title: "Central chimpanzee" content: to have larger ranges in the forest-savanna mosaics. The average range is , but can vary from to . The 2007 International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species classifies the central chimpanzee as endangered. In 1988 they were considered "vulnerable", but have been considered "endangered" since at least 1996. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) estimates there are as many as 115,000 individuals alive, but that the number is more likely between 47,000 and 78,000 The central chimpanzee only has large, robust populations where large amounts of forest are left undisturbed; smaller, isolated populations also remain.


title: "Central chimpanzee" content: According to the IUCN, decline in the central chimpanzee population is expected to continue for another 30 to 40 years. Major threats to central chimpanzee populations include Ebola virus disease, poaching for bushmeat, and habitat destruction. The IUCN attributes this to increasing human presence (agriculture, de-forestation, development) and political instability. Due to their close genetic relationship to humans, chimpanzees are vulnerable to viruses that afflict humans, such as Ebola, the common cold, influenza, pneumonia, whooping cough, tuberculosis, measles, yellow fever, HIV and may contract other parasitological diseases such as schistosomiasis, filariasis, giardiasis, and salmonellosis. Two types of human immunodeficiency virus


title: "Central chimpanzee" content: (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 is largely confined to west Africa. Both types originated in west and central Africa, jumping from primates to humans. HIV-1 has evolved from a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) found in the central chimpanzee. Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting that the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of SIV, found in


title: "Central chimpanzee" content: the sooty mangabey, monkeys in Guinea-Bissau. Central chimpanzee The central chimpanzee or tschego ("Pan troglodytes troglodytes") is a subspecies of the common chimpanzee (one of the closest living relatives to humans, along with the bonobo). It occurs mainly in Gabon, Cameroon, and the Republic of the Congo, but also, to a lesser extent, in other regions. "Pan" is derived from the Greek god of fields, groves, and wooded glens, Pan. "Troglodytes" is Greek for 'cave-dweller', and was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his "Handbuch der Naturgeschichte" ("Handbook of Natural History") published in 1779. The central chimpanzee occurs in Central


title: "British migration to Spain" content: unemployed person has contributed. There are multiple British international schools located in Spain. The National Association of British Schools in Spain has 52 member schools. British migration to Spain British migration to Spain has resulted in Spain being home to one of the largest British-born populations outside the United Kingdom in the world, and the largest in Europe. Migration from the UK to Spain has increased rapidly since the late 1990s and the registered population of British nationals in Spain in 2014 was 236,669 (2014). In 2014, the officially registered population of British nationals in Spain was 236,669 (2014) and


title: "Carillon (Elgar)" content: Carillon (Elgar) Carillon is a recitation with orchestral accompaniment written by the English composer Edward Elgar as his Op. 75, in 1914. The words are by the Belgian poet Émile Cammaerts. It was first performed in the Queen's Hall, London, on 7 December 1914, with the recitation by Cammaerts' wife Tita Brand, and the orchestra conducted by the composer. The work was performed in January 1915 at the London Coliseum with Henry Ainley, and at Harrogate on 28 August 1915, with the soprano the Hon. Mrs. Julian Clifford and a military band. The band arrangement was by Percy Fletcher. On


title: "Hajji Firuz Tepe" content: a food product for sustenance. Additionally, archaeologists found clay stoppers, corresponding in size to the opening of the jars, nearby that also suggest a deliberate attempt at long term preservation and protection from air exposure. The Zagros Mountains, which separate modern day Iran from Armenia, Iraq and Turkey, is home to many wild species of grapevines in the "Vitis" family. While wild vines are distinguished by separate male and female vines, the potential for pollination and the production of grapes could have easily happened, providing the Aryan inhabitants access to grapes. Several archaeological sites in the Zagros Mountains have uncovered


title: "Ambrosia chamissonis" content: Ambrosia chamissonis Ambrosia chamissonis is a species of ragweed known by the common names silver burr ragweed, silver beachweed and (silver) beach bur(r). It is known from most of the coastline of western North America from Alaska to Baja California, where it is a resident of beaches and other sandy coastal habitats. "Ambrosia chamissonis" is a large, sprawling perennial herb exceeding in maximum width. The stems are roughly or softly hairy and longitudinally ridged. The plentiful leaves are a few centimeters long, woolly and silver-green, and variable in shape. The plant is monoecious, with male and female flowers on each


title: "Ambrosia chamissonis" content: individual. Staminate (male) flower heads containing many pale colored florets occur at the tip of the inflorescence, with pistillate (female) flower heads clustered below them. Each pistillate head contains a single tiny flower which develops into a fruit. The fruit is a brown bur up to a centimeter wide covered in sharp spines. Ambrosia chamissonis Ambrosia chamissonis is a species of ragweed known by the common names silver burr ragweed, silver beachweed and (silver) beach bur(r). It is known from most of the coastline of western North America from Alaska to Baja California, where it is a resident of beaches


title: "The Blue Sickness" content: godless purgatory-a savage middle ground, an incurable disease, a blue sickness." Rev. Theolopolous Jones The Blue Sickness The Blue Sickness, released by Tonic records in 2000, is Bocephus King's third album. Described within the lyrics as "Goodnight forever to the two album curse", although fans will disagree that "It started out bad and it only got worse". The album is a mixed landscape of sounds that spreads out as a kind of musical soundtrack to life. "The blue sickness is a theme I came up with. It initially started when I was trying to describe taking too much codeine. Then


title: "Edge of the City" content: brotherhood. Young drifter Axel Nordmann (John Cassavetes) arrives at the waterfront on the west side of Manhattan, seeking employment as a longshoreman, and giving his name as "Alex North." He goes to work in a gang of stevedores headed by Charlie Malick (Jack Warden) a vicious bully, and is befriended by Tommy Tyler (Sidney Poitier), who also supervises a stevedore gang. Malick resents blacks in positions of authority, and is antagonized when Axel goes to work for Tommy. Axel moves into Tommy's neighborhood and becomes friends with Tommy's wife Lucy (Ruby Dee) and becomes romantically involved with her friend Ellen


title: Urdesa content: border, now it is the geographical center due to the exorbitant growing of Guayaquil. What is historically considered as the city center would actually be the geographical east. For this reason, Urdesa has become very transited and the main route to go from the residential Los Ceibos and all the neighborhoods around it to go downtown or to Samborondón. The main street is the Victor Emilio Estrada Avenue. On the street are many banks, restaurants, retail stores, bars, liqueur stores and office buildings. Very characteristic to this quarter is that the streets on the quarter's center are alphabetical named after


title: "Lawrence J. Epstein" content: University at Albany. From 1974 until 2008 he was a professor of English at Suffolk County Community College, where he also held jobs as Assistant Head of the Department of English and Chairperson of the Humanities Division. In an interview, Epstein described his intentions for "The Haunted Smile": “I wanted to tell the story of Jewish comedians in America starting at the turn of the 20th century…Then I traced the history of the comedians through vaudeville, radio, movies, and tv…I was interested, for example, in how one generation of comedians influenced another. I got to go to a Friars Roast


title: "Ted Sainsbury" content: point. Gloucestershire won the toss and elected to bat, totalling 448 in 190 overs; Somerset bowlers James Parfitt and Charles Winter both conceding over 100 runs. In reply, five of the Somerset batsman were out for ducks; Sainsbury, Parfitt and Albert Clapp were the only ones to reach double figures. Sainsbury top-scored with 40 runs, but a team total of 100 meant that Gloucestershire forced his side to follow-on. The second innings progressed even more poorly for Somerset. Sainsbury was one of eight batsmen who failed to reach double figures, and the team was dismissed for 80 runs, resulting in


title: "Paramara dynasty" content: Malwa region in present-day Madhya Pradesh had become the core Paramara territory, with Dhara (now Dhar) as their capital. The dynasty reached its zenith under Munja's nephew Bhoja, whose kingdom extended from Chittor in the north to Konkan in the south, and from the Sabarmati River in the west to Vidisha in the east. The Paramara power rose and declined several times as a result of their struggles with the Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani, the Kalachuris of Tripuri and other neighbouring kingdoms. The later Paramara rulers moved their capital to Mandapa-Durga (now Mandu) after Dhara was sacked


title: "Standard Macedonian" content: appropriate situations. In extremely rare examples, some speakers will use the formal code exclusively in everyday conversational speech. While acquisition of the formal code constitutes a significant part of elementary education, during which children are taught the relationship between their local dialect and the target code, the formal literary language. Most educated speakers switch to the colloquial register of the standard language, spoken Macedonian, when communicating in less formal circumstances, but tend to aim for more formal usage in circumstances where educated speakers are present or as a sort of "interdialect" in the case where the company is not exclusively


title: "St Jax Montréal" content: officers took to playing cricket beside the newly built church. Since its original construction, the church has been altered, expanded, restored and even partly demolished over the years. A rectory was built next door in 1868 but demolished in its entirety in 1937. A small chapel was added in 1896, but owing to shifting foundations it was torn down and rebuilt in 1956. The Parish Hall was built behind the rectory in 1924. The nave was lengthened towards Sainte-Catherine street in 1877; the north transept was built in 1895. Although Canon Ellegood was the first rector of St. James the


title: "Polygonia comma" content: Polygonia comma Polygonia comma, the eastern comma, is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Nymphalinae. This butterfly is seasonally variable. The upperside of the summer form's hindwings are all black, whereas the winter forms hindwings are reddish orange. The underside of both forms is striped with dark and light brown. There is a silvery comma mark in the middle of the hindwing in both forms. Its wingspan is . The eastern comma may be spotted in woods near rivers, ponds, marshes, swamps, and other water sources. This butterfly seldom visits flowers, but rather feeds on sap, rotting


title: "Polygonia comma" content: fruit, salts and minerals from puddling, and dung. False nettle ("Boehmeria cylindrica"), hops ("Humulus"), wood nettle ("Laportea canadensis") American elm ("Ulmus americana"), and nettle ("Urtica"). The green eggs are laid singly or in stacks under host plant leaves and stems. The spiny larva varies in color from pale green to yellow to white and to even black. The solitary larva feeds on leaves at night. Older larvae construct daytime leaf shelters by pulling a single leaf together with silk. The chrysalis is brown and covered with spines. Winter-form adults overwinter; some will also migrate south for the winter. The dark


