title: Callistephus content: a fungal disease. Some cultivars are more resistant to this than others. Pest insects can include leafhoppers, aphids, blister beetles, and the tarnished plant bug. The plant is also susceptible to mites. Callistephus Callistephus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae, containing the single species Callistephus chinensis. Its common names include China aster and annual aster. It is native to China and Korea. and it is cultivated worldwide as an ornamental plant in cottage gardens and as a cut flower. This is an annual or biennial herb with one erect, mostly unbranched stem growing 20


title: "1st Infantry Division (United States)" content: transition teams (MiTTs) is located at Fort Riley, Kansas. Training began 1 June 2006. Some of the units such as the 18th Infantry Regiment, the 26th Infantry Regiment, and the 16th Infantry Regiment have already gone into Afghanistan along with some reconnaissance units. Those units have been in the Kunar Province since mid-2006. As of fall 2009 the transition team training mission has moved to Fort Polk, and the 1st Brigade has transitioned into a combat ready force with possible plans to deploy in the next few years. In February 2007, the 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team deployed to southern


title: Motmot content: Motmot The motmots or Momotidae are a family of birds in the near passerine order Coraciiformes, which also includes the kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers. All extant motmots are restricted to woodland or forest in the Neotropics, and the largest diversity is in Middle America. They have a colourful plumage and a relatively heavy bill. All except the tody motmot have relatively long tails that in some species have a distinctive racket-like tip. Motmots eat small prey such as insects and lizards, and will also take fruit. In Costa Rica, motmots have been observed feeding on poison dart frogs. Like most


title: Motmot content: of the Coraciiformes, motmots nest in tunnels in banks, laying about four white eggs. Some species form large colonies of up to 40 paired individuals. The eggs hatch after about 20 days, and the young leave the nest after another 30 days. Both parents care for the young. Motmots often move their tails back and forth in a wag-display that commonly draws attention to an otherwise hidden bird. Research indicates that motmots perform the wag-display when they detect predators (based on studies on turquoise-browed motmot) and that the display is likely to communicate that the motmot is aware of the


title: Motmot content: predator and is prepared to escape. This form of interspecific pursuit-deterrent signal provides a benefit to both the motmot and the predator: the display prevents the motmot from wasting time and energy fleeing, and the predator avoids a costly pursuit that is unlikely to result in capture. There is also evidence that the male tail, which is slightly larger than the female tail, functions as a sexual signal in the turquoise-browed motmot. In several species of motmots, the barbs near the ends of the two longest (central) tail feathers are weak and fall off due to abrasion with substrates, or


title: Motmot content: fall off during preening, leaving a length of bare shaft, thus creating the racket shape of the tail. It was however wrongly believed in the past that the motmot shaped its tail by plucking part of the feather web to leave the racket. This was based on inaccurate reports made by Charles William Beebe. It has since been shown that these barbs are weakly attached and fall off due to abrasion with substrates and during routine preening. There are however also several species where the tail is "normal", these being the tody motmot, blue-throated motmot, rufous-capped motmot, and the Amazonian


title: Motmot content: populations of the rufous and broad-billed motmots. Family Momotidae A fossil genus of Oligocene coraciiform from Switzerland has been described as "Protornis"; it might be a primitive motmot or a more basal lineage. A partial momotid humerus found in early Hemphilian (Late Miocene, c. 8 mya) deposits in Alachua County, USA has not been named; it might belong to an extant genus. Motmot The motmots or Momotidae are a family of birds in the near passerine order Coraciiformes, which also includes the kingfishers, bee-eaters and rollers. All extant motmots are restricted to woodland or forest in the Neotropics, and the


title: "John Ireland (composer)" content: Helen Perkin (1909–1996), a pianist and composer, to whom he dedicated both the "Piano Concerto in E-flat major" and the "Legend" for piano and orchestra (which began life as a second concerto). She gave the premiere performance of both works, but any thoughts he had for a deeper relationship with her came to nothing when she married George Mountford Adie, a disciple of George Gurdjieff, and she later moved with Adie to Australia. Subsequently, Ireland withdrew the dedications. In 1947 Ireland acquired a personal assistant and companion, Mrs Norah Kirkby, who remained with him till his death. Despite these associations


title: "Common merganser" content: Common merganser The common merganser (North American) or goosander (Eurasian) ("Mergus merganser") is a large duck of rivers and lakes in forested areas of Europe, northern and central Asia, and North America. The common merganser eats fish and nests in holes in trees. The first formal description of the common merganser was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae". He introduced the current binomial name "Mergus merganser". The genus name is a Latin word used by Pliny and other Roman authors to refer to an unspecified waterbird, and "merganser" is derived


title: "Common merganser" content: from "mergus" and "anser", Latin for "goose" In 1843 John James Audubon used the name "Buff-breasted Merganser" in addition to "goosander" in his book "The Birds of America". There are three subspecies, differing in only minor detail: It is long with a wingspan and a weight of ; males average slightly larger than females but with some overlap. Like other species in the genus "Mergus", it has a crest of longer head feathers, but these usually lie smoothly rounded behind the head, not normally forming an erect crest. Adult males in breeding plumage are easily distinguished, the body white with


title: "Common merganser" content: a variable salmon-pink tinge, the head black with an iridescent green gloss, the rump and tail grey, and the wings largely white on the inner half, black on the outer half. Females, and males in "eclipse" (non-breeding plumage, July to October) are largely grey, with a reddish-brown head, white chin, and white secondary feathers on the wing. Juveniles (both sexes) are similar to adult females but also show a short black-edged white stripe between the eye and bill. The bill and legs are red to brownish-red, brightest on adult males, dullest on juveniles. Like the other mergansers, these fish-feeding ducks


title: "Common merganser" content: have serrated edges to their bills to help them grip their prey, so they are often known as "sawbills". In addition to fish, they take a wide range of other aquatic prey, such as molluscs, crustaceans, worms, insect larvae, and amphibians; more rarely, small mammals and birds may be taken. As in other birds with the character, the salmon-pink tinge shown variably by males is probably diet-related, obtained from the carotenoid pigments present in some crustaceans and fish. When not diving for food, they are usually seen swimming on the water surface, or resting on rocks in midstream or hidden


title: "Common merganser" content: among riverbank vegetation, or (in winter) on the edge of floating ice. In most places, the common merganser is as much a frequenter of salt water as fresh water. In larger streams and rivers, they float down with the stream for a few miles, and either fly back again or more commonly fish their way back, diving incessantly the whole way. In smaller streams, they are present in pairs or smaller groups, and they float down, twisting round and round in the rapids, or fishing vigorously in a deep pool near the foot of a waterfall or rapid. When floating


title: "Common merganser" content: leisurely, they position themselves in water similar to ducks, but they also swim deep in water like cormorants, especially when swimming upstream. They often sit on a rock in the middle of the water, similar to cormorants, often half-opening their wings to the sun. To rise from water, they flap along the surface for many yards. Once they are airborne, the flight is strong and rapid. They often fish in a group forming a semicircle and driving the fish into shallow water, where they are captured easily. Their ordinary voice is a low, harsh croak, but during the breeding season,


title: "Common merganser" content: they (including the young) make a plaintive, soft whistle. Generally, they are wary, and one or more birds stay on sentry duty to warn the flock of approaching danger. When disturbed, they often disgorge food before moving. Though they move clumsily on land, they resort to running when pressed, assuming a very upright position similar to penguins, and falling and stumbling frequently. Nesting is normally in a tree cavity, so it requires mature forest as its breeding habitat; they also readily use large nest boxes where provided, requiring an entrance hole in diameter. In places devoid of trees (like Central


title: "Common merganser" content: Asian mountains), they use holes in cliffs and steep, high banks, sometimes at considerable distances from the water. The female lays 6–17 (most often 8–12) white to yellowish eggs, and raises one brood in a season. The ducklings are taken by their mother in her bill to rivers or lakes immediately after hatching, where they feed on freshwater invertebrates and small fish fry, fledging when 60–70 days old. The young are sexually mature at the age of two years. Common Mergansers are known to form crèches, with single females having being observed with over 70 ducklings at one time. The


title: "Common merganser" content: species is a partial migrant, with birds moving away from areas where rivers and major lakes freeze in the winter, but resident where waters remain open. Eastern North American birds move south in small groups to the United States wherever ice free conditions exist on lakes and rivers; on the milder Pacific coast, they are permanent residents. Scandinavian and Russian birds also migrate southwards, but western European birds, and a few in Japan, are largely resident. In some populations, the males also show distinct moult migration, leaving the breeding areas as soon as the young hatch to spend the summer


title: "Common merganser" content: (June to September) elsewhere. Notably, most of the western European male population migrates north to estuaries in Finnmark in northern Norway (principally Tanafjord) to moult, leaving the females to care for the ducklings. Much smaller numbers of males also use estuaries in eastern Scotland as a moulting area. Overall, the species is not threatened, though illegal persecution by game fishing interests is a problem in some areas. Within western Europe, a marked southward spread has occurred from Scandinavia in the breeding range since about 1850, colonising Scotland in 1871, England in 1941, and also a strong increase in the population


title: "Common merganser" content: in the Alps. They are very scarce in Ireland, with regular breeding confined to a few pairs in County Wicklow. The goosander is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds applies. Common merganser The common merganser (North American) or goosander (Eurasian) ("Mergus merganser") is a large duck of rivers and lakes in forested areas of Europe, northern and central Asia, and North America. The common merganser eats fish and nests in holes in trees. The first formal description of the common merganser was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in


title: "Kenneth E. Iverson" content: of Whitney at the University of Alberta, had studied "A Dictionary of the APL Language" when "he" was between jobs, modelled the parsing process in at least two different ways, and investigated uses of dictionary APL in diverse applications. As well, from January 1987 to August 1989 he had access to SAX, and in the later part of that period used it on a daily basis. J initially took "A Dictionary of APL" as the specification, and the J interpreter was built around Table 2 of the dictionary. The C data and program structures were designed so that the parse


