title: "Blue dasher" content: any flying insect, such as a moth or fly. Nymphs have a diet that includes other aquatic larvae, small fish, and tadpoles. These dragonflies are known to be voracious predators, consuming up to 10% of their body weight each day in food. The blue dasher hunts by keeping still and waiting for suitable prey to come within range. When it does, they dart from their position to catch it. Blue dasher The blue dasher ("Pachydiplax longipennis") is a dragonfly of the skimmer family. It is very common and widely distributed through North America and into the Bahamas. Although the species


title: "Typha angustifolia" content: Typha angustifolia Typha angustifolia L. (also lesser bulrush, narrowleaf cattail or lesser reedmace) is a perennial herbaceous plant of genus "Typha". This cattail is an "obligate wetland" species that is commonly found in the northern hemisphere in brackish locations. The plant's leaves are flat, very narrow (¼"-½" wide), and 3'-6' tall when mature; 12-16 leaves arise from each vegetative shoot. At maturity, they have distinctive stalks that are about as tall as the leaves; the stalks are topped with brown, fluffy, sausage-shaped flowering heads. The plants have sturdy, rhizomatous roots that can extend 27" and are typically ¾"-1½" in diameter.


title: "Typha angustifolia" content: It has been proposed that the species was introduced from Europe to North America. In North America, it is also thought to have been introduced from coastal to inland locations. The geographic range of "Typha angustifolia" overlaps with the very similar species "Typha latifolia" (broadleaf or common cattail). "T. angustifolia" can be distinguished from "T. latifolia" by its narrower leaves and by a clear separation of two different regions (staminate flowers above and pistilate flowers below) on the flowering heads. The species hybridize as "Typha x glauca" ("Typha angustifolia x T. latifolia") (white cattail); "Typha x glauca" is not a


title: "Typha angustifolia" content: distinct species, but is rather a sterile F1 hybrid. Broadleaf cattail is usually found in shallower water than narrowleaf cattail. Several parts of the plant are edible, including during various seasons the dormant sprouts on roots and bases of leaves, the inner core of the stalk, green bloom spikes, ripe pollen, and starchy roots. The edible stem is called "bồn bồn" in Vietnam. Typha angustifolia Typha angustifolia L. (also lesser bulrush, narrowleaf cattail or lesser reedmace) is a perennial herbaceous plant of genus "Typha". This cattail is an "obligate wetland" species that is commonly found in the northern hemisphere in


title: "Judy Grable" content: wrestle after falling off a high wire. In the late 1960s, Grable retired from wrestling after marrying a serviceman. Grable returned to school, graduating in 1978. She was then employed as a nurse's assistant in a home for veterans. One of her daughters works as a wrestler under the name Debbie Grable. Grable died on May 11, 2008 after living with diabetes, strokes, and Alzheimer's. Judy Grable Nellya Baughman (August 21, 1935 – May 11, 2008) was an American professional wrestler who was best known by her ring name Judy Grable. She was an active wrestler during the 1950s and


title: "King Abdullah University of Science and Technology" content: Al-Naimi chaired a Saudi Aramco team to undertake the building and planning of the academics. Nadhmi Al-Nasr was chosen to lead the project. They employed the Washington Advisory Group's Frank H. T. Rhodes and Frank Press to design the academic structure, SRI International to develop the four research institutes, and the architectural firm of HOK for the campus master plan, which included wind towers and solar panels. The location of the campus at Thuwal included 16.4 sq km on land and 19.6 sq km of marine sanctuary offshore. Ground breaking took place in Oct. 2007, and 178 scholarships were awarded


title: "James M. Gaylord" content: marshal in 1860. Gaylord was elected Justice of the Peace in 1865, and by successive reelections was continued in that office until his death in McConnelsville, Ohio, June 14, 1874. He was interred in McConnelsville Cemetery. James M. Gaylord James Madison Gaylord (May 29, 1811 – June 14, 1874) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio. Born in Zanesville, Ohio, Gaylord moved to McConnelsville, Ohio, in 1818. He attended the common schools and the Ohio University at Athens. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar and practiced. He was appointed clerk of the court of common pleas in 1834.


title: "Lawrence W. Hall" content: Lawrence W. Hall Lawrence Washington Hall (1819 – January 18, 1863) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio. Born in Lake County, Ohio, Hall graduated from Hudson College in 1839 where he studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1843 and began practice in Bucyrus, Ohio, in 1844. He served as prosecuting attorney of Crawford County from 1845-1851; then as judge of the Court of Common Pleas from 1852-1857. Hall was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-fifth Congress (serving from March 4, 1857 to March 3, 1859). He subsequently resumed his law practice, having lost his reelection bid.


title: "William Wildman Campbell" content: 1908 to the Sixty-first Congress. He resumed the practice of law in Napoleon, Ohio. He served as member of the State constitutional convention of 1911 and 1912. He died in Napoleon, Ohio, August 13, 1927. He was interred in Forest Hill Cemetery. William Wildman Campbell William Wildman Campbell (April 2, 1853 – August 13, 1927) was a U.S. Representative from Ohio. Born in Rochester, Vermont, Campbell attended the public schools, Goddard Seminary, Barre, Vermont, and Tufts College, Medford, Massachusetts. He studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1878 and commenced practice at Napoleon, Ohio. He served as prosecuting


title: "Santa Cruz, Chile" content: Santa Cruz, Chile Santa Cruz is a Chilean city and commune, located in the Colchagua valley, in the O'Higgins Region, located on the southern shore of the Tinguiririca river, 110 miles from Santiago, Chile's capital city and 27 miles from San Fernando. There is no exact data about the founding of the city, although there is an official date when the city became a municipality in the year 1891, the same year that Pichilemu did. From its beginnings, the town was a center of handcrafted artifacts and agricultural development, with wheat, tomatoes, and wine being the main products of the


title: "Venture (department store)" content: New Zealand-based department store chain Farmers Deka (now Farmers Trading Company) and the Perth-based companies Action Holdings and Vox. In December 1992 Farmers Deka acquired 100% of Venture, with ownership passing to Western Australian-based grocery wholesaler and retailer Foodland Associated Limited (FAL), a former Australian company later acquired by IGA (Australian supermarket group). In the 1993 FAL annual report it was written "Venture's management has made significant progress in establishing and repositioning Venture's image as a destination store by merchandising every day repeat purchase items at competitive prices while maintaining its focus on the female with young children as the


title: "Religion in Greece" content: few remain in Kavala and Rhodes. It is composed largely of two groups, the Romaniotes, Jewish communities dating back to Antiquity, and the Ladino-speaking Sephardim, who arrived from Spain and settled chiefly in Thessaloniki during Ottoman times. The number of Greek citizens followers of Islam is estimated to be at 97,604 people or 0.95% of the total population, according to the 1991 census. They live mostly in Western Thrace and are turkish, slavonic (Pomaks) and romani (Gypsies) speakers. Immigrant Muslims are estimated between 200,000-300,000. In 2015, Islam was the religion of 2% of the total population of Greece. Sikhs have


title: "Aubrey Ankrum" content: series "Happy Tree Friends" which became an internet phenomenon. In the show Aubrey voiced the characters of Pop and Flippy. The HTF Third Strike DVD shows that he also did the robot voice and what sounds like baby talk. According to writer Warren Graff, Aubrey has left "Happy Tree Friends" but they sample his voice rather than replacing him for the voices Evil Flippy and Pop. He also did the voice of the Croc Hunter, Abe Lincoln and of Kathie Lee Gifford for "The God & Devil Show". As a graphic artist and animator he has worked for Microsoft, Macromedia,


title: "Zdzisław Stieber" content: where they are attested. He also carried out research on Sorbian and Belarusian, and was involved in producing linguistic atlases of Kashubian (1964–78), Polish (Nitsch 1957-70), and Lemkian (1956–64). Particularly valuable was his introduction of colors and symbols to dialect maps. Stieber's work in the 1930s represented some of the first studies of the dialect of the Lemko Rusyns. The deportation of this ethnic group in Operation Vistula after World War II underlines the importance of Stieber's work carried out while the community was still intact. Stieber also produced works on the history and development of Polish (1934), Czech (1957),


title: "Forties Oil Field" content: sandstone. Four appraisal wells drilled during 1971–1972 revealed a large reservoir at a depth of about and closure of 155 m. So marked the first and largest major oil field discovery in the United Kingdom sector of the North Sea. Oil had previously been discovered at the Ekofisk field. Named Forties because it lay just off the Long Forties Bank, the field began producing oil in September 1975 and was officially inaugurated by Her Majesty on 3 November 1975. When the project was completed, 400,000 barrels of crude was initially expected to be siphoned off each day and exported through


title: "First Apology of Justin Martyr" content: First Apology of Justin Martyr The First Apology was an early work of Christian apologetics addressed by Justin Martyr to the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius. In addition to arguing against the persecution of individuals solely for being Christian, Justin also provides the Emperor with a defense of the philosophy of Christianity and a detailed explanation of contemporary Christian practices and rituals. This work, along with the Second Apology, has been cited as one of the earliest examples of Christian apology, and many scholars attribute this work to creating a new genre of apology out of what was a typical Roman


title: "Mike Tredgett" content: Mike Tredgett Mike Tredgett (born 1949) is a former English badminton player who specialized in doubles and played at the world level for more than a decade, winning numerous international men's doubles and mixed doubles titles. Tredgett won five medals in the World Championships between 1977 and 1983. He is also one of the most successful players ever in the European Badminton Championships with 5 titles, three of them in men's doubles and two in mixed doubles. He shared three All-England mixed doubles titles (1978, 1980, 1981) with Nora Perry and reached the All-England men's doubles final twice with Ray


title: "Airman (novel)" content: World's Fair of 1878, which Declan Broekhart and his wife are attending. They are there mainly to take a ride in a new hot air balloon. While they are in the air, along with one Victor Vigny, the balloon is shot at by men from the ground. During the forced landing, Conor Broekhart is born, flying over Paris. It is 1887. Conor and his family live on the sovereign Saltee Islands, off the Irish coast, which are ruled by King Nicholas Trudeau. Nicholas is a progressive leader who is helping the islands adapt to the industrialized world. When a dangerous


