title: "Senecio ampullaceus" content: Senecio ampullaceus Senecio ampullaceus also known as Texas ragwort, Texas squaw-weed, Texas groundsel, and Texas butterweed is a species of "Senecio" in the family Asteraceae and gets its Latin name "ampullaceus" from its flask shaped flower-head and is a recommended native for landscape use in Texas where it came from. The seedlings of "S. ampullaceus" often have a purplish color on the undersides of their leaves in the winter, especially along their midrib. Flowering in early–mid spring, Texas ragwort is a tall annual, growing to from to tall and similar to "S. quaylei". Stems and leaves: The leaves with broadly


title: "Awards for Singapore National Serviceman" content: of the SAF for meritorious service in military command or staff work. Each of the three services used to award this medal in three classes (Gold, Silver, Bronze) for members of the respective services before the rule was amended to a single medal award in 1986. Instituted: 1981 Awarded to any member of the SAF who has shown exceptional efficiency, devotion to duty, or work of special significance, or who has demonstrated in the course of his work initiative, thoroughness and resourcefuless. Instituted: 2006 Awarded to any uniformed SAF serviceman in regular service, operationally ready National Service or volunteer service


title: "Wainhouse Tower" content: reopened to the general public on 4 May 2009. Restoration cost £400,000. In 2011, "Huffington Post" included the tower in its list of the "Top 10 Pieces of Folly Architecture," and "The Telegraph" included the tower on their top 15 list of "Britain's Best Architectural Follies". Wainhouse Tower Wainhouse Tower is a folly in the parish of King Cross, on the south west side of Halifax, Calderdale, West Yorkshire, in England. At , it is the tallest structure in Calderdale and the tallest folly in the world, and was erected in the four years between 1871 and 1875. The main


title: "1964–65 British Home Championship" content: 1964–65 British Home Championship The 1964–65 British Home Championship was an outright victory for the English football team in the run up to the 1966 FIFA World Cup which was held in the country. England's preparation for the tournament had included a rare pre-season tour of the Americas, in which they had beaten the USA 10–0 in New York, but crashed to a 1–5 defeat by Brazil in Rio de Janeiro and also lost to Argentina. The Home Championship was a close contest however and an unexpected Welsh defeat of Scotland as well as a drubbing of Ireland in their


title: "Yvan Blot" content: Yvan Blot Yvan Blot (29 June 1948 – 10 October 2018) was a French conservative political figure who was a member of GRECE and the founder and president of the Club de l'Horloge. A former Gaullist parliamentarian (for Rally for the Republic), Blot also served as a leading civil servant under both Interior Minister Michel Poniatowski and Alain Devaquet. He joined the Front National in 1989 and was elected to the European Parliament for them in the 1989 election. A prominent Eurosceptic he played a leading role in establishing a committee to support the Bruges Group in France. He also


title: "Criticism of the Food and Drug Administration" content: some products strictly enough. According to this view, the FDA allows unsafe drugs on the market because of pressure from pharmaceutical companies, fails to ensure safety in drug storage and labelling, and allows the use of dangerous agricultural chemicals, food additives, and food processing techniques. A $1.8 million 2006 Institute of Medicine report on pharmaceutical regulation in the U.S. found major deficiencies in the current FDA system for ensuring the safety of drugs on the American market. Overall, the authors called for an increase in the regulatory powers, funding, and independence of the FDA. In the 1980s, Cutter Laboratories introduced


title: "Frederick Wicks" content: Frederick Wicks Frederick Wicks (23 February 1840 – 30 March 1910) was an English author and inventor, whose book "The British Constitution and Government" was first published in 1871 and ran to several editions. He was born in Stockwell, Surrey, the youngest son of Samuel Wicks (1790-1854), a corn dealer, & Mary Wicks (née Groves) (1797-1868). In 1864 Wicks wrote of the events surrounding the trial and execution of Franz Muller. Frederick Wicks, who in the 1870s became proprietor of the "Glasgow Daily News", was in 1878 the inventor of the Wicks Rotary Typecasting Machine. It is recorded that ""for


title: "Kohrville, Texas" content: Exactly when the new building was erected is not clear from the board minutes. However, in 1949, L.B. Hargrave bid $275 for the old Kohrville School building. In the early 1950s, teachers hired in the Klein colored schools included Louise Livings, Gladys Grice, Helen Dawsey and Mary Mattens. In December 13, 1954, a request for a lunchroom at Kohrville was discussed by the School Board and tabled for further study. The Klein I.S.D. moved cautiously on Civil Rights issues. On August 29, 1955, a motion carried "that the Klein School delay integration until after the Texas Supreme Court has ruled


title: "Media of Sierra Leone" content: of foreign media influenced rebel groups in the country, for example the West Side Boys, especially American rap and gangsta rap music and the media portrayal of the culture surrounding it. Media of Sierra Leone Media in Sierra Leone began when the first modern printing press in Africa arrived at the start of the 19th century. In the 1860s the country became a journalist hub for Africa with professional travelling to the country from across the continent. At the end of the 19th century the industry went into decline and when radio was introduced in the 1930s this became the


title: "Operation New Life" content: civilian agencies in the resettlement program. Expenses incurred by the military were reimbursed from the funds appropriated to the IATF of which the Department of Defense was a member. Airlifts from Saigon's Tan Son Nhut Air Base unloaded at Andersen Air Force Base. Passengers were escorted to Tent City, where tents erected just hours before awaited them. Those who fled Vietnam by sea landed at the Naval Supply Station at Apra Harbor. First responders included personnel from , the Naval Station and Camp Covington CB Base. Tasked with providing food and shelter, Naval Station Tug Base personnel improvised housing from


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: Microstegium vimineum Microstegium vimineum, commonly known as Japanese stiltgrass, packing grass, or Nepalese browntop, is an annual grass that is common in a wide variety of habitats and is well adapted to low light levels. Despite being non-native in the United States, it serves as a host plant for some native satyr butterflies, such as the Carolina Satyr "Hermeuptychia sosybius" and the endangered Mitchell's Satyr "Neonympha mitchellii". It is native in much of South Asia, East Asia as well as parts of Southeast Asia, and has since moved to the United States. It typically grows to heights between and is


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: capable of rooting at each node. The plant flowers in late summer and produces its seeds in the form of a caryopsis shortly thereafter. It is quite similar to and often grows along with the North American grass "Leersia virginica", but "L. virginica" lacks the distinctive silver stripe on the center of the leaf that is present on Japanese stiltgrass and also flowers one to two months earlier. The plant was accidentally introduced into the U.S. state of Tennessee around 1919 as a result of being used as a packing material in shipments of porcelain from China. It has spread


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: throughout the Southeastern US and is now found in 26 states. "Microstegium viminium" most commonly invades along roads, floodplain and other disturbed areas, but will also invade undisturbed habitats. Whitetail deer, which do not browse the grass, may facilitate spread by browsing on native species and thereby reducing competition for the exotic plant. Invasion of "Microstegium" can reduce growth and flowering of native species, suppress native plant communities, alter and suppress insect communities, slow plant succession and alter nutrient cycling. However, removal of "Microstegium" can lead to recovery of native plant communities. As this plant serves as a host for


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: satyr butterflies, including at least one that is ranked imperiled or endangered, its removal, unless accomplished via biological control, should be accompanied by a careful survey to avoid destroying existing butterflies in their various stages of growth as well as to ensure adequate alternative food plant availability. Biological control is the method of control that is the least-damaging to ecosystems not typified by monoculture, like forested areas, while also being the most efficient in terms of costs. Biological control is the foundation of the differentiation between native species living in complex ecological balance and non-native invasive species. It is nature's


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: method of maintaining ecological balance. Herbicide application and human-managed labor such as mowing, tilling, and pulling may be preferred for managing unwanted vegetation on land that is highly-disturbed by human activity, such as agricultural land. For more complex ecosystems such as forests, effective biological control can eliminate or greatly reduce adverse impacts such as trampling and other physical disturbance such as soil compaction, the spreading of seeds from clothing, chemical toxicity, unwanted damage to non-targeted species, demanding human labor, petrochemical consumption, and other factors. Monophagous controllers, such as the weevil "C. scrobicollis", which only feeds on garlic mustard, are usually


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: the most ideal candidates for initial introduction to combat invasive plants, as they greatly reduce the chance that the introduced controller will itself become a pest. Difficulties involved in using biological control are identifying species that are safe to introduce as well as relying on fewer controlling species being present in the non-native ecosystem. As an example, up to 76 things feed on garlic mustard in its native environment. By contrast, nothing eats it to a significant extent in the United States where it is non-native. Despite there being so many controlling agents for that plant, it is currently estimated


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: that adequate control of garlic mustard's invasiveness in portions of the United States where it is problematic can be achieved by the introduction of just two weevils, with "C. scrobicollis" being the most important of the two. In the case of "Microstegium vimineum", biological control agents are being evaluated for their effectiveness in controlling it as well as their chance to become pests themselves. The example of garlic mustard shows how effective, at least in trials, even one monophagous biological control agent can be, while having the fewest costs. Despite the demonstrated effectiveness of "C. scrobicollis" and, potentially, "C. constrictus",


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: the importation and release of biological control agents such as those may be stymied by heavy research and regulation requirements. Those who believe the regulations are well-crafted argue they are needed to prevent the agents from becoming highly undesirable pests while critics argue that the regulations, as currently written and implemented, make it too difficult to bypass more damaging, less effective, and more costly methods of control — such as applying herbicides in forests. As of May 2017, there is no legally-approved biological control agent to combat garlic mustard in the United States, for example. Garlic mustard has been researched


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: by the United States since the 1990s and "C. scrobicollis" has been studied specifically since 2002. The 2012 recommendation to release it into the US was blocked by the TAG group. The biological control research for "Microstegium vimineum" has begun more recently than that of garlic mustard, making the introduction of biological control agents for this species likely to be even further into the future than approval for anything to control garlic mustard. "Microstegium vimineum" can be controlled with pre-emergent herbicides targeted for crabgrass, in areas where native grasses subject to damage are not present in quantities sufficient to make


