São José dos Campos, Brazil. All North American-market vehicles were manufactured by Shreveport Operations. The cooperation between GM and Isuzu to build a light-duty truck and offer it in North America returns to an original arrangement the two companies


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: had in the 1970s with the Chevrolet LUV, a rebadged Isuzu Faster. The Colorado/Canyon offer both manual and automatic transmissions. GM also offers either a rear-wheel drive or four-wheel drive drivetrain with standard, extended, and four-door crew cab body styles. Most models come with the LK5 I4 engine as standard, but a more powerful 3.5 I5 comes with the Z71 package on four-door versions and is optional on all others. The 4-door Z71s also get the 4-speed automatic transmission standard. This package was later dropped in favor of LT2 and LT3. A ZQ8 edition is available with a lower and


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: more road-tuned "sport" suspension than the standard Z85 and comes with 17 inch wheels, color-matched bumper and grille, and low profile fender flares. There is also a Xtreme edition of the ZQ8 which has a different front bumper, rear bumper, side skirts, fender flares, grille, headlights, and 18 inch wheels. The Xtreme edition is basically a continuation of a trim package from its predecessor, the Chevrolet S-10. For 2007, Colorado/Canyon was facelifted and offered new engines, which include the LLV I4 and LLR I5 which were both introduced due to numerous head problems, new colors — Deep Ruby (Sonoma Red


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: for the Canyon), Pace Blue (Sport Blue for the Canyon) and Imperial Blue (Midnight Blue for the Canyon), and new tires and wheels. Minor changes to the grille and interior for the LT and LTZ models; the LS models kept the same pre-facelift look, similar to the facelift of the TrailBlazer in 2005 & 2006. In addition, the "Colorado" & "Canyon" badges were phased out from the doors in favour of GM's corporate logo. For model year 2009, the Colorado was facelifted again and a LH8 V8 is offered, producing and . For the 2010 model year the GM badges


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: were phased out, although a few 2010 models had the GM logo on the doors. Colorado/Canyon U.S. sales peaked in 2005 at 163,204 units, surpassing the perennial segment leader, the Ford Ranger, by almost 35% and just 3.3% behind the new best-seller, the Toyota Tacoma. In 2006, however, while still leading the Ford pickup by 27.5%, Colorado/Canyon's sales lagged their Toyota competitor's by almost 34%. One 2005 Canyon owned by successful U.S. Senate candidate Scott Brown became famous as it was widely featured in his TV advertisements. SG Automotive manufactures a clone of the Colorado called the Huanghai Plutus in


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: China In the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's frontal offset test the Colorado (extended version) is given a "Good" overall score, however the crew cab is rated "Acceptable". In the side impact test, the Colorado crew cab is rated "Poor" with or without side curtain airbags. Side curtain airbags were made standard on all 2010 models; side torso airbags are not offered. The Isuzu i-series mid-size pickup truck line was manufactured from 2005 to 2008. Launched at the 2005 New York International Auto Show, for the 2006 model year, the i series replaced the Isuzu Hombre, which had been out


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: of production since 2000. Like the Hombre, which was based on the compact Chevrolet S-10 / GMC Sonoma, the i series was based on the Chevrolet Colorado / GMC Canyon. The sales for the i series were poor, with just 1,377 sold from the start of production through February 2006 according to Automotive News. As part of Isuzu's withdrawal from the United States market after the 2008 model year, the i series was discontinued. The second-generation Chevrolet Colorado was shown at the 2011 Bangkok Motor Show. It is available in three different cab styles: regular cab (single cab), extended cab


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: (space cab), and crew cab (double cab) and may either be rear-wheel drive or four-wheel drive. The Holden was revealed at the 2011 Australian International Motor Show and went on sale in June 2012 in both Australia and New Zealand, sourced from the Rayong factory in Thailand. Only one engine is offered, the 2.8L turbo diesel, built by GM in the Rayong Factory. It is available in four trim levels: "DX" (single cab chassis only), "LX" (chassis only), "LT" and "LTZ". Single cab and crew cab models are available as either two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive. A "Thunder Edition" is


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: available on 4x4 "LX", "LT" and "LTZ" models. Among the features included with the pack are a nudge bar and towing kit, front carpet floor mats and a one-piece rear carpet floor mat, a bonnet protector, slimline weather shields and "Thunder" badging. The US-spec model was revealed on November 20, 2013 at the Los Angeles Auto Show. Production began at Wentzville Assembly in 2014, and vehicles started arriving at dealerships nationwide by mid-late 2014, as an early 2015 model year vehicle. It competes with other midsized pickup truck offerings, such as the Nissan Frontier and Toyota Tacoma. The US spec