title: "Assumption of Mary" content: Church believe in the Dormition of the Theotokos ("the Falling Asleep of the Mother of God"), whether Mary had a physical death has not been dogmatically defined. In "Munificentissimus Deus" (item 39) Pope Pius XII pointed to the Book of Genesis () as scriptural support for the dogma in terms of Mary's victory over sin and death through her intimate association with "the new Adam" (Christ) as also reflected in : "then shall come to pass the saying that is written, Death is swallowed up in victory". The New Testament contains no explicit narrative about the death or Dormition, nor


title: "Falmouth, Massachusetts" content: preserved as Beebe Woods. In 1965, Robert Manry sailed from Falmouth aboard his sailboat and reached Falmouth, England, 78 days later. The town of Falmouth has seven historic districts, including four on the National Register of Historic Places: The other three historic districts are in Woods Hole, Davisville, and Quissett. In addition to the historic districts, Falmouth has ten individual sites on the National Register: Offshore Falmouth in Buzzards Bay, Cleveland East Ledge Light is listed with the National Register. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and


title: "Lisbon (CDP), New Hampshire" content: Lisbon (CDP), New Hampshire Lisbon is a census-designated place (CDP) and the main village in the town of Lisbon in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. The population of the CDP was 980 at the 2010 census, out of 1,595 people in the entire town of Lisbon. The CDP is in the southwestern corner of the town of Lisbon, on both sides of the Ammonoosuc River, a southwest-flowing tributary of the Connecticut River. The CDP is bordered to the south by the town of Landaff, to the southwest by the town of Bath, and to the northwest by the town


title: "Milford (CDP), New Hampshire" content: to 64, and 14.1% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males. For the period 2011-15, the estimated median annual income for a household was $49,226, and the median income for a family was $65,676. Male full-time workers had a median income of $47,981 versus $34,833 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $29,020. 7.5% of the population and 4.5% of families were below the poverty line, along with 10.7% of people


title: "Dunkirk, New York" content: them, 39.4% were married couples living together, 16.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.1% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 3.02. In the city, the population was spread out with 25.3% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was


title: "Plattsburgh (city), New York" content: Montreal, Quebec, and other Canadian television stations. Some of these Canadian stations, including CBFT-DT, CBMT-DT and CFCF-DT, are available on Charter Communications, the cable franchise serving Plattsburgh. The city is about a 60-minute drive from Canada's second most populous city of Montreal, which is also the largest city in Canada's second most populous province of Quebec. Many people commute across the Canada–U.S. border, and the City of Plattsburgh advertises itself as "Montreal's U.S. suburb". New York state is Quebec's largest trade partner, with about $6 billion in trade annually. The proximity leads to Plattsburgh's prominence as a large trade center


title: "Orange, Connecticut" content: Orange, from New Haven to Derby, was built starting in 1800. The toll house was located in Orange; tolls ended in 1887. The New Haven and Derby Railroad ran through Orange starting in 1871, with a station in Orange. At its peak, there were eleven trains per day in each direction along with one freight train. The advent of a trolley from New Haven to Derby (starting in 1904 and running until 1937) hastened the end to rail service (in 1925). Later, the construction of the Wilbur Cross Parkway and Interstate 95 brought highways through the area. As of the


title: Fertility content: = TF × Cm × Ci × Ca × Cc These four indices can also be used to calculate the total marital fertility (TMFR) and the total natural fertility (TN). TFR = TMFR × Cm TMFR = TN × Cc × Ca TN = TF × Ci Women have hormonal cycles which determine when they can achieve pregnancy. The cycle is approximately twenty-eight days long, with a fertile period of five days per cycle, but can deviate greatly from this norm. Men are fertile continuously, but their sperm quality is affected by their health, frequency of ejaculation, and environmental factors.


title: "Weymouth, Massachusetts" content: the stockade, including Wituwamat, a large brave who had belittled Standish because he was short, and had on a prior occasion tried to provoke Standish by bragging about murdering a number of French shipwreck survivors. Once inside, there was a brief struggle, the native leaders were killed. Ten of the original sixty had starved to death and two others had been killed in previous conflicts with the Natives. Forty-five colonists joined Plymouth or went north to Maine, and from there most returned to England. Three men who had left the colony to live among the natives as laborers could not


title: "Herkimer (village), New York" content: in 1751 by the Elder Rosencrantz, who was succeeded by his son, the Reverend Abraham Rosencrantz, the latter serving until his death in 1796. During the French and Indian War, the town was twice attacked by the French and their native American allies, in November 1757 (cf. Attack on German Flatts (1757)) and again in April 1758, when the settlement on the south side of the river and Fort Herkimer were attacked, and about 30 settlers were killed. Captain Nicholas Herkimer held the command of the fort, assembling all of the settlers he could within it. During the Revolutionary War,


title: "Pittsford, New York" content: District of Northfield was formed in Ontario County in 1792. This became the Town of Northfield in 1796. What is now the Village of Pittsford was settled the same year. As Northfield was subdivided in the following years, a final split formed the towns of Pittsford and Henrietta in 1814. The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 led to increased development of the various towns in Western New York along its route. Proximity to Rochester via canal and the Genessee River proved beneficial to the village of Pittsford too. The Auburn and Rochester Railroad arrived in 1840, providing faster


title: "Hempstead (village), New York" content: Hempstead (village), New York Hempstead is a village located in the town of Hempstead, Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 53,891 at the 2010 census, making it the most populated village in New York. Hofstra University is located in Hempstead. In the fall of 1643, Robert Fordham and John Carman crossed Long Island Sound by rowboat to negotiate with the local Indians for a tract of land upon which to establish a new community or "town spot". Representatives of the Marsapeague (Massapequa), Mericock (Merrick), Matinecock and Rekowake (Rockaway) tribes met with the two men at a site


title: "Liu Bei" content: received financial contributions from two wealthy horse merchants, Zhang Shiping (張世平) and Su Shuang (蘇雙), and rallied a group of loyal followers, including Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Jian Yong. Liu Bei led his militia to join the local government forces led by Colonel Zou Jing and participated in battles against the rebels. In recognition of his contributions, the Han central government appointed Liu Bei as the Prefect (令) of Anxi County (安喜縣; northwest of present-day Anguo, Hebei), one of the counties in Zhongshan Commandery (中山郡). Later, the Han central government decreed that any official who had gained the post


title: "Skaneateles (village), New York" content: to ease such consolidations under the premise that they would create efficiencies and reduce tax burdens. The village consists of a small commercial core with surrounding residential streets; the downtown area sits immediately on the lake. There are three publicly accessible parks on the lake within the downtown area. The main commercial streets in the village are Genesee Street (U.S. Route 20), Jordan Road, and Fennell Street. Genesee and Jordan streets, the core of the Skaneateles Historic District, are noted for their mix of mid-19th and early 20th century retail buildings which today contain a mix of retailers, including restaurants,


title: Pastis content: Pastis Pastis ( ; or ) is an anise-flavoured spirit and apéritif from France, typically containing less than 100 g/l sugar and 40–45% ABV (alcohol by volume). Pastis was first commercialized by Paul Ricard in 1932 and enjoys substantial popularity in France, especially in the southeastern regions of the country, mostly Marseille, (Bouches-du-Rhône) and the Var department. Pastis emerged some 17 years after the ban on absinthe, during a time when the French nation was still apprehensive of high-proof anise drinks in the wake of the absinthe debacle. The popularity of pastis may be attributable to a penchant for anise


title: Pastis content: drinks that was cultivated by absinthe decades earlier, but is also part of an old tradition of Mediterranean anise liquors that includes sambuca, ouzo, arak, rakı, and mastika. The name "pastis" comes from Occitan "pastís" which means "mash-up". By legal definition, pastis is described as an anise-flavored spirit that contains additional flavor of licorice root, contains less than 100 grams/l sugar, and is bottled at a minimum of 40% ABV ("pastis") or 45% ABV ("pastis de Marseille"). While pastis was originally artisanally produced from whole herbs like most spirits at the time of its creation, modern versions are typically prepared


title: Pastis content: by mixing base alcohol with commercially prepared flavorings (essences and/or extracts) and caramel coloring. Pastis is often associated with its historical predecessor, absinthe, yet the two are in fact very different. Pastis does not contain grand wormwood ("Artemisia absinthium"), the herb from which absinthe derives its name. Also, pastis obtains its anise flavor from a distillation (or industrially prepared distillates) of star anise, a herb of Asian origin, whereas absinthe traditionally obtains its base flavor from green anise, a European herb. Furthermore, pastis traditionally exhibits the distinct flavor of licorice root (another herb of Asian origin), which is not a


title: Pastis content: part of a traditional absinthe. Where bottled strength is concerned, traditional absinthes were bottled at 45–74% ABV, while pastis is typically bottled at 40–50% ABV. Finally, unlike a traditional absinthe, pastis is a "liqueur", which means it is always bottled with sugar. Pastis is normally diluted with water before drinking, generally five volumes of water for one volume of pastis, but often neat pastis is served together with a jug of water for the drinker to blend together according to preference. The resulting decrease in alcohol percentage causes some of the constituents to become insoluble, which changes the liqueur's appearance


title: Pastis content: from dark transparent yellow to milky soft yellow, a phenomenon also present with absinthe and known as the ouzo effect. The drink is consumed cold and considered a refreshment for hot days. Ice cubes can be added (after the water, in order to avoid crystallization of the anethole in the pastis). However, many pastis drinkers decline to add ice, preferring to drink the beverage with cool spring water. Although consumed throughout France, pastis is generally associated with southeastern regions of the country, particularly the city of Marseille, where it is nicknamed "Pastaga", and with such clichés of the Provençal lifestyle


title: Pastis content: as pétanque. 130 million litres are sold each year (more than two litres per inhabitant in France). Pastis beverages become cloudy when diluted because they are anise-based. Such beverages contain oils called terpenes, which are soluble in an aqueous solution that contains 30% ethanol or more by volume. When the solution is diluted to below 30% ethanol, the terpenes become insoluble; this causes a cloudy precipitate to form in the solution. The same chemistry causes absinthe to go cloudy when diluted. Among the better known cocktails using pastis and syrups are: Pastis Pastis ( ; or ) is an anise-flavoured


title: "Red-breasted merganser" content: Red-breasted merganser The red-breasted merganser ("Mergus serrator") is a diving duck, one of the sawbills. The genus name is a Latin word used by Pliny and other Roman authors to refer to an unspecified waterbird, and "serrator" is a sawyer from Latin "serra", "saw". The red-breasted merganser was one of the many bird species originally described by Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his "Systema Naturae", where it was given the binomial name of "Mergus serrator". The adult red-breasted merganser is long with a wingspan. It has a spiky crest and long thin red bill with serrated edges.