title: "Finnish Lakeland" content: Finnish Lakeland Finnish Lakeland or Finnish lake district (, "Lake Finland", ) is the largest of the four landscape regions into which the geography of Finland is divided. The hilly, forest-covered landscape of the lake plateau is dominated by drumlins and by long sinuous eskers. Both are glacial remnants after the continental glaciers that scoured and gouged the country's surface receded about 10,000 years ago. The lake basins of the lakeland originate from the joint work of weathering and erosion of fractures in the bedrock. The erosion that made the depressions occurred before and during the Quaternary ice ages. Erosion


title: "2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)" content: Gap Military Reservation, Pennsylvania with the 5th Infantry Division training recruits for deployment to Korea. In June 1957, at the time of the Pentomic reorganization, the 2nd Infantry Regiment was stationed at Fort Ord, California with the 5th Infantry Division, serving as a training regiment. The 2nd Battalion was reorganized and redesignated as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2nd Battle Group, 2nd Infantry and released from assignment with 5th Infantry Division and assigned to the 1st Infantry Division. At this time both the 1st and 3rd Battalions were inactivated. In January 1959 the 2nd Battle Group was reassigned to the 24th


title: "Johan Jacobsen" content: His A Stranger Knocks (1959) was in competition at the San Francisco International Film Festival 1960. It was distributed in the US by Trans-Lux and played a major part in bringing down the American State Film Censorship system in 1965. In his last years Jacobsen worked for tycoon Simon Spies (1921-1984) at his cinema Merkur Bio in Copenhagen. Director: Documentaries / shorts: Producer: Johan Jacobsen Johan Jacobsen (born 14 March 1912 in Aarhus – died 7 July 1972 in Copenhagen) was a Danish film director. His parents were theatre manager Jacob Jørgen Jacobsen (1865-1955) and actress Christel Holch (1886-1968). From


title: "Casio SD Synthesizers" content: cards, which had 8K of memory. Unlike the CZ series, portamento was not available. The MT-600 was a non-programmable home keyboard variant of the HT-700. While not technically a synthesizer (the tones could not be altered and new sounds could not be created), it used the SD synthesis engine and had the same preset patches as the HZ-600 (arranged in a different order). The case of the MT-600 was smaller than the HZ-600, with only 49 mini-keys, but as a home keyboard it did include stereo speakers and auto-accompaniment. The MT-600 included a pitch-bender, which was unusual for home keyboards


title: "SK Rockaden" content: SK Rockaden SK Rockaden is the biggest chess club in Sweden, founded 1921 at Södermalm in central Stockholm, where the club spent most of its first forty years. In 1961 the club moved to the southern suburb Högdalen and in 1993 to its present location in the southwestern suburb Hägerstensåsen. Rockaden currently plays in the Swedish national premier league, Elitserien i schack, and have won Elitserien and its predecessor Lag-SM (National Team Championship) 22 times since its inception in 1951: 1957–1959, 1980, 1982, 1984–1986, 1992–1998, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 2014 and 2016. Rockaden has represented Sweden 15 times in


title: "Chichibabin reaction" content: 350 psi nitrogen pressure and the same conditions, the yields are 74% of the aminated Chichibabin product and 26% of the dimer product. Chichibabin reaction The Chichibabin reaction (pronounced ' (chē')-chē-bā-bēn) is a method for producing 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the reaction of pyridine with sodium amide. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1914. The following is the overall form of the general reaction: <br> The direct amination of pyridine with sodium amide takes place in liquid ammonia. Following the addition elimination mechanism first a nucleophilic NH is added while a hydride (H) is leaving. Ciganek describes an example of


title: "Western Disturbance" content: in numbers after winter. During the summer months of April and May, they move across north India. The southwest monsoon current generally progresses from east to west in the northern Himalayan region, unlike western disturbances which follow a west to east trend in north India with consequent rise in pressure carrying cold pool of air. This helps in the activation of monsoon in certain parts of northwest India. The interaction of the monsoon trough with western disturbances may occasionally cause dense clouding and heavy precipitation. The 2013 North India floods, which killed more than 5000 people in a span of


title: "The Man (comics)" content: The Man (comics) The Man is a graphic novella for children, written and illustrated by Raymond Briggs and published by Julia MacRae Books in 1992. It tells the humorous story of a boy, John, who is visited by the titular Man, a minuscule human (homunculus) who arrives in the boy's bedroom unclothed and hungry. After getting over his initial shock, the boy starts to take care of him. The story follows their relationship over the next few days between John and 'Man', with the Man showing himself to be demanding, bossy and messy, but nevertheless a bond forms between the


title: "Gary Kershaw" content: Gary competed in the NASCAR Western Grand National Victoria 150 race where he qualified for 4th place. Gary's 1975 season started with a 3rd-place finish in the May 31st Carling Opener in Victoria. The next Carling race in Victoria saw him finish 4th. He then ran the International Drivers Challenge Race and qualified in 2nd. He earned two other 4th-place finishes in Carling races on Aug. 23rd and Sept. 6th. He was fourth overall in the final points tally for the season. 1977 was Kershaw's greatest season in which he drove the Island Racemasters '74 Nova. The car was owned


title: "War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia" content: crimes "were such as to offend the decency of any civilized society." Linnas died in a Soviet prison hospital of old age. War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia A number of War crimes trials were held in the 1960s in Soviet Estonia. The best-known trial was brought in 1961, by the local Soviet authorities against Estonian collaborators who had participated in the execution of the Holocaust during the German occupation (1941–1944). The accused were charged with murdering up to 5000 German and Czechoslovakian Jews and Romani people near the Kalevi-Liiva concentration camp in 1942–1943. The public trial by the Supreme


title: "Nothofagus solandri" content: Nothofagus solandri Nothofagus solandri var. solandri, commonly called Black beech, is a variety of the tree species "Nothofagus solandri", endemic to New Zealand. Black beech occurs on both the North and the South Island at low altitudes up to the mountains. The other variety of "N. solandri" is called Mountain beech or "Nothofagus solandri" var. "cliffortioides", and grows at higher altitudes than black beech. In New Zealand the taxon is called "Fuscospora solandri". Black beech is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 27 m tall. The leaves are oppositely arranged, ovoid, 10 mm long and 5 mm broad, with smooth


title: "Nothofagus solandri" content: margins. Black beech is known as black beech because it is prone to a sooty mold which covers the trunk and branches. This, in turn, is the result of a scale insect which sucks sap from the tree, and excretes honeydew, a sweet liquid, in small droplets (less than 1 mm diameter) on the end of stalks. This feeds the sooty mold, and also forms a valuable high-energy food source for various birds and insects including the "kaka". The infestation is common and does not appear to harm the tree. Black beech and mountain beech have both been planted in


title: "Nothofagus solandri" content: Great Britain, and mountain beech has shown better cold tolerance than black beech in locations such as Scotland. Nothofagus solandri Nothofagus solandri var. solandri, commonly called Black beech, is a variety of the tree species "Nothofagus solandri", endemic to New Zealand. Black beech occurs on both the North and the South Island at low altitudes up to the mountains. The other variety of "N. solandri" is called Mountain beech or "Nothofagus solandri" var. "cliffortioides", and grows at higher altitudes than black beech. In New Zealand the taxon is called "Fuscospora solandri". Black beech is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to


title: "Kenny Burrell & John Coltrane" content: Kenny Burrell & John Coltrane Kenny Burrell & John Coltrane is an album credited to jazz musicians Kenny Burrell and John Coltrane. Recorded on March 7, 1958, it was originally released on the New Jazz label as NJ 8276 in 1963, then reissued in 1967 on Prestige as PRLP 7532, with a different cover and retitled "The Kenny Burrell Quintet With John Coltrane". Lindsay Planer of Allmusic gave it 4 stars, stating: "While not one of Coltrane's most assured performances, he chases the groove right into the hands of Burrell. The guitarist spins sonic gold and seems to inspire similar


title: "MSM MK2 mine" content: sensor. When a vehicle passes over the mine, the warhead is triggered. First a clearing charge fire, removing up to 100 millimeters of earth from the top of the mine, then a copper-lined Misznay Schardin effect warhead is triggered. This projects a slug of copper at high velocity into the bottom of the target. The mine is believed to be in Finnish service. MSM MK2 mine The MSM MK2 (also known as the PM-87) is a Finnish belly attack anti-tank mine. The mine has a circular ribbed plastic case that is tapered towards the bottom. It uses an electronic fuze


title: "Mariano Agate" content: Totò Riina in the province of Trapani. He also became a member of the Sicilian Mafia Commission. Agate was arrested in 1982 for heroin trafficking. In 1985 he was sentenced to life for several murders, including those of judge Giacomo Ciaccio Montalto and the mayor of Castelvetrano, Vito Lipari. Agate was arrested again in 1992, after his release the year before. He has been sentenced for life for the murders of the Antimafia judges Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino. In the 1990s, members of his clan worked together with the 'Ndrangheta clan headed by Giuseppe Morabito from Africo to import


title: "Chosen Effect" content: smooth rap skills and patented lyrical wordplay. After having a break from the music industry on a quest to try to find himself and pursue a serious relationship, Chosen Effect returned with a new outlook on life. He initially spent a great deal of time producing new and upcoming artists & trying to help them get one step closer to realizing their dreams. However, in the process of helping others, Chosen’s own passion for performing and his overwhelming desire to write his own music resurfaced. Finally, a fully recharged Chosen Effect who had conquered all of his demons was resurrected.