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: model features a different front fascia, with its design being similar to the 2014 Chevrolet Silverado, and different engines. General Motors' Wentzville assembly plant received a $380 million expansion of 500,000 square feet that was constructed to support the new Colorado's assembly. On September 18, 2014, GM announced that it would add more workers to the Wentzville factory after it received early advanced orders of 30,000 Colorado/Canyons from its dealerships ahead of its release. For the initial launch, the Colorado was available with either a 2.5 L "Ecotec" I4 engine or the 3.6 L "LFX" V6 engine. The 2.8 L


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: "Duramax LWN" turbodiesel engine was added in 2016, and is a first for its class ever in the US market. It is also available in three cab configurations: extended cab with a bed, crew cab with a bed, or crew cab with a bed, with four-wheel drive being optional. Sixteen-inch or seventeen-inch steel wheels or alloy wheels are available, as well as a decor package for the "W/T" model that adds a chrome front grille and body-colored door handles and side view mirrors. The base Colorado trim level includes the following standard equipment: sixteen-inch steel wheels, vinyl seating surfaces, an


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: A/M-F/M stereo with auxiliary audio input and a six-speaker audio system, power windows and door locks (NO keyless entry), a 2.5L EcoTec Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) gasoline engine, a six-speed manual transmission, carpeted flooring, and a chrome front grille. This model is available exclusively as an Extended Cab. The W/T includes the same standard equipment as the base Colorado trim level, but has more optional equipment, such as a seven-inch color touch-screen MyLink radio, cloth seating surfaces, keyless entry, sixteen-inch aluminum-alloy wheels, color-keyed door mirrors, an automatic transmission, and a 3.6L V6 gasoline engine. It is available as either an Extended


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: Cab, or as a Crew Cab with either a Short Box or a Long Box. The LT adds the following equipment to the base Colorado and W/T trim levels: seventeen-inch aluminum-alloy wheels, a 3.6L V6 gasoline engine, an automatic transmission, an eight-inch color touch-screen MyLink radio, SiriusXM Satellite Radio, OnStar with 4G LTE Wi-Fi Connectivity (later models only), cloth seating surfaces, and keyless entry. Optional equipment includes a 2.8L Duramax Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) Turbo Diesel engine, remote start, a rear-view backup camera system, a premium Bose seven-speaker audio system, a GPS navigational radio with MyLink, and chrome exterior accessories. It


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: is available as either an Extended Cab, or as a Crew Cab with either a Short Box or a Long Box. The Z/71 is the top-of-the-line trim level, and adds the following equipment to the LT trim level: unique aluminum-alloy wheels, vinyl and cloth combination seating surfaces, and a black front grille. Optional equipment is the same as the LT. It is available as either an Extended Cab, or as a Crew Cab with either a Short Box or a Long Box. The ZR-2 is the "Off-Road" trim level, and adds the following equipment to the Z/71 trim level: 2"


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: taller suspension, 3.5" wider track, 31" off-road tires, unique aluminum-alloy wheels, and leather-trimmed seating surfaces, functional rock sliders, Multimatic DSSV position sensitive shock absorbers, full set of skid plates, locking front and rear differential, high approach angle front bumper. Optional equipment is the same as the LT and Z/71 trim levels, except for the availability of a rear bed-mounted light bar. It is available as either an Extended Cab with a long box, or as a Crew Cab with a Short Box. The all-new GMC Canyon was introduced on January 12, 2014. GMC introduced in an official press and video


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: release and made its public debut the following day (January 13, 2014) at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Sales started at dealerships in the second quarter of 2014 as a 2015 model. The Canyon offers the same features as its cousin, but will have a higher MSRP and more options. It also sports a front grille design that closely resembles its full-size sibling, the GMC Sierra. The 2015 Canyon comes in three trims and either two-wheel drive or four-wheel drive. The base model is only available with the 2.5 L Ecotec I4 engine, a 6-speed manual transmission,


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: and two-wheel drive. Optional features (based on trim) will include active aero grille shutters, available OnStar 4G LTE connectivity with on-board wifi, forward collision warning, lane departure warning, and an available Teen Driver feature that limits speed and audio volume. On February 16, 2015, GMC posted spyshots of a Canyon with Denali styling, indicating plans to add the mid-size truck to the Denali lineup as a 2016 model. The ZR2 concept was shown at the 2014 LA Auto Show, and due to positive feedback a production ready version was announced 2 years later at the 2016 LA Auto Show to


