title: "Pete Kircher" content: to be a talented vocalist, though his excursions into singing on record were generally limited to backing vocals, notably with Honeybus, Colin Hare, Shanghai and Status Quo. However, test pressings of a 1973 solo single, "Rockin' Lady", are known to exist and are collectable. In the early 1960s, Kircher toured Germany doing club gigs as the drummer for The Burnettes, a band featuring Neil Landon as singer and Noel Redding playing guitar. His earliest documented recordings are with Redding, who later played bass with Jimi Hendrix. More session work followed, before Kircher was recruited in April 1967 to join Honeybus,


title: "Zhang Jiuling" content: also known for his firm friendships with the officials Yan Tingzhi (嚴挺之), Yuan Renjing (袁仁敬), Liang Shengqing (梁升卿) and Lu Yi (盧怡), despite his later taking higher positions than they did, drawing much praise for his commitment to friends. In 736, after Zhang Shougui suffered a loss because his subordinate An Lushan failed to follow orders, Zhang Shougui, not wanting to kill An but not wanting to release him for fear of losing authority, sent An to Chang'an, asking the emperor to decide the punishment. Zhang Jiuling submitted the suggestion to have An executed, stating: He also argued that he


title: "Grosse Pointe Yacht Club" content: and the Second World War, and later saw a series of upgrades and enhancements to the premises that included an expanded kitchen, updated dining rooms, new recreational facilities, a modernized harbor, and a swimming pool. In 1997, the Grosse Pointe Yacht Club was accorded the ultimate honor of being named the "Number One Yacht Club in America" in a national survey of professional club managers. Upon entering the club, members stroll the length of a 50-foot foyer, arriving to an impressive rotunda, which leads to points throughout the club. Standing watch is the Wheeler Williams' bronze sculpture Rhythm of the


title: "Running the aisles" content: 1 Corinthians 14:26-40, as well as contradicting the idea that one of the "fruits" of the Holy Spirit is self-control (Galatians 5:23). At its basic level, however, opponents of such a belief hold a different view of the work of the Holy Spirit. Running the aisles Running the aisles is an ecstatic expression of worship that occurs occasionally in some contexts of worship in the Pentecostal and Holiness movements in Christianity. As the expression suggests, when a person runs the aisles in a worship setting, he leaves his seat and runs down the aisles between seating sections, or he may


title: "Walking Purchase" content: to soon vacate the Walking Purchase lands. Chief "Lappawinsoe" and other Lenape leaders continued to protest the arrangement, as the Lenape were forced into the Shamokin and Wyoming River valleys, already crowded with other displaced tribes. Some Lenape later moved further west into the Ohio Country and the southern and western claims of the Kingdom of France in their territory of New France (Quebec), west of the French Fort Duquesne (later Fort Pitt and later still Pittsburgh) at the "Forks of the Ohio". Because of the Walking Purchase, the Lenape grew to distrust the Pennsylvania government, and its once good


title: "1957 Atlantic hurricane season" content: June 15, 1957. It was a below-average season in which eight tropical cyclones formed, of which three became hurricanes. Of these hurricanes, two became major hurricanes. In an average season, ten tropical cyclones form, of which five become hurricanes. Five of the season's eight tropical cyclones developed in the Gulf of Mexico, the most since the 1936 season, in which six formed in the gulf. The first tropical storm of the season formed on June 8, a week before the official start of the hurricane season. However, the first named storm, Audrey, formed afterwards, on June 25; these two storms


title: "Microcanonical ensemble" content: systems the evolution is ergodic in which case the microcanonical ensemble is equal to the time-ensemble when starting out with a single state of energy (a time-ensemble is the ensemble formed of all future states evolved from a single initial state). In practice, the microcanonical ensemble does not correspond to an experimentally realistic situation. With a real physical system there is at least some uncertainty in energy, due to uncontrolled factors in the preparation of the system. Besides the difficulty of finding an experimental analogue, it is difficult to carry out calculations that satisfy exactly the requirement of fixed energy


title: "Exit strategy" content: W. Bush. The criticism was revived later against the U.S. involvement in the Yugoslav wars, including peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Kosovo and the Kosovo war against Serbia. The term has been adopted by critics of U.S. involvement in Afghanistan and especially Iraq. President George W. Bush was said to have no exit strategy to remove troops from Iraq, and critics worried about the number of Coalition soldiers and Iraqi civilians who would suffer injury or death as a result. President Barack Obama also has not publicly announced an exit strategy for the troops in Afghanistan... An exit strategy may


title: "Kamau Brathwaite" content: Cambridge. The year 1955 found Brathwaite working as an Education Officer on the Gold Coast/Ghana with the Ministry of Education. In 1960 he married Doris Monica Wellcome, a Guyanese graduate in Home Economics and Tropical Nutrition from the University of Leicester, while he was on home leave from Ghana. While in Ghana, Brathwaite's writing flowered, with "Odale's Choice" (a play) premiering in Ghana at Mfantsiman Secondary School. A full production of the play was later taken to Accra. In 1962–63, Brathwaite crossed the waters again and found himself as Resident Tutor in the Department of Extra-Mural Studies in St Lucia.


title: "Concealed carry in the United States" content: it is legal in the states of origination and destination, the owner is in transit and does not remain in the state in which firearm possession is illegal, and the firearm is transported unloaded and in a locked container. The FOPA addresses the issue of transport of private firearms from origin to destination for purposes lawful in state of origin and destination; FOPA does not authorize concealed carry as a weapon of defense during transit. New York State Police arrested those carrying firearms in violation of state law, and then required them to use FOPA as an affirmative defense to


title: "Acoustic reflex" content: contraction of the stapedius muscle stiffens the middle-ear, thus decreasing middle-ear admittance; this can be measured thanks to tympanometry. The acoustic stapedius reflex can also be recorded by means of extratympanic manometry (ETM). As the stapedius muscle is innervated by the facial nerve, a measurement of the reflex can be used to locate the injury on the nerve. If the injury is distal to the stapedius muscle, the reflex is still functional. A measurement of the reflex can also be used to suggest a retrocochlear lesion (e.g., vestibular schwannoma, acoustic neuroma). The acoustic reflex normally occurs only at relatively high


title: "Short Hills, New Jersey" content: is also home to the Short Hills Club, Racquets Club of Short Hills, and the main portion of Canoe Brook Country Club. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 5.211 square miles (13.497 km), including 5.196 square miles (13.459 km) of land and 0.015 square miles (0.039 km) of water (0.29%). The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Short Hills has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. According to an analysis in "Time"


title: "History of Lancashire" content: In 1351 Henry's son, Henry of Grosmont, became the first Duke of Lancaster with palatine jurisdiction within the county. This placed the administration of justice in the county under control of the duke and he appointed his own justices to hear pleas of the Crown and all other common law pleas. He also appointed the Sheriff, coroners and other local officers including an escheator. He also appointed a Chancellor and established a Chancery to issue the writs required for the administration of the Palatinate. The powers had been granted only for Henry's lifetime and after the duke's death in 1361


title: "History of Northumberland" content: liberties subject to other powers: Durham, Sadberge, Bedlingtonshire, and Norhamshire belonging to the bishop of Durham; Hexhamshire to the archbishop of York; Tynedale to the king of Scotland; Emildon to the earl of Lancaster; and Redesdale to Gilbert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus. These franchises were exempt from the ordinary jurisdiction of the shire. Over time, some were incorporated within the county: Tynedale in 1495; Hexhamshire in 1572; and Norhamshire, Islandshire and Bedlingtonshire by the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844. The county court for Northumberland was held at different times at Newcastle, Alnwick and Morpeth, until by statute of 1549


title: "Right fielder" content: Right fielder A right fielder, abbreviated RF, is the outfielder in baseball or softball who plays defense in right field. Right field is the area of the outfield to the right of a person standing at home plate and facing towards the pitcher's mound. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the right fielder is assigned the number 9. Outfielders must cover large distances, so speed, instincts and quickness to react to the ball are key. They must be able to catch fly balls above their head and on the run, as well as prevent balls hit down


title: "Committees of correspondence" content: not. In Massachusetts, in November 1772, Samuel Adams and Dr. Joseph Warren formed a committee in response to the Gaspée Affair and in relation to the recent British decision to have the salaries of the royal governor and judges be paid by the Crown rather than the colonial assembly, which removed the colony of its means of holding public officials accountable to their constituents. In the following months, more than one hundred other committees were formed in the towns and villages of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts committee had its headquarters in Boston and under the leadership of Adams became a model


title: "Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine" content: was given the task of clearing the Scheldt of German forces. The 1st Army comprised the II Canadian Corps, which included the Polish 1st Armoured Division, the British 49th and 52nd Divisions and the British I Corps. The task involved four main operations: The first was to clear the area north of Antwerp and secure access to South Beveland. The second was to clear the Breskens pocket north of the Leopold Canal (Operation Switchback). The third—Operation Vitality—was the capture of South Beveland. The final phase was the capture of Walcheren Island, which had been fortified into a powerful German stronghold.