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: herbicide application too undesirable. Post-emergent controls can also be considered. Some herbicides that target crab grass contain calcium acid methanearsonate, a chemical that contains the element arsenic. In the USA, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ranked arsenic as number 1 in its 2001 Priority List of Hazardous substances at Superfund sites. Surfactants should be added to herbicides for better control, unless noted. Non-ionic surfactants are considered less damaging for other plant life, while crop oil containing surfactant is often considered somewhat more effective in killing grasses. Glyphosate has been found to be effective in controlling "Microstegium vimineum"


title: "Microstegium vimineum" content: by using as little as a half-percent of the concentrate in water. Being a non-specific herbicide, however, its effectiveness can come with damage to desirable plant life. Glyphosate also binds to soil phosphate, potentially causing a reduction in phosphate available for the remaining plant life. In addition to herbicides, hand weeding and mowing can be used for removal, in circumstances where such methods are appropriate. As this grass is an annual, in order to be effective, mowing must be performed before the plants go to seed. Microstegium vimineum Microstegium vimineum, commonly known as Japanese stiltgrass, packing grass, or Nepalese browntop,


title: "Miguel Rosales" content: Hill District which was designated in 1955. Miguel Rosales has received international recognition for his iconic bridge aesthetic and designs. Some of the awards he has received are for the following bridges: Woodrow Wilson Memorial Bridge, Liberty Bridge, I-235 Pedestrian Bridge, Puente Centenario, Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge. Earlier in his career, Rosales received the P/A Young Architects Award in 1993, published in "Progressive Architecture". In 1993, he received an AIA Urban Design Award of Excellence, for his "Plan for Charles River Crossing/Interchange, Central Artery/ Tunnel Project". , Rosales is designing the following bridges: Miguel Rosales Miguel Rosales (born


title: "Shamokin Area School District" content: Unit CSIU16, which provides the district with a wide variety of services like: specialized education for disabled students and hearing; state mandated recognizing and reporting child abuse training; speech and visual disability services; criminal background checks processing for prospective employees and professional development for staff and faculty. Shamokin Area School District is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serve four-year terms), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The federal government controls programs it funds like Title I funding for low-income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and


title: "François Walthéry" content: François Walthéry François Walthéry (born 17 January 1946 in Argenteau near Liège) is a Belgian comics artist, best known for his series featuring an adventurous flight attendant, "Natacha". Walthéry began his career in 1962 during studies at the Institut Saint-Luc in Liège, when he collaborated with scenario writer Mittéï to create his first comic, "Pipo". The following year, Walthéry started working for Peyo, assisting on "The Smurfs", "Johan et Pirlouit" and "Benoît Brisefer". Eventually he assumed creative responsibility of the series "Jacky et Célestin", taking over from Will. He started his best known work series in 1967, working with a


title: "Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool" content: by the Chicago Park District and Lincoln Park Conservancy. Free docent tours are available to the public on Fridays, Saturdays or Sundays from the Spring through Fall. Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool The Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool, also known as Lincoln Park Lily Pool, is an important example of Prairie School landscape architecture designed by Alfred Caldwell and located at 125 W. Fullerton Parkway (between Stockton and Cannon Drives) in Lincoln Park, Chicago, Illinois. Developed in 1936-38, it is one of Caldwell's most fully realized designs. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on November 6, 2002. It was listed on the


title: "49th Wing" content: been thrown out of the hootches into the high snake-infested grass, and mattresses or bedding consisted of sleeping bags at best. The 49th flew combat sorties in South Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos from 1 July – 24 September 1972 during Operation Linebacker, the bombardment campaign in North Vietnam. During this deployment, Operation Constant Guard, the 49th flew more than 21,000 combat hours over just about every battle zone from An Lộc to vital installations in the Hanoi vicinity. During five months of combat, the wing did not lose any aircraft or personnel—a testament to the outstanding training and proficiency of


title: "Printing House Row District" content: provide sufficient strength to its floors to withstand the operational stresses of printing equipment. The Fisher Building, built in 1895-96 to a design by Daniel H. Burnham, is one of the first buildings to use curtain wall construction. Lastly, the Monadnock, built in two stages, one designed by Burnham & Root and the other by Holabird & Roche, is one of the largest commercial buildings with load-bearing masonry walls ever built. Printing House Row District The Printing House Row District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing four architecturally important buildings on the 300 through 500 blocks of South Dearborn,


title: "David Lionel Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons" content: who negotiated the sale; their investigation led police to an Israeli woman living in Los Angeles, Nili Shamrat, whom they identified as the widow of Naaman Diller, the notorious Israeli criminal who carried out the burglary and then fled to Europe, before settling in the United States. When Israeli police and American officials arrived at Shamrat's home to question her, they found more timepieces and 66 of the stolen Mayer Institute timepieces were eventually recovered. Sir David Salomons was appointed Honorary Colonel of the Kent Fortress Royal Engineers, a part-time Territorial Force unit, on 6 November 1908. His only son


title: "Hepatocyte nuclear factors" content: different HNFs are expressed at the same time. In addition, there are a number of genes which contain multiple promoter and enhancer regions each regulated by a different HNF. Furthermore, efficient expression of these genes require synergistic activation by multiple HNFs. Hence hepatocyte nuclear factors function to ensure liver specific expression of certain genes. As is the case with many transcription factors, HNFs regulate the expression of a wide variety of target genes and therefore functions. These functions (and especially functions involving the liver) include development and metabolic homeostasis of the organism. For example, HNFs influence expression of the insulin


title: "J. Scott Armstrong" content: Switzerland, Sweden, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Argentina, Japan, and other countries. Armstrong is the author of "Long-Range Forecasting" and the editor and co-author of "Principles of Forecasting: A Handbook for Researchers and Practitioners". He was a founder and editor of the "Journal of Forecasting", and a founder of the "International Journal of Forecasting", and the "International Symposium on Forecasting". Most recently, Armstrong's work in forecasting is notable for promoting two unifying theories: that in order to maximize accuracy, forecasting methods should be conservative (i.e., be consistent with cumulative knowledge of the past), and rely on simple evidence-based methods. Armstrong's


title: "Mill Ruins Park" content: Mill Ruins Park Mill Ruins Park is a park in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, standing on the west side of Saint Anthony Falls on the Mississippi River. The park interprets the history of flour milling in Minneapolis and shows the ruins of several flour mills that were abandoned. The park is the result of an archaeological study of the Saint Anthony Falls Historic District. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. In 1983, a project was being considered to extend West River Parkway along the west side of the Mississippi River in downtown


title: "Mill Ruins Park" content: Minneapolis. Scott Anfinson, then the municipal county highway archaeologist for the Minnesota Historical Society, developed a plan to assess archaeological sites along the riverfront. A number of test excavations along the route revealed a wide variety of sites containing items of interest. In the Bassett's Creek area, for example, the foundations of two sawmills and the remains of a railroad roundhouse were found, while near Hennepin Avenue, the investigation found the footings of the Great Northern Railway Union Depot and the tower bases of the first and second Hennepin Avenue Bridges. In the milling district, archaeologists found clues suggesting that


title: "Mill Ruins Park" content: there were still extensive remains of the foundations of the mills and waterpower system. The first round of archaeological surveys in the 1980s was intended to save the ruins from destruction as a result of road construction projects. Later, in the 1990s, the focus shifted from environmental impact assessment to exposing ruins for their interpretive value. As the ruins were made visible to the public, the goal was to create assets for education, tourism, and commercial development. The excavations for Mill Ruins Park began in 1998 and continued through 2001. The process also involved stabilizing the remains of the Washburn


title: "Mill Ruins Park" content: "A" Mill, which had burned in 1991. The Washburn "A" Mill became part of the Mill City Museum. Along with the remains of several flour mills and other industrial buildings, the park also contains two stone piers and several iron girder piers that held a trestle for the Minneapolis Eastern Railroad. The tailraces from the waterpower canal are also clearly visible, and the water flow has been restored through the canal. Signs posted along the walkways interpret the ruins and the history of the area. Mill Ruins Park Mill Ruins Park is a park in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States,


title: "El Comité-MINP" content: forces. El Comité-MINP El Comité, or MINP, was a 1960s militant organization that sought independence for Puerto Rico from the United States. Together with several other organizations, it formed the nucleus of the Movimiento Pro-Independencia that formed at a time when the United States was coming under increasing international criticism for holding onto one of the world's last colonies. El Comité was born on the West Side of Manhattan around 1970. It slowly began to spread to other cities, originally as a militant, community-based organization protesting so-called urban renewal programs that were replacing low income housing with high-rise developments El


title: "The Place of the Solitaires" content: one's self or of one of one's selves". See also "Le Monocle de Mon Oncle" for the distinction between the poetry of the subject and the subject of the poem, and "The Weeping Burgher" for a more subjective perspective on the poet's craft. The Place of the Solitaires "The Place of the Solitaires" is a poem from Wallace Stevens's first book of poetry, Harmonium. It was first published in the journal "Poetry" in October, 1919, so it is in the public domain. Some interpreters understand the poem as an expression of Heraclitus's philosophy that all is flux. Others classify it


title: "Assembly Commission" content: positive working relationships to be developed with staff. Their role is to ensure that the Assembly has enough resources (both in terms of staff and infrastructure) to work effectively. The Commissioners are also responsible for overseeing Assembly Members’ pay and allowances. The Assembly Commission has further responsibilities to promote public awareness of the devolved government in Wales as well as the current and future electoral system. The Government of Wales Act 2006 maintains that membership of the Assembly Commission will include the Presiding Officer and four other Assembly Members. Standing Order 3.3 sets out the arrangement for the appointment of


title: "Hertswood Academy" content: established on the sites of Nicholas Hawksmoor School (previously Borehamwood Grammar School) and Holmshill Secondary Modern, the two schools having been approximately 400 metres apart. The reorganisation was paid for through the sale of the three other sites for housing development. The school opened in September 2000 under Headteacher Ian Lucas. Hertswood School gained specialist arts college status in 2005 and in 2009 The Ark Theatre Borehamwood was established on its upper site. The majority of the two million pound facility was funded by Hertsmere Borough Council, which remains a funding partner to the theatre, as does the academy itself.