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: be a part of the 2017 lineup. The Colorado ZR2 offers the same amenities as its brother the Z71, but is heavily tailored towards off-road performance. The ZR2 model will be available in 2 body configurations; crew cab with 5 ft bed or extended cab with 6 ft bed. Engine options are the 3.6 L "LGZ" V6 engine and the 2.8 L "Duramax LWN" turbodiesel engine. Chevrolet designed many new parts specifically for the ZR2 to improve off-road performance. New features and parts standard or optional on the ZR2 include: The 2018 Colorado ZR2 was featured in Season 9 Episode


title: "Chevrolet Colorado" content: 99 of Motor Trend Head 2 Head, where it faced off against a 2017 Ram Power Wagon. GM Defense and U.S. Army TARDEC partnered in 2016 to develop and successfully test the Chevrolet Colorado ZH2 fuel cell electric truck, with low acoustical and heat signatures as well as the advantages of on-board water production, exportable electric power and off-road capability. Chevrolet Colorado The Chevrolet Colorado and its counterpart, the GMC Canyon, are mid-size pickup trucks marketed by American automaker General Motors. They were introduced in 2004 to replace the Chevrolet S-10 compact pickups. It is named for the U.S. state


title: "Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts)" content: to educate grades 1 through 5 until it closed in June 1980. It was renovated and reopened as the Talbot School Apartments that serves the elderly and disabled. The surviving Talbot Mill properties in North Billerica are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Billerica Mills Historic District. Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts) Thomas Talbot (September 7, 1818 – October 6, 1885) was an American textile mill owner and politician from Massachusetts, United States. Talbot ran a major textile business, involving chemical dyeworks and the weaving of fabric, in Billerica that was a major local employer. As


title: "Washington State Route 525" content: 20 south of Coupeville. SR 525 was established during the 1964 state highway renumbering as the successor to Secondary State Highway 1D (SSH 1D) on Whidbey Island and SSH 1I in Mukilteo and Lynnwood, themselves established in 1937. The highway, at its codification in 1970, traversed the north–south length of Whidbey Island and ended at SR 536 near Anacortes until it was replaced by SR 20 in 1973. SR 525 was converted to its present freeway in Lynnwood during the 1980s and widened to four lanes during the late 1990s, including an overpass over SR 99. The highway also has


title: "Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari" content: 2015, the owners of the circuit confirmed they were in talks to return to the Formula One calendar should Monza, whose contract was scheduled to run out after the season,was unable to make a new deal to keep hosting a round of the world championship. On 18 July 2016, Imola signed a deal to host the Italian Grand Prix from the season. However, on 2 September 2016, it was announced that Monza secured a new to deal to continue in hosting the race, and Imola's officials took legal action against this decision citing that its contract has been breached. On


title: 2,4-Dinitrophenol content: soil, where microorganisms metabolize it. However, the effects of DNP on anaerobic micro-organisms are still largely undetermined. Some studies suggest that there is anaerobic toxicity due to a reduced methane production. 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP or simply DNP) is an organic compound with the formula HOCH(NO). It is a yellow, crystalline solid that has a sweet, musty odor. It sublimes, is volatile with steam, and is soluble in most organic solvents as well as aqueous alkaline solutions. It is a precursor to other chemicals and is biochemically active, inhibiting energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) production in cells with mitochondria. Its use in


title: "William Henry Ogilvie" content: included songs which were set to music, such as "Bells along Macquarie" in the 1901 "Commonwealth Annual", and "The barefoot maid" with music by Donald Crichton. May 1900 saw a ten guinea competition prize awarded to Sydney composer George Ernest Vincent (–1932) for the best musical setting for "Hearts of gold". It was unknown if the phrase 'back of Bourke' was in common use at the time or popularised by Ogilvie in his poem "At the back o' Bourke". By late January 1901, on his imminent return to Scotland after eleven years, he had progressed from being labelled as coming


title: Cichociemni content: Wilno, Lwów and Warsaw. The Silent Unseen assumed various duties in German-occupied Europe. Some 37 worked in intelligence, 50 were radio operators and emissaries, 24 were staff officers, 22 were airmen and airdrop coordinators, 11 were instructors of armored forces and instructors in anti-tank warfare at secret military schools, 3 were trained in forging documents, 169 were trained in covert operations and partisan warfare, and 28 were emissaries of the Polish government. The most notable Silent Unseen included: Of 344 men transported to Poland, 112 were killed in action: Of 91 Silent Unseen who took part in the Warsaw Uprising,


title: "Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours" content: before the finish on the front straight. The track nowadays is a smooth circuit with good facilities for the teams, although restricted access prevents spectators from reaching many parts of the circuit. Unusually, many corners are modelled on famous turns from other circuits, and are named after those circuits, i.e.. the fast Estoril corner (turn 3), the Adelaide hairpin (turn 5) and the Nürburgring and Imola chicanes (turns 7 and 12 respectively). It has a mix of slow hairpins and high-speed chicane sections which includes a long fast straight into the first-gear Adelaide hairpin, the best overtaking opportunity on the