title: "Loch Ard Gorge" content: Loch Ard Gorge The Loch Ard Gorge is part of Port Campbell National Park, Victoria, Australia, about three minutes' drive west of The Twelve Apostles. The gorge is named after the clipper ship "Loch Ard", which ran aground on nearby Muttonbird Island on 1 June 1878 approaching the end of a three-month journey from England to Melbourne. Of the fifty-four passengers and crew, only two survived: Tom Pearce, at 19 years of age, a ship's apprentice, and Eva Carmichael, an Irishwoman emigrating with her family, at 19 years of age. According to memorials at the site, Pearce was washed ashore,


title: "Loch Ard Gorge" content: and rescued Carmichael from the water after hearing her cries for help. Pearce then proceeded to climb out of the gorge to raise the alarm to local pastoralists who immediately set into plan a rescue attempt. After three months in Australia Carmichael returned to Europe. Four of her family members drowned that night. Pearce was hailed as a hero, and continued his life living until age 49. He is buried in Southampton, England. The arch of the nearby Island Archway collapsed in June 2009. The feature now appears as two unconnected rock pillars. They have since been officially named Tom


title: "Loch Ard Gorge" content: and Eva after the two teenage survivors of the Loch Ard shipwreck. The gorge is accessed via the Great Ocean Road, 3.5 km northwest of The Twelve Apostles. Stairs allow visitors access to the beach and a pathway allows access to the eastern side of the gorge. There are numerous plaques and a small museum detailing the site's history, as well as a rest area, and cemetery housing many of the people that died. This was the location for a number of scenes of the 1982 film "The Pirate Movie" and also the 1999 TV series "Journey to the Center


title: "Loch Ard Gorge" content: of the Earth" with Treat Williams. The uncommon rufous bristlebird ("Dasyornis broadbenti") is often observed around the Gorge. It served as the finish line for the third series of the Amazing Race Australia. Loch Ard Gorge The Loch Ard Gorge is part of Port Campbell National Park, Victoria, Australia, about three minutes' drive west of The Twelve Apostles. The gorge is named after the clipper ship "Loch Ard", which ran aground on nearby Muttonbird Island on 1 June 1878 approaching the end of a three-month journey from England to Melbourne. Of the fifty-four passengers and crew, only two survived: Tom


title: "Saint-Dié-des-Vosges" content: Cathedral. Born in the town in 1832, Jules Ferry was a great French politician of the conservative Republic, constitutionally called Third Republic in 1875. After World War II, the right side of the Meurthe was completely razed and most people lived outside the town in wood cabins for decades. The radical plan created by Le Corbusier in 1945, which called for a large plaza with factories and other buildings in the heart of the city, was rejected in 1947, and only one private factory belonging to Jean-Jacques Duval was ever built. There were no means nor materials in this terrible


title: "Vehicle registration plates of Romania" content: county, then three digits. Nicolae Ceaușescu's ARO sported the "1-B-111" license plate. By the mid-1970s, any plate with three digits was considered important (regardless of the number at the front), and although older cars had been initially issued with three-digit combinations, many owners were "asked" by the authorities to change their numbers. In an age where most people had the same car - the Dacia - such distinguishing features were considered important. By the 1980s, in Bucharest 1-B with 3 or 4 digits and 2-B and 3-B with three digits were also considered important numbers. Furthermore, the legend that the


title: Animotion content: album was re-titled "The Language of Attraction" for its Canadian release (which also omitted the song "Turn Around") Animotion Animotion is an American synthpop band from Los Angeles, California, best known for the songs "Obsession", "Let Him Go", "I Engineer, and "Room to Move". Formed in 1983 from the remnants of a retro science-fiction band called Red Zone, they signed a record deal with Mercury Records in 1984 and made four albums. Animotion originally had five members, four of whom (lead singer Astrid Plane, keyboardist Paul Antonelli, bassist Charles Ottavio (not the original bassist of Red Zone), and drummer David


title: "History of the Royal Navy" content: the GIUK gap. In the North Atlantic, the United Kingdom became engaged in a protracted dispute with Iceland over fishing rights. The Royal Navy, supported by tugs from the MAFF and British civilian trawlers, was involved in three major confrontations with the Icelandic Coast Guard from 1958 to 1976. These largely bloodless incidents became known as the Cod Wars, and ended with the recognition by Britain of Iceland's exclusive 200 nautical miles fishery zone. Chatham Naval Base was used for refitting nuclear submarines from 1963 but it closed in 1984. The most important operation conducted predominantly by the Royal Navy


title: Wonderbra content: retail). As part of this effort, he traveled to New York City, met with Israel Pilot and licensed the Wonder-Bra trademark and diagonal slash patent. In Canada, the trademark lost the hyphen to become "WonderBra," and "Wonderbra" at the U.S. reintroduction. During the wartime years, Canadian apparel manufacturers were subject to quotas on materials. Elastics were unavailable, affecting the comfort and design of women's underwear. The diagonal slash offered a better fitting brassiere without elastics, and became a competitive advantage. From 1939 to 1955, Canadian Lady marketed several lines of intimate apparel including girdles, panties, slips, swimsuits, and brassieres under


title: "Mevaseret Zion" content: Mevasseret Zion has 3 secular grade schools, one junior-high school and a high school, "Tichon Har'el". It also holds two religious schools. Yeshivat Sha'arei Mevasseret Zion is located in Mevasseret Zion. It includes a kollel, mostly catering to adult Israeli men, and a gap year program for students from English-speaking high schools. In April–May 2003, an archaeological salvage dig carried out on Nahal Sorek Street in Mevasseret Zion unearthed an ancient burial cave dating from the mid-Second Temple period. The ruins of a medieval structure, Khirbet Beit Mizza, are located in Mevasseret Zion, and were believed by some scholars to


title: "1965 Formula One season" content: 1965 Formula One season The 1965 Formula One season, which was the 19th season of FIA Formula One racing, featured the 16th World Championship of Drivers and the 8th International Cup for F1 Manufacturers. The two titles were contested concurrently over a ten-round series which commenced on 1 January and ended on 24 October. The season also included a number of non championship races for Formula One cars. Jim Clark's second championship included six wins interrupted only by non-starting at Monaco whilst he was away winning the Indianapolis 500. Jackie Stewart finished third in the championship in his debut season


title: "Human Genome Diversity Project" content: HapMap Project. Each has its own specificities and each has been used by scientists to a large extent for overlapping purposes. Denouncing the project since its outset, some indigenous communities, NGOs, and human rights organizations have objected to the HGDP's goals based on perceived issues of scientific racism, colonialism, biocolonialism (patenting), informed consent, and the prospect of biological warfare. Racism The Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration (ETC Group) has been a major critic of the HGDP, speculating that issues of racism and stigmatization could occur should the HGDP be completed. One major concern with the research project has


title: "Political groups of the European Parliament" content: Group", a coalition of Greens, regionalists and other parties of the left unaffiliated with any of the international organisations. In 1989 Rainbow split. The Greens went off to form the "Green Group", whilst the regionalists stayed in Rainbow. Rainbow collapsed in 1994 and its members joined the "European Radical Alliance" under the French "Energie Radicale". The Greens and regionalists stayed separate until 1999, when they reunited under the "Greens/European Free Alliance" banner. The first communist group in the European Parliament was the "Communist and Allies Group" founded on 16 October 1973. It stayed together until 25 July 1989 when it


