title: "McKittrick Oil Field" content: the winter, with the mean freeze-free period being from 250 to 275 days. Drainage is to the northeast, away from the Temblors towards the Central Valley, and streams are dry for most of the year. The predominant vegetation in the vicinity of the field is low scrub, in particular the saltbush "Atriplex lentiformis". Elevations on the field range from approximately . Many other productive oil fields are nearby. Adjacent to the north is the enormous, and densely developed Cymric Oil Field, and beyond that the South Belridge Oil Field; to the east is the Elk Hills Oil Field, famous in


title: "Edward Harney" content: later getting back into Parliament in 1918 as a Coalition Liberal – that is a supporter of the Liberal-Conservative coalition government led by David Lloyd George. In a three cornered contest with Havelock Wilson standing as a National Liberal and a Labour candidate, Harney scraped home by just 25 votes over Labour with Havelock Wilson bottom of the poll. In the general election of 1923 and again in 1924, Harney held his seat, this time in straight fights with Labour but with majorities of 7,195 and 6,319. Harney died just before the 1929 general election so no by-election was needed


title: "Chicago Annenberg Challenge" content: here to public school. Who would, especially in a big city? Nobody. So we've got to do something. If we don't, our civilization will collapse." Annenberg sought recommendations on making a large gift to American public schools from his "pro bono" education advisors: On December 17, 1993, the 85-year-old Annenberg announced his five-year $500 million "Challenge to the Nation" at a ceremony in the Roosevelt Room of the White House with President Bill Clinton, Secretary of Education Richard Riley, Gregorian, Sizer, Kearns, and Frank Newman, Illinois Governor Jim Edgar and Colorado Governor Roy Romer (the president, outgoing and incoming chairman,


title: "Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)" content: few years later, in 1840, Zorawar Singh invaded Baltistan, captured the Raja of Skardu, who had sided with the Ladakhis, and annexed his country to Gulab Singh's kingdom. Thus, whether by policy or accident, Gulab Singh's dominions encircled Kashmir by 1840. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the Sikh court fell into anarchy and palace intrigues took over. Gulab Singh's brothers Dhyan Singh and Suchet Singh as well as his nephew Hira Singh were murdered in the struggles. His eldest son, Udham Singh, also died in the process. Gulab Singh was careful to disassociate himself from the


title: "Joseph Crehan" content: 30s when he began doing character roles. Crehan's Broadway credits include "Twentieth Century" (1932), "Lilly Turner" (1932), "Angels Don't Kiss" (1932), "Those We Love" (1930), "Sweet Land of Liberty" (1929), "Merry Andrew" (1929), "Ringside" (1928), and "Yosemite" (1914). Crehan often played alongside Charles C. Wilson with whom he is sometimes confused. On April 15, 1966, Crehan died of a stroke in Hollywood, California. Joseph Crehan Joseph Crehan (July 15, 1883 – April 15, 1966) was an American film actor. He appeared in more than 300 films between 1916 and 1965, and notably played Ulysses S. Grant nine times between 1939


title: "Roy Partee" content: season Partee batted just .203 with seventeen RBIs platooning with Les Moss in his only year with the Browns. In December 1948, Partee was part of a second blockbuster deal, as he and Fred Sanford were sent to the New York Yankees for Red Embree, Sherm Lollar, Dick Starr and $100,000. Partee never made a major league appearance with the Yankees. Instead, he spent the and seasons back with the San Francisco Seals, and seasons with the Kansas City Blues, and split the season between the Sacramento Solons and Edmonton Eskimos. In , he became player/manager of the California League's


title: "Olivier Roy (ice hockey)" content: 2007 QMJHL Entry Draft. In his first season with Cape Breton, Roy recorded four shutouts and ultimately won the RDS Cup as the League's top rookie. Roy then played for Team Quebec in the 2008 ADT Canada-Russia Challenge, and was named Team Quebec's Player of the Game in their 5–3 win over Team Russia in the first game of the series. Roy was ranked as the second-best North American goaltender available by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau going into the 2009 NHL Entry Draft in Montreal, and on June 27, he was selected by the Edmonton Oilers in the fifth


title: "Tamura clan" content: set up its retainers in forty-eight subsidiary castles and outposts in the area. However, although the Tamura clan pledged allegiance to Toyotomi Hideyoshi at the Siege of Odawara, Hideyoshi felt that their efforts were insufficient, and dispossessed the clan in 1598, giving their territory to the Date clan. The Tamura survived as retainers to the Date. The wife of Date Masamune was Megohime (1568–1653), also known as Lady Tamura, since she was the daughter and only child of Tamura Kiyoaki. Her paternal grandmother and material grandmother were also both daughters of Date Tanemune, making her Masamune’s second cousin. She had


title: "Prostitution in Malta" content: the build up to the 2017 general election. Valletta’s Strait Street, known locally as the 'Gut', was the centre of prostitution from the 1830s to the 1970s. The Mello area of Gżira is known as a red-light district. Prostitution has occurred in Malta for centuries. When the Knights Hospitaller came to the country in 1530, the port of Vittoriosa contained many brothels. As well as Maltese prostitutes, there were also some from Greece, Italy, Spain and North Africa. The French king’s geographer, Nicholas de Nicolai, was impressed by the number of prostitutes in the streets when he visited Vittoriosa in


title: "Wreck Alley" content: wreck and preparing it as a safe dive site for divers of many levels. Holes were cut into the hull so that almost anywhere you are in the wreck, you are near an exit. From inside the wreck, the openings to the outside look like green video screens. It is the newest wreck so it is the most intact wreck at Wreck Alley. Originally it was prepared so that there was one long corridor, called the Grand Promenade, that went the length of the ship along the port side. For publicity before its sinking, a large game of Sink My


title: "Larry Ford" content: were found in extremely poor condition, were identified as "Clostridium tetani" and "Clostridum difficile". "C. tetani" is ubiquitous in the environment and is the bacterium that can cause tetanus in unvaccinated individuals, or those who were vaccinated in the past but have not maintained their immunity through receipt of the recommended booster doses of vaccine. Tetanus can occur when an open wound, even a medically insignificant one, is contaminated with soil or animal feces. "C. difficile" can be found in the intestines of 3-8% of healthy adults and it may cause diarrhea in individuals whose intestinal flora has been altered


title: "Bangladesh Baptist Sangha" content: in modern science, geography and history for the first time in Bengali. The BBS participates as a partner with the College of Christian Theology in Dhaka and also operates hostel programs for students at college and university level. The BBS runs 2 high schools for girls and boys, a junior high school, 64 primary schools, a school for blind girls, two children’s homes with schools as well as a hospital, a leprosy hospital, and 4 clinics. The BBS participates actively in ecumenical relationships through: Bangladesh Baptist Sangha The Bangladesh Baptist Church Sangha (; BBS) is a national cooperative association of


title: "Western honey bee" content: Western honey bee The western honey bee or European honey bee ("Apis mellifera") is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bee worldwide. The genus name "Apis" is Latin for "bee", and "mellifera" is the Latin for "honey-bearing", referring to the species' production of honey. Like all honey bees, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or "queen"), many normally non-reproductive females or "workers," and small proportion of fertile males or "drones." Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of bees. Colony activities are organized by complex communication between individuals, through both


title: "Western honey bee" content: pheromones and the dance language. The western honey bee was one of the first domesticated insects, and it is the primary species maintained by beekeepers to this day for both its honey production and pollination activities. With human assistance, the western honey bee now occupies every continent except Antarctica. Because of its wide cultivation, this species is the single most important pollinator for agriculture globally. Honey bees are threatened by pests and diseases, especially the varroa mite and colony collapse disorder. Western honey bees are an important model organism in scientific studies, particularly in the fields of social evolution, learning,


title: "Western honey bee" content: and memory; they are also used in studies of pesticide toxicity, to assess non-target impacts of commercial pesticides. The western honey bee can be found on every continent except Antarctica. The species is believed to have originated in Africa or Asia, and it spread naturally through Africa, the Middle East and Europe. Humans are responsible for its considerable additional range, introducing European subspecies into North America (early 1600s), South America, Australia, New Zealand, and East Asia. Western honey bees adapted to the local environments as they spread geographically. These adaptations include synchronizing colony cycles to the timing of local flower


title: "Western honey bee" content: resources, forming a winter cluster in colder climates, migratory swarming in Africa, and enhanced foraging behavior in desert areas. All together, these variations resulted in 28 recognized subspecies, all of which are cross-fertile. The subspecies are divided into four major branches, based on work by Ruttner and confirmed by mitochondrial DNA analysis. African subspecies belong to branch A, northwestern European subspecies branch M, southwestern European subspecies branch C and Middle-Eastern subspecies branch O. Unlike most other bee species, honey bees have perennial colonies which persist year after year. Because of this high degree of sociality and permanence, honey bee colonies


title: "Western honey bee" content: can be considered superorganisms, meaning that reproduction of the colony, rather than individual bees, is the biologically significant unit. Honey bee colonies reproduce through a process called "swarming". In most climates, western honey bees swarm in the spring and early summer, when there is an abundance of blooming flowers from which to collect nectar and pollen. In response to these favorable conditions, the hive creates one to two dozen new queens. Just as the pupal stages of these "daughter queens" are nearly complete, the old queen and approximately two-thirds of the adult workers leave the colony in a swarm, traveling


title: "Western honey bee" content: some distance to find a new location suitable for building a hive (e.g., a hollow tree trunk). In the old colony, the daughter queens often start "piping", just prior to emerging as adults, and, when the daughter queens eventually emerge, they fight each other until only one remains; the survivor then becomes the new queen. If one of the sisters emerges before the others, she may kill her siblings while they are still pupae, before they have a chance to emerge as adults. Once she has dispatched her rivals, the new queen, the only fertile female, lays all the eggs


title: "Western honey bee" content: for the old colony, which her mother has left. Virgin females are able to lay eggs, which develop into males (a trait shared with wasps, bees, and ants because of haplodiploidy). However, she requires a mate to produce female offspring, which comprise 90% or more of bees in the colony at any given time. Thus, the new queen goes on one or more nuptial flights, each time mating with 1–17 drones. Once she has finished mating, usually within two weeks of emerging, she remains in the hive, laying eggs. Throughout the rest of the growing season, the colony produces many