title: "Red-breasted merganser" content: The male has a dark head with a green sheen, a white neck with a rusty breast, a black back, and white underparts. Adult females have a rusty head and a greyish body. The juvenile is like the female, but lacks the white collar and has a smaller white wing patch. The call of the female is a rasping "prrak prrak", while the male gives a feeble hiccup-and-sneeze display call. Red-breasted mergansers dive and swim underwater. They mainly eat small fish, but also aquatic insects, crustaceans, and frogs. Its breeding habitat is freshwater lakes and rivers across northern North America,


title: "Red-breasted merganser" content: Greenland, Europe, and Asia. It nests in sheltered locations on the ground near water. It is migratory and many northern breeders winter in coastal waters further south. The fastest duck ever recorded was a red-breasted merganser that attained a top airspeed of 100 mph while being pursued by an airplane. This eclipsed the previous speed record held by a canvasback clocked at 72 mph. The red-breasted merganser is one of the species to which the "Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds" (AEWA) applies. Red-breasted merganser The red-breasted merganser ("Mergus serrator") is a diving duck, one of the sawbills.


title: "Member of the European Parliament" content: question. Around a third of MEPs have previously held national parliamentary mandates, and over 10% have ministerial experience at a national level. There are usually a number of former prime ministers and former members of the European Commission. Many other MEPs have held office at a regional or local level in their home states. Current MEPs also include former judges, trade union leaders, media personalities, actors, soldiers, singers, athletes, and political activists. Many outgoing MEPs move into other political office. Several presidents, prime ministers or deputy prime ministers of member states are former MEPs, including former President of France Nicolas


title: "Fifty-move rule" content: occurred on White's 63rd move (and the last pawn move occurred before that). By FIDE rule 9.3 part (a), White could have written his 113th move (which wouldn't have been a capture or pawn move) on his scoresheet and claimed a draw. By FIDE rule 9.3 part (b), after White's 113th move, either player could have claimed a draw on his turn to move, without having to write down his next move. Instead, the game continued a few more moves: The players agreed to a draw at this point because after 115.Kxf6 the position is a stalemate . If 115.Ke8


title: "Dover Castle" content: Dover Castle Dover Castle is a medieval castle in Dover, Kent, England. It was founded in the 11th century and has been described as the "Key to England" due to its defensive significance throughout history. It is the largest castle in England. This site may have been fortified with earthworks in the Iron Age or earlier, before the Romans invaded in AD43. This is suggested on the basis of the unusual pattern of the earthworks which does not seem to be a perfect fit for the medieval castle. Excavations have provided evidence of Iron Age occupation within the locality of


title: "Dover Castle" content: the castle, but it is not certain whether this is associated with the hillfort. The site also contained one of Dover's two Roman lighthouses (or Pharoses), one of which still survives, whilst the remains of the other are located on the opposing Western Heights, across the town of Dover. After the Battle of Hastings in October 1066, William the Conqueror and his forces marched to Westminster Abbey for his coronation. They took a roundabout route via Romney, Dover, Canterbury, Surrey and Berkshire. From the Cinque Ports foundation in 1050, Dover has always been a chief member—it may also have been


title: "Dover Castle" content: this that first attracted William's attention, and got Kent the motto of Invicta. In the words of William of Poitiers: In 1088, eight knights were appointed under tenures to guard Dover Castle, their names were: William d'Albrincis; Fulberl de Dover, William d'Arsic; Geoffrey Peverell; William Maminot; Robert du Port; Hugh Crevecoeur; and Adam Fitzwilliam. It was during the reign of Henry II that the castle began to take recognisable shape. The inner and outer baileys and the great keep belong to this time. Maurice the Engineer was responsible for building the keep. In 1216, during the First Barons' War, a


title: "Dover Castle" content: group of rebel barons invited the future Louis VIII of France to come and take the English crown. He had some success breaching the walls, but was ultimately unable to take the castle. The vulnerable north gate that had been breached in the siege was converted into an underground forward-defence complex (including St John's Tower), and new gates built into the outer curtain wall on the western (Fitzwilliam's Gate) and eastern (Constable's Gate) sides. During the siege, the English defenders tunnelled outwards and attacked the French. During the time of Stephen de Pencester, a windmill was erected on Tower 22,


title: "Dover Castle" content: which was later known as the Mill Tower. By the Tudor age, the defences themselves had been superseded by gunpowder. They were improved by Henry VIII, who made a personal visit, and added to it with the Moat Bulwark. During the English Civil War it was held for the king but then taken by a Parliamentarian trick without a shot being fired (hence it avoided being ravaged and survives far better than most castles) in 1642. Dover Castle was a crucial observation point for the cross-channel sightings of the Anglo-French Survey, which used trigonometric calculations to link the Royal Greenwich


title: "Dover Castle" content: Observatory with the Paris Observatory. This work was overseen by General William Roy. Massive rebuilding took place at the end of the 18th century during the Napoleonic Wars. William Twiss, the Commanding Engineer of the Southern District, as part of his brief to improve the town's defences, completed the remodelling of the outer defences of Dover Castle adding the huge Horseshoe, Hudson's, East Arrow and East Demi-Bastions to provide extra gun positions on the eastern side, and constructing the Constable's Bastion for additional protection on the west. Twiss further strengthened the Spur at the northern end of the castle, adding


title: "Dover Castle" content: a redan, or raised gun platform. By taking the roof off the keep and replacing it with massive brick vaults he was able to mount heavy artillery on the top. Twiss also constructed Canon's Gateway to link the defences of the castle with those of the town. With Dover becoming a garrison town, there was a need for barracks and storerooms for the additional troops and their equipment. The solution adopted by Twiss and the Royal Engineers was to create a complex of barracks tunnels about 15 metres below the cliff top and the first troops were accommodated in 1803.


title: "Dover Castle" content: The windmill on the Mill Tower was demolished during the Anglo-American War of the orders of the Ordnance Board. It was said that the sale of materials from the demolished mill did not cover the cost of the demolition. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the tunnels were partly converted and used by the Coast Blockade Service to combat smuggling. This was a short-term endeavour though, and in 1827 the headquarters were moved closer to shore. The tunnels then remained abandoned for more than a century. The outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 saw the tunnels converted


title: "Dover Castle" content: first into an air-raid shelter and then later into a military command centre and underground hospital. In May 1940, Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsey directed the evacuation of French and British soldiers from Dunkirk, code-named Operation Dynamo, from his headquarters in the cliff tunnels. A military telephone exchange was installed in 1941 and served the underground headquarters. The switchboards were constantly in use and had to have a new tunnel created alongside it to house the batteries and chargers necessary to keep them functioning. A statue of Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay stands outside the tunnels in honour of his work on


title: "Dover Castle" content: the Dunkirk evacuation and protecting Dover during the Second World War. After the war the tunnels were used as a shelter for the Regional Seats of Government in the event of a nuclear attack. This plan was abandoned for various reasons, including the realisation that the chalk of the cliffs would not provide significant protection from radiation, and because of the inconvenient form of the tunnels and their generally poor condition. Tunnel levels are denoted as A - Annexe, B - Bastion, C - Casemate, D - Dumpy and E - Esplanade. Annexe and Casemate levels are open to the


title: "Dover Castle" content: public, Bastion is 'lost' but investigations continue to gain access, Dumpy (converted from Second World War use to serve as a Regional Seat of Government in event of an atomic war) is closed, as is Esplanade (last used as an air raid shelter in the Second World War). Between 2007 and 2009, English Heritage spent £2.45 million on recreating the castle's interior. According to figures released by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, nearly 350,000 people visited Dover Castle in 2010. The Queen's & Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment Regimental Museum is located in the castle. Dover Castle remains a


title: "Dover Castle" content: Scheduled Monument, which means it is a "nationally important" historic building and archaeological site that has been given protection against unauthorised change. It is also a Grade I listed building, and recognised as an internationally important structure. The Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports is officially head of the castle, in his conjoint position of Constable of Dover Castle, and the Deputy Constable has his residence in Constable's Gate. Within the keep, dedicated to Thomas Becket. Saxon church, rebuilt in the Victorian era. Images Dover Castle Dover Castle is a medieval castle in Dover, Kent, England. It was founded in


title: Severians content: According to Theophanes the Confessor, the Bulgars subjugated the so-called Seven Slavic tribes, of which the "Severeis" were re-settled ‘from the klisuras before "Veregava"’ (), most likely the Rish Pass of the Balkan Mountains, to the East, while the other six tribes to the Southern and Western regions as far the boundary with the Pannonian Avars. In 767 by the Byzantines was kidnapped "Severian" prince Slavun who made trouble in Thrace, indicating they retained tributary relation with the Bulgars. The other Severians had as neighbours the Radimichs, Krivichs and Vyatichs in the north, and the Derevlians and Polianians tribes in


title: "Corinth, New York" content: of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the average family size was 2.99. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.0% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males. The median income for a


