title: "Lake Ohrid" content: declaration outlines the unique significance of the interconnected Ohrid-Prespa lake system both for its biodiversity and relevance to research on climate and evolution, and recommends measures for future management including revitalization and enlargement of wetland areas, pollution control and a re-orientation of tourism policy. It further describes the "critical importance" of the last intact marsh on the Lake Ohrid shore, Studenchishte Marsh, in terms of its species composition and ecosystem services such as water quality improvement, carbon storage and flood retention among others. Lake Ohrid, is also the namesake of Ohrid Lacus a hydrocarbon lake on the Saturnian moon Titan.


title: "Lake Ohrid" content: That "lake" is composed of liquid methane and ethane, is located 71.8°N 221.9°W on Titan's globe. Lake Ohrid Lake Ohrid ( , "Liqeni i Pogradecit"; ) straddles the mountainous border between southwestern Macedonia and eastern Albania. It is one of Europe's deepest and oldest lakes, preserving a unique aquatic ecosystem that is of worldwide importance, with more than 200 endemic species. The importance of the lake was further emphasized when it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979 and when, in 2010, NASA decided to name one of Titan's lakes after Lake Ohrid. In 2014, the Ohrid-Prespa


title: "Boiler room (business)" content: term used by political parties for a room with many telephones used to call prospective voters. In the late 1960s to the 1980s, boiler rooms sold municipal bonds to unsophisticated investors. These boiler rooms were located primarily in the southeastern United States, most notably Memphis, Tennessee and later Little Rock, Arkansas. The operators got the nickname "Bond Daddies." The operators would sell the bonds at inflated prices, substitute different bonds, mislead investors about the risks, or fail to deliver the bonds to the investor. In the 1990s, organized crime in New York City became involved in microcap stock fraud using


title: "Kelp forest" content: within a forest; the term understory canopy refers to the stipitate and prostrate kelps. For example, a "Macrocystis" canopy may extend many meters above the seafloor towards the ocean surface, while an understory of the kelps "Eisenia" and "Pterygophora" reaches upward only a few meters. Beneath these kelps, a benthic assemblage of foliose red algae may occur. The dense vertical infrastructure with overlying canopy forms a system of microenvironments similar to those observed in a terrestrial forest, with a sunny canopy region, a partially shaded middle, and darkened seafloor. Each guild has associated organisms, which vary in their levels of


title: "BVZ Zermatt-Bahn" content: from 1 January 1921. The railway's management was then allocated to a collective directorate also responsible for managing the Gornergratbahn. At the same time, in collaboration with Zermatt hoteliers, an office was set up to run the first international promotions for the Zermatt tourist resort. In 1927, passenger numbers once agan reached pre war levels. In 1931, with 227,845 passengers, the line set a new record that was not surpassed until after World War II. The Visp-Zermatt-Bahn survived World War 1 unscathed. Totally different was the situation of the Brig-Furka-Disentis-Bahn (BFD), which was not yet completed as at the outbreak


title: "William Charles Williams" content: once. He was 34 years old when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC. On 25 April 1915 during the landing on V Beach, Cape Helles, Gallipoli, Turkey, Williams, with three other men (George Leslie Drewry, Wilfred St. Aubyn Malleson and George McKenzie Samson) was assisting the commander (Edward Unwin) of their ship, HMS "River Clyde" (previously the SS River Clyde) at the work of securing the lighters. He held on to a rope for over an hour, standing chest deep in the sea, under continuous enemy fire. He was eventually dangerously wounded and later


title: "Australian Conservation Foundation" content: to halt the Jabiluka uranium mine at Kakadu. The 1998 blockade gained significant media attention and placed Jabiluka on the national and international agenda. In 2000 ACF's Natural Advantage: A Blueprint for a Sustainable Australia was launched by Sir William Deane, then Governor General of Australia. The blueprint outlined ACF's vision for a sustainable Australia and set out inspirational and long-term solutions to environmental problems. Some of the key initiatives of the blueprint were a national project of sustainability reform; a long-term, strategic commitment to land and water repair; greenhouse gas reductions and energy efficiency; environmental tax reform; reconciliation between


title: "Marriott International" content: York Attorney General Barbara Underwood announced an investigation into the data breach. Marriott is the first hotel chain to serve food that is completely free of trans fats at all of its North American properties. The hotel is noted for providing copies of the "Book of Mormon" in addition to the Bible in its rooms. Marriott has 100 hotels in India, and the first Marriott hotel was the Marriott Resort and Spa Goa which opened on December 10, 1999. As of 2017, the company had approximately 177,000 employees. For the fiscal year 2017, Marriott International reported earnings of US$1.372 billion,


title: Eskorbuto content: did not work, who knows whether out of laziness or lack of infrastructure. At the end of the assembly hall of a school in Santurce is the chosen location. For the release of this disc decided to sell the rights to the highest bidder contract with "Discos Suicidas Records" and this album would definitely strengthen the seal on the other hand aims intídducirse "DRO Records" in the Basque rock and after some give and take strips, Servando Carvallo of "DRO Records" offers a juicy offer: "200,000 pesetas" to renounce the contract with "Discos Suicidas" and "100,000 pesetas" to the group


title: "Apocynum cannabinum" content: Apocynum cannabinum Apocynum cannabinum (dogbane, amy root, hemp dogbane, prairie dogbane, Indian hemp, rheumatism root, or wild cotton) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows throughout much of North America - in the southern half of Canada and throughout the United States. It is a poisonous plant: "Apocynum" means "poisonous to dogs". All parts of the plant are poisonous and can cause cardiac arrest if ingested. However, some lepidoptera feed on this plant, such as two hummingbird moths. The specific epithet "cannabinum" and the common names hemp dogbane and Indian hemp refer to its similarity to "Cannabis" as a fiber


title: "Apocynum cannabinum" content: plant (see hemp), rather than as a source of a psychoactive drug (see "Cannabis"). Although dogbane is poisonous to livestock, it likely got its name from its resemblance to a European species of the same name. "Apocynum cannabinum" grows up to tall. The stems are reddish and contain a milky latex capable of causing skin blisters. The leaves are opposite, simple broad lanceolate, long and broad, entire, and smooth on top with white hairs on the underside. It flowers from July to August, has large sepals, and a five-lobed white corolla. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female


title: "Apocynum cannabinum" content: organs) and are pollinated by moths and butterflies. "Apocynum cannabinum" grows in open wooded areas, ditches, and hillsides. It is found in gravelly or sandy soil, mainly near streams in shady or moist places. This species is native to North America. However, in gardens it can be unwanted, growing from spreading roots. When growing among corn, "Apocynum cannabinum" can reduce yields by up to 10% and when growing among soybeans, by up to 40%. It can be controlled through mechanical means, although it is difficult to control with herbicides. The plant serves as a larval host for the snowberry clearwing


title: "Apocynum cannabinum" content: ("Hemaris diffinis") and hummingbird clearwing ("Hemaris thysbe") moths. These moths are pollinators that resemble small hummingbirds. The plant can be used for various purposes. The most used parts are the seeds, the root, and the bark. A very strong and good quality fiber obtained from the bark is a flax substitute that does not shrink and retains its strength in water. It is used for making clothes, twine and cordage, bags, linen, paper, and more. When harvested for fiber, dogbane is often left standing as late as mid-winter so that rain and snow will perform retting. The plant yields a


title: "Apocynum cannabinum" content: latex which is a possible source of rubber. "Apocynum cannabinum" was used as a source of fiber by Native Americans to make bows, fire-bows, nets, tie down straps, hunting nets, fishing lines, and clothing. It is called "qéemu" in Nez Perce and in Sahaptin. The Concow tribe call the plant pö (Konkow language). The seeds have an edible use as a meal (raw or cooked) when ground into a powder. After the latex has been squeezed from the plant, it is allowed to stand overnight to harden into a white gum which can be used (sometimes mixed with clean clay)


title: "Apocynum cannabinum" content: as chewing gum. "Apocynum cannabinum" is a phytoremediation plant, a hyperaccumulator used to sequester lead in its biomass. It is also used in herbal medicine to treat fever, and dysentery. Although the toxins from the plant can cause nausea and catharsis, it has also been used for slowing the pulse, and it is also a sedative and mild hypnotic. It is an unpleasantly bitter stimulant irritant herb that acts on the heart, respiratory and urinary systems, and also on the uterus. "Apocynum cannabinum" was much employed by various Native American tribes who used it to treat a wide variety of


title: "Apocynum cannabinum" content: complaints including rheumatism, coughs, pox, whooping cough, asthma, internal parasites, diarrhoea and also to increase milk flow in lactating mothers. The root has been used as a tonic, cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic (induces vomitting) and expectorant. It is harvested in the autumn and dried for later use. The fresh root is the most active part medicinally. A weak tea made from the dried root has been used for cardiac diseases and also as a vermifuge (an agent that expels parasitic worms). The milky sap is a (presumably topically applied) folk remedy for venereal warts. The plant is still used in


title: "Apocynum cannabinum" content: modern herbalism, though it should be used with great caution and only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner if taken internally. Apocynum cannabinum Apocynum cannabinum (dogbane, amy root, hemp dogbane, prairie dogbane, Indian hemp, rheumatism root, or wild cotton) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows throughout much of North America - in the southern half of Canada and throughout the United States. It is a poisonous plant: "Apocynum" means "poisonous to dogs". All parts of the plant are poisonous and can cause cardiac arrest if ingested. However, some lepidoptera feed on this plant, such as two hummingbird moths.