title: "Western honey bee" content: workers, who gather pollen and nectar as cold-season food; the average population of a healthy hive in midsummer may be as high as 40,000 to 80,000 bees. Nectar from flowers is processed by worker bees, who evaporate it until the moisture content is low enough to discourage mold, transforming it into honey, which can then be capped over with wax and stored almost indefinitely. In the temperate climates to which western honey bees are adapted, the bees gather in their hive and wait out the cold season, during which the queen may stop laying. During this time, activity is slow,


title: "Western honey bee" content: and the colony consumes its stores of honey used for metabolic heat production in the cold season. In mid- through late winter, the queen starts laying again. This is probably triggered by day length. Depending on the subspecies, new queens (and swarms) may be produced every year, or less frequently, depending on local environmental conditions. Like other insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, the western honey bee has four distinct life stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. The complex social structure of honey bee hives means that all of these life stages occur simultaneously throughout much of the year. The queen


title: "Western honey bee" content: deposits a single egg into each cell of a honeycomb prepared by worker bees. The egg hatches into a legless, eyeless larva fed by "nurse" bees (worker bees who maintain the interior of the colony). After about a week, the larva is sealed in its cell by the nurse bees and begins its pupal stage. After another week, it emerges as an adult bee. It is common for defined regions of the comb to be filled with young bees (also called "brood"), while others are filled with pollen and honey stores. Worker bees secrete the wax used to build the


title: "Western honey bee" content: hive, clean, maintain and guard it, raise the young and forage for nectar and pollen; the nature of the worker's role varies with age. For the first ten days of their lives, worker bees clean the hive and feed the larvae. After this, they begin building comb cells. On days 16 through 20, workers receive nectar and pollen from older workers and store it. After the 20th day, a worker leaves the hive and spends the remainder of its life as a forager. Although worker bees are usually infertile females, when some subspecies are stressed they may lay fertile eggs.


title: "Western honey bee" content: Since workers are not fully sexually developed, they do not mate with drones and thus can only produce haploid (male) offspring. Queens and workers have a modified ovipositor, a stinger, with which they defend the hive. Unlike bees of any other genus and the queens of their own species, the stinger of worker honey bees is barbed. Contrary to popular belief, a bee does not always die soon after stinging; this misconception is based on the fact that a bee will usually die after stinging a human or other mammal. The stinger and its venom sac, with musculature and a


title: "Western honey bee" content: ganglion allowing them to continue delivering venom after they are detached, are designed to pull free of the body when they lodge. This apparatus (including barbs on the stinger) is thought to have evolved in response to predation by vertebrates, since the barbs do not function (and the stinger apparatus does not detach) unless the stinger is embedded in elastic material. The barbs do not always "catch", so a bee may occasionally pull its stinger free and fly off unharmed (or sting again). Although the average lifespan of a queen in most subspecies is three to five years, reports from


title: "Western honey bee" content: the German-European black bee subspecies previously used for beekeeping indicate that a queen can live up to eight years. Because a queen's store of sperm is depleted near the end of her life, she begins laying more unfertilized eggs; for this reason, beekeepers often replace queens every year or two. The lifespan of workers varies considerably over the year in regions with long winters. Workers born in spring and summer will work hard, living only a few weeks, but those born in autumn will remain inside for several months as the colony clusters. On average during the year, about one


title: "Western honey bee" content: percent of a colony's worker bees die naturally per day. Except for the queen, all of a colony's workers are replaced about every four months. Behavioral and physiological differences between castes and subcastes arise from phenotypic plasticity, which relies on gene expression rather than heritable genotypic differences. The queen bee is a fertile female, who, unlike workers (which are genetically also female), has a fully developed reproductive tract. She is larger than her workers, and has a characteristic rounder, longer abdomen. A female egg can become either a queen or a worker bee. Workers and queens are both fed royal


title: "Western honey bee" content: jelly, which is high in protein and low in flavonoid, during the first three days of their larval stage. Workers are then switched to a diet of mixed pollen and nectar (often called "bee bread"), while queens will continue to receive royal jelly. In the absence of flavonoid and the presence of a high-protein diet, queen bees develop a healthy reproductive tract—a task necessary for maintaining a colony of tens of thousands of daughter-workers. Periodically, the colony determines that a new queen is needed. There are three general causes: Regardless of the trigger, workers develop the larvae into queens by


title: "Western honey bee" content: continuing to feed them royal jelly. Queens are not raised in the typical horizontal brood cells of the honeycomb. A queen cell is larger and oriented vertically. If workers sense that an old queen is weakening, they produce emergency cells (known as supersedure cells) made from cells with eggs or young larvae and which protrude from the comb. When the queen finishes her larval feeding and pupates, she moves into a head-downward position and later chews her way out of the cell. At pupation, workers cap (seal) the cell. The queen asserts control over the worker bees by releasing a


title: "Western honey bee" content: complex suite of pheromones, known as queen scent. After several days of orientation in and around the hive, the young queen flies to a drone congregation point – a site near a clearing and generally about above the ground – where drones from different hives congregate. They detect the presence of a queen in their congregation area by her smell, find her by sight and mate with her in midair; drones can be induced to mate with "dummy" queens with the queen pheromone. A queen will mate multiple times, and may leave to mate several days in a row (weather


title: "Western honey bee" content: permitting) until her spermatheca is full. The queen lays all the eggs in a healthy colony. The number and pace of egg-laying is controlled by weather, resource availability and specific racial characteristics. Queens generally begin to slow egg-laying in the early fall, and may stop during the winter. Egg-laying generally resumes in late winter when the days lengthen, peaking in the spring. At the height of the season, the queen may lay over 2,500 eggs per day (more than her body mass). She fertilizes each egg (with stored sperm from the spermatheca) as it is laid in a worker-sized cell.


title: "Western honey bee" content: Eggs laid in drone-sized (larger) cells are left unfertilized; these unfertilized eggs, with half as many genes as queen or worker eggs, develop into drones. Workers are females produced by the queen that develop from fertilized, diploid eggs. Workers are essential for social structure and proper colony functioning. They carry out the main tasks of the colony, because the queen is occupied with only reproducing. These females will raise their sister workers and future queens that eventually leave the nest to start their own colony. They also forage and return to the nest with nectar and pollen to feed the


title: "Western honey bee" content: young. Drones are the colony's male bees. Since they do not have ovipositors, they do not have stingers. Drone honey bees do not forage for nectar or pollen. The primary purpose of a drone is to fertilize a new queen. Many drones will mate with a given queen in flight; each will die immediately after mating, since the process of insemination requires a lethally convulsive effort. Drone honey bees are haploid (single, unpaired chromosomes) in their genetic structure, and are descended only from their mother (the queen). In temperate regions drones are generally expelled from the hive before winter, dying


title: "Western honey bee" content: of cold and starvation since they cannot forage, produce honey or care for themselves. There has been research into the role western honey bee drones play in thermoregulation within the hive. Given their larger size (1.5 times that of worker bees), drones may play a significant role. Drones are typically located near the center of hive clusters for unclear reasons. It is postulated that it is to maintain sperm viability, which may be compromised at cooler temperatures. Another possible explanation is that a more central location allows drones to contribute to warmth, since at temperatures below their ability to contribute


title: "Western honey bee" content: declines. When a fertile female worker produces drones, a conflict arises between her interests and those of the queen. The worker shares half her genes with the drone and one-quarter with her brothers, favouring her offspring over those of the queen. The queen shares half her genes with her sons and one-quarter with the sons of fertile female workers. This pits the worker against the queen and other workers, who try to maximize their reproductive fitness by rearing the offspring most related to them. This relationship leads to a phenomenon known as "worker policing". In these rare situations, other worker


title: "Western honey bee" content: bees in the hive who are genetically more related to the queen's sons than those of the fertile workers will patrol the hive and remove worker-laid eggs. Another form of worker-based policing is aggression toward fertile females. Some studies have suggested a queen pheromone which may help workers distinguish worker- and queen-laid eggs, but others indicate egg viability as the key factor in eliciting the behavior. Worker policing is an example of forced altruism, where the benefits of worker reproduction are minimized and that of rearing the queen's offspring maximized. In very rare instances workers subvert the policing mechanisms of


title: "Western honey bee" content: the hive, laying eggs which are removed at a lower rate by other workers; this is known as anarchic syndrome. Anarchic workers can activate their ovaries at a higher rate and contribute a greater proportion of males to the hive. Although an increase in the number of drones would decrease the overall productivity of the hive, the reproductive fitness of the drones' mother would increase. Anarchic syndrome is an example of selection working in opposite directions at the individual and group levels for the stability of the hive. Under ordinary circumstances the death (or removal) of a queen increases reproduction


title: "Western honey bee" content: in workers, and a significant proportion of workers will have active ovaries in the absence of a queen. The workers of the hive produce a last batch of drones before the hive eventually collapses. Although during this period worker policing is usually absent, in certain groups of bees it continues. According to the strategy of kin selection, worker policing is not favored if a queen does not mate multiple times. Workers would be related by three-quarters of their genes, and the difference in relationship between sons of the queen and those of the other workers would decrease. The benefit of


title: "Western honey bee" content: policing is negated, and policing is less favored. Experiments confirming this hypothesis have shown a correlation between higher mating rates and increased rates of worker policing in many species of social hymenoptera. The honey bee needs an internal body temperature of to fly; this temperature is maintained in the nest to develop the brood, and is the optimal temperature for the creation of wax. The temperature on the periphery of the cluster varies with outside air temperature, and the winter cluster's internal temperature may be as low as . Honey bees can forage over a air-temperature range because of behavioral


title: "Western honey bee" content: and physiological mechanisms for regulating the temperature of their flight muscles. From low to high air temperatures, the mechanisms are: shivering before flight, and stopping flight for additional shivering; passive body-temperature regulation based on work, and evaporative cooling from regurgitated honey-sac contents. Body temperatures differ, depending on caste and expected foraging rewards. The optimal air temperature for foraging is . During flight, the bee's relatively large flight muscles create heat which must be dissipated. The honey bee uses evaporative cooling to release heat through its mouth. Under hot conditions, heat from the thorax is dissipated through the head; the bee