title: "Mamaroneck, New York" content: of the towns of Mamaroneck and Rye voted to incorporate as the Village of Mamaroneck. The Mamaroneck River serves as the boundary separating the towns of Mamaroneck and Rye. While residents of the two villages were now able to receive municipal services, not enough people resided in the unincorporated remainder of the town of Mamaroneck to be included in either village. After World War I, the unincorporated section of the town grew sufficiently that the State Legislature granted the town government the local powers to provide local services it had previously granted to the villages by charter. In 1921, the


title: "Arlington, Wisconsin" content: a family was $55,227. Males had a median income of $36,250 versus $26,591 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,270. About 0.8% of families and 2.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen or sixty-five or over. Arlington, Wisconsin Arlington is a village in Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 819 at the 2010 census. The village is located within the Town of Arlington. It is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area. Arlington is located at (43.338506, -89.376695). According to the United States


title: "Wyocena, Wisconsin" content: age of 18; 6.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.1% were from 25 to 44; 23.3% were from 45 to 64; and 25.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 46.5% male and 53.5% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 668 people, 226 households, and 145 families residing in the village. The population density was 466.3 people per square mile (180.4/km²). There were 241 housing units at an average density of 168.2 per square mile (65.1/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 97.90% White, 0.15% Black


title: "Colfax, Wisconsin" content: 39.1% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 18% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.93. The median age in the village was 41.8 years. 24.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.3% were from 45 to 64; and 21.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 45.6% male and 54.4% female. As


title: Bribery content: part of campaign finance, though it is sometimes referred to as the money loop. However, in many European countries, a politician accepting money from a corporation whose activities fall under the sector they currently (or are campaigning to be elected to) regulate would be considered a criminal offence, for instance the "Cash-for-questions affair" and "Cash for Honours" in the United Kingdom. A grey area in these democracies is the so-called "revolving door", whereby politicians are offered highly-paid, often consultancy jobs upon their retirement from politics by the corporations they regulate while in office, in return for enacting legislation favourable to


title: "Battle of the Eastern Solomons" content: the "main body" contained the Japanese carriers— and , light carrier , and a screening force of one heavy cruiser and eight destroyers, commanded by Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo in "Shōkaku"; the "vanguard force" consisted of two battleships, three heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, and three destroyers, commanded by Rear Admiral Hiroaki Abe; the "advanced force" contained five heavy cruisers, one light cruiser, six destroyers, and the seaplane carrier , commanded by Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō. Finally, a force of about 100 IJN land-based bombers, fighters, and reconnaissance aircraft at Rabaul and nearby islands were positioned for operational support. Nagumo's


title: "Plover, Wisconsin" content: with the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (WELS), are in Plover. Plover, Wisconsin Plover is a village in Portage County, Wisconsin, United States. A suburb of Stevens Point, it is part of the Stevens Point Micropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 12,123 at the 2010 census. The area that later became Plover was selected as the county seat of Portage in 1844. The election for the county seat only noted the general location of an unsettled area around present-day Plover. Until the area was settled, county business was actually conducted in the community of Rushville. The Plover area was platted in


title: "Burlington, Wisconsin" content: Although James Strang's group relocated to Beaver Island, Michigan in 1850, his parents remained in Voree. After Strang was shot by two disgruntled members in 1856, he was taken to Voree where he died. He is buried in a cemetery in Burlington. Strang's church still maintains a congregation in Voree to this day, and the local historical society has erected a monument to the Mormon settlement there. Burlington was incorporated as a village in 1886; in 1900 it became a city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land


title: Petunia content: Petunia Petunia is genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin. The popular flower of the same name derived its epithet from the French, which took the word "petun", meaning "tobacco," from a Tupi–Guarani language. An annual, most of the varieties seen in gardens are hybrids ("P." × "atkinsiana", also known as "P." × "hybrida"). The Mayan and Incas believed that petunias have the power to chase away (with their odor) the underworld monsters and spirits. Their flower-beds were bunched together for magical drinks. According to the folklore, Petunias will thrive where there is positive energy and


title: Petunia content: will not grow in places where there is negativity. When given as a gift, Petunias typically have two meanings. They could represent being comfortable with someone, or "your company suits me". Conversely, they could also represent anger and resentment. "Petunia" is a genus in the family Solanaceae, subfamily Petunioideae. Well known members of Solanaceae in other subfamilies include tobacco (Nicotianoideae), and the cape gooseberry, tomato, potato, deadly nightshades and chili pepper (Solanoideae). Some botanists place the plants of the genus "Calibrachoa" in the genus "Petunia", but this is not accepted by others. "Petchoa" is a hybrid genus derived from crossing


title: Petunia content: "Calibrachoa" and "Petunia". Petunias are generally insect pollinated, with the exception of "P. exserta", which is a rare, red-flowered, hummingbird-pollinated species. Most petunias are diploid with 14 chromosomes and are interfertile with other petunia species. The tubular flowers are favoured by some Lepidoptera species, including the Hummingbird hawk moth. The flowers are eaten by the larvae of the corn earworm, "Helicoverpa zea" and the cabbage looper, "Trichoplusia ni". Petunias can tolerate relatively harsh conditions and hot climates. They need at least five hours of sunlight every day. They grow well in low humidity, moist soil. Young plants can be grown


title: Petunia content: from seeds. Watering once a week should be sufficient in most regions. Hanging baskets and other containers need more frequent watering. Maximum growth occurs in late spring. Applying fertilizer monthly or weekly, depending on the variety, will help the plant grow quickly. Petunias can be cultivated in hanging baskets. In horticulture many terms are used to denote different types of cultivated petunias. These include Grandiflora, Multiflora, Wave (Spreading), Supertunia, Cascadia, and Surfinia. Many species other than "P." × "atkinsiana" are also gaining popularity in the home garden. A wide range of flower colours, sizes, and plant architectures are available in


title: Petunia content: both "P." × "atkinsiana" and other species, listed below: Species include: Petunia Petunia is genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin. The popular flower of the same name derived its epithet from the French, which took the word "petun", meaning "tobacco," from a Tupi–Guarani language. An annual, most of the varieties seen in gardens are hybrids ("P." × "atkinsiana", also known as "P." × "hybrida"). The Mayan and Incas believed that petunias have the power to chase away (with their odor) the underworld monsters and spirits. Their flower-beds were bunched together for magical drinks. According to


title: "Platonic epistemology" content: of ultimate reality and how we come to know it. It starts with the eye, which Socrates says is unusual among the sense organs in that it needs a medium, namely light, in order to operate. The strongest and best source of light is the sun; with it, we can discern objects clearly. Analogously for intelligible objects "The Form of the Good" is necessary in order to understand any particular thing. Thus, if we attempt to understand why things are as they are, and what general categories can be used to understand various particulars around us, without reference to any


title: Tilia content: Tilia Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. In the British Isles they are commonly called lime trees, or lime bushes, although they are not closely related to the tree that produces the lime fruit. Other names include linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. The genus occurs in Europe and eastern North America, but the greatest species diversity is found in Asia. Under the Cronquist classification system, this genus was placed in the family Tiliaceae, but genetic research summarised by the Angiosperm


title: Tilia content: Phylogeny Group has resulted in the incorporation of this genus, and of most of the previous family, into the Malvaceae. "Tilia" species are mostly large, deciduous trees, reaching typically tall, with oblique-cordate leaves across. As with elms, the exact number of species is uncertain, as many if not most of the species will hybridise readily, both in the wild and in cultivation. Limes are hermaphroditic, having perfect flowers with both male and female parts, pollinated by insects. The genus is generally called "lime" or "linden" in Britain and "linden", "lime", or "basswood" in North America. "Lime" is an altered form


title: Tilia content: of Middle English "lind", in the 16th century also "line", from Old English feminine "lind" or "linde", Proto-Germanic "*lendā", cognate to Latin "lentus" "flexible" and Sanskrit "latā" "liana". Within Germanic languages, English "lithe", German "lind" "lenient, yielding" are from the same root. "Linden" was originally the adjective, "made from linwood or lime-wood" (equivalent to "wooden"); from the late 16th century, "linden" was also used as a noun, probably influenced by translations of German romance, as an adoption of "Linden", the plural of German "Linde". Neither the name nor the tree is related to the citrus fruit called "lime" ("Citrus aurantifolia",


title: Tilia content: family Rutaceae). Another common name used in North America is basswood, derived from "bast", the name for the inner bark (see Uses, below). Teil is an old name for the lime tree. Latin "tilia" is cognate to Greek πτελέᾱ, "ptelea", "elm tree", τιλίαι, "tiliai", "black poplar" (Hes.), ultimately from a Proto-Indo-European word "*ptel-ei̯ā" with a meaning of "broad" (feminine); perhaps "broad-leaved" or similar. The "Tilia" sturdy trunk stands like a pillar and the branches divide and subdivide into numerous ramifications on which the twigs are fine and thick. In summer, these are profusely clothed with large leaves and the result


title: Tilia content: is a dense head of abundant foliage. The leaves of all the "Tilia" species are heart-shaped and most are asymmetrical, and the tiny fruit, looking like peas, always hang attached to a ribbon-like, greenish-yellow bract, whose use seems to be to launch the ripened seed-clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. The flowers of the European and American "Tilia" species are similar, except the American bears a petal-like scale among its stamens and the European varieties are devoid of these appendages. All of the "Tilia" species may be propagated by cuttings and grafting, as well as by seed. They


title: Tilia content: grow rapidly in rich soil, but are subject to the attack of many insects. "Tilia" is notoriously difficult to propagate from seed unless collected fresh in Autumn. If allowed to dry, the seeds will go into a deep dormancy and take 18 months to germinate. In particular, aphids are attracted by the rich supply of sap, and are in turn often "farmed" by ants for the production of the sap which the ants collect for their own use, and the result can often be a dripping of excess sap onto the lower branches and leaves, and anything else below. Cars


title: Tilia content: left under the trees can quickly become coated with a film of the syrup ("honeydew") thus dropped from higher up. The ant/aphid "farming" process does not appear to cause any serious damage to the trees. In Europe, some linden trees reached considerable ages. A coppice of "T. cordata" in Westonbirt Arboretum in Gloucestershire is estimated to be 2,000 years old. In the courtyard of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg is a "Tilia" which, by tradition recounted in 1900, was planted by the Empress Cunigunde, the wife of Henry II of Germany circa 1000. The "Tilia" of Neuenstadt am Kocher in


title: Tilia content: Baden-Württemberg, Germany, was estimated at 1000 years old when it fell. The Alte Linde tree of Naters, Switzerland, is mentioned in a document in 1357 and described by the writer at that time as already "magnam" (large). A plaque at its foot mentions that in 1155 a linden tree was already on this spot. The Najevnik linden tree (), a 700-year-old "T. cordata", is the thickest tree in Slovenia. The linden is recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired. The tree produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers, the medicinal herb lime blossom.