title: "Smooth green snake" content: Smooth green snake The smooth green snake ("Opheodrys vernalis") is a species of North American nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is also referred to as the grass snake. It is a slender, "small medium" snake that measures as an adult. It gets its common name from its smooth dorsal scales, as opposed to the rough green snake, which has keeled dorsal scales. The smooth green snake is found in marshes, meadows, open woods, and along stream edges and is native to regions of Canada, the United States, and northern Mexico. A non-aggressive snake, it seldom bites and


title: "Smooth green snake" content: usually flees when threatened. It mates in late spring to summer, and females lay their eggs from June to September. The smooth green snake is slender. In size, it is classified as a "small medium" snake, reaching to in total length (including tail) as an adult. The longest smooth green snake was measured as being in total length. The tail makes up about 1/4 to 1/2 the total length of the snake; males have longer tails than females. It is uniform light green on its back, with a yellow or white belly, and has smooth dorsal scales, unlike those of


title: "Smooth green snake" content: the rough green snake, which are keeled. Its smooth dorsal scales are arranged in 15 rows at midbody. At birth, its dorsal coloration is different than when it matures. At first, it can be olive green, blue-gray, or even brown, but after it sheds its skin for the first time, it becomes the characteristic bright green. The dorsal coloration can also vary depending on location: bluish in Kansas, olive-tinted light brown in southeastern Texas, and bronze in northern Wisconsin. Typical for a nonvenomous snake, its eyes are large and round. It uses its tongue, red with a black end, by


title: "Smooth green snake" content: flicking it in and out of its mouth to "smell" what is around it. Three subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies. The subspecific name, "blanchardi", is in honor of American herpetologist Frank N. Blanchard. The smooth green snake is only native to the Nearctic region. The range spreads through southeastern Canada, west to Saskatchewan, and south through Illinois and Virginia. It can also be found in other areas, such as Wyoming, New Mexico, Iowa, Missouri, Colorado, Kansas, Texas, Mississippi and northern Mexico. "O. vernalis" is hunted by various predators, including the red-tailed hawk, great blue heron,


title: "Smooth green snake" content: rough-legged buzzard, bears, raccoons, foxes, and the common house cat. Humans also find these snakes in the wild and keep them for pets. They are subjected to commercial collection because of their nice skin coloration, passive nature, and small size. However, this snake is not known to survive well in captivity. Because their populations are usually isolated and small in size, this commercial collection can greatly affect the overall population. The smooth green snake population is also declining due to the use of pesticides, as well as destruction of habitats. Pesticides are particularly harmful to the snake when used in


title: "Smooth green snake" content: riparian areas, mountain foothills and meadows. Because the smooth green snake's diet consists mainly of insects, insecticides put the snake at great risk in areas where they are applied. The reduction of its prey is a major cause of the death of the snakes, as well as one of the most important natural threats to its population. Habitat destruction is caused by road building, logging, cattle grazing, and the draining of streams. Logging and mining conducted in a smooth green snake habitat can be a source of snake mortality. Roads and highways are a major cause of deaths, especially those


title: "Smooth green snake" content: near streams or other habitats the snake occupies. Livestock grazing has been found to reduce snake populations in some areas, where five times the amount of snakes were found on ungrazed areas, compared to grazed areas. The effects of livestock grazing include the reduction of grass, changes in tree species, compaction of soil, and more erosion, which affect the reptile population in these areas. Flooding, freezing, and destruction of dens can destroy large numbers of smooth green snakes, as well as other species of snake with which it may hibernate. Human recreational activities, such as off-road vehicles near wetlands, are


title: "Smooth green snake" content: also damaging its habitat. Lakes and streams are enjoyable areas for recreation, but human activity in these areas can degrade them. The use of off-road vehicles in or around wetlands, however, is the most damaging recreational activity. Mud bogging significantly damages and destroys these areas. Also, oil and gasoline from off-road vehicles has been found in snake habitats. The smooth green snake is of least concern in terms of conservation, but the concern is increasing in the U.S. While there is some research showing the population of the snake is declining, only a small number of states (Iowa, Missouri, Indiana,


title: "Smooth green snake" content: Michigan, North Carolina, Montana, and Texas protect the smooth green snake. Wyoming, Nebraska, and Colorado also protect the snake under state law. This law prohibits commercial collection of the snake and collection by individuals. "O. vernalis" can be found in many different habitats, including marshes, meadows, the edges of streams, and open woods. It prefers to be on the ground, in open areas without a lot of shrubs. During hibernation, the smooth green snake looks for burrows, ant hills, and other dug-out underground areas, normally gathering in large numbers. It prefers moist habitats and areas near permanent water sources, usually


title: "Smooth green snake" content: staying in green areas for camouflage. Being cold blooded, it prefers warm areas, lying in the sun on rocks and logs, also using them for hiding. The smooth green snake relies on an environment matching its green scales for camouflage to protect itself from predators. If threatened, a smooth green snake will usually flee. It is a docile snake, seldom biting and usually allowing humans to come close. If provoked, it can secrete a substance from its anal gland, causing a foul smell. When handled by humans, it usually shows excited behavior and calms down after wrapping itself around a


title: "Smooth green snake" content: finger. When it hunts, it turns its head from side to side, finding prey with its tongue and an organ on the roof of its mouth that interprets chemical signals. It has no ears, relying on vibrations to figure out its surroundings. Its sight is relatively strong over short distances. Due to stretchy ligaments in its jaw, it can swallow prey whole, even those that are larger than its own body diameter. It can shed its skin as often as every four to five weeks, allowing for growth. During months when the weather is warmer, the smooth green snake tends


title: "Smooth green snake" content: to be active both day and night; while in the colder winter months, it hibernates in groups. Ant hills and rodent burrows are used during hibernation as part-time homes. The smooth green snake mostly eats insects and spiders, including spineless caterpillars, harvestmen, moths, ants, snails, worms, and slugs. While hunting, it uses both chemical and visual clues to find prey, and kills with a strike instead of constriction. Sexually mature smooth green snakes mate in the late spring or summer, and gravid females lay eggs from June to September. Usually, two clutches are laid, each containing four to six eggs.


title: "Smooth green snake" content: Females usually lay their eggs in rodent burrows, mounds of rotting vegetation, sawdust piles, or rotting logs. In the northern habitats of this species, communal nesting has been observed. Smooth green snake eggs are white and oval; they have thin shells and are about one inch in length. They have an average mass of 2.6 grams. The eggs hatch four to 23 days after being laid. Smooth green snake The smooth green snake ("Opheodrys vernalis") is a species of North American nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is also referred to as the grass snake. It is a


title: "Lilium bulbiferum" content: Lilium bulbiferum Lilium bulbiferum, common names orange lily, fire lily and tiger lily, is a herbaceous European lily with underground bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae. The Latin name "bulbiferum" of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", refers to the secondary bulbs on the stem of the nominal subspecies. "Lilium bulbiferum" reaches on average of height, with a maximum of . The bulbs are ovoid, with whitish large and pointed scales and can reach about of diameter. The stem is erect, the leaves are lanceolate, up to 10 centimeters long. The inflorescence has one to five short-haired flowers. They are hermaphroditic and


title: "Lilium bulbiferum" content: scentless, have six upright tepals, the outer are slightly narrower than the inner ones. The flowers can reach 4–6 centimeters in length and are bright yellow-orange with reddish-brown dots. The stamens are erect, about half as long as the tepals, with red anthers. The style is orange, of height. The flowering period extends from May through July. There are two varieties, "L. b." var. "croceum" in the western part of the range, and "L. b." var. "bulbiferum" in its eastern part. Only the last one always produces secondary aerial bulbs ("bulbils") in the axils of the upper leaves. These "bulbils"


title: "Lilium bulbiferum" content: fall to the ground and mature after two to three years. When manually separated from the stem they can easily used for propagating the plant. The dwarf plants from the Maritime Alps, formerly described as var. "chaixii" , and the large plants from the region of Naples, formerly described as var. "giganteum" , are now considered as local variants of var. "croceum". "L. bulbiferum" is widely distributed in much of Europe from Spain to Finland and Ukraine. It grows in mountain meadows and on hillsides. They prefer calcareous soils in warm, sunny places, but also grow on slightly acid soils.


title: "Lilium bulbiferum" content: They can be found at an altitude of above sea level. The orange lily has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland. Cats are extremely sensitive to lily toxicity and ingestion is often fatal; households and gardens which are visited by cats are strongly advised against keeping this plant or placing dried flowers where a cat may brush against them and become dusted with pollen which they then consume while cleaning. Suspected cases require urgent veterinary attention. Rapid treatment with activated charcoal or induced vomiting can reduce the amount of toxin absorbed (this is


title: "Lilium bulbiferum" content: time-sensitive so in some cases veterinarians may advise doing it at home), and large amounts of fluid by IV can reduce damage to kidneys to increase the chances of survival. Lilium bulbiferum Lilium bulbiferum, common names orange lily, fire lily and tiger lily, is a herbaceous European lily with underground bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae. The Latin name "bulbiferum" of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", refers to the secondary bulbs on the stem of the nominal subspecies. "Lilium bulbiferum" reaches on average of height, with a maximum of . The bulbs are ovoid, with whitish large and pointed scales and


title: KCMP content: attempt to appeal to former WCAL listeners. On February 1, 2005, the WCAL call sign was sold by MPR to the student-run college radio station of California University of Pennsylvania. Continued activism from SaveWCAL, however, resulted in a state district court judge characterizing the transaction as an illegal sale of a charitable trust by an irresponsible trustee . SaveWCAL has since requested that the Minnesota Attorney General's office to declare the sale void and filed a Petition To Redress Breach of Trust in Rice County District Court on September 24, 2008. However, in 2009, another court ruled that SaveWCAL had


title: Coseley content: Coseley since The Coseley School closed in 2017. Coseley Coseley ( ) is a suburban area in the north of the Dudley Metropolitan Borough, in the English West Midlands. Part of the Black Country, it is situated approximately three miles north of Dudley itself, on the border with Wolverhampton. Though it is a part of Dudley for statistical and administrative purposes, it is divided between the Bilston and Tipton postal districts, and mostly falls within the Wolverhampton South-East parliamentary constituency. Coseley was originally a village in the ancient manor of Sedgley. In 1867, it joined with Brierley and Ettingshall to


title: Velella content: Velella Velella is a monospecific genus of hydrozoa in the Porpitidae family. Its only known species is Velella velella, a cosmopolitan free-floating hydrozoan that lives on the surface of the open ocean. It is commonly known by the names sea raft, by-the-wind sailor, purple sail, little sail, or simply "Velella". This small cnidarian is part of a specialised ocean surface community that includes the better-known cnidarian siphonophore, the Portuguese man o' war. Specialized predatory gastropod mollusks prey on these cnidarians. Such predators include nudibranchs (sea slugs) in the genus "Glaucus" and purple snails in the genus "Janthina". Each apparent individual


