title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: in the nest after hatching. Hatchlings sometimes stay on land in the nesting areas in both fall and spring and they may remain terrestrial for much or all of the winter in some places. Hatchling terrapins are freeze tolerant, which may facilitate overwintering on land. Hatchlings have lower salt tolerance than adults and Gibbons et al. provided strong evidence that one- and two-year-old terrapins use different habitats than do old individuals. Growth rates, age of maturity, and maximum age are not well known for terrapins in the wild, but males reach sexual maturity before females because of their smaller adult


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: size. In females at least, sexual maturity is dependent on size rather than age. Estimations of age based on counts of growth rings on the shell are as yet untested, so it is not clear how to determine the ages of wild terrapins. Because nesting is the only terrapin activity that occurs on land, most other aspects of terrapin behavior are poorly known. Limited data suggest that terrapins hibernate in the colder months in most of their range, in the mud of creeks and marshes. The Diamondback terrapin typically feeds on fish, marine snails (especially the saltmarsh periwinkle ), clams,


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: mussels and other mollusks. At high densities the terrapin may eat enough invertebrates to have ecosystem-level effects, partially because periwinkles themselves can overgraze important marsh plants, such as cordgrass ("Spartina alterniflora"). Gender and age can greatly affect the diet of the Diamondback terrapin, males and juvenile females tend to have less diversity in their diet. Adult females, due to their powerful, defined jaw, will occasionally feed on crustaceans such as crabs and are more likely to consume hard-shelled mollusks. In the 1900s the species was once considered a delicacy to eat and was hunted almost to extinction. The population also


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: decreased due to the development of coastal areas, terrapins being susceptible to wounds from the propellors on motorboats. Another common cause of death is the trapping of the turtles in recreational crab traps, as the turtles are attracted to the same bait. Due to these factors, the diamondback terrapin is listed as an endangered species in Rhode Island, a threatened species in Massachusetts and is considered a "species of concern" in Georgia, Delaware, Alabama, Louisiana, North Carolina, and Virginia. The diamondback terrapin is listed as a “high priority species” under the South Carolina Wildlife Action Plan. In New Jersey, it


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: was recommended to be listed as a species of Special Concern in 2001. In July 2016, the species was removed from the New Jersey game list and is now listed as non-game with no hunting season. In Connecticut there is no open hunting season for this animal. However, it holds no federal conservation status. The species is classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN due to decreasing population numbers in much of its range. There is limited protection for terrapins on a state-by-state level throughout its range; it is listed as Endangered in Rhode Island and Threatened in Massachusetts. The


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: Diamondback Terrapin Working Group deal with regional protection issues. There is no national protection except through the Lacey Act, and little international protection. Diamondback terrapins are the only U.S. turtles that inhabit the brackish waters of estuaries, tidal creeks and salt marshes. With a historic range stretching from Massachusetts to Texas, terrapin populations have been severely depleted by land development and other human impacts along the Atlantic coast. Earthwatch Institute, a global non-profit that teams volunteers with scientists to conduct important environmental research, supports a research program called "Tagging the Terrapins of the Jersey Shore." This program allows volunteers to


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: explore the coastal sprawl of New Jersey’s Ocean County on Barnegat Bay, one of the most extensive salt marsh ecosystems on the East Coast, in search of this ornate turtle. On this project, volunteers contribute to environmental sustainability in the face of rampant development. Veteran turtle scientists Dr. Hal Avery, Dr. Jim Spotila, Dr. Walter Bien and Dr. Ed Standora are overseeing this program and the viability of terrapin populations in the face of growing environmental change. The major threats to diamondback terrapins are all associated with humans and probably differ in different parts of their range. People tend to


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: build their cities on ocean coasts near the mouths of large rivers and in doing so they have destroyed many of the huge marshes terrapins inhabited. Nationwide, probably >75% of the salt marshes where terrapins lived have been destroyed or altered. Currently, ocean level rise threatens the remainder. Traps used to catch crabs both commercially and privately have commonly caught and drowned many diamondback terrapins, which can result in male-biased populations, local population declines, and even extinctions. When these traps are lost or abandoned (“ghost traps”), they can kill terrapins for many years. Terrapin-excluding devices are available to retrofit crab


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: traps; these reduce the number of terrapins captured while having little or no impact on crab capture rates. In some states (NJ, DE, MD), these devices are required by law. Nests, hatchlings, and sometimes adults are commonly eaten by raccoons, foxes, rats and many species of birds, especially crows and gulls. Density of these predators are often increased because of their association with humans. Predation rates can be extremely high; predation by raccoons on terrapin nests at Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in New York varied from 92-100% each year from 1998–2008, Burke unpubl. data). Terrapins are killed by cars when


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: nesting females cross roads and mortality can be high enough to seriously impact populations. Terrapins are still harvested for food in some states. Terrapins may be affected by pollutants such as metals and organic compounds, but this has not been demonstrated in wild populations. There is an active casual and professional pet trade in terrapins and it is unknown how many are removed from the wild for this purpose. Some people breed the species in captivity and some color variants are considered especially desirable. In Europe, "Malaclemys" are widely kept as pets, as are many closely related species. In Maryland,


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: diamondback terrapins were so plentiful in the 18th century that slaves protested the excessive use of this food source as their main protein. Late in the 19th century, demand for turtle soup claimed a harvest of 89,150 pounds from Chesapeake Bay in one year. In 1899, terrapin was offered on the dinner menu of Delmonico's Restaurant in New York City as the third most expensive item on the extensive menu. A patron could request either Maryland or Baltimore terrapin at a price of $2.50. Although demand was high, over capture was so high by 1920, the harvest of terrapins reached


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: only 823 pounds for the year. According to the FAA National Wildlife Strike Database, a total of 18 strikes between diamondback terrapins and civil aircraft were reported in the US from 1990 to 2007, none of which caused damage to the aircraft. On July 8, 2009, flights at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York City were delayed for up to one and a half hours as 78 diamondback terrapins had invaded one of the runways. The turtles, which according to airport authorities were believed to have entered the runway in order to nest, were removed and released back into


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: the wild. A similar incident happened on June 29, 2011, when over 150 turtles crossed runway four, closing the runway and disrupting air traffic. Those terrapins were also relocated safely. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey installed a turtle barrier along runway 4L at JFK to reduce the number of terrapins on the runway and encourage them to nest elsewhere. Nevertheless, on June 26, 2014, 86 terrapins made it onto the same runway, as a high tide carried them over the barrier. Their population is controlled by the raccoon population; it has been shown that as the


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: raccoons decrease in number, mating terrapins increase, leading to increased turtle activity at the airport. Many human activities threaten the safety of diamondback terrapins. The terrapins get caught and drown in crab nets that humans put out, are suffocated by pollution that humans greatly contribute to, and lose their marsh and estuarine habitats because of urban development. Diamondback terrapins were heavily harvested for food in colonial America and probably before that by Native Americans. Terrapins were so abundant and easily obtained that slaves and even the Continental Army ate large numbers of them. By 1917, terrapins had become a fashionable


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: delicacy and sold for as much as $5 each. Huge numbers of terrapins were harvested from marshes and marketed in cities. By the early 1900s populations in the northern part of the range were severely depleted and the southern part was greatly reduced as well. As early as 1902 the U.S. Bureau of Fisheries (which later became the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) recognized that terrapin populations were declining and started building large research facilities, centered at the Beaufort, North Carolina Fisheries Laboratory, to investigate methods for captive breeding terrapins for food. People tried (unsuccessfully) to establish them in many


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: other locations, including San Francisco. Maryland named the diamondback terrapin its official state reptile in 1994. The University of Maryland, College Park has used the species as its nickname (the Maryland Terrapins) and mascot (Testudo) since 1933, and the school newspaper has been named "The Diamondback" since 1921. The athletic teams are often referred to as "Terps" for short. The Baltimore baseball club entry in the Federal League during 1914 and 1915 was called the Baltimore Terrapins. The terrapin has also been a symbol of the Grateful Dead because of their song "Terrapin Station". Many images of the terrapin dancing


title: "Diamondback terrapin" content: with a tambourine appear on posters, T-shirts and other places in Grateful Dead memorabilia. Diamondback terrapin The diamondback terrapin ("Malaclemys terrapin") or simply terrapin, is a species of turtle native to the brackish coastal tidal marshes of the eastern and southern United States, and in Bermuda. It belongs to the monotypic genus, "Malaclemys". It has one of the largest ranges of all turtles in North America, stretching as far south as the Florida Keys and as far north as Cape Cod. The name "terrapin" is derived from the Algonquian word "torope". It applies to "Malaclemys terrapin" in both British English


title: "Smurl haunting" content: home located at 328 Chase Street in the city of West Pittston, Pennsylvania was disturbed by a demon that caused loud noises and bad odors, threw their dog into a wall, shook their mattress, pushed one of their daughters down a flight of stairs, and physically and sexually assaulted Jack on several occasions. In 1986, the family brought in a pair of demonologists, Ed and Lorraine Warren. According to Ed Warren, the demon that inhabited the Smurls home was "very powerful" and it shook mirrors and furniture after they tried to persuade it to leave by playing religious music and


title: "Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador" content: garrison allowed fishermen to pursue their activities with greater safety in neighbouring harbours. The French garrisons at Plaisance were small, but despite that fact, the soldiers and French privateers managed to hold their own in the face of numerous English attacks during the two major conflicts of the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession, which marked the colony's history. Recollect (Franciscan) friars from New France built a friary here in 1689, which lasted until the expulsion of the French in 1714. In 1692, Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de Lahontan, Baron de Lahontan defended the French port.


