title: "Buddleja davidii" content: former varieties are still widely recognized in horticulture, they are treated separately here: "Buddleja davidii" cultivars are much appreciated worldwide as ornamentals and for the value of their flowers as a nectar source for many species of butterfly, though the species and cultivars are not able to survive the harsh winters of northern or montane climates, being killed by temperatures below about . Younger wood is more floriferous, so even if frosts do not kill the previous year's growth, the shrub is usually hard-pruned in spring once frosts have finished, to encourage new growth. The removal of spent flower panicles


title: "Buddleja davidii" content: may be undertaken to reduce the nuisance of self-seeding and encourage further flower production; this extends the flowering season which is otherwise limited to about 6 weeks, although the flowers of the second and third flushes are invariably smaller. Hardiness: USDA zones 5–9. There are approximately 180 "davidii" cultivars as well as numerous hybrids with "B. globosa" and "B. fallowiana" grown in gardens. Many of these cultivars are of a dwarf habit growing to no more than . The following "davidii" cultivars held the RHS Award of Garden Merit in 2012:- "Buddleja davidii" has been classified as an invasive species


title: "Buddleja davidii" content: in many countries in temperate regions, including the United Kingdom and New Zealand. It is naturalized in Australia and in most cities of central and southern Europe, where it can spread on open lands and in gardens. Within the United States, it is widely established as an escape from cultivation, and classified as a noxious weed by the states of Oregon and Washington. Buddleja davidii Buddleja davidii (spelling variant "Buddleia davidii"), also called summer lilac, butterfly-bush, or orange eye, is a species of flowering plant in the family Scrophulariaceae, native to Sichuan and Hubei provinces in central China, and also


title: "U.S. Route 460 in Virginia" content: 460 Bus. (Old Nottoway Road) at the county seat of Nottoway. US 460 passes along the northern edge of the town of Blackstone, where it has a diamond interchange with SR 606 (Cottage Road), and picks up the railroad again at its intersection with the eastern end of the business route, Cox Road, on the north side of Fort Pickett. US 460 heads east along Cox Road and meets the southern end of SR 153 (Rocky Hill Road) at Wellville before entering Dinwiddie County. The U.S. Highway passes through the hamlets of Wilsons, Hebron (where it crosses to the south


title: "Charlie Siringo" content: years before. With 2,000 active agents and 30,000 reserves, the forces of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency were larger than the nation's standing army in the late 19th century. The Pinkertons provided services for management in labor disputes, including armed guards and secret operatives like Charles A. Siringo. He was immediately assigned several cases, which took him as far north as Alaska and as far south as Mexico City. He began operating undercover, a relatively new technique at the time, and infiltrated gangs of robbers and rustlers, making more than 100 arrests. In the early 1890s he found himself assigned


title: "T. M. Soundararajan" content: performed by him for a Sri Lankan Tamil film named "Sooriyan", was recorded in 2007 though it is yet to be released. He sang a song for an album in 2008 "Netrichutti" at the age of 86 and a song named "Kutraalam Aruvi" for the album "Song for Daughter", under the music of L.Sakthinathan, which was very well recognized in the industry in 2008. The last film song during October 2010 with P. Susheela, composed by MSV for a film "Valibum Sutrum Ulagam" was well recognized irrespective of his 88 years of age. In 2010, he rendered his voice for


title: Wartau content: the municipality, in 2015, was 10.5, while the death rate was 8.6 per thousand residents. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 61.1% of the population and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.4%. In 2015 there were 2,179 single residents, 2,443 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 243 widows or widowers and 366 divorced residents. In 2015 there were 2,176 private households in Wartau with an average household size of 2.38 persons. In 2015 about 67.1% of all buildings in the municipality were


title: "Jewish views on contraception" content: Jewish views on contraception The Jewish view on birth control currently varies between the Orthodox, Conservative and Reform branches of Judaism. Among Orthodox Judaism, use of birth control has been considered only acceptable for use in limited circumstances. Conservative Judaism, while generally encouraging its members to follow the traditional Jewish views on birth control has been more willing to allow greater exceptions regarding its use to fit better within modern society. Reform Judaism has generally been the most liberal with regard to birth control allowing individual followers to use their own judgment in what, if any, birth control methods they


title: "Nalini Nadkarni" content: Mohan. Another sister, Susheela, died in 1994. Nadkarni attended Brown University for her undergraduate degree and received a Ph.D. from the University of Washington. She is married to myrmecologist Jack Longino, who is also a professor at the University of Utah. They have two children. Nadkarni has gained many honors and awards. Nalini Nadkarni Nalini Nadkarni (born 1954 in Bethesda, Maryland) is an American ecologist who pioneered the study of Costa Rican rain forest canopies. Using mountain climbing equipment to make her ascent, Nadkarni first took an inventory of the canopy in 1981, followed by two more inventories in 1984.


title: "Shock Me" content: while lying on the floor. "Shock Me" was added to Kiss' setlist starting with the "Love Gun" tour. Frehley's guitar solo, previously performed during "She" and then "Cold Gin", was added to the song. The song was dropped from the setlist after the 1977–78 "Alive II" tour. Kiss did not perform the song again until Frehley returned to the group for their 1996–97 "Alive/Worldwide Tour". It remained in the group's setlist during the Psycho Circus World Tour, although Frehley's guitar solo was moved to "Into the Void". Since Frehley's departure, Kiss continued to perform the song live with Tommy Thayer


title: "Amando de Ossorio" content: Strangely, many of the actors who regularly appeared in Franco's films also worked for de Ossorio, such as Jack Taylor, Monserrat Prous, Paul Muller, Fernando Bilbao, Luis Barboo, Rosanna Yanni & Kali Hansa. He also worked with Julia Saly & Helga Line, two actresses who appeared in a number of Spanish director Paul Naschy's horror films during the same period. Strangely, in 1980, de Ossorio began directing a historical drama entitled "Los Cantabros" ("The Cantabrians"), but he was replaced on the project by Paul Naschy, who agreed to direct the picture if he was allowed to start the whole project


title: "Partition of Babylon" content: the uproar he gave the appearance of leading away an armed party to do just that, "the assembly having turned to sedition and discord". An ordinary soldier saved the day by standing forward to shout that there was no need for civil war when Arrhidaeus, Alexander's half-brother, was the legal heir. They would never find another Alexander. Why should his heir be defrauded of his inheritance? The crowd became suddenly silent, to be followed by a loud positive voice vote. Too late, Peithon began to speak in opposition – Arrhidaeus was mentally disabled – but was shouted down. The soldiers,


title: Nammal content: Nammal Nammal (English: Us) is a 2002 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy-drama film directed by Kamal and written by Kalavoor Ravikumar. The film features Sidharth Bharathan, Jishnu Raghavan, Renuka Menon, and Bhavana in the lead roles. It was the debut film of Sidharth, Renuka, and Bhavana. The music was composed by Mohan Sithara. The film was shot in Government Engineering College, Thrissur and Holy Trinity School, Kanjikode. "Nammal" was released on 20 December 2002 and was a commercial success at the box office. The film received three Kerala State Film AwardsBest Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value, Special Mention (Bhavana),


title: "Jenny Powers" content: to be — and too rarely is — you need only look at Ms. Murphy’s expression when she first sees the actress [Powers] playing her 19-year-old self." In August 2007, Powers opened in the role of Rizzo in the Broadway revival of "Grease." The casting of the two lead roles in this revival was subject of the reality television show ":" the roles were won in March 2007 by Laura Osnes (Sandy) and Max Crumm (Danny). While panning the show overall, Variety noted: "Jenny Powers' Rizzo seems more hard and bitter than tough and trashy but she plays it with


title: "Julian Rathbone" content: fiction as the only credential he needs. Greene remained an icon with Rathbone throughout his writing life, as did the different figure of James Joyce, object of Rathbone's greatest reverence, although rarely exercising any overt influence in his writing. "A Last Resort" is probably the most Joycean of Rathbone's books, in its use of accumulation of mundane detail to create an almost surreal portrait of a country whose identity is dissolving in front of its face. To Joyce, Rathbone paid the ultimate compliment of constantly rereading without seeking to imitate. Rathbone was a man of what might be called the


title: "Saga Rebellion" content: in 1873 to protest the government's refusal to launch a military expedition against Korea "(Seikanron)." Eto then assisted Itagaki Taisuke in organizing the "Aikoku Kōtō" political party, and in composing the "Tosa Memorial", a sharp criticism of the government. In January 1874, frustrated by the government's rejection of his efforts, he returned to his native Saga where both the traditionists and the Seikantō "samurai" rallied to his support. Alarmed by growing rumors of unrest, Home Minister Ōkubo Toshimichi dispatched his henchman Iwamura Takatoshi to Saga to restore order. Iwamura only made the situation worse with his overbearing attitude. On the


title: "Bursera simaruba" content: Bursera simaruba Bursera simaruba, commonly known as gumbo-limbo, copperwood, chaca, and turpentine tree, is a tree species in the family Burseraceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas from South Florida to Mexico and the Caribbean to Brazil, Jinotega and Venezuela. "Bursera simaruba" are prevalent in the Petenes mangroves ecoregion of the Yucatán, where it is a subdominant plant species to mangroves. "Bursera simaruba" is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 30 meters tall, with a diameter of one meter or less at 1.5 meters above ground. The bark is shiny dark red, and the leaves are spirally arranged


title: "Bursera simaruba" content: and pinnate with 7-11 leaflets, each leaflet broad ovate, 4–10 cm long and 2–5 cm broad. The gumbo-limbo is comically referred to as the tourist tree because the tree's bark is red and peeling, like the skin of sunburnt tourists, who are a common sight in the plant's range. The tree yields some ripe fruit year-round, but the main fruiting season is March and April in the northern part of the plant's range. The fruit is a small three-valved capsule encasing a single seed which is covered in a red fatty aril (seedcoat) of 5–6 mm diameter. Both ripe and


