title: "Armadillidium vulgare" content: Armadillidium vulgare Armadillidium vulgare, the (common) pill-bug, potato bug, (common) pill woodlouse, roly-poly, doodle bug, or carpenter, is a widespread European species of woodlouse. It is the most extensively investigated terrestrial isopod species. "Armadillidium vulgare" may reach a length of , and is capable of rolling into a ball when disturbed; this ability, along with its general appearance, gives it the name "pill-bug" and also creates the potential for confusion with pill millipedes such as "Glomeris marginata". It can be distinguished from "Armadillidium nasatum" and "Armadillidium depressum", the only other British species in the genus, by the gap that "A.


title: "Armadillidium vulgare" content: nasatum" and "A. depressum" leave when rolling into a ball; "A. vulgare" does not leave such a gap. "Armadillidium vulgare" is able to withstand drier conditions than many other woodlouse species, and is restricted to calcareous soils or coastal areas. It feeds chiefly on decaying plant matter, but also grazes lichens and algae from tree bark and walls. It is able to regulate its temperature through its behaviour, preferring bright sunshine when temperatures are low, but remaining in shadow when temperatures are high; temperatures below or above are lethal to it. "A. vulgare" is less susceptible to cold during the


title: "Armadillidium vulgare" content: night, and may enter a state of dormancy during the winter in order to survive temperatures that would otherwise be lethal. The native distribution of "A. vulgare" ranges across Europe, especially in the Mediterranean Basin. In the United Kingdom, "A. vulgare" is very common in southern and eastern England, but is more confined to coastal areas in the north. Similarly, in Ireland, "A. vulgare" is common in the south and east, but rarer in the north and west. "A. vulgare" has also been introduced to many locations in North America, where it may reach population densities of up to 10,000


title: "Armadillidium vulgare" content: individuals per square metre. It is now one of the most abundant invertebrate species in California coastal grassland habitats. It has also been introduced, to a lesser extent, to sites across the world. Because of their unusual yet non-threatening appearance, some "Armadillidium vulgare" are kept as pets in areas throughout the U.S., typically among children. Among adults, they are often seen as unwanted (but essentially harmless) home pests. Keeping a pet pill bug requires a very moist habitat with limited light and lots of decaying plant matter. They can often live up to three years. Most metazoans have circular mitochondrial


title: "Armadillidium vulgare" content: genomes, but "A.vulgare" has an unusual combination of both circular and linear mitochondrial DNA. Armadillidium vulgare Armadillidium vulgare, the (common) pill-bug, potato bug, (common) pill woodlouse, roly-poly, doodle bug, or carpenter, is a widespread European species of woodlouse. It is the most extensively investigated terrestrial isopod species. "Armadillidium vulgare" may reach a length of , and is capable of rolling into a ball when disturbed; this ability, along with its general appearance, gives it the name "pill-bug" and also creates the potential for confusion with pill millipedes such as "Glomeris marginata". It can be distinguished from "Armadillidium nasatum" and "Armadillidium


title: "Elena Kagan" content: of probable cause that the property will ultimately be subject to forfeiture. Kagan wrote for the majority in "Cooper v. Harris", , striking down two of North Carolina's congressional districts. The Court held the districts were unconstitutional because they relied on race and did not pass the strict scrutiny standard of review. In a footnote, Kagan sets forth a new principle, that is congressional districts where race is the predominant factor may be found to be an unlawful racial gerrymander, even if they have another ultimate goal, such as sorting voters by political affiliation. Applying this principle to the facts


title: "Ljudevit Gaj" content: 17th century. Thence they became serfs of Mariassy de Markusfalva and Batizfalva families in 18th century. As there was a lot of ethnic Germans in that area, the Gays were soon Germanised. Ljudevit's father originates from a branch that moved to the village of Markušovce. Gaj started publishing very early; his 36-page booklet on stately manors in his native district, written in his native German, appeared already in 1826 as "Die Schlösser bei Krapina". In Buda in 1830 Gaj's Latin alphabet was published ("Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography"), which was the first common Croatian orthography book (after the works


title: Opothleyahola content: National Council of the Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions by tribal members a capital offense. In 1825, William McIntosh and several Lower Creek chiefs signed the Treaty of Indian Springs with the US, by which they gave up most of the remaining Creek lands in Georgia in exchange for payment and removal to lands west of the Mississippi River. McIntosh and others of the Treaty Party by then believed that relocation was inevitable, given the increasing numbers of European-American settlers entering their region, and they wanted to get the best deal possible for the Creek


title: "Devco Railway" content: expense of opening new underground mines in the Sydney Coal Field would be too expensive. The company made its intentions clear that it would be exiting the coal mining business within months. In response to a vast public outcry in industrial Cape Breton County, the Minority government of Prime Minister Lester Pearson announced J.R. Donald would head a Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Cape Breton coal industry, with hearings held in 1965 and 1966. The Donald Commission recommended that a federal Crown corporation be established to acquire and manage DOSCO's coal operations, with the aim being to slowly wean


title: Rudelsburg content: Rudelsburg The Rudelsburg is a ruined hill castle located on the east bank of the river Saale above Saaleck, a village in the borough of Naumburg in the county of Burgenlandkreis in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The Rudelsburg was built in the Middle Ages by the Bishop of Naumburg and served to secure trade routes such as the Via Regia through the Saale Valley. The Rudelsburg was a point of conflict between the bishops of Naumburg and the Margraves of Meissen belonging to the House of Wettin. The castle occasionally served various noble families as a residence, until it was destroyed in


title: Rudelsburg content: the Thirty Years' War and thereafter fell into disrepair. In the early 19th century the Rudelsburg became a popular tourist destination thanks to the romanticisation of mountains and the rise of hiking as a pastime. From 1855 onwards it achieved national renown as the annual meeting place of the "Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband", the oldest union of student fraternities with delegates from all German-speaking countries. The Rudelsburg still maintains a particular attraction for visitors and lies on the Romanesque Road (Ger:"Straße der Romanik"), a tourist route. Rudelsburg sits atop a rocky shell limestone ridge, approximately above the river Saale and above Saaleck,


title: Rudelsburg content: a suburb of Bad Kösen in the Burgenlandkreis district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 2010, the area has been part of the municipality of Naumburg. Archaeological finds seem to indicate that an early Bronze Age settlement existed on the site of the Rudelsburg, which has been attributed to the Unetice culture. The discovery of the Nebra sky disk attracted public attention to this prehistoric civilisation and its elevated culture and provoked interest in the settlements in the region of Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The political, religious and economic importance of such settlements has not yet been established, but is the focus of


title: Rudelsburg content: intense research. The Rudelsburg castle was established in 1050 as a border fortification and was extended around 1150, with the addition of the central and outer keeps. Not far away on the western knoll is the ruin of Saaleck Castle. Rudelsburg was officially mentioned for the first time in 1171 under the name Rutheleibisberg. Heinrich III, Margrave of Meissen, received the castle from the Bishop from Naumburg in 1238 as recompense for services to the church and installed there a number of families belonging to the nobility of service (retainers to a lord whose status was far above that of


title: Rudelsburg content: the peasantry but who nonetheless did not belong to the ranks of the high nobility). A source from 1271 names 12 different castellans. A priest is mentioned for the first time in 1293. During a dispute with the noble Curtefrund, the citizens of Naumburg led by their captain Johann von Trautzschen laid siege to the Rudelsburg from 22 April to 30 July 1348. The sources relate that an "“instrumentum”" was brought to bear during the siege that could shoot Greek fire. This must have been some early form of gunpowder and is thought to be one of the first records


title: Rudelsburg content: of the use of firearms in a siege in Germany. The only earlier recorded use of ordnance dates back to the siege of the town of Meersburg on Lake Constance by Ludwig von Bayern in 1334. The oldest reports in all of Europe are from Italy (Florence 1326, Cividale 1331) and from the French fleet (1338-1346). The citizens of Naumburg burnt down the Rudelsburg during their siege, and there were deaths and injuries on both sides. It seems that the castle was not rebuilt, as it is not mentioned in any official document for several decades after this event. The


title: Rudelsburg content: next mention of the castle dates to 1383, when the Schenk family from Saaleck belonging to the House of Vargula are named as masters of the citadel, seated in Rottelsburg. A loan certificate of the Dukes of Saxony, who belonged to the House of Wettin, dated 2 April 1441 names the brothers Rudolf, Günther and Heinrich von Bünau as the owners of the Rudelsburg. Apparently they owned no land other than that on which the castle stood. During the fratricidal war between Friedrich and Wilhelm of Saxony, the Rudelsburg was besieged and destroyed for a second time in 1450. The


title: Rudelsburg content: inner keep was burnt to the ground during this incident. At the division of the lands of the House of Wettin in 1485, the Rudelsburg was attributed to the Albertine line. Rudolph von Bünau auf Teuchern and Günther von Bünau auf Gröbitz sold the Rudelsburg and the surrounding outworks to Hans Georg von Osterhausen in 1581 to cover their debts. The castle, which had been barely maintained until then, began to fall into decay during this period. Although Groitzsch still describes the Rudelsburg as "arx pulcherrima" ("most beautiful castle") in his 1585 work "Descriptio Salae fluvii eidemque adjacentium urbium, arcium


title: Rudelsburg content: etc." ("Description of the river Saale and the surrounding towns, castles, etc."), a record from 1612 indicates that the lord marshal of Osterhausen employed a stonemason and a carpenter to provide "necessary support of the sagging beams, girders and rafters". According to Osterhausen court records, a process was held at the Rudelsburg on 4 June 1616. At the time, a caretaker still lived in the castle, which was accessible via a narrow road. The courtyard was covered in grass. Besides a small room with a wooden pulpit, the usable remains of the castle included the dungeons with their very strong


title: Rudelsburg content: doors. Towards the end of the Thirty Years’ War in 1640, Swedish troops set fire to the Rudelsburg. Following this third destruction, the Rudelsburg was abandoned on 14 April 1641 and the inhabitants moved to the nearby Kreipitzsch property. The nobles from Creutz(en) are believed to have been the owners of the Rudelsburg from 1671 to 1771. In 1690, they tried to establish the status of the (uninhabited) castle as a possession owing direct allegiance only to the emperor ("Reichsunmittelbarkeit") in a court process in the imperial court in Wetzlar. In 1770, the owner of the Rudelsburg ordered that the