title: "Western honey bee" content: regurgitates a droplet of warm internal fluid — a "honeycrop droplet" – which reduces the temperature of its head by . Below bees are immobile, and above their activity slows. Honey bees can tolerate temperatures up to for short periods. Honey-bee behavior has been extensively studied, since bees are widespread and familiar. Karl von Frisch, who received the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his study of honey-bee communication, noticed that bees communicate with dance. Through these dances, bees communicate information regarding the distance, the situation, and the direction of a food source by the dances of the


title: "Western honey bee" content: returning (honey bee) worker bee on the vertical comb of the hive. Honey bees direct other bees to food sources with the round dance and the waggle dance. Although the round dance tells other foragers that food is within of the hive, it provides insufficient information about direction. The waggle dance, which may be vertical or horizontal, provides more detail about the distance and direction of a food source. Foragers are also thought to rely on their olfactory sense to help locate a food source after they are directed by the dances. Unlike western honey bees, the dwarf honey bee


title: "Western honey bee" content: do not change the precision of the waggle dance to indicate the type of site that is set as a new goal. Therefore, western honey bees are better at conveying information than its closely related species and this further supports the notion that former are more evolved than latter. Another means of communication is the shaking signal, also known as the jerking dance, vibration dance or vibration signal. Although the shaking signal is most common in worker communication, it also appears in reproductive swarming. A worker bee vibrates its body dorsoventrally while holding another bee with its front legs. Jacobus


title: "Western honey bee" content: Biesmeijer, who examined shaking signals in a forager's life and the conditions leading to its performance, found that experienced foragers executed 92 percent of observed shaking signals and 64 percent of these signals were made after the discovery of a food source. About 71 percent of shaking signals occurred before the first five successful foraging flights of the day; other communication signals, such as the waggle dance, were performed more often after the first five successes. Biesmeijer demonstrated that most shakers are foragers and the shaking signal is most often executed by foraging bees on pre-foraging bees, concluding that it


title: "Western honey bee" content: is a transfer message for several activities (or activity levels). Sometimes the signal increases activity, as when active bees shake inactive ones. At other times, such as the end of the day, the signal is an inhibitory mechanism. However, the shaking signal is preferentially directed towards inactive bees. All three forms of communication among honey bees are effective in foraging and task management. Pheromones (substances involved in chemical communication) are essential to honey-bee survival. Honey bees rely on pheromones for nearly all behaviors, including mating, alarm, defense, orientation, kin and colony recognition, food production and integrating colony activities. Humans have


title: "Western honey bee" content: been collecting honey from bees for thousands of years, with evidence in the form of rock art found in France and Spain, dating to around 7000 BCE. The honey bee is one of the few invertebrate animals to have been domesticated. Bees were likely first domesticated in ancient Egypt, where tomb paintings depict bee-keeping. Europeans brought bees to North America in 1622. Beekeepers have selected bees for several desirable features: These modifications, along with artificial change of location, have improved bees from the point of view of the beekeeper, and simultaneously made them more dependent on beekeepers for their survival.


title: "Western honey bee" content: In Europe, cold-weather survival was likely selected for, consciously or not, while in Africa, selection probably favoured the ability to survive heat, drought, and heavy rain. Authors do not agree on whether this degree of artificial selection constitutes genuine domestication. In 1603, John Guillim wrote "The Bee I may well reckon a domestic insect, being so pliable to the benefit of the keeper." More recently, many biologists working on pollination take the domesticated status of honey bees for granted. For example, Rachael Winfree and colleagues write "We used crop pollination as a model system, and investigated whether the loss of


title: "Western honey bee" content: a domesticated pollinator (the honey bee) could be compensated for by native, wild bee species." Similarly, Brian Dennis and William Kemp write: "Although the domestication of the honey bee is closely connected to the evolution of food-based socio-economic systems in many cultures throughout the world, in current economic terms, and in the U.S. alone, the estimated wholesale value of honey, more than $317 million dollars in 2013, pales in comparison to aggregate estimated annual value of pollination services, variously valued at $11–15 billion." On the other hand, P. R. Oxley and B. P. Oldroyd (2010) consider the domestication of bees


title: "Western honey bee" content: at best partial. Oldroyd observes that the lack of full domestication is somewhat surprising, given that people have kept bees for at least 7000 years. Instead, bee-keepers have found ways to manage bees using hives, while the bees remain "largely unchanged from their wild cousins". Leslie Bailey and B. V. Ball, in their book "Honey Bee Pathology", call honey bees "feral insects", in contrast to the silkworm ("Bombyx mori") which they call "the only insect that has been domesticated", and refer to the "popular belief among many biologists as well as beekeepers that bees are domesticated". They argue that honey


title: "Western honey bee" content: bees are able to survive without man's help, and in fact require to "be left at liberty" to survive. They argue further that even if bees could be raised away from the wild, they would still have to fly freely to gather nectar and pollinate plants. Therefore, they argue, bee-keeping is "the exploitation of colonies of a wild insect", with little more than the provision of a weatherproof cavity for them to nest in. Pilar de la Rua and colleagues likewise argue that honey bees are not fully domesticated, since "endemic subspecies-specific genetic footprints can still be identified in Europe


title: "Western honey bee" content: and Africa", making conservation of wild-bee diversity important. They further argue that the difficulty of controlling drones for mating is a serious handicap and a sign that domestication is not complete, in particular as "extensive gene flow usually occurs between wild/feral and managed honeybee populations". The honey bee is a colonial insect which is housed, transported by and sometimes fed by beekeepers. Honey bees do not survive and reproduce individually, but as part of the colony (a superorganism). Honey bees collect flower nectar and convert it to honey, which is stored in the hive. The nectar, transported in the bees'


title: "Western honey bee" content: stomachs, is converted with the addition of digestive enzymes and storage in a honey cell for partial dehydration. Nectar and honey provide the energy for the bees' flight muscles and for heating the hive during the winter. Honey bees also collect pollen, which after being processed to bee bread supplies protein and fat for the bee brood to grow. Centuries of selective breeding by humans have created bees which produce far more honey than the colony needs, and beekeepers (also known as apiarists) harvest the surplus honey. Beekeepers provide a place for the colony to live and store honey. There


title: "Western honey bee" content: are seven basic types of beehive: skeps, Langstroth hives, top-bar hives, box hives, log gums, D. E. hive, and miller hives. All U.S. states require beekeepers to use movable frames to allow bee inspectors to check the brood for disease. This allows beekeepers to keep Langstroth, top-bar and D.E. hives without special permission, granted for purposes such as museum use. Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees, moving from field to field as crops require pollinating (a source of income for beekeepers). In cold climates, some beekeepers have kept colonies alive (with varying degrees of success) by moving them


title: "Western honey bee" content: indoors for winter. While this can protect the colonies from extremes of temperature and make winter care and feeding more convenient for the beekeeper, it increases the risk of dysentery and causes an excessive buildup of carbon dioxide from the bees' respiration. Inside wintering has been refined by Canadian beekeepers, who use large barns solely for the wintering of bees; automated ventilation systems assist in carbon-dioxide dispersal. A primary product of honey bees is more honey bees. Honey bees are bought as mated queens, in spring packages of a queen with of bees, as nucleus colonies (which include frames of


title: "Western honey bee" content: brood) and as full colonies. Commerce in bees dates to prehistory, and modern methods of producing queens and dividing colonies for increase date to the late 1800s. Bees are typically produced in temperate to tropical regions and sold to colder areas; for example packages of bees produced in the U.S. state of Florida are sold to beekeepers in Michigan. The honey bee is an important pollinator of crops; this service accounts for much of the species' commercial value. A large number of the crop species farmed worldwide depend on it, Although orchards and fields have increased in size, wild pollinators


title: "Western honey bee" content: have dwindled. In a number of regions the pollination shortage is addressed by migratory beekeepers, who supply hives during a crop bloom and move them after the blooming period. Commercial beekeepers plan their movements and wintering locations according to anticipated pollination services. At higher latitudes it is difficult (or impossible) to winter over sufficient bees, or to have them ready for early blooming plants. Much migration is seasonal, with hives wintering in warmer climates and moving to follow the bloom at higher latitudes. In California almond pollination occurs in February, early in the growing season before local hives have built


title: "Western honey bee" content: up their populations. Almond orchards require two hives per acre, or per hive, for maximum yield, and pollination is dependent on the importation of hives from warmer climates. Almond pollination (in February and March in the U.S.) is the largest managed pollination event in the world, requiring more than one-third of all managed honey bees in the country. Mass movements of bees are also made for apples in New York, Michigan, and Washington. Despite honey bees' inefficiency as blueberry pollinators, large numbers are moved to Maine because they are the only pollinators who can be easily moved and concentrated for


title: "Western honey bee" content: this and other monoculture crops. Bees and other insects maintain flower constancy by transferring pollen to other biologically specific plants; this prevents flower stigmas from being clogged with pollen from other species. European honey bees are often described as being essential to all human food production, leading to claims that without their pollination, all of humanity would starve, or even die out. Einstein is sometimes misquoted as saying "If bees disappeared off the face of the earth, man would only have four years left to live." But not only did the scientist not say that, there is no science to


title: "Western honey bee" content: support the prediction, itself. In fact, many important crops need no insect pollination at all. The ten most important crops, comprising 60% of all human food energy, all fall into this category: Plantains are sterile and propagated by cuttings, as are cassava. Potatoes, yams, and sweet potatoes are root vegetables propagated by tubers. Soybeans are self-pollinated. Rice, wheat, and corn are all wind-pollinated, because this is true of all grasses. Similarly, no crops originating in the New World depend on the domesticated honey bee "Apis mellifera" at all, as the insect is invasive, having been brought over with colonists in


title: "Western honey bee" content: the last few centuries. Thomas Jefferson mentioned this in his Notes on the State of Virginia: Tomatoes, peppers, squash, and all other New World crops evolved with native pollinators like squash bees, bumble bees, other native bees. The stingless bees mentioned by Jefferson are distant relatives of the honey bees, in the genus "Melipona". Honey is the complex substance made from nectar and sweet deposits from plants and trees which are gathered, modified and stored in the comb by honey bees. Honey is a biological mixture of inverted sugars, primarily glucose and fructose. It has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Honey


title: "Western honey bee" content: from the western honey bee, along with the bee "Tetragonisca angustula", has specific antibacterial activity towards an infection causing bacteria, "Staphylococcus aureus". Honey will not rot or ferment when stored under normal conditions, however it will crystallize over time. Although crystallized honey is acceptable for human use, bees can only use liquid honey and will remove and discard crystallized honey from the hive. Bees produce honey by collecting nectar, a clear liquid consisting of nearly 80 percent water and complex sugars. The collecting bees store the nectar in a second stomach and return to the hive, where worker bees remove


title: "Western honey bee" content: the nectar. The worker bees digest the raw nectar for about 30 minutes, using digestive enzymes to break down the complex sugars into simpler ones. Raw honey is then spread in empty honeycomb cells to dry, reducing its water content to less than 20 percent. When nectar is being processed, honey bees create a draft through the hive by fanning with their wings. When the honey has dried, the honeycomb cells are sealed (capped) with wax to preserve it. Mature worker bees secrete beeswax from glands on their abdomen, using it to form the walls and caps of the comb.