title: "Ranunculus sceleratus" content: Ranunculus sceleratus Ranunculus sceleratus known by the common names celery-leaved buttercup and cursed buttercup is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It has a circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere, native to temperate and boreal North America and Eurasia, where it grows in wet and moist habitats, including ponds and streambanks. "Ranunculus sceleratus" is an annual herb growing up to half a meter tall. The leaves are more or less glabrous (hairless) and have small blades each deeply lobed or divided into three leaflets. They are borne on long petioles. The flowers are 5-10mm across with


title: "Ranunculus sceleratus" content: five or fewer yellow petals a few millimeters long and reflexed sepals. The fruit is an achene borne in a cluster of several. While buttercups are toxic due to the presence of the substance protoanemonin, this applies in particular for the cursed buttercup: it is the most toxic buttercup and contains 2.5% protoanemonin. When the leaves are wrinkled, damaged or crushed, they bring out unsightly sores and blisters on human skin. "Ranunculus sceleratus" has a circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere There are two varieties and one subspecies with distinctive distributions: "R. sceleratus" ssp. "reptabundus" occurs in northern Finland and


title: "Ranunculus sceleratus" content: north-west Russia. "R. scleratus" var. "multifidus" occurs in north western North America. and "R. scleratus" var. "longissimus" is found from Minnesota to Alabama according to their biodiversity and plant atlases respectively. Ranunculus sceleratus Ranunculus sceleratus known by the common names celery-leaved buttercup and cursed buttercup is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It has a circumpolar distribution in the northern hemisphere, native to temperate and boreal North America and Eurasia, where it grows in wet and moist habitats, including ponds and streambanks. "Ranunculus sceleratus" is an annual herb growing up to half a meter tall. The


title: "Antoine Boussombo" content: 35-39 age group on 100 m (10.40) and the world's 4th time on 200 m in 21.38. He is now a French and Physical Education teacher at École Alexandre-Taché, a local francophone middle and high school in St. Albert, Alberta, Canada. In the year 2015 he won Developmental Coach of the Year Award by Athletics Alberta and continues to coach athletes who continue to break records and reach new heights. Antoine Boussombo Antoine Boussombo (born 18 May 1968) is a Gabonese sprinter specializing in the 200 metres. At the 1997 Jeux de la Francophonie he won silver medals in both


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: Bromus hordeaceus Bromus hordeaceus, soft brome, is an annual or biennial species of grass in the true grass family (Poaceae). It is also known in North America as bull grass, soft cheat, and soft chess. It is the most common species of "Bromus" in Britain, where it can be found on roadsides, waste ground, meadows, and cultivated land. It is found throughout Europe and western Asia, and was introduced into North and South America and Australia. Previously known as "", this species belongs to a group of closely related species, including some hybrids, which are difficult to tell apart. Some


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: of the other species in this group include: "B. thominii, B. lepidus, B. ferronii," and "B. molliformis". The plant is pubescent entirely and lacks rhizomes. It can grow high, sometimes in tufts, sometimes singly. The smooth, yellowish brown culms measure wide at their base, and are minutely to densely pubescent, with hairs measuring up to long. The moderately to densely pilose leaf sheaths are mostly closed, with hairs long. The plant lacks auricles. The membraneous and erose ligules are long and are glabrous or pubescent. The grey-green leaf blades are long and wide, with a pubescent adaxial surface and an


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: abaxial surface pubescent with hairs about one quarter the length of those on the adaxial surface. The leaf margins are smooth or serrated. The grey-green to purple panicles are long and wide. The panicles can be dense or reduced to just one spikelet. The erect to ascending or lax branches of the panicle are scabrous or pubescent, each branch bearing one spikelet. The ovate-lanceolate spikelets are , including the awns long. The rachillae can be visible when the spikelet is mature and the spikelet has six to eleven florets. The subequal glumes are minutely to densely pubescent and the keels


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: are serrated. The lower glumes are long with three to five nerved, and the upper glumes are long and seven to nine nerved. The lemmas are long and wide, with seven to nine visible, conspicuous nerves. The lemmas have hyaline margins broad. The apex is bifid and the cleft is deep. The awns are long, arising below the lemma. The paleas are shorter than the lemmas, with glabrous backs and ciliate keels. The dark brown anthers are long. It grows during winter and flowers from late spring onwards, maturing in the summer. The grass blooms in May and August. "B.


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: hordeaceus" is closely related to and difficult to distinguish from "Bromus racemosus". The only obvious distinguishing characteristic is the level of lemma nerve protrusion; the lemma nerves are raised and conspicuous in "B. hordeaceus" while they are smooth and obscure in "B. racemosus". "Bromus hordeaceus" is native to the Mediterranean basin, and is now widely distributed across North America, Europe, Africa, and Australia. It grows in waste areas, road verges, fields, grassy plains, and sandy beaches. The grass prefers drained or dry soils consisting of clay loam or sand, especially areas tending to be less fertile. The plant is resistant


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: to drought and temperature variations. "Bromus hordeaceus" can be a weed in cereal crops. It grows in wheat and spring barley crops competing and reducing their yield. The seeds can contaminate the crop seeds and lower seed quality. There are very few herbicides that selectively control soft brome in wheat or barley. The management of this weed is mostly based on an integrated programme. This includes hygiene to minimise its introduction to the fields as well as cleaning the fence lines where the infestation is more severe. A good crop rotation is useful as "B. hordeaceus" can be controlled with


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: several herbicides in most other crops in the rotation. Growers in New Zealand use stubble burning to reduce the seed input in the following crops. "Bromus hordeaceus" ssp. "ferronii", the least soft brome, is a rare annual that occurs in northwestern Europe. The grass is tufted and erect or decumbent. The spikelets are villous and the awns are spreading or twisted. This subspecies can be used for erosion control. "Bromus hordeaceus" ssp. "hordeaceus", the soft brome or soft chess, is an annual or biennial occurring in Europe, western North America, and northeastern North America. The culms are tall. The subspecies


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: lacks auricles and the ligules are hyaline and smooth. The panicles are long. The spikelets are cleistogamous. The lemmas are long. The apex of the ovary is pubescent. This subspecies is primarily a forage plant, and occurs in waste places and roadsides. The subspecies has a diploid number of 14 or 28. "Bromus hordeaceus" ssp. "molliformis" is an tufted annual occurring in France, Italy, California, Idaho, and New Mexico. The culms are tall. The subspecies has a contracted panicle about long, with villous spikelets. The pubescent lemmas are long and have rounded margins. The scabrid awns are somewhat erect. The


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: subspecies grows as a weed in cultivated areas, typically in dry soils but rarely in wetlands. "Bromus hordeaceus" ssp. "pseudothominii" occurs in Europe and sporadically throughout North America. The culms are tall. The panicles are up to long. The typically glabrous lemmas are long. The awns are straight and erect. The subspecies can be mistaken for "Bromus lepidus" in its similar lemma form and characteristics. It grows in meadows and grasslands. "Bromus hordeaceus" ssp. "thominei", the lesser soft brome, occurs in West Europe and the western United States, in California and the Pacific coast of Canada. The culms are long.


title: "Bromus hordeaceus" content: The panicles are long and often consist of a single spikelet. The pubescent or glabrous lemmas are long, with bluntly angled margins. The awns can become divaricate when mature. The subspecies grows in waste areas and sandy soils or dunes. The subspecies has a diploid number of 28. Bromus hordeaceus Bromus hordeaceus, soft brome, is an annual or biennial species of grass in the true grass family (Poaceae). It is also known in North America as bull grass, soft cheat, and soft chess. It is the most common species of "Bromus" in Britain, where it can be found on roadsides,


title: "Cerastium glomeratum" content: Cerastium glomeratum Cerastium glomeratum is a species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common names sticky mouse-ear chickweed and clammy chickweed. It is probably native to Eurasia but it is known on most continents as an introduced species. It grows in many types of habitat. The blooming period is February, March, April, and May. This is an annual herb growing from a slender taproot. It produces a branched, hairy stem up to 40 or 45 centimeters tall. The hairy leaves are up to 2 or 3 centimeters long and are gland-tipped. The inflorescence bears as few


title: "Cerastium glomeratum" content: as 3 or as many as 50 small flowers clustered with short cymes. The flower has five hairy green sepals which are occasionally red-tipped, and five white two-lobed petals which are a few millimeters long and generally shorter than the sepals. Some flowers lack petals. The fruit is a capsule less than a centimeter long which is tipped with ten tiny teeth. Frequent in waste places, walls, banks and arable land. The leaves and shoots were used as a wild food in ancient China. In Nepal, the juice of this plant was applied to the forehead to relieve headaches. The


title: "Cerastium glomeratum" content: juice could also be dropped into the nostrils to treat nosebleeds. Cerastium glomeratum Cerastium glomeratum is a species of flowering plant in the pink family known by the common names sticky mouse-ear chickweed and clammy chickweed. It is probably native to Eurasia but it is known on most continents as an introduced species. It grows in many types of habitat. The blooming period is February, March, April, and May. This is an annual herb growing from a slender taproot. It produces a branched, hairy stem up to 40 or 45 centimeters tall. The hairy leaves are up to 2 or


title: "Walter Wagner (notary)" content: in Mannheim. The case was subsequently closed. Walter Wagner was an enigma. Plucked from obscurity at a critical moment in world history he enjoyed a few brief hours of fame before plunging back into obscurity and dying almost immediately afterwards in the Apocalypse that was Berlin in April 1945. Both his Christian and surnames were common throughout Germany. However, as the notary who had married Hitler and Eva Braun his name appeared in every major work on the Battle of Berlin and Hitler's last days. However, although he was portrayed in many post war films, the real Walter Wagner remained


title: "Bill Lienhard" content: Bill Lienhard William Barner "Bill" Lienhard (born January 14, 1930) was an American basketball player who competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics. Bill Lienhard was born in Slaton, Texas. He went to college at the University of Kansas, where he was a member of the 1952 NCAA Champion basketball team. He was then part of the American Olympic basketball team, which won the gold medal. He played a total of five matches during the Summer Games in Helsinki. After the Olympics, he joined the Air Force, where he continued to play basketball. Upon leaving the Air Force, he retired from


title: "Water supply and sanitation in India" content: (12% of the population of the 3 cities) within 2 years (2006–2008). This was achieved by carefully selecting and ring-fencing demonstration zones (one in each city), renovating the distribution network, installing meters, introducing a well-functioning commercial system, and effective grass-roots social intermediation by an NGO, all without increasing the amount of bulk water supplied. The project, known by its acronym as KUWASIP (Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project), was supported by a 39.5 million loan from the World Bank. It constitutes a milestone for India, where no large city so far has achieved continuous water supply. The project is expected


title: "Erythranthe cardinalis" content: Erythranthe cardinalis Erythranthe cardinalis, the scarlet monkeyflower, is a flowering perennial in the family Phrymaceae. Together with other species in "Mimulus" section "Erythranthe", it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based reproductive isolation. It was formerly known as "Mimulus cardinalis". It is a fairly large, spreading, attractive plant which bears strongly reflexed, nectar-rich red or orange-red flowers and toothed, downy leaves. It is native to the West Coast and Southwestern United States and Baja California, and is generally found at low elevation in moist areas. Occasional populations of yellow-flowered "Erythranthe cardinalis" (which lack anthocyanin pigments in their corollas) are