title: Velella content: is a hydroid colony, and most are less than about 7 cm long. They are usually deep blue in colour, but their most obvious feature is a small stiff sail that catches the wind and propels them over the surface of the sea. Under certain wind conditions, they may be stranded by the thousand on beaches. Like other Cnidaria, "Velella velella" are carnivorous. They catch their prey, generally plankton, by means of tentacles that hang down in the water and bear cnidocysts (also called nematocysts). The toxins in their nematocysts are effective against their prey. While cnidarians all possess nematocysts,


title: Velella content: in some species the nematocysts and toxins therein are more powerful than other species. "V. velella"'s nematocysts are relatively benign to humans, although each person may respond differently to contact with the nematocyst toxin. It is wise to avoid touching one's face or eyes after handling "V. velella", and itching may develop on parts of the skin that have been exposed to "V. velella" nematocysts. "Velella velella" lives in warm and temperate waters in all the world's oceans. They live at the water/air interface, with the float above the water, and polyps hanging down about a centimetre below. Organisms that


title: Velella content: live partly in and partly out of the water like this are known as pleuston. Offshore boaters sometimes encounter thousands of "V. velella" on the water surface. The small rigid sail projects into the air and catches the wind . However "Velella" sails always align along the direction of the wind where the sail may act as an aerofoil so that the animals tend to sail downwind at a small angle to the wind. Having no means of locomotion other than its sail, "V. velella" is at the mercy of prevailing winds for moving around the seas, and are thereby


title: Velella content: also subject to mass-strandings on beaches throughout the world. For example, most years in the spring, there is a mass stranding that occurs along the West Coast of North America, from British Columbia to California, beginning in the north and moving south over several weeks' time. In some years, so many animals are left at the tide line by receding waves, that the line of dying (and subsequently rotting) animals may be many centimetres deep, along hundreds of kilometres of beaches. Mass strandings have been reported also on the west coast of Ireland. Like many Hydrozoa, "Velella velella" has a


title: Velella content: bipartite life cycle, with a form of alternation of generations. The deep blue, by-the-wind sailors that are recognized by many beach-goers are the polyp phase of the life cycle. Each "individual" with its sail is really a hydroid colony, with many polyps that feed on ocean plankton. These are connected by a canal system that enables the colony to share whatever food is ingested by individual polyps. Each by-the-wind sailor is a colony of all-male or all-female polyps. The colony has several different kinds of polyps, some of which are both feeding and reproductive, called gonozooids, and others protective, called


title: Velella content: dactylozooids. The gonozooids each produce numerous tiny jellyfish by an asexual budding process, so that each Velella colony produces thousands of tiny jellyfish (medusae), each about 1 mm high and wide, over several weeks. The tiny medusae are each provided with many zooxanthellae, single-celled endosymbiotic organisms typically also found in corals and some sea anemones, that can utilize sunlight to provide energy to the jellyfish. Curiously, although a healthy captive "Velella" will release many medusae under the microscope, and are expected to do the same in the sea, the medusae of "Velella" are rarely captured in the plankton and very


title: Velella content: little is known about their natural history. The medusae develop to sexual maturity within about three weeks in the laboratory and their free-spawned eggs and sperm develop into a planktonic larva called a conaria, which develops into a new floating "Velella" hydroid colony. The Porpitidae is a family of the Hydrozoa erected for two genera of hydroids that live floating free at the surface of the open ocean: "Velella" and "Porpita". The systematic position of these peculiar genera has long been a topic of discussion among taxonomists who work with pelagic Cnidaria. The three genera were put in with athecate


title: Velella content: hydroids in the mid-to-late 19th century by some, whereas other authors at the time included them in the Siphonophora. A new order was established for these genera by Totton, in 1954, called the Chondrophora, while at the same time, other authors favored again placing them in the Anthomedusae/Athecatae. Most authors in the past 40 years have accepted interpretation of these animals as unusual floating colonial athecate hydroids, which produce medusae clearly belonging in the Anthomedusae. Although the exact position of the family Porpitidae within the Athecatae/Anthomedusae is not yet clear, the order Chondrophora is no longer used by hydrozoan systematists.


title: "Paul Milgrom" content: because all traders correctly interpret the information reflected by the equilibrium prices and expect other people to trade rationally; as a result, an uniformed trader anticipates that he would incur a loss if he traded with an informed trader so would be better off not trading. ``Why do traders bother to gather information if they cannot profit from it? How does information come to be reflected in prices if informed traders do not trade or if they ignore their private information in making inferences?" These questions, asked at the end of Milgrom and Stokey (1982), were addressed in Glosten and


title: "Rugby league positions" content: additional playmaker. Loose forwards that feature in their nations' halls of fame include Australia's Ron Coote, John Raper and Wally Prigg, Great Britain's Vince Karalius, Ellery Hanley and 'Rocky' Turner, and New Zealand's Charlie Seeling. In addition to the thirteen on-field players, there are a maximum of four substitute players who start the game on their team's bench. Usually, they will be numbered 14, 15, 16 and 17. Each player normally keeps their number for the whole game, regardless of which position they play in. That is, if player number 14 replaces the fullback, he will wear the number 14


title: "Shades of Deep Purple" content: in their farewell tour. A recording of those live performances was released in 2002 with the title "Inglewood – Live in California". The band played at many different locations, including festivals, bars and even at the "Playboy After Dark" TV show, alongside Hugh Hefner and a bunch of dancing women. The songs of this album were performed regularly by the Mk. I formation of Deep Purple, but only "Hush", "Help!" and "Hey Joe" found space for a limited time in the live shows of the Mk. II line-up in 1969. On the contrary, "Mandrake Root", in an expanded and mainly


title: "Whitehead manifold" content: so on; to infinity. Define "W", the Whitehead continuum, to be "T"=W, or more precisely the intersection of all the "T" for "k" = 1,2,3,…. The Whitehead manifold is defined as "X" ="S"\"W" which is a non-compact manifold without boundary. It follows from our previous observation, the Hurewicz theorem, and Whitehead's theorem on homotopy equivalence, that "X" is contractible. In fact, a closer analysis involving a result of Morton Brown shows that "X" × R ≅ R; however "X" is not homeomorphic to R. The reason is that it is not simply connected at infinity. The one point compactification of


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: St Andrews Castle St Andrew's Castle is a ruin located in the coastal Royal Burgh of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. The castle sits on a rocky promontory overlooking a small beach called Castle Sands and the adjoining North Sea. There has been a castle standing at the site since the times of Bishop Roger (1189-1202), son of the Earl of Leicester. It housed the burgh’s wealthy and powerful bishops while St Andrews served as the ecclesiastical centre of Scotland during the years before the Protestant Reformation. In their Latin charters, the Archbishops of St Andrews wrote of the castle


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: as their palace, signing, "apud Palatium nostrum." The castle's grounds are now maintained by Historic Environment Scotland as a scheduled monument. The site is entered through a visitor centre with displays on its history. Some of the best surviving carved fragments from the castle are displayed in the centre, which also has a shop. During the Wars of Scottish Independence, the castle was destroyed and rebuilt several times as it changed hands between the Scots and the English. Soon after the sack of Berwick in 1296 by Edward I of England, the castle was taken and made ready for the


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: English king in 1303. In 1314, however, after the Scottish victory at Bannockburn, the castle was retaken and repaired by Bishop William Lamberton, Guardian of Scotland, a loyal supporter of King Robert the Bruce. The English had recaptured it again by the 1330s and reinforced its defences in 1336, but were not successful in holding the castle. Sir Andrew Moray, Regent of Scotland in the absence of David II, recaptured it after a siege lasting three weeks. Shortly after this, in 1336-1337, it was destroyed by the Scots to prevent the English from once again using it as a stronghold.


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: It remained in this ruined state until Bishop Walter Trail rebuilt it at the turn of the century. His castle forms the basis of what can be seen today. He completed work on the castle in about 1400 and died within its walls in 1401. Several notable figures spent time in the castle over the next several years. James I of Scotland (1406-1437) received part of his education from Bishop Henry Wardlaw, the founder of St Andrews University in 1410. A later resident, Bishop James Kennedy, was a trusted advisor of James II of Scotland (1437-1460). In 1445 the castle


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: was the birthplace of James III of Scotland. During these years, the castle also served as a notorious prison. The castle's bottle dungeon is a dank and airless pit cut out of solid rock below the north-west tower. It housed local miscreants who fell under the Bishop's jurisdiction as well as several more prominent individuals such as David Stuart, Duke of Rothesay in 1402, Duke Murdoch in 1425, and Archbishop Patrick Graham, who was judged to be insane and imprisoned in his own castle in 1478. During the Scottish Reformation, the castle became a centre of religious persecution and controversy.