title: "Western honey bee" content: When honey is harvested, the wax can be collected for use in products like candles and seals. Bees collect pollen in a pollen basket and carry it back to the hive, where after undergoing fermentation and turning into bee bread becomes a protein source for brood-rearing. Excess pollen can be collected from the hive; although it is sometimes consumed as a dietary supplement by humans, bee pollen may cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. Bee brood, the eggs, larvae, or pupae of honey bees, is edible and highly nutritious. Bee brood contains the same amount of protein that beef


title: "Western honey bee" content: or poultry does. Bee brood is often harvested as a byproduct when the farmer has excess bees and does not wish for more. Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds, sap flows or other botanical sources, which is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive. Although propolis is alleged to have health benefits (tincture of Propolis is marketed as a cold and flu remedy), it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. Propolis is also used in wood finishes, and gives a Stradivarius violin its unique red color. Royal jelly


title: "Western honey bee" content: is a honey-bee secretion used to nourish the larvae and queen. It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits. On the other hand, it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals. As of October 28, 2006, the Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium fully sequenced and analyzed the genome of "Apis mellifera," the western honey bee. Since 2007, attention has been devoted to colony collapse disorder, a decline in European honey bee colonies in a number of regions. The European honey bee is the third insect, after the fruit fly and the mosquito, to have its


title: "Western honey bee" content: genome mapped. According to scientists who analyzed its genetic code, the honey bee originated in Africa and spread to Europe in two ancient migrations. Scientists have found that genes related to smell outnumber those for taste, and the European honey bee has fewer genes regulating immunity than the fruit fly and the mosquito. The genome sequence also revealed that several groups of genes, particularly those related to circadian rhythm, resembled those of vertebrates more than other insects. Another significant finding from the honey bee genome study, was that the honey bee was the first insect to be discovered with a


title: "Western honey bee" content: functional DNA methylation system since functional key enzymes (DNA methyltransferase-1 and -3) were identified in the genome. DNA methylation is one of the important mechanisms in epigenetics to study gene expression and regulation without changing the DNA sequence, but modifications on DNA activity. DNA methylation later was identified to play an important role in gene regulation and gene splicing. The genome is unusual in having few transposable elements, although they were present in the evolutionary past (remains and fossils have been found) and evolved more slowly than those in fly-species. European honey-bee populations face threats to their survival increasing interests


title: "Western honey bee" content: into other pollinator species, like the common eastern bumblebee. North American and European populations were severely depleted by varroa-mite infestations during the early 1990s, and U.S. beekeepers were further affected by colony collapse disorder in 2006 and 2007. Improved cultural practices and chemical treatments against varroa mites saved most commercial operations; new bee breeds are beginning to reduce beekeeper dependence on acaricides. Feral bee populations were greatly reduced during this period; they are slowly recovering, primarily in mild climates, due to natural selection for "varroa" resistance and repopulation by resistant breeds. Insecticides, particularly when used in excess of label directions,


title: "Western honey bee" content: have also depleted bee populations as bee pests and diseases (including American foulbrood and tracheal mites) are becoming resistant to medications. Africanized bees have spread across the southern United States, where they pose a slight danger to humans (making beekeeping—particularly hobby beekeeping—difficult). As an invasive species, feral honey bees have become a significant environmental problem in non-native areas. Imported bees may displace native bees and birds, and may also promote the reproduction of invasive plants ignored by native pollinators. Unlike native bees, they do not properly extract or transfer pollen from plants with pore anthers (anthers which only release pollen


title: "Western honey bee" content: through tiny apical pores); this requires buzz pollination, a behavior rarely exhibited by honey bees. Honey bees reduce fruiting in "Melastoma affine", a plant with pore anthers, by robbing its stigmas of previously deposited pollen. Insect predators of honeybees include the Asian giant hornet and other wasps, robber flies, dragonflies such as the green darner, the European beewolf, some praying mantises, and the water strider. Arachnid predators of honeybees include fishing spiders, lynx spiders, goldenrod spiders and the St Andrew's Cross spider. Reptile and amphibian predators of honeybees include the American toad, Anole lizards, the American bullfrog and the wood


title: "Western honey bee" content: frog. Specialist bird predators include the bee-eaters; other birds that may take bees include grackles, hummingbirds, Summer tanager, and tyrant flycatchers. Most birds that eat bees do so opportunistically, however, summer tanagers will sit on a limb and catch dozens of bees from the hive entrance. Mammals that sometimes take bees include bears, least shrews, opossums, raccoons, honey badgers and skunks. Apart from "Apis mellifera," there are 6 other species in the genus "Apis". These are "Apis andreniformis, Apis florea, Apis dorsata, Apis cerana, Apis koschevnikovi, and Apis nigrocincta." These other species all originated in South and Southeast Asia. Only


title: "Western honey bee" content: "Apis mellifera" is thought to have originated in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Western honey bee The western honey bee or European honey bee ("Apis mellifera") is the most common of the 7–12 species of honey bee worldwide. The genus name "Apis" is Latin for "bee", and "mellifera" is the Latin for "honey-bearing", referring to the species' production of honey. Like all honey bees, the western honey bee is eusocial, creating colonies with a single fertile female (or "queen"), many normally non-reproductive females or "workers," and small proportion of fertile males or "drones." Individual colonies can house tens of thousands of


title: "Kyle Harmon" content: away from his mother, Caine secures Harmon a job as the ME Dr. Tara Price's assistant. Although Harmon breaks the protocol the first day by letting Winston visit the morgue without permission, Tara allows him to keep his job and seems to enjoy it. He again unknowingly breaks protocol the first day when he answers a murder victim's cell phone while it rings. In doing so however, he breaks the case wide open. Caine explains that while he broke the case, he shouldn't touch others' personal effects without clearance as it may be potential evidence. Caine also sets up Harmon


title: "A Puro Dolor" content: About the song, López also declared that "has something everybody can relate to. We're adults, we've been all through that [rejection]. The way the song reaches out to people is outstanding." In his album review for AllMusic, Evan C. Gutierrez declared that "A Puro Dolor" set "an impossibly high standard for the rest of the playlist." Son by Four received seven "Billboard" Latin Music Award nominations in 2001 for "Hot Latin Track of the Year", "Pop Track of the Year" and "Tropical/Salsa Track of the Year" ("A Puro Dolor"); "Tropical/Salsa Album of the Year, New Artist" and "Tropical/Salsa Album of


title: "Dawkins vs. Gould" content: the speakers. Conversely, "if naturalism is right, science is central to morality. For it discovers conditions under which we prosper." (p. 159) Gould thinks that there are important domains of human understanding where science has no role, and moreover he is sceptical about science's role within its 'proper' domain. Nevertheless, he rejects extreme versions of postmodern relativism. Evolution is an objective fact, containing objective facts, and those facts are not just aspects of a Western creation myth reflecting the dominant ideology, or an element of the current palaeontological paradigm. "So "to some extent" Gould shares with Dawkins the view that


title: "Climate change in the United States" content: model that accounts for both greenhouse gases and aerosols, by 2100, temperatures in Nevada could increase by 3-4 °F (1.7-2.2 °C) in spring and fall (with a range of 1-6 °F [0.5-3.3 °C]), and by 5-6 °F (2.8-3.3 °C) in winter and summer (with a range of 2-10 °F [1.1-5.6 °C]). Earlier and more rapid snowmelts could contribute to winter and spring flooding, and more intense summer storms could increase the likelihood of flash floods. Climate change could affect crop production, reducing potato yields by about 12%, with hay and pasture yields increasing by about 7%. Farmed acres could rise


title: "J. Michael McGinnis" content: students to Washington, DC, every summer to work in Congress, federal agencies, think tanks, and voluntary organizations. This competitive program still thrives 50 years later, sending over 75 students to DC every summer. McGinnis graduated from Berkeley in 1966 with a BA in political science (political theory), and then attended UCLA, receiving both an MA in political science (international relations) and an MD in 1971. He later went on to study public policy at the Kennedy School at Harvard University, receiving an MPP in 1977. He was class commencement speaker for all three of his university graduating classes: Berkeley, UCLA


title: "Nantmor railway station" content: Authority on 18 July 2007. Approval was granted on 6 December 2007. Construction was delayed until February 2010 due to a shortage of resources and work was completed by 16 March 2010. It re-opened on 26 May 2010, when the line was extended to . The rebuilding had been funded by the Welsh Highland Railway Society using funds donated in memory of one of its members. Nantmor railway station Nantmor is a railway halt in North Wales serving the nearby hamlet of the same name. It is located between the stations of and on the recently restored Welsh Highland Railway.