title: "Bursera simaruba" content: unripe fruits are borne quite loosely on their stems and can spontaneously detach if the tree is shaken. Ripe capsules dehisce or are cracked open by birds. Birds also seek out the fruit to feed on the aril, which, though small, is rich in lipids (about half its dry weight). Gumbo-limbo is a very useful plant economically and ecologically. It grows rapidly and is well adapted to several kinds of habitats, which include salty and calcareous soils (however, it does not tolerate boggy soils). Gumbo-limbo is also considered one of the most wind-tolerant trees, and it is recommended as a


title: "Bursera simaruba" content: rugged, hurricane-resistant species in South Florida. They may be planted to serve as wind protection of crops and roads, or as living fence posts, and if simply stuck into good soil, small branches will readily root and grow into sizeable trees in a few years. However, it has been noted in Central America that posts do not produce a tap root, only side roots, thus questioning the real value of wind protection as such fence posts would not be as sturdy as a true, naturally occurring sapling. Gumbo-limbo wood is suitable for light construction. It is rather brittle, though the


title: "Bursera simaruba" content: trunk is used in Haiti to make drums and as firewood, and the tree's resin, called chibou, cachibou or gomartis, is used as glue, varnish and incense. The arils are an important source of food for birds, including many winter migrants from North America. Local residents such as the masked tityra, bright-rumped attila, black-faced grosbeak and, in Hispaniola, palmchat, are particularly fond of gumbo-limbo fruit, as are migrants like the Baltimore oriole or the dusky-capped flycatcher. It is an especially important local food source for vireos such the red-eyed vireo when ripe fruit are abundant. Many migrant species will utilize


title: "Bursera simaruba" content: gumbo-limbo trees that are in human-modified habitat, even in settlements. This creates the opportunity to attract such species to residential areas for bird watching, and to reduce the competition for gumbo-limbo seeds in an undisturbed habitat which rarer local resident birds might face. Given the eagerness with which some birds seek out the arils, it may be that they contain lipids or other compounds useful to humans; in order for these to be exploited, however, they would probably have to be synthetically produced, because although the crop of a single tree can be very large (up to or even exceeding


title: "Bursera simaruba" content: 15,000 fruits, translating into a raw lipid yield of over 200 grams per harvest), individual seeds are small and cumbersome to harvest. Gumbo-limbo's rapid growth, ease and low cost of propagation, and ecological versatility makes it highly recommended as a "starter" tree in reforestation, even of degraded habitat, and it performs much better overall in such a role than most exotic species. The resin is used as a treatment for gout, while the leaves are brewed into a medicinal tea. Hexane extracts of the leaves have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties in animal tests. Gumbo-limbo bark is an antidote


title: "Bursera simaruba" content: to "Metopium toxiferum", also known as chechen tree, which often grows in the same habitat and can cause extreme rashes just as the related poison ivy. Bursera simaruba Bursera simaruba, commonly known as gumbo-limbo, copperwood, chaca, and turpentine tree, is a tree species in the family Burseraceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas from South Florida to Mexico and the Caribbean to Brazil, Jinotega and Venezuela. "Bursera simaruba" are prevalent in the Petenes mangroves ecoregion of the Yucatán, where it is a subdominant plant species to mangroves. "Bursera simaruba" is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 30 meters


title: "Cecil Salmon" content: was used by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico to develop the varieties that started the Green Revolution. Salmon went on to serve two years in the Philippines helping to rehabilitate the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture at Los Baños (UPLB) and undertook four tours with the U.S. Agency for International Development. He co-authored several books on experimental design in agricultural research including "The principles and practice of agricultural research", published by L. Hill in 1964. Cecil Salmon Samuel Cecil Salmon (1885–1975) was an agronomist who was attached to the American occupying forces in Japan


title: "Sicklefin lemon shark" content: and Aldabra, and in January at French Polynesia; ovulation and mating for nonpregnant females takes place at around the same time. The embryos develop a placenta after around four months of gestation, when they still possess vestiges of external gills. The young are born at a length of . Juvenile sharks grow slowly, at a rate of per year. Both sexes attain sexual maturity at a length of . Several apparently unprovoked attacks on humans have been attributed to the sicklefin lemon shark. Due to its formidable size and teeth, it is regarded as potentially dangerous, and certainly this species


title: "Andrew Miller (baseball)" content: pinch hitter Ryan Gipson, to hit a ground ball. Second baseman Bryan Steed fielded and threw wide of first baseman Tim Federowicz, allowing Rowe to score and giving Oregon State the title. In his junior year in 2006, Miller allowed 12 extra base hits, while producing a 13−2 W−L with a 2.48 ERA, 133 strikeouts and a .222 BAA in innings. He became the first Tar Heel to win 13 games since 1978. In five games, he struck out at least 10 batters. A number of awards followed Miller's accomplishments in 2006, including "Baseball America"'s College Player of the Year


title: "M-107 (Michigan highway)" content: Porcupine Mountains Wilderness State Park. The lake is situated in a valley between two ridges in the Porcupine Mountains. Surrounded by wilderness, the lake is a popular destination for hikers, campers, and fishermen. The lake is a prominent feature of the park, and can be viewed at the Lake of the Clouds Overlook at the west terminus of former M-107. Porcupine Mountains State Park was established in 1944 to protect the last large stand of old-growth forest remaining in Michigan. Then in 1972, Michigan passed the Wilderness and Natural areas Act. This act gave the park the new designation of


title: "Camp Doha" content: effectively a nerve center not only for U.S. operations in Iraq, but throughout the Middle East. At its peak, over 2,000 military and civilian personnel were stationed there, with several thousand additional personnel in transit at any given point. In April 2005, the Army announced the closure of the base, saying that the personnel from Camp Doha would be divided between Camp Buehring and Camp Arifjan. As of mid-2006, though the bulk of personnel and operations have shifted to other installations, the actual closure of Camp Doha has yet to occur. In July 1991 a fire that began as a


title: Muntingia content: Muntingia Muntingia is a genus of plants in the family Muntingiaceae, comprising only one species, Muntingia calabura. It is native to the neotropics, from Mexico south to Bolivia. "Muntingia calabura" is a shrub or tree up to 12 m tall with spreading branches. The leaves are alternate, distichous, oblong or lanceolate, 4–15 cm long and 1–6 cm wide, with toothed margin and covered in short hairs. The flowers are small (up to 3 cm wide), solitary or in inflorescences of 2-3 flowers; with 5 lanceolate sepals, hairy; 5 obovate white petals; many stamens with yellow anthers and a smooth ovoid


title: Muntingia content: ovary. Fruit, an edible berry, red at maturity, about 1.5 cm wide. "M. calabura" is native to southern Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and western South America south to Bolivia and Argentina. It is present in tropical climate in disturbed lowland areas from sea level to 1000 m of elevation. This species colonize disturbed habitats in tropical lowland areas, becoming part of the secondary vegetation, as well as gallery forests. It thrives in poor soil, able to tolerate acidic and alkaline conditions and drought, but doesn't grow on saline conditions. The seeds are dispersed by birds and fruit bats. Although


title: Muntingia content: native to tropical America, "M. calabura" has been introduced in Southeast Asia and naturalized there and in other tropical parts of the world. Common names include: English: calabur tree, capulin, Jamaica cherry, Panama berry, strawberry tree, ornamental cherry, jamfruit tree, Singapore cherry, West Indian cherry. Spanish: cereza, memiso, nigua, bolaina, capulin blanco; chitato, pasito (Colombia); yumanaza, cerezo caspi (Peru). Tagalog: aratiles, datiles, ratiles, latires. French: bois ramier, cerisier de Panama. Tamil: Sarkarai Pala Maram, Seeni pala maram. Kannada: gasagase hannina mara. Iloko: seresa, zanitas. Indonesia: talok. Swedish: panamabär. Khmer: krakhob barang Thai: takhop farang. Vietnamese: trứng cá. Portuguese: calbura, pao


title: Muntingia content: de seda; calabura, curumi, pau de seda (Brazil). "M. calabura" is planted as a source of timber and fuel. Its soft wood used for rural construction, while the bark is fibrous and used for making ropes. The fruits are edible and in some cases sold in markets, as can be eaten raw or processed as jam; leaves can be used for making tea. There are also traditional medicinal uses reported for the leaves (headaches, prostate problems, reduce gastric ulcers), bark (antiseptic), flowers (antiseptic, reduce swelling, antispasmodic) and fruits (respiratory problems; antidiarrheic). It is planted as an ornamental species; and also


title: Muntingia content: because the flowers are a source of nectar and pollen for the beekeeping industry. The tree is also planted along river banks in Brazil, as fallen fruits attract fish. "M. calabura" has a potential as a useful species for restoration of disturbed areas and stop soil erosion. It also offers shelter for wildlife as it is a source of food for ca. 60 species of birds and mammals. "M. calabura" can be propagated from seed, seedlings or cuttings. In Costa Rica, seeds set in the wet season, but require conditions of light and temperature found in forest gaps. In a


title: Muntingia content: test where seeds were placed in wet paper towel, at 25 °C a total of 44% of seeds germinated in white light, while none germinated in dark conditions. Muntingia Muntingia is a genus of plants in the family Muntingiaceae, comprising only one species, Muntingia calabura. It is native to the neotropics, from Mexico south to Bolivia. "Muntingia calabura" is a shrub or tree up to 12 m tall with spreading branches. The leaves are alternate, distichous, oblong or lanceolate, 4–15 cm long and 1–6 cm wide, with toothed margin and covered in short hairs. The flowers are small (up to


title: "Aval Varuvala" content: In a shopping mall, he gets a glimpse of Divya (Simran) and falls in love. He identifies her scooter model and goes on a mission in search of her to end up in a colony surrounded by comedians (Dhandabani (Goundamani), Michael Jackson (Senthil), Major (Venniradai Moorthy), James Thomson (Dhamu), Savithri (Kovai Sarala)). The colony people mistakenly thought that Jeeva is trying to steal the scooter, and therefore he lied that he was looking for a house to rent. Then, he agreed to stay in the colony after confirming that Divya and her mother Janaki (Sujatha) are residing in the colony.