title: "Polygonia comma" content: form of comma is frequently confused with the dark form of the question mark ("P. interrogationis"), but the two can readily be distinguished by the shape of the comma mark on the underside. The pale form is easily confused with the satyr comma ("P. satyrus"), which usually occurs north and west of the eastern comma's range. They can be distinguished by the upperside color, which is orange brown in the comma and tawny yellowish brown in "P. satyrus"; by the underside pattern, which tends to be mottled in the comma but appears to be more longitudinally streaked in "P. satyrus";


title: "Polygonia comma" content: and by the row of pale submarginal spots on the hindwing upperside, which tend to be separate and surrounded by dark shading in comma, but are larger and tend to run together into a pale band in "P. satyrus". Polygonia comma Polygonia comma, the eastern comma, is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae, subfamily Nymphalinae. This butterfly is seasonally variable. The upperside of the summer form's hindwings are all black, whereas the winter forms hindwings are reddish orange. The underside of both forms is striped with dark and light brown. There is a silvery comma mark in the


title: "2008–09 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season" content: 2008–09 Bolton Wanderers F.C. season The 2008–09 season was Bolton Wanderers 10th season in the Premier League, and their eighth consecutive season in the top division of English football and covers the period from 1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009. As they failed to win the Premier League 2008–09 title it was the 70th time that they have competed at the top level without winning the title, the most of any club. The team kit for the 2008–09 season was produced by Reebok who were also the shirt sponsor. Unlike previous seasons, the new kit did not debut in


title: "Fig Leaves" content: Fig Leaves Fig Leaves is a 1926 American silent comedy film directed by Howard Hawks, released by Fox Film Corporation, and starring George O'Brien and Olive Borden. The film had a sequence, a fashion show, filmed in Technicolor. A print of the film survives in the film archive of the Museum of Modern Art. A married couple is juxtaposed in the Garden of Eden and in modern New York City. The Garden of Eden humorously depicts Adam George O'Brien and Eve Olive Borden awoken by a Flintstones-like coconut alarm clock and Adam reading the morning news on giant stone tablets.


title: "Dangerous When Wet" content: it comes as relaxing entertainment at this torpid time of the year." A review from "Variety" called it "a light mixture of tunes, comedy, water ballet and Esther Williams in a bathing suit." On July 17, 2007, Warner Home Video and Turner Entertainment released "Dangerous When Wet" on DVD as part of the Esther Williams Spotlight Collection, Volume 1. The 5-disc set contained digitally remastered versions of several of Williams's films including "Bathing Beauty" (1944), "Easy to Wed" (1946), "On an Island with You" (1948) and "Neptune's Daughter" (1949) Dangerous When Wet Dangerous When Wet (1953) is a Technicolor Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer


title: "History of English land law" content: subinfeudations to mesne lords, but the chain of seigniory was complete, depending in the last resort upon the king as lord paramount. Land was not owned by free owners owing only necessary militia duties to the state, but was held of the king by knight-service. The folkland became the king's land; the soldier was a landowner instead of the landowner being a soldier. Free owners tended to become tenants of the lord, the township to be lost in the manor. The common land became in law the waste of the manor, its enjoyment resting upon a presumed grant by the


title: "Hackney Community College Basketball Academy" content: by Joe White at Homerton House School and Hackney White Heat along with the success of East London Royals Basketball Club and Haringey Angels Women, HCCA coaches Tony Garbelotto (co-founder with Joe White of the London Towers Junior Programme in the 1990s), Solomon Ayinla, Andrea Norton and Sam Stiller have helped develop over 250 players since 2001. Players such as Darius Defoe, Perry Lawson, Jeff Danchie and Jean Wakanena have graduated to play professionally for Newcastle Eagles and Plymouth Raiders in the British Basketball League. Eddie Morrison (MK Lions) and Darrell Bethune (Everton Tigers) also went on to play in


title: "Feld Entertainment" content: started producing Disney Live! shows in June 2004 with Winnie the Pooh in the United Kingdom. Alana produced the first Doodlebops Live! in 2006. In 2006, Nicole was a vice president in charge of the circus. The company sold its Vienna, Virginia headquarters in May 2006 to America's Capital Partners then leased it back until 2018. In 2007, Nicole and Alana were elevated to executive vice president of the company. The company signed a 10-year agreement with Disney Live Family Entertainment for Disney on Ice, Disney Live and other Disney productions in August 2008. In September, Feld also acquired the


title: "Ot de Montcada" content: more than that Ot was very old. Ot de Montcada Ot de Montcada () was an early Catalan troubadour with no surviving work. Ot's work is known only from a reference in a "sirventes" of Guillem of Berguedan around 1175. By then he was considered old and out-dated. Guillem wrote his lyrics to the melody composed by Ot, who wrote it before the stone bell tower at Vic was erected: It is possible that Ot was active before 1038, since in that year the cathedral of Vic was consecrated; it was considered aged in the mid-twelfth. This dating is uncertain,


title: "Uppsala Conflict Data Program" content: and dynamics of armed conflict to the public via lectures at academic and government forums. The UCDP works closely with both the Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and the Human Security Report Project, based within the School for International Studies at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The UCDP collaborates with PRIO to create its datasets and provides the Human Security Research Project with data for its annual publication, the "Human Security Report". The UCDP's data is published annually in collaboration with the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) and appears in the "SIPRI Yearbook". Hundreds of scholars


title: "Boxer TV Ireland" content: for €9.99 per month (provisional): The "Boxer Pack" includes the Starter Pack and 11 channels for €22.99 per month (provisional): Two "Premium Packs" for €24.99 each per month: Boxer pay features might have included "pay as you go", "plug and play" installation and a selection of portable card options for different customer requirements. Some commentators point to potential media concentration conflicts due to Communicorp involvement in radio and the Irish Independent Newspaper as shareholder in receiving competition regulatory approval. However, Boxer did not intend to produce content, but rather run a platform, so would have argued that such concern does


title: "Mark Coxon Morrison" content: "a real roughouse of a man, and a great leader." Mark Coxon Morrison was born to John Morrison (1839-1923) and Jane Begg (1846-1911) in Dalmeny, West Lothian. He was a farmer by trade. Mark Coxon Morrison Mark Coxon Morrison (2 April 1877 – 10 May 1945) was a Scottish international rugby union footballer who captained both Scotland and the British and Irish Lions. Morrison played for Royal HSFP. Morrison played for Edinburgh District and played in the Inter-City matches against Glasgow District. He played two games for Leicester, one in 1898 and one in 1902. He played for Scotland twenty


title: "American carrion beetle" content: American carrion beetle The American carrion beetle ("Necrophila americana", formerly "Silpha americana") is a North American beetle of the family Silphidae. It lays its eggs in, and its larvae consume, raw flesh (particularly that of dead animals) and fungi. The larvae and adults also consume fly larvae and the larvae of other carrion beetles that compete for the same food sources as its larvae. The beetle lives in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, with its southern boundary from eastern Texas to Florida and the northern boundary from Minnesota to southeastern Canada including New Brunswick and Maine. Adults are


title: "American carrion beetle" content: 12 to 22 mm long. The pronotum is primarily a pale yellow with a black spot in the center. In the southern portion of the range, the elytra are entirely black while in the northern portion they have a yellow rear tip. The elytra are shorter than the body of the beetle, leaving the tail end slightly exposed. The larvae are black and appear armored. From spring through fall, during daylight, a few hours after flies begin arriving at a carcass, the adult beetles will arrive as well. They immediately begin eating the already hatching fly larvae, mating, and laying


title: "American carrion beetle" content: their own eggs. As long as the carcass lasts, the adults will remain eating competitors to give their own larvae a chance to eat and grow. Upon hatching from the eggs, the larvae will eat both the carcass and other larvae that are within it. Eventually the larvae will fall to the ground, dig into the dirt, and pupate. Overwintering is done by adults. The beetle is known to engage in mutualistic phoresis with mites of the genus "Poecilochirus". Upon arrival at a carcass, these mites drop from the beetle and begin eating the eggs and larvae of the flies


title: "American carrion beetle" content: that preceded the beetles (and continue to lay more eggs even as the beetles are active). They will eventually return to the adults and be transported to the next carcass. Some of their young will hitch a ride with the beetles' young upon their emergence from the pupal stage. The novel "Watership Down" describes a carrion beetle: "A yellow-and-black burying beetle, crawling across the white fur of his belly, stopped, waved its short, curved antennae and then moved on again. Hazel grew tense with sudden misgiving. He knew that these beetles come to dead bodies, on which they feed and


title: "American carrion beetle" content: lay their eggs. They will dig away the earth from under the bodies of small creatures, such as shrew mice and fallen fledglings, and then lay their eggs on them before covering them with soil." ("The Road and the Common") American carrion beetle The American carrion beetle ("Necrophila americana", formerly "Silpha americana") is a North American beetle of the family Silphidae. It lays its eggs in, and its larvae consume, raw flesh (particularly that of dead animals) and fungi. The larvae and adults also consume fly larvae and the larvae of other carrion beetles that compete for the same food


title: "Palden Sherab" content: he was particularly well known for his texts and teachings on Dzogchen (). Palden Sherab Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche () (May 10, 1938 – June 19, 2010) was a scholar and lama in the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. Palden Sherab was born in the village of Joephu (), in the Dhoshul () region of Kham, Tibet, near the sacred mountain of Jowo Zegyal (). Just prior to China's invasion, he completed his shedra (monastic university) education at the Taklung Kagyu monastery of Riwoche (), in the Riwoche region of Kham, where he was groomed to take over as the


title: "24 cm Mörser M 98" content: 24 cm Mörser M 98 The 24 cm Mörser M 98 was a heavy siege howitzer used by Austria-Hungary during World War I. It was designed to attack modern fortifications, but its short range and ineffective ammunition led to the development of the more deservedly famous 30.5 cm Mörser M 11 and M 16. Based on a Krupp 1888–1890 design, Skoda developed a new heavy mortar on a middle pivot mounting for testing in 1896. However, the authorities realised that advancing technology required a newer design using a barrel in a cradle mounted on a hydraulic recoil system. While introduced


title: "Lakes District Secondary School" content: inside the main doors in full public view. Lakes District Secondary School Lakes District Secondary is a public high school located in Burns Lake, British Columbia and part of School District 91 Nechako Lakes. The Burns Lake area had numerous small rural schools in operation in the early part of the 1900s. Most students did not continue their education beyond the teen years. Ranching, trapping, farming and saw milling required the help of all family members. The first small group of students entered Burns Lake Superior School in Burns Lake in 1934, but only one student stayed to graduate in