title: "Amy Sol" content: as mythic partners or perhaps "familiars." There is no indication that these animals are pets; rather friends or perhaps partners. The exotic landscapes include plants, impossible trees, mist & fog, clouds, flowers, and rolling hills. With a muted pallet of pastels and washed out grays; her style is influenced by folk-art, contemporary illustration, manga, and modern design. Sol has named Range Murata and Kay Nielsen among others as inspirations for her work. Amy Sol Amy Sol is an American artist of Korean ancestry, who lives in Las Vegas, Nevada. She is a member in good standing of a loose knit


title: "Star Trek: The Next Generation (1993 video game)" content: planet to another, to destroying Ferengi pirates, to (eventually) destroying a Borg cube. The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave the NES version a 6.5 out of 10, describing the graphics as simply average; two of the four felt that the numerous options for controlling the ship's operation, while "nifty", were poorly explained, confusing, and difficult to execute during combat. "GamePro" cited the same problems, saying the controls offer a wealth of options but are sluggish and frustrating to operate, and the graphics are "clever, but not eye-popping by current standards." They said it is less difficult than the


title: "Whately Carington" content: was due in part to his injury during World War I, and to overwork. The psychical researcher Renée Haynes described Carington as a "shy, dedicated retiring man, whose services to psychical research have never been fully recognized." Carington theorised that individual minds are less isolated from one another than is assumed. Carington's hypothesis of telepathy was to draw upon the association of ideas: in a mind, one idea yields to another through associative links. Carington hypothesized that telepathy depends upon an analogous type of linkage at a subconscious level. He suggested that such links could perhaps be reinforced by what


title: "Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (politician)" content: and climbed into his car which had the key already in the ignition and drove away at high speed. Five rifle shots missed. The assassins followed Treviranus but could not shoot him because he drove into town. He borrowed street clothes from a friend, then went to Schleicher's home and asked an SS guard what was happening. Learning that Schleicher had been shot, Treviranus abandoned his car outside the city to pretend that he had escaped into the countryside, took a taxi back into Berlin, was hidden by friends, and helped into the Netherlands by the same person who had


title: "Trsat Castle" content: Trsat Castle Trsat Castle () is a castle in Trsat, Croatia. It is thought that the castle lies at the exact spot of an ancient Illyrian and Roman fortress. The Croatian noble Vuk Krsto Frankopan is buried in one of the churches. The Trsat castle was completely reconstructed and renovated in the 19th century when the mausoleum of the military commander Laval Nugent was built in its interior. The courtyard of the castle has now been turned into a restaurant and many tourists visit the place during the summer months. The thirteenth century Trsat castle, whose site has been in


title: "Trsat Castle" content: use from Roman days for being an easy place from which to control access to the sea along the Rječina River, is situated on the steep hill overlooking the Rječina gorge on its left bank, just above the town of Rijeka. It may be that a Iapodian hill-fort, Darsata, used to be there, after which the Roman fortification Tarsatica was named. This Roman fort was of vital importance on a road that connected Aquileia to Pannonia and Senia (Senj). It was owned by Frankopan family who built the present castle, on the site occupied by the Illirian Tarsatica, to protect


title: "Trsat Castle" content: their holdings in Vinodol. The capture of the Castle of Trsat compelled the Ban of Croatia, Andrew Bot of Bajna (Bajna is a village in Hungary, near Esztergom)), to intervene in the Austro-Venetian war, and in June 1509 he first recaptured Trsat with his Croatian army and then entered Rijeka after expelling the Venetians. In October 1509, the Venetians withdrew for good and Rijeka returned to the possessions of Maximilian of Habsburg. This notable episode is the sole event which links Rijeka with Venice, and consequently with Italy, during the whole of its history from the 7th century on. In


title: "Trsat Castle" content: the 17th century the castle fell into decay due to the receding threats from Venice and the Ottoman Empire. Its decline was accelerated by the earthquake of 1750. In the year 1811, during the Napoleonic wars, Captain Hoste in pursuit of the French, arrived with his frigate at Fiume where he made himself lieutenant-governor. The situation in Trieste soon drew him away, but in 1826 he had the satisfaction of handing the castle over to Field-Marshal Nugent, an Irishman then commanding the Austrian troops in the vicinity, for the purpose of conferring on him the rank of an Austrian noble.


title: "Trsat Castle" content: The general was later honoured by the Austrians and presented with the castle at Trsat as his residence. He had it restored in Neo-Gothic style and built a mausoleum adorned with the coat of arms of the Nugent family. It remained in the Nugent family until nearly the end of the Second World War when the general's great-granddaughter, Countess Nugent, died at the age of 82. Trsat Castle Trsat Castle () is a castle in Trsat, Croatia. It is thought that the castle lies at the exact spot of an ancient Illyrian and Roman fortress. The Croatian noble Vuk Krsto


title: "Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Atlanta)" content: Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant (Atlanta) The Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant at 699 Ponce de Leon Avenue in the Poncey-Highland neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia was the headquarters of the Ford Motor Company's southeastern US operations from 1915 to 1942. As a result of good sales in Atlanta, and a desire to decentralize production, Ford established a combined assembly, sales, service and administration facility on Ponce de Leon Avenue, selling a peak of 22,000 vehicles per year. The assembly plant produced Model Ts, Model As and V-8s until 1942, when the plant was sold to the War Department and a


title: "2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak" content: Saintpaul caused at least 1442 cases of salmonellosis in 43 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Canada. New Mexico and Texas had the greatest prevalence of disease with over 20 cases per million residents. The greatest number of reported cases occurred in Texas (559 reported cases), New Mexico (115), Illinois (120), and Arizona (59). Other significantly impacted states included Georgia (42 cases), New York (41), Maryland (39), Oklahoma (38), Massachusetts (31), and Virginia (31). Five cases were reported in residents of Canada, four of whom appeared to have been infected after traveling to the United States. The outbreak resulted


title: "Taiyuan massacre" content: for the massacre. Another study finds that the accounts from the time offered different accounts of the executions, though agreed on the skeletal narrative. Protestant and Catholic missionaries and their Chinese parishioners were massacred throughout northern China, some by Boxers and others by government troops and authorities. After the declaration of war on Western powers in June 1900, Yuxian, who had been named governor in March, implemented a brutal anti-foreign and anti-Christian policy. On 9 July, reports circulated that he had executed forty-four foreigners (including women and children) from missionary families whom he had invited to the provincial capital Taiyuan


title: "J.G. Wentworth" content: J.G. Wentworth was delisted from the NYSE for failing to satisfy the continued listing rule. Later that month, the company began trading on the OTC Markets Group under the symbol JGWE. On November 8, 2017, J.G. Wentworth filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the second time in 9 years. JGWE stock plummeted as much as 87% on November 10, 2017. The company is expected to emerge from bankruptcy in or around January 2018 after coming to an agreement with lenders prior to filing. The commercials that run on daytime television in the United States featuring "Mr. Wentworth" are how the


title: "Embryo fossil" content: ornata" from aspects such as the similarity in envelope and size, so there is a stated assumption that these fossils represent postblastula embryos of "Megasphaera ornata". in addition, There was a remarkable discovery of fossilized eggs and embryos which are believed to be the oldest metazoan fossils known in the fossil record. These fossils show the cleavage stage, and the blastula, but the identity of the adult forms is not yet known. Also, there are microfossils considered as one of the largest fossils from the Ediacaran period. These fossils resemble the embryos and larva of metazoans, and clearly show the


title: "William H. McRaven" content: culture of recklessness, military discipline, and difficulties in keeping his sailors in line. Richard Marcinko fired the 27-year-old McRaven after a year. "He was a bright guy, but he didn't like my rude and crude way," Marcinko said. "If I was a loose cannon, he was too rigid. He took the special out of special warfare." (Time magazine 12/04/2011) McRaven has commanded at every level within the special operations community, including assignments as platoon commander at Underwater Demolition Team 21/SEAL Team Four, Executive Officer of SEAL Team One, task unit commander during the Persian Gulf War, task group commander in


title: "Wonder Woman (2009 film)" content: gateway to the underworld guarded by members of a still-extant ancient cult of Ares. Once they have arrived, Diana attempts to subdue Ares, but he summons harpies that attack her, prompting Trevor to save her instead of stopping Ares. Meanwhile, Ares performs a sacrifice to open a gate to the Underworld, where he persuades his uncle Hades (who has made Thrax his slave) to remove the bracers, though Hades does not tell Ares that the ultimate cost of removing the bracers would be Ares' own death in combat. Later, Diana regains consciousness in a hospital and is furious that Trevor


title: Woodlouse content: Woodlouse A woodlouse (plural woodlice) is a crustacean from the monophyletic suborder Oniscidea within the isopods. The first woodlice were marine isopods which are presumed to have colonised land in the Carboniferous. They have many common names and although often referred to as 'terrestrial Isopods' some species live semiterrestrially or have recolonised aquatic environments. Woodlice in the families Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Eubelidae, Tylidae and some other genera can roll up into an almost perfect sphere as a defensive mechanism, others have partial rolling ability but most cannot conglobate at all. Woodlice have a basic morphology of a segmented, dorso-ventrally flattened body


title: Woodlouse content: with 7 pairs of jointed legs, specialised appendages for respiration and like other peracarids, females carry fertilised eggs in their marsupium, through which they provide developing embryos with water, oxygen and nutrients. The immature young hatch as mancae and receive further maternal care in some species. Juveniles then go through a series of moults before reaching maturity. While the broader phylogeny of the Oniscideans has not been settled, five Infraorders/Sections are agreed on with 3637 species validated in scientific literature in 2004 and 3710 species in 2014 out of an estimated total of 5000-7000 species extant worldwide. Key adaptations to


title: Woodlouse content: terrestrial life has led to a highly diverse set of animals; from the marine littoral zone and subterranean lakes to arid deserts and mountain slopes 4,725m above sea-level, woodlice have established themselves in most terrestrial biomes and represent the full range of transitional forms and behaviours for living on land. Woodlice are widely studied in the contexts of evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology and nutrient cycling. They are popular as terrarium pets because of their varied colour and texture forms, conglobating ability and ease of care. Common names for woodlice vary throughout the English-speaking world. A number of common names make


title: Woodlouse content: reference to the fact that some species of woodlice can roll up into a ball. Other names compare the woodlouse to a pig. Names include: The woodlouse has a shell-like exoskeleton, which it must progressively shed as it grows. The moult takes place in two stages; the back half is lost first, followed two or three days later by the front. This method of moulting is different from that of most arthropods, which shed their cuticle in a single process. A female woodlouse will keep fertilised eggs in a marsupium on the underside of her body until they hatch into