title: Rudelsburg content: walls of the outer keep be torn down in order to reuse the stones for construction on the property, but a worker was permanently injured in an accident, and this was interpreted as a bad omen. The work was stopped. The outer keep was almost completely destroyed at this point in time, and it is probably only as a result of this accident that the ruined inner keep was preserved. With the death of Friedrich Adolph von Creutz in 1774, the male line of the family was extinguished. This thwarted the plans to establish the "Reichsunmittelbarkeit" of the Rudelsburg. In


title: Rudelsburg content: the following years, the counts from Zech and the counts from Brühl are named briefly as the owners of the Rudelsburg. The family von Schönberg bought the castle in 1797 and established an entailment, i.e. an indivisible trust that was designed to keep together the inheritance of the family. In the 19th century, the Rudelburg became a meeting point for romantically-minded hikers, especially for students from Jena, Leipzig and Halle. By this time, the castle was desolate, and devoid of all infrastructure. There was no entrance into the courtyard of the central keep and there were no sealed rooms, just


title: Rudelsburg content: rubble and debris. In 1818, the cantor emeritus, Johann Friedrich Förtsch, described the Rudelsburg as follows: “The inner courtyard is covered in the rubble of the various ceremonial halls, chambers, weapon and storage rooms, kitchens, underground vaults, cellars and corridors, which have collapsed. It is thus impossible to say how everything used to be arranged.” Nonetheless, ever more visitors came to the Rudelsburg. During the same period, the masters of the castle belonging to the family of the barons von Schönberg planted grapevines on the southern slope of the hill. One of the former vineyard workers, Gottlieb Wagner, known as


title: Rudelsburg content: “Samiel”, began to look after the ruins. From 1824 onwards, he offered food and drink from the Kreipitzsch property to visitors. Franz Kugler, a student from Stettin studying in Berlin, composed the famous song "An der Saale hellem Strande" (On the bright bank of the Saale) whilst resting at the castle during a hike along the river in 1826: In this song, the castles on the Saale are decaying ruins that serve only to inspire the imagination. There is as yet no mention of drinking and celebrations or of the Rudelsburg as a venue for events. The attractiveness of the


title: Rudelsburg content: castle rose however with the services offered by Wagner, so much so that the head of the district authorities in Naumburg asked Friedrich von Schönberg, the owner of the property, if it would be possible to open it officially for visitors. Consequently, a road was even built up to the castle. Gottlieb Wagner opened the first tavern in the castle in time for Easter 1827, although it was only open on Sundays at first. When word got around about this development amongst the students in Jena, they marched on the Rudelsburg and, cheering loudly, occupied it for three days. The


title: Rudelsburg content: owner of the castle was honoured with a torchlight procession. The completion of the Thuringian Railway in 1849, which improved the access to the Rudelsburg, coupled with the gastronomic offerings, further increased the attractiveness of the castle and brought in visitors from further abroad, including for example students from Leipzig and Halle an der Saale. During a large-scale Prussian military exercise in the area in 1853, the provincial classes invited King Frederick William IV to breakfast at the castle. The drinking hall in the inner courtyard, which was built in the same year, is probably a product of this visit.


title: Rudelsburg content: The hall took the form of a roofed seating area that was open to the courtyard and replaced the old straw roof that had been held up by simple tree trunks. In 1863, Hermann Allmers from Rechtenfleth near Bremen composed the student song "Dort Saaleck, hier die Rudelsburg" (There Saaleck, here the Rudelsburg). Although Allmers was himself not a student, he traveled with students in the Saale valley, and his song speaks of the new life within the walls of the castle. In the middle of the 19th century, the Rudelsburg became a regular meeting point for students’ corps, whose


title: Rudelsburg content: umbrella organisation the "Kösener Senioren-Convents-Verband" (KSCV) had been founded in Jena in 1848, making it the oldest union of German student fraternities. The site of the KSCV’s annual meeting was soon moved to Bad Kösen, and a meeting took place in the Rudelsburg for the first time in 1855. From this time until World War I, the Rudelburg served every year as a social meeting point during the annual meeting in Bad Kösen. In 1867, following the celebration of the 800th anniversary of the restoration of the Wartburg, discussions began as to whether the Rudelsburg should also be restored. These


title: Rudelsburg content: discussions were further provoked by a storm in December 1868, which brought down parts of the perimeter walls. Work to restore the perimeter walls in the west and in the south began in 1870. The partial reconstruction of the castle began a year later under the leadership of the master builder, Werner, from Bad Kösen, using plans drawn up by the royal building officer in Saxony, Oskar Mothes. During these works, the entrance and the bridge were repaired. The knight’s hall with its staircase and side room were restored. A large breach in the wall was closed in the north-eastern


title: Rudelsburg content: corner and windows were cut in the old northern wall. A canon that had been captured in the 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War was placed on the bridge. These works were complete by Easter 1872. In 1872, the first monument erected by members of the students’ corps was unveiled. The "Gefallenensäule" (English: Pillar to the Fallen) was established in honour of those members who had fallen in the Franco-Prussian War. The Emperor William I Obelisk was unveiled in 1890, followed in 1896 by the Young Bismarck Memorial. The last of this first round of monuments was erected in 1926 in honour of


title: Rudelsburg content: those who fell in World War I. The partial reconstruction by Mothes, the founding of the German Empire in 1871 and the erection of the monuments in the area near the outer keep marked a completely new phase in the history of the Rudelsburg. While youthful appreciation of nature and the romantic scenery had been pivotal in the first half of the century, the Rudelsburg now became a symbol for the members of the KSCV. The KSCV was a strong ally of the state, which was reinforced by the membership of both of the most important political decision-makers of the


title: Rudelsburg content: time, Otto von Bismarck and Emperor Wilhelm II. With the founding of the "Verband Alter Corpsstudenten" (English: Federation of old members), the KSCV, which had until then only counted students amongst its members, had a new source of income in the form of contributions from the “old men”. The Rudelsburg became a platform for celebrations of the KSCV’s new self-confidence. As a consequence, the annual meeting at the Rudelsburg became more sedate and ceremonial. Speeches held at the monuments and patriotic songs were fixtures in the annual Pentecost programme in the German Empire. In the Empire and the Weimar Republic,


title: Rudelsburg content: life-size copies of the Rudelsburg monuments were made and sold to interested buyers in Germany and Austria. In 2007, these laboriously produced objects are still to be found from time to time in antique shops. In 1913, Paul Schreckenbach wrote the historical novel "The last Rudelsburger", which is set in the 14th century and which reflects the conservative Prussian values of his time. There were no student meetings at the Rudelsburg during World War I, but the tradition was restarted after the end of the war. In 1926, the "Löwendenkmal" (English: Lion Monument) was unveiled with great pomp. This ceremony


title: Rudelsburg content: was seen as a symbol of the members of the students’ corps attachment to the old imperial system and was reported throughout Germany and beyond. The last meeting of the KSCV at the Rudelsburg before World War II took place in 1934. The 1935 congress ended with the dissolution of the group by the National Socialists. During World War II, there were efforts at some universities to re-establish individual student bodies in secret. These were to include the umbrella organisation, the KSCV. To this end, a meeting was organised at the Rudelsburg in 1944, which ended with a ceremonial drinking


title: Rudelsburg content: session. Because of the chaos in the last months of the war, neither this new founding nor the attraction of the Gestapo’s attention had serious consequences for those involved. After the end of World War II, the Rudelsburg was part of the Soviet occupation zone and later the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The owner, a member of the nobility, lost his possessions, and the castle was attributed to the town of Bad Kösen. The student organisations which found themselves on the territory of the GDR moved to the west. The KSCV’s congress was held from 1954 to 1994 in Würzburg,


title: Rudelsburg content: near to the Fortress Marienberg. The Rudelsburg and Bad Kösen were but a memory for the members of the students’ corps. The Rudelsburg decayed further during this time, as did the monuments that had been erected there. Some larger metal pieces were melted down and reused. As it was common to take the names of tourist attractions to designate products produced in a particular area, the name “Rudelsburg” was used to name a car radio produced in the state-owned radio factory in Halle and various products produced in the equally state-owned limestone factory in Bad Kösen. The first attempts to


title: Rudelsburg content: revive the old student traditions began in the GDR in the 1960s. Much however had already been forgotten, and information and materials first had to be collected in secret. In the early years of the 1980s, the first new fraternities in the GDR were founded, at first secretly and then ever more openly. The Rudelsburg and other traditional meeting points featured in the plans of the GDR students. On 20 June 1987, the fraternity "Salana Jenensis" organised the first ceremonial drinking session of the GDR student fraternities at the Rudelsburg. At the first such meeting, just 19 participants were present,


title: Rudelsburg content: some of whom had arrived by using rafts or bath tubs made of zinc to travel along the Saale. This was to be a reference to the tradition of boat trips on the Saale which can be seen in many old depictions. This ceremonial drinking session was the first officially registered traditional student meeting in the history of the GDR. From this year on, the Rudelsburg was the annual meeting point for the student fraternities which had been founded in the GDR before 1990. In 1990, they joined together in the Rudelsburg Alliance. In 1990 (sometimes even before German Reunification),


title: Rudelsburg content: the first student bodies began to return to their old university towns in the GDR. The first congress took place in Bad Kösen in 1995. The Rudelsburg was once again put to use for this purpose, which required extensive work to restore the castle. Bad Kösen’s infrastructure also had to be upgraded, for the congress was now much larger than it had even been before the war. The monuments at the Rudelsburg have also been successively restored since unification. These works have been financed by the KSCV, with donations from individual student bodies, but also with donations from individual members.