title: "Sino-Roman relations" content: brief reign was preoccupied by war with Sasanian Persia. Chinese histories for the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD) record contacts with merchants from "Fulin" (), the new name used to designate the Byzantine Empire. The first reported diplomatic contact took place in 643 AD during the reigns of Constans II (641–668 AD) and Emperor Taizong of Tang (626–649 AD). The "Old Book of Tang", followed by the "New Book of Tang", provides the name "Po-to-li" (, pinyin: "Bōduōlì") for Constans II, which Hirth conjectured to be a transliteration of "Kōnstantinos Pogonatos", or "Constantine the Bearded", giving him the title of a


title: "Order of the Cross of Liberty" content: a vice-chancellor and at least four members. The orders of the White Rose of Finland and the Lion of Finland have a joint board. The Order of the Cross of Liberty was founded on March 4, 1918, upon the initiative of General C. G. E. Mannerheim. The Finnish artist Akseli Gallen-Kallela was commissioned to design the Order's insignia with the swastika. At its foundation there were seven classes: grand cross, cross of liberty (1st to 4th class) and the medal of liberty (1st and 2nd class). The decorations of the Order of the Cross of Liberty were initially conferred only


title: "Generic cell rate algorithm" content: applied to a Variable Bit Rate (VBR) VC. This can limit ATM cells on this VBR VC to a Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) and a Maximum Burst Size (MBS). At the same time, the dual leaky bucket traffic policing function can limit the rate of cells in the bursts to a Peak Cell Rate (PCR) and a maximum Cell Delay Variation tolerance (CDVt): see Traffic Contract#Traffic Parameters. This may be best understood where the transmission on an VBR VC is in the form of fixed length messages (CPCS-PDUs), which are transmitted with some fixed interval or the Inter Message Time


title: "Marcos Ambrose" content: April 2006 at the Kroger 250 at Martinsville Speedway, qualifying 20th and finishing 33rd after being caught up in an incident unfolding in front of him. Ambrose is the first notable Australian driver in a NASCAR sanctioned event since Dick Johnson in 1990 and Australian based New Zealander Jim Richards in the mid 90s. Ambrose made history by finishing third in the O'Reilly Auto Parts 250 at Kansas Speedway on 2 July 2006. This was the first time a non-American driver has finished in the top five of a truck series event since Canadian Ron Fellows won on the Watkins


title: "Mount Ibuki" content: Mount Ibuki Mount Ibuki is the highest peak in the Ibuki Mountains, which stretch from north to south along the border of Shiga Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture. Located at the southern end of the mountain chain with the Suzuka Mountains not too far to the south, a small plain at the foot of this mountain, Sekigahara, became one of the most important strategic points throughout Japanese history. Mount Ibuki is well known for receiving the world's heaviest snowfall in recorded history. On February 14, 1927, the depth of snow at the top of the peak was according to government records,


title: "Mount Ibuki" content: which is a world record. Since ancient times, Mount Ibuki has also been known for its rich variety of wild plants and animals, as well as for its beautiful shape. Mount Ibuki has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfb") with mild summers and cold winters. There are two ways to ascend Mount Ibuki. The easiest way is to use the Ibuki Driveway. The summit is a 10-minute walk from the parking lot. There is also a bus going from Sekigahara Station up to the parking lot in the summer months. The alternative method is to simply climb the


title: "Mount Ibuki" content: mountain from its base. Many climbers climb from the Ibuki-Tozanguchi bus stop, which is 10 minutes by bus from Omi-Nagaoka Station on the Tōkaidō Main Line. Until 2011 there was a gondola going to the ski resort Sangome about halfway on the mountain slope. Both have been shut down since then and all the lifts have been removed. Mount Ibuki Mount Ibuki is the highest peak in the Ibuki Mountains, which stretch from north to south along the border of Shiga Prefecture and Gifu Prefecture. Located at the southern end of the mountain chain with the Suzuka Mountains not too


title: "Daisy cutter (fuse)" content: so that phase of development eventually gave way to threaded steel water pipes screwed into the nose cavity of the bombs, leaving only the tail fuse for detonation. After the war more precise fuses were created for this purpose. These weapons were used in the "shock and awe" phase of the Iraq War. Daisy cutter (fuse) A daisy cutter is a type of fuse designed to detonate an aerial bomb at or above ground level. The fuse itself is a long probe affixed to the weapon's nose, which detonates the bomb if it touches the ground or any solid object.


title: "Tin Drum (album)" content: Tin Drum (album) Tin Drum is the fifth and final studio album by English band Japan, released in November 1981 by record label Virgin. It peaked at No. 12 on the UK charts, and featured the top 5 single "Ghosts." It has received acclaim as the band's best work. "Tin Drum" continued the band's now-established mix of electronic elements with traditional instrumentation, but leans far more towards Far Eastern and Orientialist influences than any of their previous albums. Lead guitarist Rob Dean had departed in May 1981 and vocalist/songwriter/second guitarist David Sylvian had taken on his duties, which had been


title: "Battle of Montgomery's Tavern" content: Colonel James Fitzgibbon marched an estimated 1,000 regulars and militiamen up Yonge Street and attacked Mackenzie's force at Montgomery's Tavern, putting the building under artillery fire. When Fitzgibbon advanced his infantry, both parties of rebels abandoned their posts and retreated in disarray to the tavern, causing those assembled there to panic and flee. Within 20 minutes, the rebels were gone. Loyalist forces then looted the tavern and burned it to the ground, before marching back to York. Following the rebellion, the site of the tavern was used to build a hotel, with the structure of the old Davisville Hotel. In


title: "Acer grandidentatum" content: Acer grandidentatum Acer grandidentatum, commonly called bigtooth maple, is a species of maple native to interior western North America. It occurs in scattered populations from western Montana to central Texas in the United States and south to Coahuila in northern Mexico. It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing to tall and a trunk of diameter. The bark is dark brown to gray, with narrow fissures and flat ridges creating plate-like scales; it is thin and easily damaged. The leaves are opposite, simple, long and broad, with three to five deep, bluntly-pointed lobes, three of the lobes large and


title: "Acer grandidentatum" content: two small ones (not always present) at the leaf base; the three major lobes each have 3–5 small subsidiary lobules. The leaves turn golden yellow to red in fall (this trait is less reliable in warmer areas). The flowers appear with the leaves in mid spring; they are produced in corymbs of 5–15 together, each flower yellow-green, about diameter, with no petals. The fruit is a paired samara (two winged seeds joined at the base), green to reddish-pink in color, maturing brown in early fall; each seed is globose, diameter, with a single wing long. It is closely related to


title: "Acer grandidentatum" content: "Acer saccharum" (sugar maple), and is treated as a subspecies of it by some botanists, as "Acer saccharum" subsp. "grandidentatum" (Nutt.) Desmarais. It commonly grows in limestone soils but can adapt to a wide range of well-drained soils, from sand to clays to even white limestone areas. It prefers sheltered canyons, valleys, and the banks of mountain streams, primarily at higher elevations but occasionally at lower elevations in disjunct locales such as the southern edge of the Edwards Plateau in Texas and in the Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma. Although it is found in continental climate over all of its


title: "Acer grandidentatum" content: natural range, planted specimens grow well in the maritime climate of Vancouver. It is slow growing when young, and does not have many pests. It is occasionally planted as an ornamental tree, valued for its drought tolerance and ability to grow in rocky landscapes. Acer grandidentatum Acer grandidentatum, commonly called bigtooth maple, is a species of maple native to interior western North America. It occurs in scattered populations from western Montana to central Texas in the United States and south to Coahuila in northern Mexico. It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing to tall and a trunk of


title: Maisto content: warehouse and distribution center, aka Maisto International, Inc, is located in Fontana, California. In 2005 the May Cheong Group acquired the assets of the famous Italian brand Bburago. Later, Maisto also obtained the Polistil name, another well-known Italian scale model manufacturer that had previously gone bankrupt. Maisto gained popularity around 1990, mainly competing in 1/18 scale with Italian Bburago, Polistil and the more expensive - and often more spotty Franklin Mint Precision Models. By 2000, a whole host of companies like Yatming, Ertl, and even Mattel's Hot Wheels had entered the larger scale 1:18 fray. Especially since Bburago failed (being


title: "United States government operations and exercises on September 11, 2001" content: to simulate a hijacking situation including terrorist pilots. The operation was a response to a Russian exercise, in which long-range bombers were dispatched to Russia's high north. The operation was one part simulation, one part real world. It was immediately called off after NORAD received word from NEADS that the Federal Aviation Administration had evidence of a hijacking. All simulated information (so-called "injects") were purged from computer screens at NORAD headquarters in Colorado. On receiving news of the attacks, the Russians promptly canceled their exercise as well. The military exercises (war games) planned for September 11, 2001, included: Aside from


title: "Lunar craters" content: Lunar craters Lunar craters are impact craters on Earth's Moon. The Moon's surface has many craters, almost all of which were formed by impacts. The word "crater" was adopted from the Greek word for vessel - (Κρατήρ a Greek vessel used to mix wine and water). Galileo built his first telescope in late 1609, and turned it to the Moon for the first time on November 30, 1609. He discovered that, contrary to general opinion at that time, the Moon was not a perfect sphere, but had both mountains and cup-like depressions. These were named craters by Schroeter (1791), extending


title: "Lunar craters" content: its previous use with volcanoes. Scientific opinion as to the origin of craters swung back and forth over the ensuing centuries. The competing theories were (a) volcanic eruptions blasting holes in the Moon, (b) meteoric impact, (c) a theory known as the Welteislehre developed in Germany between the two World Wars which suggested glacial action creating the craters. Grove Karl Gilbert suggested in 1893 that the Moon's craters were formed by large asteroid impacts. Ralph Baldwin in 1949 wrote that the Moon's craters were mostly of impact origin. Around 1960, Gene Shoemaker revived the idea. According to David H. Levy,


title: "Lunar craters" content: Gene "saw the craters on the Moon as logical impact sites that were formed not gradually, in eons, but explosively, in seconds." Evidence collected during the Apollo Project and from unmanned spacecraft of the same period proved conclusively that meteoric impact, or impact by asteroids for larger craters, was the origin of almost all lunar craters, and by implication, most craters on other bodies as well. The formation of new craters is studied in the lunar impact monitoring program at NASA. The biggest recorded creation was caused by an impact recorded on March 17, 2013. Visible to the naked eye,