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: Referring to the bottle dungeon the Scottish reformer, John Knox, wrote, "Many of God's Children were imprisoned here." In 1521 James Beaton, then Archbishop of Glasgow, won the seat of St Andrews and took up residence in the castle. Beaton altered the defences to enable the castle to withstand a heavy artillery attack, which was a threat as tensions grew between English Protestants and Scottish Catholics. In 1538 James Beaton was succeeded by his ambitious and wealthy nephew, Cardinal David Beaton. His strong opposition to the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, with Prince Edward (later King Edward VI), the


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: son and heir of Henry VIII of England, helped to spark renewed fighting in 1544. Scottish Protestants were increasingly viewed as dangerous turncoats who sided with the English. In 1546 David Beaton imprisoned the Protestant preacher George Wishart (1513-1546) in the castle’s Sea Tower and had him burnt at the stake in front of the castle walls on 1 March. Today, brick lettering with his initials marks the spot where he died. In May the same year, Wishart's friends conspired against the cardinal. On 26 May they gained entry to the castle by disguising themselves as masons when some building


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: work was in progress. After overcoming the garrison, they murdered Cardinal Beaton and hung his body from his window on the front of the castle. Following this murder, the Protestants took refuge in the castle and formed the first Protestant in Scotland. A long siege was ordered by the Scottish Regent, James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran. In October 1546 a mine was begun by the attackers which was successfully counter-mined by the defenders. Both the mine and counter-mine cut through solid rock. They were rediscovered in 1879 and remain open to the public today. Arran heard that an English


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: army was on its way to relieve the Castle and asked Fife Lairds like John Wemyss of that Ilk to come by 4 November 1546, bringing his followers and whatever artillery they had to resist a sea invasion. Although Henry VIII made plans to assist the Protestants within the castle, the invasion never came and his son Edward VI did not send aid. During an armistice in April 1547, John Knox entered the castle and served as the garrison's preacher for the remainder of the siege. For a time Knox had the freedom to pass to and from the castle


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: to preach in the parish church. This peaceful interlude came to end, however, when a French fleet arrived bringing an Italian engineer Leone Strozzi who directed a devastating artillery bombardment to dislodge the Protestant lairds. The lairds knew an expert was in the field when their own Italian engineer observed cannon being winched into position with ropes rather than exposing the besiegers to their fire. Guns were also placed on St Salvator's and the cathedral towers. One of the largest Scottish cannon was called "thrawynmouthe." The castle was quickly rendered indefensible. Within six hours according to Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie.


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: The defeated Protestants were taken away: some were imprisoned in France while others, including Knox, were condemned to the galleys. Following this Protestant defeat, the castle was substantially rebuilt by Archbishop John Hamilton, the illegitimate brother of Regent Arran, and successor to Dr. David Cardinal Beaton. But following his death in 1571 it was mainly occupied by a succession of constables. Parliament separated the castle from the archbishopric in 1606, and it was granted to the Earl of Dunbar, constable since 1603. In 1612 it was returned to Archbishop George Gledstanes, but further attempts to re-establish the former estates of


title: "St Andrews Castle" content: the Archbishop failed. With the eventual success of the Reformation in Scotland, the office of the bishop was increasingly eroded until it was finally abolished by William of Orange in 1689. Deprived of any function, the castle fell rapidly into ruin. By 1656, it had fallen into such disrepair that the burgh council ordered the use of its materials in repairing the pier. The principal remains are a portion of the south wall enclosing a square tower, the "bottle dungeon," the kitchen tower, and the underground mine and counter-mine. St Andrews Castle St Andrew's Castle is a ruin located in


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: Swainsona formosa Swainsona formosa, Sturt's Desert Pea, is an Australian plant in the genus "Swainsona", named after English botanist Isaac Swainson, famous for its distinctive blood-red leaf-like flowers, each with a bulbous black centre, or "boss". It is one of Australia's best known wildflowers. It is native to the arid regions of central and north-western Australia, and its range extends into all mainland Australian states with the exception of Victoria. Specimens of Sturt's desert pea were first collected by William Dampier who recorded his first sighting on 22 August 1699. These specimens are today in the Fielding-Druce Herbarium at Oxford


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: University in England. The taxonomy of Sturt's desert pea has been changed on a number of occasions. It was initially treated in the 18th century in the genus "Clianthus" as "Clianthus dampieri", and later became more widely known as "Clianthus formosus" ("formosus" is Latin for "beautiful"). However it was later reclassified under the genus "Swainsona" as "Swainsona formosa", the name by which it is officially known today. A further reclassification to "Willdampia formosa" was proposed in the publication "Western Australian Naturalist" in 1999; however this proposal was rejected by the scientific community in 2000. The common name honours Charles Sturt,


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: who recorded seeing large quantities of the flowers while exploring central Australia in 1844; the second version of the scientific name honours the naturalist Isaac Swainson, and the third (rejected) version of the scientific name was intended to honour the explorer William Dampier. Sturt's Desert Pea is a member of Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. It has pinnate, grey-green leaves which are arranged spirally on the main axis of the plant, and in two opposite rows (distichous) on lateral stems. Its flowers are so different from its relatives that it is almost unrecognisable as a member of the pea family. The flowers


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: are about 9 centimetres in length and grow in clusters of around half a dozen on thick vertical stalks (peduncles), which spring up every 10-15 centimetres along the prostrate stems in a bright red, which may be up to 2 metres in length. The sexual organs, enclosed by the keel, comprise 10 stamens, of which 9 are joined and 1 is free, and an ovary topped by a style upon which is located the stigma which receives pollen during fertilisation. The plant flowers from spring to summer, particularly after rain. There is a natural pure white form, as well as


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: hybridised varieties which can have flowers ranging from blood scarlet, to pink and even pale cream, with variously coloured central bosses. Several tricolour variants have been recorded, including the cultivars "marginata" (white keel with red margin, red flag and purple-black boss), "tricolour" (white keel, red flag, pink boss), and "elegans" (white flag and keel, both with red margins). Flowers are bird-pollinated in the wild. The fruit is a legume, about 5 centimetres long, and each yields 50 or more flat, kidney-shaped seeds at maturity Most forms of the plant are low-growing or prostrate, however in the Pilbara region of north-western


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: Australia varieties growing as tall as 2 metres have been observed. The first recorded uses of common names for "Swainsona formosa" (Author/publication and year of first use).: Showy Donia (G. Don, 1832) Beautiful Donia (G. Don, 1832) Dampier’s clianth (Veitch, 1850) Dampier’s Clianthus (Hooker, 1858) Sturt’s pea (Adelaide Advertiser, 1858) Sturt pea (de Mole, 1861) Captain Sturt’s desert pea (Aspinall, 1862) Desert pea (Anon., 1864) Sturt’s desert pea (Tenison-Woods, 1865) Glory flower (Bailey, 1883) Glory pea (Bailey, 1883) Sturt’s glory pea (Anon., 1886) Lobster claws (The Garden, 1890) Blood flower (Parker, 1898) Dampier’s glory pea (Guilfoyle, 1911) Australian glory pea


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: (Guilfoyle, 1911) Dampier pea (Harris, 1980) It is well adapted to life as a desert plant. The small seeds have a long viability, and can germinate after many years. Seeds have a hard seed coat, which protects them from harsh arid environments until the next rainfall, but inhibits germination in normal domestic environments. Growers can overcome this dormancy either by nicking the seed coat away from the 'eye' of the seed, by rubbing the seed gently between pieces of sandpaper, or by placing the seed in hot (just off-boiling) water and leaving it to soak overnight. Once germinated, seedlings quickly


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: establish a deep taproot, vital for desert survival. This means that if domestically grown, they should either be planted in their intended final location, transplanted as soon as possible after germination, or grafted as a seedling on to a different root such as the bladder senna, "Colutea arborescens". They do not tolerate disturbance of their roots but, once established in well-drained soil, require little and infrequent watering, and can withstand extreme heat and sunshine, as well as light frosts. Sturt's Desert Pea is not endangered, but it is illegal to collect specimens of the plant from Crown land without a


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: permit. The plants must not be collected from private land without the written consent of the land owner. Sturt's Desert Pea (described as "Clianthus formosus") was adopted as the floral emblem of the state of South Australia on 23 November 1961. The iconic status of Sturt's Desert Pea in Australia, and particularly in South Australia, has ensured its use as a popular subject in artwork and photography, as well as a decorative motif, and in a range of commercial uses. Sturt's Desert Pea has also made many appearances in prose and verse, as well as featuring in some aboriginal legends.


title: "Swainsona formosa" content: Sturt's Desert Pea has appeared in several releases of Australian postage stamps depicting Australian floral emblems (issued in 1968, 1971 and 2005). The flower also features on the logo of Charles Sturt University, which is also named after the explorer. Swainsona formosa Swainsona formosa, Sturt's Desert Pea, is an Australian plant in the genus "Swainsona", named after English botanist Isaac Swainson, famous for its distinctive blood-red leaf-like flowers, each with a bulbous black centre, or "boss". It is one of Australia's best known wildflowers. It is native to the arid regions of central and north-western Australia, and its range extends


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: Black-backed jackal The black-backed jackal ("Canis mesomelas") is a canid native to two areas of Africa, separated by roughly 900 km. One region includes the southernmost tip of the continent, including South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe. The other area is along the eastern coastline, including Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. It is listed by the IUCN as least concern, due to its widespread range and adaptability, although it is still persecuted as a livestock predator and rabies vector. Compared to other members of the genus "Canis", the black-backed jackal is a very ancient species, and has changed little


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: since the Pleistocene, being the most basal wolf-like canine, alongside the closely related side-striped jackal. It is a fox-like animal with a reddish coat and a black saddle that extends from the shoulders to the base of the tail. It is a monogamous animal, whose young may remain with the family to help raise new generations of pups. The black-backed jackal is not a fussy eater, and feeds on small to medium-sized animals, as well as plant matter and human refuse. The species is known by several different names, including saddle-backed, grey, silver-backed, red, and golden jackal (not to be


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: confused with "Canis aureus"). The Latin "mesomelas" is a compound consisting of "meso" (middle) and "melas" (black). The black-backed jackal has occupied eastern and southern Africa for at least 2-3 million years, as shown by fossil deposits in Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. Specimens from fossil sites in Transvaal are almost identical to their modern counterparts, but have slightly different nasal bones. As no fossils have been found north of Ethiopia, the species likely has always been sub-Saharan in distribution. The black-backed jackal is relatively unspecialised, and can thrive in a wide variety of habitats, including deserts, as its kidneys


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: are well adapted for water deprivation. It is, however, more adapted to a carnivorous diet than the other jackals, as shown by its well-developed carnassial shear and the longer cutting blade of the premolars. Juliet Clutton-Brock classed the black-backed jackal as being closely related to the side-striped jackal, based on cranial and dental characters. Studies on allozyme divergence within the Canidae indicate that the black-backed jackal and other members of the genus "Canis" are separated by a considerable degree of genetic distance. Further studies show a large difference in mitochondrial DNA sequences between black-backed jackals and other sympatric "jackal" species,