title: "Molly Bloom" content: her reverie is one of only two punctuation marks in the chapter, the periods at the end of the fourth and eighth "sentences". When written this episode contained the longest "sentence" in English literature, 4,391 words expressed by Molly Bloom (it was surpassed in 2001 by Jonathan Coe's "The Rotters' Club"). Joyce modelled the character upon his wife, Nora Barnacle; indeed, the day upon which the novel is set — June 16, 1904, now called Bloomsday — is that of their first date. Nora Barnacle's letters also almost entirely lacked capitalization or punctuation; Anthony Burgess has said that "sometimes it


title: "World Toilet Day" content: World Toilet Day World Toilet Day (WTD) is an official United Nations international observance day on 19 November to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis. Worldwide, 4.5 billion people live without "safely managed sanitation" and around 892 million people practise open defecation. Sustainable Development Goal 6 aims to achieve sanitation for all and end open defecation. World Toilet Day exists to inform, engage and inspire people to take action toward achieving this goal. World Toilet Day was established by the World Toilet Organization in 2001. Twelve years later, the UN General Assembly declared World Toilet Day an official


title: "Tremella fuciformis" content: Tremella fuciformis Tremella fuciformis is a species of fungus; it produces white, frond-like, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruiting bodies). It is widespread, especially in the tropics, where it can be found on the dead branches of broadleaf trees. This fungus is commercially cultivated and is one of the most popular fungi in the cuisine and medicine of China. "Tremella fuciformis" is commonly known as snow fungus, snow ear, silver ear fungus, and white jelly mushroom. "Tremella fuciformis" is a parasitic yeast, and grows as a slimy, mucous-like film until it encounters its preferred hosts, various species of "Annulohypoxylon" (or possibly "Hypoxylon") fungi,


title: "Tremella fuciformis" content: whereupon it then invades, triggering the aggressive mycelial growth required to form the fruiting bodies. "Tremella fuciformis" was first described in 1856 by English mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley, based on collections made in Brazil by the botanist and explorer Richard Spruce. In 1939, Japanese mycologist Yosio Kobayasi described "Nakaiomyces nipponicus", a similar-looking fungus that differed by having scattered, dark spines on its surface. Later research, however, showed that the fruit bodies were those of "Tremella fuciformis" parasitized by an ascomycete, "Ceratocystis epigloeum", that formed the dark spines. "Nakaiomyces nipponicus" is therefore a synonym of "T. fuciformis". In Mandarin Chinese, it


title: "Tremella fuciformis" content: is called 银耳 (pinyin: "yín ěr"; literally "silver ear"), 雪耳 (pinyin: xuě ěr; literally "snow ear"); or 白木耳 (pinyin: "bái mù ěr", literally "white wood ear"), and in Japanese it is called "shiro kikurage" (シロキクラゲ, lit. "white tree jellyfish"). In Vietnam, it is called "nấm tuyết" or "ngân nhĩ". In his book, "Growing Gourmet and Medicinal Mushrooms", Paul Stamets lists the following common names for "Tremella fuciformis" (which he calls "White Jelly Mushroom"): Fruit bodies are gelatinous, watery white, up to across (larger in cultivated specimens), and composed of thin but erect, seaweed-like, branching fronds, often crisped at the edges.


title: "Tremella fuciformis" content: Microscopically, the hyphae are clamped and occur in a dense gelatinous matrix. Haustorial cells arise on the hyphae, producing filaments that attach to and penetrate the hyphae of the host. The basidia are tremelloid (ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 10–13 by 6.5–10 μm, sometimes stalked. The basidiospores are ellipsoid, smooth, 5–8 by 4–6 μm, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells. "Tremella fuciformis" is known to be a parasite of "Hypoxylon" species. Many of these species were reassigned to a new genus, "Annulohypoxylon", in 2005 including its preferred host, "Annulohypoxylon archeri", the species routinely used in commercial


title: "Tremella fuciformis" content: cultivation. Following its host, fruit bodies are typically found on dead, attached or recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees. The species is mainly tropical and subtropical, but extends into temperate areas in Asia and North America. It is known throughout South and Central America, the Caribbean, parts of North America, sub-Saharan Africa, southern and eastern Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands. "Tremella fuciformis" has been cultivated in China since at least the nineteenth century. Initially, suitable wooden poles were prepared and then treated in various ways in the hope that they would be colonized by the fungus. This


title: "Tremella fuciformis" content: haphazard method of cultivation was improved when poles were inoculated with spores or mycelium. Modern production only began, however, with the realization that both the "Tremella" and its host species needed to be inoculated into the substrate to ensure success. The "dual culture" method, now used commercially, employs a sawdust mix inoculated with both fungal species and kept under optimal conditions. The most popular species to pair with "T. fuciformis" is its preferred host, "Annulohypoxylon archeri". Estimated production in China in 1997 was 130,000 tonnes. "Tremella fuciformis" is also cultivated in other East Asian countries, with some limited cultivation elsewhere.


title: "Tremella fuciformis" content: In Chinese cuisine, "Tremella fuciformis" is traditionally used in sweet dishes. While tasteless, it is valued for its gelatinous texture as well as its supposed medicinal benefits. Most commonly, it is used to make a dessert soup called "luk mei" (六味) in Cantonese, often in combination with jujubes, dried longans, and other ingredients. It is also used as a component of a drink and as an ice cream. Since cultivation has made it less expensive, it is now additionally used in some savoury dishes. In Vietnamese cuisine, it's often used in Chè (Vietnamese pronunciation: [cɛ̂]), a Vietnamese term that refers


title: "Tremella fuciformis" content: to any traditional Vietnamese sweet beverage, dessert soup or pudding. "Tremella fuciformis" is used in women's beauty products in China and Japan. Tremella fuciformis Tremella fuciformis is a species of fungus; it produces white, frond-like, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruiting bodies). It is widespread, especially in the tropics, where it can be found on the dead branches of broadleaf trees. This fungus is commercially cultivated and is one of the most popular fungi in the cuisine and medicine of China. "Tremella fuciformis" is commonly known as snow fungus, snow ear, silver ear fungus, and white jelly mushroom. "Tremella fuciformis" is a parasitic


title: "Aditya Chopra" content: worldwide market and "Raees" was postponed to January 26, 2017, scheduled to release alongside "Kaabil" on the same day. In November 2012, YRF green-lit their first Indian-American war drama co-production titled "Paani" with DreamWorks Pictures. The film was to be helmed by Shekhar Kapur and Sushant Singh Rajput was signed for the lead role in December of the same year. Principal photography was to start in June 2013, and it was planned as a December 2015 release by both Chopra and Kapur. A. R. Rahman was roped in to score the music of the film and pre-production work started in


title: Prora content: Prora Prora was built by Nazi Germany as a beach resort on the island of Rügen, Germany, which is known for its colossal Nazi-planned tourist structures. The enormous building complex was in length, with the surviving structures stretching , and was built between 1936 and 1939 as a Strength Through Joy ("Kraft durch Freude" or KdF) project, although it was never fully completed. Although the eight identical buildings were planned as a holiday resort, they were never used for this purpose. The complex has a formal heritage listing as a particularly striking example of Third Reich architecture. Prora lies on


title: Prora content: an extensive bay between the Sassnitz and Binz regions, known as the Prorer Wiek, on the narrow heath (the "Prora") which separates the lagoon of the Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden from the Baltic Sea. The buildings extended over a length of and are roughly from the beach. The coast offers a long flat sand beach, which stretches from Binz to the ferry port. This beach was thus an ideal location for the establishment of a seaside resort. The Strength Through Joy program was designed to attract the working class – who had during the Weimar Republic been the power base of