title: "Lunar craters" content: the impact is believed to be from an approximately 40 kg meteoroid striking the surface at a speed of 90,000 km/h. In March 2018 the discovery of around 7,000 formerly unidentified lunar craters via convolutional neural network developed at the University of Toronto Scarborough was announced. Because of the Moon's lack of water, atmosphere, and tectonic plates, there is little erosion, and craters are found that exceed two billion years in age. The age of large craters is determined by the number of smaller craters contained within it, older craters generally accumulating more small, contained craters. The smallest craters found


title: "Lunar craters" content: have been microscopic in size, found in rocks returned to Earth from the Moon. The largest crater called such is about 290 kilometres (181 mi) across in diameter, located near the lunar South Pole. However, it is believed that many of the lunar maria were formed by giant impacts, with the resulting depression filled by upwelling lava . Craters typically will have some or all of the following features: In 1978, Chuck Wood and Leif Andersson of the Lunar & Planetary Lab devised a system of categorization of lunar impact craters. They used a sampling of craters that were relatively


title: "Lunar craters" content: unmodified by subsequent impacts, then grouped the results into five broad categories. These successfully accounted for about 99% of all lunar impact craters. The LPC Crater Types were as follows: Beyond a couple of hundred kilometers diameter, the central peak of the TYC class disappear and they are classed as basins. Large craters, similar in size to maria, but without (or with small amount of) dark lava filling, are sometimes called thalassoids. Beginning in 2009 Dr. Nadine Barlow of Northern Arizona University began to convert the Wood and Andersson lunar impact-crater database into digital format. Dr. Barlow is also creating


title: "Lunar craters" content: a new lunar impact crater database similar to Wood and Andersson's, except hers will include all impact craters greater than or equal to five kilometers in diameter and is based on Clementine (spacecraft) images of the lunar surface. The "moon zoo" project within the Zooniverse program aimed to use citizen scientists to map the size and shape of as many craters as possible using data from the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. However, it has since been retired. Craters constitute 95% of all named lunar features. Usually they are named after deceased scientists and other explorers. This tradition comes from Giovanni


title: "Lunar craters" content: Battista Riccioli, who started it in 1651. Since 1919, assignment of these names is regulated by the International Astronomical Union. Small craters of special interest (for example, visited by lunar missions) receive human first names (Robert, José, Louise etc.). One of the biggest lunar craters, Apollo, is named after Apollo missions. Many smaller craters inside and near it bear the names of deceased American astronauts, and many craters inside and near Mare Moscoviense bear the names of deceased Soviet cosmonauts. Besides this, in 1970 twelve craters were named after twelve living astronauts (6 Soviet and 6 American). The majority of


title: "Lunar craters" content: named lunar craters are "satellite craters": their names consist of the name of a nearby named crater and a capital letter (for example, , , and so on). Lunar crater chains are usually named after a nearby crater. Their Latin names contain the word "Catena" ("chain"). For example, "Catena Davy" is situated near the crater Davy. The red marker on these images illustrates the location of the named crater feature on the near side of the Moon. Lunar craters Lunar craters are impact craters on Earth's Moon. The Moon's surface has many craters, almost all of which were formed by


title: "Chainmail (game)" content: rules. Despite these references, it is unclear how commonly players incorporated "Chainmail" into first-edition "D&D" games, however. The authors intended the "Chainmail" combat rules to be used in "D&D", but they provided an alternative d20 attack option which eventually became standard. Early "D&D" players could fall back to the "Chainmail" rules when conducting battles between armies, a situation where the "D&D" rules would be cumbersome, but early campaigns more frequently focused on smaller groups of characters and dungeon exploration than on mass combat. "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" eliminated dependencies on "Chainmail" entirely. In 1975, TSR, Inc. acquired the rights to


title: "Outflow boundary" content: etc.). Outflow boundaries can be seen either as fine lines on weather radar imagery or else as arcs of low clouds on weather satellite imagery. From the ground, outflow boundaries can be co-located with the appearance of roll clouds and shelf clouds. Outflow boundaries create low-level wind shear which can be hazardous during aircraft takeoffs and landings. If a thunderstorm runs into an outflow boundary, the low-level wind shear from the boundary can cause thunderstorms to exhibit rotation at the base of the storm, at times causing tornadic activity. Strong versions of these features known as downbursts can be generated


title: "Altamont School" content: Altamont School The Altamont School, located in Birmingham, Alabama atop Red Mountain, is a college preparatory day school with coeducational enrollment of grades 5–12. Most of the students live in Birmingham and the surrounding communities. Altamont was established in 1975 as a merger between the Brooke Hill School, a college preparatory school for girls founded in 1940, and the Birmingham University School, a boys' school founded in 1922 by Basil M. Parks. Following the merger Edna Earle Mullins of Brooke Hill became headmistress of the new school and Bill Haver of B.U.S. became assistant headmaster. One year later, Edna Mullins


title: "Justin Duchscherer" content: deal with the Baltimore Orioles. He was released on August 2. Justin Duchscherer Justin Craig Duchscherer [DUKE-shur] (born November 19, 1977) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He pitched in Major League Baseball for the Texas Rangers and Oakland Athletics. Duchscherer (nickname: "The Duke of Hurl") was selected by the Boston Red Sox in the 8th round (241st overall) of the 1996 Major League Baseball draft out of Coronado High School in Lubbock, Texas. His high-80s fastball made him one of the hardest throwers in the area, but his velocity soon ranked as only average as he entered the


title: "BC Racers" content: BC Racers BC Racers is a racing video game released by Core Design in 1994 for the Sega CD, in 1995 for the Sega 32X and the 3DO, and for the PC as freeware in 1995. It was the third game released in the Chuck Rock series (even though the Chuck Rock connection isn't as prominent in this game). The game was designed by Toby Gard, who later created Lara Croft. "BC Racers" tries to create a racing simulation by mixing the usual elements of games of this genre with the "prehistoric" theme. Particularly, the game takes place in the


title: "Linnaea borealis" content: Linnaea borealis Linnaea borealis is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae (the honeysuckle family). Until 2013, it was the only species in the genus "Linnaea". It is a boreal to subarctic woodland subshrub, commonly known as twinflower (sometimes written twin flower). This plant was a favorite of Carl Linnaeus, founder of the modern system of binomial nomenclature, for whom the genus was named. The perennial stems of "Linnaea borealis" are slender, pubescent, and prostrate, growing to long, with opposite evergreen rounded oval leaves long and broad. The flowering stems curve erect, to tall, and are leafless except


title: "Linnaea borealis" content: at the base. The flowers are paired, pendulous, long, with a five-lobed, pale pink corolla. "Linnaea borealis" was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 in "Species Plantarum". It was then the sole species in the genus "Linnaea". The genus name had been used earlier by the Dutch botanist Jan Frederik Gronovius, and was given in honour of Linnaeus. Linnaeus adopted the name because "Linnaea borealis" was his favourite plant. "Linnaea borealis" is considered to be a single circumboreal species, with three generally recognized subspecies: The English name "twinflower" for "Linnaea borealis" refers to the plant's paired flowers. "Linnaea


title: "Linnaea borealis" content: borealis" has a circumpolar distribution in moist subarctic, boreal, or cool temperate forests, extending further south at higher elevations in various mountains, in Europe south to the Alps, in Asia south to northern Japan, and in North America south to northern California and to Arizona and New Mexico in the west, and to West Virginia (and formerly Tennessee) in the Appalachian Mountains in the east. "Linnaea borealis" is self-incompatible, requiring cross-pollination to produce viable seeds; since pollen dispersal is usually not far, individuals and clonal colonies can become reproductively isolated. Regardless of seed production, "Linnaea" plants in a particular area


title: "Linnaea borealis" content: often spread by stolons to form clonal patches of the same genotype. Such clonal stands of "Linnaea" can be long-persisting, in some places remaining extant even if seed is not produced or if seedling germination or establishment does not occur. The species was presumably common in areas south of its present range during times of Pleistocene ("Ice Age") glaciations, and its clone-forming perennial growth habit has allowed it to survive the subsequent millennia locally within this former range in various high-elevation or otherwise cool and moist habitats, including algific talus slopes with persisting underground periglacial ice. While the three subspecies


title: "Linnaea borealis" content: of "Linnaea borealis" are all considered widespread, abundant, and secure in their main, northern ranges, all three subspecies are of conservation concern near the subspecies's range edges or at more southerly, disjunct sites. In Great Britain, "Linnaea borealis" ssp. "borealis" is listed as "nationally scarce", growing mainly in open pine woodlands in Scotland and northernmost England. Foresters consider this plant to be an indicator species of ancient woodlands, often found in association with creeping lady's tresses. It is found in about 50 sites around the country, with most situated in the woods around the Cairngorms; the southernmost locations are four


title: "Linnaea borealis" content: sites in Northumberland and one in County Durham. The sparseness of the sites is responsible for the continued decline of the plant in the country. In Scotland, 37% of "L. borealis" patches studied consisted of a single genotype, reproducing clonally vegetatively but not producing viable seed. This is a conservation concern because without viable seed, the species may not be able to re-populate restored habitat, and may not be able to adapt to climate change by establishing new populations. In the United States, "Linnaea borealis" ssp. "americana" is of conservation concern in several states along or near the southern edge


title: "Linnaea borealis" content: of the species' range, including Arizona, Iowa, Massachusetts, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, and was known historically but now considered extirpated or possibly so in Illinois, Indiana, New Jersey, Ohio, Rhode Island, and Tennessee. In Canada, "Linnaea borealis" ssp. "longiflora" is considered of conservation significance in the Yukon Territory, along the eastern edge of its range, where ssp. "americana" is widespread and abundant. Since many of the outlying southern sites for "Linnaea borealis" are in habitats that are at high elevations or otherwise in cooler microclimates than the surrounding general landscapes, ongoing and prospective climate change has become a


title: "Linnaea borealis" content: significant concern for the conservation of this species in such places, such as Ice Mountain in West Virginia, a low-elevation algific talus slope with persisting buried ice. Linnaeus took "Linnaea borealis" as his own personal symbol when he was raised to the Swedish nobility in 1757. In his "" (1737), Linnaeus had used Gronovius's name "Linnaea" as an example to advocate the use of commemorative personal names as botanical names: The flower of "Linnaea borealis" is the provincial flower of Småland, the home province of Linnaeus. Linnaea borealis Linnaea borealis is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: Nuremberg Castle Nuremberg Castle () is a group of medieval fortified buildings on a sandstone ridge dominating the historical center of Nuremberg in Bavaria, Germany. The castle, together with the city walls, is considered to be one of Europe's most formidable medieval fortifications. It represented the power and importance of the Holy Roman Empire and the outstanding role of the Imperial City of Nuremberg. In the Middle Ages, German kings (respectively Holy Roman Emperors after their coronation by the Pope) did not have a capital, but voyaged from one of their castles (Kaiserpfalz or Imperial castle) to the next. Thus,