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: consistent with divergence 2.3–4.5 million years ago. A mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) sequence alignment for the wolf-like canids gave a phylogenetic tree with the side-striped jackal and the black-backed jackal being the most basal members of this clade, which means that this tree is indicating an African origin for the clade. Because of this deep divergence between the black-backed jackal and the rest of the "wolf-like" canids, one author has proposed to change the species' generic name from "Canis" to "Lupulella". In 2017, jackal relationships were further explored, with an mDNA study finding that the two black-backed jackal subspecies had diverged


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: from each other 1.4 million years ago to form the central African and east African populations. The study proposes that due to this long separation, which is longer than the separation of the African golden wolf from the wolf lineage, that the two subspecies might warrant separate species status. Two subspecies are recognised by MSW3 (2005). These subspecies are geographically separated by a gap which extends northwards from Zambia to Tanzania: The black-backed jackal is a fox-like canid with a slender body, long legs, and large ears. It is similar to the closely related side-striped jackal and more distantly related


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: to the golden jackal, though its skull and dentition are more robust and the incisors much sharper. It weighs , stands at the shoulder, and measures in body length. The base colour is reddish brown to tan, which is particularly pronounced on the flanks and legs. A black saddle intermixed with silvery hair extends from the shoulders to the base of the tail. A long, black stripe extending along the flanks separates the saddle from the rest of the body, and can be used to differentiate individuals. The tail is bushy and tipped with black. The lips, throat, chest, and


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: inner surface of the limbs are white. The winter coat is a much deeper reddish brown. Albino specimens occasionally occur. The hair of the face measures 10–15 mm in length, and lengthens to 30–40 mm on the rump. The guard hairs of the back are 60 mm on the shoulder, decreasing to 40 mm at the base of the tail. The hairs of the tail are the longest, measuring 70 mm in length. The black-backed jackal is a monogamous and territorial animal, whose social organisation greatly resembles that of the golden jackal. However, the assistance of elder offspring in helping


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: raise the pups of their parents has a greater bearing on pup survival rates than in the latter species. The basic social unit is a monogamous mated pair which defends its territory through laying faeces and urine on range boundaries. Scent marking is usually done in tandem, and the pair aggressively expels intruders. Such encounters are normally prevented, as the pair vocalises to advertise its presence in a given area. It is a highly vocal species, particularly in Southern Africa. Sounds made by the species include yelling, yelping, woofing, whining, growling, and cackling. It communicates with group members and advertises


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: its presence by a high-pitched, whining howl, and expresses alarm through an explosive cry followed by shorter, high-pitched yelps. This sound is particularly frantic when mobbing a leopard. In areas where the black-backed jackal is sympatric with the African golden wolf, the species does not howl, instead relying more on yelps. In contrast, black-backed jackals in Southern Africa howl much like golden jackals. When trapped, it cackles like a fox. The mating season takes place from late May to August, with a gestation period of 60 days. Pups are born from July to October. Summer births are thought to be


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: timed to coincide with population peaks of vlei rats and four-striped grass mice, while winter births are timed for ungulate calving seasons. Litters consist of one to 9 pups, which are born blind. For the first three weeks of their lives, the pups are kept under constant surveillance by their dam, while the sire and elder offspring provide food. The pups open their eyes after 8–10 days and emerge from the den at the age of 3 weeks. They are weaned at 8–9 weeks, and can hunt by themselves at the age of 6 months. Sexual maturity is attained at


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: 11 months, though few black-backed jackals reproduce in their first year. Unlike golden jackals, which have comparatively amicable intrapack relationships, black-backed jackal pups become increasingly quarrelsome as they age, and establish more rigid dominance hierarchies. Dominant pups appropriate food, and become independent at an earlier age. The grown pups may disperse at one year of age, though some remain in their natal territories to assist their parents in raising the next generation of pups. The average lifespan in the wild is 7 years, though captive specimens can live twice as long. The species generally shows a preference for open areas


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: with little dense vegetation, though it occupies a wide range of habitats, from arid coastal deserts to areas with more than 2000 mm of rainfall. It also occurs in farmlands, savannas, open savanna mosaics, and alpine areas. Black-backed jackals are omnivores, which feed on invertebrates, such as beetles, grasshoppers, crickets, termites, millipedes, spiders, and scorpions. They also feed on mammals, such as rodents, hares, and young antelopes up to the size of topi calves. They also feed on carrion, lizards, and snakes. A pair of black-backed jackals in the Kalahari desert was observed to kill a kori bustard, and on


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: a separate occasion, a black mamba by prolonged harassment of the snake and crushing of the snake's head. Black-backed jackals occasionally feed on fruits and berries. In coastal areas, they feed on beached marine mammals, seals, fish, and mussels. A single jackal is capable of killing a healthy adult impala. Adult dik-diks and Thomson's gazelles seem to be the upper limit of their killing capacity, though they target larger species if those are sick, with one pair having been observed to harass a crippled bull rhinoceros. They typically kill tall prey by biting at the legs and loins, and frequently


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: go for the throat. In Serengeti woodlands, they feed heavily on African grass rats. In East Africa, during the dry season, they hunt the young of gazelles, impalas, topi, tsessebe, and warthogs. In South Africa, black-backed jackals frequently prey on antelopes (primarily impala and springbok and occasionally duiker, reedbuck, and steenbok), carrion, hares, hoofed livestock, insects, and rodents. They also prey on small carnivores, such as mongooses, polecats, and wildcats. On the coastline of the Namib Desert, jackals feed primarily on marine birds (mainly Cape and white-breasted cormorants and jackass penguins), marine mammals (including Cape fur seals), fish, and insects.


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: Like most canids, the black-backed jackal caches surplus food. In areas where the black-backed jackal is sympatric with the larger side-striped jackal, the former species aggressively drives out the latter from grassland habitats into woodlands. This is unique among carnivores, as larger species commonly displace smaller ones. Black-backed jackal pups are vulnerable to African golden wolves, ratels, and spotted and brown hyenas. Adults have few natural predators, save for leopards and African wild dogs. Black-backed jackals can carry diseases such as rabies, canine parvovirus, canine distemper, canine adenovirus, "Ehrlichia canis", and African horse sickness. Jackals in Etosha National Park may


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: carry anthrax. Black-backed jackals are major rabies vectors, and have been associated with epidemics, which appear to cycle every 4–8 years. Jackals in Zimbabwe are able to maintain rabies independently of other species. Although oral vaccinations are effective in jackals, the long-term control of rabies continues to be a problem in areas where stray dogs are not given the same immunisation. Jackals may also carry trematodes such as "Athesmia", cestodes such as "Dipylidium caninum", "Echinococcus granulosus", "Joyeuxialla echinorhyncoides", "J. pasqualei", "Mesocestoides lineatus", "Taenia erythraea", "T. hydatigena", "T. jackhalsi", "T. multiceps", "T. pungutchui", and "T. serialis". Nematodes carried by black-backed jackals


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: include "Ancylostoma braziliense", "A. caninum", "A. martinaglia", "A. somaliense", "A. tubaeforme", and "Physaloptera praeputialis", and protozoans such as "Babesia canis", "Ehrlichia canis", "Hepatozoon canis", "Rickettsia canis", "Sarcocytis" spp., "Toxoplasma gondii", and "Trypanosoma congolense". Mites may cause sarcoptic mange. Tick species include "Amblyomma hebraeum", "A. marmoreum", "A. nymphs", "A. variegatum", "Boophilus decoloratus", "Haemaphysalis leachii", "H. silacea", "H. spinulosa", "Hyelomma" spp., "Ixodes pilosus", "I. rubicundus", "Rhipicephalus appendiculatus", "R. evertsi", "R. sanguineus", and "R. simus". Flea species include "Ctenocephalides cornatus", "Echidnophaga gallinacea", and "Synosternus caffer". Black-backed jackals feature prominently in the folklore of the Khoikhoi, where it is often paired with the lion,


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: whom it frequently outsmarts or betrays with its superior intelligence. One story explains that the black-backed jackal gained its dark saddle when it offered to carry the Sun on its back. An alternative account comes from the ǃKung people, whose folklore tells that the jackal received the burn on its back as a punishment for its scavenging habits. According to an ancient Ethiopian folktale, jackals and man first became enemies shortly before the Great Flood, when Noah initially refused to allow jackals into the ark, thinking they were unworthy of being saved, until being commanded by God to do so.


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: Black-backed jackals occasionally hunt domestic animals, including dogs, cats, pigs, goats, sheep, and poultry, with sheep tending to predominate. They rarely target cattle, though cows giving birth may be attacked. Jackals can be a serious problem for sheep farmers, particularly during the lambing season. Sheep losses to black-backed jackals in a 440 km study area in KwaZulu-Natal consisted of 0.05% of the sheep population. Of 395 sheep killed in a sheep farming area in KwaZulu-Natal, 13% were killed by jackals. Jackals usually kill sheep with a throat bite, and begin feeding by opening the flank and consuming the flesh and


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: skin of the flank, heart, liver, some ribs, haunch of hind leg, and sometimes the stomach and its contents. In older lambs, the main portions eaten are usually heart and liver. Usually, only one lamb per night is killed in any one place, but sometimes two and occasionally three may be killed. The oral history of the Khoikhoi indicates they have been a nuisance to pastoralists long before European settlement. South Africa has been using fencing systems to protect sheep from jackals since the 1890s, though such measures have mixed success, as the best fencing is expensive, and jackals can


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: easily infiltrate cheap wire fences. Due to livestock losses to jackals, many hunting clubs were opened in South Africa in the 1850s. Black-backed jackals have never been successfully eradicated in hunting areas, despite strenuous attempts to do so with dogs, poison, and gas. Black-backed jackal coursing was first introduced to the Cape Colony in the 1820s by Lord Charles Somerset, who as an avid fox hunter, sought a more effective method of managing jackal populations, as shooting proved ineffective. Coursing jackals also became a popular pastime in the Boer Republics. In the western Cape in the early 1900s, dogs bred


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: by crossing foxhounds, lurchers, and borzoi were used. Spring traps with metal jaws were also effective, though poisoning by strychnine became more common by the late 19th century. Strychnine poisoning was initially problematic, as the solution had a bitter taste, and could only work if swallowed. Consequently, many jackals learned to regurgitate poisoned baits, thus inciting wildlife managers to use the less detectable crystal strychnine rather than liquid. The poison was usually placed within sheep carcasses or in balls of fat, with great care being taken to avoid leaving any human scent on them. Black-backed jackals were not a popular