title: Rudelsburg content: The song "Dort Saaleck, hier die Rudelsburg" is still used by members of both the KSCV and the Rudelsburg Alliance. The Rudelsburg still hosts a restaurant. The inner area of the castle and the donjon are accessible during the opening hours of the restaurant and visitors have a view of the Saale valley from the donjon. In the lower rooms of the donjon, there are display windows with exhibits about the student organisations. So that weddings may take place there, there is a civil registry office in the castle. The town Bad Kösen and the surrounding districts now market the


title: Rudelsburg content: castle as part of the “Thuringian Toscana”, including the nature reserve Saale-Unstrut-Triasland. The Rudelsburg was constructed in the Middle Ages with a central ward divided into several sections and surrounded by an outer ward. The stones of the outer ward were largely reused in the 18th century and it is no longer recognisable; only parts of the wall in the east and south are still there. The outer ward was unusual to the extent that it was built higher up than the central ward was. The central ward, which was separated from the ward keep by a deep encircling ditch,


title: Rudelsburg content: has a bergfried that is approximately high, a transverse rectangular great hall, several living quarters, and is surrounded by a circular wall. The courtyard is very small. The Romanesque bergfried is almost exactly square () and is topped with a pyramid-shaped tower roof made of stone, which gives the castle its characteristic appearance. There is a dungeon in the basement of the donjon. The outer palisades in the east were constructed in the 13th century, the other palisades and the circular corner towers were constructed in the 15th century. The Rudelsburg palisade, which is located between the central and outer


title: Rudelsburg content: keeps, was obviously envisaged during the construction of the castle and is seen as proof that the idea of palisades did not first arrive in Europe as a result of the Crusades. Because of its position atop a steep cliff above the Saale, the western side of the castle was the hardest to attack. It is protected only by the circular wall and the great hall is also located on this side. The northern circular wall was not built on the very edge of the cliff, in contrast to the practice elsewhere in Europe. This was presumably done so as


title: Rudelsburg content: to avoid the wall collapsing if a section of the fragile limestone were to break off. The wall is set back about , which made the later addition of an advanced corner tower on the north-east side necessary in order to prevent potential enemies from advancing onto this ledge. The southern side, which is only protected by a small valley, has an additional palisade, which is flanked by two corner towers. The strongest corner tower is on the south-east side. The eastern side looks to the outer keep and is protected by the ditch, a palisade and the donjon. At


title: Rudelsburg content: some point in time, a windmill was attached to one of the round castle towers. The windmill is shown in many depictions of the castle until the middle of the 19th century. It was destroyed by fire in 1864. In the course of time, many monuments have been erected at the Rudelsburg. Four important monuments have been put up just by the KSCV on the way from Bad Kösen to the Rudelsburg on the land formerly occupied by the outer keep. The "Kösener Gefallenendenkmal" (Pillar to the Fallen) was erected at Pentecost in 1872 in honour of the members of


title: Rudelsburg content: the students’ corps who had fallen in the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War. The students put up this monument without the help of the “old men”, whose federation had not yet been founded, and the Pillar was in fact the first monument ever erected by students in Germany. It consisted of a base with stairs, a platform with balustrade, a four-metre tall pedestal and a pillar topped by an imperial eagle with a crown. The monument was destroyed in 1953, under the GDR. The "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Obelisk" (Emperor William I Obelisk) was unveiled on 25 May 1890. It honours the German Emperor, who died


title: Rudelsburg content: in 1888. It too was destroyed under the GDR, but was rebuilt following the reunification. The Young Bismarck Monument was the first project to be realised by the "Verband Alter Corpsstudenten". It was erected in 1895-96 to commemorate the 80th birthday of Otto von Bismarck, himself an “old man” of the Corps Hannovera Göttingen. Of the countless Bismarck monuments erected in Germany, this was the only one that depicted the first Imperial Chancellor as a nonchalantly seated young man with the sash of his fraternity across his chest and a duelling sword in his hand. This portrayal of Bismarck in


title: Rudelsburg content: a casual stance provoked heated discussions, but had been approved by Bismarck himself on 27 April 1895. It is the work of sculptor Norbert Pfretzschner. This monument was destroyed under the GDR by the Free German Youth, but the foundation stone with inscriptions and Bismarck’s student hat was saved by members of East German student fraternities and handed over to the KSCV after Reunification. On 29 May 1998, members of the Corps Hannovera Göttingen paid for a memorial to be erected on the site of the old Bismarck monument. A reproduction of the original monument was unveiled by the KSCV


title: Rudelsburg content: on 1 April 2006 in the presence of the Justice Minister of Saxony-Anhalt, Curt Becker. Andreas Belser from Traunstein was the responsible sculptor and the casting had been carried out by the firm Otto Strehle in Winhöring near Altötting. Many members of the Corps Hannovera who had been involved in the realisation and financing of the reproduction were present at the ceremonial unveiling of the monument. The monument has however already been damaged by souvenir hunters or vandals. The "Löwendenkmal" (Lion Monument) was erected in 1926 in memory of the 2,360 members of the KSCV who had fallen in World


title: Rudelsburg content: War I. It shows in relief an oversized lion that has been pierced with lances and is dying. The Lion Monument was created by (1875–1958), a sculptor from Berlin. After the Reunification, the overgrown monument was restored and new plaques in memory of those who fell in both World Wars were added. The Alliance Stone was erected at the Rudelsburg in 1997 by members of the Rudelsburger Alliance to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the first official meeting of student fraternities in the GDR. An earlier stone made of concrete had been placed next to the Bismarck Monument in 1987.


title: Rudelsburg content: This “Old Alliance Stone” is still in its original place. Rudelsburg The Rudelsburg is a ruined hill castle located on the east bank of the river Saale above Saaleck, a village in the borough of Naumburg in the county of Burgenlandkreis in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. The Rudelsburg was built in the Middle Ages by the Bishop of Naumburg and served to secure trade routes such as the Via Regia through the Saale Valley. The Rudelsburg was a point of conflict between the bishops of Naumburg and the Margraves of Meissen belonging to the House of Wettin. The castle occasionally served various


title: "Bath stone" content: Mine consists of a network of tunnels, which originate from stone mining work. Stone extraction started during the Roman occupation of Britain and ceased in 1968. The mine is now popular for recreational underground trips, and is home to a large population of bats. Up to 10% of the total British population of greater horseshoe bat uses the mine at times, and a maximum of 230 individuals of the species have been counted at the site. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat also uses the mine, as do the four Myotis species: Whiskered, Brandt's, Natterer's and Daubenton's bats. Combe Down and Bathampton


title: "Bath stone" content: Communities and Local Government, announced a Land Stabilisation Programme, based on the Derelict Land Act 1982. A Parliamentary Statutory Instrument (2002 No. 2053) was needed before the work could be undertaken. Foam Concrete was selected as the best material to use in the large-scale infilling of the old mine workings. Over of foamed concrete were placed in the shallower underground mines, making it the single largest application of foamed concrete in the United Kingdom. Bath stone Bath Stone is an oolitic limestone comprising granular fragments of calcium carbonate. Originally obtained from the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines under Combe


title: "Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom" content: is the monarch, to whom the chief of the defence staff could appeal: "the chief of the defence staff, if he really did think the prime minister had gone mad, would make quite sure that that order was not obeyed... You have to remember that actually prime ministers give direction, they tell the chief of the defence staff what they want, but it's not prime ministers who actually tell a sailor to press a button in the middle of the Atlantic. The armed forces are loyal, and we live in a democracy, but actually their ultimate authority is the Queen."


title: "Banco de Oro" content: local banking unit of Banco Santander with its commercial, trust and derivatives licenses to become BDO Private Bank, a fully owned subsidiary of BDO Unibank. The main goal the BDO Private Bank is to create market share in the Private banking/Modern Affluent Market segment by penetrating key areas in BDO Unibank's network. This is to complement and explore how the BDO Unibank Group can service all the financial and investment needs of the client. In late April 2005, United Overseas Bank sold 66 out of its Philippine subsidiary's 67 branches to BDO Unibank after UOB's Philippine subsidiary is set to


title: "Sonia Sotomayor" content: an electronic archival database (LexisNexis) of the work of freelancers it had published. Sotomayor ruled that the publisher had the right to license the freelancers' work. This decision was reversed on appeal, and the Supreme Court upheld the reversal; two dissenters (John Paul Stevens and Stephen Breyer) took Sotomayor's position. In "Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group" (also in 1997), Sotomayor ruled that a book of trivia from the television program "Seinfeld" infringed on the copyright of the show's producer and did not constitute legal fair use. The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld


title: Massasauga content: Massasauga The massasauga ("Sistrurus catenatus") is a rattlesnake species found in midwestern North America from southern Ontario to northern Mexico, and parts of the United States in between. Three subspecies are currently recognized including the nominate subspecies described here. Like all rattlesnakes, it is a pit viper, and like all pit vipers, it is venomous. Adults of "S. catenatus" are not large, ranging from in length. The color pattern consists of a grey or tan ground color with a row of large rounded brown/black blotches or spots down the center of the back and three smaller rows of alternating spots


title: Massasauga content: down each side. Solid black melanistic examples are also known, as well as cases where the back blotches join with those on the sides. Young massasauga are well-patterned but paler than the adults. It has heat-sensing pits on each side of its smallish head, the scales are keeled and the anal scale is single. Common names of the massasauga include: massasauga rattlesnake, massasauga rattler (Ontario), black massasauga, black rattler, black snapper, gray rattlesnake (Iowa), little grey rattlesnake (Canada), muck rattler, prairie rattlesnake, spotted rattler, swamp rattler, "víbora de cascabel" (Mexico), dwarf prairie rattlesnake, eastern massasauga great adder, ground rattlesnake, Kirtland's


title: Massasauga content: rattlesnake, little black rattlesnake, Michigan point rattler (Michigan), prairie massasauga, rattlesnake, small prairie rattlesnake, snapper, swamp massasauga, swamp rattlesnake, and triple-spotted rattlesnake. The Native American word, "massasauga", means "great river-mouth" in the Ojibwe language and was probably given to describe grasslands surrounding the river deltas in Ojibwe country. "S. catenatus" is found in North America from Ontario, Canada and western New York State southwest to southeastern Arizona in the United States and northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. In Mexico, isolated populations exist in southern Nuevo León, north-central Coahuila and in Samalayuca, Chihuahua. It occurs in various habitats ranging from swamps and marshes