title: "Illinois Women's Open" content: British Open Championship in late July. The IWO championship field is limited to the top 84 players, and a qualifying round to determine the final field is scheduled if needed. The event's home course is the upland links-style Mistwood Golf Club in Romeoville, Illinois, designed by Ray Hearn. Each year's champion has her name added to the Elaine Rosenthal Memorial Trophy, which honors one of Chicago and the nation's early women's golf pioneers. Ms. Rosenthal played in many championships in the late 1910s through the mid-1930s, representing the Chicago area and playing out of Ravisloe Country Club in Homewood, Illinois.


title: "Mtel CG" content: announced that its signal is present in every single one of Montenegro's 21 municipalities, accounting for the 80% of the country's populated territory, and able to reach 91% of the total population. At the end of November 2007, Montenegin Telecommunications Agency announced that m:tel's market share in Montenegro (a market of 992,000 mobile sets at this time) increased to 22.66%. Its competitors ProMonte and T-Mobile at this time held 43.47% and 33.87%, respectively. On February 3, 2010 Ogalar BV (Dutch-based company controlled by Delta Holding) sold its 49% share to M:tel BiH (Telekom Srpske). The IMSI - Network Code of


title: WGKA content: kHz, the original WGST AM 920 was sold to "Focus on the Family," a Colorado Springs Christian radio organization, and on June 30, 1989, WGST AM 920 became WAFS. The new owners introduced a Religious radio format, which lasted until 2004 under the Moody Bible Institute. Moody Bible Institute sold WAFS AM 920 on March 24, 2004 to Salem Communications. On August 2, 2004, Salem swapped call letters between its two stations on 920 and 1190 kHz, which resulted in the WGKA call letters moving to 920 kHz, and the WAFS call letters now appearing at 1190 kHz. On January


title: GoodRadio.TV content: GoodRadio.TV Good Radio Networks LLC (more known as GoodRadio.TV) was a West Palm Beach, Florida based radio ownership group headed by former Pax president Dean Goodman. Partners in this venture include former NAB Chairman Eddie Fritz, and former founder of NextMedia, Carl Hirsch. GoodRadio was established in late 2006 with the purchase of six stations in Iowa. It later acquired The Shepherd Group's 8 FM and 8 AM stations, all in Missouri, in February 2007. In 2007, Good Radio had plans to acquire 200 smaller-market radio stations from Clear Channel Communications, but the deal fell through when its financing group,


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: Temple of Isis (Pompeii) The Temple of Isis is a Roman temple dedicated to the Egyptian goddess Isis. This small and almost intact temple was among one of the first discoveries during the excavation of Pompeii in 1764. Its role as a Hellenized Egyptian temple in a Roman colony was fully confirmed with an inscription detailed by Francisco la Vega on July 20, 1765. Original paintings and sculptures can be seen at the Museo Archaeologico in Naples; the site itself remains on the Via del Tempio di Iside. In the aftermath of the temple's discovery many well-known artists and illustrators


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: swarmed to the site. The preserved Pompeian temple is actually the second structure; the original building built during the reign of Augustus was damaged in an earlier earthquake, in 62 AD. At the time of the 79 AD eruption of Vesuvius, the Iseum was the only temple to have been completely re-built; even the Capitolium had not been. Although the Iseum was wedged into a small and narrow space, it received significant foot traffic from theater-goers at the Large Theater, businessmen in the Triangular Forum, and others along the Stabian Gate. Principal devotees of this temple are assumed to be


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: women, freedmen, and slaves. Initiates of the Isis mystery cult worshipped a compassionate goddess who promised eventual salvation and a perpetual relationship throughout life and after death. The temple itself was reconstructed in honor of a 6-year-old boy by his freedman father, Numerius, to allow the child to enter elite society. Many scenes from the temple are re-created in the dining rooms of Pompeians, however, indicating that many individuals visited this temple for political, economic, or social reasons. The cult of Isis is thought to have arrived in Pompeii around 100 BCE; following the destruction of the first temple in


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: the earthquake of 62 ACE. Though Isis' origins were in Ancient Egypt, her cult spread widely throughout the Greco-Roman world. The Greeks and Romans always had admiration for Egyptian culture, and before Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, there was a cultural fusion between Greeks and Egyptians. After Alexander's defeat of Egypt in the fourth century, the Greeks started to incorporate Isis into their pantheon of deities. Isis was easily accepted into Greek religion because of her many similarities to the Greek goddess, Demeter. Eventually, she became the patron goddess of the sea, as a protector of people traveling by sea.


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: One of her major temples was on the island of Philae. In Rome, Isis was introduced as a replacement deity for Venus, after the death of Caesar and was looked to for guidance. Among the Greeks and Romans, she was known as Isis because the Egyptian word for “throne” translates to “Isis” in Greek. Isis is most associated with fertility and motherhood, and was looked to as the ideal image of a queen, wife, and mother but is also known for powers in healing and magic. Because she was a fertility deity, she was looked up to by women. She


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: was the friend of slaves, sinners, artisans, and the downtrodden, who also listened to the prayers of the wealthy, maidens, aristocrats and rulers. Devotion to Isis was also intimately coupled with the acquisition of knowledge, considered an endowment of the gods. There are a couple of Hellenistic versions of Isis: one depicts her as holding a musical instrument in her right hand, and a water pitcher in the other. The other models her similarly to Demeter, in which she holds corn in her right hand, rather than the instrument. Her left hand is placed at her waist. The Temple of


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: Isis sits on a platform which is elevated off the ground, and entered in by way of stairs. The temple is designed based on a north-east and south-west plan. It features a vaulted roof, drawing attention to the top of the building. This style of roofing was a Roman stylistic influence, yet was becoming phased out by the time the temple was built. Weber, who excavated the temple, speculated that the Temple of Isis was built according to the Corinthian order. The Temple of Isis had two sections: an outer space surrounded by columns, called the "pronaos;" and the inner


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: area - "naos" - which housed the statues of Isis and Osiris. Both areas of the temple were entered and exited through ornate niches. The architecture of the Temple of Isis is a fusion of Greek, Roman, and Egyptian features, incorporating Egyptian statues in the design. The mixture of Eastern stylistic influences with Hellenistic paid tribute to Isis' Egyptian roots, while still keeping the imagery domestic. In comparison to authentic Egyptian temples, the Temple of Isis was very much in line with the Roman architectural style. Egyptian features of this temple include: purgatorium, a roofless enclosure in the southeast corner


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: of the courtyard that demarcates a subterranean room with a basin for Nile waters. The water from the Nile functioned as holy water used for rituals. The structure itself resembles a miniature temple with pediments and pilasters at the entrance coated with stucco. Structurally, it is built with columns all around; twenty-nine total. Though its not a large structure, both the interior and exterior of the monument are elaborately decorated. Inside the inner chapel was a holding space for a statue of Isis. Further into the temple are altars and recesses in the walls; outside of the temple was a


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: crypt used for initiating members into the cult. It also features a large room - called an E"kklesiasterion -" at the back of the sanctuary, which functioned as a gathering area for the members of the cult to participate in rituals. Next to the Ekklesiasterion was the sacrarium, which stored the temple's prized objects. Furthermore, statues of Isis are assumed to line the front of the temple with Roman deities along the long walls. The Temple of Isis was a significant aspect of life in Rome. It was in a central location near the Forum, theaters, wrestling school, and temples


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: honoring gods, Asclepius and Neptune. Upon analysis of the remains of the temple, it is known that it was painted with a red and white color scheme throughout. The white paint was meant to emulate a stone-like appearance. Depictions of Isis in her temple are done in Hellenistic tradition, which means that Isis is depicted as being Roman, rather than Egyptian. This was likely done in an effort to assimilate her into Roman culture. However, art in the Egyptian style were still integrated into the temple. Walls in the temple were all beautifully painted. The frescoes in the Temple of


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: Isis are thought to have been done in the First and Second Style of Pompeian painting, as was the artistic trend at the time. Wall paintings in this style possessed a lot of color, complex, and were representational and influenced by theater. However, when the temple was restored after the earthquake in 62 C.E., the paintings became done in the Fourth Style, which was illusionistic, eclectic, and was a combination of all Pompeian painting styles. After the restoration, the frescoes of Io were patronized by affluent Romans. In addition to the monochromatic floor mosaic, the walls of the Ekklesiasterion illustrated


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: various mythological scenes. The Ekklesiasterion includes scenes of Io's arrival in Egypt and subsequent reception by Isis. In this fresco, Isis is depicted having a serpent around her wrist, and a crocodile at her feet. The north wall includes scenes with Io (mythology), Argos, and Hermes. This room itself appears to be the most formal with its role in ritual banquets as well as the reunion of initiates. The sacrarium is also heavily Egyptian influenced with a mural of snakes guarding a wicker basket adorned with lunar symbols. This may represent a spring sailing season celebration, navigium Isidis, since Isis


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: restores her husband-brother to life by towing a boat filled with sacred waters. The Temple of Isis sustained significant damage from the earthquake that affected Pompeii in the first century. When the temple was excavated in 1794 by Karl Jakob Weber, many remnants of temple life were found. Fragments of statues and ritual materials were found scattered in various parts of the temple. The excavation in this area began in 1709 with Duc d'Elbeuf's unearthing of artifacts through well-digging in the area later identified as Herculaneum. The earliest excavations of the Roman towns in Campania - destroyed by the volcanic