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: Silphium perfoliatum Silphium perfoliatum, the cup plant or cup-plant, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to eastern and central North America. It is an erect herbaceous perennial with triangular toothed leaves, and daisy-like yellow composite flower heads in summer. The specific epithet "perfoliatum" means "through the leaf." There are two varieties:- The typical height of this plant ranges from . The stem is stout, smooth, slightly hairy (glabrous) strongly 4-angled (square), like mint plants. The leaves are opposite, toothed and ovate. The petioles are widely winged and fused around the stem, forming a cup. The


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: first flower develops on the tip of the main stem, then more flowers develop on side branches. No other species of "Silphium" in Michigan have fused leaf bases. The flowers, which appear from midsummer to autumn (fall), look very similar to sunflowers, measuring about 2.5 cm in diameter, with golden yellow ray florets. In the middle of the flower there are small, sterile, tubular disk florets, which are structurally bisexual, but the stamens are the only fertile part, and they do not produce fruit. The corollas are tubular, 5-toothed, and the style is undivided. The ray florets have female characteristics,


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: and eventually develop to become thin brown achenes with a marginal wing utilized for wind dispersal. Insect pollinators including bees, butterflies, and skippers help to cross-fertilize flowers to produce seeds. 20 to 30 seeds are created in each flower head. Each seed is about 9 to 15 mm long, 6–9 mm wide, flattened in shape, with a thickness of 1 mm. The plant metabolises by the Type C3 Pathway. This plant is highly adapted to endure extreme weather and inhospitable conditions. For example, during the winter, the roots remain dormant and can survive down to . Its optimal growing temperature


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: is . When flooded it can stay alive for 10 to 15 days. "S. perfoliatum" grows in sandy moist bottom lands, floodplains, near stream beds, in or adjacent to open woodland. Currently, it can be found in the following states: USA (AL, AR, CT, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, ND, NE, NJ, NY, OH, OK, PA, SD, TN, VA, VT, WI, WV), CAN (ON, QC) The plant is listed as a threatened species in Michigan. It is listed as a prohibited, highly invasive plant species in New York State. This


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: species is sold by a good number of native plant nurseries and some specialty nurseries in the US and Canada; rare in conventional nurseries. It is often used in prairie and native meadow restorations and in native, naturalistic landscapes and gardens; only infrequently in conventional landscapes and gardens by landscape designers and architects that know of it as a unique looking perennial. A large patch was planted at Millennium Park in Chicago, Illinois, near the Lurie Garden, doing well circa 2010. In gardening and landscaping it is best used in groups and not individually, as it is so vertical and


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: the flower stalks are more likely to fall over some when by itself. Its flowers make it a useful plant for many pollinators, and the seed as food and the "cups" along the stems for drinks of water make it useful for birds. It does best in full sun and moist to draining wet soils that are slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. During the 1750s, the species was introduced to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, and has been prized as an ornamental plant since. It was named in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus. It has gained the Royal Horticultural


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: Society's Award of Garden Merit. "S. perfoliatum" is considered to have a high feed value for meat and milk producing farm animals because of its longevity and high protein levels. The plant produces a resin that has an odor similar to turpentine. The plant contains a gum and resin; the root has been used medicinally. The resin has been made into chewing gum to prevent nausea and vomiting. Native Americans would cut off the top of the plant stalk and collect the resinous sap that was emitted from the plant. The resin was used for a chewing gum to freshen


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: breath. The Winnebagos Tribe believed that a potion made from the rhizome would provide supernatural powers. The people belonging to the tribe would drink this potion before hunting. The people of the Chippewas tribe used the root extract for back and chest pains, to prevent excessive menstruation, and to treat lung hemorrhage. During the spring, the tender young leaves were cultivated as an acceptable food source by cooking or a salad. The powdered form of "Silphium perfoliatum L." has diaphoretic and tonic properties. It can help alleviate the symptoms of fevers, dry cough, asthma, spleen illness, heart and liver disease.


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: The extract from the leaves of the plant has shown to lower cholesterol and triglycerides levels in blood. Studies show that the presence of phenolic acids is responsible for the species’ antiseptic activity to stimulate generation of IgG and IgM antibodies. In addition, it stimulates bile production of the gall bladder. "Silphium perfoliatum" contains amino acids, carbohydrates (inulinin rhizomes), L-ascorbic acid, terpenes with essential oils, triterpene saponins, carotenoids, phenolic acid, tannins, and flavonoids. The long blossoming season and abundance of flowers provides a rich source for bees and the cultivation of honey. This species can be targeted by a fungus


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: called "Sclerotinia" during the summer. During cool temperatures in autumn, the fungus "Botrytis" will cause the flower buds to wilt and turn black before blooming. Eggs of the gall wasp are deposited within the stems of this plant. Consequently, the developing larvae feed within the stems. Goldfinches feed on the seeds of "Silphium perfoliatum" and drink the water collected by the “cups” on the stems. The fact that this species is able to form dense colonies, it provides a good shelter for birds. Herbivores such as cattle and sheep will eat the leaves of the plant especially those of young


title: "Silphium perfoliatum" content: plants. Silphium perfoliatum Silphium perfoliatum, the cup plant or cup-plant, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to eastern and central North America. It is an erect herbaceous perennial with triangular toothed leaves, and daisy-like yellow composite flower heads in summer. The specific epithet "perfoliatum" means "through the leaf." There are two varieties:- The typical height of this plant ranges from . The stem is stout, smooth, slightly hairy (glabrous) strongly 4-angled (square), like mint plants. The leaves are opposite, toothed and ovate. The petioles are widely winged and fused around the stem, forming a cup.


title: "Postal Services Act 2000" content: Postal Services Act 2000 The Postal Services Act 2000 (c.26) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, relating to the postal industry. It established an industry regulator, Postcomm (s.1), a consumer watchdog, Postwatch (s.2), required a "universal service" of post to be provided (ss.3-4) and set up rules for licensing postal services operators (ss.6-41). It also converted the public branch of the postal industry, the Post Office, from a statutory corporation to a public limited company, wholly owned by the government. Second Reading of the Bill, and debate, introduced by Secretary of State for Trade and Industry,


title: "Majesty (band)" content: author of the "Dawnrider" project, a metal concept album featuring many other musicians like Rob Rock, Ross The Boss, Michael Seifert (Rebellion). Other contributors are from Manilla Road, Wizard, Helstar and Paragon. During Magic Circle Festival 2008 the band announced that they had changed their name from "Majesty" to "Metal Force". However, in 2011 they announced that they were once again continuing as "Majesty". In 2013 they released a new album, "Banners High" and guitarist Robin Hadamovsky entered the band. In March 2015 the band's ninth studio album, "Generation Steel" will be released via NoiseArt Records. A single and music


title: "USS Ringness (DE-590)" content: Green Cove Springs to Naval Station Mayport at Mayport, Florida, and Naval Station Charleston at Charleston, South Carolina, at various times in 1947 and 1948. "Ringness" was decommissioned and placed in the Atlantic Reserve Fleet on 5 June 1946, berthed at Green Cove Springs. In 1959 she was towed to Norfolk, where she remained as part of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet Norfolk Group until berthed at Orange, Texas, in 1966 as part of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet Texas Group. Reclassified as an "amphibious transport, small," and redesignated LPR-100 on 1 July 1969, "Ringness" was sold for scrapping on 1 July


title: "Limehurst Rural District" content: 1914, 1935 and 1951. In 1954 the district was abolished, with its area passing to five neighbouring towns. The rural district originally consisted of seven parishes: Six of the parishes formed an area bounded to the north by Failsworth and Oldham and to the south by Ashton-under-Lyne, Mossley and Droylsden. The parish of Crossbank formed an exclave, lying to the north of Lees Urban District. The rural district was altered as follows: Limehurst Rural District Limehurst was, from 1894 to 1954, a rural district in the administrative county of Lancashire, England. Ashton-under-Lyne Rural Sanitary District was created in 1872 and


title: "Hodges House (Taunton, Massachusetts)" content: right. To the right of the porch is a single sash window, set near the building corner. The house was built about 1850, probably for someone in the Hodges family, who were major landowners in the area. It has retained virtually all of its original Greek Revival elements, and is one of the best preserved examples of this style in the city. Hodges House (Taunton, Massachusetts) The Hodges House is a historic house at 41 Worcester Street in Taunton, Massachusetts. Built about 1850, it is a well-preserved example of a Greek Revival Cape style house. It was listed on the


title: "Hortonville, Massachusetts" content: the village. The eastern end of the village, along the Cole River, became the site of several gristmills, lending the village the name "Swansea Factory." In the 1830s, a school, church, and Universalist hall were built in the village. Nathaniel Horton settled in the area in 1856 and helped the village gain its own post office, which was named Hortonville in his honor. After 1900, industrial development in the area stalled, and the village became a residential and agricultural area. As a result of this development pattern, the area has a well-preserved concentration of late 18th to late 19th-century housing.


title: "USS Manchineel (AN-54)" content: resume net operations. Except for a week at Eniwetok in July, "Manchineel" remained in the Kwajalein area through the announcement of Japan’s surrender 15 August. On 10 October the ship departed for the U.S. West Coast via Pearl Harbor, arriving San Francisco, California, 3 November for mooring duty. "Manchineel" decommissioned 11 March 1946, was stripped at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, and was struck from the Navy list 12 April. On 18 June 1947 "Manchineel" was transferred to the U.S. Maritime Commission and delivered to Walter H. Wilms following sale 2 days earlier. USS Manchineel (AN-54) USS "Manchineel" (AN-54/YN-73) was an


title: "Atherton Bridge" content: wide, and is composed of eight panels. It rests on granite abutments. The bridge was photographed in 1979 by Jet Lowe of the Historic American Engineering Record, and documented in 1990 as part of the Massachusetts Historic Bridge Project. At that time, it was one of only two known examples of the Post type of truss still surviving. Atherton Bridge The Atherton Bridge is a historic iron truss bridge in Lancaster, Massachusetts, spanning the South Branch of the Nashua River. It is a rare example of a hybrid pony truss that is similar to the 19th century truss design of


title: "Lotus Evora" content: The weight falls drastically, and is now at . The performance figures become faster, thanks to higher horsepower and lower weight. is now at 3.9 seconds, and top speed is now at . However, if the IPS automatic transmission system is used, top speed settles at . In 2017, Lotus unveiled the most powerful variant of the Evora and in turn the fastest road legal Lotus ever made, the Evora GT430. It is the part of an entirely new range in the Evora family, called the performance range. The car's 3.5 liter Toyota-derived V6 puts out an enormous thanks to


title: "Jonathan Oxer" content: Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement, and in particular the broader definition of technological protection measures. Oxer has coordinated the large PGP/GPG keysigning parties at every Linux.conf.au from 2004 onward, and to assist with key collection and management for large groups created the keysigning.org website. He also administers keys.keysigning.org, the only keyserver in the subkeys.pgp.net network geographically located in Australasia. In March 2006 Oxer used a veterinary RFID tag implantation tool to implant an RFID tag under the skin of his left arm, and subsequently modified his house to allow the implanted tag to control items such as the door locks.