title: Tilia content: They are very important honey plants for beekeepers, producing a very pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey. The flowers are also used for herbal teas and tinctures; this kind of use is particularly popular in Europe and also used in North American herbal medicine practices. Linden trees produce soft and easily worked timber, which has very little grain and a density of 560 kg per cubic metre. It was often used by Germanic tribes for constructing shields. It is a popular wood for model building and for intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for sculpture from


title: Tilia content: the Middle Ages onwards and is the material for the elaborate altarpieces of Veit Stoss, Tilman Riemenschneider, and many others. In England, it was the favoured medium of the sculptor Grinling Gibbons (1648–1721). The wood is used in marionette- and puppet-making and -carving. Having a fine light grain and being comparatively light in weight, it has been used for centuries for this purpose; despite the availability of modern alternatives it remains one of the main materials used . Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make limewood popular for electric guitar and bass bodies and for wind instruments such


title: Tilia content: as recorders. Percussion manufacturers sometimes use "tilia" as a material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and for their aesthetics. The aquarium industry uses lime wood as an air diffuser inside protein skimmers. Air pumped through the grain of the wood turns into consistently very fine bubbles (0.5–1.0 mm), difficult to achieve with any other natural or man-made medium. However, the wood decomposes underwater much faster than ceramic air stones and must be replaced more frequently for maximum efficiency. Limewood is also the material of choice for window blinds and shutters. Real-wood blinds are often made from this


title: Tilia content: lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes. Known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America, its name originates from the inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as "bast". A strong fibre is obtained from the tree by peeling off the bark and soaking it in water for a month, after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the "Tilia" tree has been used by the Ainu people of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the "attus". Recent excavations in


title: Tilia content: Britain have shown that "lime tree fibre" was preferred for clothing there during the Bronze Age. Similar fibres obtained from other plants are also called bast: see Bast fibre. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Limeflower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. The flowers, leaves, wood, and charcoal (obtained from the wood) are used for medicinal purposes. Active ingredients in the "Tilia" flowers include flavonoids (which act as antioxidants) and volatile oils. The plant also contains tannins that can act as


title: Tilia content: an astringent. Linden flowers are used in herbalism for colds, cough, fever, infections, inflammation, high blood pressure, headache (particularly migraine), and as a diuretic (increases urine production), antispasmodic (reduces smooth muscle spasm along the digestive tract), and sedative. In the traditional Austrian medicine "Tilia sp." flowers have been used internally as tea for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, fever and flu. New evidence shows that the flowers may be hepatoprotective. The wood is used for liver and gallbladder disorders and cellulitis (inflammation of the skin and surrounding soft tissue). That wood burned to charcoal is ingested to treat


title: Tilia content: intestinal disorders and used topically to treat edema or infection such as cellulitis or ulcers of the lower leg. Usually, the double-flowered species are used to make perfumes. The leaf buds and young leaves are also edible raw. "Tilia" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on "Tilia". The following list comprises those most widely accepted as species, hybrids, and cultivars. Tilia Tilia is a genus of about 30 species of trees, or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. In the British Isles they are commonly


title: "Operation Condor" content: of a September 1976, the Defense Intelligence Agency reported that US intelligence services were quite aware of the infrastructure and goals of Operation Condor. They realized that "Operation Condor" was the code name given for intelligence collection on "leftists," Communists, and Marxists in the Southern Cone Area. The intelligence services were aware that it was security cooperation among several South American countries' intelligence services (such as Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Bolivia) with Chile as the epicenter of the operation. The DIA noted that Argentina, Uruguay, and Chile were already fervently conducting operations, mainly in Argentina, against leftist "terrorist" targets. Members


title: "Operation Condor" content: said to "L'Humanité" newspaper: "The French have systematized a military technique in the urban environment which would be copied and passed to Latin American dictatorships." The methods employed during the 1957 Battle of Algiers were systematized and exported to the War School in Buenos Aires. Roger Trinquier's famous book on counter-insurgency had a very strong influence in South America. Robin said that she was shocked to learn that the French intelligence agency Direction de surveillance du territoire (DST) communicated to the DINA the names of refugees who returned to Chile (Operation Retorno), all of whom were killed. "Of course, this


title: "Breast pump" content: parents to return to work immediately rather than mothers' wishes or babies' needs. A breast pump may also be used to stimulate lactation for women with a low milk supply or those who have not just given birth. A breast pump may be also used to address a range of challenges parents may encounter breast feeding, including difficulties latching, separation from an infant in intensive care, to feed an infant who cannot extract sufficient milk itself from the breast, to avoid passing medication through breast milk to the baby, or to relieve engorgement, a painful condition whereby the breasts are


title: "1989 Loma Prieta earthquake" content: sand and rubble suffered liquefaction, and the earthquake's vertical shock waves rippled the ground more severely. At the intersection of Beach and Divisadero Streets in San Francisco, a natural gas main rupture caused a major structure fire. The San Francisco Fire Department selected civilians to help run fire hoses from a distance because the nearby hydrant system failed. Since the bay was only two blocks from the burning buildings, water from the bay was pumped by the fireboat "Phoenix", to engines on the shore, and from there sprayed on the fire. The apartment structures that collapsed were older buildings that


title: Caucus content: Questions to the Vote regularly, and Selectman, Assessors, Collectors, Wardens, Fire Wards, and Representatives are Regularly chosen before they are chosen in the Town ... An article in "Great Leaders and National Issues of 1896", surveying famous presidential campaigns of the past, begins with an unsourced popular etymology of the origin of the caucus: The Origin of the "Caucus"
 The presidential nominating convention is a modern institution. In the early days of the Republic a very different method was pursued in order to place the candidates for the highest office in the land before the people.
 In the first place,


title: Weald content: of "Andredesweald". There are centres of settlement, the largest of which are Horsham, Burgess Hill, East Grinstead, Haywards Heath, Tonbridge, Tunbridge Wells, Crowborough; and the area along the coast from Hastings and Bexhill-on-Sea to Rye and Hythe. The geological map shows the High Weald in lime green (9a). The "Low Weald", the periphery of the Weald, is shown as darker green on the map (9), and has an entirely different character. It is in effect the eroded outer edges of the High Weald, revealing a mixture of sandstone outcrops within the underlying clay. As a result, the landscape is of


title: "Robbie Robertson" content: York to assist Martin Scorsese on the music for the film "Raging Bull" (1980). Robertson and Scorsese would have a long-running working relationship. The former would find and/or create music to underscore the latter's films. "Raging Bull" was the first of these collaborations. Robertson credits his work on "Raging Bull" for sparking his interest in the work of sourcing and underscoring music for movies. Robertson supplied three newly recorded instrumental jazz tracks for sourced music, which he also produced. These three tracks feature Robertson playing guitar, along with performances from the Band alumni Garth Hudson and Richard Manuel. One of


title: "Freddie Blassie" content: was so hated there that uniformed police officers were regularly brought in to protect him as he made his way to and from the ring. He had main event-level feuds against stars such as The Destroyer. On June 12, 1961, Blassie defeated the "Flying Frenchman" Édouard Carpentier in a best-of-three-falls match for his first WWA Championship title. On July 7, Blassie successfully defended his title against the former NWA Heavyweight Champion Lou Thesz. During that same title reign, in a match against Lord James Blears a fan threw acid on his back, and he had to return immediately to the


title: "Siege of Port Hudson" content: in front of the parapet. The Union attackers therefore carried axes, poles, planks, cotton bags and fascines to fill in the ditch. Another feature of the rebel defense was a battery containing two 24-pounder smoothbore (5.82-inch, 148 mm bore) as canister throwers. In this case the canister was composed of broken chains, segments of railroad rails, and other scrap iron. Confederate Colonel William R. Miles, commanding the infantry in the sector, had also removed all the rifles from the hospital that had been left by the sick and wounded. He was thus able to equip each of his soldiers with


title: Frogmouth content: Frogmouth The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the nightjars. They are found from the Indian Subcontinent across Southeast Asia to Australia. They are named for their large flattened hooked bill and huge frog-like gape, which they use to capture insects. Their flight is weak. They rest horizontally on branches during the day, camouflaged by their cryptic plumage. Up to three white eggs are laid in the fork of a branch, and are incubated by the female at night and the male in the day. The three "Podargus" species are large frogmouths restricted to Australia and New


title: Frogmouth content: Guinea, that have massive flat broad bills. They are known to take larger prey such as small vertebrates (frogs, mice, etc.), which are sometimes beaten against a stone before swallowing. The ten "Batrachostomus" frogmouths are found in tropical Asia. They have smaller, more rounded bills and are predominantly insectivorous. Both "Podargus" and "Batrachostomus" have bristles around the base of the bill, and "Batrachostomus" has other, longer bristles which may exist to protect the eyes from insect prey. In April 2007, a new species of frogmouth was described from the Solomon Islands and placed in a newly established genus, "Rigidipenna". DNA-DNA