title: Woodlouse content: offspring that look like small white woodlice curled up in balls. The mother then appears to "give birth" to her offspring. Females are also capable of reproducing asexually. Despite being crustaceans like lobsters or crabs, woodlice are said to have an unpleasant taste similar to "strong urine". Pillbugs (woodlice of the family Armadillidiidae, also known as pill woodlice) can be confused with pill millipedes of the order Glomerida. Both of these groups of terrestrial segmented arthropods are about the same size. They live in very similar habitats, and they can both roll up into a ball. Pill millipedes and pillbugs


title: Woodlouse content: appear superficially similar to the naked eye. This is an example of convergent evolution. Pill millipedes can be distinguished from woodlice on the basis of having two pairs of legs per body segment instead of one pair like all isopods. Pill millipedes have twelve to thirteen body segments and about eighteen pairs of legs, whereas woodlice have eleven segments and only seven pairs of legs. In addition, pill millipedes are smoother, and resemble normal millipedes in overall colouring and the shape of the segments. Living in a terrestrial environment, woodlice breathe through trachea-like lungs in their paddle-shaped hind legs (pleopods),


title: Woodlouse content: called pleopodal lungs. Woodlice need moisture because they rapidly lose water by excretion and through their cuticle, and so are usually found in damp, dark places, such as under rocks and logs, although one species, "Hemilepistus reaumuri", inhabits "the driest habitat conquered by any species of crustacean". They are usually nocturnal and are detritivores, feeding mostly on dead plant matter. A few woodlice have returned to water. Evolutionary ancient species are amphibious, such as the marine-intertidal sea slater ("Ligia oceanica"), which belongs to family Ligiidae. Other examples include some "Haloniscus" species from Australia (family Scyphacidae), and in the northern hemisphere


title: Woodlouse content: several species of Trichoniscidae and "Thailandoniscus annae" (family Styloniscidae). Species for which aquatic life is assumed include "Typhlotricholigoides aquaticus" (Mexico) and "Cantabroniscus primitivus" (Spain). Woodlice are eaten by a wide range of insectivores, and some animals are known to prey exclusively on woodlice, for example, spiders of the genus "Dysdera", such as the woodlouse spider "Dysdera crocata", and land planarians of the genus "Luteostriata", such as "Luteostriata abundans". Although woodlice, like earthworms, are generally considered beneficial in gardens for their role in controlling pests, producing compost and overturning the soil, they have also been known to feed on cultivated plants,


title: Woodlouse content: such as ripening strawberries and tender seedlings. Woodlice can also invade homes en masse in search of moisture and their presence can indicate dampness problems. They are not generally regarded as a serious household pest as they do not spread disease and do not damage sound wood or structures. There are over 45 native or naturalised species of woodlouse in the British Isles, ranging in colour and in size (). Of these 45 species, only five are common: "Oniscus asellus" (the common shiny woodlouse), "Porcellio scaber" (the common rough woodlouse), "Philoscia muscorum" (the common striped woodlouse), "Trichoniscus pusillus" (the common


title: Woodlouse content: pygmy woodlouse), and "Armadillidium vulgare" (the common pill bug). Woodlouse A woodlouse (plural woodlice) is a crustacean from the monophyletic suborder Oniscidea within the isopods. The first woodlice were marine isopods which are presumed to have colonised land in the Carboniferous. They have many common names and although often referred to as 'terrestrial Isopods' some species live semiterrestrially or have recolonised aquatic environments. Woodlice in the families Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Eubelidae, Tylidae and some other genera can roll up into an almost perfect sphere as a defensive mechanism, others have partial rolling ability but most cannot conglobate at all. Woodlice have


title: "The Twelve Sisters" content: ogres Phra Rothasen went straight to Meri and showed her the letter. Meri was surprised and pleased at seeing the virtuous-looking and handsome young man and she fell in love with him, celebrating her wedding with him straight away as directed. Meri was a kind-hearted and beautiful lady and Phra Rothasen lived with her very happily for some time, but he remembered his blind mother and aunts who still stayed in the dark cave. While showing him the palace, Meri had told Rothasen about certain magic medicines kept in a locked room including Phra Rothasen's mother and aunts's eyes. Then


title: "Royal Signals trades" content: the two to interact and exchange information on a regular basis. Royal Signals Electricians install, maintain and repair field-distribution power supplies and lighting. They are responsible for the mechanical and electrical repair of the Army's field generator systems. Their course at the Royal School of Signals lasts 25 weeks. It covers the following disciplines: Linemen drive, maintain and service vehicles from cars to Large Goods Vehicles. Their role includes the movement of hazardous materials, constructing field cable routes and laying fibre-optic cabling. Their course at the Royal School of Signals lasts 6 weeks. It covers the following disciplines: The final


title: "William Sheldon (Irish politician)" content: William Sheldon (Irish politician) William Alexander Watson Sheldon (18 January 1907 – 1 November 1999) was an Irish politician and farmer. He was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the 1943 general election as a Clann na Talmhan Teachta Dála (TD) for the Donegal East constituency. He was re-elected as an independent TD at the 1944, 1948, 1951, 1954 and 1957 general elections. He did not contest the 1961 general election as the constituency was reduced from 4 to 3 seats but was nominated by the Taoiseach, Seán Lemass to the 10th Seanad. He was re-nominated to the Seanad in


title: "La Fox, Illinois" content: the 73rd addition in Kane County. La Fox, Illinois La Fox is an unincorporated community in Blackberry Township, Kane County, Illinois, United States. The community is located four miles west of Geneva and five miles east of Elburn. It serves as a station on Metra's Union Pacific/West Line. La Fox was established "circa" 1859 on the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company, which was built through the area in 1854. The community was first named "Kane Station", but was renamed "La Fox" when the post office in present-day Geneva was moved to present-day La Fox. In 1931, the railroad relocated


title: "Luther Lindsay" content: Buffalo. He later fought to draws with Joe Blanchard and Tiger Tasker. On December 17, he lost to NWA World Heavyweight Champion Dick Hutton in Dallas. In early 1959, he appeared in the Capitol Wrestling Corporation for Vince McMahon, Sr. and Toots Mondt where he faced Chris Tolos, Emile Duprée and Hard Boiled Haggerty. In 1960, Lindsay began wrestling for Calgary-based Stampede Wrestling. Feuding with Don Leo Jonathan during his first few weeks in the promotion, he defeated Jonathan at the Sales Pavilion in Edmonton on March 29. Two days later, he also beat Mighty Ursus at the Exhibition Auditorium


title: "Music of the SaGa series" content: a couple of disappointing tracks. "Romancing SaGa 2 Original Sound Version" is a soundtrack album for "Romancing SaGa 2". It was composed by Kenji Ito, with the exception of two tracks, "The Legend Begins" and "Heartful Tears", which were composed by Nobuo Uematsu and arranged by Ito. The album covers 35 tracks and has a duration of 1:12:29. It was first published by Square on December 3, 1993 with the catalog number N25D-022, and reprinted by NTT Publishing on November 25, 1995 with the number PSCN-5038 and on October 1, 2004 with the number NTCP-5038. The first 30 tracks come


title: "17th Infantry Battalion (Philippines)" content: (3) VIP security operations. The conduct of sustained combat operations resulted to five (5) encounters as follows: Encounter against more or less nine (9) communist terrorists by the operating troops of 17IB, MIG2, RIID, PRO2, DIU and Cagayan PPO at Brgy Calaoagan, Piat, Cagayan on 021320 April 2004 which resulted to the capture of Christina Miguel Garcia @Senyang, Secretary of Northern Front, CVRC, Lolito Raza @Lanlan, Manny de Guzman @Dekdek and Flordeliza Welba @Elyan. The encounter with eight (8) CTs and two (2) amazons at So Socsoc, Agaman Norte, Baggao, Cagayan by the troops of Charlie Company, 17IB under LT


title: "Gevingåsen Tunnel" content: Gevingåsen Tunnel Gevingåsen Tunnel is a single track railway tunnel between the villages of Hommelvik and Hell in Trøndelag county, Norway. The tunnel is located along the Nordland Line. Blasting started in 2009, and the tunnel opened on 15 August 2011, having cost . Built by the Norwegian National Rail Administration, the tunnel has shortened travel time south of Stjørdal by five minutes and increased the capacity of the Trondheim–Stjørdal to four trains per hour in each direction. The tunnel was the first stage in a project to reduce travel time between Steinkjer and Trondheim to one hour. The tunnel


title: "Genome (novel)" content: the crew. The killer is apprehended and executed, although Sei-so is critically wounded in the process. Unfortunately, further investigation turns out to be fruitless, as everything points to people too powerful to accuse. The Sky Company is bankrupted, and the crew of the "Mirror" is fired. The body of the executed person is bought out by Kim, who plans to give it Edward "Edgar" Garlitsky. Alex begins to understand that the effect of Edgar's substance is not temporary, which means that he will retain the ability to love for a long time, possibly forever. Reviewer Patrick L. McGuire praises many


title: "Ugandan red colobus" content: round, instead they tend to go through bouts of heavy hunting. In response to attacks by a chimpanzee, all members of a Ugandan red colobus group gather together and males assemble to aggressively try and deter the attacking chimpanzee. Crowned eagles prefer to prey on infants and young juveniles of the Ugandan red colobus. Research has found that both the Ugandan red colobus and the red-tailed monkey are killed less often by crowned eagles than would be expected, based on both monkeys' high abundance in the Kibale National Park. Both monkey species's avoidance of capture has been attributed to their


title: "First Baptist Academy of Dallas" content: of the Texas Association of Baptist Schools, and AdvancEd. The Saints Athletic Complex is located at 7894 Samuel Blvd, just east of downtown Dallas off I-30 and the Loop 12/Buckner exit. FBA competes in TAPPS 2A and fields teams in the following sports. Fall Sports Winter Sports Spring Sports The Saints varsity football team claimed its first TAPPS Division III Championship in 2013. FBA students participate in OnMission, an initiative designed to move students beyond a simple awareness of God's story and into actively contributing to the story. Through participation in local, state, and world mission activities, FBA OnMission is