title: "FSP Group" content: Technology Inc. (Taiwan, public listed company, stock code 3015) and Protek Power (Taiwan). FSP Group's major power supply product lines include: FSP Group has global representation with branch offices in USA, Germany, France, UK, Russia, Japan, India, Korea and China. FSP developed their own retail brand "FSP" in 2003, which mainly sells power supplies. Power supplies manufactured by FSP are also sold by Antec, Sparkle Power International (SPI) (USA), OCZ, SilverStone Technology, Thermaltake, Nexus and Zalman under their own names. FSP also offer a wide range of retail Universal laptop adapters along with uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and PowerBank rechargeable


title: "Alexander Farnerud" content: Alexander Farnerud Alexander Farnerud (born 1 May 1984) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a midfielder. After starting out at Landskrona BoIS, he went on to play professionally in France, Germany – winning the Bundesliga with Stuttgart – Denmark, Switzerland and Italy (spending three seasons in the Serie A with Torino). Farnerud won eight caps for Sweden, during seven years. Born in Landskrona, Farnerud made his professional debut with Landskrona BoIS. He scored in one of his first Allsvenskan matches, a 2–1 home win against reigning champions Hammarby. On 15 November 2003, Farnerud was bought by France's Strasbourg, being


title: "Teddy McCarthy" content: Hurling League title following a three-game series with Wexford. Cork's hurling championship hopes later ended on their first outing. Despite this, McCarthy captured a fourth Munster football medal as Tipperary lost in the provincial final. Another All-Ireland final appearance beckoned as Derry provided the opposition. The game was yet another close encounter; however, a late goal won the day for Derry who secured a 1–14 to 2–8 victory. The defeat in the All-Ireland final was avenged somewhat in 1994 as Cork defeated Tipperary in the provincial football final. McCarthy came on as a substitute in that 2–19 to 3–9 victory


title: "Manchester Astronomical Society" content: Manchester Astronomical Society The Manchester Astronomical Society is an organisation that promotes amateur and popular astronomy in North West England. It is one of the oldest provincial astronomical societies in England. The Society is based in the Godlee Observatory located in the Sackville Building, University of Manchester, in Manchester city centre. Membership is open to anyone with an interest in astronomy. The society's origins lay in the North Western Branch of the British Astronomical Association, which was established in the Northwest of England in 1892, soon after the Association's formation in 1890. However, a number of members gradually became dissatisfied


title: "Gabe Khouth" content: Gabe Khouth Gabe Khouth (born November 22, 1972) is a Canadian voice actor who works for Ocean Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He has played several roles in anime, most notably Nicol Amalfi in "Gundam SEED". Khouth also acted in the live-action punk/cult film "Terminal City Ricochet". Later on, he guest-starred as Hector on "MacGyver", and then moved on to Stephen King's 1990 mini-series "It", taking the role of Victor Criss. He appeared as Rodney in "Ernest Goes to School". His most recent film is "Santa Baby", in which he played Skip the Elf. He recently plays Spinner Cortez


title: "Point Tupper, Nova Scotia" content: service the electrical requirements for the pulp and paper mill, Crown corporation Nova Scotia Power constructed the Point Tupper Generating Station, a new oil-fired power plant at an adjacent property; it was converted to coal in 1986. These industries were soon followed by a gypsum loading terminal for gypsum being mined by Georgia Pacific in River Denys and delivered to Point Tupper by rail - ironically the ship loader was on the same site as the former railcar ferry dock. Point Tupper was also the site of several failed industrial policies, when the Gulf Oil refinery was closed and mothballed


title: Embrach content: an east bypass Embraport - Lufingen and a tunnel through the Dättenberg to Bachenbülach. The money for both projects is not in sight. Embrach-Rorbas railway station is served by Zurich S-Bahn line S41, which links Winterthur and Waldshut. First traces of settlement are grave finds from the Bronze Age around 800 BC at Ofengupf in Oberembrach. Many Roman settlements are documented in the catchment area of Embrach valley. In the valley itself there are few traces of the Romans, documented are only a few coins and shards finds. One this is sure and that is that the name Embrach is


title: "Joy Batchelor" content: Slade School of Art, but did not continue schooling to help support her family financially. She worked as a commercial artist and assembly line worker. Batchelor began working in animation first as an in-betweener for Dennis Connolly's projects. As part of her work as a commercial artist, she also worked as a silk-screen printer and printed posters and assisted in design work for fashion magazines. She met John Halas through an advertisement he wrote, seeking an assistant animator for numerous works for British Colour Cartoons Limited. Batchelor accompanied him when the company sent Halas to Hungary in 1937 for work.


title: "Sam Chu Lin" content: Chu-Lin is survived by his wife, Judy, and two sons, Mark F. and Christopher G. Chu-Lin. He is the God-father of his niece, Robyn Elam. Sam Chu-Lin began his career in broadcasting began when he hosted a 1956 radio show in his hometown. He used the name "Sammy Lin," which helped him as many people did not identify this name with an Asian. He later became known for his deep baritone voice. He had wanted to speak without his Southern twang and practiced by listening late at night to CBS Radio's Edward R. Murrow. Chu-Lin's hard work and dedication brought


title: "Ari Gold (Entourage)" content: ends his marriage. The next day, Lizzie ends the affair with Andrew who has had his financial accounts frozen by his wife, leaving him homeless and penniless. Ari discovers Andrew asleep on the sofa in Ari's office, and is apoplectic over the unprofessional display. Andrew has a meeting later that day with famed film/TV writer Aaron Sorkin who hates Ari, but is nevertheless considering signing on as a client of the Miller Gold Agency because he likes Andrew. Ari tells Andrew that he had better get the deal done. Andrew ends up in jail after a domestic dispute with his


title: "Martin Škrtel" content: Martin Škrtel Martin Škrtel (; born 15 December 1984) is a Slovak professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Fenerbahçe and captains the Slovakia national team. He previously played for Trenčín and Zenit Saint Petersburg, before joining Liverpool for £6.5 million in January 2008. After eight-and-a-half years with Liverpool, where he played 319 official games and scored 18 goals, he joined Fenerbahçe. He has won the Russian Premier League and the League Cup, as well as being named Slovak Footballer of the Year four times. Škrtel made his international debut for Slovakia in 2004, and has since earned


title: "WhiteWater World" content: by the park with others being speculated upon. Some attractions were nearing completion in September and all the planned attractions had been revealed by October. WhiteWater World opened three weeks ahead of schedule on 8 December 2006 after a week of previews. The park opened with ten attractions, including The Green Room, The Rip, Super Tubes Hydrocoaster, The BRO, The Temple of Huey (3 individual slides), Pipeline Plunge, Wiggle Bay and the Cave of Waves. At this time, the park featured many Australian and world firsts: The Rip and Super Tubes Hydrocoaster were both Australian firsts; The BRO was a


title: CFTE content: CFTE CFTE (1410 AM) is a radio station located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. On 1410 AM, it is owned by Bell Media and currently carries a business news format as "BNN Bloomberg Radio 1410", which primarily simulcasts programming from the television channel BNN Bloomberg, as well as programs from the U.S. Bloomberg Radio network. CFTE's studios are located on Robson and Burrard Street in Downtown Vancouver; however the station's local programming is currently limited to weekend specialty programming, and traffic and weather updates. Its transmitters are located near Delta. CFUN first signed on the air on April 10, 1922


title: "Times Guide to the House of Commons" content: Times Guide to the House of Commons The Times Guide to the House of Commons is a political reference guide book published by Times Newspapers giving coverage of general elections in the United Kingdom. Following most general elections since 1880, the book has been published. The contents usually include the following; The most recent version of the book tends to be available for around a year after publication, although older editions have in some cases become rare collector's items. In 2003-4, Politico's Publishing reprinted two omnibus volumes containing the rare guides for 1910, 1911, 1919, 1929, 1931 and 1935. They


title: "Gibson Les Paul Studio" content: swamp ash top over a multi-piece swamp ash back. The neck is made from mahogany and is "set" into the body. The fretboard may be either ebony or rosewood, depending on production year. It has a standard body, no pick-guard, chrome plated hardware, and dot-type fret markers, a silkscreen Gibson headstock logo and the usual "studio" truss rod cover. During 2000-2002, Gibson released a series of six guitars dubbed "Gothic" models. Guitars other than the Les Paul Studio in this series were the Gibson SG, Flying V, X-plorer and Nikki Sixx Blackbird Bass. The "Voodoo" series followed which included an


title: "Lord Kitchener Wants You" content: for War. Kitchener was the first currently serving soldier to hold the post and was given the task of recruiting a large army to fight Germany. Unlike some of his contemporaries who expected a short conflict, Kitchener foresaw a much longer war requiring hundreds of thousands of enlistees. According to Gary S. Messinger, Kitchener reacted well to Field's advertisement although insisting "that the ads should all end with 'God Save the King' and that they should not be changed from the original text, except to say 'Lord Kitchener needs YOU.'" In the following months Le Bas formed an advisory committee


title: Torrin content: holiday home. At "Cill Chriosd" (Christ's Church or "Kilchrist"), half way to Broadford, are the stark remains of the parish church of Strathaird, including the cleared villages of Boreraig and Susinish. The location is thought to have been a site of Christian worship dating back to the 7th century, when St Maelrubha preached from nearby "Cnoc na-Aifhreann" ("Hill of the Mass"). The present ruins probably replaced the first medieval stone church in the 16th century. "Cill Chrìosd" was replaced by a new parish church in Broadford in 1840. In June 2001 the Torrin Management Committee opened "Am Bothan" (the Gaelic


title: "Craig Fairbrass" content: film "Dead Cert" alongside Billy Murray as well as the action film "Freight" and comedy "Just for the Record". In 2011, Fairbrass took the co-lead in the crime thriller "St Georges Day", other lead roles included "Vikingdom 3D", "House of the Rising Sun", opposite Dave Bautista, "Hijacked", and "Get Lucky and Let me Survive". In 2012, Fairbrass took his first lead role in a US action thriller "The Outsider", which starred Jason Patric, James Caan and Shannon Elizabeth. In "Bula Quo!", he costarred alongside Rick Parfitt and Francis Rossi. In 2014 he took the lead in the psychological thriller, "Breakdown",


title: "Adiantum aleuticum" content: Adiantum aleuticum Adiantum aleuticum, the western maidenhair fern or Aleutian maidenhair, is a species of fern in the genus "Adiantum". The fronds grow to 15–110 cm high, and are fan-shaped, light to medium green with dark brown to black stems. It is deciduous. Formerly classified as "A. pedatum" var. "aleuticum", it was shown to be a separate species in 1991. Other common names include serpentine maidenhair and five-fingered fern. "Adiantum aleuticum" is native mainly to western North America from the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, south to Chihuahua, and also locally in northeastern North America from Newfoundland south to Vermont. It


title: "Adiantum aleuticum" content: prefers fertile, moist soil in rock crevices near streams, from sea level in the north of its range, up to 3,200 m altitude in the south of its range. It tolerates serpentinite rock well, and is confined to this mineral-rich rock in some areas. The species and its cultivar 'Subpumilum' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Adiantum aleuticum Adiantum aleuticum, the western maidenhair fern or Aleutian maidenhair, is a species of fern in the genus "Adiantum". The fronds grow to 15–110 cm high, and are fan-shaped, light to medium green with dark brown to black stems.