title: Massasauga content: to grasslands, usually below 1500 m elevation. The type locality given is "... on the prairies of the upper Missouri" (Valley, USA). According to Campbell and Lamar (2004), a population also exists in southeastern Colorado that is morphologically somewhat intermediate between "S. c. tergeminus" and "S. c. edwardsii". The species "S. catenatus" is classified as least concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. The population


title: Massasauga content: trend is unknown. The eastern massasauga has been listed as a candidate species on the United States Endangered Species Act since 1999. The eastern massasauga is listed as an endangered species in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri (also considered extirpated), New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Michigan, the only state in which it is not considered endangered, lists it as "special concern". The subspecies is a candidate for federal listing. As of 2016, the massasauga is listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The massasauga is listed as threatened under both Ontario's Endangered Species Act, 2007, and the federal


title: Massasauga content: Species at Risk Act, and is protected under the Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act. It is found only near the eastern shore of Georgian Bay, the Bruce Peninsula, the North Shore of Lake Huron, Wainfleet Bog, and Ojibway Prairie. It is becoming rare in Canada due to persecution and loss of habitat and is designated as "threatened" by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), as well as the Committee on the Status of Species-at-risk in Ontario (COSSARO). In Pennsylvania, the species has experienced a rapid decline, largely because of habitat loss. Historically this has been


title: Massasauga content: due to human activity, and more recently primarily from natural forest succession. By 1988, the snake had disappeared from half of the counties that constituted its historical range. A 2003-2005 survey showed only four locations in two counties with confirmed populations. It is classified as "critically imperiled" to "imperiled" in the commonwealth. The diet of "S. catenatus" consists of a variety of small vertebrates, including mammals, lizards, and other snakes, as well as invertebrates such as centipedes. Mammals and reptiles make up the bulk of their diet. Adults feed mainly on rodents, while juveniles usually prey on reptiles: more often


title: Massasauga content: lizards in western populations and snakes in eastern ones. Frogs also constitute an important part of their diet: Ruthven (1928) mentioned that in Michigan they made up the main portion of their diet. According to Klauber (1956), "S. catenatus" feeds on frogs more frequently than any other rattlesnake. In general, however, frogs are not an important part of the diet, although this does seem to be more typical in certain northern and eastern populations. The venom of "S. c. catenatus" is a cytotoxic venom, that destroys tissue. It also contains specialized digestive enzymes that disrupt blood flow and prevent blood


title: Massasauga content: clotting. Severe internal bleeding causes the death of the small animals that this snake eats. After envenomation, the rattlesnake is able to withdraw from the dangers of sharp toothed prey animals until they are subdued and even partially digested by the action of the venom. "S. c. catenatus" is rather shy and avoids humans when it can. Most massasauga snakebites in Ontario have occurred after people deliberately handled or accidentally stepped on one of these animals. Both of these scenarios are preventable by avoiding hiking through areas of low visibility (in rattlesnake country) when not wearing shoes and long pants,


title: Massasauga content: and by leaving the massasaugas alone when they are found. There are only two recorded incidents of people dying from massasauga rattlesnake bites in Ontario and in both cases they did not receive proper treatment. Recent studies indicate that Ontario hospitals in rattlesnake country often do not have anti-venom, as massasauga specific anti-venom is not easy to come by. Images of "S. c. catenatus": Massasauga The massasauga ("Sistrurus catenatus") is a rattlesnake species found in midwestern North America from southern Ontario to northern Mexico, and parts of the United States in between. Three subspecies are currently recognized including the nominate


title: "Cabbagetown, Atlanta" content: people whose lives were anchored by the mill, until it closed in 1977. While the mill itself was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, the surrounding neighborhood went into a steep decline following the mill closure. Accompanying the initialization of Atlanta's intown renaissance in the early 1990s, Cabbagetown underwent tremendous growth. As with many other east side neighborhoods, revitalization was sparked by an influx of artists in the 1980s, including Panorama Ray, who operated a photo gallery on the main drag, Carroll Street. Since his death in 1997, Carroll Street has become the home popular restaurants


title: "Encelia farinosa" content: Encelia farinosa Encelia farinosa (commonly known as brittlebush or brittlebrush), is a common desert shrub of northern Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Hidalgo) and the southwestern United States (California, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada). The common name "brittlebush" comes from the brittleness of its stems. Other names include "hierba del vaso" (Spanish) and "cotx" (Seri). Another Spanish name for it is "incienso" because the dried sap was burned by early Spanish missions in the New World as incense. "E. farinosa" can be found in a variety of habitats from dry, gravelly slopes to open, sandy washes up


title: "Encelia farinosa" content: to . It requires a very sunny position in a deep very well-drained soil. It does well in cultivation often being used for border, erosion control, ground cover and massing and recently has spread dramatically in areas not natural to its distribution in large part because Caltrans has begun to use it in hydroseeding. Brittlebush grows up to tall, with fragrant leaves 3–8cm long, ovate to deltoid, and silvery tomentose. The capitula are 3.0–3.5cm in diameter, with orange-yellow ray florets and yellow or purple-brown disc florets. They are arranged in loose panicles above the leafy stems fruit 3–6mm and no


title: "Encelia farinosa" content: pappus is visible. 3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde is found in the leaves of "E. farinosa". Two varieties of "E. farinosa" are recognized by Flora of North America. Varieties formerly included "E. f." var. "radians", now regarded as a separate species "E. radians" Brandegee. Brittlebush has a long history of uses by indigenous and pioneer peoples. Encelia farinosa Encelia farinosa (commonly known as brittlebush or brittlebrush), is a common desert shrub of northern Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Hidalgo) and the southwestern United States (California, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada). The common name "brittlebush" comes from the brittleness of its stems.


title: "Social problem film" content: working class milieu and New Deal political sympathies. The social problem films of this era reflected the general national consciousness of the New Deal. Many social problem films of the time fed into a populist form of thought meant to instill confidence among the nation in the wake of the Great Depression, supporting the Franklin Delano Roosevelt platform that supposedly would alleviate the unemployment problem the United States faced at that time. Social problem films made during this era put the obligation of finding work on the individual while also displaying the benefits of having a neighborly attitude of helping


title: Armadillidiidae content: Armadillidiidae Armadillidiidae is a family of woodlice, a terrestrial crustacean group in the order Isopoda. Unlike members of other woodlouse families, members of this family can roll into a ball, an ability they share with the outwardly similar but unrelated pill millipedes and other animals. This ability gives woodlice in this family their common names of pill bugs, roly polies, and doodle bugs. The best known species in the family is "Armadillidium vulgare", the common pill bug. The roly polies are not native to the Americas, but instead were introduced from Europe. Pill bugs in the family Armadillidiidae are able


title: Armadillidiidae content: to form their bodies into a ball shape, in a process known as "conglobation". This behaviour is shared with pill millipedes (which are often confused with pill bugs), armadillos, and cuckoo wasps. It may be triggered by stimuli such as vibrations or pressure, and is a key defense against predation; it may also reduce respiratory water losses. The diet of pill bugs is largely made up of decaying or decomposed plant matter such as leaves, and to a lesser extent, wood fibers. Pill bugs will also eat living plants, especially in wet conditions, sometimes consuming leaves, stems, shoots, roots, tubers,


title: Armadillidiidae content: and fruits. Pill bugs can be serious pests in certain agricultural systems, particularly in areas that are prone to heavy rains and flood conditions. Pill bugs will feed on numerous crop plants including corn, beans, squash, peas, melon, chard, beet, cucumber, potato, spinach, lettuce, and strawberry, with potential for significant yield loss in strawberry in particular. Some species of pill bugs are known to eat decaying animal flesh or feces. Pill bugs contribute to their ecosystem as decomposers. They are capable of taking in heavy metals such as copper, zinc, lead and cadmium and crystallize these out as spherical deposits


title: Armadillidiidae content: in the midgut. In this way, they remove many of the toxic metal ions from the soil. They also provide a food source for birds, toads, spiders, wasps, and centipedes. The family Armadillidiidae is differentiated from other woodlouse families by the two-segmented nature of the antennal flagellum, by the form of the uropods, and by the ability to roll into a ball. Within the family Armadillidiidae, 15 genera are currently recognized: Armadillidiidae Armadillidiidae is a family of woodlice, a terrestrial crustacean group in the order Isopoda. Unlike members of other woodlouse families, members of this family can roll into a


title: "Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization" content: the TELO to have him killed. Matters came to a head with the assassination of two prominent Tamil politicians in Jaffna, M. Alalasundaram and V. Dharmalingam, in September 1985. The TELO and the LTTE blamed each other for the killings. In February 1986, the LTTE pulled out of the ENLF. On 29 April that year, they launched an all-out assault on the TELO. TELO bases across Jaffna were shelled with mortars. TELO cadres, whether armed or unarmed, came under rifle attack and were shot dead. No quarter was given, according to eyewitnesses. Those who surrendered were shot dead as they


title: "Clout (band)" content: "Top of the Pops" TV programme used the group's performance of the song on the Dutch TV programme "TopPop" from 8 April 1978 to present the hit song for its top ten countdown. A major success in Europe, Clout scored more Top 10 singles, notably "Save Me", "You've Got All of Me" and "Under Fire". Clout's "Substitute" reached No. 67 on the USA "Billboard" Hot 100. Clout split up in 1981, shortly after the release of their last major single, a re-arrangement of the Hall and Oates song "Portable Radio". In 1992, their greatest hits package was released on CD,


title: "Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface" content: wanting to just leave it there, he stopped the Rover. The stop was unplanned so he just told Mission Control his seatbelt had come loose, but quickly got off the Rover, ran over to the rock, using his collection tongs for a calibration in the photos, took a sample and got back to the Rover. During this time, Irwin distracted Mission Control by describing the surrounding craters. It was not until the sample boxes returned to Earth that the stop was discovered. The vesicular basalt is sample 15016, and it is sometimes called the seatbelt basalt. Back at "Falcon", Scott


title: "Alnus formosana" content: 1.2-2.2 cm, slender pubescent, densely furrow; Elliptic or oblong-lanceolate Limbo, rarely ovate-oblong, 6-12 × 2–5 cm, abaxially bearded in axils, lateral veins adaxially subglabrous, rounded or broadly cuneate base, irregularly minutely serrated margin, acuminate or acute apex; lateral veins 6 or 7 on each side of the midrib. One female inflorescence, or 2-4 in a cluster, ellipsoid, 1-2.5 cm; peduncle 3–5 mm, robust; bracts 3–4 mm, woody, cuneate base, rounded apex 5-lobed. Nutlet obovate, 2–3 mm, papery wings 1 / 4-1 / 3 as wide as nutlet. Fl. May–June, fr. July–September Alnus formosana Alnus formosana, or Formosan Alder, is a


title: "Kenan Sahin" content: one of its 40 Technology Pioneers. He received the New England Business and Technology's first "Circle of Excellence" award in 2004. In 2006, he was given the Golden Door Award by the International Institute of Boston in recognition of his achievements as both an entrepreneur and an academic. In 2007, TIAX was recognized as one of the Global Growth companies by the World Economic Forum, and Dr. Sahin was invited to Davos-East held in Dalian, China to address Innovation. In 2010, he was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor and this recognition was entered into the US Congressional records.