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in 79 A.D. - are highlighted by the excavations between 1750 and 1764 and the work of Weber. He was a Swiss military engineer charged with the supervision of the excavations during the period by Roceque Joaquin de Alcubierre, chief director of the royal excavations from 1738 until his death in 1780. These early excavations faced many daunting tasks: the difficulties of excavating through tons of volcanic material in Resina to investigate Herculaneum, the problems of disturbing established and arable farmland to evacuate in Pompeii, and the resulting health hazards from long periods underground in damp


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: conditions. During the extraction of this material, Weber's workers dug haphazardly around the site looking for valuable sculptural finds, back-filling immediately afterwards to prevent collapse. Although Weber, determined to produce accurate maps of the orientation of the villages and individual buildings, believed the newly discovered areas should be left exposed for public exhibition. After its excavation, the Temple of Isis influenced the art world; it was the subject for many inspired artists. The famous composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is known to have visited the Temple of Isis at Pompeii in 1769, just a few years after it was unearthed and


title: "Temple of Isis (Pompeii)" content: when Mozart was himself just 13 years old. His visit and the memories of the site are considered to have inspired him 20 years later in his composition of "The Magic Flute". The temple also inspired the backgrounds for "The Magic Flute" opera adaptation. Temple of Isis (Pompeii) The Temple of Isis is a Roman temple dedicated to the Egyptian goddess Isis. This small and almost intact temple was among one of the first discoveries during the excavation of Pompeii in 1764. Its role as a Hellenized Egyptian temple in a Roman colony was fully confirmed with an inscription detailed


title: "Media in Cornwall" content: few stations of old. On 6 July 2007, OFCOM announced that Channel 4 Radio had won the licence to operate the second national commercial DAB multiplex. However, Channel 4 Radio subsequently announced that they would invest a large amount of money in new transmitters, but that there would be no coverage for the new service in Cornwall (except, perhaps the far South East, as Plymouth will be covered) due to potential interference with stations in Republic of Ireland. Throughout radio's development, like with newspapers, there has been a technological delay of progress in the county. Despite being with radio at


title: "ARMA 2" content: June 2009, and shortly thereafter on Steam. In the demo version, the player is given the possibility to play two single player missions as well as six of the eight training missions, with limited access to the mission editor. There is also access to a benchmark and limited online multiplayer. "Arma 2" uses different copy protections depending on publisher as well as a in-house coded copy protection solution against tampering known as DEGRADE. If the software detects that it was pirated, the DEGRADE-system degrades features of the game, rendering it unplayable. The version downloadable from Steam is not limited by


title: "Theo Theophanous" content: of the ALP would intervene to overturn any local vote and give the preselection to Ferguson. Theophanous' withdrawal from the Batman preselection meant that he was not able to join his brother Andrew Theophanous in Federal Parliament. Ironically Martin Ferguson joined his own brother Laurie Ferguson in Federal Parliament. In 1996, Theophanous’ supporters moved a motion of no confidence in the leadership of the Socialist Left faction. This motion was defeated by a narrow margin in a meeting of more than 500 members. Theophanous then walked out of the Socialist Left meeting and left the faction. Theophanous then formed the


title: "Locations in Jericho (TV series)" content: devices, or incorrect knowledge of the characters on the show. The attacked cities are listed below, along with the episodes in which the references to the city are made. Sources: Some facts stated on the show contradict other evidence: Some cities were assumed to have been attacked in early episodes, but have been absent from later episodes. It is unknown if there are production and continuity issues, or simply a result of the poor communication infrastructure in the "Jericho" universe. In "Reconstruction", Allied States television and Chavez confirm the rumor from "Semper Fidelis" that Iran and North Korea were destroyed


title: Bezenye content: Later on Magyar people settled in Bezenye until it was sacked by Turkish troops. Gradually the village was repopulated, this time largely by Croatian communities from Dalmatia, as well as by Germans. The Germans called it "Palersdorf", the Croatians called it "Bizonja". The origin of the name Bezenye comes from a Slav word meaning "elder" tree ("baza"). The Germans occupied themselves with the production of saltpeter. After World War II many of the poorer Germans were displaced to Germany. Several Hungarian families came to live in Bezenye, some of whom had been displaced from Slovakia. Request to include mostly Slavic


title: "Theresa Sparks" content: Theresa Sparks Theresa Sparks is the Executive Director of the San Francisco Human Rights Commission and was a candidate for San Francisco Supervisor for District 6 in the November 2010 election. She is a former president of the San Francisco Police Commission and former CEO of Good Vibrations. She is also one of San Francisco's most famous transgender women and was a Grand Marshal in the 2008 San Francisco Pride Parade. Sparks is also a member of the Emeritus Board of the Alice B. Toklas LGBT Democratic Club, a Navy veteran and a trained engineer. She is a member of


title: "Geum triflorum" content: Geum triflorum Geum triflorum, (prairie smoke, three-flowered avens, or old man's whiskers) is a spring-blooming perennial herbaceous plant of North America from northern Canada to California and east to New York. The flowers bloom from mid-spring to early summer. Prairie smoke has pinnately divided leaves with 7–17 primary leaflets; there are also a few smaller secondary leaflets inserted between some of the primary leaflets. They are arranged in a rosette at ground level and are semi-evergreen: some basal leaves remain over the winter and often turn reddish purple. The flowers bloom in spring. They appear on short reddish purple-tinged stems


title: "Geum triflorum" content: high and are arranged in umbels of 3 to 5 flowers. At the base of the umbel are leaflike green to reddish purple bracts. Sometimes there are also pairs of leaflike bracts on the stem below the umbel or on the stems of individual flowers. While blooming, the flowers nod downwards and remain mostly closed and bud-like, except for a tiny opening at the bottom. The five petals are cream to yellowish, suffused with pink or purple, but are mostly covered by the five red sepals. Between the sepals are five narrow bractlets. Hidden within the flower are a central


title: "Geum triflorum" content: cluster of pistils and a ring of many stamens around them. Pollinated flowers turn upwards and open up. The pistils in the middle of the flower develop into heads of seeds with long fuzzy hairs that point upwards. The hairs resemble mauve smoke, hence the name "prairie smoke". The leaves and flowers grow from a caudex. The plant spreads by short underground rhizomes. The flowers produce both nectar and pollen. They are visited mainly by female bumblebees, which are able to force their way into the mostly closed flowers and reach the nectar. They also buzz-pollinate to dislodge pollen from


title: "Geum triflorum" content: the stamens and gather it to feed their young. Smaller bees such as sweat bees from the genus "Lasioglossum" feed on pollen grains from the opening of the flower. Bumblebees are the only effective cross-pollinators. Various insects chew holes in the top of the flower, near the stem, to reach the nectar. Some Plateau Indian tribes used three-flowered avens to treat tuberculosis. Geum triflorum Geum triflorum, (prairie smoke, three-flowered avens, or old man's whiskers) is a spring-blooming perennial herbaceous plant of North America from northern Canada to California and east to New York. The flowers bloom from mid-spring to early


title: "Jácome Ratton" content: him. The Memoirs are the principal source for all details of Ratton's life up to 1810: Bibliography -Michèle Janin-Thivos, "Marchands migrants du Briançonnais, Monestier de Briançon au XVIIIe siècle", 2018 Editions du Fournel. Jácome Ratton Jacques or Jácome Ratton (Monestier de Briançon, Hautes-Alpes, 7 July 1736 – Paris, 3 July 1820) was a Franco-Portuguese businessman, who was a leading figure in the mainly foreign group of industrialists in 18th century Portugal. He published his "Memoirs" ("Recordaçoens") in 1813 in exile in London, which remain a significant source on Portuguese economic life in the period. His father was Jacques (in Portugal


title: "Beat Box (song)" content: on the tune by adding on more instruments and sounds, giving the song a completely different outlook and practically drowning out the hip hop element that now only remained in the drum beat itself. Two remix cuts resulted from this session and were initially released on 12" single in 1984 and referred to as "Diversion One" and "Diversion Two", along with the song "Moments in Love". The original unremixed version has retroactively been dubbed "Diversion Zero" by fans, though it was never officially released under this title. Other remixes were issued, and are officially subtitled variously as Diversions Three, Four,


title: "Robert Harrill" content: He enjoyed living with nature and said, "My life here goes up and down like the tides of this old sea out here... Only nature determines my existence." Harrill died under "mysterious" circumstances in June 1972. His body was found in his bunker by a group of teenage boys on an early Sunday morning. Covered in sand, Harrill's bloodied body had multiple wounds and was laying spreadeagle on a pile of garbage. Some people suspected that he was killed by a group of ruffians while others believed his death was the result of a prank gone wrong. The New Hanover


title: "Yamaha YZ450F" content: had two classes: 125 cc and 250 cc two-strokes, with no provision for four strokes. Most riders considered four-stroke engine technology to be largely utilitarian and uncompetitive, relegated solely for trail riding. In 1996, the AMA changed racing rules to allow 450 cc four strokes to compete in the same racing class as 250 cc two-strokes. Yamaha engineer Yoshiharu Nakayama first came up with the idea of creating the first competitive four-stroke race motocross bike. The Yamaha YZ400F was developed to fit into this category. It solved the power dilemma by borrowing superbike technology and giving the YZ a five-valve


title: "The Tablet (Diocese of Brooklyn)" content: The Tablet (Diocese of Brooklyn) The Tablet is a Catholic newspaper published in the interest of the Diocese of Brooklyn. It has circulated in Brooklyn and Queens, New York, since 1908. Its website, thetablet.org, serves the greater Catholic populace. Jorge I. Domínguez-López is the Editor in Chief. "The Tablet" is a property of DeSales Media Group, the Diocese of Brooklyn's media company, which also includes New Evangelization Television (NET TV) and "Nuestra Voz". "The Tablet" works with these DeSales outlets to produce cross-platform news coverage and has also established an editorial partnership with Crux, an independent online Catholic news outlet.