title: Mileham content: the end of a long track to the southwest of the village. The four-storey tarred red brick tower had walls, was high and had a base. The mill used four double-shuttered sails, each with seven bays of three shutters to power four pairs of stones. The upright shaft was a 'graft' shaft of both wood and iron. Two opposite doors were set into the base of the tower on the east and west sides, and another door was on the south side of the meal floor. According to Geraldine Neale, writing in 1948, a sail broke off the mill in


title: "Kieran Donaghy" content: were crowned NFL champions. Donaghy began the Championship in the same position, as Kerry reached the Munster Championship final against old rivals Cork. Donaghy was sent off for two bookable offenses and he was banned for the subsequent replay, from which Cork emerged victorious. A round later in the Qualifiers against Longford, Donaghy was moved to the full forward position. It proved a very successful switch as he set up three goals, a number of points and scored a point himself. Against Armagh in the All-Ireland quarter-final, he scored a goal. Following alleged provocation that he was "only a basketball


title: "Rudy Fernández (basketball)" content: the Spanish national team. Spain won the gold medal in a European Championship for the first time in its history, and Fernández averaged 13.2 points, 3.5 rebounds, 2.1 assists, and 2.1 steals per game, in 28.4 minutes, and was named to the All-Tournament Team. In the 2010 FIBA World Championship, Fernández averaged 15.6 points, 6.0 rebounds, 1.7 assists, and 1.8 steals per game, but Spain only took sixth place in the tournament. Fernández then participated in EuroBasket 2011, where Spain won the gold medal, and clinched a spot in the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he won a silver medal with


title: "William ""Amos"" Wilson" content: his last 19 years in a cave near Hummelstown. In some sources, William and Elizabeth are referred to as Amos Wilson and Harriot Wilson. However, the historical record leaves no doubt that the Hermit and his sister were named William and Elizabeth. The origin of these "alternate" names has never been fully explained. Many key elements of the Wilsons' saga are documented in the records of the Chester County Courts and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. However, the story quickly became a part of local folklore and was embellished by generations of storytellers. It is often possible to note which elements


title: "Čelebići camp" content: Joint Command. The first area to be targeted was the village of Donje Selo. On 20 May 1992 forces of the TO and HVO entered the village. Bosnian government soldiers moved through Viniste towards the villages of Cerići and Bjelovcina. Cerići, which was the first shelled, was attacked around 22 May and some of its inhabitants surrendered. The village of Bjelovcina was also attacked around that time. According to witnesses heard by the ICTY, the Serb-populated village of Bradina was shelled in the late afternoon and evening of 25 May and then soldiers in both camouflage and black uniforms appeared,


title: "Zenaida dove" content: Zenaida dove The zenaida dove ("Zenaida aurita") is a member of the bird family Columbidae, which includes doves and pigeons. It is the national bird of Anguilla, where it is commonly (but erroneously) referred to as a turtle dove. It lays two white eggs on a flimsy platform built on a tree or shrub. It also nests in rock crevices and on grassy vegetation if no predators are present. It has been recorded that some birds have up to 4 broods per year. Eggs take approximately two weeks to hatch, and the young chicks typically fledge after only two weeks


title: "Zenaida dove" content: in the nest. Parents feed the young pigeon's milk, a nutrient rich substance regurgitated from its crop. The bird is resident and abundant over much of its range. Zenaida doves are commonly hunted as a game bird. The zenaida dove is approximately in length. It looks very similar to the mourning dove, but is smaller in size, has a shorter, more rounded tail, and is a bit more darkly colored. It is also distinguished from the mourning dove by showing white on the trailing edge of its wings while in flight. The mourning dove does not have the white trailing


title: "Zenaida dove" content: edge. The zenaida dove breeds throughout the Caribbean and the tip of the Yucatán Peninsula, an example habitat being in the Petenes mangroves.(World Wildlife Fund. 2010) It was reported by John James Audubon to breed in the Florida Keys, but there are only three verifiable records from Florida. This bird is found in a variety of open and semi-open habitats. Its mournful "cooOOoo-coo-coo-coo" call is similar to the call of a mourning dove, but faster in pace. These birds forage on the ground, mainly eating grains and seeds, sometimes also on insects. Zenaida doves frequently feed close to water. They


title: "Zenaida dove" content: often swallow fine gravel to assist with digestion, and will also ingest salt from mineral rich soils or livestock salt licks. It is thought the salt aids in egg formation and/or production of pigeon milk. Zenaida dove The zenaida dove ("Zenaida aurita") is a member of the bird family Columbidae, which includes doves and pigeons. It is the national bird of Anguilla, where it is commonly (but erroneously) referred to as a turtle dove. It lays two white eggs on a flimsy platform built on a tree or shrub. It also nests in rock crevices and on grassy vegetation if


title: "Charles Ray (actor)" content: put up $500,000 (approximately $ today) of his own money to finance the film. Ray began filming "The Courtship of Miles Standish" in January 1923 at his namesake studio on Sunset Boulevard. Production costs quickly rose as Ray spent money with abandon. In addition to the $65,000 (approximately $ today) 180-ton replica of the "Mayflower" that was set on a mechanism to simulate it being on rough seas, Ray also had full sized log cabins built solely for exterior shots. By the end of filming, Ray had invested all of his saving, nearly $2 million (approximately $ today), and borrowed


title: "Scott Fraser (politician)" content: conduct a separate, independent review. After it was disclosed that the BC Investment Management Corporation, which invests public funds but is independent of the government, owned 25% of the company that owned the forest land, Fraser suggested that the corporation violated its own rules on environmental and socially-ethical investments and colluded with BC Liberal donor Brookfield Asset Management, who owned 50% of the same company. In protest of the pay raises given to MLAs, Fraser donated his raise to local charities, including several scholarships for high school students in his riding entering post-secondary education. For the 2009 provincial election Fraser's


title: "Claire Trevena" content: Party of British Columbia she was fired on the belief, as a party member, she would not be able to perform with the political neutrality the job demanded. Trevena filed a complaint with the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal claiming she was being discriminated against due to her political beliefs. In April 2004, the tribunal sided in favour of Citizens' Assembly. In September 2004, with the British Columbia New Democratic Party starting their nomination process for the up-coming provincial elections, Trevena put her name forward as a candidate. Brian Giles (a former assistant to Attorney General of British Columbia Colin


title: "Robert Henry Best" content: war on Nazi Germany on December 11, 1941, Best was arrested along with other U.S. reporters and held for deportation at an internment camp in Bad Nauheim. There he decided to withdraw from the group of exchangeable Americans and remain with his fiancée Erna Maurer, an Austrian reporter for the Associated Press, whom he married on September 2, 1942. Best then received permission to travel to Berlin unaccompanied where he met Werner Plack, a member of the Radio Division of the Foreign Office, who recruited him as a commentator for German State Radio. In April 1942, Best began as a


title: "Dryopteris marginalis" content: Dryopteris marginalis Dryopteris marginalis, vernacularly known as the marginal shield fern or marginal wood fern is a perennial species of fern found in damp shady areas throughout eastern North America, from Texas to Minnesota and Newfoundland. It favors moderately acid to circumneutral soils in cooler areas, but is fairly drought-resistant once established. In the warmer parts of its range, it is most likely to be found on north-facing non-calcareous rock faces. It is common in many altitudes throughout its range, from high ledges to rocky slopes and stream banks. Marginal wood fern's name derives from the fact that the sori


title: "Dryopteris marginalis" content: are located on the margins, or edges of the leaflets. "Dryopteris marginalis" is an evergreen fern throughout its range, along with Christmas fern ("Polystichum acrostichoides") it is one of the few evergreen ferns. Marginal wood fern grows from a clump with a prominent central rootstock, this rootstock may be exposed and give this fern the appearance of being like a small tree fern. Often, the dead leaves will accumulate beneath the plant. The stipe, or stem which supports the leaf is approximately 1/4 the length of the leaf and covered in bright golden brown scales. The stipe itself is grooved


title: "Dryopteris marginalis" content: on upward facing side and dark red-brown at the base and becoming green further up the leaf. The leaf is a dark blue green and thick and leathery in texture. It grows 1–2 ft in height and approximately 6 in wide. Each leaf is broken up into leaflets which are arranged on either side of the main stalk. The tips of these leaflets are generally curved toward the tip of the leaf. These leaflets themselves are divided into subleaflets which are blunt tipped and either serrated or lobed. The fertile leaflets (leaflets bearing sori and spores) are similar to the


title: "Dryopteris marginalis" content: fertile leaflets in size and appearance. The round sori are located on the margins of the leaf tissue. Before the sori are ripe they start out gray then they turn an interesting blue-violet color before finally turning brown when they are mature. The sori are covered in a kidney shaped indusium which is smooth. "Dryopteris marginalis" is known to form hybrids with 10 other species and some of the hybrids are common, they can be identified by the malformed spores and sori which are not quite on the margins of the leaves. Dryopteris marginalis Dryopteris marginalis, vernacularly known as the