title: "Prussian G 8.1" content: locomotives to the Swedish state railways (SJ) in 1918, as Class G. In 1925 the Reichsbahn took over 3,121 Prussian locomotives as Class 55.25–56 with operating numbers 55 2501–5622 (less 55 3367). The twelve Mecklenburg engines (two of which had been bought in 1920 by the Prussian state railways) were incorporated as Class 55.58 with the numbers 55 5801–5810 and 55 5851–5852. Included amongst the Prussian locomotives were also the ten G 8.1 from the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine. In 1935, 43 more locomotives came into the Reichsbahn fleet from the Saarland as numbers 55 5623–5665, the last of which


title: "Figeater beetle" content: Figeater beetle Cotinis mutabilis, also known as the figeater beetle (also green fruit beetle or fig beetle), is a member of the scarab beetle family. It belongs to the subfamily Cetoniinae, comprising a group of beetles commonly called flower chafers since many of them feed on pollen, nectar, or petals. Its habitat is primarily the southwestern United States and Mexico. Figeater beetles are often mistaken for green June beetles ("Cotinis nitida") and occasionally Japanese beetles ("Popillia japonica"), which occur in the eastern US. Figeater beetle larvae, commonly called "crawly backs", roll on their backs and propel themselves upsidedown. Adult figeater


title: "Figeater beetle" content: beetles grow to approximately . They are a semi-glossy green on the top and a brilliant iridescent green on the underside and legs. They are active during daylight hours, often congregating in the shade of trees near choice breeding grounds to find mates. The figeater beetle is native to moister areas of the American southwest, where its natural diet includes fruit from cacti and sap from desert trees. Their range has expanded considerably since the 1960s with the increasing availability of home gardens, compost piles, and organic mulch. The larvae eat decomposing organic matter, such as that found in compost


title: "Figeater beetle" content: piles, manure piles, and organic mulch, and occasionally plant roots, such as the roots of grass in lawns. The adult's primary food has become fruit in gardens and orchards. After mating, eggs are laid in decaying matter or compost piles, which provide sustenance for the emerging larvae. Figeater beetle larvae, commonly called "crawly backs", grow up to and are thick and white with a dark head. They have six small, ineffectual legs; to move, they roll onto their backs and propel themselves upside down, using the stiff dark hairs on their backs to gain traction. At rest, they curl into


title: "Figeater beetle" content: a firm "C" shape. Pupation occurs in the spring; adults emerge from July to September (varies with location). Adult figeater beetles grow to approximately . They are active during daylight hours, often congregating in the shade of trees near choice breeding grounds to find mates. They make a loud buzzing sound similar to that of carpenter bees, possibly because they do not need to open their elytra in order to fly, an ability shared with many other flower beetles. "C. mutabilis" is often confused with the green June beetle ("Cotinis nitida"). Both are members of the flower beetle subfamily (Cetoniinae),


title: "Figeater beetle" content: and are similar in appearance, but the green June beetle is smaller, and its range is in the eastern United States. The only possible crossover of both species is in Texas. They are also occasionally mistaken for Japanese beetles ("Popillia japonica"), which occur in the eastern US. The figeater beetle is native to moister areas of the American southwest, where its natural diet includes fruit from cacti and sap from desert trees. Their range has expanded considerably since the 1960s with the increasing availability of home gardens, compost piles, and organic mulch. The larvae eat decomposing organic matter, such as


title: "Figeater beetle" content: that found in compost piles, manure piles, and organic mulch, and occasionally plant roots, such as the roots of grass in lawns. The adult's primary food has become fruit in gardens and orchards. They prefer sweet food, which includes the leaves, flowers, and saps of some plants and ripe or overripe fruit. Fruit with tough skins are too hard for them to bite through, so they most often eat softer-skinned fruit such as figs, peaches, grapes, pears, and tomatoes, among others. The beetles are particularly attracted to ripening and fermenting fruit, which emit gases that lead the beetles to them,


title: "Figeater beetle" content: and to fruit that other animals or insects have already damaged. In most small gardens, the adult beetles are minor pests that do little damage; however, they can swarm on soft or damaged fruit and have been known to eat an entire garden grape or fig crop. They are not considered to be an important pest because they do not damage lawns as larvae and trees as much as June beetles or Japanese beetles. Figeater beetle Cotinis mutabilis, also known as the figeater beetle (also green fruit beetle or fig beetle), is a member of the scarab beetle family. It


title: "Water resources" content: of the growth in developing countries that already suffer water stress. Thus, water demand will increase unless there are corresponding increases in water conservation and recycling of this vital resource. In building on the data presented here by the UN, the World Bank goes on to explain that access to water for producing food will be one of the main challenges in the decades to come. Access to water will need to be balanced with the importance of managing water itself in a sustainable way while taking into account the impact of climate change, and other environmental and social variables.


title: "Quinton Jackson" content: the fight from start to finish and stayed much more aggressive than Jackson for most of the fight with multiple leg kicks and by mounting Quinton and landing elbows and punches to his head. In later rounds Jackson managed to take Griffin down twice and work his own ground game, almost executing his signature power bomb. Many took note as Jackson was showing obvious discomfort from the effects of the leg kicks. The next three rounds were described by Sherdog as "somewhat uneventful" with Jackson searching for the knockout punch while Griffin threw whatever he could with long jabs, leg


title: "Ovophis okinavensis" content: Ovophis okinavensis Ovophis okinavensis is a venomous pitviper species found in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. No subspecies are currently recognized. Adults are usually 30 to 80 cm (11¾–31½ inches) long. Body usually pale greenish-brown, or yellowish-olive (sometimes pale brown), with alternating, darker brownish or greenish dorsal blotches, each bordered with yellowish scales. Head large, triangular, distinct from neck, narrow dark postocular stripe. Scalation includes: 23 or 21 rows of dorsal scales at midbody; 125–135 ventral scales; 36–55 paired subcaudal scales; and 8 (sometimes 7 or 9) supralabial scales. The color pattern consists of a gray ground color overlaid with


title: "Mick Jones (footballer, born 1947)" content: charge of Halifax Town he then joined Peterborough, initially as Noel Cantwell's assistant, before taking over as manager in 1988. It was at Peterborough that Jones met Neil Warnock who he would go on to assist at Notts County from 1989 to 1993, and Huddersfield Town from 1993 to 1995, before joining Plymouth Argyle in 1995, once again as Warnock's assistant. After Warnock left Argyle in 1997 Jones had a short, unsuccessful spell as manager at Home Park and on being dismissed in 1998 had a spell managing the Brunei national team, performing an amazing feat in getting the tiny


title: "Eulogio Despujol y Dusay" content: sending him back to the Philippines. Catalan military personnel Eulogio Despujol y Dusay Eulogio Despujol y Dusay (Catalan: "Eulogi Despujol i Dusay"), 1st Count of Caspe (11 March 1834 – 18 October 1907) served as the Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines between 1891 and 1893. A native of Catalunya, at first, he ruled in the Philippines as a Conservative but later became a Liberal. It was during his term when José Rizal, leader of the Philippine propaganda movement, was sent to Dapitan in Mindanao. He would again meet with Rizal, who was on his way to Cuba to work as


title: "Sailor's Creek Battlefield Historical State Park" content: Sailor's Creek Battlefield Historical State Park Sailor's Creek Battlefield Historical State Park is a state park in Rice, Virginia, (Prince Edward County). It includes a portion of the landmarked Sayler's Creek Battlefield, an area of that was the site of the April 6th, 1865 Battle of Sayler's Creek, one of the last major engagements in the Eastern Theater of the war during Confederate General-in-Chief Robert E. Lee (1807-1870), during his week-long retreat to the southwest in the final Appomattox campaign from the fallen Confederate capital at Richmond and nearby Petersburg, before his subsequent surrender three days later at Appomattox Court


title: "Sailor's Creek Battlefield Historical State Park" content: House to pursuing Union Army General-in-Chief Ulysses S. Grant (1822-1885), on April 9th, 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War (1861-1865). It is also likely that some of this state historical park established in 1985 by the Commonwealth of Virginia is not included in the four separated parcels that were landmarked. Besides the historical landmark house, visitors center, exhibits with artifacts/memorabilia, park ranger talks and lectures, walking trails, interpretive plaques, gift shop. etc., the park also includes such amenities as picnic tables and barbecue grills available for use. The Overton-Hillsman House on the site was used as a field hospital


title: "Sailor's Creek Battlefield Historical State Park" content: during and after the battle, and is open to visitors in the summer and by request. The park also occasionally hosts "living history" events with Civil War soldier and civilian reenactors during the year. The park name appears to be a further misspelling of Saylor, a farmer after whose land and the stream for which the Battle of Sayler's Creek was afterwards later named in 1865. Some official records such as those of the National Historic Landmark program correctly refer to this park as being named the Sayler's Creek Battlefield State Park. Sailor's Creek Battlefield Historical State Park Sailor's Creek


title: "Edge Games" content: This application was rejected. In 2001, Edge Games sought revocation of Namco's United Kingdom trademark ""Soul Edge"" (for the arcade game "Soul Edge") for reasons including an alleged similarity between the "Edge" and ""Soul Edge"" marks. The opposition failed on all grounds. Nevertheless, Namco had already decided to use the name "Soul Blade" for the PlayStation version in the United States and Europe to avoid potential complications, with the name "Soulcalibur" being used on all sequels for the same reason. In March 2009, Cybernet Systems Corporation filed a lawsuit in Federal court against Edge. In the suit, Cybernet states that