title: Frogmouth content: hybridisation studies have suggested that the two frogmouth groups may not be as closely related as previously thought, and that the Asian species may be separable as a new family, the Batrachostomidae. Although frogmouths are traditionally included in the order Caprimulgiformes, another study has cast doubt on their placement within that order, and they may be distinct enough to warrant an order of their own, Podargiformes, as Gregory Mathews proposed in 1918. Frogmouth The frogmouths are a group of nocturnal birds related to the nightjars. They are found from the Indian Subcontinent across Southeast Asia to Australia. They are named


title: Limpkin content: Limpkin The limpkin ("Aramus guarauna"), also called carrao, courlan, and crying bird, is a bird that looks like a large rail, but is skeletally closer to cranes. It is the only extant species in the genus Aramus and the family Aramidae. It is found mostly in wetlands in warm parts of the Americas, from Florida to northern Argentina. It feeds on molluscs, with the diet dominated by apple snails of the genus "Pomacea". Its name derives from its seeming limp when it walks. The limpkin is placed in its own monotypic family, Aramidae, which is in turn placed within the


title: Limpkin content: crane and rail order Gruiformes. The limpkin had been suggested to be close to the ibis and spoonbill family Threskiornithidae, based upon shared bird lice. The Sibley–Ahlquist taxonomy of birds, based upon DNA–DNA hybridization, suggested that the limpkin's closest relatives were the Heliornithidae finfoots, and Sibley and Monroe even placed the species in that family in 1990. More recent studies have found little support for this relationship. More recent DNA studies have confirmed a close relationship with particularly the cranes, with the limpkin remaining as a family close to the cranes and the two being sister taxa to the trumpeters.


title: Limpkin content: Between 1856 and 1934, the limpkin was treated as two species, one in South America ("Aramus guarauna") and the other found in Central America, the Caribbean, and Florida ("Aramus pictus"). Today, it is treated as a single species with four subspecies. Along with the nominate subspecies "A. g. guarauna", "A. g. dolosus", "A. g. elucus" (both J. L. Peters, 1925), and "A. g. pictus" (F. A. A. Meyer, 1794) are recognized. The difference between the subspecies are related to slight differences in size and plumage. Although the limpkin is the only extant species in the family today, several fossils of


title: Limpkin content: extinct Aramidae are known from across the Americas. The earliest known species, "Aramus paludigrus", is dated to the middle Miocene, while the oldest supposed members of the family, "Aminornis" and "Loncornis", have been found in early Oligocene deposits in Argentina, although whether these are indeed related is not certain; in fact, "Loncornis" seems to be a misidentified mammal bone. Another Oligocene fossil from Europe, "Parvigrus pohli" (family Parvigruidae), has been described as a mosaic of the features shared by the limpkins and the cranes. It shares many morphological features with the cranes and limpkins, but also was much smaller than


title: Limpkin content: either group, and was more rail-like in its proportions. In the paper describing the fossil, Gerald Mayr suggested that it was similar to the stem species of the grues (the cranes and limpkins), and that the limpkins evolved massively long bills as a result of the specialisation to feeding on snails. In contrast, the cranes evolved into long-legged forms to walk and probe on open grasslands. The limpkin is a somewhat large bird, long, with a wingspan of . Body mass ranges from , averaging . The males are slightly larger than the females in size, but no difference in


title: Limpkin content: plumage is seen. Its plumage is drab—dark brown with an olive luster above. The feathers of the head, neck, wing coverts, and much of the back and underparts (except the rear) are marked with white, making the body look streaked and the head and neck light gray. It has long, dark-gray legs and a long neck. Its bill is long, heavy, and downcurved, yellowish bill with a darker tip. The bill is slightly open near but not at the end to give it a tweezers-like action in removing snails from their shells, and in many individuals the tip curves slightly


title: Limpkin content: to the right, like the apple snails' shells. The white markings are slightly less conspicuous in first-year birds. Its wings are broad and rounded and its tail is short. It is often confused with the immature American white ibis. This bird is easier to hear than see. Its common vocalization is a loud wild wail or scream with some rattling quality, represented as ""kwEEEeeer" or "klAAAar"." This call is most often given at night and at dawn and dusk. It has been used for jungle sound effects in Tarzan films and for the hippogriff in the film "Harry Potter and


title: Limpkin content: the Prisoner of Azkaban". Other calls include "wooden clicking", clucks, and in alarm, a "piercing "bihk, bihk..."". The limpkin occurs from peninsular Florida (and formerly the Okefenokee Swamp in southern Georgia) and southern Mexico through the Caribbean and Central America to northern Argentina. In South America, it occurs widely east of the Andes; west of them its range extends only to the Equator. It inhabits freshwater marshes and swamps, often with tall reeds, as well as mangroves. In the Caribbean, it also inhabits dry brushland. In Mexico and northern Central America, it occurs at altitudes up to . In Florida,


title: Limpkin content: the distribution of apple snails is the best predictor of where limpkins can be found. The limpkin undertakes some localized migrations, although the extent of these is not fully understood. In some parts in the northern part of the range, females (and a few males) leave the breeding areas at the end of summer, returning at the end of winter. In Brazil, birds breeding in some seasonal marshes leave during the dry season and return again with the rains. Birds may also migrate between Florida and Cuba, as several limpkins on the Florida Keys and Dry Tortugas have been reported,


title: Limpkin content: but these records may also represent vagrants or postbreeding dispersal. One study in Florida using wing tags found limpkins dispersed up to away from the breeding site. This tendency may explain vagrant limpkins seen in other parts of the United States and at sea near the Bahamas. Limpkins are active during the day, but also forage at night. Where they are not persecuted, they are also very tame and approachable. Even so, they are usually found near cover. They are not aggressive for the most part, being unconcerned by other species and rarely fighting with members of their own species.


title: Limpkin content: Because of their long toes, they can stand on floating water plants. They also swim well, both as adults or as newly hatched chicks, but they seldom do so. They fly strongly, the neck projecting forward and the legs backward, the wings beating shallowly and stiffly, with a jerky upstroke, above the horizontal most of the time. Limpkins forage primarily in shallow water and on floating vegetation such as water hyacinth and water lettuce. When wading, they seldom go deeper than having half the body underwater, and never are submerged up to the back. They walk slowly with a gait


title: Limpkin content: described as "slightly undulating" and "giving the impression of lameness or limping", "high-stepping", or "strolling", looking for food if the water is clear or probing with the bill. They do not associate with other birds in mixed-species feeding flocks, as do some other wading birds, but may forage in small groups with others of their species. The diet of the limpkin is dominated by apple snails (Ampullariidae) of the genus "Pomacea". The availability of this one mollusk has a significant effect on the local distribution of the limpkin. Freshwater mussels, including "Anodonta cowperiana", "Villosa vibex", "Elliptio strigosus", "E. jayensis", and


title: Limpkin content: "Uniomerus obesus", as well as other kinds of snails, are a secondary food sources. Less important prey items are insects, frogs, lizards, crustaceans and worms. These prey items may be important in periods of drought or flooding when birds may be pushed into less than optimal foraging areas. In one site in Florida, moon snails and mussels were the most important prey items. Two studies, both in Florida, have looked at the percentage composition of the diet of limpkins. One, looking at stomach contents, found 70% "Pomacea" apple snails, 3% "Campeloma", and 27% unidentified mollusc, probably "Pomacea". When a limpkin


title: Limpkin content: finds an apple snail, it carries it to land or very shallow water and places it in mud, the opening facing up. It deftly removes the operculum or "lid" and extracts the snail, seldom breaking the shell. The extraction takes 10 to 20 seconds. The orange-yellow yolk gland of female snails is usually shaken loose and not eaten. It often leaves piles of empty shells at favored spots. Males have exclusive territories, which can vary in size from . In large, uniform swamps, nesting territories can often be clumped together, in the form of large colonies. These are vigorously defended,


title: Limpkin content: with males flying to the territory edges to challenge intruders and passing limpkins being chased out of the territory. Territorial displays between males at boundaries include ritualized charging and wing-flapping. Females may also participate in territorial defense, but usually only against other females or juveniles. Territories may be maintained year-round or abandoned temporarily during the nonbreeding season, usually due to lack of food. Limpkins may be either monogamous, with females joining a male's territory, or serially polyandrous, with two or more females joining a male. With the monogamous pairs, banding studies have shown that a small number of pairs reform


title: Limpkin content: the following year (four out of 18 pairs). Nests may be built in a wide variety of places – on the ground, in dense floating vegetation, in bushes, or at any height in trees. They are bulky structures of rushes, sticks, or other materials. Nest building is undertaken by the male initially, which constructs the nest in his territory prior to pair-bond formation. Unpaired females visit a number of territories before settling on a male with which to breed. Males may initially challenge and fight off prospective mates, and may not accept first-year females as mates. Pair-bond formation may take


title: Limpkin content: a few weeks. Courtship feeding is part of the bonding process, where males catch and process a snail and then feed it to the female. The clutch consists of three to eight eggs, with five to seven being typical and averaging 5.5, which measure . The egg color is highly variable. Their background color ranges from gray-white through buff to deep olive, and they are marked with light-brown and sometimes purplish-gray blotches and speckles. The eggs are laid daily until the clutch is complete, and incubation is usually delayed until the clutch is completed. Both parents incubate the eggs during


title: Limpkin content: the day, but only the female incubates at night. The shift length is variable, but the male incubates for longer during the day. The male remains territorial during incubation, and leaves the clutch to chase off intruders; if this happens, the female returns quickly to the eggs. The incubation period is about 27 days, and all the eggs hatch within 24 hours of each other. The young hatch covered with down, capable of walking, running, and swimming. They follow their parents to a platform of aquatic vegetation, where they are brooded. They are fed by both parents; they reach adult