title: Amrinone content: Amrinone Amrinone (INN) or inamrinone (USAN, changed in 2000 to prevent confusion with amiodarone), trade name Inocor, is a pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor. It is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. Amrinone has been shown to increase the contractions initiated in the heart by high gain calcium induced calcium release (CICR). The positive inotropic effect of amrinone is mediated by the selective enhancement of high gain CICR which contributes to the contraction of myocytes by phosphorylation through cAMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and Ca calmodulin kinase pathways. Increases cardiac contractility, vasodilator. Acts


title: "Robert C. Bruce" content: Robert C. Bruce Robert Cameron Bruce Jr. (October 6, 1914 – August 24, 2003) was an American voice actor, and the son of Robert Cameron Bruce (1887–1948) who was a cinematographer and documentary producer. He was the narrator for a number of Warner Bros. cartoons in the 1930s and 1940s. The "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" series' had occasional entries which were driven not by one of their stable of stars such as Bugs Bunny or Daffy Duck, but by individual short sketches, usually filled with sight gags and word-play. Later he was a writer and producer of industrial motion


title: "Antanas Tumėnas" content: Antanas Tumėnas Antanas Tumėnas (13 May 1880 in Kurkliečiai, near Rokiškis – 8 February 1946 in Bachmanning, Austria) was a Lithuanian politician, teacher, professor of law, judge, Prime Minister of Lithuania in the 10th cabinet, Chairman of the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania. He was a member of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party. Tumėnas was elected to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania and was appointed as chairman of the Constitutional Commission of Lithuania (1922). Later he was a member of the 1st Seimas. He participated in creating the law system of the new republic. He was Minister of


title: "Gene Klein" content: A long-time Democratic Party supporter, Klein helped finance Pierre Salinger in his 1964 election campaign for the United States Senate. When Salinger lost, Klein hired him as National General's vice president in charge of advertising. In 1972 Klein left the Democratic party to support the 1972 Presidential candidacy of the incumbent Republican, Richard Nixon. Always an avid sports fan, but an entrepreneur who recognized the potential on the U.S. West Coast, in 1960 Klein unsuccessfully lobbied Major League Baseball owners to obtain an American League franchise for the city of Los Angeles. On December 20, 1966, Klein and business associate


title: "James Bradley (footballer)" content: of the first to use tricks. He would swing hard at the ball with his right foot and dummy the player facing him by kicking the ball with the outside of his left. Despite the quality of their midfield, year after year Stoke narrowly clung on to their top-flight status. Improvements to the Victoria Ground in 1903 cost £2,000 swallowing the club's already dwindling finances and so the board agreed to sell their best players with Bradley poised to join Plymouth Argyle in 1905. But he refused to join the Southern side was instead sold to Liverpool for £420. Making


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: Jacob Riis Park Jacob Riis Park, also called Jacob A. Riis Park or Jacob Riis State Park, is a seaside park at the southwestern end of the Rockaway Peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. It lies at the foot of the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge, adjacent to the east of Fort Tilden, and west of Neponsit and Rockaway Beach. Originally a city-run park under the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, it is currently part of the Jamaica Bay Unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area, and is managed by the National Park Service


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: (NPS). Plans emerged for a coastal park located in the Rockaways in the early 20th century, with the property acquired by the city in 1912. Initially called Seaside Park and later Telawana Park, the park was named in 1914 for social journalist Jacob Riis, who advocated for the creation of the park. During World War I, the site was used as the Rockaway Naval Air Station, one of the first naval air stations in the United States. Riis Park was largely constructed between 1936 and 1937 by New York City Parks Commissioner Robert Moses, who envisioned Riis Park as a


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: getaway for New York City residents comparable to Jones Beach State Park on Long Island. The park was built along with the Marine Parkway Bridge and the Belt Parkway in nearby Brooklyn, which provided access to the park. After a period of decline, in 1974 Jacob Riis Park was transferred to the control of the National Park Service. The Jacob Riis Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. It features an extensive sand beach along the Atlantic Ocean coastline and several historic Art Deco structures, including a bathhouse built in 1932 and reconfigured


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: in 1937. Today, the park's sand, surf, and seaside recreation areas and famous Art Deco bathhouse make it a popular summer destination. Facilities available in season include a pitch and putt golf course and food concessions. The park was originally known as Seaside Park. It was later renamed Telawana Park after Culluloo Telewana, who was believed to be the last surviving member of the Rockaway Lenape tribe until his death in 1818. A monument to Telawana is located in Woodsburgh, Long Island, east of Far Rockaway. In 1914, the park was renamed for Jacob Riis, a famous New York City


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: muckraker journalist and photographer who documented the plight of the poor and working class. What is now the site of Jacob Riis Park on the western Rockaway Peninsula was under water as recently as the early 19th century. The peninsula was gradually expanded westward by the natural accretion of sand from tidal action. By 1878, the peninsula extended as far as the current western boundaries of the park. The peninsula reached its current extents by the turn of the 20th century. During the War of 1812, the United States Army erected a blockhouse west of the future park site, on


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: what was then an island. It was demolished in 1818. In 1880, the New York, Woodhaven & Rockaway Railroad opened a railroad line between mainland Queens and the Rockaways, with a terminal in Rockaway Park. In 1879 with the railroad under construction, several New York businessmen formed the Rockaway Beach Improvement Company and drafted plans to create a landscaped park and amusement area in the western Rockaways. This development would include hotels and a horse racing track. At the approximate location of modern Riis Park would be a pavilion for beach-goers. The company purchased of land between what are now


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: Rockaway Park and Breezy Point, and later purchased 750 additional acres farther east. Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of Central Park, was contracted to survey the site. Part of one hotel, called the Rockaway Beach Hotel or the "Hotel Imperial", was opened in August 1881, with other hotels following it, but the park plans never materialized as the park company had gone bankrupt. This incomplete hotel was demolished by 1889. A streetcar line running across the peninsula, operated by the Ocean Electric Railway, opened in 1897, with its western end past Beach 149th Street within the modern park site. In


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: 1900, the property that would later would become Riis Park was acquired by Edward P. Hatch as part of two lots totaling in size. The first plot, the "Hatch Tract," was while the second "Bell Harbor tract" was . The land consisted predominantly of marshland and meadows yet to be developed. From 1902 to 1903, the City of New York initially attempted to create a seaside beach park in Staten Island. In 1904, the city planned to build an oceanside park in the western Rockaways near Rockaway Point (Breezy Point), supported by Jacob Riis' Association for Improving the Condition of


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: the Poor. The Association, as well as New York City Mayor George B. McClellan Jr. and Bellevue and Allied Hospitals president John W. Brannon, also lobbied for a hospital and "convalescent home" to be established. In March 1906, Hatch expressed interest in selling the "Hatch tract", with an asking price of $1 million. On May 15, 1906, an act was passed in the New York State Legislature allowing for the purchase of beach property in or outside of the city for a maximum of $2.5 million. The act also allowed a portion of the property to be leased for the


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: creation of hospitals. The Hatch tract was favored over other potential locations such as Coney Island and Staten Island, due to its large beach area continuously extended by tidal action, and beaches and surf of higher quality than the other sites. Because Hatch was offering the property at a much higher price than its appraised value of $200,000, the city sought to acquire the site via condemnation. Efforts to develop the park, then called Seaside Park, and the hospital were suspended on November 1, 1907, due to the panic of 1907, but resurrected in 1909 after campaigning from citizens and


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: philanthropic groups. Following the death of Hatch in 1908, the Hatch tract was acquired first by the West Rockaway Land Company. It was then sold to the Neponsit Realty Company, which was developing the Neponsit neighborhood. Now valued between $850,000 and $1.05 million, the Neponsit Company offered to sell the site for $1.5 million. Meanwhile, the New York Parks and Playgrounds Association campaigned for the city to purchase land for a park in western Rockaway. The Parks Association created a Seaside Park Committee, with the social reformer Jacob Riis as its chairman. The tract was acquired by the city on


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: March 21, 1912 via condemnation, with the city paying around $1.3 million for the site. Around this time, the park was renamed Telawana Park. On March 25, 1913, the tract was transferred to the New York City Parks Department. The site for the hospital at the east end of the beach was transferred from the Parks Department on April 24, 1913. After Riis died in May 1914, former United States President Theodore Roosevelt advocated for the renaming of the park to Jacob Riis Park. The name change was approved on January 4, 1915. Neponsit Beach Hospital for Children opened on


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: April 16, 1915. Beginning in late 1915, jetties were installed along the beach in order to prevent beach erosion, and to capture sand from tidal action in order to extend the beach. The jetties were based on similar structures used in nearby Neponsit. By 1917, of land was added to the beach. The original plan for the park was created by Parks Department landscape architect Carl F. Pilat in 1913. Pilat was the nephew of Ignatz Anton Pilát, and had also designed Astoria Park around the same time. Pilat's design would have deviated significantly from the current layout. Much of


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: the property north of Rockaway Beach Boulevard (then called Washington Avenue) would have been developed into recreational space with fields and courts for sports. Pilat's layout of the park utilized Beaux-Arts planning, characterized by pedestrian pathways organized in an axial arrangement, with focal points at the southern beach "esplanade", and at a bandstand at the north end of the park. The Jamaica Bay coastline at the north end of the site would have been utilized for an additional beach and boardwalk, along with a marine basin for boats, and a lagoon. In addition to the space on the Atlantic Ocean


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: coast used by Neponsit Hospital, an additional tract on the west end of the beach would be utilized for a second health facility; only one-third of the beach would have been part of the park. The Parks Department had held a contest in 1913 accepting submission of designs for the park. Pilat's plan incorporated elements of the six finalists in the competition. At the time, the Pilat plan was considered too expensive and was not implemented. Because of this and the onset of World War I, Riis Park remained largely undeveloped into the 1930s. In 1917, with the emergence of


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: World War I, the park site was leased to the United States Navy to create Naval Air Station Rockaway, one of the first naval air stations in the country. A permit was issued by the Parks Department to the federal government on April 16, 1917, with allotted to the base. The station began operations on October 15 of that year. An additional were ceded to the station in March 1915. The now- base extended from Fort Tilden east to the location of the modern bathhouse. The station would be used as the departure point for the first transatlantic flight in