title: "Cynanchum laeve" content: observe livestock that have just been introduced to areas containing "C. laeve." Cynanchum laeve Cynanchum laeve is a vining perennial herb native to eastern and central U.S. states and Ontario. Common names include sand vine, honeyvine, honeyvine milkweed, bluevine milkweed, climbing milkweed, and smooth swallow-wort. It is considered a noxious weed in many US states.The root system of "C. laeve" can cause it to be very difficult to eradicate, especially in agricultural fields.It is also a food plant for caterpillars of monarch butterfliesand larvae of the milkweed tussock moth."C. laeve" is a noxious weed that can cause eye irritation if


title: "Katsuyori Shibata" content: Dontaku 2016, Shibata lost the title to Yuji Nagata in his fourth defense. Shibata regained the title from Nagata on June 19 at Dominion 6.19 in Osaka-jo Hall. He made his first successful title defense on July 3 against Tomoaki Honma. From July 22 to August 13, Shibata took part in the 2016 G1 Climax, where he finished with a record of five wins and four losses. Shibata failed to advance to the finals due to losing to Evil on the final day. Through NJPW's relationship with Ring of Honor (ROH), Shibata made his debut for the American promotion on


title: "Rose McGowan" content: out what to wear," after Jenner had been named "Woman of the Year" by "Glamour". McGowan stated, "We are more than deciding what to wear. We are more than the stereotypes foisted upon us by people like you. You're a woman now? Well f**cking learn that we have had a VERY different experience than your life of male privilege." In response to accusations of transphobia, McGowan stated, "Let me take this moment to point out that I am not, nor will I ever be, transphobic. The idea is laughable. Disliking something a trans person has said is no different than


title: "Jimmy Mills" content: Jimmy Mills Jimmy Mills (1 July 1894 – 8 October 1990) was a Scottish-American soccer wing-half and coach. He gained his greatest fame as a coach, taking his teams to five league, three league cup titles and two McGuire Cup titles In 1956, he coached the US Olympic soccer team at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He is a member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame. Born in Dundee, Mills moved first to Paisley then to Bridgeton, Glasgow as a young boy. He began his career with St. Clemens in the Churches League. In 1909, he began playing in the


title: Lunch content: Lunch Lunch, the abbreviation for luncheon, is a meal eaten around midday. During the 20th century, the meaning gradually narrowed to a small or mid-sized meal eaten midday. Lunch is commonly the second meal of the day, after breakfast. The meal varies in size depending on the culture, and significant variations exist in different areas of the world. The abbreviation "lunch" is taken from the more formal Northern English word "luncheon", which is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word "nuncheon" or "nunchin" meaning 'noon drink'. The term has been in common use since 1823. The "Oxford English Dictionary" ("OED") reports usage


title: Lunch content: of the words beginning in 1580 to describe a meal that was eaten between more substantial meals. It may also mean a piece of cheese or bread. In medieval Germany, there are references to "similariar", a "sir lunchentach" according to the "OED", a noon draughtof ale, with breadan extra meal between midday dinner and supper, especially during the long hours of hard labour during haying or early harvesting. Meals have become ingrained in each society as being natural and logical. What one society eats may seem extraordinary to another. The same is true of what was eaten long ago in


title: Lunch content: history as food tastes, menu items and meal periods have changed greatly over time. For example, the word "supper" means bread and soup (from the German word "sop"- soup or stew over bread). In general, during the Middle Ages the main meal for almost everyone took place late in the morning, after several hours of work, when there was no need for artificial lighting. During the 17th and 18th centuries, this meal, called dinner, was gradually pushed back into the evening, creating a greater time gap between breakfast and dinner. A meal called "lunch" came to fill the gap. A


title: Lunch content: formal evening meal, artificially lit by candles, sometimes with entertainment, was a "supper party" as late as the Regency era. Up until the early 19th century, luncheon was generally reserved for the ladies, who would often have lunch with one another when their husbands were out. As late as 1945, Emily Post wrote in the magazine "Etiquette" that luncheon is "generally given by and for women, but it is not unusual, especially in summer places or in town on Saturday or Sunday, to include an equal number of men"hence the mildly disparaging phrase, "the ladies who lunch". Lunch was a


title: Lunch content: ladies' light meal; when the Prince of Wales stopped to eat a dainty luncheon with lady friends, he was laughed at for this effeminacy. Beginning in the 1840s, afternoon tea supplemented this luncheon at four o'clock. "Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management" (1861)a guide to all aspects of running a household in Victorian Britain, edited by Isabella Beetonhad much less to explain about luncheon than about dinners or ball suppers: With the onset of industrialisation in the 19th century, male workers began to work long shifts at the factory, severely disrupting the age-old eating habits of rural life. Initially, workers


title: Lunch content: were sent home for a brief dinner provided by their wives, but as the workplace was moved farther from the home, working men took to providing themselves with something portable to eat during a break in the middle of the day. The lunch meal slowly became institutionalised in England when workers with long and fixed hour jobs at the factory were eventually given an hour off work to eat lunch and thus gain strength for the afternoon shift. Stalls and later chop houses near the factories began to provide mass-produced food for the working class, and the meal soon became


title: Lunch content: an established part of the daily routine, remaining so to this day. In many countries and regions lunch is the dinner or main meal. Prescribed lunchtimes allow workers to return to their homes to eat with their families. Consequently, where lunch is the customary main meal of the day, businesses close during lunchtime. Lunch also becomes dinner on special days, such as holidays or special events, including, for example, Christmas dinner and harvest dinners such as Thanksgiving; on these special days, dinner is usually served in early afternoon. Among Christians, the main meal on Sunday, whether at a restaurant or


title: Lunch content: at home, is called "Sunday dinner", and is served after morning church services. A traditional Bengali lunch is a seven-course meal. Bengali cuisine is a culinary style originating in Bengal, a region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, which is now divided between Bangladesh and West Bengal. The first course is "shukto", which is a mix of vegetables cooked with few spices and topped with a coconut sauce. The second course consists of rice, dal, and a vegetable curry. The third course consists of rice and fish curry. The fourth course is that of rice and meat curry


title: Lunch content: (generally chevon, mutton, chicken or lamb). The fifth course contains sweet preparations like rasgulla, pantua, rajbhog, sandesh, etc. The sixth course consists of payesh or mishti doi (sweet yogurt). The seventh course is that of paan, which acts as a mouth freshener. In China today, lunch is not nearly as complicated as it was before industrialisation. Rice, noodles and other mixed hot foods are often eaten, either at a restaurant or brought in a container. Western cuisine is not uncommon. It is called 午餐 or 午饭 in most areas. Lunch in Denmark, referred to as "frokost", is a light meal.


title: Lunch content: Often it includes rye bread with different toppings such as liver pâté, herring, and cheese. Smørrebrød is a Danish lunch delicacy that is often used for business meetings or special events. In Finland, lunch is a full hot meal, served as one course, sometimes with small salads and desserts. Dishes are diverse, ranging from meat or fish courses to soups that are heavy enough to constitute a meal. In France, the midday meal is taken between noon and 2:00pm. In Germany lunch is the main meal of the day. It is traditionally a substantial hot meal, sometimes with additional courses


title: Lunch content: like soup and dessert. It is usually a savoury dish, consisting of protein (e.g., meat), starchy foods (e.g., potatoes) and vegetables or salad. Casseroles and stews are popular as well. There are a few sweet dishes like Germknödel or rice pudding that can serve as a main course, too. Lunch is called "Mittagessen"literally, "midday's food". In the Netherlands, Belgium and Norway, it is common to eat sandwiches for lunch: slices of bread that people usually carry to work or school and eat in the canteen. The slices of bread are usually filled with sweet or savoury foodstuffs such as chocolate


title: Lunch content: sprinkles (vlokken), apple syrup, peanut butter, slices of meat, cheese or kroket. The meal typically includes coffee, milk or juice, and sometimes yogurt, some fruit or soup. It is eaten around noon, during a lunch break. In Portugal, lunch ("almoço" in Portuguese) consists of a full hot meal, similar to dinner, normally with soup, a meat or fish course, and dessert. It is served between noon and 2:00pm. It is the main meal of the day throughout the country with the exceptions of the Metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto, where lighter meals or snacks are not uncommon. The Portuguese


title: Lunch content: word "lanches" derives from the English word "lunch", but it refers to a lighter meal or snack taken during the afternoon (around 5pm) due to the fact that, traditionally, Portuguese dinner is served at a later hour than in English-speaking countries. In Spain, the midday meal, "lunch" takes place between 1:00pm and 3:00pm and is effectively dinner, (the main meal of the day); in contrast, supper does not usually begin until between 8:30pm and 10:00pm. Being the main meal of the day everywhere, it usually consists of a three-course meal: the first course usually consists of an appetizer; the main


title: Lunch content: course of a more elaborate dish, usually meat- or fish-based; the dessert of something sweet, often accompanied by a coffee or small amounts of spirits. Most places of work have a complete restaurant with a lunch break of a least an hour. Spanish schools have a complete restaurant as well, and students have a one-hour break. Three courses are common practice at home, workplace, and schools. Most small shops close for between two and four hoursusually between 1:30pm to 4:30pmto allow to go home for a full lunch. In Sweden, lunch is usually a full hot meal, much as in


title: Lunch content: Finland. In the United Kingdom, lunch is often a small meal, designed to stave off hunger until returning home from work and eating dinner. It is usually eaten early in the afternoon. Lunch is often purveyed and consumed in pubs. Pub lunch dishes include fish and chips, ploughman's lunch and others. In Hungary, lunch is traditionally the main meal of the day, following a "leves" (soup). In Poland the main meal of the day (called "obiad") is traditionally eaten between 1:00pm and 5:00pm, and consists of a soup and a main dish. Most Poles equate the English word "lunch" with


title: Lunch content: "obiad" because it is the second of the three main meals of the day; "śniadanie" (breakfast), "obiad" (lunch/dinner) and "kolacja" (dinner/supper). There is another meal eaten by some called "drugie śniadanie", which means "second breakfast". "Drugie śniadanie" is eaten around 10:00am and is a light snack, usually consisting of sandwiches, salad or a thin soup. In Russia, the midday meal is taken in the afternoon. Usually, lunch is the biggest meal and consists of a first course, usually a soup, and a second course which would be meat and a garnish. Tea is standard. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, lunch is