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: quarry in the 19th century, and are rarely mentioned in hunter's literature. By the turn of the century, jackals became increasingly popular quarry as they encroached upon human habitations after sheep farming and veld burning diminished their natural food sources. Although poisoning had been effective in the late 19th century, its success rate in eliminating jackals waned in the 20th century, as jackals seemed to be learning to distinguish poisoned foods. The Tswana people often made hats and cloaks out of black-backed jackal skins. Between 1914 and 1917, 282,134 jackal pelts (nearly 50,000 a year) were produced in South Africa.


title: "Black-backed jackal" content: Demand for pelts grew during the First World War, and were primarily sold in Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. Jackals in their winter fur were in great demand, though animals killed by poison were less valued, as their fur would shed. Black-backed jackal The black-backed jackal ("Canis mesomelas") is a canid native to two areas of Africa, separated by roughly 900 km. One region includes the southernmost tip of the continent, including South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe. The other area is along the eastern coastline, including Kenya, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. It is listed by the IUCN as


title: "Expo 58" content: Revolution of 1830. However, the Belgian government under prime minister Achille Van Acker decided to forego celebrations in 1955 to have additional funding for the 1958 Expo. Expo 58 was the 11th World's Fair hosted by Belgium, and the fifth in Brussels, following the fairs in 1888, 1897, 1910 and 1935. Since Expo 58, Belgium has not arranged any more world fairs. The site is best known for the Atomium, a giant model of a unit cell of an iron crystal (each sphere representing an atom). More than 41 million visitors visited the site, which was opened with a call


title: "HMS Exeter (68)" content: and navigation circuits, and caused a seven-degree list with flooding. She remained in action until flooding disabled the machinery for 'Y' turret at 07:30. At 11:07, Bell informed Harwood that the "Exeter" had one eight-inch and a four-inch gun available in local control, and that she could make . Harwood ordered Bell to head to the Falklands for repair. The "Exeter" was hit by a total of seven 283 mm shells that killed 61 of her crew and wounded another 23. After all of "Exeter"s guns had been put out of action but she was still seaworthy, Bell planned to


title: "Wharton's jelly" content: Wharton's jelly Wharton's jelly ("substantia gelatinea funiculi umbilicalis") is a gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord also present in vitreous humor of the eyeball, largely made up of mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate). It also contains some fibroblasts and macrophages. It is derived from extra-embryonic mesoderm. As a mucous tissue, it protects and insulates umbilical blood vessels. Wharton's jelly, when exposed to temperature changes, collapses structures within the umbilical cord and thus provides a physiological clamping of the cord (an average of) 5 minutes after birth. Cells in Wharton's jelly express several stem cell genes, including telomerase. They can


title: "Peter Wallenberg Sr." content: Peter Wallenberg Sr. Peter "Pirre" Wallenberg Sr. (29 May 1926 – 19 January 2015) was a Swedish business leader who was chairman of Investor AB for ten years. Wallenberg was born in Skeppsholm Parish, Stockholm, Sweden, into the Wallenberg finance family, which has roots in Östergötland. He was the son of banker Marcus Wallenberg Jr. and his Scottish wife Dorothy (née Mackay), the younger brother of Marc Wallenberg and the nephew of Jacob Wallenberg. He earned a Candidate of Law degree in 1949 from Stockholm College, now Stockholm University. He began his career in 1953 at Atlas Copco AB. Wallenberg


title: "Anders Lange" content: "stand on your own feet, and not on others'." Lange voted in favour of the European Economic Community (mostly for military reasons), but he was satisfied that Norway did not join it following the 1972 referendum. This was as he expressed concern that the EEC would likely develop into a massive bureaucracy, and that France in his mind probably would misuse it due to the French "need to dominate." Guttorm Hansen, who was the President of the Parliament of Norway when Lange was a Member of Parliament, once said that he believed Lange's apparent goal was to "make [Parliament] into


title: "James Gillespie (politician)" content: (1779–1783), then in the North Carolina Senate (1784–1786), before being elected as a Democratic-Republican to the 4th and 5th U.S. Congresses (March 4, 1793 – March 3, 1799) and later to the 8th United States Congress (March 4, 1803 – January 11, 1805). He died on January 11, 1805, shortly before completing his term in Congress. He was buried at the Presbyterian Burying Ground in Washington, D.C. By an act of Congress, his remains were removed to Congressional Cemetery in April 1892. A cenotaph at the cemetery is located at Range 31 Site 58; his remains were buried at Range


title: "Women in Hinduism" content: male. Postmodern empirical scholarship about Hindu society, states Rita Gross, makes one question whether and to what extent there is pervasiveness of patriarchy in Hinduism. Patriarchal control is real, and the Hindu society admits this of itself, states Gross, yet the Hindu culture distinguishes between authority – which men hold, and power – which both men and women hold. Women in the Hindu tradition have the power, and they exercise that power to take control of situations that are important to them. The Goddess theology and humanity in the Hindu texts are a foundation of these values, a form that


title: Waratah content: Waratah Waratah ("Telopea") is an Australian-endemic genus of five species of large shrubs or small trees, native to the southeastern parts of Australia (New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania). The most well-known species in this genus is "Telopea speciosissima", which has bright red flowers and is the NSW state emblem. The Waratah is a member of the plant family Proteaceae, a family of flowering plants distributed in the Southern Hemisphere. The key diagnostic feature of Proteaceae is the inflorescence, which is often very large, brightly coloured and showy, consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or


title: Waratah content: spike. Species of waratah boast such inflorescences ranging from 6–15 cm in diameter with a basal ring of coloured bracts. The leaves are spirally arranged, 10–20 cm long and 2–3 cm broad with entire or serrated margins. The name "waratah" comes from the Eora Aboriginal people, the original inhabitants of the Sydney area. The genus "Telopea" belongs to the plant family Proteaceae. Within the Proteaceae, their closest relatives appear to be the genera "Alloxylon" (Tree Waratahs), "Oreocallis" and "Embothrium", a group of generally terminal red-flowering plants that skirt the southern edges of the Pacific Rim. Together they make up the


title: Waratah content: subtribe Embothriinae. The genus was first described by Robert Brown in 1810 from the type species "Telopea speciosissima". There are five species of plant within the genus, all of which readily hybridize in cultivation. There are two main branches, with one being the species pair of "T. speciosissima" and "T. aspera", with the other lineage giving rise to "T. truncata" first, then "T. oreades" and "T. mongaensis". The "speciosissima-aspera" lineage (clade) has two synapomorphies—distinguishing common characteristics presumed not present in ancestors—leaves with toothed margins, and large red involucral bracts. The "truncata-oreades-mongaensis" lineage has flowers that open from the centre to


title: Waratah content: the edge of the inflorescence (basitonic) rather than the reverse (acrotonic), which is a feature of the "speciosissima-aspera" clade and more distant relatives. The genus Waratah contains five species: Species grow as either large shrubs or small trees with spirally arranged leaves with either entire or serrated margins. They prefer sandy loam soils and are a pyrogenic flowering species, meaning that they rely on post-fire flowering followed by production and dispersal of non-dormant seeds to take advantage of favourable growing conditions in the altered environment following a fire. The natural distributions of the five species of "Telopea" are all confined


title: Waratah content: to east coast regions from northern New South Wales to Tasmania. Each of the species has its own distinctive natural distribution with minimal or no overlap. Climatic changes may have restricted the expansion of species distribution or led to its isolation in a particular region. However, waratahs can also grow outside of these natural distribution areas. Cultivation mostly occurs north of Sydney and in the Dandenong Ranges, Victoria. "T. speciosissima" has also been grown successfully in areas not on the map. In Australia these areas include south-west Western Australia, the Queensland coast and also Toowoomba. Overseas, New Zealand, the USA,


title: Waratah content: South Africa and Israel are all also able to grow waratah with varying degrees of success. It was introduced to England in 1789 but cannot survive English winters out of doors except in the south-west coastal regions, and it rarely flowers in glasshouses. For some time the waratah has had a reputation as difficult plant. It has a complex culture and for many years there have been cases of people trying to establish the plant only to have the attempt fail. Failures can usually be attributed to the effects of unsuitable soil conditions, aspect or climate. The waratah is also


title: Waratah content: a slow plant to mature with a flowering period that is short, unpredictable and unreliable. Early issues with cultivation meant that approximately 90% of all waratahs sold at Sydney’s Flemington markets in the early 90s were bush picked. Some progress has been made in the 20 years since then with several cultivars being commercially grown mostly in areas to the North and South of Sydney and in the Dandenong Ranges in Victoria. Issues with cultivation are still present however. The propagation of waratah for commercial production is relatively easy in comparison to other stages of the growth cycle. Plants are


title: Waratah content: usually propagated from cuttings, fresh seed or stored seed. Fresh seed has a good germination rate but deteriorates fairly rapidly unless stored at low temperature and low humidity. Dry seed will last a few years in refrigerated storage but should be treated with a general purpose fungicide prior to storage and at propagation to ensure good germination rates and healthy seedlings. The best time to take cuttings is when the plant is experiencing a flush of growth. The cuttings are taken from firm wood from the last twelve months growth. If plant material is scarce, single nodes can be used


title: Waratah content: for cutting propagation. Other methods of propagation that are successful but not widely used for commercial production include grafting and tissue culture. Stock for grafting is vigorous and as such is labour-intensive in constant control of stock regrowth from the lignotuber. As such, it is not a recommended method but is useful for the fast growth of limited material. Rootstock and scion combinations are used for many woody perennials to provide the necessary mix of floral or fruit characteristics and cultural requirements. Tissue culture is very labour-intensive and would likely only be used in the case of rapidly increasing the


title: Waratah content: number of plants from limited or valuable material. The process is complex though as different clones require different optimal culture conditions requiring different developmental work for each clone. There also exists problems with hardening off, with roots and leaves produced "in vivo" dying off on planting out. For "Telopea" plants propagated from seed, the transition from seedling to flower takes about 5 years. Cuttings may take only 2 years. The most common form of propagation is from seed, however, certain varieties and cultivars must be propagated from cuttings if the grower wishes the plants to remain true to form. Fresh