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: the castle at Nürnberg became an important imperial castle, and in the following centuries, all German kings and emperors stayed at the castle, most of whom on several occasions. Nuremberg Castle comprises three sections: the Imperial castle ("Kaiserburg"), the former Burgraves' castle ("Burggrafenburg"), and the buildings erected by the Imperial City at the eastern site ("Reichsstädtische Bauten"). The first fortified buildings appear to have been erected around 1000. Thereafter, three major construction periods may be distinguished: The castle lost its importance after the Thirty Years' War (1618 to 1648). In the 19th century with its general interest in the medieval


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: period, some modifications were added. During the Nazi period, in preparation of the Nuremberg party rally in 1936, it was "returned to its original state." A few years later, during World War II and its air raids in 1944/1945, a large part of the castle was laid in ruins. It took some thirty years to complete the rebuilding and restoration to its present state. The usual access to the castle is via Burgstrasse ending in front of the sandstone ridge. A wide footpath leads into the outer courtyard through the "Heavenly Gate" ("Himmelstor") situated next to the "Hasenburg" tower (named


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: after the Bohemian "Hasenburg" family). The "Sinwell Tower" built in the 2nd half of the 13th century was the major keep of the Castle. It is named after its cylindrical form: in Middle High German "sinwell" means "perfectly round". In the 1560s, its height was increased by a further floor and a pavilion roof with a pointed helm. The "Deep Well" ("Tiefer Brunnen") inside the small half-timbered house in the middle of the courtyard is certainly as old as the castle itself, as it was the castle's only source of water. Its shaft reaches the water level in a depth


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: of 50 meters (164 feet) and the water usually is 3 m (10 ft) deep. Above the water level, a niche was cut out of the rock for cleaning purposes. The lower stone walls of the building date from 1563. The little annex built in the following year was used as bathroom and changing room. The "Deep Well" provided sufficient quantities of water for normal consumption, but during Imperial Diets and visits by the Emperor, water barrels had to be transported on wagons from the city. The "Castellan's House" ("Kastellansgebäude"), the "Secretarial Building" ("Sekretariatsgebäude") and the "Finance Building" ("Finanzstadel") as


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: well as the post-medieval "Himmelsstallung" are further buildings in the outer court, to a large extent reconstructed after World War II. The "Inner Gate" ("Inneres Tor") leads to the "Inner Courtyard" ("Innerer Burghof"), surrounded by the "Palas", the "Imperial Chapel" and the "Kemenate". In the courtyard, remains of foundations of the Salian Period may be seen. In the middle, there is the "Kunigunde Lime Tree" planted in 1984, replacing older trees first mentioned in 1455 and named after Saint Cunigunde, consort of Emperor Henry II (Saint Henry). The "Palas", the main building of the Imperial Castle, has two floors which


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: were used for official functions and as the Emperors residence. It was rebuilt and modified a number of times during the castle's history. It now houses the permanent exhibition »Emperor – Empire – City. The Imperial Castle in Nuremberg«. The "Imperial Chapel" ("Kaiserkapelle"), from an architectural point of view, is the most important building on the castle rock. It was built around 1200, at the same time as the original Palas. It is a romanesque double chapel consisting of two chapels one above the other and connected only through an opening in the ceiling, thus representing the hierarchical levels in


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: the medieval society. The "Heathens' Tower" ("Heidenturm") stands next to the Imperial Chapel. It was built at the same time as the Chapel. When the Castle was restored for the visit of Emperor Charles V, "heathen idols and pictures" on the tower were removed, meaning romanesque sculptures, and thus the tower's name in colloquial parlance subsists until today. The "Kemenate" ("Ladies' Building") originally was built during the Hohenstaufen period, but later replaced by a large four storeyed building. The present building was burned down in 1945 and later reconstructed. At present, it houses the ticket office, the small museum shop


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: and a multimedia show about the building history of the Imperial Castle. The Burgraves' Castle was situated on the area between the "Sinwell Tower" and the "Luginsland", but after its destruction in 1420 and the purchase of its remains by the city, very little is left. The "Pentagonal Tower" standing above the northern rock face is among the oldest buildings on the castle rock. It was the keep of the Burgraves' Castle. Its lower part made of ashlars may have been built at the same time as the Imperial Chapel. During later gothic times, a storey of brickwork was added.


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: The "Walburga Chapel" appears to have been built shortly thereafter. It was originally dedicated to Saint Othmar, but after the city purchased the ruins of Burgraves' Castle, it was rebuilt and dedicated to Saint Walpurga. Destroyed in World War II, it was reconstructed and opened to the public in 1970. The "Luginsland" (literally "look into the land") was built in 1377 near the main gate of the Burgraves' castle, in order to enable the city to monitor the activities inside the Burgraves' Castle, at a time when the relations between the city and the Burgraves had already deteriorated. The "Vestner


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: Gate" was the only exit from the castle to the north, at that time an open land. The "Imperial Stables" were built as a granary in 1494 to 1495 by Hans Beheim the Elder, Nuremberg's most important architect at that time. The ground floor was also used as stables. Severely damaged in World War II, it was renovated and is now a Youth Hostel. The "Bastions" were built in 1538 to 1545 in response to the progress in artillery which threatened the northern side of the castle. At about the same time, the fortifications of the city of Nuremberg as


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: a whole were renewed and extended. Archeological excavations within the castle unearthed remnants of walls dated around 1000, and in deeper strata even older ones that may be attributed to a building of Henry of Schweinfurt. The first written record is of 1050, when Henry III issued the so-called "Sigena document" in "Norenberc" releasing a bondswoman. His father Conrad II, on voyages from Regensburg (Ratisbon) to Bamberg in 1025 and 1030, still had issued documents in "Megelendorf", a small village some 4 km further to the east where the river Pegnitz could be crossed by a ford (presently "Mögelsdorf", a


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: district of Nuremberg). In the customary way, these documents indicate the place and date of their issuance, but do not contain any reference to the type of the place (e.g. castle, village etc.). Henry III used the castle in his campaigns to extend his rule over Bohemia, Poland and Hungary. Henry IV, who had been the opponent of Pope Gregory VII in the Investiture Controversy, at the end of his reign, in 1105, had to endure that in his absence, after a siege lasting two months, the castle was taken by his son Henry V and that at the end


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: of the same year he was forced by his son to abdicate. Upon the death of Henry V in 1125, the last member of the Salian dynasty, his elected successor Lothair of Supplinburg attempted to seize the crown lands from the Hohenstaufen Frederick II, Duke of Swabia and his brother Conrad who considered all these lands, including Nuremberg Castle, to be part of the Salian family property inherited by them. After several sieges, Lothair succeeded in October 1130 in capturing the castle. Upon Lothair's death in 1137, the Hohenstaufen Conrad was elected King Conrad III in the subsequent year and


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: soon afterwards started to build a new Imperial Castle which appears to have been completed unter his reign. The new buildings comprised the Palas, the Imperial Chapel and the Heathens' Tower. At about the same time, Conrad established the Burgraviate in order to ensure the safety of the castle in the absence of the king. Thus, the first burgraves from the Austrian House of Raabs built the Burgraves' Castle next to the Imperial Castle and were granted a substantial landholding in the vicinity. Frederick I (Barbarossa) used the castle for a number of Diets and receptions, e.g. of a legation


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: from the Eastern Roman Empire in 1156, but according to recent research, he did not contribute to the building of the Palace. Henry VI apparently was engaged in various building activities related to the Palas, the Imperial Chapel and adjacent buildings. After the last count of Raabs had died, his son-in-law Frederick of Zollern, in 1192, was granted the Burgraviate by Emperor Henry VI. The Zollerns, soon renamed Hohenzollern, held it until the Burgraves' Castle was destroyed and afterwards its ruins sold to the city of Nuremberg in 1427 (the Hohenzollerns, however, continued to administer their landholdings outside of Nuremberg).