title: "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial" content: Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial () is a World War II cemetery and memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer, Normandy, France, that honors American troops who died in Europe during World War II. Almost 9,400 are buried there. In 2007, the American Battle Monuments Commission dedicated a new $30 million, 30,000 sf Visitors Center at the cemetery, relating the global significance and meaning of Operation Overlord. On June 8, 1944, the U.S. First Army established the temporary cemetery, the first American cemetery on European soil in World War II. After the war, the present-day cemetery was established


title: "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial" content: a short distance to the east of the original site. Like all other overseas American cemeteries in France for World War I and II, France has granted the United States a special, perpetual concession to the land occupied by the cemetery, free of any charge or any tax to honor the forces. This cemetery is managed by the American Battle Monuments Commission, a small independent agency of the U.S. federal government, under Congressional acts that provide yearly financial support for maintaining them, with most military and civil personnel employed abroad. The U.S. flag flies over these granted soils. The cemetery


title: "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial" content: is located on a bluff overlooking Omaha Beach (one of the landing beaches of the Normandy Invasion) and the English Channel. It covers 172 acres, and contains the remains of 9,387 American military dead, most of whom were killed during the invasion of Normandy and ensuing military operations in World War II. Included are graves of Army Air Corps crews shot down over France as early as 1942 and three American women. Only some of the soldiers who died overseas are buried in the overseas American military cemeteries. When it came time for a permanent burial, the next of kin


title: "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial" content: eligible to make decisions were asked if they wanted their loved ones repatriated for permanent burial in the U.S., or interred at the closest overseas cemetery. Among the burials at the cemetery are three recipients of the Medal of Honor, including Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., son of President Theodore Roosevelt. After the creation of the cemetery, another son of President Roosevelt, Quentin, who had been killed in World War I, was exhumed and reburied next to his brother Theodore, Jr. Notable burials at the cemetery include: The names of 1,557 Americans who lost their lives in the Normandy campaign but could


title: "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial" content: not be located and/or identified are inscribed on the walls of a semicircular garden at the east side of the memorial. This part consists of a semicircular colonnade with a loggia at each end containing maps and narratives of the military operations. At the center is a 22-foot bronze statue entitled "The Spirit of American Youth Rising from the Waves" by Donald De Lue, and an overhead mural by Leon Kroll. Facing west at the memorial, one sees in the foreground the reflecting pool, the mall with burial areas to either side and the circular chapel beyond. Behind the chapel


title: "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial" content: are allegorical figures representing the United States and France. An orientation table overlooks the beach and depicts the landings at Normandy. The Memorial faces the United States at its nearest point to the cemetery; a point between Eastport and Lubec, Maine. Embedded in the lawn directly opposite the entrance to the old Visitors' Building is a time capsule which has been sealed and contains news reports of the June 6, 1944 Normandy landings. The capsule is covered by a pink granite slab upon which is engraved: "To be opened June 6, 2044". Affixed in the center of the slab is


title: "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial" content: a bronze plaque adorned with the five stars of a General of the Army and engraved with the following inscription: "'In memory of General Dwight D. Eisenhower and the forces under his command. This sealed capsule containing news reports of the June 6, 1944 Normandy landings is placed here by the newsmen who were here, June 6, 1969." Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial () is a World War II cemetery and memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer, Normandy, France, that honors American troops who died in Europe during World War II. Almost 9,400 are buried there. In


title: Bowery content: way to low-brow concert halls, brothels, German beer gardens, pawn shops, and flophouses, like the one at No.15 where the composer Stephen Foster lived in 1864. Theodore Dreiser closed his tragedy "Sister Carrie", set in the 1890s, with the suicide of one of the main characters in a Bowery flophouse. The Bowery, which marked the eastern border of the slum of "Five Points", had also become the turf of one of America's earliest street gangs, the nativist Bowery Boys. In the spirit of social reform, the first YMCA opened on the Bowery in 1873; another notable religious and social welfare


title: "Rainbow trout" content: Rainbow trout The rainbow trout ("Oncorhynchus mykiss") is a trout and species of salmonid native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. The steelhead (sometimes called "steelhead trout") is an anadromous (sea-run) form of the coastal rainbow trout or Columbia River redband trout that usually returns to fresh water to spawn after living two to three years in the ocean. Freshwater forms that have been introduced into the Great Lakes and migrate into tributaries to spawn are also called steelhead. Adult freshwater stream rainbow trout average between , while lake-dwelling and anadromous forms may reach