title: Waratah content: seed has a higher viability than cuttings and will germinate 2–3 weeks after sewing. The overall cultivation of the waratah as a single process is a tricky one as flowering time, number and quality are easily affected by changes in the plant environment. These factors must be considered as early as prior to buying land for production. North facing aspect ensures a maximum of sun exposure. A combination of northerly, easterly and westerly aspects will spread the flowering time with the western slope flowering slightly later on. As the location approaches the equator, flowering time will be earlier. Elevation also


title: Waratah content: has to be considered as it will affect temperature, a major influence on flowering time. More flowers will be produced in full sunlight although better quality flowers are found in the shade. Paul Nixon (1997) in his book ‘The Waratah’ claims that ‘the ideal situation is to have rich, well drained, deep soil with a north-easterly aspect giving the plants full sun until the flowers buds have initiated and then put shade cloth over the bushes until they have flowered’. A primary consideration for cultivation is water drainage. The waratah naturally grows in poor, sandy soils where it thrives due


title: Waratah content: to the soils excellent water draining properties. Drainage properties can be linked to aspect and as a result plants grown on a north easterly aspect will generally flower 1–2 weeks earlier than a westerly aspect at the same location. Watering systems must also be carefully considered to coincide with correct drainage. As an Australian native the waratah is a sturdy plant well adapted to coping with harsh environments and low rainfall. Watering systems are still necessary for cultivation in order to produce a reliable crop and a quality bloom. In the wild the waratah has become adapted to growing in


title: Waratah content: nutrient-poor soils leading many people to believe that this is what is necessary for the development of the plant. Fertilisers are not necessary for the development of the plant but the waratah has been shown to be receptive to some treatments. Many native plants have been known to have poor establishment in soils with high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. This coincides with the observation that fertiliser application immediately after transplant of waratahs in the field often leads to high mortalities. Other studies have reported a strong growth response to high nutrient levels, particularly phosphorus. As yet, the details of


title: Waratah content: this response are not yet clear and suggest a complex nitrogen-phosphorus relationship. Earlier work (1963) on related species, had indicated that fertiliser application may hasten maturation and give early flowering. If fertiliser is applied, drainage properties of the soil mean that nutrients are quickly leached and so the best application method is multiple applications at critical stages in development such as flush periods. Pruning is a very important consideration for the commercial growth of waratahs in the effort to design a shape for the plant that will encourage the maximum production of saleable blooms. The aim is to get as


title: Waratah content: many growing tips as possible as it is on these that the flowers will develop. With the correct mix of factors for cultivation it is possible to produce up to sixty blooms per plant per year. This could translate to up to 20,000 to 50,000 blooms per ha. Waratah inflorescences are harvested when 0–50% of flowers are open, although inflorescences with 0–5% of flower open have the longest vase life and least opportunity for bract damage in the field. A number of selected forms of "T. speciosissima" and hybrids with other "Telopea" species are being brought into cultivation. These exhibit


title: Waratah content: variations in the colour of the flowers and/or the bracts. Some examples include: Issues with cultivation occur throughout the growth cycle of Telopea spp. with the first issues being encountered at the seedling stage. Waratah seedlings are often associated with a common plant condition known as damping off. Damping off is a condition that causes the death of seeds or seedlings facilitated by a number of different fungal pathogens. A given seed can become infected with a fungus, often causing it to darken and soften, killing the seedling before it emerges or causing it to emerge in a pre-weakened state.


title: Waratah content: Seedlings can also be infected after emergence resulting in the stem thinning until it eventually rots and the seedling topples over. The problem is often associated with and encouraged by excessively wet conditions. Another major issue for production is bract browning – a discolouration of the showy floral bracts of the floral head occurring prior to harvest. Bract browning has been a major restraint to financial returns due to reduced cut flower quality. Browning is usually a result of sun damage but can also be associated with wind burn. The addition of shade cloths to crop management strategies has been


title: Waratah content: shown to reduce levels of excessive light and has significantly minimised financial losses due to the reduction of occurrence of bract browning. In the natural state, the waratah does not compete very well with surrounding shrubs and is at its best after fire when competition is removed. This means that weed presence during cultivation has a profound effect on growth, particularly when the waratahs are small. Weeds should be seriously tended to in the early stages of growth. Once plants have reached waist height cases should be analysed individually to determine the best method of weed control. In New South


title: Waratah content: Wales the most destructive pest to waratah crops is the macadamia twig girdler ("Neodrepta luteotactella"). The damage is caused by the larvae and damage generally first shows at a branch fork or leaf. The condition is generally confined to young shrubs or trees. The leaves are skeletonised and the larvae web them together into a shelter that incorporates larval faeces. Larvae can also burrow into the developing flower head, obliterating a crop entirely if left uncontrolled. Biological control methods include encouragement of bird species. The borer is present throughout the year and so pesticide treatments with a strong persistent spray


title: Waratah content: should be carried out monthly. What is used for the borer should also control lesser pests such as white scale, which is common in the natural state, and Macadamia leafminer ("Acocercops chionosema"). Leafminer poses no threat to the life of the plant but it is preferred that stems for the market still have leaves attached. Thus damaged leaves lower the value of the crop. Chemicals with zylene or toluene should not be used as the will not be tolerated by the plant. There are also issues of fungal infection. Fungal species cause stem rot ("Phytophthora" spp.) and root rot ("Rhizoctonia"


title: Waratah content: spp.) that can ultimately cause plant death but can usually be controlled by adequate drainage. A problem for production that emanates from within the plant is the high amount of genetic and therefore morphological variability present in the flowers produced. The need to lift the quality and consistency of cut flower product has been repeatedly highlighted by industry reviews. Inconsistency of product is a key impediment to further industry growth. In many genera of Proteaceae the inflorescence is very large and showy, often in bright colours, consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike. The


title: Waratah content: individual flowers within the inflorescence also give Proteaceae species a unique look. "Telopea" species are long-lived, perennial plants that re-sprout from lignotubers after fire. After a few years of fire, re-sprouting stems produce the terminal flowers which continue the flowering cycle annually. The "Telopea" 'flower' is in fact an inflorescence that comprises from as few as 10 to as many as 240 individual flowers, depending upon the species concerned. The style is thickened at the distal end to form a 'pollen-presenter'. Pollen presenters have an area on the style end that presents the pollen to the pollinator. The stigma is


title: Waratah content: initially trapped within the perianth and as the style grows it becomes bent until it splits the perianth and the pistil is released to spring upright. An open inflorescence usually contains functionally male and female flowers at any one time. Inflorescences range from 6–15 cm in diameter with a basal ring of coloured bracts. Before a flower can be produced the plant must undergo floral induction and initiation. Floral induction involves physiological processes in the plant that result in the shoot apical meristem becoming competent to develop flowers. It involves biochemical changes at the apex, particularly those caused by cytokinins


title: Waratah content: and the processes can be reversed. Floral initiation is the morphological transformation of an induced growing point from a vegetative to a floral primordium and involves the plant hormone florigen. Florigen is produced in the leaves in reproductively favourable conditions and acts in buds and growing tips to induce a number of different physiological and morphological changes. Once this process begins, in most plants, it cannot be reversed and the stems develop flowers, even if the initial start of the flower formation event was dependent of some environmental cue. Once the process begins, even if that cue is removed the


title: Waratah content: stem will continue to develop a flower. Flower induction and initiation can simply occur when a plant has reached a mature enough age. However, in many plant species floral process occur in response to a number of environmental signals, or alternatively, are repressed by environmental signals. Floral initiation in "T. speciosissima" has been observed from mid-December, with floral buds developing more rapidly on older shoots and floral primoridia emerging from mid-January to February. The floral primoridia initiate over a 6–8 week period after primary flush growth from November to January. After the primoridia initiation there may be another vegetative flush


title: Waratah content: of growth on the plants. The flower develops in bud form for seven to eight months. The date of flowering is highly variable as waratah flowering is sensitive to its environment. Flowering tends to vary with geographic location and climatic differences, occurring from early August in coastal Queensland and up to December in Tasmania. Waratahs have a short flowering period in one location, although varieties can be selected to ensure a reasonable spread. It has been shown that in a population of 1000 seedlings where the total flowering time was five weeks, the spread was so that 10% flowered in


title: Waratah content: week one and 10% in week five. Much variation was accounted for by varietal differences with plants of the one variety flowering at much the same time. Generally, waratahs flower over a 4–6 week period in spring (September–October) in the Sydney region, but later in cooler areas. The botanical journal "Telopea" is named after the genus, as is the western Sydney suburb of Telopea, New South Wales. "Telopea speciosissima" the floral emblem of the state of New South Wales and several organisations in the state, including the New South Wales Waratahs rugby team and Grace Bros. (now Myer). Waratah is


title: Waratah content: also the name of the Sydney Trains A set, a class of electric multiple unit trains operated by Sydney Trains in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. In 2009, the Premier of New South Wales, Nathan Rees, commissioned a state logo based on the floral emblem. The resultant logo design has been criticised as resembling a lotus rather than the New South Wales Waratah. Waratah Waratah ("Telopea") is an Australian-endemic genus of five species of large shrubs or small trees, native to the southeastern parts of Australia (New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania). The most well-known species in this genus is


title: "Lilium humboldtii" content: Lilium humboldtii Lilium humboldtii (Humboldt's lily) is a species of lily native to the US state of California and the Mexican state of Baja California. It is named after naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. It is native to the South High Cascade Range, High Sierra Nevada, south Outer South Coast Ranges, and the Santa Monica Mountains and others in Southern California, growing at elevations from to . "Lilium humboldtii" grows up to tall, with flowers that are maroon-spotted, golden-orange with dark red splotches, with orange to brown stamens. The plant flowers in June, with flowers growing in a pyramidal