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: Frederick II, on the occasion of his first diet at the Imperial Castle in 1219, granted the "Great Letter of Freedom" ("") to the city, including town rights, Imperial immediacy ("Reichsfreiheit"), the privilege to mint coins, and an independent customs policy, making the city an Imperial Free City subject only to the Emperor. Frederick II also transferred various responsibilities for the care of the Imperial Castle to the city. This was the starting point not only of a remarkable development of the city, but also of a long dispute between the city and the Burgraves. Frederick II stayed at the


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: castle at least 16 times, and his son King Henry (VII) of Germany as many as 21 times. In 1224, on the first diet of thirteen year old King Henry (VII), Walther von der Vogelweide was on the guest list, and in 1225, Henry (VII) was married at the castle to Margaret of Babenberg, daughter of Duke Leopold VI of Austria. Frederick II made his last visit to Germany in 1236 and returned to Italy in 1237 for the remaining thirteen years of his life, leaving the German affairs to his son Conrad IV. The Interregnum ceased in 1273 with


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: the election in Frankfurt of King Rudolf I, the first King of the Romans of the House of Habsburg. Immediately thereafter, Rudolf I attested a number of privileges to the Burgraves in consideration of their assistance in his election. Rudolf I held several diets at the Imperial Castle, and under his reign as well as under the reign of his successors Adolf of Nassau and Albert I of Habsburg, new buildings were added such as the Sinwell Tower, and works were executed on the Palas and the upper parts of the Chapel Tower (Heathens' Tower). During the same period, the


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: Burgraves extended their adjacent castle. Both the Burgraves and the city improved their positions in the surrounding lands. The city of Nuremberg prospered and became one of the most important towns in Germany. The Golden Bull of 1356 named Nuremberg as the place of the first Imperial Diet of a newly elected ruler. The Burgraves' rise to power reached its climax when King Sigismund transferred the Margraviate of Brandenburg to the Hohenzollern in 1411. Thus, it was inevitable that the relations between the city and the Burgraves on the castle hill deteriorated significantly. In 1367, the city obstructed the Burgraves'


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: access to the city by a wall in front of their castle, and in 1377, the city erected the "Luginsland" tower (literally "look into the land") near the main gate of the Burgraves' castle, in order to control the activities inside the castle. In 1388/89, there was an armed conflict which was settled. Finally, the Burgraves' Castle was attacked in 1420 by Duke Louis VII of Bavaria and burned down, probably with the consent of the city. In 1422, Sigismund transferred the care of the Imperial Castle to the city, and in 1427, Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg sold the


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: remains of the Burgraves' Castle to the city. With the political and commercial rise of the city, the Imperial Castle became less attractive. Emperors started to execute their governmental acts in the town hall completed in 1340 and preferred to stay in the luxurious houses of the leading families rather than in the less comfortable castle. The castle continued to be used on important formal occasions. Frederick III appreciated the safety of the Castle and stayed there several months. The last king holding his first Imperial Diet in Nuremberg was his son Maximilian I. In 1491, he stayed at the


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: castle for almost six months. His grandson and successor Charles V, because of epidemics raging at Nuremberg, relocated his first Imperial Diet to Worms. He visited Nuremberg only in 1541 on his way to the Imperial Diet in Regensburg. At this time, in 1538 to 1545, bastions were built on the northern side of the castle to better protect it against an improved artillery, and the Castle was integrated in the renewed and improved fortifications of the city. The subsequent Habsburg emperors concentrated on their territories mainly in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary. Thus, Nuremberg was rarely visited any more by


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: acting rulers. During the Thirty Years' War, in 1632, the armies of Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein appeared in front of the walled city, but were diminished less by their hostilities than by typhus and scurvy. Neither the city nor the Castle fully recovered from the effects of the Thirty Years' War. Since 1594, the Imperial Diet had met only in Regensburg. The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 not only ended the atrocities of the war, but led to the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg which from 1663 to 1806 seated in Regensburg. As a consequence, the Nuremberg Castle lost practically all


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: of its importance and was left undisturbed by outside forces. In 1806, during Napoleon's restructuring of central Europe, French troops occupied Nuremberg and, according to the "Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine" ("Rheinbundakte"), handed it over to Bavaria, then raised to a kingdom. In line with the Romantic Period's revived interest for medieval art and architecture, King Ludwig I of Bavaria, in 1833, ordered Carl Alexander Heideloff to execute restoration work, but the king was not pleased with his neo-Gothic style and stopped the work. His son Maximilian II later commissioned August von Voit to continue the refurbishment between


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: 1852 and 1858 in a more moderate style. In the 1930s, the general opinion of 19th century art and architecture had deteriorated. During the Third Reich, Rudolf Esterer, director of the Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes, removed most of the previous installations and returned the Castle to what was thought to be "its original state". In World War II, the castle was damaged in 1944-45, with only the Imperial Chapel and the Sinwell Tower remaining entirely intact. After the war, the castle was restored under the direction of Rudolf Esterer and Julius Lincke to its historical form,


title: "Nuremberg Castle" content: including the Luginsland tower which had been completely destroyed. The Castle is owned by the state of Bavaria and administered by its Bavarian Administration of State-Owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes ("Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen"). Notes Bibliography Nuremberg Castle Nuremberg Castle () is a group of medieval fortified buildings on a sandstone ridge dominating the historical center of Nuremberg in Bavaria, Germany. The castle, together with the city walls, is considered to be one of Europe's most formidable medieval fortifications. It represented the power and importance of the Holy Roman Empire and the outstanding role of the


title: "Hellbilly Deluxe" content: album on all of his subsequent tours, including his Hellbilly Deluxe 2 World Tour (2009-12). The music found on the album has been used extensively in the media, including films, video games, and television. "Dragula" and "Superbeast" have been covered by acts such as Motionless In White and Suicide Silence, respectively. The songs "Superbeast", "Dragula", "Living Dead Girl", "Meet the Creeper", "How to Make a Monster", and "Demonoid Phenomenon" were all covered on the tribute album "The Electro-Industrial Tribute to Rob Zombie" (2002). The album is rated R16 in New Zealand for violence, offensive language and sex scenes. All lyrics


title: "New Rose" content: New Rose "New Rose" is the first single by British punk rock group the Damned, released on 22 October 1976 on Stiff Records. It was the first single by a British punk group, and was released in the Netherlands, Germany and France in 1977. Written by guitarist Brian James, "New Rose" was also included on the group's full-length debut album, "Damned Damned Damned". The deadpan intro by singer Dave Vanian ("Is she really going out with him?") parodied the 1964 Shangri-Las song "Leader of the Pack". The single's B-side was a cover of the Beatles' hit "Help!", performed about twice


title: WPWR-TV content: broadcast on its pre-transition UHF channel 51. Through the use of PSIP, digital television receivers display the station's virtual channel as its former UHF analog channel 50. In April 2017, during the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)'s incentive auction, WPWR-TV sold its spectrum for $160,748,259. WPWR's channels moved to WFLD's spectrum on June 11, 2018, but remain associated with the WPWR license and channel 50 virtual channel. In addition to the CW and MyNetworkTV schedules, syndicated programming broadcast on WPWR-TV () includes "The Big Bang Theory", "Family Feud", "Chicago P.D.", "The Dr. Oz Show", and "The Simpsons". Occasionally as time permits,


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: Polygonia c-album Polygonia c-album (comma) is a food generalist (polyphagous) butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae. The angular notches on the edges of the forewings are characteristic of the genus "Polygonia", which is why species in the genus are commonly referred to as anglewing butterflies. Comma butterflies can be identified by their prominent orange and dark brown/black dorsal wings. To reduce predation, both the larval and adult stages exhibit protective camouflage, mimicking bird droppings and fallen leaves, respectively. During the later stage of development, the larvae also develop strong spines along their backs. The species is commonly found in


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: Europe, North Africa, and Asia, and contains several subspecies. Although the species is not migratory, the butterflies are strong fliers, resulting in an open population structure with high gene flow and increased genetic variation. The comma belongs to the family Nymphalidae, the largest family of butterflies with 13 subfamilies. Within the genus "Polygonia", a sister-group relationship between "P. c-album" and "P. faunus" is strongly supported by larval development analysis and synapomorphies. In both species, the adults and larvae have similar polyphagous habits. The genus "Polygonia" is also closely related to the genera "Kanisha" and "Roddia", each containing a single species:


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: "K. canace" and "R. l-album". The comma inhabits areas including Europe, North Africa, and Asia. It is primarily a woodland butterfly, living in low-density forests with sunshine and moist soil. Specifically, the species is commonly found in the woodland, country lanes, and garden areas of Norway, Sweden, and Great Britain. As a food generalist, or polyphagous species, comma butterflies can feed upon a variety of host plants, leading to widespread ranges across continents. In response to climate change, they are also undergoing range expansion. The following subspecies are found in the indicated parts of the comma's range: For comma butterflies,


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: food resources consumed during development are the primary source of nitrogen and protein during adulthood. Because they feed exclusively on plants, making them a phytophagous species, the quality of plants upon which the larvae feed is strongly correlated with their future fitness. The larval form is often divided into five developmental stages known as instars. Although during the first three instars larvae are observed to remain almost entirely upon the underside of leaves, the fourth and fifth instar larvae are more active in obtaining food resources. The later instar larvae are specialized feeders and favor several host plants during the


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: larval stage: "Urtica dioica", "Ulmus glabra", "Salix caprea", "R. uva-crispa", and "Betula pubescens". While pupal weight and overall larval survival rates are similar among larvae regardless of host plant, the larval development times differ significantly. As a result, larvae prefer feeding on plants that allow them to develop in the shortest amount of time. Larvae reared on "U. dioica" demand the shortest development time and is thus favored over other plants. On the other hand, "B. pubescens" is at the bottom of the host plant preference hierarchy. Favoring plants in the family Urticaceae is speculated to have originated from the


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: species’ ancestors, providing an explanation for larval preference for "U. dioica". Within the "U. dioica" plant, larvae are not shown to differentiate between high quality (fresher) and low quality (wilting) nettles, a pattern expected of a polyphagous species. Comma butterflies have a polyandrous mating system where females mate with multiple males to receive the necessary amount of sperm to fertilize their eggs. The polyandrous female distributes her matings equally over her lifetime, so males' mating success increases proportionally to their lifespan. The mating success of both sexes is correlated to the duration of an individual's life, so no difference in


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: mortality rates is observed between males and females. Females exercise mate choice before, during, and after mating and can distinguish between males who were reared on high-quality versus low-quality host plants. The ability to recognize adults reared on higher quality host plants is selected for because males fed better plants during development provide superior nuptial gifts. In comma butterflies, nuptial gifts are edible spermatophores containing spermatozoa and nutrients. When comparing the two common host plants "U. dioica" and "S. caprea", females preferentially choose to mate with males reared on "U. dioica", because these males have higher protein content and increased


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: spermatophore production. Females preferentially mate with males which provide larger investments, in the form of nuptial gifts. When females mated with males with higher-quality nuptial gifts, they not only allocate more resources to egg production but also use the resources to improve their own reproductive success. The investments can be used to increase female life expectancy, female maintenance, and future reproduction. During each mating, males allocate a constant amount of investment towards each nuptial gift, indicating that male mate choice does not play a role in allocation of resources. Females recognize and select a host plant carefully before laying their