title: "Hypomyces lactifluorum" content: Hypomyces lactifluorum The Lobster mushroom, Hypomyces lactifluorum, contrary to its common name, is not a mushroom, but rather a parasitic ascomycete fungus that grows on certain species of mushrooms, turning them a reddish orange color that resembles the outer shell of a cooked lobster. "H. lactifluorum" specifically attacks members of the genera "Lactarius" and "Lactifluus" (milk-caps), and "Russula" (brittlegills), such as "Russula brevipes" and "Lactifluus piperatus" in North America. At maturity, "H. lactifluorum" thoroughly covers its host, rendering it unidentifiable. Lobster mushrooms are widely eaten and enjoyed; they are commercially marketed and are commonly found in some large grocery stores.


title: "Hypomyces lactifluorum" content: They have a seafood-like flavor and a firm, dense texture. Hypomyces lactifluorum The Lobster mushroom, Hypomyces lactifluorum, contrary to its common name, is not a mushroom, but rather a parasitic ascomycete fungus that grows on certain species of mushrooms, turning them a reddish orange color that resembles the outer shell of a cooked lobster. "H. lactifluorum" specifically attacks members of the genera "Lactarius" and "Lactifluus" (milk-caps), and "Russula" (brittlegills), such as "Russula brevipes" and "Lactifluus piperatus" in North America. At maturity, "H. lactifluorum" thoroughly covers its host, rendering it unidentifiable. Lobster mushrooms are widely eaten and enjoyed; they are commercially


title: "Oenothera speciosa" content: Oenothera speciosa Oenothera speciosa is a species of evening primrose known by several common names, including pinkladies, pink evening primrose, showy evening primrose, Mexican primrose, and amapola. It is a herbaceous perennial wildflower native to 28 of the lower 48 U.S. states (Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, California, the Carolinas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Mexico, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia) as well as Chihuahua and Coahuila in Mexico. It frequently escapes from gardens. The specific name, "speciosa", means "showy". The plant's wild habitat includes rocky prairies, open woodlands,


title: "Oenothera speciosa" content: slopes, roadsides, meadows and disturbed areas. While it makes an attractive garden plant, care should be taken with it as it can become invasive, spreading by runners and seeds. This drought-resistant plant prefers loose, fast-draining soil and full sun. The pink primrose has glaborous (smooth) to pubescent stems that grow to in height. The pubescent leaves are alternate with very short or no petiole (sessile), reaching long to broad. They are variable in shape, from linear to obovate, and are toothed or wavy-edged. It produces single, four-petaled, cup-shaped flowers on the upper leaf axils. These fragrant shell-pink flowers bloom throughout


title: "Oenothera speciosa" content: the summer into early autumn. The flowers start out white and grow pink as they age. The flower throats, as well as the stigmas and stamens, have a soft yellow color. It blooms both day and night, but typically in the pre-dawn hours, closing when the full sun hits them. They bloom from March to July, and occasionally in the fall. The flowers are frequented by several species of insect, but moths are the most common as the flowers are mostly open at night. This plant is also frequently referred to as a buttercup, though it is not a true


title: "Oenothera speciosa" content: buttercup (genus "Ranunculus"), or even in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. The pink evening primrose is used in the temperate latitudes as an ornamental plant. However, it does not survive a severe winter. It is a ground cover. With the USDA climates 4 to 9, the pink evening primrose in most areas of Central Europe should be sufficiently hardy. The green plant parts can be cooked or eaten as a salad; Harvested is possible before flowers develop, because then the taste is pleasant. Oenothera speciosa Oenothera speciosa is a species of evening primrose known by several common names, including pinkladies, pink


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: Oenothera biennis Oenothera biennis (common evening-primrose, evening star, sun drop, weedy evening primrose, German rampion, hog weed, King's cure-all, or fever-plant.) is a species of "Oenothera" native to eastern and central North America, from Newfoundland west to Alberta, southeast to Florida, and southwest to Texas, and widely naturalized elsewhere in temperate and subtropical regions. Evening primrose oil is produced from the plant. "Oenothera biennis" has a life span of two years (biennial) growing to tall. The leaves are lanceolate, long and broad, produced in a tight rosette the first year, and spirally on a stem the second year. Blooming lasts


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: from late spring to late summer. The flowers are hermaphrodite, produced on a tall spike and only last until the following noon. They open visibly fast every evening producing an interesting spectacle, hence the name "evening primrose." The blooms are yellow, diameter, with four bilobed petals. The flower structure has an invisible to the naked eye bright nectar guide pattern. This pattern is apparent under ultraviolet light and visible to its pollinators, moths, butterflies, and bees. The fruit is a capsule long and broad, containing numerous long seeds, released when the capsule splits into four sections at maturity. The seeds


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: of the plant are important food for birds. The evening primrose was introduced to Europe in the early 17th century as an ornamental plant in botanical gardens. Its possible applications in the kitchen and as medicinal plant were only discovered more than 100 years later. However, indigenous tribes in North America (namely the Cherokee, Iroquois, Ojibwe and Potawatomi) were using the plant as food and medicinal crop for hundreds of years. Today, the evening primrose is mainly known as garden plant and as medicinal plant in specialized sectors. However, almost all parts of the evening primrose are edible and medically


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: or cosmetically applicable. This includes the roots, leaves, blossoms, flower buds and seeds. Virtually all plant parts are edible. In general, the taste of the plant is mild but sometimes there can be a rough aftertaste. The roots can be eaten raw or cooked like potatoes. They can be used from the young plant, from September until the first flowering stem is developed. If soaked in water and boiled the taste is similar to black salsify root. The leaves of the evening primrose can be used from April to June when the plant is not flowering yet. They can be


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: eaten raw in salads or cooked like spinach or in soups. Several Native American tribes made tea from the evening primrose leaves and used it as a dietary aid. Evening primrose leaves contain flavonoids, mucilages, tannins, sugar, resin and phytosterols. The flowering stems are preferably used when they are still young in June. They have to be peeled and can then be eaten raw or fried. The flower buds are denoted as delicacy and can be harvested from June to September. They are mild in taste and can be eaten raw in salads, pickled in oil, fried or in soups.


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: The flowers themselves are edible as well and have a sweet taste. They can be used as garnish for salads but also in desserts. When the fruits are still green in August and September they can be used similar to the flowering stems. The seeds have a protein content of about 15%, an oil content of 24% and contain about 43% cellulose. The proteins are especially rich in the sulphur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine, as well as in tryptophan - all essential amino acids. There is a relative deficiency in lysine and four other essential amino acids. The nutrient


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: of greatest interest is gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid. For this reason evening primrose oil is a widely sold dietary supplement. The whole seeds can also be used similar to sesame roasted and in pastries. The oil of mature seeds contains approximately 7-10% of GLA. GLA, also referred to as C18:3-ω6 fatty acid, is not an essential fatty acid because it can readily be created from linoleic acid (C18:2-ω6). GLA is a preliminary stage in the production of prostaglandin, which is essential for the proper functioning of a cell. Symptoms and diseases like endogenous eczema, the Sjögren-syndrome, premenstrual


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: syndrome (PMS), polyarthritis, multiple sclerosis and menopausal symptoms can be induced by a prostaglandin shortage. In theory, an additional intake of GLA might help to cure these symptoms. The Cochrane Collaboration conducted a meta-analysis of clinical trials studying the effect of orally administered EPO on eczema and concluded that there was no effect. The Mayo Clinic examined evidence for the safety and effectiveness of evening primrose for several conditions; it was considered that there was "good evidence" (grade B, vs "strong evidence", grade A) that it produced a moderate improvement in eczema. Grade C, "unclear", evidence for benefit is listed


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: for other conditions. Research has shown a lack of significant beneficial effects on heart functions. Many conditions for which evening primrose oil is a traditional remedy or there is a theory suggesting efficacy are listed by the Mayo Clinic without comment. There are conflicting opinions and evidence for the medicinal effects of GLA. The active constituent of EPO, which has been promoted to treat ailments including breast pain and eczema; such marketing was described by the "British Medical Journal" (BMJ) as ethically dubious—the substance was likely to be remembered as "a remedy for which there is no disease". Another single


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: source suggests that Evening Primrose Oil with adjuvant vitamin E, may reduce breast pain. The BMJ said in 2003 that it was of no use in atopic dermatitis. The American Cancer Society said in 2010 that there was very little evidence for its effectiveness as an anti-cancer agent, for which it is sometimes promoted, and "neither GLA nor other GLA-rich supplements (such as evening primrose oil) have been convincingly shown to be useful in preventing or treating any other health conditions." EPO is considered likely to be safe in recommended doses. It may increase the risk of bleeding, a concern