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: 1919, accomplished by the Glenn Curtiss-designed NC-4. By the time the base was complete, the remaining of the park had little development occurring. On January 20, 1921, US Navy Rear Admiral James H. Glennon requested that the city cede the site to the federal government in order to maintain the naval station. The request was initially refused, but the dispute continued on for the rest of the decade. The station was inactive from 1922 to 1925 and became an armory for the New York Naval Militia from 1928 to 1929. The dispute finally ended in 1930, when the Navy moved


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: to facilities in Valley Stream, Long Island, North Beach Airport (now LaGuardia Airport), and later Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn directly across from Riis Park. The base was vacated by June 1930, and demolition of the base was ordered in October 1930. On October 17, 1925, a ferry service was opened between Barren Island, Brooklyn (later Floyd Bennett Field airport) and Riis Park. In 1926, a short macadam transverse road was created between Washington Avenue and the ferry terminal. The road was later paved with concrete, and expanded from wide to wide. A small concession stand was also constructed at


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: the west end of the park. From 1926 to 1927, the beach protection system was expanded to the western section of the park, with additional groins installed. From 1927 to 1929, Washington Avenue was widened and paved, with a sidewalk added to both Washington Avenue and the ferry transverse road. Other minor improvements to the park took place at this time. In July 1929, an existing 1,000-car parking lot was enlarged. By this time, the patronage of Jacob Riis Park was increasing. Meanwhile, in 1929 the New York City Board of Transportation released a major expansion plan for the New


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: York City Subway. One of the new routes in the plan involved recapturing the New York, Woodhaven and Rockaway Railroad, which by this time became the Rockaway Beach Branch of the Long Island Rail Road, and extending it as a subway line west from Rockaway Park to Jacob Riis Park. The extension of the line to the park was never constructed. After the remainder of Riis Park was relinquished by the Navy, in fall 1930 Queens Parks Commissioner Albert C. Benninger proposed the construction of a bathing pavilion at Jacob Riis Park. Benninger had been inspired by the design of


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: the bathhouse at Jones Beach State Park, completed in August 1929 by then-Long Island Parks Commissioner Robert Moses. Prior to this, beach-goers were forced to change their clothes in their cars. The designs were prepared by architect John L. Plock in November 1930. The project was approved by the mayor's office in February 1931. The foundation of the building was completed in August 1931. Contracts were let for building construction in September 1931. Later that month, Benninger requested an additional $105,000 for the project from the New York City Board of Estimate, on top of the initial $425,000 appropriated. Construction


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: began on November 23, 1931. The bathhouse was opened on August 6, 1932. At the time, it was only 60 percent completed. Additional work was completed in May 1933, including lockers, the restaurant, and the solarium. The solarium was expected to be the largest in the world at the time. A seawall running in front of the bathhouse along the beach and parking facilities for 5,000 cars were also completed by 1933. At this time, Riis Park received 25,000 daily visitors during summer months. While the bathhouse was being constructed, several plans were evaluated for developing Riis Park. Carl Pilat's


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: 1913 plan for the park was briefly revived in 1930, but not developed. On August 26, 1931, Commissioner Benninger invited several architects to a conference held in conjunction the New York chapters of the American Society of Landscape Architects. Among the architects invited included Gilmore D. Clarke, then the landscape architect for Westchester County, New York. Three plans were later created by independent groups, none of which were developed. The first was from Harold A. Caparn of the City Club's park committee in 1931. The second was created by Earl Morrow of the Regional Plan Association (RPA) in 1932. The


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: third was drawn up by Julius V. Burgevin & Joseph Gatringer of the New York City Park Board in 1933. All the plans suggested developing the northern portion of the property in addition to the southern beach. When presenting the RPA's plans in May 1932, RPA president George McAneny referred to Pilat's plans as "no longer practical", due to the lack of provisions for highways and automobile parking. While presenting the park plan, McAneny also put forward plans for a vehicular bridge or tunnel between Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn and the Riis Park/Fort Tilden area, acting as an extension


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: of Flatbush Avenue. Although the bathhouse was built based off the RPA plans, it and the other plans were rejected in part due to the difficulty and high cost of landscaping and planting in the area. In January 1934, Robert Moses was appointed commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, following the unification of the five individual borough departments. Moses wished to develop Riis Park into an urban iteration of Jones Beach for working class New York City residents. Under Moses, alterations to the bathhouse began in April 1934 with Works Progress funds. Moses was critical


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: of the previous operation of the park, including the contracting of an outside firm to operate concessions and services, leading to deteriorating conditions in the park. Moses proceeded to cancel nearly all outside contracts, forming the Riis Management Corporation to run other services. Improvements to the other park structures were also completed as projects under the Works Progress Administration (WPA). From 1934 to 1935, Riis Park was the only facility run by the Parks Department to generate revenue. On August 6, 1934, Moses released his plan for Riis Park, designed by Gilmore D. Clarke, Julius Burgevin, W. Earle Andrews, and


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: Clinton Loyd. The plan, designed in Beaux-Arts style, featured elements of the final design: the massive parking area for 15,000 cars, the road plan with a roundabout, and a central pedestrian mall running north to south. A second bathhouse structure would be built on the west side of the park, containing a swimming pool. Also included were a causeway and/or bridge linking to Brooklyn. Moses was also critical of several aspects of earlier park plans and the then-current layout created under Benninger, including the placement of the bathhouse and seawall too close to the shore, and the lack of parking


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: spaces. According to Moses the location of the bathhouse and bulkhead left a minimal portion of beach during high tide, and limited future expansion of the beach. The lack of parking, meanwhile, limited the utilization of the bathhouse, which could accommodate more people than the lot could fit cars. Under Moses's plan, the large parking lot would facilitate traffic from the Belt Parkway and the Marine Parkway Bridge. The 1934 plan was not implemented due to opposition from the local communities. Among the reasons for the resistance were fears of bringing in individuals from other parts of the city to


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: the Rockaways, and the possibility of Riis Park out-competing privately owned beaches and resorts leading to declines in property values. In 1936, Moses released what would be the final plan for Jacob Riis Park, designed by Clarke, Loyd, and Parks Department architect Aymar Embury II. Under this plan, the mall was relocated to the western end of the property, with a design similar to that of Orchard Beach in the Bronx which was being built at the same time. The parking area design was altered from two square lots in the 1934 plan, into the current large curved and asymmetrical


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: lot. The bathhouse was reconfigured, shortening the face of the beach pavilion and altering its design to use simpler Art Deco elements. The modern road layout was created, which including altering the route of Rockaway Beach Boulevard in front of the bathhouse. Initially running at a diagonal to the bathhouse's front face, the boulevard was straightened and relocated farther north. It was also truncated to the western end of the parking lot. The original seawall was replaced and recessed farther north along the new boardwalk. Other features including the mall buildings and golf course were also created at this time.


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: In order to fund the park and several others around the city, Moses asked the New York City Board of Estimate for $3.6 million of funding in 1936. The funds would go to Jacob Riis Park, Fort Tryon Park, Pelham Bay Park, and the two Marine Parks. These funds, which Moses requested from the Board of Estimate annually for several years afterward, ended up doing little to fund each of the parks, with the exception of Jacob Riis Park, which would be completed with $3.5 million in funding. The Board of Estimate money went toward the Marine Parkway Bridge, one


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: of Moses's projects to connect Riis Park to the rest of the city, while the park itself was nearly entirely built with WPA money. Work on enlarging the beach began on April 1, 1936. To increase the size of the beach from 8 to 24 acres, around of sand were dredged from Jamaica Bay. The topography of the beach was leveled, with numerous dunes eliminated. The parking lot was partially opened in June 1936 with a 6,000-car capacity. On June 15, 1936, Green Bus Lines started the Q21B bus route, operating from Brooklyn and mainland Queens to Riis Park via


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: Cross Bay Boulevard. The upgraded Jacob Riis Park was initially set to open along with Orchard Beach on June 19, 1937, but the openings were pushed back due to unfinished work. Both beaches were opened on June 25, 1937. Work on the parking lot and bathhouse were completed at this time. The Marine Parkway Bridge was opened July 3, 1937, after which the ferry service to Riis Park was discontinued. With the opening of the bridge, Green Bus Lines created a new route, the Q35, operating across the bridge between Riis Park and the Flatbush−Nostrand Avenues station in Brooklyn. In


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: addition, the Brooklyn Bus Corporation extended their B2 bus route to Riis Park. Due to increasing bus traffic, the Parks Department and the Brooklyn Bus Corporation constructed an enclosed bus shelter with turnstiles to expedite passenger boarding. On Friday August 6, 1937, the park began holding weekly fireworks shows. The park's pitch and putt golf course was opened on May 14, 1938. The Belt Parkway system was opened in June 1940, connecting to the Marine Parkway Bridge. A lighted softball field just west of the bathhouse was created in summer 1940. A bust of Jacob Riis at the western mall


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: building was completed on October 14, 1940. The Wise and Son street clock was installed on the boardwalk on March 4, 1941. The bathhouse and other structures were waterproofed in 1943. The stairs from the beach and boardwalk to the second floor of the bathhouse were removed between 1948 and 1949. The second floor cafeteria, meanwhile, was replaced with additional lockers, while a new cafeteria was built on the first floor. Numerous other renovations took place between 1949 and 1958. Neponsit Beach Hospital was closed on April 21, 1955 due to a declining need for tuberculosis treatment. Following the closure


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: of the hospital, the site was considered a "hot property", located on the beach in the fairly exclusive Neponsit neighborhood. The site of the hospital was valued at $1 million. Numerous groups had conflicting interests in the future of the site, with Parks Commissioner Moses wishing to absorb the site back into Riis Park in order to construct sports fields, a swimming pool, and a comfort station, and to extend the beach. Others including New York City Comptroller Lawrence E. Gerosa desired for the property to be sold and developed, which would draw income from both the sale and taxes.