title: "Josephine C. Reyes" content: Josephine C. Reyes Josephine Sumulong Cojuangco-Reyes (November 26, 1927 – July 26, 2011) was a Filipino educator. She served as the seventh president of the Far Eastern University in the City of Manila, Philippines from 1985 to 1989. She also served as the Chair of the Board of Trustees of the Far Eastern University - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation. Cojuangco-Reyes earned her A.B. degree at Marymount College, New York, her M.A. degree Columbia University, New York, and her Ed.D. at the Far Eastern University in the City of Manila She finished her Doctor of Philosophy at the University of New


title: "Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (executed 39)" content: December of 37. Little is known about him prior to this. Drusilla had been married to Lucius Cassius Longinus since 33 but Caligula forced his brother-in-law to divorce Drusilla so that she could marry Lepidus. The marriage lasted until Drusilla's death in June 38. They had no children. Because of this marriage, Lepidus had become a close friend to Caligula and his family. After the death of Gemellus in 37, Lepidus was publicly marked by Caligula as his heir. In late 38, when the governor of Egypt Aulus Avilius Flaccus was arrested, Lepidus successfully persuaded Caligula to exile Flaccus to


title: "Lourdes Academy (Oshkosh, Wisconsin)" content: St. Frances Cabrini and St. Elizabeth Ann Seton, and one High School, Lourdes Academy (LA) High School. Following the 2017-2018 school year, Lourdes Academy closed St. France Cabrini and combined the two elementary schools within the Seton building. This school is now called Lourdes Academy Elementary. The Bill Behring Commons, completed in 2005, is a large open space facing Witzel Avenue. It serves as cafeteria, all-school worship site, and performing arts center. The commons has a large gathering hallway and space with adjoining rest rooms, trophy cases, concession facilities, the athletic directors' office, and staff lounge. The lobby connects gym


title: "Warriors: Power of Three" content: The Clan cats attempt to reason with the rogues and mark borders, but the rogues ignore the borders, forcing the Tribe to take more drastic measures. The Clan cats proceed to teach the Tribe cats fighting skills. The Tribe is reluctant to fight at first, but manages to defeat the invaders, who accept defeat and promise to leave the Tribe alone. Meanwhile, ThunderClan apprentice Jaypaw continues to try to find out about the prophecy that refers to himself and his littermates: "There will be three, kin of your kin, who hold the powers of the stars in their paws". At


title: "Ivan Sergeychik" content: line for 108 hours total. The detachment routinely destroyed communication lines and telephone poles. By September 1941, Belarus was occupied by the Army Group Centre of the German Wehrmacht. The Vitsebsk and Mahilyow regions, the major part of the homel Region, the eastern districts of the Minsk Voblast and some districts of the Polesia Voblast were under administrative control the rear section of the group. The German administrative activity on the occupied territories was the continuation of their military campaign. German administration attempted to create such conditions for the local population that excluded possibility for the locals to conduct any


title: "Blackjack Switch" content: seems to mitigate the adverse effect on the player of the case where the two top or bottom cards are identical, which robs the player of a meaningful switching decision, although, like most side bets, playing it increases the house edge. Blackjack Switch Blackjack Switch is a casino gambling game invented by Geoff Hall and patented in 2009. It is based on blackjack, but differs in that two hands, rather than one, are dealt to each playing position, and the player is initially allowed to exchange ("switch") the top two cards between hands. Natural blackjacks are paid 1:1 instead of


title: "Louisiana Highway 30" content: as a small link in the Great River Road, which is designated as a National Scenic Byway. The Louisiana Highway Commission and the state's first system of numbered highways were created in 1921. At that time, the main road traveling from Downtown Baton Rouge through what would soon become the new campus of Louisiana State University was Highland Road, which was designated as part of State Route 63. Over the next few decades, the state highway department would gradually replace this and other points of access to LSU with newer and wider thoroughfares. In 1937, the first section of Nicholson


title: "TCU Horned Frogs baseball" content: seven years (2006–2012). In each season in the MWC, TCU advanced to the NCAA Tournament and won at least a share of the Mountain West regular season title. In those seven years, TCU also won four MWC Tournament championships. During this era, TCU won its first-ever NCAA Regional Championship in 2009, and repeated the feat in 2010 and 2012. In 2009, the Horned Frogs advanced to its first NCAA Super Regional, where the Texas Longhorns eliminated TCU from the Tournament. In 2010, TCU and Texas met again in an NCAA Super Regional, but the Horned Frogs emerged from the rematch—advancing


title: "Kia Stevens" content: professional wrestling league Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling. Stevens also made an appearance in Katy Perry's "Swish Swish" music video. Stevens grew up in Carson, California. Her mother, Phyllis Durant, was an actress and contestant coordinator for "Family Feud". She has a younger brother. Prior to becoming a professional wrestler, she was a social worker and owned a business which put vending machines in high schools. Stevens' family and friends helped her fund her career in wrestling when she went to train in Japan. She is also an investor in Nu Skin Enterprises, a line of skin and nutritional products. On


title: "Amarendranath Chatterjee" content: who edited and published the "scurrilous" (to quote Sealy) daily, Star of Utkal. Khirodchandra's son, Sukumar, practised as a barrister at Cuttack and had married a daughter of Dr Aghore Nath Chatterjee "who was deported by the Nizam of Hyderabad for intriguing against the British Government." The most illustrious of Aghore Nath's children was Virendranath Chattopadhyay ("Chatto", the revolutionary of international reputation); among the others was the patriotic Mrinalini Chatterjee who formed a trio with Kumudini Mitra and Sarojini Ghose (respectively cousin and sister of Sri Aurobindo). The poet Harin and the politician Sarojini Naidu were two other of Aghore


title: "Leone, American Samoa" content: on the So Poloa family land, where most of the 11 victims were found. When missionary John Williams returned to the Samoan Islands in 1832, he dropped anchor in Leone Bay, but did not want to go directly ashore as he feared it was A'asu, site of the massacre of French sailors. Williams was surprised when a village chief paddled out to his ship to asure him that it would be safe to come ashore. Leone was home to a bomber airstrip, known as Leone Airfield, which was completed on September 30, 1943. Leone High School and Midkiff Elementary School


title: "University of Pittsburgh Varsity Marching Band" content: by the Pitt Drumline near the student section. After this, the entire band enters the field for the pregame show. The band enters the field from two tunnels flanking the north endzone of Heinz Field. As the band enters, the two tunnels are engulfed in a white cloudy smoke to appear as though the band is emerging from the smoky entryway. The band then forms a large block. The entire pregame show consists of "Hail to Pitt", the "University of Pittsburgh Alma Mater", "The Star Spangled Banner", the "Victory Song", and "The Panther Song." During the latter two songs, the


title: "Grant's gazelle" content: the opposite direction of most of the other ungulates, such as Thomson's gazelles, zebras, and wildebeest, which are more water dependent. They can subsist on vegetation in waterless, semiarid areas, where they face little competition. The most common predators of the Grant's gazelle are cheetahs and wild dogs. Humans also tend to hunt gazelles. In the Serengeti, Grant's gazelle is a prey item for cheetahs, but the Thomson's gazelle is preferred. However, in Nairobi National Park, Grant's gazelle is preferred over Thomson's gazelle, making it an important resource to the cheetah. Jackals are major predators of fawns. The Grant's gazelle


title: "Eurydice Network" content: one or more units set up by Education Ministries in each of the then 9 member states of the European Union. These national units were normally located within Ministries responsible for Education, although in some cases (e.g., England) they were outsourced to research or documentation bodies. In federal countries (such as Germany or Belgium) the more than one unit was needed to respond to the structure of education in the country: thus, in Germany one national Eurydice Unit was established inside the documentation service of the Federal Ministry for Education; and another in the "Conference of State Ministers of Education",


title: Juvenalia content: of the (upper class) Roman male. Juvenalia In classical antiquity, the Juvenalia, or Ludi Juvenales (Gr ), were scenic games instituted by Nero in 59 AD, at the age of 21, in commemoration of his shaving his beard for the first time, thus indicating that he had passed from youth into manhood. These games were not celebrated in the circus, but in a private theatre erected in a pleasure-ground ("nemus"), and consisted of every kind of theatrical performance, Greek and Roman plays, mimetic pieces, and the like. The most distinguished persons in the state, old and young, male and female,


title: "Newman Catholic High School (Mason City, Iowa)" content: Newman Catholic High School (Mason City, Iowa) Newman Catholic High School is a private, Roman Catholic high school in Mason City, Iowa. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque. Originally, Newman Catholic was built as Central Catholic High School to serve several parishes in the North Iowa area. Newman Catholic High School was established in 1960 with the guidance of Rev. William Powers. Newman is one of two high schools in Mason City, the other being the public Mason City High School. Newman Catholic High School is connected to Newman Catholic Middle School, Newman Catholic Elementary School,


title: "Gloria Niemeyer Francke" content: 1949 and was Associate Editor of the American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy from 1944 to 1964. Francke’s journalistic achievements include: She was married to Donald Francke, who founded Drug Intelligence (now The Annals of Pharmacotherapy). Following his death in 1978, she became the owner of Drug Intelligence Publications. Gloria Niemeyer Francke Gloria Niemeyer Francke (April 28, 1922 – August 3, 2008) was an American pharmacist. She became assistant director of the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) Division of Hospital Pharmacy (1946–1956); executive secretary of the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (1949–1960); and research associate for the Audit of Pharmaceutical Service in


title: "Australian painted lady" content: Australian painted lady The Australian painted lady ("Vanessa kershawi") butterfly is mostly confined to Australia, although westerly winds have dispersed it to islands east of Australia, including New Zealand. Debate surrounds the taxonomy of this species. Some believe that the Australian painted lady should be a subspecies of the painted lady ("Vanessa cardui") due to the similarity in lifestyle and behaviour. Furthermore, the painted lady is found around the globe, but Australia is the only location in which it varies enough to be considered a separate species. However, due to the distinct genitalia of the males, and variation in colouration,