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: for patients with bleeding disorders or taking drugs that may increase bleeding. The Mayo clinic recommends caution in people with seizure disorders or mania, and by pregnant or breastfeeding women, and publishes a long list of possible side-effects. The whole plant and especially the leaves were boiled to tea by Native American tribes as a stimulant to treat laziness and against “over fatness”. The tribes also used the roots externally to treat piles and boils. Additionally, they were chewed and rubbed onto the muscles to improve strength. The knowledge of agricultural practices in the cultivation of evening primrose is relatively


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: new and only pertain to the commercialized production of evening primrose seed oil. Information of agricultural practices for the production of root vegetable or other plant parts is not known yet. The evening primrose prefers sunny, and arid places with loamy soil and occurs below 700 meters above sea level. One important prerequisite is to meet adequate nitrogen requirements. While too high nitrogen levels could lead to a quality and quantity decline of the oil content in the seeds, moderate nitrogen levels lead to increased seed quality and quantity. Since the evening primrose is a light-dependent germinator it is important


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: that the seeds are not planted too deep into the soil (0,5-1,0 cm deep). The cultivation of evening primrose is thus suitable for no-till farming, but the plants require an intense mechanical weed control. The tiny seeds (thousand kernel weight: 0,3 -0,7 g) need approximately two to three weeks to germinate and are therefore very susceptible to the outgrowth of weeds. Evening primrose seeds can be sown in the first half of April (spring seeds) or from mid-July to mid-August (autumn seeds). The time of harvest is approximately 75 to 80 days (spring seeds) or 100 days (autumn seeds) after


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: flowering, and clearly influenced by the plant variety, climate conditions, soil fertility and sowing time. The population development and thus seed maturation of the evening primrose is very heterogeneous which is a rather difficult production factor. There is not much water needed during the vegetation period. A study has shown, that the irrigation with salt water could increase the oil yield and quality in evening primrose seeds. This might be a great opportunity especially in regions with limited water resources. Thus, the evening primrose could be a valuable alternative oil crop in arid regions. Finally, the cultivation of evening primrose


title: "Oenothera biennis" content: requires a proper field management otherwise the plant can become invasive. If the seeds are used for pharmaceutical purposes it is also very important to grow the evening primrose without any pesticides to avoid any chemical residues. Oenothera biennis Oenothera biennis (common evening-primrose, evening star, sun drop, weedy evening primrose, German rampion, hog weed, King's cure-all, or fever-plant.) is a species of "Oenothera" native to eastern and central North America, from Newfoundland west to Alberta, southeast to Florida, and southwest to Texas, and widely naturalized elsewhere in temperate and subtropical regions. Evening primrose oil is produced from the plant. "Oenothera


title: "Yamba, New South Wales" content: word "yumbah" meaning a rough edible shellfish the size of a man's hand that clings to rocks and is similar to an oyster. The Yaegl and Bundjalung people are traditional custodians of the coastal areas around Yamba, Iluka and Maclean. The ancestors of the present day Yaegl people lived around the mouth of the Clarence River and spoke the language Yaygirr which was closely related to Gumbaynggirr. There is evidence the Yaygirr had permanent settlements and a developed material culture. Matthew Flinders (1799) described large bark huts with rounded passageway entrances which protect dwellers from wind and rain. Similarly Captain


title: "Alejandro Cao de Benós" content: critical of North Korea. When Andrew Morse of ABC News visited the country in 2004, invited by the Association, he was accused of using sensationalist language to describe Kochang farm cooperatives. Once in Pyongyang, Cao de Benós broke into and searched through Morse's hotel room, confiscated his tapes, damaged his laptop and forced him to sign an apologetic letter in order to leave the country. Whilst he is authorized to "promote and develop cultural relations," Cao de Benós has been criticized for presenting himself as a North Korean government employee and KFA as an official North Korean entity, neither of


title: Naic content: as an acronym-for Nuestra Adorada (or Amable or Amante) Inmaculada Concepción, Spanish for Our Adorable (or Amiable or Loving) Immaculate Conception, referring to the Patroness of the then barrio, Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, whose feast the barrio celebrated (and the town continues to celebrate) on December 8. Naic has several histories when it comes to the origin of its name. One theory suggests that it originated when a Spaniard asked a native about what the pig is doing and he said ""na-igik"" (crying sound of pigs), thus later on developed as Naic. Another one suggests that it came


title: "Fort Rouillé" content: Following the French defeat at Fort Niagara in July 1759, the garrison at Fort Rouillé burnt down the fort, and withdrew to Montreal. After the fall of Fort Niagara in July 1759, the British under Lieutenant Francis came to Rouillé and found only burnt timbers. After the destruction of Fort Rouillé no attempt was made to re-establish a settlement in the vicinity until more than thirty years later, when Governor Simcoe laid down the foundations of York in 1793, four miles east of the French stockade. A first-hand account of the fort describes the fort. "The fort of Toronto was


title: "Rachel Crothers" content: Fund (directer from 1932 to 1951), the Stage Women's War Relief Fund, and the American Theatre Wing for War Relief, which operated the famed Stage Door Canteen, and remained its executive director until 1950. On April 25, 1939, Crothers was awarded the Chi Omega sorority national achievement award by Eleanor Roosevelt, a gold medal award given “to an American woman of notable accomplishments in the professions, public affairs, art, letters, business and finance, or education." According to her biography on Literature OnLine, Rachel Crothers "distinguished herself as one of the most significant American playwrights of the early twentieth century and


title: "Marching Chiefs" content: set records in collegiate band size with 460 members. Work on the Manley Whitcomb Band Complex was finally completed in time for the 2013 homecoming game. On November 15, 2013 the new field house and ceremonial arch were dedicated by Dr. Dunnigan. The new building will serve as storage facilities for the equipment that the Marching Chiefs use on a daily basis during marching season. As part of an effort to keep the band in tip-top condition, a fund was started in 2013 to replace many of the aging instruments loaned to students who don't own their own. When the


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: Thomson's gazelle Thomson's gazelle ("Eudorcas thomsonii") is one of the best-known gazelles. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and is sometimes referred to as a "tommie". It is considered by some to be a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle and was formerly considered a member of the genus "Gazella" within the subgenus "Eudorcas", before "Eudorcas" was elevated to genus status. Thomson's gazelles can be found in numbers exceeding 550,000 in Africa and are recognized as the most common type of gazelle in East Africa. The Thomson's gazelle can reach speeds of . It is the fifth-fastest land animal, after


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: the cheetah (its main predator), pronghorn, springbok, and wildebeest. The scientific name of Thomson's gazelle is "Eudorcas thomsonii". It is a member of the genus "Eudorcas" and is classified under the family Bovidae. Thomson's gazelle was first described by British zoologist Albert Günther in 1884. The relationships between Thomson's gazelle and the congeneric Mongalla gazelle ("E. albonotata") remain disputed; while some authors such as Alan W. Gentry of the (Natural History Museum, London) consider the Mongalla gazelle to be a subspecies of Thomson's gazelle, others (such as Colin Groves) consider the Mongalla gazelle to be a full species. Zoologist Jonathan


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: Kingdon treated Heuglin's gazelle, sometimes considered a species of "Eudorcas" ("E. tilonura") or a subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle ("E. r. tilonura"), as a subspecies of Thomson's gazelle. Thomson's gazelle is named after the Scottish explorer Joseph Thomson; the first recorded use of the name dates to 1897. Another common name for the gazelle is "tommy". "Antilope", "Eudorcas", "Gazella", and "Nanger" form a clade within their tribe Antilopini. A 1999 phylogenetic analysis showed that "Antilope" is the closest sister taxon to "Gazella", although the earliest phylogeny, proposed in 1976, placed "Antilope" as sister to "Nanger". In a more recent revision


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: of the phylogeny of the Antilopini on the basis of nuclear and mitochondrial data in 2013, Eva Verena Bärmann (of the University of Cambridge) and colleagues constructed a cladogram that clearly depicted the close relationship between "Nanger" and "Eudorcas". "Antilope" and "Gazella" were found to have a similar relationship. Two subspecies are identified: Thomson's gazelle is a relatively small gazelle; it stands at the shoulder. Males weigh , while the slightly lighter females weigh . The head-and-body length is typically between . Kingdon noted that physical measurements show a decrease from the northern to the southern parts of the gazelle's


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: range. Facial characteristics of the gazelle include white rings around the eyes, black stripes running from a corner of the eye to the nose, rufous stripes running from the horns to the nose, a dark patch on the nose, and a light forehead. The coat is sandy brown to rufous; a distinctive black band runs across the flanks, from the upper foreleg to just above the upper hind leg. A buff band can be seen just above the black stripe. Short, black streaks mark the white rump. The black tail measures . Males have well-developed preorbital glands near the eyes,


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: which are used for scent-marking territories. Both sexes possess horns that curve slightly backward with the tips facing forward. The horns, highly ringed, measure on males and on females. However, females have highly fragile horns; some are even hornless. Grant's gazelle is very similar to Thomson's gazelle, but can be differentiated by its larger size and a large white patch on the rump. The two subspecies differ markedly in their appearance. The eastern Thomson's gazelle is the larger of the two, with fainter facial markings. The Serengeti Thomson's gazelle, though, has a whiter face with more conspicuous markings. The horns


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: of females are shorter than those of males to a greater degree in the eastern Thomson's gazelle; moreover, the horns are more divergent in the eastern Thomson gazelle. Thomson's gazelle lives in Africa's savannas and grassland habitats, particularly the Serengeti region of Kenya and Tanzania. It has narrow habitat preferences, preferring short grassland with dry, sturdy foundation. It does, however, migrate into tall grassland and dense woodland. Gazelles are mixed feeders. In the wet seasons, they eat mainly fresh grasses, but during the dry seasons, they eat more browse, particularly foliage from bushes, forbs, and clovers. Thomson's gazelles are dependent


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: on short grass. Their numbers are highly concentrated at the beginning of the rains since the grass grows quickly. They follow the larger herbivores, such as plains zebras and blue wildebeests as they mow down the tall grasses. Then, the gazelles spread out more. In the wild, Thomson's gazelles can live 10–15 years. Their major predators are cheetahs, which are able to attain higher speeds, but gazelles can outlast them in long chases and are able to make turns more speedily. This small antelope-gazelle can run extremely fast, from , to 96 km/h (60 mph) and zigzag, a peculiarity which