title: "Rainbow trout" content: . Coloration varies widely based on subspecies, forms and habitat. Adult fish are distinguished by a broad reddish stripe along the lateral line, from gills to the tail, which is most vivid in breeding males. Wild-caught and hatchery-reared forms of this species have been transplanted and introduced for food or sport in at least 45 countries and every continent except Antarctica. Introductions to locations outside their native range in the United States (U.S.), Southern Europe, Australia, New Zealand and South America have damaged native fish species. Introduced populations may affect native species by preying on them, out-competing them, transmitting contagious


title: "Rainbow trout" content: diseases (such as whirling disease), or hybridizing with closely related species and subspecies, thus reducing genetic purity. The rainbow trout is included in the list of the top 100 globally invasive species. Nonetheless, other introductions into waters previously devoid of any fish species or with severely depleted stocks of native fish have created sport fisheries such as the Great Lakes and Wyoming's Firehole River. Some local populations of specific subspecies, or in the case of steelhead, distinct population segments, are listed as either threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. The steelhead is the official state fish of Washington.


title: "Rainbow trout" content: The scientific name of the rainbow trout is . The species was originally named by German naturalist and taxonomist Johann Julius Walbaum in 1792 based on type specimens from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Siberia. Walbaum's original species name, "mykiss", was derived from the local Kamchatkan name used for the fish, "mykizha". The name of the genus is from the Greek "onkos" ("hook") and "rynchos" ("nose"), in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the "kype"). Sir John Richardson, a Scottish naturalist, named a specimen of this species in 1836 to honor Meredith Gairdner, a Hudson's Bay


title: "Rainbow trout" content: Company surgeon at Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River who provided Richardson with specimens. In 1855, William P. Gibbons, the curator of Geology and Mineralogy at the California Academy of Sciences, found a population and named it (Latin: rainbow), later corrected to . These names faded once it was determined that Walbaum's description of type specimens was conspecific and therefore had precedence. In 1989, morphological and genetic studies indicated that trout of the Pacific basin were genetically closer to Pacific salmon ("Oncorhynchus" species) than to the "Salmos" – brown trout or Atlantic salmon of the Atlantic basin. Thus, in 1989,


title: "Rainbow trout" content: taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow, cutthroat and other Pacific basin trout into the genus "Oncorhynchus". Walbaum's name had precedence, so the species name became the scientific name of the rainbow trout. The previous species names "irideus" and "gairdneri" were adopted as subspecies names for the coastal rainbow and Columbia River redband trout, respectively. Anadromous forms of the coastal rainbow trout or redband trout are commonly known as steelhead. Subspecies of are listed below as described by fisheries biologist Robert J. Behnke (2002). Resident freshwater rainbow trout adults average between in riverine environments, while lake-dwelling and anadromous forms may reach .


title: "Rainbow trout" content: Coloration varies widely between regions and subspecies. Adult freshwater forms are generally blue-green or olive green with heavy black spotting over the length of the body. Adult fish have a broad reddish stripe along the lateral line, from gills to the tail, which is most pronounced in breeding males. The caudal fin is squarish and only mildly forked. Lake-dwelling and anadromous forms are usually more silvery in color with the reddish stripe almost completely gone. Juvenile rainbow trout display parr marks (dark vertical bars) typical of most salmonid juveniles. In some redband and golden trout forms parr marks are typically


title: "Rainbow trout" content: retained into adulthood. Some coastal rainbow trout and Columbia River redband trout populations and cutbow hybrids may also display reddish or pink throat markings similar to cutthroat trout. In many regions, hatchery-bred trout can be distinguished from native trout via fin clips. Fin clipping the adipose fin is a management tool used to identify hatchery-reared fish. Rainbow trout, including steelhead forms, generally spawn in early to late spring (January to June in the Northern Hemisphere and September to November in the Southern Hemisphere) when water temperatures reach at least . The maximum recorded lifespan for a rainbow trout is 11


title: "Rainbow trout" content: years. Freshwater resident rainbow trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large, well oxygenated, shallow rivers with gravel bottoms. They are native to the alluvial or freestone streams that are typical tributaries of the Pacific basin, but introduced rainbow trout have established wild, self-sustaining populations in other river types such as bedrock and spring creeks. Lake resident rainbow trout are usually found in moderately deep, cool lakes with adequate shallows and vegetation to support production of sufficient food sources. Lake populations generally require access to gravelly bottomed streams to be self-sustaining. Spawning sites are usually a bed of


title: "Rainbow trout" content: fine gravel in a riffle above a pool. A female trout clears a redd in the gravel by turning on her side and beating her tail up and down. Female rainbow trout usually produce 2000 to 3000 eggs per kilogram of weight. During spawning, the eggs fall into spaces between the gravel, and immediately the female begins digging at the upstream edge of the nest, covering the eggs with the displaced gravel. As eggs are released by the female, a male moves alongside and deposits milt (sperm) over the eggs to fertilize them. The eggs usually hatch in about four