title: Lunch content: the main meal of the day. It is traditionally a substantial hot meal, sometimes with additional courses like soup and dessert. It is usually a savoury dish, consisting of protein (such as meat), starchy foods (such as potatoes), and a vegetable or salad. It is usually eaten around 2:00pm. In Romania, lunch ("prânz" in Romanian) is the main hot meal of the day. It is usually eaten at 12:00, but never later than 3:00pm. Lunch normally consists of two dishes: usually, the first course is a light soup and the second course, the main course, often consists of meat accompanied


title: Lunch content: by potato, rice or pasta (garnitură) Traditionally, people used to bake and eat desserts, but nowadays it is less common. On Sundays, the lunch is more consistent and is usually accompanied by an appetiser or salad. In the West Asia(Middle East) and in most Arab countries, lunch is eaten between 1:00pm and 4:00pm and is the main meal of the day. It usually consists of meat, rice, vegetables and sauces and is sometimes but not always followed by dessert. Lunch is also eaten as a light meal at times in the West Asia(Middle East), such as when children arrive at


title: Lunch content: home from school while the parents are still out working. Water is commonly served, which may be iced, and other beverages such as soft drinks or yogurt drinks are also consumed. In the United States and Canada, lunch is usually a moderately sized meal generally eaten around noon. During the work week, North Americans generally eat a quick lunch that often includes some type of sandwich, soup, or leftovers from the previous night's dinner (e.g., rice or pasta). Children often bring packed lunches to school, which might consist of a sandwich such as bologna (or other cold cut) and cheese,


title: Lunch content: tuna, chicken, or peanut butter and jelly, or, in Canada, savoury pie, as well as some fruit, chips, dessert and a drink such as juice, milk, or water. Adults may leave work to go out for a quick lunch, which might include some type of hot or cold sandwich such as a hamburger or "sub" sandwich. Salads and soups are also common, as well as a soup and sandwich, tacos, burritos, sushi, bento boxes, and pizza. Lunch may be consumed at various types of restaurants, such as formal, fast casual and fast food restaurants. Canadians and Americans generally do not


title: Lunch content: go home for lunch, and lunch rarely lasts more than an hour except for business lunches, which may last longer. In the United States the three-martini lunchso called because the meal extends to the amount of time it takes to drink three martinishas been making a comeback since 2010. Businesses can deduct 80% of the cost of these lunches. Children generally are given a break in the middle of the school day to eat lunch. Public schools often have a cafeteria where children can buy lunch or eat a packed lunch. Boarding schools and private schools, including universities, often have


title: Lunch content: a cafeteria where lunch is served. In Mexico, lunch ("Comida") is usually the main meal of the day and normally takes place between 2:00pm and 4:00pm. It usually includes three or four courses: the first is an entrée of rice, noodles or pasta, but also may include a soup or salad. The second consists of a main dish, called a "guisado", served with one or two side dishes such as refried beans, cooked vegetables, rice or salad. The main dish is accompanied by tortillas or a bread called "bolillo". The third course is a combination of a traditional dessert or


title: Lunch content: sweet, "café de olla", and a digestif. During the meal, it is usual to drink "aguas frescas", although soft drinks have gained ground in recent years. In Australia, a light meal eaten in the period between 10:30am and noon is considered brunch; an actual lunch will be eaten between 12 and 2PM. While usually consisting of fruit or a cereal product, a typical Australian brunch may include other foods as well such as burgers, sandwiches, other light food items, and hot dishes. Sometimes a meal during the late afternoon is referred to as "afternoon tea", a meal in which food


title: Lunch content: portions are usually significantly smaller than at lunch, sometimes consisting of nothing more than coffee or other beverages. In Argentina, lunch is usually the main meal of the day, and normally takes place between noon and 2:00 p.m. People usually eat a wide variety of foods, such as chicken, beef, pasta, salads, and a drink like water, soda or wine, and some dessert. Although at work, people usually take a fast meal which can consist of a sandwich brought from home or bought as fast food. In Brazil, lunch is the main meal of the day, taking place between 11:30


title: Lunch content: a.m. and 2:00 p.m. Brazilians basically eat rice with beans, salad, french fries, some kind of meat or pasta dishes. But the kind of food may vary from region to region. Since lunch typically falls in the early-middle of the working day, it can either be eaten on a break from work, or as part of the workday. The difference between those who work through lunch and those who take it off could be a matter of cultural, social class, bargaining power, or the nature of the work. Also, to simplify matters, some cultures refer to meal breaks at work


title: Lunch content: as "lunch" no matter when they occureven in the middle of the night. This is especially true for jobs that have employees that rotate shifts. Lunch Lunch, the abbreviation for luncheon, is a meal eaten around midday. During the 20th century, the meaning gradually narrowed to a small or mid-sized meal eaten midday. Lunch is commonly the second meal of the day, after breakfast. The meal varies in size depending on the culture, and significant variations exist in different areas of the world. The abbreviation "lunch" is taken from the more formal Northern English word "luncheon", which is derived from


title: "PDC Order of Merit" content: over two years for the main Order of Merit and separate one-year rankings for other PDC Pro Tour events. The ProTour Order of Merit counts prize money won in Players Championship events, UK Open Qualifiers and European Tour events over a 12-month period. Players are seeded based on the ProTour Order of Merit to all Player Championship and European Tour events. It also is a main way to qualify to the major TV tournaments. Besides ProTour Order of Merit there is also the Players Championship Order of Merit and the European Tour Order of Merit. Both of these are based


title: "New Year's Revolution (2005)" content: New Year's Revolution (2005) New Year's Revolution (2005) was the first annual New Year's Revolution pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment Raw brand. It took place on January 9, 2005, at the Coliseo de Puerto Rico in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The event was the first (and so far only) pay-per-view event produced by WWE to be held in Puerto Rico. Tickets for this event sold out in less than a month after being available for sale, marking one of the fastest selling events in the short history of the Coliseum. The main event was an Elimination Chamber


title: "Nguyễn Tuân" content: tone in his works, going from self-centered to seldom self-humored and mostly observant and descriptive of the surroundings. Throughout his life, Nguyễn Tuân stressed and highly valued individualism. Nguyễn Tuân was not a successful writer from the beginning of his career. Having tried a variety of forms and techniques, such as poetry, journal, realist satire in the form of short story, he only realized his forte in essays in early 1938. This resulted in several successes: "Một Chuyến Đi" ("A Trip"), "Vang Bóng Một Thời" ("Echo Shadow Upon A Time"), "Thiếu Quê Hương" ("Without Homeland"), "Chiếc Lư Đồng Mắt Cua"


title: "Alfonso Vallejo" content: write plays and poetry and how to paint. Some of Alfonso Vallejo’s Works have been translated into English, French, German, Arabic, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Bulgarian and continue to be translated. He was awarded the runner-up prize of the Lope de Vega Prize in 1975 for his play “Acido Sulfúrico”, the National Lope de Vega Prize in 1976 for his play “El Desgüace”, the International Tirso de Molina Prize in 1978 for “A tumba abierta” and the Fastenrath de la Real Academia Española Prize (Fastenrath Prize of the Royal Spanish Academy, 1981) for "El Cero Transparente", which was the libretto for


title: "2001 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Grand Champions Cup" content: García, Yasser Romero Head Coach: Gilberto Herrera 2001 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Grand Champions Cup The 2001 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Grand Champions Cup was held in Nagoya and Tokyo, Japan from 20 to 25 November 2001. The competition formula of the 2001 Men's World Grand Champions Cup was the single Round-Robin system. Each team plays once against each of the 5 remaining teams. Points were accumulated during the whole tournament, and the final standing was determined by the total points gained. <br> Team Roster Leonel Marshall, Jorge Luis Hernandez, Iván Ruíz, Ángel Dennis, Pavel Pimienta, Maikel Salas, Raidel Poey,


title: "Local government in New Jersey" content: appointed to three-year terms by the mayor or other chief executive of the municipality that constitutes the district. Type II school districts include all local districts in municipalities other than cities, all consolidated school districts, and all regional school districts, and can have either an elected board of education, where the board consists of nine members unless by law the number was reduced to three, five or seven members, elected at annual school elections for terms of three years, or appointed board of education, where members are appointed by the mayor or other chief executive officer of the municipality for


title: "Gümüş (TV series)" content: life. Gümüş is writing in her diaries about what has happened for the past 13 years and shows us how all the characters have grown up and changed including her current pregnancy. Gümüş (TV series) Gümüş () is a Turkish melodrama originally broadcast in Turkey by Kanal D from 2005 to 2007, followed the travails of a simple young woman "Gümüş," played by Songül Öden, who marries into a wealthy family. After the death of his girlfriend in a car accident, Mehmet's grandfather suggests that he marry Gumus, who has loved Mehmet since childhood. Initially happy about the marriage, Gumus


title: "On the Boards" content: Luther King Jr. and performances by the likes of Count Basie and Mahalia Jackson. In this space, OtB presented such visiting performers as Eiko and Koma, Ping Chong, Meredith Monk, and Spaulding Gray, as well as early work by local choreographers including Mark Morris and Pat Graney, both of whom went on to gain national and international acclaim. As of 2008, the building is in poor shape and quite likely facing demolition. In 1998, OtB moved to its current location. Built in 1912, the building was originally known as Redding Hall, then later as Queen Anne Hall. It had been


title: "Doraemon: The Records of Nobita, Spaceblazer" content: gets into it and tells Nobita that Koya Koya is in trouble. Nobita and Doraemon get into the door while Shizuka runs away to call Gian and Suneo. Doraemon and Nobita with help of Chammy go to the resort. There they fight with the miner's robot. Gian and Suneo also helped them and finally the leader fights with Nobita and Nobita shoots him off with his toy gun. The leader presses the auto-destruction button and flees away. Doraemon and Nobita with the help of Lopplc and Morina use the robotic machine to take the destruction device away from planet into


title: Raccoon content: Though previously thought to be generally solitary, there is now evidence that raccoons engage in gender-specific social behavior. Related females often share a common area, while unrelated males live together in groups of up to four animals to maintain their positions against foreign males during the mating season, and other potential invaders. Home range sizes vary anywhere from for females in cities to for males in prairies. After a gestation period of about 65 days, two to five young, known as "kits", are born in spring. The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall. Although