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: often saves it from predators. Sometimes, they are also chased by leopards, lions, and hyenas, but the gazelles are faster and more agile; these predators attack especially the young or infirm individuals. They can also be prey to crocodiles and pythons, and their fawns are sometimes the prey of eagles, african wild dogs, jackals, and baboons. A noticeable behaviour of Thomson's gazelles is their bounding leap, known as stotting or pronking, used to startle predators and display strength. During the wet season, a time when grass is abundant, adult male gazelles graze extensively. They spread out more and establish breeding


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: territories. Younger males usually spend their time in bachelor groups, and are prevented from entering the territories. Females form migratory groups that enter the males' territories, mostly the ones with the highest-quality resources. As the female groups pass through and forage, the territorial males may try to herd them, and are usually successful in preventing single females from leaving, but not whole groups. Subadult males usually establish dominance through actual combat, while adults are more likely to do rituals. If a bachelor male should be passing through a territorial male's region, the male will chase the offender out of his


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: territory. When patrolling his territory, a male may use his horns to gore the grass, soil, or a bush. Males also mark grass stems with their preorbital glands, which emit a dark secretion. Territories of different males may share a boundary. When territorial males meet at the border of their territories, they engage in mock fights in which they rush towards each other as if they are about to clash, but without touching. After this, they graze in a frontal position, then in parallel and them in reverse, and move away from each other while constantly grazing. These rituals have


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: no victor, but merely maintain the boundaries of the territories. Territorial males usually do not enter another male's territory. If a male is chasing an escaping female, he will stop the chase if she runs into another territory, but the neighboring male will continue the chase. A male gazelle follows a female and sniffs her urine to find out if she is in estrus, a process known as the Flehmen response. If so, he continues to court and mount her. Females leave the herd to give birth to single fawns after a five- to six-month gestation period. They give birth


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: twice yearly with one or two fawns. When birthing, a female gazelle crouches as the newborn fawn drops to the ground, tearing the umbilical cord. The mother then licks the fawn clean of amniotic fluid and tissues. In addition, licking possibly also serves to stimulate the fawn’s blood circulation, or to "label" it so its mother can recognize it by scent. In the first six hours of the fawn’s life, it moves and rests with its mother, but eventually spends more time away from its mother or hides in the grass. The mother stays in the vicinity of the fawn


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: and returns to nurse it daily. Mother and fawn may spend an hour together before the fawn goes and lies back down to wait for the next nursing. Mother gazelles may associate with other gazelle mothers, but the fawns do not gather into "kindergartens". Mothers defend their young against jackals and baboons, but not against larger predators. Sometimes, a female can fend off a male baboon by headbutting him with her horns to defend her fawn. As the fawn approaches two months of age, it spends more time with its mother and less time hiding. Eventually, it stops hiding. Around


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: this time, the fawn starts eating solid food, but continues to nurse from its mother. The pair also joins a herd. Young female gazelles may associate with their mothers as yearlings. Young males may also follow their mothers, but as they reach adolescence, they are noticed by territorial males, so cannot follow their mothers into territories. The mother may follow and stay with him, but eventually stops following him when he is driven away; the male will then join a bachelor group. The population estimate is around 550,000. The population had declined 60% from 1978 to 2005. Threats to Thomson’s


title: "Thomson's gazelle" content: gazelles are tourist impacts, habitat modification, fire management, and road development. Surveys have reported steep declines (60-70%) over periods of about 20 years dating from the late 1970s in several places, including the main strongholds for the species: Serengeti, Masai Mara, and Ngorongoro. References to the Thomson's gazelle were an occasional running gag in "Monty Python's Flying Circus". The 2016 Disney film, "Zootopia", features an anthropomorphic Thomson's gazelle pop star, voiced by Shakira. Thomson's gazelle Thomson's gazelle ("Eudorcas thomsonii") is one of the best-known gazelles. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and is sometimes referred to as a "tommie".


title: "M. Chinnaswamy Stadium" content: also served as venue for the 1996 Miss World pageant. The KSCA planned to increase the seating capacity to 70,000, as well as considered constructing a newer cricket stadium with seating capacity of 70,000–80,000. However, none of those plans have materialised as of now. Chinnaswamy Stadium is also the home ground of the Bengaluru franchise team, the Royal Challengers Bangalore. The stadium was given a facelift for the first season of the IPL. It was painted in red and yellow, the team colours of the Royal Challengers and also the colours of the Kannada flag (cultural flag). This stadium has


title: "Tonquin (1807)" content: from Vanua Levu, the islands of modern Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands were sighted, in addition to parts of the Federated States of Micronesia, such as Kapingamarangi, which Fanning called the Equator Isles. After entering the Guangzhou port, the sandalwood cargo was sold in return for various Chinese products. The "Tonquin" safely returned to New York City. The "Tonquin" was sold for $37,860 () to German-American businessman John Jacob Astor on 23 August 1810. Astor purchased the vessel to spearhead his plans for gaining a foothold in the ongoing maritime fur trade on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America.


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: Aston Martin Vantage (2005) The Aston Martin Vantage is a series of hand-built sports cars from the British automotive manufacturer Aston Martin. Aston Martin has previously used the "Vantage" name on high-performance variants of their existing GT models, notably on the Virage-based car of the 1990s. The modern car, in contrast, is the leanest and most agile car in Aston's lineup. As such, it is intended as a more focused model to reach out to potential buyers of cars such as the Porsche 911 as well as the exotic sports and GT cars with which Aston Martins traditionally compete. Production


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: of the V8 Vantage ended in 2017 with production of the V12 Vantage continuing in 2018. In November 2017, Aston Martin unveiled a new redesigned Vantage. The new model was unveiled in 2017 as a 2019 model year car. Following the unveiling of the AMV8 Vantage concept car in 2003 at the North American International Auto Show designed by Henrik Fisker, the production version, known as the V8 Vantage was introduced at the Geneva Motor Show in 2005 for the 2006 model year. The two seat, two-door coupé had a bonded aluminium structure for strength and lightness. The 172.5 inch


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: (4.38 m) long car featured a hatchback-style tailgate for practicality, with a large luggage shelf behind the seats. In addition to the coupé, a convertible, known as the V8 Vantage Roadster, was introduced later in that year. The V8 Vantage was initially powered by a 4.3 L (4,280 cc) quad-cam 32-valve V8 which produced at 7,300 rpm and at 5,000 rpm. However, models produced after 2008 had a 4.7-litre V8 with and of torque. Though based loosely on Jaguar's AJ-V8 engine architecture, this engine was unique to Aston Martin and featured race-style dry-sump lubrication, which enabled it to be mounted


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: low in the chassis for an improved center of gravity. The cylinder block and heads, crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons, camshafts, inlet and exhaust manifolds, lubrication system and engine management were all designed in house by Aston Martin and the engine was assembled by hand at the AM facility in Cologne, Germany, which also built the V12 engine for the DB9 and Vanquish. The engine was front mid-mounted with a rear-mounted transaxle, giving a 49/51 front/rear weight distribution. Slotted Brembo brakes were also standard. The original V8 Vantage could accelerate from 0 to in 4.8 seconds before topping out at .


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: In 2008, Aston Martin introduced an aftermarket dealer approved upgrade package for power and handling of the 4.3-litre variants that maintained the warranty with the company. The power upgrade was called the V8 Vantage Power Upgrade, creating a more potent version of the Aston Martin 4.3-litre V8 engine with an increase in Peak power of 20 bhp to while peak torque increased by 10 Nm to . This consists of the fitting of the following revised components; manifold assembly (painted Crackle Black), valved air box, right and left hand side vacuum hose assemblies, engine bay fuse box link lead (ECU


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: to fuse box), throttle body to manifold gasket, intake manifold gasket, fuel injector to manifold seal and a manifold badge. The V8 Vantage had a retail price of GB£79,000, US$110,000, or €104,000 in 2006, Aston Martin planned to build up to 3,000 per year. Included was a 6-speed manual transmission and leather-upholstery for the seats, dash board, steering-wheel, and shift-knob. A new 6-speed sequential manual transmission, similar to those produced by Ferrari and Lamborghini, called Sportshift was introduced later as an option. In their 2006 readership survey, readers of Car Design News voted the Aston Martin V8 Vantage as the


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: best current production car design. The survey results were based on over 1,000 responses, most from working automotive designers and students of industrial and automotive design. The Vantage was also voted one of Automobile magazine's 2007 "All Stars" for its performance, road manners, and design. The V8 Vantage is also one of the only two cars to be added to "The DB9 Section", – a mini-fridge reserved for the super "cool" – on the BBC's "Top Gear" (on which it is described as the "baby Aston" to differentiate it from the V12 powered DB9). The program rates cars from seriously


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: un-cool to sub-zero. The fridge was an extra category added when the presenters deemed the Aston Martin DB9 too cool for the sub-zero category. In the 2005 awards, Jeremy Clarkson declared the V8 Vantage as Best Sounding Car of the Year and The Coolest Car of the Year, while the award winner was actually the Porsche 911. While the V8 Vantage remains a rare and special car by any standard, the success of the model is highlighted by the completion of chassis number 10,000 – a specially ordered Onyx coupé delivered to a customer in USA – in the first


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: half of 2008. While the production of 10,000 cars is a tiny number by the standards of typical car manufacturers, it is a significant milestone for an Aston Martin model – the DB9 being the only other Aston Martin model to have achieved that figure. In May 2008, Aston Martin announced new technological updates for the Vantage, which included changes to the engine, transmission, suspension and appearance. New cylinder liners that were now pressed into the aluminium block instead of the original cast-in variants allow a thinner liner, which in turn allows a larger capacity of 4.7 L. The cylinder


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: bore and stroke has been increased from to and to respectively, giving a total displacement of 4,735 cc. The dry sump lubrication system was also modified. The "Sportshift" semi-automatic transmission benefited from a software update, while a lightened flywheel was introduced for both the manual and the Sportshift versions. Aston Martin also stiffened the suspension and the suspension system now uses Bilstein dampers. An optional sports pack was offered with stiffer springs for better handling and all-new 5-spoke alloy wheels. Sportshift-equipped models also received a new dual throttle mapping update which allows the driver to choose from the default sport