title: "Rainbow trout" content: to seven weeks although the time of hatching varies greatly with region and habitat. Newly hatched trout are called sac fry or alevin. In approximately two weeks, the yolk sac is completely consumed and fry commence feeding mainly on zooplankton. The growth rate of rainbow trout is variable with area, habitat, life history and quality and quantity of food. As fry grow, they begin to develop "parr" marks or dark vertical bars on their sides. In this juvenile stage, immature trout are often called "parr" because of the marks. These small juvenile trout are sometimes called fingerlings because they are


title: "Rainbow trout" content: approximately the size of a human finger. In streams where rainbow trout are stocked for sport fishing but no natural reproduction occurs, some of the stocked trout may survive and grow or "carryover" for several seasons before they are caught or perish. The oceangoing (anadromous) form, including those returning for spawning, are known as steelhead in Canada and the U.S. In Tasmania they are commercially propagated in sea cages and are known as ocean trout, although they are the same species. Like salmon, steelhead return to their original hatching grounds to spawn. Similar to Atlantic salmon, but unlike their Pacific


title: "Rainbow trout" content: "Oncorhynchus" salmonid kin, steelhead are iteroparous (able to spawn several times, each time separated by months) and make several spawning trips between fresh and salt water, although fewer than 10 percent of native spawning adults survive from one spawning to another. The survival rate for introduced populations in the Great Lakes is as high as 70 percent. As young steelhead transition from freshwater to saltwater, a process called "smoltification" occurs where the trout undergoes physiological changes to allow it to survive in sea water. There are genetic differences between freshwater and steelhead populations that may account for the smoltification in


title: "Rainbow trout" content: steelheads. Juvenile steelhead may remain in the river for one to three years before smolting and migrating to sea. Individual steelhead populations leave the ocean and migrate into their freshwater spawning tributaries at different times of the year. Two general forms exist—"summer-run steelhead" and "winter-run steelhead". Summer-run fish leave the ocean between May and October, before their reproductive organs are fully mature. They mature in fresh water while en route to spawning grounds where they spawn in the spring. Summer-run fish generally spawn in longer, more inland rivers such as the Columbia River. Winter-run fish are ready to spawn when


title: "Rainbow trout" content: they leave the ocean, typically between November and April, and spawn shortly after returning to fresh water. Winter-run fish generally spawn in shorter, coastal rivers typically found along the Olympic Peninsula and British Columbia coastline, and summer-run fish are found in some shorter, coastal streams. Once steelhead enter riverine systems and reach suitable spawning grounds, they spawn just like resident freshwater rainbow trout. Rainbow trout are predators with a varied diet and will eat nearly anything they can capture. They are not as piscivorous or aggressive as brown trout or chars. Rainbow trout, including juvenile steelhead in fresh water, routinely


title: "Rainbow trout" content: feed on larval, pupal and adult forms of aquatic insects (typically caddisflies, stoneflies, mayflies and aquatic diptera). They also eat fish eggs and adult forms of terrestrial insects (typically ants, beetles, grasshoppers and crickets) that fall into the water. Other prey include small fish up to one-third of their length, crayfish, shrimp, and other crustaceans. As rainbow trout grow, the proportion of fish consumed increases in most populations. Some lake-dwelling forms may become planktonic feeders. In rivers and streams populated with other salmonid species, rainbow trout eat varied fish eggs, including those of salmon, brown and cutthroat trout, mountain whitefish


title: "Rainbow trout" content: and the eggs of other rainbow trout. Rainbows also consume decomposing flesh from carcasses of other fish. Adult steelhead in the ocean feed primarily on other fish, squid and amphipods. The native range of is in the coastal waters and tributary streams of the Pacific basin, from the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, east along the Aleutian Islands, throughout southwest Alaska, the Pacific coast of British Columbia and southeast Alaska, and south along the west coast of the U.S. to northern Mexico. It is claimed that the Mexican forms of represent the southernmost native range of any trout or salmon ("Salmonidae"),


title: "Rainbow trout" content: though the Formosan landlocked salmon () in Asia inhabits a similar latitude. The range of coastal rainbow trout extends north from the Pacific basin into tributaries of the Bering Sea in northwest Alaska, while forms of the Columbia River redband trout extend east into the upper Mackenzie River and Peace River watersheds in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, which eventually drain into the Beaufort Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean. Since 1875, the rainbow trout has been widely introduced into suitable lacustrine and riverine environments throughout the United States and around the world. Many of these introductions have established wild,