title: "Jimmy O'Connor (author)" content: Jimmy O'Connor (author) Jimmy O'Connor (20 May 1918 – 29 September 2001) was a playwright for "The Wednesday Play" and "Play for Today" television series on the BBC. He was born James O'Connor in Paddington, west London, England in 1918. His father, James O'Connor, was a merchant marine and fish monger from Ireland; his mother a part-time prostitute. Growing up in the slums of West London, O'Connor learned the trade of petty theft. Doing the "honorable thing" he married Mary Agnes Davey, four years his senior, in the spring of 1936. She was Church of England, while he was Irish


title: "Jimmy O'Connor (author)" content: chambers and left unable to practice law. In 1968, O'Connor and Lethbridge petitioned the courts for a pardon based on new information concerning the pocket watch and the confession to O'Connor by the real killer. Although the evidence against O'Connor was in grave doubt, in 1970 the courts denied O'Connor a full pardon. With his earnings as an author, as well as a few well-received tele-plays by Lethbridge, the couple bought a villa on the isle of Mykonos, spending time with the likes of Aristotle and Jackie Onassis. O'Connor and Lethbridge's first son, Ragnar O'Connor, was born in 1970. O'Connor


title: "1989 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship" content: Cork's Teddy McCarthy was the choice for Texaco Footballer of the Year. Quarter-finals Semi-finals Finals First round Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final Quarter-finals Semi-finals Final Preliminary round Quarter-finals Semi-finals Finals Semi-finals Final 1989 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship The 1989 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 103rd staging of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament. The championship began on 14 May 1989 and ended on 17 September 1989. Meath were the defending champions, however, they were defeated by Dublin in the Leinster final. On 17 September 1989, Cork won the championship following a 0-17 to


title: "Merina Kingdom" content: slave-hunting incursions into Imerina. King Andriamasinavalona quartered the kingdom to be ruled by his four favourite sons, producing persistent fragmentation and warfare between principalities in Imerina. He extended the borders of the kingdom to their largest historical extent prior to the kingdom's fragmentation. It was from this context in 1787 that Prince Ramboasalama, nephew of King Andrianjafy of Ambohimanga (one of the four kingdoms of Imerina) expelled his uncle and took the throne under the name Andrianampoinimerina. The new king used both diplomacy and force to reunite Imerina with the intent to bring all of Madagascar under his rule. This


title: "Chichen Itza" content: Chichen Itza Chichen Itza was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Terminal Classic period. The archaeological site is located in Tinúm Municipality, Yucatán State, Mexico. Chichen Itza was a major focal point in the Northern Maya Lowlands from the Late Classic (c. AD 600–900) through the Terminal Classic (c. AD 800–900) and into the early portion of the Postclassic period (c. AD 900–1200). The site exhibits a multitude of architectural styles, reminiscent of styles seen in central Mexico and of the Puuc and Chenes styles of the Northern Maya lowlands. The presence of central Mexican


title: "Chichen Itza" content: styles was once thought to have been representative of direct migration or even conquest from central Mexico, but most contemporary interpretations view the presence of these non-Maya styles more as the result of cultural diffusion. Chichen Itza was one of the largest Maya cities and it was likely to have been one of the mythical great cities, or "Tollans", referred to in later Mesoamerican literature. The city may have had the most diverse population in the Maya world, a factor that could have contributed to the variety of architectural styles at the site. The ruins of Chichen Itza are federal


title: "Chichen Itza" content: property, and the site's stewardship is maintained by Mexico's "Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia" (National Institute of Anthropology and History). The land under the monuments had been privately owned until 29 March 2010, when it was purchased by the state of Yucatán. Chichen Itza is one of the most visited archaeological sites in Mexico with over 2.6 million tourists in 2017. The Maya name "Chichen Itza" means "At the mouth of the well of the Itza." This derives from "chi"', meaning "mouth" or "edge," and "ch'en" or "ch'e'en", meaning "well." "Itzá" is the name of an ethnic-lineage group that


title: "Chichen Itza" content: gained political and economic dominance of the northern peninsula. One possible translation for Itza is "enchanter (or enchantment) of the water," from "its", "sorcerer," and "ha", "water." The name is spelled "Chichén Itzá" in Spanish, and the accents are sometimes maintained in other languages to show that both parts of the name are stressed on their final syllable. Other references prefer the Maya orthography, "Chichen Itza' " (pronounced ). This form preserves the phonemic distinction between "ch' "and "ch," since the base word "ch'e'en" (which, however, is not stressed in Maya) begins with a postalveolar ejective affricate consonant. The word


title: "Chichen Itza" content: "Itza'" has a high tone on the "a" followed by a glottal stop (indicated by the apostrophe). Evidence in the Chilam Balam books indicates another, earlier name for this city prior to the arrival of the Itza hegemony in northern Yucatán. While most sources agree the first word means seven, there is considerable debate as to the correct translation of the rest. This earlier name is difficult to define because of the absence of a single standard of orthography, but it is represented variously as "Uuc Yabnal" ("Seven Great House"), "Uuc Hab Nal" ("Seven Bushy Places"), "Uucyabnal" ("Seven Great Rulers")


title: "Chichen Itza" content: or "Uc Abnal" ("Seven Lines of Abnal"). This name, dating to the Late Classic Period, is recorded both in the book of Chilam Balam de Chumayel and in hieroglyphic texts in the ruins. Chichen Itza is located in the eastern portion of Yucatán state in Mexico. The northern Yucatán Peninsula is arid, and the rivers in the interior all run underground. There are four visible, natural sink holes, called cenotes, that could have provided plentiful water year round at Chichen, making it attractive for settlement. Of these cenotes, the "Cenote Sagrado" or Sacred Cenote (also variously known as the Sacred


title: "Chichen Itza" content: Well or Well of Sacrifice), is the most famous. In 2015, scientists determined that there is a hidden cenote under Kukulkan, which has never been seen by archaeologists. According to post-Conquest sources (Maya and Spanish), pre-Columbian Maya sacrificed objects and human beings into the cenote as a form of worship to the Maya rain god Chaac. Edward Herbert Thompson dredged the Cenote Sagrado from 1904 to 1910, and recovered artifacts of gold, jade, pottery and incense, as well as human remains. A study of human remains taken from the Cenote Sagrado found that they had wounds consistent with human sacrifice.


title: "Chichen Itza" content: Several archaeologists in the late 1980s suggested that unlike previous Maya polities of the Early Classic, Chichen Itza may not have been governed by an individual ruler or a single dynastic lineage. Instead, the city's political organization could have been structured by a ""multepal"" system, which is characterized as rulership through council composed of members of elite ruling lineages. This theory was popular in the 1990s, but in recent years, the research that supported the concept of the "multepal" system has been called into question, if not discredited. The current belief trend in Maya scholarship is toward the more traditional


title: "Chichen Itza" content: model of the Maya kingdoms of the Classic Period southern lowlands in Mexico. Chichen Itza was a major economic power in the northern Maya lowlands during its apogee. Participating in the water-borne circum-peninsular trade route through its port site of Isla Cerritos on the north coast, Chichen Itza was able to obtain locally unavailable resources from distant areas such as obsidian from central Mexico and gold from southern Central America. Between AD 900 and 1050 Chichen Itza expanded to become a powerful regional capital controlling north and central Yucatán. It established Isla Cerritos as a trading port. The layout of


title: "Chichen Itza" content: Chichen Itza site core developed during its earlier phase of occupation, between 750 and 900 AD. Its final layout was developed after 900 AD, and the 10th century saw the rise of the city as a regional capital controlling the area from central Yucatán to the north coast, with its power extending down the east and west coasts of the peninsula. The earliest hieroglyphic date discovered at Chichen Itza is equivalent to 832 AD, while the last known date was recorded in the Osario temple in 998. The Late Classic city was centered upon the area to the southwest of


title: "Chichen Itza" content: the Xtoloc cenote, with the main architecture represented by the substructures now underlying the Las Monjas and Observatorio and the basal platform upon which they were built. Chichen Itza rose to regional prominence towards the end of the Early Classic period (roughly 600 AD). It was, however, towards the end of the Late Classic and into the early part of the Terminal Classic that the site became a major regional capital, centralizing and dominating political, sociocultural, economic, and ideological life in the northern Maya lowlands. The ascension of Chichen Itza roughly correlates with the decline and fragmentation of the major


title: "Chichen Itza" content: centers of the southern Maya lowlands. As Chichen Itza rose to prominence, the cities of Yaxuna (to the south) and Coba (to the east) were suffering decline. These two cities had been mutual allies, with Yaxuna dependent upon Coba. At some point in the 10th century Coba lost a significant portion of its territory, isolating Yaxuna, and Chichen Itza may have directly contributed to the collapse of both cities. According to some colonial Mayan sources (e.g., the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel), Hunac Ceel, ruler of Mayapan, conquered Chichen Itza in the 13th century. Hunac Ceel supposedly prophesied his


title: "Chichen Itza" content: own rise to power. According to custom at the time, individuals thrown into the Cenote Sagrado were believed to have the power of prophecy if they survived. During one such ceremony, the chronicles state, there were no survivors, so Hunac Ceel leaped into the Cenote Sagrado, and when removed, prophesied his own ascension. While there is some archaeological evidence that indicates Chichén Itzá was at one time looted and sacked, there appears to be greater evidence that it could not have been by Mayapan, at least not when Chichén Itzá was an active urban center. Archaeological data now indicates that


title: "Chichen Itza" content: Chichen Itza declined as a regional center by 1250, before the rise of Mayapan. Ongoing research at the site of Mayapan may help resolve this chronological conundrum. After Chichén Itzá elite activities ceased, the city may not have been abandoned. When the Spanish arrived, they found a thriving local population, although it is not clear from Spanish sources if these Maya were living in Chichen Itza proper, or a nearby settlement. The relatively high population density in the region was a factor in the conquistadors' decision to locate a capital there. According to post-Conquest sources, both Spanish and Maya, the


title: "Chichen Itza" content: Cenote Sagrado remained a place of pilgrimage. In 1526 Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo (a veteran of the Grijalva and Cortés expeditions) successfully petitioned the King of Spain for a charter to conquer Yucatán. His first campaign in 1527, which covered much of the Yucatán Peninsula, decimated his forces but ended with the establishment of a small fort at Xaman Ha', south of what is today Cancún. Montejo returned to Yucatán in 1531 with reinforcements and established his main base at Campeche on the west coast. He sent his son, Francisco Montejo The Younger, in late 1532 to conquer the