title: "V-Cube 7" content: with rounded or flat sides, but all use thicker outer layers. There are 8 corner "cubies", 60 edges and 150 centers (6 fixed, 144 movable). Any permutation of the corners is possible, including odd permutations. Seven of the corners can be independently rotated, and the orientation of the eighth depends on the other seven, giving 8!×3 combinations. There are 144 movable centers, consisting of six sets of 24 pieces each. Within each set there are four centers of each color. Centers from one set cannot be exchanged with those from another set. Each set can be arranged in 24! different


title: "2008 Australian Carrera Cup Championship" content: races. Championship points were awarded on 60–54–48–42–36–30–27–24–21–18–15–12–9–6–6–3–3–3–3–3 basis to the first twenty finishers in each race with 1 point awarded to each driver finishing in positions from 21st through to last. 2008 Australian Carrera Cup Championship The 2008 Australian Carrera Cup Championship was a CAMS sanctioned motor racing title for drivers of Porsche 911 GT3 Cup Cars. The championship, which was contested over nine rounds across five different states, began on 21 February 2008 at the Clipsal 500 and finished on 26 October at the Gold Coast Indy 300. It was the sixth and last Australian Carrera Cup Championship until


title: "Prenatal stress" content: male pups showed an increase in vanilmandelic acid, dopamine, serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid which all can affect sexual behavior. The prenatally stressed male pups showed a significant latency in mounting behavior when compared to controls. When doing the radial arm maze task prenatally stressed male rats showed a greater increase in dopamine than the prenatally stressed females, which is suggested to facilitate the impairment for the males doing the maze task, but improved the female’s performance. There was also an effect on the corticosterone secretion for prenatally stressed females. Being prenatally stressed increased the anxiety response of the female rats. Yet,


title: "Fastest with the Mostest" content: Fastest with the Mostest Fastest with the Mostest is a 1960 Warner Bros. cartoon in the "Looney Tunes" series featuring Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner. It was released on January 9, 1960, making it the first Warner Bros. cartoon of the 1960s. The title is a reference to the epigram "Git thar fustest with the mostest", often erroneously attributed to Nathan Bedford Forrest. Wile E. Coyote ("Carnivorous - Slobbius") lights a firework, hoping for it to explode when Road Runner ("Velocitus - Incalcublii") passes over it, but it explodes instantly. Wile E. catches up to the Road Runner


title: "Venta Rapid" content: Venta Rapid Venta Rapid () is a waterfall on the Venta River in Kuldīga, Latvia. It is the widest waterfall in Europe – and up to during spring floods. Its height is and it changes depending on the water level in the river. The Waterfall formed on Devonian dolostone. It formed an obstacle on Venta - medieval inland shipping route and due to this here formed settlement - contemporary Kuldīga. In the 17th and 19th centuries there were started works for building a shipping route around the falls but works were abandoned. Fishing weirs were carved into the stone. They


title: "Venta Rapid" content: were used to catch salmon and sturgeon. Due to these fishing devices, Kuldīga used to be called to be a town where you can catch salmon in the air. One could catch as many as 80—100 salmon a day . The fish that didn't make the jump up the river were swept by the current back into the canals where they were caught in hanging baskets. On January 1, 1997, it was designated a natural monument of Latvia. Venta Rapid Venta Rapid () is a waterfall on the Venta River in Kuldīga, Latvia. It is the widest waterfall in Europe


title: "Shortest tennis match records" content: Shortest tennis match records This article covers records concerning the shortest-ever tennis matches both in terms of number of games and duration in terms of time. Matches affected by a retirement or default are not listed. There have been at least 12 best-of-five-set matches which have lasted 18 games (6–0, 6–0, 6–0) in the Open era. This is the shortest possible length for a best-of-five-set men's singles match without retirements or defaults. In women's tennis, matches featuring a minimum number of games are a more frequent occurrence. The following are women's Grand Slam singles matches in the Open era which


title: Christians content: reflect a derisive element in the term "Christian" to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name "Christians", had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames. However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over "Nazarenes" and the term "Christianoi" from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards. The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;" Pliny the


title: "Boulevards of Paris" content: of Louis XIV were conceived by Pierre Bullet to link the Porte Saint-Antoine (situated where the Place de la Bastille now stands) to the Porte Saint-Honoré (situated where the Place de la Madeleine now stands). Which exactly are classed amongst the Grands Boulevards is somewhat unclear. Many Parisians would automatically include Boulevard Haussmann amongst them, as the large department stores (Printemps and Galeries Lafayette) draw promenaders in the "boulevardier spirit". However, strictly speaking, "les Grands Boulevards" would only include the Boulevard Beaumarchais, Filles-du-Calvaire, Temple, Saint-Martin, Saint-Denis, Bonne-Nouvelle, Poissonnière, Montmartre, Italiens, Capucines and the Madeleine boulevards. Parisians made the boulevards into


title: Darmstadt-Eberstadt content: and Gernsheim. The train station with Regionalbahn-connections to Frankfurt, Heidelberg and Darmstadt is outside the town-centre. At Wartehalle, the central bus & tram-station, are given tram-connections to Darmstadt-city and the northern parts of the Bergstraße, e.g. Seeheim-Jugenheim, Alsbach and bus connections to Mühltal and Pfungstadt both with the regional transportation company RMV. The bus VIA25227, Bus P and Bus PE serve the town. Trams in Darmstadt service Eberstadt, lines 1, 6 and 7 travel to Eberstadt. Lines 6 and 7 continue on to Alsbach-Hähnlein Darmstadt has 9 official 'Stadtteile' (boroughs). These are, alphabetically: As borough of Darmstadt, Eberstadt has no


title: "Lycée Buffon" content: Lycée Buffon The lycée Buffon is a secondary school in the XVe arrondissement of Paris, bordered by boulevard Pasteur, the rue de Vaugirard and the rue de Staël. Its nearest métro station is Pasteur. It is named for Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon. Jean-Claude Durand is its current proviseur. It is a "cité scolaire" made up of a collège, a lycée and scientific classes préparatoires. It has 2 000 students, served by 170 professors, 4 "conseillers principaux d'éducation" and 50 other teaching personnel. It also houses an adult education centre for those taking the BTS and the Licence des métiers


title: "Peter L. Gluck" content: in steel and glass. It's exactly the deference the master deserves". Gluck's dedication to the idea that the architect must take responsibility for the architectural process from conception to construction assuming oversight of all aspects of design led to the establishment of ARCS Construction Services, Inc. Together with Peter Gluck & Partners, ARCS provides a wholly integrated construction management service performed by the same team who have designed the buildings. This process of design and construction management completely permeates the thinking at Peter Gluck & Partners so that in cases where ARCS is not the construction manager, the benefits of


title: Namsadang content: Namsadang The namsadang () is a Korean itinerant troupe which consists of male performers who present various performing arts such as acrobatics, singing, dancing and playing like a circus. It is said that "namsadang" was spontaneously formed before 1900 during the Joseon Dynasty and used to wander about marketplaces and villages. The troupe was considered the lowest class in society along with "cheonmin" (vulgar commoners) or "baekjeong" (butchers), so that very few historical documents remain on them. However, since a record that a puppet show was performed during the Silla period (57 BCE – 935 CE) has been found, it


title: "Oran Hurling Club" content: almost palpable on the pitch and diehard hits were put in by Fetherstone who steamrolled his way through several defenders. However the game came to a thrilling conclusion that day. In the last minute of stoppage time Oran trailed by a point. Oran had just earned a free on their own 21 yard line. This is when the impossible happened. King Gerry stepped up to the plate to claim his spot amongst the legends of Roscommon hurling. Against a 50 km wind, he struck a waterlogged sliotar over the bar against all odds. It was said that this free would


title: "Elonex ONEt" content: general public, marketed as an upgrade to the ONE. It has Wi-Fi connectivity, a solid-state hard drive, three USB ports and an SD card slot. The hardware specifications published on 9 July 2008: The Elonex OneT has a Linux (mipsel) based operating system, and the included software comprises Sky Word (Abiword 2.4.5), Sky Table (Gnumeric 1.6.3), a PDF viewer (ePDFView 0.1.6), Scientific Calculator, Dictionary, File Manager, Web Browser (BonEcho/Firefox), Email client (Sylpheed), Sky Chatting (Pidgin), FBReader, Media Player (xine based), Xip Flash Player, Image Gallery, Paint Brush, and Sound Recorder. Although access to the root filing system isn't possible through


title: "Raymond Spencer Rodgers" content: renewed an early interest in futurism, particularly in regard to the computer and its possible impact on society. As a result of this reflection, in 1971 Rodgers self-published a booklet on the subject titled "Man in the Telesphere". In this essay he described the emergence of an "electronic web" and observed, "The future system is a global society, expressing a kaleidoscope of tastes within a common ethic, eschewing imposition serviced by a multi-directional web of computerized electronic technology and macro/micro transportation; living in a milieu where centers cease to be primarily physical locations; governed by a structure passing to decentralized


title: "9th Operations Group" content: altitude of 25,000 feet, it was in actuality a further training mission, encountering no opposition. The second group mission was a pre-invasion bombing of Iwo Jima on 12 February, one week prior to D-Day for Operation Detachment. The capture of Iwo Jima had as its objective an emergency landing field for Twentieth Air Force bombers attacking Japan and a base for P-51D Mustang and P-47N Thunderbolt fighters to fly escort and strafing missions. The first mission to the Japanese home islands was the 9th Bombardment Group's fifth mission overall. It was flown on 25 February 1945. Again, a day mission


title: "Karl Ernst Papf" content: children. In 1880, he settled in Petrópolis, where he represented Henschel's firm, but by 1885 had established his own studio in conjunction with his eldest son, Jorge Henrique. The Imperial Family became one of his regular clients. In 1897, he began to participate in the "". As the rapidly expanding coffee industry created a spurt of growth in São Paulo, Papf once again followed the path of opportunity, buying a farm (called Palmeiras Ranch) in the vicinity and opening a new studio there in 1899. "Photografia Papf" would continue in business until the death of his son, in 1920. Karl