title: "Rainbow trout" content: self-sustaining populations. Since 1870, rainbow trout have been artificially propagated in fish hatcheries to restock streams and to introduce them into non-native waters. The first rainbow trout hatchery was established on San Leandro Creek, a tributary of San Francisco Bay, in 1870, and trout production began in 1871. The hatchery was stocked with the locally native rainbow trout, and likely steelhead of the coastal rainbow trout subspecies . The fish raised in this hatchery were shipped to hatcheries out of state for the first time in 1875, to Caledonia, New York, and then in 1876 to Northville, Michigan. In 1877,


title: "Rainbow trout" content: another California rainbow trout hatchery, the first federal fish hatchery in the National Fish Hatchery System, was established on Campbell Creek, a McCloud River tributary. The McCloud River hatchery indiscriminately mixed coastal rainbow trout eggs with the eggs of local McCloud River redband trout . Eggs from the McCloud hatchery were also provided to the San Leandro hatchery, thus making the origin and genetic history of hatchery-bred rainbow trout somewhat diverse and complex. In the U.S., there are hundreds of hatcheries operated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and various state agencies and tribal governments propagating rainbow trout for


title: "Rainbow trout" content: conservation and recreational sport fishing. Six of ten Canadian provinces have rainbow trout farms, with Ontario leading production. Rainbow trout are commercially farmed in many countries throughout the world. The practice began in the late 19th century, and since the 1950s commercial production has grown dramatically. Worldwide, in 2007, of farmed rainbow trout were harvested with a value of about US $2.6 billion. The largest producer is Chile. In Chile and Norway, sea cage production of steelhead has expanded to supply export markets. Inland production of rainbow trout to supply domestic markets has increased in countries such as Italy, France,


title: "Rainbow trout" content: Germany, Denmark and Spain. Other significant trout-producing countries include the U.S., Iran, the United Kingdom, and Lesotho. While the U.S. rainbow trout industry as a whole is viewed as ecologically responsible, trout raised elsewhere are not necessarily farmed with the same methods. About three-quarters of U.S. production comes from Idaho, particularly the Snake River area, due in part to the quality and temperature of the water available there. California and Washington also produce significant amounts of farmed trout. In the east, Pennsylvania, North Carolina and West Virginia have farming operations. Rainbow trout farming is one of the largest finfish aquaculture


title: "Rainbow trout" content: industries in the U.S. They are raised inland in facilities where raceways or ponds have continuously flowing water with little pollution and a low risk of escape. The U.S. industry is noted for using best management practices. Imports constitute only about 15 percent of farmed rainbows sold in the U.S., and nearly all domestic production is consumed within the country; very little is exported. The U.S. produces about 7 percent of the world's farmed trout. Rainbow trout, especially those raised in farms and hatcheries, are susceptible to enteric redmouth disease. A considerable amount of research has been conducted on redmouth


title: "Rainbow trout" content: disease, given its serious implications for rainbow trout farming. The disease does not infect humans. Populations of many rainbow trout subspecies, including anadromous forms (steelhead) of (coastal rainbow trout) and (Columbia River redband trout) have declined in their native ranges due to over-harvest, habitat loss, disease, invasive species, pollution and hybridization with other subspecies, and some introduced populations, once healthy, have declined for the same reasons. As a consequence, some rainbow populations, particularly anadromous forms within their native range, have been classified as endangered, threatened or species of special concern by federal or state agencies. Rainbow trout, and subspecies thereof,


title: "Rainbow trout" content: are currently a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved indicator species for acute fresh water toxicity testing. Many non-profit organizations have formed to protect, conserve and restore native rainbow trout and steelhead populations. Generally, in partnership with various universities, state, federal and tribal agencies and private interests, these organizations sponsor projects to restore habitat, prevent habitat loss and promote awareness of threats to native trout populations. Trout Unlimited (TU) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of North American freshwater streams, rivers, and associated upland habitats for trout, salmon, other aquatic species and people. A typical TU project is the Circle


title: "Rainbow trout" content: Creek Fish Passage Project, in which access to a spawning stream is being improved for steelhead and other salmonid species. The Wild Salmon Center, an international coalition of Russian, Canadian and U.S. scientists, sponsors the Kamchatka Steelhead Project, a 20-year (1994–2014) scientific program to study and conserve the present condition of Kamchatkan steelhead ("mikizha"), a species listed in the "Red Data Book of Russia". Other high-profile organizations involved in rainbow trout conservation include California Trout, which protects wild trout and other salmonids in the waters of California. The Steelhead Society of British Columbia promotes the wellbeing of wild salmonids in