title: Prora content: the Social Democrats and, to a lesser extent, the Communists – to the Nazi Party by offering numerous cultural events and mass tourism at affordable prices. They also presented an opportunity for the inculcation of Nazi ideology through constant indoctrination by propaganda. Founded in November 1933, in the year 1934, 400,000 people took Strength Through Joy package tours, a number which rose to 1.7 million by 1937, not to mention 7 million who availed themselves of weekend excursions and 1.6 million who participated in organized hikes. Robert Ley, head of the German Labour Front – of which Strength Through Joy


title: Prora content: was a subsidiary – envisioned Prora as a parallel to Butlins, which were British "holiday camps" designed to provide affordable holidays for the average worker. Prora was designed to house 20,000 holidaymakers, under the ideal that every worker deserved a holiday at the beach. Designed by Clemens Klotz, who won a design competition overseen by Adolf Hitler's chief architect Albert Speer, all rooms were planned to overlook the sea, while corridors and sanitation are located on the landward side. Each room of by was to have two beds, a wardrobe and a sink. There were communal toilets, showers and bathrooms


title: Prora content: on each floor. Hitler's plans for Prora were much more ambitious. He wanted a gigantic sea resort, the "most mighty and large one to ever have existed", holding 20,000 beds. In the middle, a huge building was to be erected. At the same time, Hitler wanted it to be convertible into a military hospital in case of war. Hitler insisted that the plans of a giant indoor arena by architect Erich Putlitz be included. Putlitz's Festival Hall was intended to be able to accommodate all 20,000 guests at the same time. His plans included two wave-swimming pools, a cinema and


title: Prora content: a theatre. A large dock for passenger ships was also planned. The designs won a Grand Prix award at the 1937 Paris World Exposition. Construction began in 1936 and during the few years that Prora was under construction, all major construction companies of the Reich and nearly 9,000 workers were involved in this project. With the onset of World War II in 1939, building on Prora stopped and the construction workers transferred to the V-Weapons plant at Peenemünde. The eight housing blocks and the theatre and cinema stayed as empty shells. The swimming pools and festival hall never materialised. During


title: Prora content: the Allied bombing campaign, many people from Hamburg took refuge in one of the housing blocks, and later refugees from the east of Germany were housed there. By the end of the war, these buildings housed female auxiliary personnel for the Luftwaffe. In 1945 the Soviet Army took control of the region and established a military base at Prora. The Soviet Army's 2nd Artillery Brigade occupied block 5 of Prora from 1945 to 1955. The Soviet military then stripped all usable materials from the building. In the late 1940s two of the housing blocks – one on the North and


title: Prora content: one on the South – were demolished and the remains mostly removed. In the late 1950s the East German military rebuilt several of the buildings. Since the buildings had been stripped to the bare brick in the late 1940s, most of the exterior and interior finish that can now be seen was done under East German control. After the formation of the German Democratic Republic's (GDR's) National Peoples Army in 1956, the buildings became a restricted military area housing several East German Army units. The most prominent were the elite 40. Fallschirmjägerbataillon Willi Sänger (40th Parachute Battalion "Willi Sänger") which


title: Prora content: was housed in block 5 from 1960 to 1982. Block 4 on the north side was used for urban combat training by the Parachute Battalion and others. Large sections remain as ruins to this day. Also housed in the building from 1982 to 1990 was the East German Army Construction Battalion "Mukran", where conscientious objectors served as noncombatant Construction Soldiers (Bausoldaten) to meet their military service obligation. A part of the building also served as the East German Army's "Walter Ulbricht" convalescent home. After German reunification, the National People's Army of the GDR was absorbed into the West Germany Bundeswehr,


title: Prora content: that took over the building. Initially consideration was given to demolishing the buildings, but it was later given landmark protection and a tax break offered to developers to renovate it. Parts of the building were used from 1990 to 1992 by the Military Technical School of the Bundeswehr. From 1992 to 1994 a part of the building was used to house asylum seekers from the Balkans. Beginning in early 1993, the facility was empty and the buildings were subject to decay and vandalism. An exception to this was Block 3, Prora Center, which from 1995 to 2005 housed a variety


title: Prora content: of museums, special exhibitions, and a gallery. Between 1993 and 1999 the site served as one of the largest youth hostels in Europe. Since 2000, the Documentation Centre Prora has been located at the southern edge of the fairground buildings. This center documents the construction and use history of the building. Discussed here are both the background of the project and its appropriation for Nazi propaganda. In 2004, following more than a decade of unsuccessfully attempting to sell the site as a whole, the blocks of the building began being sold off individually for various uses. On 23 September 2004,


title: Prora content: Block 6 sold for 625,000 euros to an unknown bidder. On 23 February 2005, Block 3, the former Museum Mile, was sold to Inselbogen GmbH, which announced that the building would be used as a hotel. In October 2006, Block 1 and 2 were sold to Prora Projektentwicklungs GmbH which has announced plans of converting the buildings into shops and apartments. However Block 1 was re-offered for sale at an auction on 31 March 2012 and was purchased by a Berlin investor for 2.75 million euros. In November 2006, the Federal agency for real estate purchased Block 5. With financial


title: Prora content: support from federal government and the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern it planned to establish a youth hostel in the building. Located in the northernmost part of the complex, it was divided into five contiguous parts. In July 2011, the long-planned large youth hostel with 402 beds in 96 rooms opened. In late 2008, plans were approved to have Prora fill its original purpose and to turn it into a modern tourist resort. The council set out plans to build enough living space to house 3,000 people, as well as a youth hostel, and amenities for tourists. Kerstin Kassner, a local councillor,


title: Prora content: compared Prora's shore with a "Caribbean beach." However, the decision met with some scepticism from Binz locals, who felt that there were already too many tourists in the region, and Heike Tagsold, a Prora historian, who said that the town's past made it an inappropriate location for tourists. Nevertheless, in 2011 the largest youth hostel of Germany was opened in one of the blocks and has been popular. A possible expansion of the facility aimed toward budget-minded tourists has been proposed. In September 2010, plans were announced by a German-Austrian investor group to renovate blocks 1 and 2 as housing


title: Prora content: for the elderly and a hotel with 300 beds that includes tennis courts and swimming pool and a small shopping centre. The investment costs are estimated at 100 million euros. In 2013, a Germany company, Metropole Marketing, bought the rights to refurbish Prora and market the units as summer homes. By that year, refurbished apartments in the so-called Colossus were on sale for as much as 700,000 euros ($900,000) apiece. The completion date was estimated as 2016. In 2016, the first of the new apartments opened in Block 1. The Prora Solitaire hotel in Block 2 opened in time for


title: Prora content: summer 2016, and some reconstructed flats were for sale in that Block by mid 2017. At that time, four of the buildings were in the process of redevelopment, a fifth was used as a youth hostel while the remaining three remained in ruins. A November 2017 update indicated that most of the units (flats) in Block 1 had been sold, having been marketed as summer homes for those who live in Hamburg and Berlin. Many were listed by owners as short term rentals on sites such as Airbnb and HomeAway. Notes Further reading Prora Prora was built by Nazi Germany


title: Untersberg content: Untersberg The Untersberg is the northernmost massif of the Berchtesgaden Alps, a prominent spur straddling the border between Berchtesgaden, Germany and Salzburg, Austria. The highest peak of the table-top mountain is the Berchtesgaden Hochthron at . The Untersberg rises at the rim of the Northern Limestone Alps, immediately at the Salzburg Basin and the broad Salzach Valley. Neighbouring peaks are the Hoher Göll in the southeast and Mt. Watzmann in the south, beyond the Berchtesgaden Basin. In the northwest, the Saalach Valley with Bad Reichenhall separates it from the Hochstaufen massif of the Chiemgau Alps. About two-thirds of the area,


title: Untersberg content: including the Berchtesgaden Hochthron peak, is located in Germany, while the northernmost steep edge above Salzburg belongs to Austria. The mountain is a landmark popular with tourists, due to its proximity to the City of Salzburg: less than south of the city centre and within easy reach, e.g. by bus lines running to the southern suburbs of Grödig and Großgmain. Several trails lead to the top, though most people prefer the "Untersbergbahn" cable car. Constructed over a period of over two years, and opening in April 1961, the eight and a half minute journey lifts passengers from the lower terminus