title: "Australian painted lady" content: many others consider the Australian painted lady to be a separate species. During spring, adult butterflies migrate south in large numbers from northern states of Queensland and New South Wales. To find mates, male Australian painted ladies exhibit territorial behaviour, which involves a male perching on vegetation in a sunny spot on a hilltop, waiting for females to fly by. Despite urbanization and invasive plants altering its habitat, populations of Australian painted ladies have not been significantly impacted by these changes. The Australian painted lady is remarkably similar to the painted lady ("Vanessa cardui"). It is differentiated by its smaller


title: "Australian painted lady" content: size, rarely exceeding 2 inches (5 cm) across its wings, and the blue colouration at the centre of the four eyespots on its hindwings. Its body is dark brown, almost black, all over, except the tips of the antenna which are white. The base of the wings are brown, which turns into a brick-red colouration, broken by bands of black. The tips of the forewing are black with four white dots running from the apex of the wing, and a white bar extending from the leading edge of the forewing. The hindwings have four round eyespots at their base, with


title: "Australian painted lady" content: a blue centre for at least three. The underwings are almost identical to the upperwings, except the base of the underwings is brick red rather than brown. The Australian painted lady's colouration allows it to blend in effectively with the ground. Males and females look almost identical. The ovum is translucent green and barrel shaped with 13 to 15 vertical ribs. Right before hatching, the black head and grey-tinted body appear through the shell. The larva is grey with pale yellow stripes along each side of its body, yellow dots, and has rows of branched spines covering its body. Its


title: "Australian painted lady" content: head is typically brown or black, and the caterpillar grows to about 3 cm. The pupa is brown with darker markings, and four pairs of metallic silver or gold dots. The Australian painted lady belongs to the family Nymphalidae and genus "Vanessa", which compromises 22 species, which are strongly migratory. The Australian painted lady is similar to the near-cosmopolitan painted lady ("V. cardui"), so it considered by some to be a subspecies of that. However, throughout its range, the painted lady does not exhibit much variation, but the male genitalia of the Australian painted lady is distinct from that of


title: "Australian painted lady" content: the painted lady, which suggests that it is a separate species. The Australian species' four ventral eyespots are less clearly defined, and it always sports at least three (often four) conspicuous blue pupil spots on each dorsal hindwings' eyespots. "V. cardui" has either a few tiny pupil spots, or more often, none at all. The Australian painted and the painted lady have very similar lifestyles and behaviours, but the Australian painted lady lives in an arid and stressful environment. Australian painted lady colouration could be induced in painted lady butterflies by injecting the larvae with stress-inducing hormones and subjecting them


title: "Australian painted lady" content: to lowered temperatures. This demonstrates the phenotypic plasticity, or the tendency for visible traits to vary with changing environmental conditions, of the painted lady butterflies. It also suggests that the painted lady is the ancestral form, and environmental stress slowly drove speciation by adaptation into the Australian painted lady. In other words, the Australian painted lady most likely evolved from the painted lady due to the environmental conditions in Australia. The Australian painted lady's distribution is restricted to Australia. The closely related "V. cardui" is found throughout the rest of the world, so the two species have an allopatric distribution.


title: "Australian painted lady" content: Within Australia, the Australian painted lady is commonly found throughout southern Australia, below the Tropic of Capricorn. It is uncommon to find this butterfly in Queensland, and it is completely absent from the far north of the country, in the tropical rainforests. Although it is most common in Australia, it has also become common throughout New Zealand following periodic migrations across the sea, from Australia. Since the butterflies do not reproduce or overwinter in New Zealand, they are only considered an established species in Australia. Within its range, it is found in urban areas. The life cycle of the Australian


title: "Australian painted lady" content: painted lady lasts around 53 days in the summer. The females lay eggs in the centre of the leaf of food plants. The eggs are green and hatch in about three days. As a caterpillar, the Australian painted lady is only active at night, during which its main activity is feeding. During the day, it hides in a curled leaf or at the foot of a food plant. The pupa hangs vertically from the underside of the leaf of a food plant, and the duration of the pupal stage is about two weeks. The Australian painted lady typically uses the


title: "Australian painted lady" content: native Australian everlastings and other daisies as a host and food plant. However, it also feeds on several introduced species, including capeweed ("Arctotheca calendula"), Scotch thistle ("Onopordum acanthium"), and lavender ("Lavandula angustifolia"). The adults feed on the nectar of flowers. Eggs have being recorded on "Arctotis", "Chrysanthemum" (Asteraceae family) and Scotch thistle ("Cirsium vulgare"), but the resulting larvae do not survive past the first instar on these plants. Successful larvae have been observed on capeweed ("Cryptostemma") and cudweed ("Gnaphalium"). The results are limited, usually causing malformations on everlasting daisies "Helichrysum bracteatum" and "Helichrysum bellidioides". If leaves are not sufficient, then


title: "Australian painted lady" content: they eat flowers. Individuals reared on capeweed produce foul-smelling imagos. Other food plants have been recorded in Australia, but do not appear to be used in New Zealand. The Australian painted lady's mating system evolved due to a highly dispersed female population. Food and oviposition sites are abundant as females feed on a wide range of host plants; therefore, females do not cluster around hotspots of resources. This tendency makes it impossible for a male to defend the entirety of a female's range. Therefore, the best strategy for males is to defend a territory in which females are likely to


title: "Australian painted lady" content: travel. Females generally only visit male territories when they are receptive, with the purpose of copulating. However, when an abundant food source attracts a significant number of females, males no longer exhibit territoriality, and are seen searching for mates in areas where females are clustered. To defend a territory, the male exhibits perching behaviour starting in the mid- to late afternoon until dusk. Some individuals are able to reclaim the same territory several afternoons in a row. The longest period of time recorded in which one male defended the same territory was three days. The males choose sunny spots on


title: "Australian painted lady" content: hilltops, through which females are likely to travel. If no hilltops are available, the males wait in channels in the vegetation that would funnel wandering females towards them. The perching male sits and waits, scanning the sky for any moving object. Periodically, he executes a patrol flight to get a better picture of the surrounding area. When the male spots a moving flying object, he flies directly towards it. If it is a male, the resident male chases him off his territory. If it is a female, the male chases the female, more slowly and less aggressively than with an


title: "Australian painted lady" content: intruding male, away from the perch site. The pair lands and copulates, which can last more than an hour. Observations of the Australian painted lady migration date back to the 1960s. In 1963, a large migration took place in a south-easterly direction from late August to late September. It was characterized by the species becoming suddenly common in certain areas where the it had previously been sparse. That year was noted to have been unusually wet in Australia. This could be a trait shared with "V. cardui", which migrates in Europe during the wet season. The Australian painted lady migrates


title: "Australian painted lady" content: south in the spring and summer, and north in the autumn and winter. Migrating butterflies often have smaller and lighter body sizes that allow them to fly longer distances. Additionally, these butterflies tend to have larger wing-to-body ratios. Temperatures and day length have been found to influence development. When larvae were exposed to short days and cool temperatures (20 °C), similar to conditions found in the spring, larval development was accelerated. This produced small adults with low body weights, ideal for migration. A similar phenomenon occurred when the larvae were exposed to longer days at warm temperatures (30 °C), conditions


title: "Australian painted lady" content: similar to those in the late summer. Seasonal changes could trigger the development of spring and fall body forms that are ideal for the migration patterns described above. During periods of large migration in Australia, and with the possible help of strong winds, the Australian painted lady migrates across the sea to New Zealand. Multiple occurrences of this butterfly in New Zealand were reported in the 1960s. In the spring of 1968, they appeared on the western coast of New Zealand near the sea, and were unusually abundant. The species is unlikely to be established in New Zealand, as no


title: "Australian painted lady" content: instances of larvae or adults hibernating through the winter were found. Although some individuals reproduced and laid eggs, the larvae only developed to the first instar before development stopped. The same phenomenon occurred in the late summer 1969, and coincided with a gale-force westerly wind. This evidence suggests that the butterflies observed in the spring of 1968 and the summer of 1969 were the result of a new migration from Australia, and not the offspring of a generation of previously migrated painted ladies. The migration of butterflies and moths from Australia is not uncommon in summers with strong winds. Fragmented


title: "Australian painted lady" content: habitats due to urbanization, as well as disturbances to the environment from humans and introduced species, are harmful to most butterflies. Additionally, threats occur to local vegetation such as recreation, trampling of vegetation, fire regimes, and introduction of plant pathogens, which bring about changes to local plant community. Distribution of butterflies depends heavily on the site characteristics and the density of that species' host plants. Changing plant composition changes the distribution of most butterflies' range, isolating them to pockets where the vegetation is ideal. Because of the variety of host plants used by Australian painted ladies, it has not been


title: "Australian painted lady" content: significantly affected by these changes. It has been found to use some species of carduine thistles, which are invasive to Australia, as host plants in New South Wales. Australian painted ladies use the plants as hosts during their larval stage, and as food sources. However, they inflict little damage to the plant. Australian painted lady The Australian painted lady ("Vanessa kershawi") butterfly is mostly confined to Australia, although westerly winds have dispersed it to islands east of Australia, including New Zealand. Debate surrounds the taxonomy of this species. Some believe that the Australian painted lady should be a subspecies of


title: "St Johns Wood, Queensland" content: site. In the 1970s there was enormous opposition to the quarry on the southern side of the road and BMG made the decision not to quarry the St Johns Wood site. Several attempts were made to subdivide the land including one in which it was to be subdivided into 60 townhouse sites. When these attempts proved fruitless the land was put up for sale and was purchased in 1984 by local real estate agent Syd Appleby and his wife Merryl and Allan and Maree Rainbow. They initially subdivided the land into 23 lots with the Applebys and the Rainbows retaining