title: "Rainbow trout" content: British Columbia. In 1997, a group of approximately 40 ichthyologists, biologists and naturalists from several U.S. and Mexican institutions formed a collaborative group—Truchas Mexicanas—to study the diversity of Mexican native trout, most of which are considered subspecies of . Rainbow trout, primarily hatchery-raised fish of the coastal rainbow trout subspecies introduced into waters inhabited with cutthroat trout, will breed with cutthroats and produce fertile hybrids called cutbows. In the case of the westslope cutthroat trout ("O. clarki lewisi"), hybridization with introduced rainbow and Yellowstone cutthroat trout ("O. clarki bouvieri") is threatening the westslope cutthroat trout with genomic extinction. Such introductions


title: "Rainbow trout" content: into the ranges of redband trout have severely reduced the range of pure stocks of these subspecies, making them "species of concern" in their respective ranges. Within the range of the Kern River golden trout of Southern California, hatchery-bred rainbows introduced into the Kern River have diluted the genetic purity of the Kern River rainbow trout and golden trout through intraspecific breeding. The Beardslee trout, , a genetically unique lake-dwelling variety of the coastal rainbow trout that is isolated in Lake Crescent (Washington), is threatened by the loss of its only spawning grounds in the Lyre River to siltation and


title: "Rainbow trout" content: other types of habitat degradation. is a myxosporean parasite of salmonids (salmon, trout, and their allies) that causes whirling disease in pen farmed salmon and trout and also in wild fish populations. It was first described in rainbow trout introduced to Germany a century ago, but its range has spread and it has appeared in most of Europe, northern Asia, the U.S., South Africa and other countries. In the 1980s, was found to require "Tubifex tubifex" (a kind of segmented worm) to complete its life cycle. The parasite infects its hosts with its cells after piercing them with polar filaments


title: "Rainbow trout" content: ejected from nematocyst-like capsules. This parasite was originally a mild pathogen of brown trout in central Europe and other salmonids in northeast Asia, and the spread of the rainbow trout has greatly increased its impact. Having no innate immunity to , rainbow trout are particularly susceptible, and can release so many spores that even more resistant species in the same area, such as , can become overloaded with parasites and incur mortalities of 80 to 90 percent. Where has become well-established, it has caused decline or even elimination of whole cohorts of fish. The parasite was first recorded in North


title: "Rainbow trout" content: America in 1956 in Pennsylvania, but until the 1990s whirling disease was considered a manageable problem only affecting rainbow trout in hatcheries. It eventually became established in natural waters of the Rocky Mountain states (Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Montana, Idaho, New Mexico), where it is damaging several sport fishing rivers. Some streams in the western U.S. lost 90 percent of their trout. Whirling disease threatens recreational fishing, which is important for the tourism industry, a key component of the economies of some U.S. western states. For example, in 2005 anglers in Montana spent approximately $196,000,000 in activities directly related to trout


title: "Rainbow trout" content: fishing in the state. Some of the salmonids that infects (bull trout, cutthroat trout, and anadromous forms of rainbow trout—steelhead) are already threatened or endangered, and the parasite could worsen their population decline. The New Zealand mud snail , once endemic to New Zealand, has spread widely and has become naturalised and an invasive species in many areas including Australia, Tasmania, Asia (Japan, in the Garmat Ali River in Iraq since 2008), Europe (since 1859 in England), and North America (U.S. and Canada: Thunder Bay in Ontario since 2001, British Columbia since July 2007), most likely inadvertently during human activity.


title: "Rainbow trout" content: It can reach concentrations greater than , endangering the food chain by outcompeting native snails and water insects for food, leading to sharp declines in native populations. There is evidence North American fishes are unable to digest the tiny but hard shells of the mud snail, and that their presence may result in poor growth outcomes for rainbow trout. The mud snail was first detected in the U.S. in Idaho's Snake River in 1987. Since then, the snail has spread to the Madison River, Firehole River, and other watercourses around Yellowstone National Park, and has been discovered throughout the western


title: "Rainbow trout" content: U.S. The exact means of transmission is unknown, but it is likely that it was introduced in water transferred with live game fish and has been spread by ship ballast or contaminated recreational equipment such as wading gear. , commonly known as didymo or rock snot, is a species of diatom that produces nuisance growths in freshwater rivers and streams with consistently cold water temperatures. In New Zealand, invasive didymo can form large mats on the bottom of rivers and streams in late winter. It is not considered a significant human health risk, but it can affect stream habitats and


title: "Rainbow trout" content: sources of food for fish, including rainbow trout, and make recreational activities unpleasant. Even though it is native in North America, it is considered a nuisance organism or invasive species. Enteric redmouth disease is a bacterial infection of freshwater and marine fish caused by the pathogen . It is primarily found in rainbow trout and other cultured salmonids. The disease is characterized by subcutaneous hemorrhaging of the mouth, fins, and eyes. It is most commonly seen in fish farms with poor water quality. Redmouth disease was first discovered in Idaho rainbow trout in the 1950s. Some fisheries are focused on