title: Untersberg content: at the village of Sankt Leonhard at over to the top station on the Geiereck spur at an altitude of , transporting them a horizontal distance of almost with a maximum height above the ground of . The first recorded ascent was in the first half of the 12th century, by Eberwein, a member of the Augustinian monastery at Berchtesgaden. The Untersberg massif is mainly made up of limestone, a bed of Dachstein chalk—mined as "Untersberg marble"—on a dolostone basis, and of small deposits of bauxite. Untersberg marble also forms the facade of notable buildings such as Salzburg Cathedral. The


title: Untersberg content: Karst topography of the limestone includes numerous caves. So far, more than 400 have been explored—including the Schellenberg ice cave at an elevation of , a show cave since 1925, and the Kolowrat Cave with a high dome. The Riesending cave with a depth of and a length of is the largest known in Germany. There also is a lake at depth. An expedition in August 2008 revealed that its lowest point had not yet been reached. First mentioned as "Vndarnsperch" ("Noon Mountain") in a 1306 deed issued by the Salzburg archbishops, the prominent spur has been the subject of


title: Untersberg content: numerous myths and legends. According to a popular king in the mountain tale, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa is asleep inside Mt. Untersberg until his resurrection. His beard is said to be growing longer and longer around a round table and to have grown round two times. Myth says that when the beard has grown three times around the table the end of the world has come. When Frederick leaves the mountain, there will be no further Holy Roman Emperor and the last great battle of humankind will be fought at the pear tree on the Walserfeld, a pasture near Wals, west


title: Untersberg content: of Salzburg. There is a similar legend for the Kyffhäuser Mountain in Thuringia and Trifels Castle. Other legends say that it is Charlemagne waiting inside the Untersberg, taken care of by the "Untersberger Mandln", small dwarf-like creatures. Every hundred years he awakes and when he sees the ravens (actually choughs) still flying around the Untersberg he sleeps for another century. Indeed, Charlemagne had held a synod in Salzburg in 803 AD, where he met with Bishop Arno. The Alpine tradition of the Untersberg Wild Hunt ("Perchten") has recently been revived. There are also several legends about the cave system below


title: Untersberg content: the mountain. The landmark gained international fame as the "distinctive, lopsided peak" featured at the beginning and end of the 1965 movie "The Sound of Music", although the filming was done on the German side, not the Austrian side. It was where Julie Andrews sang "The Hills Are Alive" at the opening scene and where the family climbed the mountain on their escape to Switzerland at the end of the film. The mountain also lends its name to an 1829 opera, "Der Untersberg," by Johann Nepomuk von Poißl (1783–1865). The Untersberger marble ball mills are located in Marktschellenberg in Berchtesgaden,


title: Untersberg content: at the opening of the Almbachklamm valley. The "Kügelmühlen" (ball mills) were established in 1683. Once popular children's toys, these marbles were shipped all over the world. Through Rotterdam and London, marble shipping was directed toward the East and West Indies and exported at the rate of 60,000 to 80,000 (and sometimes as high as 100,000) pounds per year. Marbles were welcome as cargo in sailing ships, as they were suitable as ballast because of their high density. The last marbles went from Untersberg to London in 1921. As late as the 1850s, the Almbach valley had 40 ball mills


title: Untersberg content: with another 90 in the surrounding region, worked mainly by poor mountain farmers. Today, a single ball mill operates primarily as a tourist attraction. The ball mills were driven by the waters of the Almbach river. The lower fixed grinding stones are made of hard sandstone and the upper turntables from beech wood. Grinding of the balls varies from two to eight days according to their size. After course grinding on the sandstone, the marble balls underwent sanding and a polish. Untersberg The Untersberg is the northernmost massif of the Berchtesgaden Alps, a prominent spur straddling the border between Berchtesgaden,


title: Willehad content: was given to Willehad. From 780 Willehad preached in the region of the lower Weser River on commission from Charlemagne. He barely escaped with his life when the Frisians wanted to kill him as well and he returned to the area around Utrecht. Once again he and his fellow missionaries barely escaped with their lives when the local pagans wanted to kill them for destroying some temples. Finally, in 780, Charlemagne sent him to evangelize the Saxons. He preached to them for two years but, in 782, the Saxons under Widukind, rebelled against Charlemagne and Willehad was forced to flee


title: "Jeremy Bulloch" content: the Prequel Trilogy. He also appeared in two "Doctor Who" stories, "The Space Museum" (1965) and "The Time Warrior" (1973). Coincidently, Bulloch, David Prowse and John Hollis, who would later appear in "The Empire Strikes Back" appeared in a Jon Pertwee "Doctor Who" serial. From 1979 to 1981, he was a regular in the ITV sitcom "Agony", in which he played Rob Illingworth, one half of a gay couple. He also has minor roles in three James Bond films, twice playing Smithers, an assistant to Q. In a career spanning over half a century, he is most famous for his


title: "The Flirtations (R&B musical group)" content: hit in the Netherlands with a No. 25 peak. In late 1968 the trio signed with Deram Records and released what would become their signature recording, "Nothing But A Heartache" — a dense, dynamic, earth-shattering melodrama produced by Englishman Wayne Bickerton and written by Bickerton with Tony Waddington. The B-side was a Christmas song, "Christmastime Is Here Again". "Nothing But a Heartache" rose to first place on the "Bubbling Under" list in December 1968 and gave the Flirtations a second Top 40 hit in the Netherlands, reaching No. 36 in early 1968. Following an unsuccessful December 1968 US release, "Nothing


title: "Politics (novel)" content: Politics (novel) Politics is a 2003 novel by Adam Thirlwell about a father-daughter relationship and about a ménage à trois which includes said daughter and two of her friends. We are informed by the narrator that the novel is about "goodness". Nana, an attractive young "non-talker" in her mid-twenties—"tall, thin, pale, blonde, breasty"—who is working on her M.A. thesis, lives with her "Papa", the "benevolent angel" of the story, in Edgware, a suburb of London. She gets to know Moshe, a young Jewish actor from Finsbury, and they start a relationship. As time goes by, Anjali, a friend of Moshe's,


title: Stratfor content: 24, 2011 that members of Anonymous had stolen e-mail messages from Stratfor's website. In November 2013, computer hacker Jeremy Hammond was sentenced to ten years in federal prison for his role in the Anonymous attack. An FBI informant, Hector Xavier Monsegur (also known as "Sabu"), initially faced 124 years in prison for his role in the attack, but his sentence was reduced to time served plus one year's supervised release in May 2014 in exchange for his cooperation as an FBI informant. WikiLeaks announced the initial publication of more than five million of Stratfor's e-mail messages on February 26, 2012.


title: "Ein Gedi" content: Ein Gedi Ein Gedi (, ), literally "spring of the kid (young goat)" is an oasis and a nature reserve in Israel, located west of the Dead Sea, near Masada and the Qumran Caves. Ein Gedi was listed in 2016 as one of the most popular nature sites in the country. The name "Ein Gedi" is composed of two Hebrew words: "ein" means spring and "gǝdi" means goat-kid. Ein Gedi thus means "kid spring" or "fountain of the kid". At Mikveh Cave archaeologists found Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) flint tools and an arrowhead. A Chalcolithic temple (ca. mid-fourth millennium BCE)


title: "Ein Gedi" content: belonging to the Ghassulian culture was excavated on the slope between two springs, Ein Shulamit and Ein Gedi. More Chalcolithic finds were made at the Moringa and Mikveh Caves. No traces of Bronze Age settlement have been found at Ein Gedi. The remains of the Iron Age settlement at Ein Gedi are located at a tell on the north bank of Wadi Arugot, known in Arabic as Tell el-Jurn and in Hebrew as Tel Goren. The first permanent Iron Age settlement was Judean and was established around 630 BCE. The site was destroyed or abandoned after the Babylonian destruction of