title: "Lilium humboldtii" content: inflorescence. The flowers are on stout stems, which are sometimes brown-purple. The subrhizomatous bulb is large, with yellowish-white scales, and grows very deep in the soil. The leaves grow in whorls, and are undulate, shiny, and oblanceolate. It is summer-deciduous, dying back after flowering in mid- to late summer. Both subspecies are on the California Native Plant Society "Inventory of Rare and Endangered Plants of California" and described as "fairly endangered in California". Albert Kellogg, unaware that the plant had already been named by Roezl and Leichtlin, gave it the name "Lilium bloomerianum". For some time afterward, the name was


title: "Lilium humboldtii" content: still applied to the southern California "Lilium humboldtii" subsp. "ocellatum". "Lilium humboldtii" is sold as a garden bulb. It prefers dry summer dormancy, with no water after blooming, good drainage, and part shade. It was one of the parents, along with "Lilium pardalinum", that produced the Bellingham hybrid lilies, which eventually resulted in the popular 'Shuksan' and 'Star of Oregon' lilies. Lilium humboldtii Lilium humboldtii (Humboldt's lily) is a species of lily native to the US state of California and the Mexican state of Baja California. It is named after naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. It is native to


title: "Yiddish theatre" content: of Yiddish theatre in the 1930s and 1940s, becoming "the second city of the world history of Yiddish theater." There were also theatre performances in Yiddish in many Brazilian cities. Yiddish theatre after the Second World War was revived with the writing and performance of "The Warsaw Ghetto". Several of America's most influential 20th-century acting teachers, such as Stella Adler (daughter of Jacob and Sara Adler and sister of actor Luther Adler) and Lee Strasberg, had their first tastes of theatre in Yiddish. Though some of the methods developed by them and other members of the Group Theatre were reactions


title: "Tararua Range" content: Zealand Government by a coalition of the Iwi in possession of the surrounding region. Specifically excluded from this "Tararua Block" purchase was an area of 1,000 acres reserved to protect the sacred lake Hapuakorari, the exact location of which remained uncertain. European settlers, like their Maori counterparts, found the steep ridges and deep valleys of the Tararua Range difficult of access and intimidating in scale. The range accordingly escaped the development of the fertile plains that bordered on it. In 1881 36,000 acres of the Tararua Block, including key catchment areas for four rivers, was classified as State Forest, subject


title: "Hasekura Tsunenaga" content: During his stay in the Philippines, Hasekura purchased numerous goods for Date Masamune, and built a ship, as he explained in a letter he wrote to his son. He finally returned to Japan in August 1620, reaching the harbour of Nagasaki. By the time Hasekura came back, Japan had changed quite drastically: an effort to eradicate Christianity had been under way since 1614, Tokugawa Ieyasu had died in 1616 and been replaced by his more xenophobic son Tokugawa Hidetada, and Japan was moving towards the "Sakoku" policy of isolation. Because news of these persecutions arrived in Europe during Hasekura's embassy,


title: "HMAS Canberra (FFG 02)" content: "Canberra" and "Adelaide" remained in the United States to work up; during this time both ships were attached to the United States Navy's Destroyer Squadron 9. "Canberra" was assigned as escort to the Royal Yacht "Britannia" during Queen Elizabeth II's visit to Australia during April and May 1988, as part of the Australian Bicentennary celebrations. On 16 May 1990, "Canberra" was one of six Australian warships, and one of 64 naval vessels from 21 nations present at the Royal Fleet Review marking the 55th anniversary of the Royal Malaysian Navy. "Canberra" was deployed to the Red Sea from 13 November


title: "Abies bracteata" content: Abies bracteata Abies bracteata, the Santa Lucia fir or bristlecone fir, is the rarest and most endemic fir in North America, and according to some, the world. It is confined to steep-sided slopes and the bottoms of rocky canyons in the Santa Lucia Mountains, in the Big Sur region on the central coast of California, United States. The species may have had a broader range in Paleoendemic era, although some scientists say no fossil evidence of the tree has been conclusively identified. The tree is now confined, possibly due to long-term climatic changes, to a few, small locales that mimic


title: "Abies bracteata" content: those of the distant past. The fir tends to be concentrated in steep, rocky, fire-resistant spots at elevations from . Due to the tree's thin bark, it is susceptible to fire, and large stands are always located near high cliffs or in steep, rugged canyons that prevent litter accumulation under the tree canopy and limit the strength of fires. The fir currently grows in a few scattered areas within the Santa Lucia Mountains along the Pacific Slope of California. Four concentrations are found in the vicinity of the Ventana Doublecone and Kandlbinder Peaks, Junipero Serra Peak, Cone Peak, and on


title: "Abies bracteata" content: the Monterey / San Luis Obispo County line, along San Carpóforo Creek within the Hearst Ranch. The most inland stand, from the Pacific Coast, was found in Anastasia Canyon in the vicinity of the Arroyo Seco River and Tassajara Hot Springs. Most stands are found on north- and northeast-facing slopes. Trees are rarely found under elevation. When found at lower elevations, they are always located at the bottom of a large canyon, where cold air drainage enables it to thrive. The lowest stand is found at an elevation of near Ventana Camp on the Big Sur River. This camp is


title: "Abies bracteata" content: at the bottom of a -deep canyon, in the redwood belt, and is frequently foggy. The northernmost tree was located in 1927 at elevation on Skinners Ridge to the east of the North Fork of the Little Sur River, but it's not known if it survived subsequent fires. The first known specimen was collected in 1831 or 1832 by either by botanists Thomas Coulter or David Douglas. They likely collected specimens from Cone Peak to the west of Mission San Antonio. Both sent specimens to England, but Coulter's specimen was first identified as "bracteata" and the name given his species


title: "Abies bracteata" content: has become the common use. The tree is a popular ornamental and is found in many arboreta. It grows in an equable Mediterranean climate with considerable precipitation during the winter and very dry summers. No one has been able to introduce it successfully in the eastern United States, but numerous groves thrive in Europe. The tall tree, has a slender, spire-like form. The thin bark is reddish-brown with wrinkles, lines and resin vesicles ('blisters'). The branches are downswept. The needle-like leaves are arranged spirally on the shoot, but twisted at the base to spread either side of the shoot in


title: "Abies bracteata" content: two moderately forward-pointing ranks with a 'v' gap above the shoot. The leaves are hard and stiff with a sharply pointed tip, 3.5–6 cm long and 2.5–3 mm broad, with two bright white stomatal bands on the underside. The flowers bloom in early May, and the ovoid, 6–9 cm long (to 12 cm including the bracts) cones mature and release winged seeds from late August to October. The cones differ from other firs in that the bracts end in very long, spreading, yellow-brown bristles 3–5 cm long. The male (pollen) cones are 2 cm long, shedding pollen in spring. "This


title: "Abies bracteata" content: article contains content from public domain United States government sources." Abies bracteata Abies bracteata, the Santa Lucia fir or bristlecone fir, is the rarest and most endemic fir in North America, and according to some, the world. It is confined to steep-sided slopes and the bottoms of rocky canyons in the Santa Lucia Mountains, in the Big Sur region on the central coast of California, United States. The species may have had a broader range in Paleoendemic era, although some scientists say no fossil evidence of the tree has been conclusively identified. The tree is now confined, possibly due to


title: "Accumulated cyclone energy" content: an ACE index of over 40 points have been 1966, 2003, and 2004, and the only year to feature three storms is 2017. The following table shows those storms in the Atlantic basin from 1950–2017 that have attained over 40 points of ACE. ACE data for the Atlantic hurricane season is less reliable prior to the modern satellite era, but NOAA has analyzed the best available information dating back to 1851. The 1933 Atlantic hurricane season is considered the highest ACE on record with a total of 259. For the current season or the season that just ended, the ACE


title: "Orava Castle" content: Orava Castle Orava Castle (, , ), is situated on a high rock above Orava river in the village of Oravský Podzámok, Slovakia. It is considered to be one of the most beautiful castles in Slovakia. The castle was built in the Kingdom of Hungary in the thirteenth century. Many scenes of the 1922 film "Nosferatu" were filmed here, the castle representing Count Orlok's Transylvanian castle. Orava Castle stands on the site of an old wooden fortification, built after the Mongol invasion of Hungary of 1241. Its history since then reveals a familiar pattern of construction, destruction, reconstruction, fire, various


title: "Orava Castle" content: ownerships and territorial squabbles. The original design was in Romanesque and Gothic style; it was later reconstructed as a Renaissance and Neo-Gothic structure, hugging the shape of the 520-metre spur on which it perches. The mining magnate Thurzo family, who took charge in the mid 16th century, were responsible for a great deal of rebuilding work, although its present form was not finalised until 1611. It burned down again in 1800, after which it was no longer used as a residence. And then, after a period of dilapidation and World War II, the castle became a national monument. The natural


title: "Orava Castle" content: rock formation known as "castle cliff" – a limy spur 112 meters (367 ft) high, surrounded by the river Orava and its right tributary stream – has been inhabited since primeval times. During its history a wooden rampart became a strong walled castle of which the first written record dates back to 1267. At that time only the ground floor was built of stone, while the upper floors were made of wood. In 1370 as part of the Hungarian Kingdom the castle became the center of Árva county. A tetrahedral multi-story towerntury was built here in the 14th century, probably


title: "Orava Castle" content: on older foundations, as a donjon – the place of "last defense" within the castle. After 1474, King Matthew gave orders to build a square and a residence-wing in the Middle Castle. The buildings were situated in front of the castle. In 1534 John of Dubovec obtained the castle and became head of the county. He started to rebuild the castle and to make new fortifications. He ordered the building of a half-round tower in the Upper Castle that in 1539 was followed by two large round fortifications for cannons in the Middle Castle. The middle platform was also configured


title: "Orava Castle" content: for cannon firing. In the years 1539 – 1543 John of Dubovec built a five-story palace in the empty space between the tower and the stone wall of the Upper Castle. The Turkish threat was the reason for building these new fortifications. A new gate with a ditch and drawbridge in the Lower Castle was completed in 1543. The "Tower of the Archives" was built against the castle walls. After the death of John of Dubovec, his heirs quarreled over the inheritance and the situation became so bad that the castle even became a store-house. It was paid for by