title: "Biblical manuscript" content: in order to reconstruct a probable original text. None of the original documents of the New Testament is known to scholars to be extant; and the existing manuscripts differ from one another. The textual critic seeks to ascertain from the divergent copies which form of the text should be regarded as most conforming to the original. The New Testament has been preserved in three major manuscript traditions: the 4th-century-CE Alexandrian text-type, the Western text-type, and the Byzantine text-type, which includes over 80% of all manuscripts, the majority comparatively very late in the tradition. Since the mid-19th century, eclecticism, in which


title: Sky-Map.org content: are now "public domain", although earlier data releases were for non-commercial use only. Images from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), Spitzer Space Telescope (infrared) or GALEX space telescope (ultraviolet) are "PD-NASA-USgov". Sky-Map.org Sky-Map.org (or WikiSky.org) is a wiki and interactive sky map that covers more than half a billion celestial objects. Users can view the whole star sky at once and zoom in to view areas in greater detail. WikiSky includes many stars, galaxies, constellations, and planets, but it is still in development. Users can also edit information about different stars by writing articles, adding Internet links, uploading images, or


title: "Puning Temple (Hebei)" content: knowledge," being the location of the summer capital. Since the Dzungars were followers of Lamaism, the temple was built in imitation of Samye monastery, the sacred place of Lamaism in Tibet. The large wooden Buddhist statue of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in the main hall of the Puning Temple is one of its most renowned features. It shows a thousand different eyes and a thousand different arms stretched out from its frame (in various sizes). The statue itself is made from five kinds of wood, including pine, cypress, elm, fir, and linden. As of 1994, the Chengde Mountain Resort and Chengde's


title: "Moses in rabbinic literature" content: of high priest was reserved for Aaron and his descendants (Exodus Rabba 2.13; Leviticus Rabba 11.6; Zeb. 102a). All the different cycles of legends agree in saying that Moses was very wealthy, probably on the basis of Numbers 16.15 (compare Nedarim 35a, where this interpretation is regarded as uncertain); they differ, however, as to the source of his wealth. According to one, he derived it from the presents and treasures given to him by the Ethiopians when they took the crown away from him ("D. Y." l.c.). According to another, Jethro gave him a large sum of money as dowry


title: "After the Music Stops" content: with their lifestyle by pointing them to the person of Jesus Christ. In 2007, the album was nominated for a Dove Award for Rap/Hip-Hop Album of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards. After the Music Stops After the Music Stops is the second studio album released by Christian rap artist Lecrae on September 24 2006. The album received a Stellar Award nomination for "Rap/Hip-Hop/Gospel CD of the Year" and a Dove Award nomination for Rap/Hip-Hop Album of the Year. In the July–August 2010 issue of "MH Magazine", "After the Music Stops" was second on the list of "Top


title: "Green Bushes" content: where he thinks to meet me. And when he came there and he found she was gone, He stood like some lambkin, forever undone; She has gone with some other, and forsaken me, So adieu to Green Bushes forever, cried he. <score vorbis="1"> </score> Green Bushes Green Bushes is an English and Scottish folk song (Roud #1040, Laws P2) which is featured in the second movement of Ralph Vaughan Williams' "English Folk Song Suite", in Percy Grainger's "Green Bushes (Passacaglia on an English Folksong)", and in George Butterworth's "The Banks of Green Willow". The melody is very similar to that


title: "The Devil Wears Prada (band)" content: success, where it peaked at number 10 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 32,420 copies within its first week. "Dead Throne" also topped the Christian and Independent album charts, as well as peaking at number 3 on the Rock and Hard Rock album charts. The band was confirmed for the Mayhem Festival tour at the beginning of 2012, with Slayer, Slipknot and As I Lay Dying. During this tour on February 22, 2012 keyboard player James Baney left the band. The Devil Wears Prada will release a CD/DVD album, "Dead and Alive". The live album was released on June 26, 2012.


title: "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" content: Strongylocentrotus purpuratus The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, lives along the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean extending from Ensenada, Mexico to British Columbia, Canada. This sea urchin species is deep purple in color, eggs are orange when secreted in water, and lives in lower inter-tidal and nearshore sub-tidal communities. January, February, and March function as the typical active reproductive months for the species. Sexual maturity is reached around two years. It normally grows to a diameter of about 4 inches and may live as long as 70 years. While embryonic development is still a major part of the utilization


title: "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" content: of the sea urchin, studies on urchin's position as an evolutionary marvel have become increasingly frequent. Orthologs to human diseases have led scientists to investigate potential therapeutic uses for the sequences found in "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus". For instance, in 2012, scientists at the University of St Andrews began investigating the "2A" viral region in the "S. purpuratus" genome which may be useful for Alzheimer's disease and cancer research. The study identified a sequence that can return cells to a 'stem-cell' like state, allowing for better treatment options. The species has also been a candidate in longevity studies, particularly because of its


title: "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" content: ability to regenerate damaged or aging tissue. Another study comparing 'young' vs. 'old' suggested that even in species with varying lifespans, the 'regenerative potential' was upheld in older specimens as they suffered no significant disadvantages compared to younger ones. Its genome was completely sequenced and annotated in 2006 by teams of scientists from over 70 institutions including the Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology as well as the Human Genome Sequencing Center at the Baylor College of Medicine. "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" is one of several biomedical research models in cell and developmental biology. The sea urchin is the


title: "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" content: first animal with a sequenced genome that (1) is a free-living, motile marine invertebrate; (2) has a bilaterally organized embryo but a radial adult body plan; (3) has the endoskeleton and water vascular system found only in echinoderms; and (4) has a nonadaptive immune system that is unique in the enormous complexity of its receptor repertoire. The sea urchin genome is estimated to encode about 23,500 genes. The "S. purpuratus" has 353 protein kinases, containing members of 97% of human kinase subfamilies. Many of these genes were previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or were only known from groups outside


title: "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" content: the deuterostomes. The team sequencing the species concluded that some genes are not vertebrate specific as thought previously, while other genes still were found in the urchin but not the chordate. The genome is largely non-redundant, making it very comparable to vertebrates, but without the complexity. For example, 200 to 700 chemosensory genes were found that lacked introns, a feature typical of vertebrates. Thus the sea urchin genome provides a comparison to our own and those of other deuterostomes, the larger group to which both echinoderms and humans belong. Sea urchins are also the closest living relative to chordates. Using


title: "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" content: the strictest measure, the purple sea urchin and humans share 7,700 genes. Many of these genes are involved in sensing the environment, a fact surprising for an animal lacking a head structure. The sea urchin also has a chemical 'defensome' that reacts when stress is sensed to eliminate potentially toxic chemicals. "S. purpuratuses"' immune systems contains innate pathogen receptors like Toll-like receptors and genes that encode for LRR . There were genes identified for Biomineralization that were not counterparts of the typical human vertebrate variety SCCPs, and encode for transmembrane proteins like P16. Many orthologs exist for genes associated with


title: "Strongylocentrotus purpuratus" content: human diseases, such as Reelin (from Norman-Roberts lissencephaly syndrome) and many cytoskeletal proteins of the Usher syndrome network like usherin and VLGR1. The purple sea urchin, along with sea otters and abalones, is a prominent member of the kelp forest community. Sea urchins have been used for food by the indigenous peoples of California, who ate the yellow egg mass raw. The purple sea urchin also plays a key role in the disappearance of kelp forests that is currently occurring due to climate change. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, lives along the eastern edge of the Pacific


title: "The Invention of Hugo Cabret" content: the door using a bobby pin. After they are kicked out of the theatre, Hugo is almost caught by the station inspector, noticing the clock delays. Isabelle then asks Hugo who he was and where he lived, which Hugo decides not to tell, in risk that she would tell someone and he would be sent to the orphanage or be arrested. He runs away from her, and while chasing him she trips and a heart-shaped key hanging from her necklace falls out. Hugo notices that he only needed the key to fit into the key-hole of the automaton to have


title: "Protein adulteration in China" content: Forks Hatchery. They also said that the company that provided the feed, Skretting, had shipped the same lot of feed to six other hatcheries in Oregon. On 10 May 2007, on further inquiry into the risk to animal and human health of ingesting melamine and cyanuric acid in combination, Dr. David Acheson, Assistant Commissioner for Food Protection with the FDA said: "I'm not aware of any published studies on that. I have seen some preliminary data that would indicate that they are additive. When you put the two together, they are additive rather than synergistic... The risk assessors also estimated


title: "Taberner House" content: was expected to be used for residential purposes. By 2015, the demolition was complete and Croydon Council announced a revised residential scheme to lessen the impact on adjoining green spaces and to provide more affordable housing. In September 2015, the site was temporarily planted with crocus as a link with the origins of the town's name. Plants were later made available to community gardens within the borough. Taberner House Taberner House housed the main offices of Croydon London Borough Council until September 2013; the building was demolished in 2015. It was located in Croydon, London, close to the Croydon Town


title: "Jennifer Murphy (comics)" content: they are now and with few exceptions all of the characters featured in the series today are not those that appeared in the series prior to that issue, including Jennifer Murphy. Jennifer had married her high school sweetheart Kevin Murphy after they graduated and had a baby girl called Angel. Kevin was abusive and their marriage was unhappy. One night Jennifer strikes Kevin to defend Angel causing his head to explode due to the mutant powers she had developed. The Dragon responded to the domestic violence call, meeting Jennifer. Jennifer found herself framed for a spre of vicious murders taking


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: Spodoptera litura Spodoptera litura, otherwise known as the tobacco cutworm or cotton leafworm, is a nocturnal moth in the Noctuidae family. "S. litura" is a serious polyphagous pest in Asia, Oceania, and the Indian subcontinent that was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775. Its common names reference two of the most frequent host plants of the moth. In total, 87 species of host plants that are parasitized by "S. litura" are of economic importance. The species parasitize the plants through the larvae's vigorous eating patterns, oftentimes leaving the leaves completely destroyed. The moth's effects are quite disastrous, destroying