title: "Chichen Itza" content: interior of the Yucatán Peninsula from the north. The objective from the beginning was to go to Chichén Itzá and establish a capital. Montejo the Younger eventually arrived at Chichen Itza, which he renamed Ciudad Real. At first he encountered no resistance, and set about dividing the lands around the city and awarding them to his soldiers. The Maya became more hostile over time, and eventually they laid siege to the Spanish, cutting off their supply line to the coast, and forcing them to barricade themselves among the ruins of the ancient city. Months passed, but no reinforcements arrived. Montejo


title: "Chichen Itza" content: the Younger attempted an all out assault against the Maya and lost 150 of his remaining troops. He was forced to abandon Chichén Itzá in 1534 under cover of darkness. By 1535, all Spanish had been driven from the Yucatán Peninsula. Montejo eventually returned to Yucatán and, by recruiting Maya from Campeche and Champoton, built a large Indio-Spanish army and conquered the peninsula. The Spanish crown later issued a land grant that included Chichen Itza and by 1588 it was a working cattle ranch. Chichen Itza entered the popular imagination in 1843 with the book "Incidents of Travel in Yucatan"


title: "Chichen Itza" content: by John Lloyd Stephens (with illustrations by Frederick Catherwood). The book recounted Stephens' visit to Yucatán and his tour of Maya cities, including Chichén Itzá. The book prompted other explorations of the city. In 1860, Désiré Charnay surveyed Chichén Itzá and took numerous photographs that he published in "Cités et ruines américaines" (1863). In 1875, Augustus Le Plongeon and his wife Alice Dixon Le Plongeon visited Chichén, and excavated a statue of a figure on its back, knees drawn up, upper torso raised on its elbows with a plate on its stomach. Augustus Le Plongeon called it "Chaacmol" (later renamed


title: "Chichen Itza" content: "Chac Mool", which has been the term to describe all types of this statuary found in Mesoamerica). Teobert Maler and Alfred Maudslay explored Chichén in the 1880s and both spent several weeks at the site and took extensive photographs. Maudslay published the first long-form description of Chichen Itza in his book, "Biologia Centrali-Americana". In 1894 the United States Consul to Yucatán, Edward Herbert Thompson, purchased the Hacienda Chichén, which included the ruins of Chichen Itza. For 30 years, Thompson explored the ancient city. His discoveries included the earliest dated carving upon a lintel in the Temple of the Initial Series


title: "Chichen Itza" content: and the excavation of several graves in the Osario (High Priest's Temple). Thompson is most famous for dredging the Cenote Sagrado (Sacred Cenote) from 1904 to 1910, where he recovered artifacts of gold, copper and carved jade, as well as the first-ever examples of what were believed to be pre-Columbian Maya cloth and wooden weapons. Thompson shipped the bulk of the artifacts to the Peabody Museum at Harvard University. In 1913, the Carnegie Institution accepted the proposal of archaeologist Sylvanus G. Morley and committed to conduct long-term archaeological research at Chichen Itza. The Mexican Revolution and the following government instability,


title: "Chichen Itza" content: as well as World War I, delayed the project by a decade. In 1923, the Mexican government awarded the Carnegie Institution a 10-year permit (later extended another 10 years) to allow U.S. archaeologists to conduct extensive excavation and restoration of Chichen Itza. Carnegie researchers excavated and restored the Temple of Warriors and the Caracol, among other major buildings. At the same time, the Mexican government excavated and restored El Castillo and the Great Ball Court. In 1926, the Mexican government charged Edward Thompson with theft, claiming he stole the artifacts from the Cenote Sagrado and smuggled them out of the


title: "Chichen Itza" content: country. The government seized the Hacienda Chichén. Thompson, who was in the United States at the time, never returned to Yucatán. He wrote about his research and investigations of the Maya culture in a book "People of the Serpent" published in 1932. He died in New Jersey in 1935. In 1944 the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that Thompson had broken no laws and returned Chichen Itza to his heirs. The Thompsons sold the hacienda to tourism pioneer Fernando Barbachano Peon. There have been two later expeditions to recover artifacts from the Cenote Sagrado, in 1961 and 1967. The first was


title: "Chichen Itza" content: sponsored by the National Geographic, and the second by private interests. Both projects were supervised by Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). INAH has conducted an ongoing effort to excavate and restore other monuments in the archaeological zone, including the Osario, Akab D'zib, and several buildings in Chichén Viejo (Old Chichen). In 2009, to investigate construction that predated El Castillo, Yucatec archaeologists began excavations adjacent to El Castillo under the direction of Rafael (Rach) Cobos. Chichen Itza was one of the largest Maya cities, with the relatively densely clustered architecture of the site core covering an area of


title: "Chichen Itza" content: at least . Smaller scale residential architecture extends for an unknown distance beyond this. The city was built upon broken terrain, which was artificially levelled in order to build the major architectural groups, with the greatest effort being expended in the levelling of the areas for the Castillo pyramid, and the Las Monjas, Osario and Main Southwest groups. The site contains many fine stone buildings in various states of preservation, and many have been restored. The buildings were connected by a dense network of paved causeways, called "sacbeob". Archaeologists have identified over 80 "sacbeob" criss-crossing the site, and extending in


title: "Chichen Itza" content: all directions from the city. Many of these stone buildings were originally painted in red, green, blue and purple colors. Pigments were chosen according to what was most easily available in the area. The site must be imagined as a colorful one, not like it is today. Just like gothic cathedrals in Europe, colors provided a greater sense of completeness and contributed greatly to the symbolic impact of the buildings. The architecture encompasses a number of styles, including the Puuc and Chenes styles of the northern Yucatán Peninsula. The buildings of Chichen Itza are grouped in a series of architectonic


title: "Chichen Itza" content: sets, and each set was at one time separated from the other by a series of low walls. The three best known of these complexes are the Great North Platform, which includes the monuments of El Castillo, Temple of Warriors and the Great Ball Court; The Osario Group, which includes the pyramid of the same name as well as the Temple of Xtoloc; and the Central Group, which includes the Caracol, Las Monjas, and Akab Dzib. South of Las Monjas, in an area known as Chichén Viejo (Old Chichén) and only open to archaeologists, are several other complexes, such as


title: "Chichen Itza" content: the Group of the Initial Series, Group of the Lintels, and Group of the Old Castle. The Puuc-style architecture is concentrated in the Old Chichen area, and also the earlier structures in the Nunnery Group (including the Las Monjas, Annex and La Iglesia buildings); it is also represented in the Akab Dzib structure. The Puuc-style building feature the usual mosaic-decorated upper façades characteristic of the style but differ from the architecture of the Puuc heartland in their block masonry walls, as opposed to the fine veneers of the Puuc region proper. At least one structure in the Las Monjas Group


title: "Chichen Itza" content: features an ornate façade and masked doorway that are typical examples of Chenes-style architecture, a style centred upon a region in the north of Campeche state, lying between the Puuc and Río Bec regions. Those structures with sculpted hieroglyphic script are concentrated in certain areas of the site, with the most important being the Las Monjas group. Dominating the North Platform of Chichen Itza is the "Temple of Kukulkan" (a Maya feathered serpent deity similar to the Aztec Quetzalcoatl), usually referred to as "El Castillo" ("the castle"). This step pyramid stands about high and consists of a series of nine


title: "Chichen Itza" content: square terraces, each approximately high, with a high temple upon the summit. The sides of the pyramid are approximately at the base and rise at an angle of 53°, although that varies slightly for each side. The four faces of the pyramid have protruding stairways that rise at an angle of 45°. The "talud" walls of each terrace slant at an angle of between 72° and 74°. At the base of the balustrades of the northeastern staircase are carved heads of a serpent. Mesoamerican cultures periodically superimposed larger structures over older ones, and El Castillo is one such example. In


title: "Chichen Itza" content: the mid-1930s, the Mexican government sponsored an excavation of El Castillo. After several false starts, they discovered a staircase under the north side of the pyramid. By digging from the top, they found another temple buried below the current one. Inside the temple chamber was a Chac Mool statue and a throne in the shape of Jaguar, painted red and with spots made of inlaid jade. The Mexican government excavated a tunnel from the base of the north staircase, up the earlier pyramid's stairway to the hidden temple, and opened it to tourists. In 2006, INAH closed the throne room


title: "Chichen Itza" content: to the public. Around the Spring and Autumn equinoxes, in the late afternoon, the northwest corner of the pyramid casts a series of triangular shadows against the western balustrade on the north side that evokes the appearance of a serpent wriggling down the staircase, which some scholars have suggested is a representation of the feathered-serpent god Kukulcan. It is a widespread belief that this light-and-shadow effect was achieved on purpose to record the equinoxes, but the idea is highly unlikely: it has been shown that the phenomenon can be observed, without major changes, during several weeks around the equinoxes, making


title: "Chichen Itza" content: impossible to determine any date by observing this effect alone. Archaeologists have identified thirteen ballcourts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame in Chichen Itza, but the Great Ball Court about to the north-west of the Castillo is by far the most impressive. It is the largest and best preserved ball court in ancient Mesoamerica. It measures . The parallel platforms flanking the main playing area are each long. The walls of these platforms stand high; set high up in the centre of each of these walls are rings carved with intertwined feathered serpents. At the base of the high interior walls


title: "Chichen Itza" content: are slanted benches with sculpted panels of teams of ball players. In one panel, one of the players has been decapitated; the wound emits streams of blood in the form of wriggling snakes. At one end of the Great Ball Court is the North Temple, also known as the Temple of the Bearded Man ("Templo del Hombre Barbado"). This small masonry building has detailed bas relief carving on the inner walls, including a center figure that has carving under his chin that resembles facial hair. At the south end is another, much bigger temple, but in ruins. Built into the


title: "Chichen Itza" content: east wall are the "Temples of the Jaguar". The "Upper Temple of the Jaguar" overlooks the ball court and has an entrance guarded by two, large columns carved in the familiar feathered serpent motif. Inside there is a large mural, much destroyed, which depicts a battle scene. In the entrance to the "Lower Temple of the Jaguar", which opens behind the ball court, is another Jaguar throne, similar to the one in the inner temple of El Castillo, except that it is well worn and missing paint or other decoration. The outer columns and the walls inside the temple are