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: eggs upon it, generally favoring host plants where larval development time is minimized. Akin to the preferred host plants for larvae, females prefer plants in the order Urticales. Despite the overall preference for plants leading to short larval development, host plant preference variation between females exists. Although the partiality for certain plant species appears to be inherited across populations, the pattern is not significant within a single population. This pattern of deviation results from the open population structure with high gene flow. In theory, females would prefer host plants where their offspring performance is maximized, and the larvae would benefit


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: from being able to feed on the best resources nearby their hatch site. However, this is not always observed in nature due to external factors such as predators, parasites, and pathogens. Instead, there is a trade-off between female host plant preference and larval fitness in many species of butterfly. In "P. c-album," instead of accepting the host plant that the female selected, first instar larvae leave their hatch site in search of alternative food sources. Larvae that stay on the inferior host are not only smaller, but also have lower survival and growth rates. Unlike female host plant preference, egg


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: mass is not shown to be sex-linked. Instead, egg mass is most likely controlled by additive autosomal genes, where the egg sizes of offspring are intermediate compared to its parents. The type of host plant chosen during the larval stage is not correlated with their offspring's egg mass, indicating that egg size is not related to fitness. Females lay their eggs on a variety of host plants, preferring those that minimize larval development time. Unlike some butterflies who lay their eggs in batches, comma females often lay their eggs singly. After each egg is laid, the female scouts out other


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: possible host plants before determining the site of her next egg. The eggs are green when first laid, and gradually turn yellow and ultimately grey before hatching, which generally takes four to five days. Although the female can allocate more resources into egg production based on the nuptial gifts received by mates, the total number of eggs laid or the mass of the eggs are altered based on the host plant. A lack of correlation suggests that neither egg quantity nor egg mass indicate future fitness for the offspring. The larval period is separated into five distinct stages or instars.


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: During the first three instars, the comma larvae have a cryptic appearance to avoid detection while they primarily stay on the underside of leaves. Fourth and fifth instar larvae search for food more actively. However, the beginning of the fourth instar also marks the development of black, white, and orange patterns. To avoid predation despite its conspicuous appearance, the larva develops strong spines along its body. The larvae have a continuous white marking along their backs to mimic bird droppings. In its final instar, the white coloration disappears but the spines persist. Three possibilities describing why spines may develop during


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: later instars are as follows: smaller larvae cannot sustain the spines, larger larvae benefit more from spines as their predators shift from invertebrates to vertebrates, or because an effective spine pattern cannot be achieved upon the surface area of the smaller larvae. Aside from the formation of spines, no other defense against predators appears to be present. While fourth and fifth instar larvae are rarely preyed upon by the same predator, removal of the spines leads to repeated predation, indicating that no chemical defense mechanism exists to deter enemies. "P. c-album" adults undergo one of two morphs: the directly developing


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: morph or the diapausing (delayed development) morph. For both males and females, directly developing adults have a shorter pupal time of around 10 days, whereas the diapausing adults spend over 11 days pupating. Additionally, the pupae whose adult stage would enter the directly developing morph had larger pupal weights, consistent with the notion that the lighter morph allocates more resources towards maturation and reproduction. Full-grown comma butterflies have a wingspan of about 45 mm, or 1.8 inches. The name comma butterfly derives from the small white 'C'-shaped marking resembling a comma on the underside of its wings. Commas can exhibit


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: both mimicking and polyphenism, a phenomenon where multiple morphs exist in a population. Due to their orange and dark brown/black appearance, the butterflies resemble fallen leaves when their wings are closed. Adults can also undergo one of two morphs: the directly developing morph or the diapausing morph. During the directly developing morph, the butterflies mature sexually at a rapid rate. Females undergoing this morph oviposit in the summer, leading the phase to also be referred to as the summer morph. Butterflies portraying the summer morph have light colored undersides. The diapausing morph, also known as the spring or winter morph,


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: occurs when the female enters a reproductive diapause, a time when sexual maturity is postponed, and hibernates before ovipositing in the spring instead. During the diapausing morph, the undersides of the wings are much darker. Because of their wide distribution around the world, comma butterflies have a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate predators, including blue tits, chickens, and other birds. The two main parasites that have been known to affect comma butterflies are "Glypta erratica", a type of stem borer in "Eupatorium", and "Pteromalus vanessae". "P. vanessae" often oviposit in the larvae of butterflies such as "P. c-album" and "Nymphalis


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: antiopa". "P. c-album" are known to be infected by cytoplasmic virus diseases. The disease infection usually starts in the cytoplasm of the midgut and progresses throughout the foregut and hindgut as well. The first three larval instars are camouflaged, the dark colors making the larvae less vulnerable to detection. In the fourth instar, the appearance of the larval body is relatively more colorful with white, black, and orange aposematic patterns. A white stripe along its back mimics the pattern of bird droppings, further displaying protective coloration of the species. During the transition between the third and fourth instars, the larvae


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: also develop strong spines along their backs. Decreased predation by birds on "P. c-album" third-instar larvae has been shown compared to other larval stages, indicating that the spines increase defense. However, this appears to provide limited protection as some birds were able to consume the larvae despite the appearance of spikes. Adults also make use of camouflage. The underside of adult wings mimic the patterns of a fallen leaf. The similarity is further exaggerated by the irregular wing edges, not resembling a typical butterfly, that are characteristic of the genus "Polygonia". The butterflies can also undergo one of two morphs:


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: directly developing (summer) or diapausing (spring/winter). The diapausing morph is triggered when resources are allocated to survival, resulting in a less conspicuous, darker appearance of adults to avoid predation. Under cold winter conditions, adults can undergo diapause, a period of delayed sexual maturation to maximize survival. The diapause morph is based upon the length of the day that the larvae experienced during the development stage of the life cycle. The diapausing morph is more commonly observed in "P. c-album" butterflies inhabiting south Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The threshold for the photoperiod triggering diapause is primarily due to autosomal genes


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: but may also be influenced by sex-linked genes and/or parental effects. Females tend to enter a diapause based on a photoperiod that is intermediate to the parents, and males are more likely to enter diapause than females. This indicates that males and females have evolved different optimal lifecycles. Females profit from larger body size, because it is correlated with fecundity whereas male fitness is not related to size. Although dark appearances such as the early instars and the diapause morph are commonly seen in species as a means of thermoregulation, the behavior of commas makes the theory unlikely for this


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: species. During the first three instars, the cryptically colored larvae spend most of their time under leaves, limiting their exposure to the sun. Although the later instar larvae are more dispersive in search of food resources, basking is very rarely observed. Thus, their body temperatures do not elevate dramatically in the presence of sunshine, decreasing the effect that dark exteriors customarily have on biological processes such as metabolism and development rate. However, "P. c-album" larvae are observed basking during the two later instars. This may be explained by the resemblance that the later instar larvae have to bird droppings, which


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: would limit predation despite increasing exposure to predators. Thermoregulatory behaviors may have a much more pronounced effect on later instar larvae but do not appear to affect the first three larval stages. Comma adults are dimorphic. The two phases are the directly developing morph (summer morph) and the diapausing morph (winter/spring morph). The two morphs are determined by autosomal genes, which determine which phase the adults will undergo based on the length of the day experienced during the larval stage. During winter, the length of the day is short, and butterfly survival rate is lower. To allow the adults to


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: survive through the cold winter and oviposit during the spring, the adults go through the diapausing morph which feature darker wings for greater protective coloration during hibernation. When the photoperiods are longer during summertime, the adults go through the directly developing phase with a lighter appearance. The lighter appearance is attributed to fewer resources allocated to producing a protective appearance and more resources used to assist reproduction. Climate change has dramatically affected the habitat ranges of the comma, encouraging range expansion and feeding upon a wider variety of host plants. In Britain, comma butterflies have shown the greatest shift in


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: habitat and feeding resources, altering its preferred host plant from "H. lupulus" to "U. glabra" and "U. dioica". The movement of the distribution appears to be following a change in climate. Although not a migrating butterfly species, the butterflies at the edges of the range show much higher dispersal tendencies than those living within the range. In the 19th century, the British population of the comma crashed, possibly as a result of reduced hop ("H. lupulus") farming. From about 1930 the population recovered, and the comma is now one of the more familiar butterflies in Southern England. It is also


title: "Polygonia c-album" content: found in Scotland and in North Wales. Since the 1970s in Britain, specialist butterflies have decreased in population as their preferred habitat and host plants area becomes smaller. On the other hand, generalist species such as "P. c-album" have started to expand their range. In particular, comma butterflies have expanded along the northern edge of their range. Polygonia c-album Polygonia c-album (comma) is a food generalist (polyphagous) butterfly species belonging to the family Nymphalidae. The angular notches on the edges of the forewings are characteristic of the genus "Polygonia", which is why species in the genus are commonly referred to


title: "SMS Schlesien" content: there in shallow water so she could not be sunk by air attack and risk capsizing. Between 1949 and 1956, the wreck was demolished and then scrapped "in situ" by an East German company. Some remains from the ship were still visible in 1970. SMS Schlesien SMS "Schlesien" was one of the five pre-dreadnought battleships built for the German "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial Navy) between 1904 and 1906. She was named after the German province of Schlesien. She was built at the Schichau-Werke shipyard in Danzig, where she was laid down on 19 November 1904, and launched on 28 May 1906.