title: "Erythranthe cardinalis" content: found in the wild. "Erythranthe cardinalis" is cultivated in the horticulture trade and widely available as an ornamental plant for: traditional gardens; natural landscape, native plant, and habitat gardens; and various types of municipal, commercial, and agency sustainable landscape projects. Cultivars come in a range of colors between yellow and red, including the "Santa Cruz Island Gold" variety, originally collected from Santa Cruz Island off the coast of California. Its blooms and large nectar load attract hummingbirds, whose foreheads serve as the pollen transfer surface between flowers. In the area where it overlaps with its sister species, "Erythranthe lewisii", reproductive


title: "Erythranthe cardinalis" content: isolation is maintained almost exclusively through pollinator preference. Erythranthe cardinalis Erythranthe cardinalis, the scarlet monkeyflower, is a flowering perennial in the family Phrymaceae. Together with other species in "Mimulus" section "Erythranthe", it serves as a model system for studying pollinator-based reproductive isolation. It was formerly known as "Mimulus cardinalis". It is a fairly large, spreading, attractive plant which bears strongly reflexed, nectar-rich red or orange-red flowers and toothed, downy leaves. It is native to the West Coast and Southwestern United States and Baja California, and is generally found at low elevation in moist areas. Occasional populations of yellow-flowered "Erythranthe cardinalis"


title: "The Beast (Revelation)" content: the beast. This position was fully annunciated by Chike Udolisa is his book. In this perspective, the image of the four kingdoms that were to rule the world as shown to Nebuchadnezzar were equated to the four beasts revealed to Daniel, and to the seven-headed beast revealed to John. The records of and show this beast to represent the kings of the earth. Furthermore, the revelation in Daniel 7 of four beasts comprising a lion, bear and leopard also correlates with the seven headed beast as shown to John in having the same features of the lion, bear and leopard.


title: "Beinn Achaladair" content: north to south, the highest point stands at its northern end and overlooks Rannoch Moor, there are two cairns close together at the summit with the more northerly one being the highest point by a couple of feet. Just over a kilometre south of the highest point stands the South Top, with a height of 1002 metres it listed as a “Top” in the Munro’s Tables. Beinn Achaladair has two corries on its slopes, to the east of the summit ridge is Coire nan Clach which contains eight very small lochans in its upper recesses. This corrie drains down Gleann


title: "Pierre Chanal" content: he requested to be placed in solitary confinement. Both during and after the trial, Chanal did not speak at all. He was released from prison on June 16, 1995. Despite his release, the police continued to suspect him of the Mourmelon disappearances due to his psychological profile as well as his being stationed at Camp de Mourmelon during the time in question. Since January 1980, no fewer than eight people disappeared from a triangular area of the Mourmelon region. Since 1980, the story had made headlines, embarrassing the judiciary, military and investigators. It was long denied by the military authorities,


title: "174th Infantry Brigade (United States)" content: It was organized on 25 August 1917 at Camp Dix, New Jersey, and assigned to the 87th Division. It never saw combat in World War I, like the other units of the 87th Division, the brigade was used for labor duties and a pool of reinforcements. It received a campaign streamer for World War I without an inscription. After the war, it was demobilized on 23 May 1919 at Camp Dix, New Jersey. Reorganized in December 1921 at Shreveport, Louisiana, the brigade was redesignated on 23 March 1925 as the 174th Brigade. It was again redesignated on 24 August 1936


title: "Waskahegan Trail" content: north to Camrose. North of Camrose is the second gap, with the trail picking up again at Miquelon Lake Provincial Park, continuing north through the Ministik Lake Bird Sanctuary, the Hastings Lake area, and the Cooking Lake–Blackfoot Recreation Area to Elk Island National Park. From Elk Island, the trail turns west along Ross Creek to Fort Saskatchewan. The third and final gap is between Fort Saskatchewan and the starting point in Edmonton. Waskahegan Trail The Waskahegan Trail is a walking/hiking trail that runs through and around Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is 309 km and runs through a mix of public


title: "Ben Wallers" content: the brainchild of Joel Cahen and Amir Shoat, who invited Wallers to collaborate at the concerts by improvising on vocals, guitar and saxophone, which material they would manipulate live. A three-piece group led by Wallers that has only gigged occasionally during the 2000s. They released an album, "The Devil", in 2013. Ben Wallers Benedict Roger Wallers (a.k.a. The Rebel) (born 15 September 1971 in St Albans, Hertfordshire) is the frontman, guitarist, vocalist and songwriter for the band Country Teasers. His lyrics often deal with taboo subjects such as racism, sexism and xenophobia from first-person standpoints. Wallers has been releasing music


title: "Hydrogen-like atom" content: of "r" smaller than formula_62 which is a very small number (much less than the radius of a proton) unless is very large. The 1S orbital, spin down, without normalization, comes out as: We can mix these in order to obtain orbitals with the spin oriented in some other direction, such as: which corresponds to the spin and angular momentum axis pointing in the x direction. Adding "i" times the "down" spin to the "up" spin gives an orbital oriented in the y direction. To give another example, the 2P orbital, spin up, is proportional to: Notice that when ρ


title: "Underbelly (series 1)" content: upload the show, and network lawyers were considering legal action. The Australian Federation Against Copyright Theft (AFACT) was investigating the matter, and was expected to make a list of recommendations to Victoria Police. Fears of inside leaks were aroused when advance screener versions of the first eight episodes were posted online. Every episode of the 13-part series was soon available for download on a range of sites. It was reported that on mininova.org more than 3,000 users were attempting to download episode seven late on the afternoon of 27 February 2008. The Nine Network said it was considering legal action,


title: "Egernia kingii" content: birds' eggs. "E. kingii" is prey for many animals including tiger snakes ("Notechis" spp.). A traditional name for "E. kingii" is wandy, given by the Nyungar people of south-west Western Australia. The first European to draw a King's skink was the artist and naturalist Ferdinand Bauer who made a detailed drawing of one during Flinders' expedition in 1801. Like many skinks, "E. kingii" is viviparous, and after a gestation period of 20 – 22 weeks, gives birth to litters of 2 – 8 young that have a typical mass of . Juvenile mortality is high and growth to adult size


title: "Iran–United States relations after 1979" content: which has placed sanctions against it for refusing to suspend uranium enrichment. The pattern of Russia's behavior has strengthened Iran's determination to obtain the full technology to build nuclear power plants and end its dependence because they say Russia has never been and will never be a reliable partner. On February 20, 2007, before the expiration of the United Nations Security Council deadline asking Iran to suspend uraninium enrichment, Ali Larijani, Iran's Head of the National Security Council, warned that “double standards will severely damage the credibility of international bodies“. “I think certain countries are seeking adventure on Iran’s nuclear


title: "Heinrich Severloh" content: while a sergeant whom he didn't know, kept him supplied with ammunition from a nearby ammo bunker until 15:30. He claimed to have fired over 13,500 rounds with the machine gun and 400 with the rifles. Interviewed in 2004, he said: ""It was definitely at least 1,000 men, most likely more than 2,000. But I do not know how many men I shot. It was awful. Thinking about it makes me want to throw up."" Severloh retreated to the nearby village of Colleville-sur-Mer, with Kurt Warnecke also from the 352nd and Franz Gockel from the 716th, where he surrendered the


title: "Gentiana calycosa" content: Gentiana calycosa The herbaceous perennial plant Gentiana calycosa is a species of gentian known by the common names Rainier pleated gentian and mountain bog gentian. It is native to the mid-elevation mountains of the western United States and Canada from the Sierra Nevada of California to the Canadian Cascades. The flower of "Gentiana calycosa" is a funnel-shaped cup opening into a five-petaled face wide, in shades of deep blue to purple. The plant has hardy, thick green leaves on the thin red stems from which the flowers are borne. Like other gentians, "G. calycosa" is an attractive mountain wildflower good


title: "Gentiana calycosa" content: for use in alpine gardens. Gentiana calycosa The herbaceous perennial plant Gentiana calycosa is a species of gentian known by the common names Rainier pleated gentian and mountain bog gentian. It is native to the mid-elevation mountains of the western United States and Canada from the Sierra Nevada of California to the Canadian Cascades. The flower of "Gentiana calycosa" is a funnel-shaped cup opening into a five-petaled face wide, in shades of deep blue to purple. The plant has hardy, thick green leaves on the thin red stems from which the flowers are borne. Like other gentians, "G. calycosa" is


title: "Savannah Historic District (Savannah, Georgia)" content: Savannah Historic District (Savannah, Georgia) The Savannah Historic District is a large urban U.S. historic district that roughly corresponds to the city limits of Savannah, Georgia prior to the American Civil War. The area was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1966, and is one of the largest districts of its kind in the United States. The district was made in recognition of the unique layout of the city, begun by James Oglethorpe at the city's founding and propagated for over a century of its growth. The plan of the historic portions of Savannah is based on the concept


title: "Savannah Historic District (Savannah, Georgia)" content: of a ward, as defined by James Oglethorpe. Each ward had a central square, around which were arrayed four "trust lots" and four "tythings". Each trust lot was to be used for a civic purpose, such as a school, government building, church, museum, or other public venue, while the tythings were each subdivided into ten lots for residential use. The wards were oriented in a rectlinear grid with north-south and east-west alignment. In a typical ward, the trust lots were set east and west of the square, and the residential lots of the typthings were extended north and south of


title: "Savannah Historic District (Savannah, Georgia)" content: the trust lots and the square, each tything divided into two rows of five lots, separated by alleys. In the early years of the Province of Georgia, the ward organization was in part military, with each ward's inhabitants organized into militia units, and the central squares acting as a gathering point for refugees from outside the city walls. Each year, the Savannah Historic District attracts millions of visitors, who enjoy its eighteenth- and nineteenth-century architecture and green spaces. The district includes the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low (founder of the Girl Scouts of the United States of America, see Juliette


title: "Savannah Historic District (Savannah, Georgia)" content: Gordon Low Historic District), the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences (one of the South's first public museums), the First African Baptist Church (the oldest African American Baptist congregation in the United States), Temple Mickve Israel (the third-oldest synagogue in America), the (the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in America), the old Colonial Cemetery, Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, and Old Harbor Light. Other buildings in the district include the Isaiah Davenport House, the Green-Meldrim House, the Owens-Thomas House, the William Scarbrough House, and the United States Customhouse. Notable green spaces in the district include Savannah's 22 shaded squares,