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: economically important agricultural crops and decreasing yield in some plants completely. Their potential impact on the many different cultivated crops, and subsequently the local agricultural economy, has led to serious efforts to control the pests. "S. litura" is often confused with its close relative, "Spodoptera littoralis". These two species are hard to discriminate between because the larvae and adult forms are identical. Inspecting the genitalia is the most certain way to tell the two species apart. There are slight but obvious differences in morphology between males and females of "S. litura" that allow for the easy differentiation of the two


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: sexes. Male forewing length is 14–17 mm while female forewing length is slightly larger and measures 15–18 mm. The orbicular spot on the forewing is also more pronounced in the males. Regulation of macro nutrient input differs between males and females. Experimental results show that when "S. litura" are presented with two nutritionally complementary diet options, one rich in protein and a second rich in carbohydrates, females tend to consume more protein than males while no differences in carbohydrates exist. Body utilization of the macro nutrients differed as well. Females were very efficient at converting the protein consumed into body


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: growth and mass, reflecting the bodily requirements to produce eggs. Males, on the other hand, were more efficient at depositing lipid from ingested carbohydrates. This fits in well with the migration patterns associated with mating. Males usually go out to find females during mating season, so the lipid deposits are thought to be energy reserves that will help the males in preparation for the migration. "Spodoptera litura" and "Spodoptera littoralis" are very closely related species. Discriminating between the two species can be difficult because the larvae and adult forms look identical. In fact, these two species are so similar that


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: previous records that have claimed the presence of "S. litura" in areas such as Russia, Germany, and the UK may actually have been referring to "S. littoralis". Since both species are polyphagous, taking note of the host plant is not helpful in correct identification. The only way to properly differentiate between the two is by inspecting their genitalia. In "S. littoralis", the ductus and ostium bursae are the same lengths while in "S. litura", they are of different lengths. In males, the juxta have characteristic shapes for each species. "S. litura" is the most common in South Asia. However, its


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: natural range extends from the Oriental and Australasian areas to parts of the Palearctic region as well. The countries with the most widespread population of "S. litura" include but are not limited to China, Indonesia, India, Japan, and Malaysia. The range of "S. litura" has also extended into non-indigenous regions through international trade. Moths in their egg, larvae, or pupae stages can be present in the soil, flower, or vegetation that are being transported across various regions. Pupae especially can be moved long distances, provided that they are not crushed, because of the relatively long pupation period. "S. litura" is


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: a general herbivore and takes residence on various plants. The lower and upper limits of habitable temperatures are 10 °C and 37 °C, respectively. Therefore, it is well suited for tropical and temperate climate regions. As caterpillars, "S. litura" can only move short distances. However, adult moths can fly up to a distance of 1.5 km for a total duration of 4 hours. This helps disperse the moths into new habitats and onto different host plants as food sources are depleted. Although the length of a life cycle varies slightly throughout the different regions, a typical "S. litura" will complete


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: 12 generations every year. Each generation lasts about a month, but temperature causes slight variations: life cycles in the winter tend to be slightly more than one month, and life cycles in the summer tend to be less than a full month. Eggs are spherical and slightly flattened. Each individual egg is around 0.6 mm in diameter with an orange-brown or pink color. These eggs are laid on the surface of leaves in big batches, with each cluster usually containing several hundred eggs. Females have a typical fecundity of 2000 to 2600 eggs. However, experiments have shown that high temperatures


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: and low humidity are inversely related to fecundity. When laid, the egg batches are covered with hair scales provided by the female, which gives off a golden brown color. Egg masses are 4–7 mm in total diameter, and eggs will hatch 2–3 days after being laid. Larvae body length ranges from 2.3 to 32 mm. The larva is variable in color based on age. Younger larvae tend to be a lighter green while older ones develop to a dark green or brown color. A bright yellow stripe along the dorsal surface is a characteristic feature of the larvae. The larvae


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: also have no hair. Newly hatched larvae can be found by looking for scratch marks on leaf surfaces. Since "S. litura" is nocturnal, the larvae feed at night. During the day, they can usually be found in the soil around the plant. There are six instar stages, and by the last stage, the final instar can weigh up to 800 mg. Pupation lasts around 7 to 10 days and takes place on the soil near the base of the plant. The pupa is typically 15–20 mm long, and its color is red-brown. A characteristic feature is the presence of two


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: small spines at the tip of the abdomen that are about 0.5 mm long each. Adult moths are on average 15–20 mm long and have a total wingspan of 30–38 mm. The body is a gray-brown color. The forewings are patterned with dark gray, red, and brown colors. The hindwings are grayish-white with a gray outline. The mean female longevity is 8.3 days while for males it is 10.4 days. There is no mating activity on the first night that the moth emerges. The second night, however, accounts for about 70% of the matings. This night marks the maximum activity.


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: Females mate an average of 3.1 times while the males have a mating average of 10.3. During copulation, males transfer a mean of 1,052,640 sperm per mating. Eggs during mating are laid in a cluster covered with hair from the female's abdomen. This acts as a protective layer from parasites predating on eggs. Since "S. litura" is a nocturnal moth, all reproductive activities occur during the scotophase (dark phase). These reproductive activities include calling, courtship, mating, and oviposition. Several studies have pointed out that the female lifespan decreases after mating. The reasons for this are still not fully known. Several


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: possible explanations include physical injuries from the male genitalia or the male accessory gland secretions that force females to commit more resources to reproduction instead of on herself. Male accessory glands (MAGs) are a reproductive evolutionary strategy adopted by males to gain higher fertilization. MAGs contain many different kinds of molecules including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. When MAGs are transferred from the male to the female during copulation, it exerts a wide range of effects on female post-mating behavior. One of these effects include suppressing female receptivity to future matings by reducing their sexual receptivity or sexual attractiveness. Experiments have


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: shown that females exposed to MAGs do not engage in mating call behavior the night they are exposed to the secretion. A successful mating that resulted in fertilized eggs led to an even longer break from sexual receptivity. Mating also has an effect on stimulating egg production and ovulation. This phenomenon may also be a result of the mechanical stimulation of male genitalia during copulation. However, studies have shown that MAG secretions are necessary for the maximum stimulation of the eggs. As a result, female longevity is negatively correlated with the number of eggs laid because a large portion of


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: resources end up being used for the development of eggs instead of on herself. In sexually reproductive animals, recognition and attraction of potential mates can occur in the form of pheromones. In moth species, pheromones are produced by the females by pheromone glands and are released to attract males of their own species. Accurate recognition of compatible mates is essential for reproductive success because failure to do so will come with steep costs: wasted time and energy, higher risk of predation, and reduction of viable offspring. Therefore, there is a strong selection for correct mate recognition signals that maximize reproductive


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: fitness. Both "S. litura" and "S. littoralis" share the same 11 components that make up their pheromones (in different amounts), with "Z"9,"E"11–14:Ac acting as the major component. There is an inverse relationship between pheromone concentration within the bodies of females and the calling behavior of a female. This is because pheromones are released during female calling. It has been previously stated that the male accessory gland suppresses female calling and subsequently, re-mating. With calling suppressed, pheromone concentration builds up in the body of mated females. Therefore, when pheromone glands are analyzed, mated females will have a higher titre than virgin


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: females. It is important to note that this result is different from previous studies on other insect species. The circadian rhythm also affects pheromone release. It has been found that higher amounts of pheromones are released during scotophase (dark period) and that lower levels are released during photophase (light period). This pattern is thought to coincide with male flight patterns, which would maximize responsiveness to the pheromone signals being sent. Heterospecific matings can be expected for phylogenetically closely related species with adjacent distribution, as is the case for "S. litura and S. littoralis". Overlap in pheromone composition as discussed above


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: also contributes to the lack of total reproductive isolation between the two species. Previous experiments have already shown that mating reduces the lifespan of female "S. litura". This lifespan decreases even further when mating with a heterospecific "S. littoralis" male. It has also been shown that females lay significantly more eggs after a conspecific mating rather than after a heterospecific mating. Therefore, there is an evolutionary benefit to recognizing and mating with a mate of the same species. So far there are a reported 131 species of natural enemies that prey on "S. litura" at different points in their life


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: cycle. These include different species of parasites that specifically target either the egg, larval, or pupal stage. There are also 36 species of insects and 12 species of spiders that are known to be natural predators to the moths. The identity of these predators vary depending on the region being studied. Additionally, infections from fungi and viruses have been observed. The most commonly reported viruses are nuclear polyhedrosis viruses and granulosis viruses. For example, in Karnataka, a granulosis virus was found in dead "S. litura" larvae. In this study, both eggs and larvae were susceptible, and the mortality rate ranged


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: from 50% to 100% depending on the stage of the larvae. The older larvae were killed more rapidly than the younger larvae. There are many ways the predators can locate its prey. One way is the release of chemical cues from the larvae that can act as a locator for predators searching for prey. The stink bug "Eocanthecona furcellata" is a predator that uses these types of chemical signals to locate and attain prey. Its prey locating behavior is activated when exposed to two chemical compounds released by "S. litura" larvae. "S. litura" has over 112 host species belonging to


title: "Spodoptera litura" content: over 40 plant families, making the species highly polyphagous. "S. litura" cause severe damage to their hosts by their vicious eating habits as larvae. Some common host plants include but are not limited to: tobacco, cotton, soybean, beet, cabbage, and chickpeas. When the host plant in a particular area is depleted, big groups of larvae will migrate to find a new food source. Some external signs of pest activity that can be seen are large holes on leaves, injured stem bases, and discoloration of leaves. Because "S. litura" acts as a pest on many different kinds of agricultural crops, its