title: "John Mosley" content: decided he would wrestle for Coach Hans Wagner becoming the first African American wrestler in school and state history. Mosley earned all-conference honors in wrestling. In football, he lettered for three years becoming the first African American letter winner in CSU football history. Following his retirement in 1970, Mosley continued his leadership actions by becoming a spokesperson for black athletes and the Tuskegee Airmen. Mosley received numerous awards such as the Anti-Defamation League Torch of Liberty award, an honorary doctorate from CSU as well as the Congressional Gold Medal by then President Bush. Much like the legacy of Jackie Robinson,


title: "Stanhope and Tyne Railway" content: size of vessels reaching the berth was seriously limited, and it was decided to make an independent railway to a downstream location, at South Shields. This would require considerably more capital than had been envisaged so far, and on 20 April 1832 an unincorporated company, the Stanhope and Tyne Railroad Company, was formed for the purpose. This much more ambitious scheme required engineering expertise, and Thomas Elliot Harrison was appointed as the company's engineer. Harrison later became the first General Manager of the North Eastern Railway. Robert Stephenson was appointed consulting engineer, and he accepted his fee of £1,000 in


title: "Rosa Parks Hempstead Transit Center" content: fire on December 31, 1962 and remodeled in April 1963. This station was razed in 1998 and replaced with a much more elaborate third depot which was built between 1999 and 2002. In 1993, construction on the Hempstead Transit Center was completed and it was opened to the public. In conjunction with the new railroad station, its construction was part of a plan by Mayor James A. Garner to redevelop Hempstead and help bring it back to prominence as "Long Island's hub". The original Hempstead bus terminal was located across Jackson Street on the corner of Jackson and Main streets.


title: "1988 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team" content: quarter and four total in the game. 3rd-string quarterback Steve Belles hit running back Tony Brooks for a 34-yard score to put the Irish up 42-0 at half-time. The second half saw the Irish score ten points with back-ups, a 44-yard field goal by Billy Hackett and a 36-yard run from freshman fullback Rodney Culver. Purdue's lone touchdown was a fourth quarter 7-yard pass from Brian Fox to Calvin Williams. The Irish improved to 3-0 while the Boilermakers dropped to 1-2 on the year. Tony Rice rushed for two touchdowns and passed for a third to lead the Fighting Irish


title: "The Rhythm Devils Concert Experience" content: The Rhythm Devils Concert Experience The Rhythm Devils Concert Experience is a 2008 two-disc DVD concert and documentary of the Rhythm Devils 2006 tour, featuring members of the Grateful Dead, Phish, The Other Ones, and Deep Banana Blackout. The name "Rhythm Devils" was originally a nickname for Dead drummers Mickey Hart and Bill Kreutzmann. Hart and Kreutzmann formed the band in 2006 and used the name as the group's moniker. Disc one features concert footage from Chicago, Illinois, and Sayerville, New Jersey recorded in October 2006, featuring all original compositions with lyrics by Grateful Dead lyricist Robert Hunter. Disc two


title: "Water Resources Development Act of 2000" content: meeting plan goals and projects critical to plan implementation. Requires the plan to be made available for public review and comment prior to implementation. Directs the Secretary, after plan approval, to identify critical plan restoration projects. Requires the Secretary to ensure that not less than 30 percent of critical project funds are used exclusively for projects that are either within the boundary of an Indian reservation or administered by an Indian tribe. Requires the Secretary and the Secretary of the Interior to prohibit the issuance of new cabin site leases within the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Montana, except


title: "Wood-burning stove" content: Wood-burning stove A wood-burning stove (or wood burner or log burner in the UK) is a heating appliance capable of burning wood fuel and wood-derived biomass fuel, such as sawdust bricks. Generally the appliance consists of a solid metal (usually cast iron or steel) closed firebox, often lined by fire brick, and one or more air controls (which can be manually or automatically operated depending upon the stove). The first wood burning stove was patented in Strasbourg in 1557, two centuries before the Industrial Revolution, which would make iron an inexpensive and common material, so such stoves were high end


title: "SuperGirl (Saving Jane album)" content: on popular music downloading sites and dance remixes were later made available on iTunes. A video contest was held by the band for fans to win a prize. The contest involved creating an original video using "SuperGirl". The winner of the contest was announced in early July 2008. In 2009, Suzie McNeil covered "SuperGirl" with an accompanying music video. SuperGirl (Saving Jane album) SuperGirl is a 2008 album released by Saving Jane. The album was released on June 9, 2008 and features the song "SuperGirl", which is featured on the Danica Patrick website. "SuperGirl" was also named as the official


title: "Phase 1 (bar)" content: bar that broke the city’s “no same-sex dancing” code when owners Henry Hecht of the Hecht's department store family, Donn Culver, and Bill Bickford installed a dance floor. Phase 1 was a sponsor of Capital Pride, the LGBT pride festival held each year in Washington, D.C. and the fourth largest gay pride event in the United States. Phase 1 also worked with local organizations such as the Whitman-Walker Clinic and D.C. Rape Crisis Center. In August 2007, musician Mara Levi, Phase 1 manager Angela Lombardi, and Riot Grrl, Ink organized the first Phase Fest. The three-day event hosted at Phase


title: "Bruce Dalling" content: for the 1968 OSTAR. After the race "Voortrekker" returned from the USA to South Africa on board the Safmarine freighter "SA Weltevreden". She was hoisted by crane off the special cradle that had been assembled for her transportation across the Atlantic and lowered into the water at Cape Town docks. After the mast had been stepped, Bruce sailed her along the Atlantic seaboard for ninety minutes where many fans had assembled to welcome the sailor home. "Voortrekker" then docked at Granger Bay, where Vice-Admiral Hugo Biermann, Dr Anton Rupert – head of the Rembrandt Group that underwrote the venture and


title: "Dehesa del Carrizal" content: vineyard surface is about 28 hectares. Grape varieties planted are Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Tempranillo and Chardonnay. Its Cabernet Sauvignon is well known as one of the finest Cabernets ever made in Spain. As well as its Chardonnay. Dehesa del Carrizal belongs to "Grandes Pagos de España" association. It is the mountain range running east to west within the provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real, between the topographical depressions of Tajo and Guadiana. Many years went before these lands’ great ecological and landscape wealth was recognized, with two key dates in its history: 1885 marks the beginning of


title: "Graphocephala coccinea" content: Graphocephala coccinea Graphocephala coccinea is a meadow and woodland-dwelling species of brightly colored leafhopper native to North and Central America, from Canada south to Panama. Common names include candy-striped leafhopper, red-banded leafhopper, scarlet-and-green leafhopper and red-and-blue leafhopper. "G. coccinea" adults measure 6.7–8.4 mm in length and have vivid blue (or green) and red (or orange-red) stripes on their wings and the top of their thorax combined with bright yellow coloration on their head, legs, abdomen, and elsewhere. Leafhoppers feed on plant sap with the aid of specialized mouthparts. "G. coccinea" has been identified as one of several leafhopper species that


title: "Graphocephala coccinea" content: is a vector in leaf scorch caused by the gammaproteobacteria "Xylella fastidiosa" ("Pierce's disease"). "X. fastidiosa" is responsible for the decline of certain woody plants such as elm, oak, and other ornamental trees. According to a research entomologist at the United States National Arboretum, "An understanding of the transmission of this bacterium by insect vectors is economically important because there is neither any known effective therapy for infected trees and shrubs nor a strategy for preventing infection." At least three subspecies of "G. coccinea" have been named: "G. coccinea confluenta", "G. coccinea punctata", and "G. coccinea sambuci" (all Olsen 1918).


title: "Julius Malema" content: was a domestic worker and a single parent. He joined the African National Congress' Masupatsela at the age of nine or ten. His main task at the time, was to remove National Party posters. Malema graduated from Mohlakaneng High School, Seshego, Limpopo. In 2010, he completed a two-year diploma in youth development through the University of South Africa (UNISA). In 2017, he obtained a BA (Honours) in Philosophy from UNISA. In 2011, he enrolled at UNISA for a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications and African Languages, and graduated in March 2016. Malema was elected a chairman of the Youth


title: "Yamaha Mio" content: Yamaha Mio The Yamaha Mio is a scooter with a CVT transmission made by Yamaha Motor. It was introduced for the Southeast Asia market in 2003 as the successor of the Nouvo. In Malaysia, this model is known as Yamaha Ego. As 2007, there were some 76,000 Ego customers in Malaysia. Together with its counterpart the Yamaha Nouvo, the Mio/Ego is a platform for customization in Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and the Philippines. Based on sales performance and also technical studies of its predecessor Yamaha Nouvo by Yamaha's R&D team, in 2003 Yamaha Motor successfully developed and marketed Yamaha Mio in


title: "Natural scientific research in Canada" content: the south and Spadina Avenue in the west. The 2.5 kilometer square district is home to one of the largest concentrations of research institutions in the world, including Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Bio-Molecular Research, the new Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, MaRS, the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, St. Michael’s Hospital, Sunnybrook Research Institute, SickKids – The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN) Research, the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, the University of Toronto, the Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Women’s College Hospital, Ryerson


title: Nursing content: as "the different parts or members of the body as mentioned before including the skin, cannot be correctly described by one who is not well versed in anatomy. Hence, any one desirous of acquiring a thorough knowledge of anatomy should prepare a dead body and carefully, observe, by dissecting it, and examine its different parts." Before the foundation of modern nursing, members of religious orders such as nuns and monks often provided nursing-like care. Examples exist in Christian, Islamic and Buddhist traditions amongst others. Phoebe, mentioned in Romans 16 has been described in many sources as "the first visiting nurse".


title: "Yidispolitics Scandal" content: Yidispolitics Scandal Yidispolitics is the name given to the continuing public scandal in Colombia, since April 2008, when the ex-politician Yidis Medina admitted to have received bribes to vote in favor of the re-election project, which changed the constitution and allowed Álvaro Uribe Vélez to become president for a second term. The politicians implicated in Yidispolitics have rejected the accusations. Even the former president of Colombia, Álvaro Uribe Vélez, has been accused of bribery. Velez argued against these accusations saying: ""The national government persuades; but does not push or bribe consciences"" . On June 25 of 2008, after several days