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: After the Board of Estimate including Gerosa voted 10 to 6 to block the park expansion, and angry exchanges between Moses and Gerosa, on October 27, 1956, New York Supreme Court Justice Peter M. Daly ruled in favor of Moses in a lawsuit by the Park Association of New York City, preventing the sale. The ruling was upheld by the Appellate Court in Brooklyn on July 9, 1956. The ruling referred to the original 1906 act which zoned the property exclusively for park or hospital use. In 1958, a compromise was reached in which the hospital would be converted into


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: a nursing home called the Neponsit Home for the Aged. Meanwhile, the remaining of the property were turned over to the Parks Department to expand Riis Park, adding of beach. The plan was approved by New York City Board of Estimate in February 1959. A field with two baseball diamonds was created adjacent to the west of the former hospital in 1961, with a comfort station and concession stand erected at the southwest corner of the field. By the 1960s, Riis Park was in a state of disrepair, which included debris on the beach, and lack of maintenance of the


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: toilet and bathhouse facilities, although further renovations occurred during this time. The park was damaged by the Ash Wednesday Storm in March 1962. Riis Park also experienced increased crime: an 18-year-old was fatally stabbed at the beach in May 1962, and the bust of Jacob Riis at the Central Mall was stolen in June 1964. The park's disrepair ended up endangering park visitors; in August 1965, eighty people swimming at Riis Park and Rockaway Beach were treated for stings from Portuguese man o' war hydrozoans, a taxonomic class similar to jellyfish. In addition to vandalism, there were increasing arrests for


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: drug-related offenses on the beach.In 1972, the National Park Service established the Gateway National Recreation Area around Jamaica Bay. Jacob Riis Park was ceded to the NPS two years later, on March 4, 1974. Upon takeover, focus was put on Riis Park due to it being the most heavily visited part of the Gateway Area. Under NPS' purview, several renovations occurred, including the installation of new roofing on the bathhouse and mall buildings, and the restoration of the Wise Clock which had been taken out of operation. The NPS also began to crack down on nude bathing on the beach.


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: In mid-July 1974, Federal Magistrate Vincent A. Catoggio suggested that the entire park be shuttered if "it is going to be a gathering place of nudists" and around the same time, United States Park Police started issuing summonses to nude bathers who ignored orders to put clothes on. On July 24, 1974, a bill was introduced to the New York City Council to ban nude bathing. In spite of this, NPS rangers and officers maintained a policy of allowing nude bathers to remain so long as they "minded their own business." On June 29, 1976, Riis Park was closed due


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: to raw sewage in the water. It was closed again August 3, 1978 along with beaches in Brooklyn after an oil spill near Breezy Point. The park reopened on August 7, 1978. Riis Park continued to have sewage and wastewater treatment problems. On July 17, 1988, the beach was closed after eight syringes washed up onto the beach. Beaches at South Beach, Midland Beach, and Great Kills Park in Staten Island had previously been closed due to the same issue. The beach was reopened on July 22. Much of the waste that had washed up on the beaches in the


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: area had originated in Fresh Kills Landfill or the city sewer system. In the 1980s during summer months on weekends, the and bus routes were extended south of their normal terminus at Kings Plaza in Brooklyn to Riis Park, with a federal subsidy funding the extension. The park's historic district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Nude bathing was banned at the beach in 1983, although it continued to persist unlawfully afterwards. In May 1988, the National Park Service planned to put the Riis Park bathhouse and mall buildings up for lease, along with other


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: buildings in the Gateway Area. The developers would then pay for renovations and upgrades to the park and its facilities, which the NPS did not have the money to fund. The bathhouse in particular was in a state of disrepair, with its showering and changing facilities closed. The plan proposed constructing a 15,000-seat performance amphitheater, and a water park. Both attractions would be erected on the site of the golf course at the west end of the park. The amphitheater would occupy the northern half of the golf course site, facing south towards the beach. The water park would sit


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: at the south end, and have a 7,500 person capacity. The golf course would be relocated to the east end of the park. Features would also be added to the bathhouse, including a restaurant, skating rinks, a public garden, and/or a swimming pool. The plan was opposed by local residents and conservation groups, including the Sierra Club's New York branch and the National Audubon Society. Among the points of contention were the idea of using federal parkland for amusement development, the additional noise and traffic created by the attractions, and the potential of disturbing the bird habitats in the area.


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: The debate was reflective of issues with the country's national parks as a whole. Queens Community Board 14 (representing the Rockaways) voted unanimously to block the plans. By July 1989, the amphitheater was removed from the development plan. The proposed water park was downsized from to , and would only occupy a small corner at the southwest section of the golf course. The changes did not eliminate opposition from the community or environmental groups. By October of that year, the development plans were dropped and instead $934,000 was allocated for renovations to the park. On August 31, 1991, the beach


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: was closed again due to the presence of medical waste, with over 500 items found including needles and medicine vials of the painkiller Nubain. The beach was closed for a single day. Due in part to the reoccurrence of waste on the beach, the park saw declining patronage that year. During that year, a $20 million rehabilitation of the bathhouse began, which included the removal of asbestos. However, the project was not completed, and the bathhouse remained closed and continued to decay. In 1999, the federal government earmarked $450,000 for the rehabilitation of Riis Park, which was projected to be


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: complete within five years. By 2001, then-Senators Hillary Clinton and Chuck Schumer and then-Congressman Anthony Weiner had secured another $4 million in funds, most of which were targeted toward the renovation of the bathhouse. A press release from Senator Schumer alluded to the possible construction of a pool with the $4 million, possibly located in the bathhouse. On the other hand, the National Park Service planned to use the money for general renovations. However, the pool plan was canceled after a preliminary study, which determined that the operation of the pool would result in a negative profit margin. Through 2005,


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: numerous improvements were performed on the bathhouse, with plans to repave the central courtyard. By July 2006, however, the repairs had not been finished. However, a new bust depicting Jacob Riis had been installed at the Central Mall that April. In late October 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the New York City area, particularly effecting the Rockaway Peninsula. At Riis Park, sand was pushed north from the beach onto the back beach areas. The bathhouse was flooded and damaged. However, structures like the Wise Clock and the new Jacob Riis bust were generally unscathed. During the recovery effort, the large parking


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: lot was used as a temporary dump for debris from the park and the entire peninsula. This included excess sand, trees, cars, boats, and household debris. The parking lot was selected as a waste facility due to its size, location on the peninsula, and connection to highways and roads. Afterwards, the parking lot was used to clean sand before it returned to the beaches on the peninsula. Because of this the lot was filled with numerous man-made dunes. The park reopened in May 2013. Repairs to the bathhouse occurred from 2015 to 2016, after which the NPS solicited requests for


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: proposals to reuse the entry pavilion and bathhouse. On July 21, 2011, Staten Island Congressman Michael G. Grimm introduced H.R. 2606, the New York City Natural Gas Supply Enhancement Act, to the U.S. Congress. As proposed in the bill, a natural gas pipeline called the Rockaway Delivery Lateral Project, proposed by Williams Companies, would connect to an existing offshore pipeline and running south-to-north through the sites of Jacob Riis Park and Floyd Bennett Field. The pipeline would run through the golf course of Riis Park, then connect to a new along Flatbush Avenue to be constructed by National Grid. The


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: project was supported by the district manager of Queens Community Board 14. Two Queens congressmen also supported the pipeline, as did Anthony Weiner before his resignation. The pipeline was opposed by local environmental groups, who felt it would disturb a nearby artificial reef. Grimm was subsequently found to have received campaign money from both Williams and National Grid. Shortly after Hurricane Sandy, on November 7, 2012, the Rockaway Lateral Pipeline bill was signed into law. The pipeline was put in service by May 2015. Jacob Riis Park is located at the west end of the Rockaway Peninsula, between Fort Tilden


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: and the Marine Parkway–Gil Hodges Memorial Bridge to the west, and the Neponsit neighborhood to the east. The Roxbury and Breezy Point neighborhoods sit farther west. The Atlantic Ocean coast marks the south end of the site, where the park's beaches are located. The north end is bound by Beach Channel Drive and the Jamaica Bay shore. The park is approximately in size, extending east-to-west between Beach 149th Street in Neponsit and Beach 169th Street at Fort Tilden. The major east-to-west thoroughfares running across the park are Beach Channel Drive and Rockaway Beach Boulevard, the latter of which runs near


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: the south end of the park at the north end of the beach. Beach Channel Drive feeds west into the Marine Parkway Bridge, and into Rockaway Point Boulevard which runs to Roxbury and Breezy Point. Both roads run east towards the rest of the Rockaways. A roundabout at the east end of the park provides an interchange between the two roads. The road layout was designed in the 1930s. Three buildings constructed in the 1930s are the primary features of the Riis Park Historical District. These are the bathhouse and the two Central Mall buildings. Many elements of the park,


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: including the mall buildings, boardwalk, and renovations to the bathhouse, were completed during the 1936-1937 renovation of the park with Works Progress Administration funds, under the watch of Robert Moses, Gilmore D. Clarke, and Aymar Embury II. Located on the south side of Rockaway Beach Boulevard near the horizontal center of the park is the bathhouse, which has historically served as the entrance to the beach. It was first completed in 1932, designed by John L. Plock of the Stoughton and Plonck firm in Moorish/Byzantine style. The 1936-1937 WPA project led to a reconfiguration of the bathhouse, designed by Clinton


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: Loyd, which added Art Deco/Art Moderne elements. The alteration in architectural style is said to have been brought on by Robert Moses being "annoyed" by the bathhouse's original Moorish elements. The bathhouse measures approximately long and wide. It was modeled after the Jones Beach bathhouse, and is similar in design to other bathing pavilions of the early 20th century. It is the largest building in the park. The bathhouse actually consists of four individual structures making up each face of the building, linked by common outer screen walls, with a central courtyard in between. The screen walls are brick and


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: rise high. The buildings share a common outer facade in terms of materials, consisting of brick laid in american bond, cast stone, and concrete. After the 1937 renovations, the entire structure was painted in light gray. At the front or north face of the site on Rockaway Beach Boulevard is the Entry Pavilion. The one-story structure was built in 1932 as part of the original bathhouse, and retains its Moorish and Byzantine features. Loosely T-shaped, it occupies of space. The front face of the building features two small towers or turrets near each end, with an octagonal shape. In between