title: "Ein Gedi" content: Jerusalem in 587/86 BCE. In Ein Gedi is identified with "Hazazon-tamar", "Hazezon Tamar", "Hatzatzon-Tamar" or "Hazezontamar", on account of the palm groves which surrounded it, where the Moabites and Ammonites gathered in order to fight King Josaphat. In "Hazazon-tamar" is mentioned as being an Amorite city, smitten by Chedorlaomer in his war against the cities of the plain. In , Ein Gedi is enumerated among the wilderness cities of the Tribe of Judah in the desert of Betharaba, and in , it is prophesied that one day, its coastal location will make it into a fishing village, after the water


title: "Ein Gedi" content: of the Dead Sea has been made sweet: Fleeing from King Saul, David hides in the strongholds at Ein Gedi ( and ) and Saul seeks him "even upon the most craggy rocks, which are accessible only to wild goats" (). Psalm 63, subtitled "a Psalm of David when he was in the wilderness of Judah", has been associated with David's sojourn in the desert of En-gedi. The Song of Songs () speaks of the "vineyards of En Gedi". The words of Ecclesiasticus 24:18, "I was exalted like a palm tree in Cades" (’en aígialoîs), may perhaps be understood as


title: "Ein Gedi" content: the palm trees of Ein Gedi. The settlement at Tel Goren is a rare example of a town which reached its zenith during the Persian period, probably during the late 5th century BCE. Ein Gedi receives a fortress and becomes a royal Hasmonean estate. According to the Jewish-Roman historian Josephus Flavius, the Sicarii, who fought the Romans until their defeat and mass suicide at Masada, plundered local villages including En Gedi. At En Gedi, they drove out the defenders, and killed over seven hundred women and children who could not run away. The indigenous Jewish town of Ein Gedi was


title: "Ein Gedi" content: an important source of balsam for the Greco-Roman world until its destruction by Byzantine emperor Justinian as part of his persecution of the Jews in his realm. A synagogue mosaic remains from Ein Gedi's heyday, including a Judeo-Aramaic inscription mosaic now on display at Jerusalem's Schottenstein campus museum warning inhabitants against "revealing the town's secret" – possibly the methods for extraction and preparation of the much-prized balsam resin, though not stated outright in the inscription – to the outside world. In April 1848, Lieutenant William Francis Lynch led an American expedition down the Jordan River into the Dead Sea, that


title: "Ein Gedi" content: stopped at En Gedi (Ain Jidy). In 1998–99, the archaeological expedition of Yizhar Hirschfeld at Ein Gedi systematically excavated what has been called "the Essenes site", first discovered by Yohanan Aharoni in 1956. Ein Gedi nature reserve was declared in 1971 and is one of the most important reserves in Israel. The park is situated on the eastern border of the Judean Desert, on the Dead Sea coast, and covers an area of 14000 dunams ( or ). The elevation of the land ranges from the level of the Dead Sea at 423 meters (1,388 ft) below sea level to


title: "Ein Gedi" content: the plateau of the Judean Desert at 200 meters above sea level. Ein Gedi nature reserve includes two spring-fed streams with flowing water year-round: Nahal David and Nahal Arugot (German article at: ). Two other springs, the Shulamit and Ein Gedi springs, also flow in the reserve. Together, the springs generate approximately three million cubic meters of water per year. Much of the water is used for agriculture or is bottled for consumption. The reserve is a sanctuary for many types of plant, bird and animal species. The vegetation includes plants and trees from the tropical, desert, Mediterranean, and steppian


title: "Ein Gedi" content: regions, such as Sodom apple, acacia, jujube, and poplar. The many species of resident birds are supplemented by over 200 additional species during the migration periods in the spring and fall. Mammal species include the Nubian ibex and the rock hyrax. The Ein Gedi national park features several archaeological sites including the Chalcolithic Temple of Ein Gedi and a first-century CE village. The park was declared in 2002 and covers an area of 8 dunams ( or ). Kibbutz Ein Gedi, founded in 1956, is located about a kilometer from the oasis. It offers various tourist attractions and takes advantage


title: "Ein Gedi" content: of the local weather patterns and the abundance of natural water to cultivate out-of-season produce. The kibbutz area contains an internationally acclaimed botanical garden covering an area of 100 dunams (10 ha, 24.7 acres). There one can find more than 900 species of plants from all over the world. The kibbutz is also home to the Ein Gedi Eco Park, which functions as both a zoo and an environmental education center, demonstrating sustainable technologies such as solar cookers, greywater systems, mud buildings, and compost toilets. The "Ein Gedi race", also known as the "Shalom Marathon – Dead Sea Half Marathon"


title: "Ein Gedi" content: is a popular road running event over several distances that has been held by the Tamar Regional Council since 1983. The starting point for all races is the Ein Gedi Spa, southeast of Jerusalem and 4 kilometers south of Kibbutz Ein Gedi. Ein Gedi Ein Gedi (, ), literally "spring of the kid (young goat)" is an oasis and a nature reserve in Israel, located west of the Dead Sea, near Masada and the Qumran Caves. Ein Gedi was listed in 2016 as one of the most popular nature sites in the country. The name "Ein Gedi" is composed of


title: "Topanga, California" content: In 1986, the Corral again burned to the ground and was not rebuilt. Today, many musicians, artists and actors continue to make Topanga their home. Linda Ronstadt had been seen hitchhiking through the Canyon barefoot with her guitar. Topanga Creek drains Topanga Canyon and is the third largest watershed entering the Santa Monica Bay. The creek is one of the few remaining undammed waterways in the area, and is a spawning ground for steelhead trout. The area typically receives about 22" of rain annually. Topanga Beach lies on the coast at the outlet of Topanga Creek. Topanga Canyon Boulevard, State


title: "Topanga, California" content: School. The County of Los Angeles Public Library operates the Topanga Library. Topanga, California Topanga is a census-designated place (CDP) in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. Located in the Santa Monica Mountains, the community lies in Topanga Canyon. The narrow southern portion of Topanga at the coast is in between the city of Malibu and the city of Los Angeles neighborhood of Pacific Palisades. Topanga had a population of 8,289 as of 2010. The ZIP code is 90290 and the area code is primarily 310, with 818 only at the north end of the canyon. It is in


title: Silabenzene content: by Norihiro Tokitoh and Renji Okazaki in 1997, the same group reported thermally stable silabenzene in 2000 taking advantage of a new steric protective group. A 9-silaanthracene derivative has been reported in 2002, a 1-silanaphthalene also in 2002. A 1,4-disilabenzene was reported in 2002. In 2007, 1,2-disilabenzene was synthesized via formal [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of a disilyne (Si-Si triple bonded species) and phenylacetylene. Some theoretical studies suggest that the symmetric 1,3,5-trisilabenzene may be more stable than 1,2-disilabenzene. Isolated silabenzene reacts with various reagents at 1,2- or 1,4-positions to give diene-type products, so the aromaticity of the silabenzene is destroyed. It is


title: "Central Arkansas" content: Fortune 500 companies, Arkansas Children's Hospital, and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). The site known as "little rock" along the Arkansas River was discovered by explorer Bernard de la Harpe in 1722. The territorial capitol had been located at Arkansas Post in Southeast Arkansas since 1819, but the site had proven unsuitable as a settlement due to frequent flooding of the Arkansas River. Over the years, the "little rock" was known as a waypoint along the river, but remained unsettled. A land speculator from St. Louis, Missouri who had acquired many acres around the "little rock" began pressuring


title: "I'm a Juvenile Delinquent – Jail Me!" content: given "tasks" of crime and vandalism to perform, as chosen by viewers. The film is best known for launching the career of Andrea Duggan, Hollywood costume designer. I'm a Juvenile Delinquent – Jail Me! I'm a Juvenile Delinquent – Jail Me! is a BBC film for young people, directed by Alex Cox, written by Tod Davies, produced by Sol Papadopoulos and starring Carla Henry. It was shot in Liverpool in 2004 and its soundtrack was written by Pete Wylie. It was nominated in the "Best Educational Drama" category at the British Academy Film Awards (BAFTAs) in 2004. The film parodies