title: Limpkin content: size at 7 weeks and leave their parents at about 16 weeks. Limpkins are reported to be attacked and eaten by American alligators. Also, adults with serious foot and leg injuries have been reported, suggesting they may have been attacked by turtles while standing on floating vegetation. Their nests are apparently preyed upon by snakes, raccoons, crows, and muskrats. Foraging adults may in times of drought be victims of kleptoparasitism by snail kites, and the attempted theft of apple snails caught by limpkins has also been observed in boat-tailed grackles. Limpkins in Florida were examined for parasites, which included trematodes,


title: Limpkin content: nematodes, and biting lice. Two biting lice species were found, "Laemobothrion cubense" and "Rallicola funebris". The trematode "Prionosoma serratum" was found in the intestines of some birds; this species may enter the bird after first infecting apple snails (this has been shown to be the route of infection for a closely related trematode to infect snail kites). Nematodes "Amidostomum acutum" and "Strongyloides" spp. are also ingested and live in the gut. Many of the limpkin's names across its range are onomatopoeic and reflect the bird's call; for example, "carau "in Argentina, "carrao" in Venezuela, and "guareáo "in Cuba. The species


title: Limpkin content: also has a range of common names that refer to its call, for example lamenting bird, or to its supposed gait, crippled bird. The limpkin does not feature much in folklore, although in the Amazon people believe that when the limpkin starts to call, the river will not rise any more. Limpkin The limpkin ("Aramus guarauna"), also called carrao, courlan, and crying bird, is a bird that looks like a large rail, but is skeletally closer to cranes. It is the only extant species in the genus Aramus and the family Aramidae. It is found mostly in wetlands in warm


title: "Prosthetic makeup" content: of a makeup effect. One of the hardest parts of prosthetic make-up is keeping the edges as thin as possible. They should be tissue thin so they are easy to blend and cover giving a flawless look. As the film/television industry continues to grow, so do the capabilities of the technologies behind it. Since the debut of newer technologies, many have feared that CGI (Computer Generated Imagery) will put practical SFX makeup out of business. More can be done with CGI than can be done with makeup as some things simply aren't possible when working in reality. Many views circulate


title: Hoatzin content: Hoatzin The hoatzin ("Opisthocomus hoazin"), also known as the reptile bird, skunk bird, stinkbird, or Canje pheasant, is a species of tropical bird found in swamps, riparian forests, and mangroves of the Amazon and the Orinoco basins in South America. It is notable for having chicks that have claws on two of their wing digits. It is the only member of the genus Opisthocomus (Ancient Greek: "wearing long hair behind", referring to its large crest), which in turn is the only extant genus in the family Opisthocomidae. The taxonomic position of this family has been greatly debated, and is still


title: Hoatzin content: far from clear. The hoatzin is pheasant-sized, with a total length of , and a long neck and small head. It has an unfeathered blue face with maroon eyes, and its head is topped by a spiky, rufous crest. The long, sooty-brown tail is broadly tipped buff. The upperparts are dark, sooty-brown-edged buff on the wing coverts, and streaked buff on the mantle and nape. The under parts are buff, while the crissum (the undertail coverts surrounding the cloaca), primaries, underwing coverts and flanks are rich rufous-chestnut, but this is mainly visible when it opens its wings. The hoatzin is


title: Hoatzin content: an herbivore, eating leaves and fruit, and has an unusual digestive system with an enlarged crop used for fermentation of vegetable matter, in a manner broadly analogous to the digestive system of mammalian ruminants. The alternative name of "stinkbird" is derived from the bird's foul odour, which is caused by the fermentation of food in its digestive system. This is a noisy species, with a variety of hoarse calls, including groans, croaks, hisses and grunts. These calls are often associated with body movements, such as wing spreading. The hoatzin was originally described by German zoologist Statius Müller in 1776. There


title: Hoatzin content: has been much debate about the hoatzin's relationships with other birds. Because of its distinctness it has been given its own family, the Opisthocomidae, and its own suborder, the Opisthocomi. At various times, it has been allied with such taxa as the tinamous, the Galliformes (gamebirds), the rails, the bustards, seriemas, sandgrouse, doves, turacos and other Cuculiformes, and mousebirds. A whole genome sequencing study published in 2012 places the hoatzin as the sister taxon of a clade composed of Gruiformes (cranes) and Charadriiformes (plovers). In 2015, genetic research indicated that the hoatzin is the last surviving member of a bird


title: Hoatzin content: line that branched off in its own direction 64 million years ago, shortly after the extinction event that killed the non-avian dinosaurs. Historical placement as gamebirds is based mainly on phenetic considerations of external morphology, which are considered unreliable and generally dismissed today; the gamebirds together with the waterfowl are classified as Galloanserae whereas the hoatzin are not. However, cuckoos have zygodactyl feet (two toes forward, two backward) and turacos are semi-zygodactylous, whereas the hoatzin has the more typical anisodactyl foot with three toes forward, one backwards. The evolution of avian dactyly, on the other hand, is not entirely resolved


title: Hoatzin content: to satisfaction. Sibley and Ahlquist in 1990 considered it likely to be a basal cuckoo based on DNA-DNA hybridization. Avise "et al." in 1994 found mtDNA cytochrome "b" sequence data to agree with Sibley and Ahlquist's previous treatment. Subsequently, Hughes and Baker in 1999 proclaimed to have "resolved" the relationships of the hoatzin to be with turacos, based on their own analysis of 6 sets of mtDNA and one of nDNA sequences. However, using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences of increased length, Sorenson "et al." in 2003 noted that all three previous DNA studies were apparently flawed due to errors


title: Hoatzin content: in methodology, small sample size, and sequencing errors; their study strongly suggested "against" a close relationship between the hoatzin and cuckoos or turacos. It was not possible, though, to reliably determine the hoatzin's closest living relatives. Even though it tended to group with doves, this was not at all well-supported, with little more than 10% likelihood at best that such an arrangement was accurate according to Sorenson "et al."s analysis. Fain and Houde in 2004 proposed a dichotomy in the Neoaves (neognaths excluding fowl) based on β-fibrinogen intron 7 (FGB-int7) sequences. In their suggested phylogeny, the hoatzin was a basal


title: Hoatzin content: member of the Metaves, a proposed clade that would include many other historically problematic bird families, such as flamingos, grebes, tropicbirds, sandgrouse and mesites. While the doves did also group with the "Metaves", no close relationship between these and the hoatzin within Metaves was recovered. While the other major neoavian lineage, Coronaves, largely agreed in its internal phylogeny with what is currently emerging as consensus, the interrelationships of the "Metaves" were not resolvable. Nor do supposed metavian groupings like flamingos and nightjars or tropicbirds and hummingbirds seem to have a factual basis rather than being artifactually grouped based on molecular


title: Hoatzin content: homoplasies or lack of informative characters within the group, as Fain and Houde originally suggested; Metaves instead may be a "wastebasket taxon". It seems probable that the taxa included in the Metaves by Fain and Houde contain some good clades, such as Caprimulgiformes, the Mirandornithes, or the Apodiformes. Considering that some "odd Gruiformes" which might be each other's closest living relatives make up most of the remaining Metaves, the doves, the hoatzin, and sandgrouse would remain as "Metaves "incerta sedis"" (Metaves with uncertain placement). This would seem to suggest that the hoatzin is at least more closely related to doves


title: Hoatzin content: than to many of the other purported 'coronavian' families that previously have been suggested. Subsequent multigene studies of Ericson et al. 2006 and of Hackett et al. 2008 corroborated the Metaves clades, dependent on the inclusion of one and two genes respectively, but the latter did not recover the hoatzin with Metaves. More recently, Houde embarked on sequencing the entire genome of the hoatzin. As of 2011, it was reported that more than 1.4 billion base pairs of hoatzin DNA had been sequenced, roughly equal to its entire haploid genome, but that only about 2.4% of its genome had yet


title: Hoatzin content: been assembled. Completion of this project would be welcomed for more reasons than resolution of hoatzin relationships. Out of the diverse Class Aves, the genomes of no more than 4 species of birds including of the waterfowl/fowl and songbirds had been sequenced. Moreover, much might be learned by coordinating these efforts with that of the metagenomic analysis of the hoatzin foregut ruminant bacterial microflora. With respect to other material evidence, an undisputed fossil record of a close hoatzin relative is specimen UCMP 42823, a single cranium backside. It is of Miocene origin and was recovered in the upper Magdalena River


title: Hoatzin content: Valley, Colombia in the well known fauna of La Venta. This has been placed into a distinct, less derived genus, "Hoazinoides", but clearly would be placed into the same family as the extant species. It markedly differs insofar as that the cranium of the living hoatzin is characteristic, being much domed, rounded, and shortened, and that these autapomorphies were less pronounced in the Miocene bird. Miller discussed these findings in the light of the supposed affiliation of the hoatzins and the Galliformes, which was the favored hypothesis at that time, but had been controversial almost since its inception. He cautioned,


title: Hoatzin content: however, "that "Hoazinoides" by no means establishes a phyletic junction point with other galliforms." for obvious reasons, as we know today. Anything other than the primary findings of Miller are not to be expected in any case, as by the time of "Hoazinoides", essentially all modern bird families are either known or believed to have been present and distinct. Going further back in time, the Late Eocene or Early Oligocene (some 34 million years ago) "Filholornis" from France has also been considered "proof" of a link between the hoatzin and the gamebirds. The fragmentary fossil "Onychopteryx" from the Eocene of


title: Hoatzin content: Argentina and the quite complete but no less enigmatic Early-Middle Eocene (Ypresian-Lutetian, some 48 million years ago) "Foro panarium" are sometimes used to argue for a hoatzin-cuculiform (including turacos) link. But as demonstrated above, this must be considered highly speculative, if not as badly off the mark as the relationship with Cracidae discussed by Miller. The earliest record of the order Opisthocomiformes is "Protoazin parisiensis", from the latest Eocene (approximately 34 mya) of Romainville, France. The holotype and only known specimen is NMB PG.70, consisting of partial coracoid, partial scapula, and partial pedal phalanx. According to the phylogenetic analysis performed