title: "Savannah Historic District (Savannah, Georgia)" content: the 30-acre Forsyth Park (at the southern limit of the district), and Emmet Park (near the city's riverfront). Main article: Gallery of Buildings in Savannah Historic District (Savannah, Georgia) Savannah Historic District (Savannah, Georgia) The Savannah Historic District is a large urban U.S. historic district that roughly corresponds to the city limits of Savannah, Georgia prior to the American Civil War. The area was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1966, and is one of the largest districts of its kind in the United States. The district was made in recognition of the unique layout of the city, begun


title: "Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg" content: nun, as Sister Anastasia, taking Holy Orders on 3 November 1889 in Kiev, while her husband was still alive. For the rest of her life, she worked at the hospital performing nursing duties, helping contagious patents and cleaning infected wounds. She often assisted in surgeries. Catherine Chislova died in 1889, and Grand Duke Nicholas survived his lover by only two years. When he died in the Crimea in 1891, Alexandra Petrovna did not attend the funeral. She also refused to pay homage to her dead husband when the funeral catafalque, taking his body for burial in the St Peter and


title: Loosduinen content: chapel of the villa Losdun. Archaeologists have also discovered a farm from this period in the Loosduinen. Records also indicate that around 1228, Count Floris IV of Holland and his wife Machteld van Brabant founded a Cistercian abbey for nuns in Loosduinen. Floris IV also bought a farm in The Hague, which would later become the modern day Ridderzaal. A iconic building in both The Hague and the Netherlands. His successor, Count Floris V, separated two area's known as Haagambacht and Monsterambacht from each other in the year 1280 and as a result split a village in two parts. This


title: "Snow White's Adventures" content: into the Witch, moving on to the dungeon and passing her on boat. After going through the forest, guests enter the cottage and instead of seeing the dwarfs passing up the stairs seeing the shadow, the Seven Dwarfs are seen Doing The Dwarfs' Yodel song, with Snow White watching from the stairs (similar to the beginning in Disneyland and in Disneyland Paris). Exiting the cottage, guests find the Witch outside waiting for them, then enter the mines (mix in the Disneylands in California and Paris and Similar to the Pre-1994 version). They approach the cottage again to find the Witch


title: "Mechanics National Bank" content: During the Civil War, he invented "an improved mode of attaching Armor Plates to Vessels" and he turned over much of his plant to military production, but he seems to have been far more interested in profit than patriotism: an investigation and court case found that, in the words of the US Supreme Court, "the arms were unserviceable and unsafe for troops to handle." Stephen North (director) Pharmacist Stephen North was a pharmacist and early director of the bank. In 1821, the University of Pennsylvania announced that its medical school would establish a pharmacy program, a move that local pharmacists


title: "Federal government of Iraq" content: Federal government of Iraq The federal government of Iraq is defined under the current Constitution, approved in 2005, as an Islamic, democratic, federal parliamentary republic. The federal government is composed of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as numerous independent commissions. Article 114 of the Constitution of Iraq provided that no new region may be created before the Iraqi National Assembly has passed a law that provides the procedures for forming the region. A law was passed in October 2006 after an agreement was reached with the Iraqi Accord Front to form the constitutional review committee and to


title: "College Park station (Caltrain)" content: College Park station (Caltrain) College Park is a lightly used Caltrain station in San Jose, California. It is served by two trains in each direction Monday through Friday, and no train stops there on weekends or holidays. It is in Caltrain Fare Zone 4. College Park serves Bellarmine College Preparatory, a boys' secondary school, resulting in the school-related service times. Before Caltrain, College Park was a station on Southern Pacific's Peninsula Commute line, in fare zone 6 (brown). It is mentioned in Jack London's 1903 novel "The Call of the Wild" as the location at which the stolen canine protagonist


title: "Spy Kids" content: they decide to rescue them. Inside of Floop's castle, he introduces his latest creation to Mr. Lisp, small robots in the shape of children. He wishes to replace the world leaders' children with these super-strong robots to control the world. The androids are "dumb", and cannot function outside of their inherent programming. Lisp is furious, demanding usable androids. Floop, along with his second-in-command Minion, interrogates Gregorio and Ingrid about 'The Third Brain'. Ingrid knows nothing of the subject, while Gregorio claims that he destroyed the brain years ago. After Floop leaves, Gregorio reveals to Ingrid that the Third Brain was


title: "Norah, Lady Docker" content: an affair with Callingham, which resulted in an abortion, her being named in a divorce action by Callingham's wife, and then her marriage to the divorced Callingham. She was married three times. The first, to Clement Callingham from 1938 until his death in 1945, resulted in one son, Lance. The second, in 1946, to Sir William Collins, the president of Fortnum & Mason, lasted until his death in 1948. The third, in 1949, was to Sir Bernard Docker, chairman of Birmingham Small Arms Company and Daimler, and a director of the Midland Bank, Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company and Thomas Cook and


title: "Mahendra Sukhdeo" content: the Nair’s Dias to speak at its inauguration. His relationship with the leadership of the Party soured after talks began with the National Federation Party for the formation of a coalition to contest the 1987 election. He publicly opposed any idea of a coalition. On 22 December 1986 he resigned in protest from the Party and later defected to the Alliance Party. In the following weeks, he elaborated on his disenchantment with the Labour Party: “My reasons for leaving the Labour Party are self-evident. The Party has lost its credibility, because it constantly deviated from its principles and promises. The


title: "Clairemont, Texas" content: the new town after his niece, Claire Becker. In 1895 a sandstone courthouse and matching jail were constructed. By that time the town had several stores, a bank, a newspaper, and a hotel. Although the Stamford and Northwestern Railway had bypassed Clairemont to the east by 1909, the town continued to prosper. Cotton and cattle ranching dominated the economy, and oil later became important. By the 1930s the population exceeded 200. By the 1950s, however, the town had begun a steady decline and by 1954 had lost its title as county seat to nearby Jayton. The Clairemont courthouse burned shortly


title: "Òscar Ribas Reig" content: his efforts to introduce a new constitution securing civil human rights were blocked by the conservatives His party returned to power following the general election held on 12 December 1993 in which it won the majority of seats. He formed a new coalition government shortly after. In 1994, Andorra became a member of the United Nations. This occurred while Ribas was prime minister. Reig's party "Agrupament Nacional Democratic" (AND; National Democratic Group) lost the support of independents. In December 1994, he was removed in a no-confidence vote by Parliament. Òscar Ribas Reig Oscar Ribas Reig (born 26 October 1936 in


title: Muristan content: Muristan The Muristan (from Persian "Bimārestān" بیمارستان meaning "hospital") is a complex of streets and shops in the Christian Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The site was the location of the first hospital of the Knights Hospitaller. The area just south of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre has a long tradition dating to the days of Judas Maccabeus (the 2nd century BC) based on incidents recorded in the Second Book of Maccabees. According to the legend, King Antiochus V proceeded to Jerusalem to punish the High Priest for plundering David's Tomb. While on Golgotha, the king was


title: Muristan content: directed in a divine vision to pardon the High Priest, and to build a hospital for the care of the sick and poor on that spot. In 1496, William Caoursin, Vice-Chancellor of the Hospitallers, wrote that Judas Maccabaeus and John Hyrcanus founded the hospital on that spot. In 130, Hadrian visited the ruins of Jerusalem, in Judaea, left after the First Roman-Jewish War of 66–73. He rebuilt the city, renaming it Aelia Capitolina after himself and Jupiter Capitolinus, the chief Roman deity. Hadrian placed the city's main Forum at the junction of the main Cardo and Decumanus Maximus, now the


title: Muristan content: location for the (smaller) Muristan. Hadrian built a large temple to the goddess Venus, which later became the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The earliest historical mention of the location Muristan is in 600 AD, when a certain Abbot Probus was commissioned by Pope Gregory the Great to build a hospital in Jerusalem to treat and care for Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land. This hospice was most likely destroyed about fourteen years later when Jerusalem fell to the Persian army and the Christian inhabitants were slaughtered, and their churches and monasteries destroyed (see Revolt against Heraclius). The building was


title: Muristan content: probably restored after Jerusalem fell again under Roman dominion in 629. Arab rule after 637 allowed freedom of worship, and the restored hospice was probably allowed to continue serving its original purpose. In 800, Charlemagne, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, enlarged the hostel and added a library to it. Bernard the Monk, who wrote an account of his visit to Jerusalem in 870, mentions a Benedictine hospital close to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. In 993, Hugh Marquis of Tuscany and his wife endowed the hospital with considerable property in Italy. In 1009, Fatimid caliph Al Hakim destroyed


title: Muristan content: the hostel and a large number of other buildings in Jerusalem. In 1023, merchants from Amalfi and Salerno in Italy were given permission by the caliph Ali az-Zahir to rebuild the hospice, monastery and chapel in Jerusalem. Among these merchants from Amalfi and Salerno was also Mauros, merchant from Amalfi, of a family from Constantinople, Miletus and Amalfi, who gave together with his mother Anna and her brother Constantine a gift to the convent of Saint Lawrence in Amalfi, which probably had some connection to blessed Gerard the founder of the Order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem


title: Muristan content: the Knights Hospitaller. In Palestine and Syria, there was a revolt among the Bedouins (1024–1029). In an agreement in 1027 between Ali az-Zahir and Constantine VIII, Constantine VIII allowed the name of the caliph to be acknowledged in the mosques in the emperor's domain and the mosque at Constantinople to be restored. The hospice, which was built on the site of the monastery of Saint John the Baptist, took in Christian pilgrims travelling to visit the holy sites. To the east of this hospital, separated from it by a lane, a new hospital for pilgrims was built in 1080. Both


title: Muristan content: hospitals remained under the control of the Benedictine abbot. In 1078, Jerusalem was captured by the Seljuk Turks who abused the Christian population, forced pilgrims to pay a heavy tax to visit the Holy Places, and even kidnapped the Patriarch of Jerusalem. In spite of the persecution, the Benedictine hospital continued its ministry. Archbishop John of Amalfi records that during his pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 1082, he visited the hospital. In August 1098, the Turks were ousted by the Egyptian vizier, Al Afdal. Towards the end of the Egyptian occupation (July 1099), the Hospital for Women was being managed by


title: Muristan content: a noble Roman lady, named Agnes, while the Hospital for Men was under the direction of a monk known as Brother Gerard. In the First Crusade, during the siege of Jerusalem (1099), the Egyptian governor, Iftikhar ad Dawla, imprisoned Brother Gerard. When Jerusalem fell to Godfrey of Bouillon, he freed Brother Gerard, allowed him to resume his management of the Hospital for Men, and contributed resources to his work. Gerard adopted the policy of receiving all needy patients, irrespective of religion. While the Hospital for Women remained under the control of the Benedictines, Brother Gerard broke off from that Order,


title: Muristan content: adopted the Augustinian rule and organised the "Fratres Hospitalarii" into a regularly constituted Religious Order under the protection of saint John the Baptist. The members of the Order thus became known as Knights of St. John or Hospitallers. The formal establishment of the Knights Hospitaller under Brother Gerard was confirmed by a Papal bull of Pope Paschal II in 1113. Gerard acquired territory and revenues for his order throughout the Kingdom of Jerusalem and beyond. His successor, Raymond du Puy de Provence, significantly enlarged the infirmary. The earliest description of the first hospital of the Sovereign Military Order of St.