title: Quarashi content: a collection of five new songs ("Mr. Jinx", "Baseline", "Malone Lives", "Copycat", and "Weirdo") and seven songs from "Xeneizes" ("Stick 'Em Up", "Tarfur", "Jivin' About", "Xeneizes", "Fuck You Puto", "Dive In" "Bless"). "Stick 'Em Up", "Tarfur", "Jivin' About", "Xeneizes", and "Fuck You Puto" were re-recorded with "Jivin' About" being retitled "Transparent Parents". Only "Dive In" and "Bless" remained unchanged. "Jinx" received mixed reviews. Some critics loved the group's eclectic mix of rap, rock, and funk, while others saw the group as imitative of other, more successful rap/rock acts such as the Beastie Boys and Limp Bizkit. Despite "Stick 'Em Up"


title: "Women as imams" content: heartland of early Islam, but in China more recently. The debate has been reactivated during the 21st century. Proponents have argued that the spirit of the Qur'an and the letter of a disputed hadith indicate that women should be able to lead mixed, as opposed to sex-segregated congregations, and that the prohibition against the practice originated from sexism in the medieval environment and from inaccurate patriarchal interpretations of religious texts, rather than from a spirit of true Islam. The Quran does not address this issue; relevant precedents are therefore sought for in the "hadith", the traditions attributed to Muhammad; the


title: "Dave Elman" content: Lobby". The show became popular, and thousands of letters came in each week from people who wanted to talk about their hobbies. Many celebrities also sought to be on Elman’s show. When Elman went on vacation on August 2, 1939, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt accepted the invitation to be his replacement as host. Later, when he was hospitalized for a gallbladder operation, Roosevelt was once more the interim host. She also collaborated with Dave Elman on a movie advocating the use of hobbies as activities for soldiers, which she described in her "My Diary" newspaper column. "Hobby Lobby" was on


title: "Élias Sarkis" content: Élias Sarkis Élias Youssef Sarkis (20 July 1924 – 27 June 1985) () was a lawyer and President of Lebanon, who served from 1976 to 1982. Élias Sarkis was born in Chebanieh, a mixed Christian-Muslim mountain village, to a shopkeeping family on 20 July 1924. His family was Maronite Christian. Sarkis attended to Chebanieh School and Frères School in Beirut. He began to work as a railway clerk during his university education, and then, graduated with a law degree from Saint Joseph University in 1948. After graduation, Sarkis worked as a lawyer for three years. Next, he became protege of


title: "Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act" content: company can register its pesticide products with the EPA, it must know what the EPA considers a pesticide under the law. According to section 2(u) of FIFRA, 7 U.S.C. section 136(u), the term "pesticide" is defined as the following: An applicant will have to prove that the pesticide active ingredient, pesticide product, or proposed new use of a registered pesticide will not cause unreasonable adverse effects on human health and environment. An unreasonable adverse effect is "(1) any risk that is unreasonable to man or the environment that takes social, economic, and environmental costs as well as benefits into consideration


title: "Zanthoxylum clava-herculis" content: Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Zanthoxylum clava-herculis (Hercules' club, Hercules-club, pepperwood, or southern prickly ash) is a spiny tree or shrub native to the southeastern United States. It grows to 10–17 m tall and has distinctive spined thick, corky lumps 2–3 cm long on the bark. The leaves are glabrous and leathery, pinnately compound, 20–30 cm long with 7-19 leaflets, each leaflet 4–5 cm long. The flowers are dioecious, in panicles up to 20 cm long, each flower small, 6–8 mm diameter, with 3-5 white petals. The fruit is a two-valved capsule 6 mm diameter with a rough surface, and containing several small


title: "Zanthoxylum clava-herculis" content: black seeds. The tree has also been called "Z. macrophyllum". The genus name is sometimes spelled "Xanthoxylum." Along with the related "Zanthoxylum americanum," it is sometimes called "toothache tree" or "tingle tongue" because chewing on the leaves, bark, or twigs causes a tingling numbness of the mouth, tongue, teeth and gums. It was used for such medicinal purposes by both Native Americans and early settlers to treat toothache because of this. The tree has a rounded crown and requires plentiful water and sunlight. Its leaves are browsed by deer and its fruit is eaten by birds. The fruit passes through


title: "Zanthoxylum clava-herculis" content: birds, which helps the seeds to germinate. The new trees tend to sprout below the favorite resting places of the birds, along fence rows and the edge of woods. It is known to be host to a number of insect species, including the Giant Swallowtail "(Papilio cresphontes)" and the leaf beetle "Derospidea brevicollis". The name Hercules' club is also applied to "Aralia spinosa", also native to eastern North America. Unlike "Zanthoxylum," "Aralia" has large twice-compound leaves and very large leaf scars, so the trees are easily distinguished. The benzophenanthridine alkaloid chelerythrine is the major active natural product found in "Z.


title: "Zanthoxylum clava-herculis" content: clava-herculis", exhibiting anti-bacterial activity against "Staphylococcus aureus". Zanthoxylum clava-herculis Zanthoxylum clava-herculis (Hercules' club, Hercules-club, pepperwood, or southern prickly ash) is a spiny tree or shrub native to the southeastern United States. It grows to 10–17 m tall and has distinctive spined thick, corky lumps 2–3 cm long on the bark. The leaves are glabrous and leathery, pinnately compound, 20–30 cm long with 7-19 leaflets, each leaflet 4–5 cm long. The flowers are dioecious, in panicles up to 20 cm long, each flower small, 6–8 mm diameter, with 3-5 white petals. The fruit is a two-valved capsule 6 mm diameter with


title: Tarvisio content: Tarvisio Tarvisio (German and , ) is a comune in the Province of Udine, the northeastern part of the autonomous Friuli Venezia Giulia region in Italy. The town is in the Canal Valley ("Val Canale") between the Carnic Alps and Karawanks ranges in the north and the Julian Alps in the south. Located at the border with both Austria and Slovenia, Tarvisio and its neighbouring municipalities of Arnoldstein and Kranjska Gora form the tripoint of Romance, Germanic and Slavic Europe. The height west of the town centre marks the watershed between the Slizza creek, a tributary of the Gail River


title: "Kenneth McClintock" content: interconnecting Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands power systems. Siemens AG completed the study in July 2011. The government of Spain financed a World Bank pre-feasibility study on the possible interconnection of Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic's power systems, which would be an integral part of the proposed Caribbean Energy Grid. After the election of Sen. Alejandro García Padilla as the 10th elected Governor of Puerto Rico on November 6, 2012, McClintock became the statutory chairman of Governor Fortuño's Outgoing Committee on Government Transition, the first and so far only to have chaired both the Incoming and


title: "Birgitta Dahl" content: She has three children. One of her daughters, Anna Kettner, is also a former Social Democratic politician. Birgitta Dahl Rut Birgitta Dahl (born 20 September 1937) is a Swedish former politician of the Social Democratic Party. Birgitta Dahl was born in Råda, Härryda Municipality, Västra Götaland County. She earned a B.A. at Uppsala University in 1960. During her studies she was politically active in the Uppsala Student Union. She worked as a senior administrative officer at the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency from 1965 to 1982, as a course assistant at the Swedish North Africa Institute from 1964 to 1965,


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: Parc des Buttes Chaumont The Parc des Buttes-Chaumont () is a public park situated in northeastern Paris, in the 19th arrondissement. Occupying , it is the fifth-largest park in Paris, after the Bois de Vincennes, the Bois de Boulogne, the Parc de la Villette and the Tuileries Garden. It was opened in 1867, late in the regime of Emperor Napoleon III, and was built by Jean-Charles Alphand, who created all the major parks of Napoleon III. The park has of roads and of paths. The most famous feature of the park is the Temple de la Sibylle, inspired by the


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: Temple of Vesta in Tivoli, Italy, perched at the top of a cliff fifty metres above the waters of the artificial lake. The park took its name from the bleak hill which occupied the site, which, because of the chemical composition of its soil, was almost bare of vegetation – it was called "Chauve-mont", or bare hill. The area, just outside the limits of Paris until the mid-19th century, had a sinister reputation; it was close to the site of the Gibbet of Montfaucon, the notorious place where the bodies of hanged criminals were displayed after their executions from the


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: 13th century until 1760. After the 1789 Revolution, it became a refuse dump, and then a place for cutting up horse carcasses and a depository for sewage. The director of public works of Paris and builder of the Park, Jean-Charles Alphand, reported that "the site spread infectious emanations not only to the neighboring areas, but, following the direction of the wind, over the entire city." Another part of the site was a former gypsum and limestone quarry mined for the construction of buildings in Paris and in the United States. This raw material was used for a long time to


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: have plaster and lime. In order to make lime, gypsum was heated in furnaces. This activity was maintained until the second half of the 19th century. By the end of the 1850s, the quarry was exhausted. That quarry also yielded Eocene mammal fossils, including "Palaeotherium", which were studied by Georges Cuvier. This not-very-promising site was chosen by Baron Haussmann, the Prefet of Paris, for the site of a new public park for the recreation and pleasure of the rapidly growing population of the new 19th and 20th arrondissements of Paris, which had been annexed to the city in 1860. The


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: work on the park began in 1864, under the direction of Alphand, who used all the experience and lessons he had learned in making the Bois de Boulogne and the Bois de Vincennes. Two years were required simply to terrace the land. Then a railroad track was laid to bring in cars carrying two hundred thousand cubic meters of topsoil. A thousand workers remade the landscape, digging a lake and shaping the lawns and hillsides. Explosives were used to sculpt the buttes themselves and the former quarry into a picturesque mountain fifty meters high with cliffs, an interior grotto, pinnacles


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: and arches. Hydraulic pumps were installed to lift the water from the canal of the Ourcq River up the highest point on the promontory, to create a dramatic waterfall. The chief gardener of Paris, horticulturist Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps, then went to work, planting thousands of trees, shrubs and flowers, along with sloping lawns. At the same time, the city's chief architect, Gabriel Davioud, designed the miniature Roman temple on the top of the promontory, modeled after that at Tivoli near Rome, as well as belvederes, restaurants modeled after Swiss chalets, and gatehouses like rustic cottages, completing the imaginary landscape. The park


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: was opened on 1 April 1867, coinciding with the opening of the Paris Universal Exposition, and instantly became a popular success with the Parisians. The heart of the park is an artificial lake of surrounding the Île de la Belvédère, a rocky island with steep cliffs made from the old gypsum quarry. On the top is the Temple de la Sibylle, fifty meters above the lake. The island is connected by two bridges with the rest of the park. the island is surrounded by paths, and a steep stairway of 173 steps leads from the top of the belvedere down