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: mode, or comfort mode, which gives more comfortable shifts and throttle input for drivability. For the 2012 model year, Aston Martin replaced the 6-speed Sportshift with the 7-speed Sportshift II first utilised in the V8 Vantage S. New wheels are also part of the update including 20-spoke alloy wheels and new 5-spoke aluminium wheels for the sport pack. The interior has been changed slightly, using an updated console similar to the Aston Martin DBS and the DB9. The update provides the Vantage with a power increase to at 7,000 rpm (an 11% increase) and a peak torque of at 5,750


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: rpm (a 15% increase), providing the car with additional reserves of mid-range performance and an improved top speed of . The Vantage can now accelerate from 0 to in 4.3 seconds, half a second faster over the outgoing model. Combined European fuel economy and emissions are also improved by 13% (Sportshift). Aston Martin has produced eighteen variants of the Vantage, which are: At the 2006 Greater Los Angeles Auto Show, Aston Martin officially unveiled the V8 Vantage Roadster. The car gained over the coupé, but Aston Martin claimed the car would have the same performance as the coupé. To compensate


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: for the loss of the roof a new, super-stiff cross-member was added to the frame. The soft top could be raised or lowered electronically in 18 seconds and could be operated at speeds up to . It had the same 4.3-litre V8 from the coupé version producing at 7,000 rpm and of torque at 5,000 rpm along with having a maximum speed of . It would accelerate from 0 to in 4.8 seconds. The 2009 Vantage Roadster features swan wing doors, a leather and alcantara interior and a zinc alloy centre console and a crystal-capped key fob. It also featured


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: the updated 4.7-litre V8 which produces and of torque, and can accelerate from 0 to in 4.5 seconds before reaching a top speed of . In 2007, Prodrive released a tuning package for the V8 Vantage, which consists of four separate packages that can be installed in stages. These four packages are for the engine, suspension, wheels, and aerodynamics. The engine package includes an engine control unit remapping and minor engine modifications that increase power on the 4.3 L engine by , and torque by . Throttle control is also remapped. Also included is an exhaust modification which allows the


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: driver to leave the by-pass valves in three separate settings. The suspension package replaces portions of the car's suspension system with Bilstein and Eibach parts, which are claimed to make the vehicle more responsive and accurate through the corners. The tyre and wheel package replaces the stock wheels with lighter twin-7 spoke alloys from Prodrive Japan. The wheels are similar to those on the DBR9, and each wheel weighs less than their stock counterpart. Pirelli P-Zero tyres are used, and the rear wheels are widened to . The aerodynamic package adds a carbon fibre front splitter and rear lip-spoiler, which


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: together reduce lift by up to 45%. Packages could be ordered direct from Prodrive or from an Aston Martin dealer, though all packages are installed by Prodrive. 0 to acceleration times are claimed to drop by 0.5 seconds to about 4.3 seconds and 0- times are improved by 0.9 seconds. To commemorate the company's racing successes at the Nürburgring, Aston Martin released the limited edition N400 at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. The N400s 4.3 L V8 was tuned to produce hence the name, and the car also featured a sports pack which included lightweight graphite-finished wheels, uprated springs and


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: dampers and a new rear anti-roll bar. The N400 was available in three special paint colours; Bergwerk Black, Lightning Silver and Karussell Orange. Each N400 came with perforated leather trim, including a map of the Nürburgring stitched on the center armrest, and a numbered plaque. Aston Martin tested the car at the Nurburgring Nordschleife circuit where it was able to complete a lap in under eight minutes. The N400 package was available as either a coupe or roadster with a total of 480 examples (240 coupes, 240 Roadsters) being built, in note of the fact that there are 480 seconds


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: in 8 minutes. The N420 became the successor to the special edition N400 of 2007, based upon the standard 4.7-litre V8 Vantage and available either a coupé or roadster and with either the 6-speed manual or optional 6-speed Sportshift transmission. The motorsport-inspired V8 Vantage N420 came with the Sports Pack suspension as standard, a new sports exhaust system and many carbon fibre components which resulted in a weight saving over the standard car. In addition, the N420 has distinctive Aston Martin ‘Race Collection’ paint schemes available as an option although any other colour could be specified. Along with that, the


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: N420 has the extended N400 sills, a carbon fibre front splitter, side strakes and diffuser along with 10-spoke diamond turned alloy wheels with gloss black finish, black mesh vents and ‘Graphitic’ tailpipe finishers. On 25 January 2011, Aston Martin unveiled the V8 Vantage S, a more potent version of the V8 Vantage available in both coupé and Roadster body styles and designed to create a more sporty experience than the standard V8 Vantage. The engine is the same 4.7-litre "AJ37" V8 found in the base Vantage, but with improved intake airflow, new mufflers, and new programming that keeps the exhaust


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: system's bypass valves open for longer. The 4.7-litre V8 engine has been modified to deliver a peak power of at 7,300 rpm and torque of at 5,000 rpm representing an increase of 10 bhp and 20 Nm respectively. The modifications allowed for improved acceleration time of 0 to in 4.0 seconds, 0.3 seconds faster than the base model. Engine output flows through a new single-clutch 7-speed Graziano automated manual to a limited-slip rear differential; the carbon fibre driveshaft spins in an aluminium torque tube. From there, power is applied to the pavement via a set of (285/35) Bridgestone Potenza tyres


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: on 19-inch cast aluminium wheels. Bushings, springs, and dampers were stiffened for the S model and the steering rack is quicker than in the base model. These modifications result in an exceptional level of response. The aerodynamic enhancements include a deeper front bumper with carbon fibre splitter, larger side sills, a carbon fibre diffuser and a larger tailgate lip designed to sharpen the handling on the road. Additional visual differences include new wheels. A major difference in the Vantage S is the inclusion of the Sportshift II transmission, a 7-speed sequential manual gearbox, as standard. The Sportshift II is lighter


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: than the 6-speed Sportshift fitted on the standard Vantage. This contributes, along with other weight saving parts, to a total vehicle kerb weight of , a reduction of over the standard V8 Vantage. Later in 2013, a special model was unveiled named the SP10 as a celebration of Aston Martin's success in the Nürburgring 24-hour endurance race. Available as both in coupé and roadster body style, the SP10 features the same 4.7-litre V8 engine developing and of torque. The car remains almost identical to the V8 Vantage S but includes a 6-speed manual transmission as standard with the Sportshift II


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: transmission available as an option. Other bespoke features included a special Ceramic Grey body colour with the soft top of the roadster in Titan Grey, 19-inch cast aluminium wheels with V-shaped spokes finished in high gloss black colour with black brake callipers, a front splitter and rear diffuser made from carbon fibre and clear tail lamps. The N430 version of the V8 Vantage was announced just a few weeks ahead of the 2014 Geneva Motor Show, following on from the previous and desirable N400 and N420 editions. This new model is mechanically based on the standard V8 Vantage but with


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: the addition of the 'S' 430 bhp V8 engine, 'S' suspension and some unique styling features, together with either the regular 6-speed manual or the Prodrive developed 7-speed Sportshift II transmission with paddle shift. Announced on the eve of the New York Auto Show in April 2014, the V8 Vantage GT is what is in effect, the US version of the Vantage N430. This new North American-only model is mechanically based on the standard V8 Vantage but with the addition of the 'S' 430 bhp engine, 'S' suspension and some unique styling features, together with either the regular 6-speed manual


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: or the Prodrive developed 7-speed Sportshift II transmission with paddle shift. In 2017, Aston Martin announced a limited, track focused iteration of the V8 Vantage: the Vantage GT8. The company would only manufacture 150 cars, 50 more than the GT12. The GT8 features the same 4.7-litre V8 as found in the base Vantage but with power now increased to , and has a top speed of . The GT8 is available with either a 6-speed manual or a 7-speed Sportshift II automated manual transmission, and has a kerb weight of , a reduction over the V8 Vantage S. On 11


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: December 2007, as part of Aston Martin's opening of their own design studio, the company unveiled a concept car based on the V8 Vantage. The car, known as the V12 Vantage RS, featured the "AM11" V12 engine from the DBS and produced and of torque. The power along with the kerb weight of allows the car to accelerate from 0 to in 4.2 seconds and achieve a top speed of . Other additions include a new rear diffuser, a retractable rear-wing which can be raised or lowered and carbon-ceramic brakes. The boot-lid and vented bonnet are also made from carbon


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: fibre to help decrease the car's weight. In early 2008, Aston Martin's CEO confirmed production of the V12 Vantage RS for mid-2009. Development prototypes of the V12 Vantage RS appeared in April 2008 before Aston Martin unveiled the production version simply called the V12 Vantage in 2009. On the finale of the 13th series of "Top Gear", presenter Jeremy Clarkson drove the car simply saying that "It's wonderful, wonderful, wonderful". The V12 Vantage was confirmed for the United States market. The then CEO, Dr. Urlich Bez personally confirmed that USA homologation is underway. This was in response to the decision


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: of expanding the production run beyond 1,000 units. According to the automaker, some subtle changes were necessary to the structure of the car in order for it to meet North and South American regulations. In addition to these enhancements, the company also announced that it would be adding a new Carbon Black version of the V12 Vantage exclusively for the American market. On 24 August 2011, Aston Martin announced that they were developing a GT3 version of the V12 Vantage, to replace the Aston Martin DBRS9. The race car was expected to be delivered by early 2012. Aston Martin unveiled


title: "Aston Martin Vantage (2005)" content: a convertible version called the V12 Vantage Roadster in 2013. The roadster weighs more due to chassis stiffening modifications, and because of the additional weight the roadster accelerates from 0 to in 4.5 seconds, but retains the coupe's top speed of . On 28 May 2013, Aston Martin announced the V12 Vantage S - a sportier version of the V12 Vantage that it preceded it. The V12 Vantage S produces at 6750 rpm and at 5750 rpm of torque from a revised V12 engine called the "AM28", which would be used as a base for future engines. The power is