title: Muristan content: John in Jerusalem was written by a German pilgrim John of Würzburg who visited Jerusalem in about the year 1160: Over against the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, on the opposite side of the way towards the south, is a beautiful church built in honour of John the Baptist, annexed to which is a hospital, wherein in various rooms is collected together an enormous multitude of sick people. Both men and women. Who are tended and restored to health daily at very great expense. When I was there I learned that the whole number of these sick people amounted to


title: Muristan content: two thousand, of whom sometimes in the course of one day and night more than fifty are carried out dead, while many other fresh ones keep continually arriving. What more can I say? The same house supplies as many people outside it with victuals as it does those inside, in addition to the boundless charity which it daily bestowed upon poor people who beg their bread from door to door and do not lodge in the house, so that the whole sum of its expenses can surely never be calculated even by the managers and stewards thereof. In addition to


title: Muristan content: all these moneys expended upon the sick and upon other poor people, this same house also maintains in its various castles many persons trained to all kinds of military exercises for the defence of the land of the Christians against the invasion of the Saracens. After the Siege of Jerusalem in October 1187, all Christians were driven out of Jerusalem by Sultan Saladin. The Hospitallers were permitted to leave ten of their number in the city to care for the wounded until they were able to travel. Saladin turned the Hospitallers buildings over to the Mosque of Omar. His nephew


title: Muristan content: in 1216 instituted a lunatic asylum in what had been the conventual church, and it was at this time that the area came to be referred to as the "Muristan". The hospital facilities continued to be used for the care of the sick and wounded. The site was deserted in the 16th century, and the magnificent structures eventually fell into ruin. In 1868, the Sultan Mehmed VI presented the eastern part of this area to Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, during his visit to Jerusalem. The prince was at the time the Master of the "Johanniterorden", the Protestant successor


title: Muristan content: to a former branch of the Knights Hospitaller. The German knights built a road through the Muristan from north to south, calling it Prince Frederick William Street, and the property became the centre of the German colony in Jerusalem. Beginning in 1841, German Protestant Christians came to Palestine to support the Christian minority in the area through diaconal and missionary work. The German government contributed to the process of removing rubble in the area and rebuilding. In the late 1800s, they rebuilt the Crusader church of St. Mary Latina as the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer ("Erlöserkirche"). The old cloisters,


title: Muristan content: refectory, and original plan of the medieval church were preserved in the present neo-Romanesque building. Kaiser Wilhelm II personally attended the dedication of the church on 31 October 1898 (Reformation Day), when he and his wife, Augusta Victoria, became the first western rulers to visit Jerusalem. The Church of the Redeemer, under control of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD) through the Evangelical Jerusalem Foundation (Evangelische Jerusalemstiftung, EJSt) currently houses the ELCA-sponsored English-speaking congregation, a German-speaking congregation, and an indigenous Arabic-speaking congregation. The church is also the headquarters of the German Propst and the Bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Church


title: Muristan content: in Jordan (ELCJ). In order to secure equal representation, in 1868 the Sultan assigned the western part of the Muristan to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate. It is now occupied by the Greek bazaar, which specializes in leather goods. A ceremonial gateway off of Muristan Street leads to this Muristan area, called Suq Aftimos, and from thence to a set of short intersecting streets with shops and a few cafes. The street arrangements were constructed in 1903 by the Greek Orthodox authority. In the centre of the bazaar area is an ornamental fountain (19th century); at the north end is the


title: Muristan content: Mosque of Omar, built in 1216 by Saladin's son to commemorate Caliph Omar's visit to Jerusalem in 638, when he prayed on the steps of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre instead of inside so that it could remain a Christian holy place. Excavations of the Muristan were conducted around the start of the 20th century, and showed that the Hospitaller complex occupied an approximately square area measuring 160 yards (east-west) and 143 yards (north-south). In the early decades of the twentieth century little was left of the original buildings. The remains included the Church of Mar Hanna, a series


title: Muristan content: of arches on David Street, and the remains of the north door of the Hospitaller's church of St. Mary Latina, which were incorporated into the modern Church of the Redeemer. What remains of the hospital today is a modern memorial situated in a small recess barred from the street with an iron gate and an enclosed yard. The archaeological park opened in November 2012 "Durch die Zeiten", located below the nave of the Church of the Redeemer offers the possibility to commit more than 2000 years of history of the city of Jerusalem by walking through it. Muristan The Muristan


title: Kadawatha content: Kadawatha 'Kadawatha' (also written as Kadawata) is a suburb of Colombo city, situated on the A1 highway from Colombo to Kandy, in Sri Lanka. The distance to Colombo, the commercial capital of Sri Lanka, is about 16 km from Kadawatha. Rubber, Soft drinks, Industrial machines, Diesel motor houses, Strategic Investments & Leisure destinations are some of the industries established there. Kadawatha is a collection of many ruralities. Ganemulla,Mahara, Kirillawala, Rammuthugala, Dalupitiya, Karagahamuna (Upper and Lower), Biyanwila (Upper and Lower) and Kirimatiyagaraya are some of them. Kadawatha area is mainly administrated by the Mahara Pradeshiya Sabha (Rural Council) and some parts


title: "Ervin Bulku" content: son of the family after Sokol Bulku also a former KF Tirana's footballer with whom he played there between 1998–2004 and the later is current manager of KF Tirana under 19s Squad. Bulku started his career as a youngster in the KF Tirana youth teams. At the age of 18 he was put into the first team by coach Sulejman Mema and was given a chance to compete with the likes of Sokol Prenga and Ardian Mema for a spot there. In his first season with the club in professional football he managed to feature in 13 games during the


title: "Ilion Lika" content: in the Albanian Superliga. Lika was tested by the Danish side Odense BK but he wasn't offered a contract at the club. His failed trial in Denmark paved the way for him to be transferred to the 2005–06 Albanian Superliga champions, Elbasani in August 2007 where he signed a 1-year contract. He played just under 6 months in at Elbasani before looking for a new team. It emerged in January that Tirana were interested in signing the Albanian international and that Lika had spoken to one of the club's owners about a possible switch back to the capital, however Lika


title: "Symphyotrichum cordifolium" content: Symphyotrichum cordifolium Symphyotrichum cordifolium, syn. "Aster cordifolius" (common names common blue wood aster, blue wood-aster or heartleaf aster), is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to eastern North America. An herbaceous perennial, it can be readily found along forest edges and in open areas, as well in urban areas and in cultivation. It sometimes produces a naturally occurring hybrid with "S. puniceum" named "Symphyotrichum" × "tardiflorum" where their ranges overlap. The composite flowers, which typically have bluish to rarely white ray florets and light yellow disc florets that eventually turn purple, emerge in August and persist


title: "Symphyotrichum cordifolium" content: into October. "Symphyotrichum cordifolium" is present in a wide area, from Manitoba in the north west, east to Nova Scotia and Maine, south to Georgia and Alabama and west to Oklahoma. It grows primarily in mesic sites with soils that are rocky to loamy, but generally rich, at heights ranging from sea level along the coastal plain up to in the Appalachians. It can be found on open wooded slopes, along the banks of streams, on moist ledges, in swampy woods, along the borders of beech–maple and oak–hickory forests, as well as in clearings, thickets and along roadsides and ditches.


title: "Symphyotrichum cordifolium" content: It can also be found in urban areas where it is occasionally encountered as a weed species. Blue wood-aster is a tough plant which can cope with neglect. It is particularly valued for supplying late summer, autumn and even winter flower colour in the garden, in shades of blue, pink and white. Still widely referenced under its former name "Aster cordifolius" particularly in the British Isles, it shows strong similarities to plants in the genus "Aster". Several cultivars have been selected for garden use, of which the following have achieved the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:- Symphyotrichum cordifolium


title: "Nevada Test and Training Range (military unit)" content: Base, Spain replacing the 3970th Strategic Wing (SW). The 3970th SW had been established on 1 July 1957 at Torrejon as the 3970th Air Base Group to support B-47 and KC-135 elements from SAC CONUS-based units deployed to Europe as part of REFLEX deployments and provide a refueling mission to USAFE tactical fighters. Until 1 April 1966, when SAC transferred Torrejon to USAFE, the 3970th also acted as the host base organization for all USAF units at Torrejon. The group was assigned seven support squadrons and a hospital to carry out its mission. It was redesignated the 3970th Combat Support


title: "Atlantic and Great Western Railroad" content: the New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad. Atlantic and Great Western Railroad The Atlantic and Great Western Railroad began as three separate railroads: the Erie and New York City Railroad based in Jamestown, New York; the Meadville Railroad based in Meadville, Pennsylvania (renamed A&GW in April 1858); and the Franklin and Warren Railroad based in Franklin Mills, Ohio (renamed A&GW in January 1853). The owners of the three railroads had been working closely together since an October 8, 1852 meeting in Cleveland to plan an expansion of the "Great Broad Route", the Erie Railroad, through their respective areas. On March


title: "Boyd County, Kentucky" content: married couples living together, 11.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.50% were non-families. 26.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.86. The age distribution was 21.80% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 28.70% from 25 to 44, 25.60% from 45 to 64, and 15.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were