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: through the grotto to the edge of the lake. The most famous feature of the park is the Temple de la Sibylle, a miniature version of the famous ancient Roman Temple of Vesta in Tivoli, Italy. The original temple was the subject of many romantic landscape paintings from the 17th to the 19th century, and inspired similar architectural follies in the English landscape garden of the 18th century. The temple was designed by Gabriel Davioud, the city architect for Paris, who designed picturesque monuments for the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Monceau, and other city parks. He also


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: designed some of the most famous fountains of Paris, including the Fontaine Saint-Michel. The temple was finished in 1867. The grotto is a vestige of the old gypsum and limestone quarry that occupied part of the site, now adjacent to rue Botzaris on the south side of the park. It is fourteen meters wide and twenty meters high, and has been sculpted and decorated with artificial stalactites as long as eight meters to make it resemble a natural grotto, in the style of the romantic English landscape garden of the 18th and 19th century. An artificial waterfall, fed by pumps,


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: cascades from the top of the cave and down through the grotto to the lake. A 63-meter-long suspension bridge, eight meters above the lake, allows access to the belvedere. The bridge was designed by Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower. A masonry bridge, above the lake, known as the "suicide bridge", allows access to the belvedere from the south side of the park. After a series of well-publicized suicides, the bridge is now fenced with wire mesh. Most of the architecture of the park, from the Temple de la Sibylle, the cafes and gatehouses to the fences and


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: rain shelters, was designed by Gabriel Davioud, chief architect for the city of Paris. He created a picturesque, rustic style for the parks of Paris, sometimes inspired by ancient Rome, sometimes by the chalets and bridges of the Swiss Alps. The main entrance to the park is at Place Armand-Carrel, where the "mairie" (town hall) of the 19th arrondissement, also designed by Davioud, is located. There are five other large gates to the park: Porte Bolivar, Porte de la Villette, Porte Secrétan, Porte de Crimée, and Porte Fessart, as well as seven smaller gates on the park perimeter. The park


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: currently hosts three restaurants (Pavillon du Lac, Pavillon Puebla, and Rosa Bonheur), two reception halls, two Guignol theatres, and two waffle stands. Notably, in 1892, the two Guignol theatres were established in the park and have become popular attractions for generations of visitors. As part of a citywide wireless Internet-access plan, the park has activated four "wi-fi" zones. When established in 1867, the park was envisioned by Napoleon III as a garden showcase. This original intent of the park continues to guide the park's direction. Currently, there are over 47 species of plants, trees, and shrubs cultivated in the park.


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: Many of the plants and trees found in the park were those originally planted when the park was created. The park boasts many varieties of indigenous and exotic trees (many of which are Asian species): in particular, several cedars of Lebanon planted in 1880, Himalayan cedars, Ginkgo Biloba, Byzantine hazelnuts, Siberian elms, European hollies, and bamboo-leafed prickly ashes, among many others. Tree species found in the park include: <mapframe text="Parc des Buttes Chaumont, Paris" width=250 height=250 zoom=15 latitude=48.8792 longitude=2.3834 /> The Parc des Buttes Chaumont is served by Lines 5 and 7bis In September, the park hosts Paris's annual Silhouette


title: "Parc des Buttes Chaumont" content: Short Film Festival. The Silhouette Festival features seven days of French and international short films, followed by an awards ceremony. In 2008, a modern version of the traditional Guinguette, Rosa Bonheur, was established inside the park. This unique restaurant and dance venue is government-sponsored by the Mairie of the 19th arrondissement. Parc des Buttes Chaumont The Parc des Buttes-Chaumont () is a public park situated in northeastern Paris, in the 19th arrondissement. Occupying , it is the fifth-largest park in Paris, after the Bois de Vincennes, the Bois de Boulogne, the Parc de la Villette and the Tuileries Garden. It


title: Cy-Kill content: Cosmos, Cy-Kill, Path Finder, "Universe" Repugnus, Sky-Byte, Small Foot and Treds. After processing the three Autobots are greeted by the ancient Autobot Alpha Trion and taught in the ways of outworlders in Axiom Nexus. Breakaway is then abducted by Transtech Shockwave. Cy-Kill has appeared in the animated comedy series "Robot Chicken". He had no dialogue in his first appearance, but his voice was done by Frank Welker in his second one. Since 2002, Cy-Kill (as well as other GoBots) has made several cameo appearances in the "Transformers" comics. He is constantly destroyed as a running gag, in most of these


title: "Ecological engineering" content: Principles for ecological engineering, yet not all are expected to contribute to any single design: Mitsch and Jorgensen identified the following considerations prior implementing an ecological engineering design: An academic curriculum has been proposed for ecological engineering, and institutions around the world are starting programs. Key elements of this curriculum are: environmental engineering; systems ecology; restoration ecology; ecological modeling; quantitative ecology; economics of ecological engineering, and technical electives. Complementing this set of courses are prerequisites courses in physical, biological, and chemical subject areas, and integrated design experiences. According to Matlock et al., the design should identify constraints, characterize solutions in


title: "Battle on the Irpin River" content: their sister Maria, and not by Liubartas. Bolesław Jerzy was poisoned in 1340 bringing about the prolonged Galicia–Volhynia Wars that split the territory between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland. Contemporary sources also do not indicate that the brothers were slain by the Lithuanians. Swiss chronicler John of Winterthur recorded that they were poisoned by their rebellious subjects. In a letter to Pope John XXII, Polish King Władysław I the Elbow-high lamented that the death of Andrew and Leo left Poland vulnerable to an attack from the Golden Horde and made no mention of the Lithuania aggression.


title: "Le Spleen de Paris" content: regards, Baudelaire admires their sensual beauty (connects back to themes of intoxication, pleasure). Many of Baudelaire's prose poems are dominated by the concept of time, usually negatively. The speaker in "Le Spleen de Paris" fears the passage of time and his/her own mortality. As a result, intoxication, women, pleasure, and writing are all forms of escape from this unavoidable hell. "Be Drunk" and "Already!" exemplify Baudelaire's infatuation with the idea of time. In "Already!" the speaker is incapable of matching the infiniteness and simplicity of nature, and at the end, comes face to face with his own death: "I felt


title: "Rhynie chert" content: were periodically active, and flowed into an alluvial plain containing small lakes. By analogy with Yellowstone, the chert itself probably formed in a marshy area towards the latter end of the extent of outwash from the springs. Living vegetation covered around 55% of the land area, with litter covering 30% and the remaining 15% of the ground being bare. A braided river flowing to the north periodically deposited the sandy layers found in cores when it flooded its banks. Sedimentary textures which appear to have formed in the hydrothermal vents themselves are preserved with a brecciated texture; "geyserite", a sediment


title: "Alex Himelfarb" content: Canada and of the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives' Ontario Advisory Board. He is also on the Boards of several other non-governmental organizations including the Atkinson Foundation and the Narwhal. Alex Himelfarb Alexander "Alex" Himelfarb (born July 3, 1947) is a senior Canadian civil servant and academic. Born in Germany, he was raised and educated in Toronto. He received a Ph.D in sociology from University of Toronto. In 1981, he married Frum Himelfarb (Weiner), and they have three children. He was a professor of sociology at the University of New Brunswick from 1972 to 1981. He authored two introductory textbooks


title: "The Perry Bible Fellowship" content: at Syracuse University, and by 2007 was also being printed in "Maxim", "The Guardian", the Boston "Weekly Dig", "The Baltimore City Paper", and "The Chicago Reader". According to the official website, the comic also appeared in several other publications, including the "New York Press". On February 18, 2008, Nicholas Gurewitch announced he was cutting back on the production of the comic strip, saying "I feel I owe it to myself and the Perry Bible Fellowship not to turn a joyful diversion into a long career." Previously a weekly strip, it is now infrequently updated. Nicholas Gurewitch was born March 9,


title: "Fujian Province, Republic of China" content: province in the early 4th century when the Western Jin dynasty collapsed and the north was torn apart by invasions by nomadic peoples from the north, as well as civil war. These immigrants were primarily from eight families in central China: Lin (林), Huang (黄), Chen (陈), Zheng (郑), Zhan (詹), Qiu (邱), He (何), and Hu (胡). The first four remain as the major surnames of modern Fujian. Nevertheless, isolation from nearby areas owing to rugged terrain contributed to Fujian's relatively backward economy and level of development, despite major population boost from northern China during the "barbarian" invasions. Population


title: "Axis Amerika" content: the innocent men and women inside the camp. Manson manipulated Faith, his former servant, causing her powers to go out of control. It seemed, to the public at large, that the JLA had killed thousands of innocent people. Superman is imprisoned for the destruction of Safe Haven. Faith goes to Manson, promising to work for him if the JLA's name is cleared. The new Axis America consists of Übermensch (Shepherd), Hel (Vela), Zaladin, Fleshburn, and Great White. Axis Amerika Axis Amerika is the name of two different teams of super-villains who have appeared in DC Comics. The team, created by


title: "Booz Allen Hamilton" content: United States who received financing from Booz Allen and "other firms with a similar multinational business model" have vested interests in "denigrating the democratic protest movements that challenge Mideast surveillance states that make those donors big money, too." Booz Allen helped the Government of the United Arab Emirates create an equivalent of the National Security Agency for that country. According to David E. Sanger and Nicole Perlroth of "The New York Times", "one Arab official familiar with the effort" said that "They are teaching everything. Data mining, Web surveillance, all sorts of digital intelligence collection." In 2013 Sanger and Perlroth


title: "John Andretti" content: car in the Milwaukee Mile and Texas Motor Speedway races, and on June 6 he was offered a deal that would keep him in the car the rest of the season. He did not accept. Andretti’s run with Roth Racing produced some notable results for the team. He qualified 7th at the Texas Motor Speedway race. Although he had a great start, he finished 16th. He began the race at Iowa Speedway with a rough 23rd position start, but steadily worked his way through the field to capture an 11th-place finish, the best for a Roth Racing machine. His final