title: "Daisy Fuentes" content: Jersey, where she attended Harrison High School, was voted homecoming queen and "best looking", and graduated in 1984. Fuentes started modeling during her senior year in high school. An aspiring hairstylist, she enrolled in cosmetology school with dreams of opening her own salon. Later, she enrolled at Bergen Community College where she majored in Communications. While still a college student, Fuentes was hired to present the weather at the 6p and 11p newscasts at WNJU-TV 47, the local affiliate of Spanish-language TV network, Telemundo. Shortly after, Fuentes jumped to the competition working for New York's Univision affiliate WXTV-TV 41 where


title: Waterbuck content: Waterbuck The waterbuck ("Kobus ellipsiprymnus") is a large antelope found widely in sub-Saharan Africa. It is placed in the genus "Kobus" of the family Bovidae. It was first described by Irish naturalist William Ogilby in 1833. The thirteen subspecies are grouped under two varieties: the common or Ellisprymnus waterbuck and the Defassa waterbuck. The head-and-body length is typically between and the average height is between . A sexually dimorphic antelope, males are taller as well as heavier than females. Males reach approximately at the shoulder, while females reach . Males typically weigh and females . The coat colour varies from


title: Waterbuck content: brown to grey. The long, spiral horns, present only on males, curve backward, then forward and are long. Waterbuck are rather sedentary in nature. A gregarious animal, the waterbuck may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. These groups are either nursery herds with females and their offspring or bachelor herds. Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of five years, but are most dominant from the age of six to nine. The waterbuck cannot tolerate dehydration in hot weather, and thus inhabits areas close to sources of water. Predominantly a grazer, the waterbuck is mostly found on


title: Waterbuck content: grassland. In equatorial regions, breeding takes place throughout the year, but births are at their peak in the rainy season. The gestational period lasts for seven to eight months, followed by the birth of a single calf. Waterbuck inhabit scrub and savanna areas along rivers, lakes and valleys. Due to their requirement for grasslands as well as water, the waterbuck have a sparse ecotone distribution. The IUCN lists the waterbuck as being of Least Concern. More specifically, the common waterbuck is listed as of Least Concern while the defassa waterbuck is Near Threatened. The population trend for both the common


title: Waterbuck content: and defassa waterbuck is downwards, especially that of the latter, with large populations being eliminated from certain habitats because of poaching and human disturbance. The scientific name of the waterbuck is "Kobus ellipsiprymnus". The waterbuck is one of the six species of the genus "Kobus" and belongs to the family Bovidae. It was first described by Irish naturalist William Ogilby in 1833. The generic name "Kobus" is a New Latin word, originating from an African name, "koba". The specific name "ellipsiprymnus" refers to the white elliptical ring on the rump, from the Greek ' (ellipse) and ' ("", hind part).


title: Waterbuck content: The animal acquired the vernacular name "waterbuck" due to its heavy dependence on water as compared to other antelopes and its ability to enter into water for defence. The type specimen of the waterbuck was collected by South African hunter-explorer Andrew Steedman in 1832. This specimen was named "Antilope ellipsiprymnus" by Ogilby in 1833. This species was transferred to the genus "Kobus" in 1840, becoming "K. ellipsiprymnus". It is usually known as the common waterbuck. In 1835, German naturalist Eduard Rüppell collected another specimen, which differed from Steedman's specimen in having a prominent white ring on its rump. Considering it


title: Waterbuck content: a separate species, Rüppell gave it the Amharic name "defassa" waterbuck and scientific name "Antilope defassa". Modern taxonomists, however, consider the common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck a single species, "K. ellipsiprymnus", given the large number of instances of hybridisation between the two. Interbreeding between the two takes place in the Nairobi National Park owing to extensive overlapping of habitats. Not many fossils of the waterbuck have been found. Fossils were scarce in the Cradle of Humankind, occurring only in a few pockets of the Swartkrans. On the basis of Valerius Geist's theories about the relation of social evolution and


title: Waterbuck content: dispersal in ungulates during the Pleistocene, the ancestral home of the waterbuck is considered to be the eastern coast of Africa - with the Horn of Africa to the north and the East African Rift Valley to the west. 37 subspecies of the waterbuck had been initially recognised on the basis of coat colour. They were classified into two groups: the ellipsen waterbuck group and the defassa waterbuck group. Owing to the large number of variations in the coat colour in the defassa waterbuck group, as many as 29 subspecies were included in it; the ellipsen waterbuck group consisted of


title: Waterbuck content: eight subspecies. In 1971, however, the number of subspecies was reduced to thirteen (four for the ellipsen waterbuck group and nine for the defassa waterbuck group). Though they occur in Zambia as well, their ranges are separated by relief features or by the Muchinga escarpment. The subspecies have been listed below (along with notes about the former subspecies which were recombined into a single subspecies): Includes the following subspecies: The waterbuck is the largest amongst the six species of "Kobus". It is a sexually dimorphic antelope, with the males nearly 7 percent taller than females and around 8 percent longer.


title: Waterbuck content: The head-and-body length is typically between and the average height is between . Males reach approximately at the shoulder, while females reach . The waterbuck is one of the heaviest antelopes. a newborn typically weighs , and growth in weight is faster in males than in females. Males typically weigh and females . The tail is long. The waterbuck is of a robust build. The shaggy coat is reddish brown to grey, and becomes progressively darker with age. Males are darker than females. Though apparently thick, the hair is sparse on the coat. The hair on the neck is, however,


title: Waterbuck content: long and shaggy. When sexually excited, the skin of the waterbuck secretes a greasy substance with the odour of musk, giving it the name "greasy kob". The odor of this is so unpleasant that it repels predators. This secretion also assists in water-proofing the body when the animal dives into water. The facial features include a white muzzle and light eyebrows and lighter insides of the ears. There is a cream-coloured patch (called "bib") on the throat. Waterbuck are characterised by a long neck and short, strong and black legs. Females have two nipples. Preorbital glands, foot glands and inguinal


title: Waterbuck content: glands are absent. The common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck are remarkably different in their physical appearances. Measurements indicate greater tail length in the latter, whereas the common waterbuck stand taller than the defassa waterbuck. However, the principal differentiation between the two types is the white ring of hair surrounding the tail on the rump, which is a hollow circle in the common waterbuck but covered with white hair in the defassa waterbuck. The long, spiral horns curve backward, then forward. Found only on males, the horns range from in length. To some extent, the length of the horns is


title: Waterbuck content: related to the bull's age. A rudimentary horn in the form of a bone lump may be found on the skulls of females. Waterbuck are rather sedentary in nature, though some migration may occur with the onset of monsoon. A gregarious animal, the waterbuck may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. The various groups are the nursery herds, bachelor herds and territorial males. Herd size increases in summer, whereas groups fragment in the winter months, probably under the influence of food availability. As soon as young males start developing horns (at around seven to nine months of age),


title: Waterbuck content: they are chased out of the herd by territorial bulls. These males then form bachelor herds and may roam in female home ranges. Females have home ranges stretching over . A few females may form spinster herds. Though females are seldom aggressive, minor tension may arise in herds. Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of five years, but are most dominant from the age of six to nine. Territorial males hold territories in size. Males are inclined to remain settled in their territories, though over time they may leave inferior territories for more spacious ones. Marking of territories


title: Waterbuck content: includes no elaborate rituals - dung and urine are occasionally dropped. After the age of ten years, males lose their territorial nature and replaced by a younger bull, following which they recede to a small and unprotected area. There is another social group, that of the satellite males, which are mature bulls as yet without their own territories, who exploit resources, particularly mating opportunities, even in the presence of the dominant bull. The territorial male may allow a few satellite males into his territory, and they may contribute to its defence. However, gradually they may deprive the actual owner of


title: Waterbuck content: his territory and seize the area for themselves. In a study in the Lake Nakuru National Park, only 7 percent of the adult males held territories, and only half of the territorial males tolerated one or more satellite males. Territorial males may use several kinds of display. In one type of display, the white patch on the throat and between the eyes is clearly revealed, and other displays can demonstrate the thickness of the neck. These activities frighten trespassers. Lowering of the head and the body depict submission before the territorial male, who stands erect. Fights, which may last up