title: WRSA-FM content: WRSA-FM WRSA-FM (96.9 FM, "Mix 96.9") is an adult contemporary music-formatted radio station serving the Huntsville, Alabama, area. The broadcast transmitter and tower for WRSA-FM is located on Brindlee Mountain, and the station's studios are located on Memorial Parkway (US 231) in Huntsville. Notable local on-air personalities on WRSA-FM include John Malone and Abby Kay on mornings. Other personalities include mid-day host Bonny O'Brien, traffic reporter Allen Moore, and weekend host J.J. McCall. Before a gradual format change in the late 1990s away from its longtime "Beautiful 97" image, WRSA-FM was one of the last remaining easy listening-formatted radio stations


title: Absinthe content: Absinthe Absinthe (; ) is historically described as a distilled, highly alcoholic beverage (45–74% ABV / 90–148 U.S. proof). It is an anise-flavoured spirit derived from botanicals, including the flowers and leaves of "Artemisia absinthium" ("grand wormwood"), together with green anise, sweet fennel, and other medicinal and culinary herbs. Absinthe traditionally has a natural green colour, but may also be colourless. It is commonly referred to in historical literature as """" (the green fairy). It is sometimes mistakenly referred to as a liqueur, but it is not traditionally bottled with added sugar and is, therefore, classified as a spirit. Absinthe


title: Absinthe content: is traditionally bottled at a high level of alcohol by volume, but it is normally diluted with water prior to being consumed. Absinthe originated in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland in the late 18th century. It rose to great popularity as an alcoholic drink in late 19th- and early 20th-century France, particularly among Parisian artists and writers. The consumption of absinthe was opposed by social conservatives and prohibitionists, partly due to its association with bohemian culture. Absinthe drinkers included Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Amedeo Modigliani, Pablo Picasso, Vincent van Gogh,


title: Absinthe content: Oscar Wilde, Marcel Proust, Aleister Crowley, Erik Satie, Edgar Allan Poe, Lord Byron, and Alfred Jarry. Absinthe has often been portrayed as a dangerously addictive psychoactive drug and hallucinogen. The chemical compound thujone which is present in the spirit in trace amounts was blamed for its alleged harmful effects. By 1915, absinthe had been banned in the United States and in much of Europe, including France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, and Austria-Hungary, yet it has not been demonstrated to be any more dangerous than ordinary spirits. Recent studies have shown that absinthe's psychoactive properties have been exaggerated, apart from that


title: Absinthe content: of the alcohol. A revival of absinthe began in the 1990s following the adoption of modern European Union food and beverage laws which removed long-standing barriers to its production and sale. By the early 21st century, nearly 200 brands of absinthe were being produced in a dozen countries, most notably in France, Switzerland, Australia, Spain, and Czechia. The French word "absinthe" can refer either to the alcoholic beverage or, less commonly, to the actual wormwood plant, with "grande absinthe" being "Artemisia absinthium", and "petite absinthe" being "Artemisia pontica". The Latin name "artemisia" comes from the Greek "wormwood" and the latter


title: Absinthe content: from Artemis, the ancient Greek goddess of the hunt. "Absinthe" is derived from the Latin "absinthium", which in turn comes from the Greek "apsínthion", "wormwood". The use of "Artemisia absinthium" in a drink is attested in Lucretius' "De Rerum Natura" (I 936–950), where Lucretius indicates that a drink containing wormwood is given as medicine to children in a cup with honey on the brim to make it drinkable. Some claim that the word means "undrinkable" in Greek, but it may instead be linked to the Persian root "spand" or "aspand", or the variant "esfand", which meant "Peganum harmala", also called


title: Absinthe content: Syrian Rue—although it is not actually a variety of rue, another famously bitter herb. That "Artemisia absinthium" was commonly burned as a protective offering may suggest that its origins lie in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European root "*spend", meaning "to perform a ritual" or "make an offering". Whether the word was a borrowing from Persian into Greek, or from a common ancestor of both, is unclear. Alternatively, the Greek word may originate in a pre-Greek substrate word, marked by the non-Indo-European consonant complex νθ (-nth). Alternative spellings for absinthe include "absinth", "absynthe" and "absenta". "Absinth" (without the final "e") is a spelling


title: Absinthe content: variant most commonly applied to absinthes produced in central and eastern Europe, and is specifically associated with Bohemian-style absinthes. The precise origin of absinthe is unclear. The medical use of wormwood dates back to ancient Egypt and is mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus, c. 1550 BC. Wormwood extracts and wine-soaked wormwood leaves were used as remedies by the ancient Greeks. Moreover, there is evidence of a wormwood-flavoured wine in ancient Greece called "absinthites oinos". The first evidence of absinthe dates to the 18th century in the sense of a distilled spirit containing green anise and fennel. According to popular legend,


title: Absinthe content: it began as an all-purpose patent remedy created by Dr. Pierre Ordinaire, a French doctor living in Couvet, Switzerland around 1792 (the exact date varies by account). Ordinaire's recipe was passed on to the Henriod sisters of Couvet, who sold it as a medicinal elixir. By other accounts, the Henriod sisters may have been making the elixir before Ordinaire's arrival. In either case, a certain Major Dubied acquired the formula from the sisters in 1797 and opened the first absinthe distillery named Dubied Père et Fils in Couvet with his son Marcellin and son-in-law Henry-Louis Pernod. In 1805, they built


title: Absinthe content: a second distillery in Pontarlier, France under the company name Maison Pernod Fils. Pernod Fils remained one of the most popular brands of absinthe until the drink was banned in France in 1914. Absinthe's popularity grew steadily through the 1840s, when it was given to French troops as a malaria preventive, and the troops brought home their taste for it. Absinthe became so popular in bars, bistros, cafés, and cabarets by the 1860s that the hour of 5 p.m. was called "l'heure verte" ("the green hour"). It was favoured by all social classes, from the wealthy bourgeoisie to poor artists


title: Absinthe content: and ordinary working-class people. By the 1880s, mass production had caused the price to drop sharply, and the French were drinking 36 million litres per year by 1910, compared to their annual consumption of almost 5 billion litres of wine. Absinthe was exported widely from France and Switzerland and attained some degree of popularity in other countries, including Spain, Great Britain, USA, and Czechia. It was never banned in Spain or Portugal, and its production and consumption have never ceased. It gained a temporary spike in popularity there during the early 20th century, corresponding with the Art Nouveau and Modernism


title: Absinthe content: aesthetic movements. New Orleans has a cultural association with absinthe and is credited as the birthplace of the Sazerac, perhaps the earliest absinthe cocktail. The "Old Absinthe House" bar on Bourbon Street sold absinthe since the first half of the 19th century. Its Catalan lease-holder Cayetano Ferrer named it the "Absinthe Room" in 1874 because of the popularity of the drink, which was served in the Parisian style. It was frequented by Mark Twain, Oscar Wilde, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Aleister Crowley, and Frank Sinatra. Absinthe became associated with violent crimes and social disorder, and one modern writer claims that this


title: Absinthe content: trend was spurred by fabricated claims and smear campaigns, which he claims were orchestrated by the temperance movement and the wine industry. One critic claimed: Edgar Degas's 1876 painting "L'Absinthe" can be seen at the Musée d'Orsay epitomising the popular view of absinthe addicts as sodden and benumbed, and Émile Zola described its effects in his novel "L'Assommoir". Swiss farmer Jean Lanfray murdered his family in 1905 and attempted to take his own life after drinking absinthe. Lanfray was an alcoholic who had consumed considerable quantities of wine and brandy prior to drinking two glasses of absinthe, but that was


title: Absinthe content: overlooked or ignored, placing the blame for the murders solely on absinthe. The Lanfray murders were the tipping point in this hotly debated topic, and a subsequent petition collected more than 82,000 signatures to ban it in Switzerland, and a referendum was held on 5 July 1908. It was approved by voters and the prohibition of absinthe was written into the Swiss constitution. In 1906, Belgium and Brazil banned the sale and distribution of absinthe, although these were not the first countries to take such action. It had been banned as early as 1898 in the colony of the Congo


title: Absinthe content: Free State. The Netherlands banned it in 1909, Switzerland in 1910, the United States in 1912, and France in 1914. The prohibition of absinthe in France would eventually lead to the popularity of pastis, and to a lesser extent, ouzo, and other anise-flavoured spirits that do not contain wormwood. Following the conclusion of the First World War, production of the Pernod Fils brand was resumed at the Banus distillery in Catalonia, Spain (where absinthe was still legal), but gradually declining sales saw the cessation of production in the 1960s. In Switzerland, the ban served only to drive the production of


title: Absinthe content: absinthe underground. Clandestine home distillers produced colourless absinthe ("la Bleue"), which was easier to conceal from the authorities. Many countries never banned absinthe, notably Britain, where it had never been as popular as in continental Europe. British importer BBH Spirits began to import Hill's Absinth from Czechia in the 1990s, as the UK had never formally banned it, and this sparked a modern resurgence in its popularity. It began to reappear during a revival in the 1990s in countries where it was never banned. Forms of absinthe available during that time consisted almost exclusively of Czech, Spanish, and Portuguese brands


title: Absinthe content: that were of recent origin, typically consisting of Bohemian-style products. Connoisseurs considered these of inferior quality and not representative of the 19th century spirit. In 2000, La Fée Absinthe became the first commercial absinthe distilled and bottled in France since the 1914 ban, but it is now one of dozens of brands that are produced and sold within France. In the Netherlands, the restrictions were challenged by Amsterdam wineseller Menno Boorsma in July 2004, thus confirming the legality of absinthe once again. Similarly, Belgium lifted its long-standing ban on January 1, 2005, citing a conflict with the adopted food and


title: Absinthe content: beverage regulations of the Single European Market. In Switzerland, the constitutional ban was repealed in 2000 during an overhaul of the national constitution, although the prohibition was written into ordinary law instead. That law was later repealed and it was made legal on March 1, 2005. The drink was never officially banned in Spain, although it began to fall out of favour in the 1940s and almost vanished into obscurity. The Catalan region has seen significant resurgence since 2007 when one producer established operations there. Absinthe has never been illegal to import or manufacture in Australia, although importation requires a


title: Absinthe content: permit under the Customs (Prohibited Imports) Regulation 1956 due to a restriction on importing any product containing "oil of wormwood". In 2000, an amendment made all wormwood species prohibited herbs for food purposes under "Food Standard 1.4.4. Prohibited and Restricted Plants and Fungi". However, this amendment was found inconsistent with other parts of the preexisting Food Code, and it was withdrawn in 2002 during the transition between the two codes, thereby continuing to allow absinthe manufacture and importation through the existing permit-based system. These events were erroneously reported by the media as it being reclassified from a "prohibited" product to