title: Hoatzin content: by the authors, "Namibiavis", although later, is more basal than "Protoazin". Opisthocomiforms seem to have been much more widespread in the past, with the present South American distribution being only a relic. By the Early to Middle Miocene, they were probably extinct in Europe already, as formations dated to this time and representing fluvial or lacustrine palaeoenvironments, in which the hoatzin thrives today, have yielded dozens of bird specimens, but no opisthocomiform. A possible explanation to account for the extinction of "Protoazin" between the Late Eocene and the Early Miocene in Europe, and of "Namibiavis" after the Middle Miocene of


title: Hoatzin content: Sub-Saharan Africa is the arrival of arboreal carnivorans, predation by which could have had a devastating effect on the local opisthocomiforms, if they were as poor flyers and had similarly vulnerable nesting strategies as today's hoatzins. Felids and viverrids first arrived in Europe from Asia after the Turgai Sea closed, marking the boundary between the Eocene and the Oligocene. None of these predators, and for the matter, no placental predator at all was present in South America before the Great American Interchange 3 mya, which could explain the survival of the hoatzin there. In addition to being the earliest fossil


title: Hoatzin content: record of an opisthocomiform, "Protoazin" was also the earliest find of one (1912), but it was forgotten for more than a century, being described only in 2014. "Hoazinavis" is an extinct genus of early opisthocomiform from Late Oligocene and Early Miocene (about 24–22 mya) deposits of Brazil. It was collected in 2008 from the Tremembé Formation of São Paulo, Brazil. It was first named by Gerald Mayr, Herculano Alvarenga and Cécile Mourer-Chauviré in 2011 and the type species is "Hoazinavis lacustris". "Namibiavis" is another extinct genus of early opisthocomoform from early Middle Miocene (approximately 16 mya) deposits of Namibia. It


title: Hoatzin content: was collected from Arrisdrift, southern Namibia. It was first named by Cécile Mourer-Chauviré in 2003 and the type species is "Namibiavis senutae". The hoatzin eats the leaves and to a lesser degree fruits and flowers of the plants that grow in the marshy and riverine habitats where it lives. It clambers around clumsily among the branches, and being quite tame (though they become stressed by frequent visits), often allows close approach and is reluctant to flush. The hoatzin uses a leathery bump on the bottom of its crop to help balance itself on the branches. Once it was thought that


title: Hoatzin content: the species could eat the leaves of only arums and mangroves, but the species is now known to consume the leaves of more than fifty species. One study undertaken in Venezuela found that the hoatzins diet was 82% leaves, 10% flowers, and 8% fruit. Any feeding of insects or other animal matter is purely accidental. One of this species' many peculiarities is that it has a digestive system unique amongst birds. Hoatzins use bacterial fermentation in the front part of the gut to break down the vegetable material they consume, much as cattle and other ruminants do. Unlike ruminants, however,


title: Hoatzin content: which possess the rumen (a specialized stomach for bacterial fermentation), the hoatzin has an unusually large crop, folded in two chambers, and a large, multi-chambered lower esophagus. Its stomach chamber and gizzard are much smaller than in other birds. The crop of the hoatzin is so large as to displace the flight muscles and keel of the sternum, much to the detriment of their flight capacity. Because of aromatic compounds in the leaves they consume and the bacterial fermentation, the bird has a disagreeable, manure-like odor and is only hunted by humans for food in times of dire need. Hoatzins


title: Hoatzin content: are seasonal breeders, breeding during the rainy season, the exact timing of which varies across its range. Hoatzins are gregarious and nest in small colonies, laying two or three eggs in a stick nest in a tree hanging over water in seasonally flooded forests. The chicks, which are fed on regurgitated fermented food, have another odd feature; they have two claws on each wing. Immediately on hatching, they can use these claws, and their oversized feet, to scramble around the tree branches without falling into the water. When predators such as the great black hawk attack a hoatzin nesting colony,


title: Hoatzin content: the adults fly noisily about, trying to divert the predator's attention, while the chicks move away from the nest and hide among the thickets. If discovered, however, they drop into the water and swim under the surface to escape, then later use their clawed wings to climb back to the safety of the nest. This has inevitably led to comparisons to the fossil bird "Archaeopteryx", but the characteristic is rather an autapomorphy, possibly caused by an atavism toward the dinosaurian finger claws, whose developmental genetics ("blueprint") presumably is still in the avian genome. Since "Archaeopteryx" had three functional claws on


title: Hoatzin content: each wing, some earlier systematists speculated that the hoatzin was descended from it, because nestling hoatzins have two functional claws on each wing. Modern researchers believe that the young hoatzin's claws are of more recent origin, however, and may be a secondary adaptation from its frequent need to leave the nest and climb about in dense vines and trees well before it can fly. Though conspicuous—even attractive—at close range due to its bizarre shape, striking colors, unwariness, and poor flight, it is not considered endangered. In fact, its survival seems to be more assured than that of many other endemics


title: Hoatzin content: of its range. In Brazil, indigenous peoples sometimes collect the eggs for food, and the adults are occasionally hunted, but in general this is rare, as it is reputed to have a bad taste. While its preferred habitats, mangrove and riverine forest, are disappearing quickly in some regions, it is less threatened than the Amazon rainforest, which is a primary target for deforestation. The hoatzin therefore remains fairly common in a large part of its range. The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana. Hoatzin The hoatzin ("Opisthocomus hoazin"), also known as the reptile bird, skunk bird, stinkbird, or Canje


title: Tango content: a monumental part in the rise of the tango and a major effect on Argentinian culture as a whole. This song was premiered in 1952 during a governmental speech of President Juan D. Perón, which generated a strong political and cultural controversy between different views of the concepts of "cultured" music and "popular" music, as well as the links between both "cultures". Tango declined again in the 1950s, as a result of economic depression and the banning of public gatherings by the military dictatorships; male-only tango practice—the custom at the time—was considered "public gathering". That, indirectly, boosted the popularity of


title: "Davina McCall" content: of which ran for eight days in March 2001. McCall's performance on the final night of the sixth series in 2005 attracted press attention and some complaints for her treatment of housemate Makosi Musambasi. In December 2007, McCall presented a New Year's edition of "The Friday Night Project", entitled "The Friday Night New Year Project 2007". By the ninth series of "Big Brother" in 2008, McCall was earning a reported £85,000 per episode. Responding to tabloid claims before the series that she was about to quit "Big Brother" she said, "I'm not leaving ... They would have to kill me


title: "Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance" content: gunshot. His death was ruled a suicide. Long Lance left his assets to St. Paul's Indian Residential School in Southern Alberta. Most of his papers were willed to his friend, Canon S.H. Middleton. They were acquired, along with the Middleton papers, by J. Zeiffle, a dealer who sold the papers to the Glenbow Museum in Calgary, Alberta, Canada in 1968. Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance (December 1, 1890 – March 20, 1932), born Sylvester Clark Long, was an American journalist, writer and actor from Winston-Salem, North Carolina who, for a time, became internationally prominent as


title: "Common eider" content: Common eider The common eider (pronounced ) ("Somateria mollissima") is a large ( in body length) sea-duck that is distributed over the northern coasts of Europe, North America and eastern Siberia. It breeds in Arctic and some northern temperate regions, but winters somewhat farther south in temperate zones, when it can form large flocks on coastal waters. It can fly at speeds up to . The eider's nest is built close to the sea and is lined with eiderdown, plucked from the female's breast. This soft and warm lining has long been harvested for filling pillows and quilts, but in


title: "Common eider" content: more recent years has been largely replaced by down from domestic farm-geese and synthetic alternatives. Although eiderdown pillows or quilts are now a rarity, eiderdown harvesting continues and is sustainable, as it can be done after the ducklings leave the nest with no harm to the birds. The scientific name of the duck is derived from Ancient Greek "somatos" "body" and "erion" "wool", and Latin "mollissimus" "very soft", all referring to its down feathers. The common eider is both the largest of the four eider species and the largest duck found in Europe, and is exceeded in North America only


title: "Common eider" content: by smatterings of the Muscovy duck, which only reaches North America in a wild state in southernmost Texas and south Florida. It measures in length, weighs and spans across the wings. The average weight of 22 males in the North Atlantic was while 32 females weighed an average of . It is characterized by its bulky shape and large, wedge-shaped bill. The male is unmistakable, with its black and white plumage and green nape. The female is a brown bird, but can still be readily distinguished from all ducks, except other eider species, on the basis of size and head


title: "Common eider" content: shape. The drake's display call is a strange almost human-like "ah-ooo," while the hen utters hoarse quacks. The species is often readily approachable. Drakes of the European, eastern North American and Asia/western North American races can be distinguished by minor differences in plumage and bill colour. Some authorities place the subspecies "v-nigra" as a separate species. This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs, with mussels being a favoured food. The eider will eat mussels by swallowing them whole; the shells are then crushed in their gizzard and excreted. When eating a crab, the eider will remove all of its claws


title: "Common eider" content: and legs, and then eat the body in a similar fashion. It is abundant, with populations of about 1.5–2 million birds in both North America and Europe, and also large but unknown numbers in eastern Siberia (HBW). A particularly famous colony of eiders lives on the Farne Islands in Northumberland, England. These birds were the subject of one of the first ever bird protection laws, established by Saint Cuthbert in the year 676. About 1,000 pairs still nest there every year. Because St. Cuthbert is the patron saint of Northumberland, it was natural that the eider should be chosen as


title: "Common eider" content: the county's emblem bird; the birds are still often called Cuddy's ducks in the area, "Cuddy" being the familiar form of "Cuthbert". In Canada's Hudson Bay, important eider die-offs were observed in the 1990s by local populations due to quickly changing ice flow patterns. The Canadian Wildlife Service has spent several years gathering up-to-date information on their populations, and preliminary results seem to show a population recovery. The common eider is the object of the 2011 documentary "People of a Feather", which studies the historical relationship between the Sanikiluaq community and eiders, as well as various aspects of their ecology.