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: the towers is an arcade, with five brick archways supported by concrete Corinthian columns. The columns are hexagonal in shape with arabesque features. An additional archway is located at both the east and west ends of the arcade. Six hipped skylights are located on the roof of the pavilion. At the rear of the bathhouse, facing the beach, is the "bathing pavilion" or "beach pavilion", often simply called the "bathhouse". It is two stories high and rectangular in shape, made up of two brick side sections and a concrete center section. Although built as a part of the 1932 bathhouse,


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: the building underwent extensive renovations during the 1936-1937 projects, leading to its current Art Deco characteristics. Unlike the entrance pavilion which is relatively small, the beach pavilion extends the entire east-west length of the building. An arcade or colonnade is located on the ground floor of the center section, largely concrete with columns. The original design of the beach pavilion was similar to that of the entrance building, with numerous Moorish arches forming its arcade. On the second floor on top of the arcade is a concrete projection with rounded edges, enclosed by glass brick windows. These windows are not


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: original to the structure. The projection originally contained a cafeteria or restaurant and its kitchen. It also doubled as a solarium, and is often referred to as such. A terrace surrounds the projection. The center section's roof is flat, used as an additional terrace, while the side sections have hipped roofs. The beach pavilion contains two octagonal towers which rise four stories high with copper roofs. Several windows are located on the towers. External stairs on either side originally led from the beach to the terrace on the second floor, with additional staircases to the roof of the structure; the


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: outdoor stairs from the ground have since been removed. At the east and west ends of the bathhouse are the east and west wing buildings. The wings are identical one-story rectangular buildings. They were built with the original bathhouse, with the east wing renovated in 1936. The wings each feature a hipped roof of asphalt tiles. Both wings originally contained public bathrooms, with east wing containing a police sub-station for the United States Park Police, and the west wing housing first aid stations. Much of this space has since been converted into visitor facilities, with bathrooms still present in the


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: east wing. At the core of the bathhouse between the four buildings is the central courtyard. Now open space, the courtyard was initially used for dressing rooms, built with numerous cabana-shaped lockers, along with shower facilities. The western courtyard was for women, while the eastern court was for men. There were 500 changing rooms, containing 8,100 individual lockers. Of these, 5,400 lockers were located in the men's section, while the women's quarters held 2,700. The capacity was later increased to 10,000 during the 1936-1937 expansion, with 6,000 men's lockers and 4,000 women's lockers. The changing rooms were constructed of asbestos


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: board, while the showers were tile with stone trim. The changing rooms were closed and removed by 1988 due to a lack of maintenance and sanitary concerns. Entrance to the changing rooms was via doors at the sides of the front and rear arcades. Among the other original features of the bathhouse were two restaurants, a cafeteria, concession stands, and the solarium on the roof. These were later replaced by a ranger station, the park police station, and the first-aid station. An eastern portion of the beach pavilion is currently used to house lifeguards from the National Park Service. The


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: bathhouse has received damage from numerous storms, including Hurricane Irene and Hurricane Sandy. Although a $20 million restoration of the bathhouse was started in the 1990s, the renovation project was only partially completed. Near the foot of the Marine Parkway Bridge between the parking lot and golf course (see ) is the park's central mall, a landscaped concourse which runs north-to-south between Beach Channel Drive and the main beach. The mall was laid out to be aligned with the Empire State Building, providing a distant view of the Manhattan skyscraper. At the south end of the mall is a concrete


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: plaza with two structures known as the Central Mall Buildings or the Bay 9 Mall Buildings. The buildings were erected during the 1936-1937 park projects, designed in Art Deco/Art Moderne style. The outer facade consists of brick and tile with concrete trim and roofing. The two buildings are mirror images of each other, standing one-story high. They are semi-circle shaped, opening towards the main beach; the two buildings together form a horseshoe. Each structure occupies of space. The western building contains offices and public toilets, along with a small bathhouse. The eastern structure is used as a concession stand, with


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: retail space at its eastern end, and a patio area in front of it. Like the bathhouse, the mall buildings were painted gray upon opening in 1937. A bandstand was originally located in between the two buildings in the center of the plaza, but was removed in 1954. A bronze bust of Jacob Riis had been installed adjacent to the western mall building in 1940, donated by Riis' son Roger. The bust rested on a granite pedestal constructed by the Parks Department with money from the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority, the highway agency also controlled by Robert Moses. After


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: it was stolen in 1964, only its granite base remained. A replacement bronze bust was constructed by artist David Ostro, organized by students at the Immaculate Conception Catholic Academy in Jamaica Estates. The new bust was installed on April 17, 2010. Running along the north end of the entire beach is the boardwalk, also sometimes called the promenade. The majority of the boardwalk was built during the 1936-1937 park projects, with the portion in front of the bathhouse built in 1932. The boardwalk separates the beach from the "back beach" portions of the park, such as the bathhouse, central mall,


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: and non-beach recreation areas (see and ). It is the primary means of pedestrian circulation through the park. The boardwalk is wide, except at the bathhouse where it is wide. It was originally wood, but was upgraded to concrete in 1970. The boardwalk is built on top of the beach's concrete seawall or bulkhead, which stabilizes the sand and protects the back beach from flooding. The original seawall was constructed in 1931 and ran parallel to the south face of the bathhouse. Portions of the old sea wall remain on the beach. Located on the boardwalk at the east end


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: of the main beach is a street clock, known as the Wise Clock or Riis Park Memorial Clock. It was donated by Downtown Brooklyn jewelry dealer William A. Wise and Son, after the store moved to a new location. The clock was built by the Howard Watch Company in 1891 and moved to the park on March 4, 1941. The clock has four faces, and originally operated on a single mechanism. Renovations in the 1970s added four individual mechanisms. Located on the north side of Rockaway Beach Boulevard extending to Beach Channel Drive is the park's parking lot, which is


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: variously given as being or in size. The parking lot is the largest individual feature in the park and occupies much of the park site north of the beach. The only entry point to the lot is at its south end in front of the bathhouse, where four toll booths are present. It was built with a capacity of either 9,000 or 14,000 automobiles. At the time of its construction, it was the largest paved parking lot in the world. A grade-level crosswalk to the west of the toll booths, and a pedestrian underpass to the east, lead across the


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: street to the bathhouse. The lot is entirely circumscribed by the access roads to the park, with the roundabout located at its southeast corner, and the interchange with the Marine Park Bridge located near its northwest corner. The parking lot was managed by the Marine Parkway Authority (which constructed and operated the Marine Parkway Bridge) until 1940, when it was merged with Robert Moses' Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (TBTA). The TBTA operated the parking lot until 1968, when it in turn was merged with the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA)'s Bridges and Tunnels division. In 1974, the entire park and


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: its parking lot was relinquished to the National Park Service. Parking fees collected from Riis Park contributed to the construction of the bridge. At the west end of the park across from Fort Tilden is the park's 18-hole, pitch and putt golf course. It is in size. The entrance to the course is from the boardwalk adjacent to the western mall building. The golf course was constructed during the 1936-1937 projects, and opened in 1938. A New York City Fire Department station and a Park Police station are located at the northwest corner of the golf course, on Beach 169th


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: Street across from Fort Tilden. The fire house, Engine 329 and also called the Neponsit Fire Station, was constructed circa 1957 and opened in 1962. At the time it opened, it served the Neponsit, Roxbury and Breezy Point neighborhoods, as well as southern Brooklyn and Floyd Bennett Field. It replaced a local volunteer fire department when it opened. The ladder company of the fire house, Ladder 171, was closed on November 22, 1975 during the city's fiscal crisis. At the southeast corner of the park just east of the bathhouse and adjacent to Neponsit is Neponsit Beach Hospital, a former


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: children's tuberculosis hospital and later a nursing home. The hospital was built in 1915 on Riis Park property, and closed in September 1998. The park also contains conventional park recreation including playgrounds and sports fields located in the back beach area. Little league-size baseball fields are located on the west side of the hospital at the east end of the park. Basketball courts are located at the west side of the bathhouse. Farther west near the central mall are handball, paddle ball, and shuffleboard courts. More basketball and handball courts were previously located along the southern edge of the golf


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: course. There are also open grass areas for picnicking and grilling. One of these areas between the bathhouse and mall was previously a lighted softball field. The crescent-shaped plot of land east of the parking lot, in size, is undeveloped and consists of open grass and trees. Baseball fields were formerly present on the southern portion of this site. The beaches at Jacob Riis Park consists of 14 bays numbered east-to-west on the Atlantic coast. The main beach occupies the western half of the park, or Bays 6 through 14, at the mouth of the Central Mall. Bays 1 through


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: 5 lie on the eastern half in front of Neponsit Beach Hospital and the park bathhouse. Bay 1 is directly in front of the hospital, while the bathhouse feeds into Bay 4. The main beach features a distinctive crescent shape opening towards the Atlantic Ocean. The eastern half of the beach is much more narrow than the western half. Each bay is separated by reinforced concrete jetties, boulders, and rows of wooden pilings which extend into the ocean. The jetties also stabilize the sand of the beach. Until the 1950s, Bays 1 and 2 were part of the Neponsit Hospital


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: property. Adjacent to the east of Bay 1 is Rockaway Beach, another public beach which stretches from Neponsit to Far Rockaway at the east end of the peninsula. A fence separates the two beaches. Bay 1 is often considered the "adult" section of the beach. It has historically been popular among the gay community, as well as nudists. The remaining bays have also been informally segregated in the past. The and local buses serve the park on Rockaway Beach Boulevard. The Q22 runs east-to-west across the Rockaway Peninsula. The Q35 travels between Rockaway Park and Brooklyn via the Marine Parkway


title: "Jacob Riis Park" content: Bridge. During summer months (late May to early September) when the park is open, eastbound Q22 buses and all Q35 buses stop at the Riis Park bathhouse. This stop also acts as a drop-off area for passenger cars. Off-season, the closest stop to the park is at Beach 149th Street in front of Neponsit Hospital; westbound Q22s use this stop during summer months. An additional eastbound bus stop is located at the north end of the mall near the bridge. The express route to Manhattan also operates on Rockaway Beach Boulevard, terminating at the park bathhouse and parking lot. QM16