title: Absinthe content: a "restricted" product. In 2007, the French Lucid brand became the first genuine absinthe to receive a COLA (Certificate of Label Approval) for importation into the United States since 1912, following independent efforts by representatives from Lucid and Kübler to overturn the long-standing US ban. In December 2007, St. George Absinthe Verte produced by St. George Spirits of Alameda, California became the first brand of American-made absinthe produced in the United States since the ban. Since that time, other micro-distilleries have started producing small batches in the US. The 21st century has seen new types of absinthe, including various frozen


title: Absinthe content: preparations which have become increasingly popular. The French Absinthe Ban of 1915 was repealed in May 2011 following petitions by the Fédération Française des Spiritueux which represents French distillers. Most countries have no legal definition for absinthe, whereas the method of production and content of spirits such as whisky, brandy, and gin are globally defined and regulated. As such, producers are at liberty to label a product as "absinthe" or "absinth" without regard to any specific legal definition or quality standards. Producers of legitimate absinthes employ one of two historically defined processes to create the finished spirit: distillation, or cold


title: Absinthe content: mixing. In the sole country (Switzerland) that does possess a legal definition of absinthe, distillation is the only permitted method of production. Distilled absinthe employs a method of production similar to that of high quality gin. Botanicals are initially macerated in distilled base alcohol before being redistilled to exclude bitter principles, and impart the desired complexity and texture to the spirit. The distillation of absinthe first yields a colourless distillate that leaves the alembic at around 72% ABV. The distillate may be reduced and bottled clear, to produce a "Blanche" or "la Bleue" absinthe, or it may be coloured to


title: Absinthe content: create a "verte" using natural or artificial colouring. Traditional absinthes obtain their green colour strictly from the chlorophyll of whole herbs, which is extracted from the plants during the secondary maceration. This step involves steeping plants such as petite wormwood, hyssop, and melissa (among other herbs) in the distillate. Chlorophyll from these herbs is extracted in the process, giving the drink its famous green colour. This step also provides a herbal complexity that is typical of high quality absinthe. The natural colouring process is considered critical for absinthe ageing, since the chlorophyll remains chemically active. The chlorophyll serves a similar


title: Absinthe content: role in absinthe that tannins do in wine or brown liquors. After the colouring process, the resulting product is diluted with water to the desired percentage of alcohol. The flavour of absinthe is said to improve materially with storage, and many pre-ban distilleries aged their absinthe in settling tanks before bottling. Many modern absinthes are produced using a cold mix process. This inexpensive method of production does not involve distillation, and is regarded as inferior in the same way that cheaper "compound" gin is regarded as inferior to "distilled" gin. The cold mixing process involves the simple blending of flavouring


title: Absinthe content: essences and artificial colouring in commercial alcohol, in similar fashion to most flavoured vodkas and inexpensive liqueurs and cordials. Some modern cold mixed absinthes have been bottled at strengths approaching 90% ABV. Others are presented simply as a bottle of plain alcohol with a small amount of powdered herbs suspended within it. The lack of a formal legal definition for absinthe in most countries enables some cold mixing producers to falsify advertising claims, such as referring to their products as "distilled", since the base alcohol itself was created at some point through distillation. This is used as justification to sell


title: Absinthe content: these inexpensively produced absinthes at prices comparable to more authentic absinthes that are distilled directly from whole herbs. In the only country that possesses a formal legal definition of absinthe (Switzerland), anything made via the cold mixed process cannot be sold as absinthe. Absinthe is traditionally prepared from a distillation of neutral alcohol, various herbs, spices and water. Traditional absinthes were redistilled from a white grape spirit (or eau de vie), while lesser absinthes were more commonly made from alcohol from grain, beets, or potatoes. The principal botanicals are grande wormwood, green anise, and florence fennel, which are often called


title: Absinthe content: "the holy trinity." Many other herbs may be used as well, such as petite wormwood ("Artemisia pontica" or Roman wormwood), hyssop, melissa, star anise, angelica, peppermint, coriander, and veronica. Adding to absinthe's negative reputation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, unscrupulous makers of the drink omitted the traditional colouring phase of production in favour of adding toxic copper salts to artificially induce a green tint. This practice may be responsible for some of the alleged toxicity historically associated with this beverage. Many modern day producers resort to similar (but non-deadly) shortcuts, including the use of artificial food colouring


title: Absinthe content: to create the green colour. Additionally, at least some cheap absinthes produced before the ban were reportedly adulterated with poisonous antimony trichloride, reputed to enhance the louching effect. Absinthe may also be naturally coloured pink or red using rose or hibiscus flowers. This was referred to as a "rose" (pink) or "rouge" (red) absinthe. Only one historical brand of rose absinthe has been documented. Absinthe was historically bottled at 45-74% percent ABV. Some modern Franco–Suisse absinthes are bottled at up to 83.2% ABV, while some modern, cold-mixed bohemian-style absinthes are bottled at up to 89.9% ABV. The modern day interest


title: Absinthe content: in absinthe has spawned a rash of absinthe kits from companies that claim they produce homemade absinthe. Kits often call for soaking herbs in vodka or alcohol, or adding a liquid concentrate to vodka or alcohol to create an ersatz absinthe. Such practices usually yield a harsh substance that bears little resemblance to the genuine article, and are considered inauthentic by any practical standard. Some concoctions may even be dangerous, especially if they call for supplementation with potentially poisonous herbs, oils and/or extracts. In at least one documented case, a person suffered acute kidney injury after drinking 10 ml of


title: Absinthe content: pure wormwood oil—a dose much higher than that found in absinthe. In baking, Pernod Anise is often used as a substitute if absinthe is unavailable. In preparing the classic New Orleans-style Sazerac cocktail, various substitutes such as Pastis, Pernod, Ricard, and Herbsaint have been used to replace absinthe. The traditional French preparation involves placing a sugar cube on top of a specially designed slotted spoon, and placing the spoon on a glass filled with a measure of absinthe. Iced water is poured or dripped over the sugar cube to mix the water into the absinthe. The final preparation contains 1


title: Absinthe content: part absinthe and 3-5 parts water. As water dilutes the spirit, those components with poor water solubility (mainly those from anise, fennel, and star anise) come out of solution and cloud the drink. The resulting milky opalescence is called the "louche" (Fr. "opaque" or "shady", IPA [luʃ]). The release of these dissolved essences coincides with a perfuming of herbal aromas and flavours that "blossom" or "bloom," and brings out subtleties that are otherwise muted within the neat spirit. This reflects what is perhaps the oldest and purest method of preparation, and is often referred to as the "French Method". The


title: Absinthe content: "Bohemian Method" is a recent invention that involves fire, and was not performed during absinthe's peak of popularity in the Belle Époque. Like the French method, a sugar cube is placed on a slotted spoon over a glass containing one shot of absinthe. The sugar is pre-soaked in alcohol (usually more absinthe), then set ablaze. The flaming sugar cube is then dropped into the glass, thus igniting the absinthe. Finally, a shot glass of water is added to douse the flames. This method tends to produce a stronger drink than the French method. A variant of the Bohemian Method involves


title: Absinthe content: allowing the fire to extinguish on its own. This variant is sometimes referred to as "Cooking the Absinthe" or "The Flaming Green Fairy." The origin of this burning ritual may borrow from a coffee and brandy drink that was served at Café Brûlot, in which a sugar cube soaked in brandy was set aflame. Most experienced absintheurs do not recommend the Bohemian Method and consider it a modern gimmick, as it can destroy the absinthe flavour and present a fire hazard due to the unusually high alcohol content present in absinthe. In 19th century Parisian cafés, upon receiving an order


title: Absinthe content: for an absinthe, a waiter would present the patron with a dose of absinthe in a suitable glass, sugar, absinthe spoon, and a carafe of iced water. It was up to the patron to prepare the drink, as the inclusion or omission of sugar was strictly an individual preference, as was the amount of water used. As the popularity of the drink increased, additional accoutrements of preparation appeared, including the absinthe fountain, which was effectively a large jar of iced water with spigots, mounted on a lamp base. This let drinkers prepare a number of drinks at once—and with a


title: Absinthe content: hands-free drip, patrons could socialise while louching a glass. Although many bars served absinthe in standard glassware, a number of glasses were specifically designed for the French absinthe preparation ritual. Absinthe glasses were typically fashioned with a dose line, bulge, or bubble in the lower portion denoting how much absinthe should be poured. One "dose" of absinthe ranged anywhere from around 2-2.5 fluid ounces (60-75 ml). In addition to being prepared with sugar and water, absinthe emerged as a popular cocktail ingredient in both the United Kingdom and the United States. By 1930, dozens of fancy cocktails that called for


title: Absinthe content: absinthe had been published in numerous credible bartender guides. One of the most famous of these libations is Ernest Hemingway's "Death in the Afternoon" cocktail, a tongue-in-cheek concoction that contributed to a 1935 collection of celebrity recipes. The directions are as follows: "Pour one jigger absinthe into a Champagne glass. Add iced Champagne until it attains the proper opalescent milkiness. Drink three to five of these slowly." Most categorical alcoholic beverages have regulations governing their classification and labelling, while those governing absinthe have always been conspicuously lacking. According to popular treatises from the 19th century, absinthe could be loosely categorised


title: Absinthe content: into several grades ("ordinaire", "demi-fine", "fine", and "Suisse"—the latter does not denote origin), in order of increasing alcoholic strength and quality. Many contemporary absinthe critics simply classify absinthe as "distilled" or "mixed", according to its production method. And while the former is generally considered far superior in quality to the latter, an absinthe's simple claim of being 'distilled' makes no guarantee as to the quality of its base ingredients or the skill of its maker. Absinthe that is artificially coloured or clear is aesthetically stable, and can be bottled in clear glass. If naturally coloured absinthe is exposed to light


title: Absinthe content: or air for a prolonged period, the chlorophyll gradually becomes oxidised, which has the effect of gradually changing the colour from green to yellow green, and eventually to brown. The colour of absinthe that has completed this transition was historically referred to as "feuille morte" (dead leaf). In the preban era, this natural phenomenon was favourably viewed, for it confirmed the product in question was coloured naturally, and not artificially with potentially toxic chemicals. Predictably, vintage absinthes often emerge from sealed bottles as distinctly amber in tint due to decades of slow oxidation. Though this colour change presents no adverse