title: Waterbuck content: to thirty minutes, involve threat displays typical of bovids accompanied by snorting. Fights may even become so violent that one of the opponents meets its death due to severe abdominal or thoracic wounds. A silent animal, the waterbuck makes use of flehmen response for visual communication and alarm snorts for vocal communication. Waterbuck often enter water to escape from predators which include lions, leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs and Nile crocodiles (leopards and spotted hyenas prey on juveniles). However, it has been observed that the waterbuck does not particularly like being in water. Waterbuck may run into cover when alarmed,


title: Waterbuck content: and males often attack predators. Waterbuck are susceptible to ulcers, lungworm infection and kidney stones. Other diseases from which these animals suffer are foot-and-mouth disease, sindbis fever, yellow fever, bluetongue, bovine virus diarrhoea, brucellosis and anthrax. The waterbuck is more resistant to rinderpest than are other antelopes. They are unaffected by tsetse flies but ticks may introduce parasitic protozoa such as "Theileria parva", "Anaplasma marginale" and "Baberia bigemina". 27 species of ixodid tick have been found on waterbuck - a healthy waterbuck may carry a total of over 4000 ticks in their larval or nymphal stages, the most common among


title: Waterbuck content: them being "Amblyomma cohaerens" and "Rhipicephalus tricuspis". Internal parasites found in waterbuck include tapeworms, liverflukes, stomachflukes and several helminths. The waterbuck exhibits great dependence on water. It can not tolerate dehydration in hot weather, and thus inhabits areas close to sources of water. However, it has been observed that unlike the other members of its genus (such as the kob and puku), the waterbuck ranges farther into the woodlands while maintaining its proximity to water. With grasses constituting a substantial 70 to 95 percent of the diet, the waterbuck is predominantly a grazer frequenting grasslands. Reeds and rushes like "Typha"


title: Waterbuck content: and "Phragmites" may also be preferred. A study found regular consumption of three grass species round the year: "Panicum anabaptistum", "Echinochloa stagnina" and "Andropogon gayanus". "Hyparrhenia involucrata", "Acroceras amplectens" and "Oryza barthii" along with annual species were the main preference in the early rainy season, while long life grasses and forage from trees constituted three-fourths of the diet in the dry season. Though the defassa waterbuck were found to have a much greater requirement for protein than the African buffalo and the Beisa oryx, the waterbuck was found to spend much less time on browsing (eating leaves, small shoots and


title: Waterbuck content: fruits) in comparison to the other grazers. In the dry season about 32 percent of the 24-hour day was spent in browsing, whereas no time was spent on it during the wet season. The choice of grasses varies with location rather than availability; for instance, in western Uganda, while "Sporobolus pyramidalis" was favoured in some places, "Themeda triandra" was the main choice elsewhere. The common waterbuck and the defassa waterbuck in the same area may differ in their choices; it has been observed that while the former preferred "Heteropogon contortus" and "Cynodon dactylon", the latter showed less preference for these


title: Waterbuck content: grasses. Waterbuck are slower than other antelopes in terms of the rate of maturity. While males become sexually mature at the age of six years, females reach maturity within two to three years. Females may conceive by the age of two-and-a-half years, and remain reproductive for another ten years. In equatorial regions, breeding takes place throughout the year, and births are at their peak in the rainy season. However, breeding is seasonal in the Sudan (south of Sahara), with the mating season lasting four months. The season extends for even longer periods in some areas of southern Africa. Oestrus lasts


title: Waterbuck content: for a day or less. Mating begins after the male confirms that the female is in oestrus, which he does by sniffing her vulva and urine. A resistive female would try to bite or even fight off an advancing male. The male exhibits flehmen, and often licks the neck of the female and rubs his face and the base of his horns against her back. There are several attempts at mounting before the actual copulation. The female shifts her tail to one side, while the male clasps her sides with his forelegs and rests on her back during copulation, which


title: Waterbuck content: may occur as many as ten times. The gestational period lasts for seven to eight months, followed by the birth of a single calf. Twins are rare. Pregnant females isolate themselves and into thickets as parturition approaches. Newborn calves can stand on their feet within half-an-hour of birth. The mother eats the afterbirth. She communicates with the calf by bleating or snorting. Calves are kept hidden for two to three weeks or even two months. At about three to four weeks, the calf begins following its mother, who signals it to do so by raising her tail. Though bereft of


title: Waterbuck content: horns, mothers will fiercely defend their offspring from predators. Calves are weaned at eight months, following which time they join groups of calves of their own age. Young females remain with their mothers in nursery herds, or may also join bachelor herds. The waterbuck lives to 18 years in the wild and 30 years in captivity. The waterbuck is native to southern and eastern Africa (including countries such as Angola, Botswana, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda) besides a few countries of western and northern Africa such as Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Mali,


title: Waterbuck content: Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. Though formerly widespread in sub-Saharan Africa, its numbers have now decreased in most areas. The common waterbuck is found east of the Eastern African Rift. Its southern range extends to the Hluhluwe-Umfolozi Game Reserve (KwaZulu Natal) and to central Namibia. By contrast, the defassa waterbuck inhabits western and central Africa. The defassa waterbuck occurs west of the Albertine Rift and ranges from Eritrea to Guinea Bissau in the southern Sahel, its most northerly point of distribution being in southern Mali. Its range also stretches east of the Congo basin through Zambia into Angola, while another branch


title: Waterbuck content: extends to the Zaire River west of the Congo basin. While the common waterbuck is now extinct in Ethiopia, the defassa waterbuck has become extinct in Gambia. Waterbuck inhabit scrub and savanna areas alongside rivers, lakes and valleys. Due to their requirement for grasslands as well as water, the waterbuck have a sparse distribution across ecotones (areas of interface between two different ecosystems). A study in the Ruwenzori Range showed that the mean density of waterbuck was 5.5 per square mile, and estimates in the Maasai Mara were as low as 1.3 per square mile. It has been observed that


title: Waterbuck content: territorial size depends on the quality of the habitat, the age and health of the animal and the population density. The greater the age of the animal or the denser the populations, the smaller are the territories. In Queen Elizabeth National Park, females had home ranges in area whereas home ranges for bachelor males averaged between . The oldest female (around 18 years old) had the smallest home range. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) lists the waterbuck as of Least Concern. More specifically, the common waterbuck is listed as of Least Concern while


title: Waterbuck content: the defassa waterbuck is Near Threatened. The population trend for both the common and defassa waterbuck is decreasing, especially that of the latter, with large populations being eliminated from their habitats due to Poaching and human settlement. Their own sedentary nature too is responsible for this to some extent. Numbers have fallen in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Akagera National Park, Lake Nakuru National Park, and Comoé National Park. Population decrease in the Lake Nakuru National Park has been attributed to heavy metal poisoning in the animals. While cadmium and lead levels were dangerously high in the


title: Waterbuck content: kidney and the liver, copper, calcium and phosphorus deficiency was noted. Over 60 percent of the defassa waterbuck populations thrive in protected areas, most notably in Niokolo-Koba, Comoe, Mole, Bui, Pendjari, Manovo-Gounda St. Floris, Moukalaba-Doudou, Garamba, Virunga, Omo, Mago, Murchison Falls, Serengeti, and Katavi, Kafue and Queen Elizabeth National Parks, the national parks and hunting zones of North Province (Cameroon), Ugalla River Forest Reserve, Nazinga Game Ranch, Rukwa Valley, Awash Valley, Murule and Arly-Singou. The common waterbuck occurs in Tsavo, Tarangire, Mikumi, Kruger and Lake Nakuru National Parks, Laikipia, Kajiado, Luangwa Valley, Selous and Hluhluwe-Umfolozi game reserves and private lands


title: Waterbuck content: in South Africa. Scientists with the ICIPE have developed tsetse-fly-repellant collars for cattle based on the smell of the waterbuck. Waterbuck The waterbuck ("Kobus ellipsiprymnus") is a large antelope found widely in sub-Saharan Africa. It is placed in the genus "Kobus" of the family Bovidae. It was first described by Irish naturalist William Ogilby in 1833. The thirteen subspecies are grouped under two varieties: the common or Ellisprymnus waterbuck and the Defassa waterbuck. The head-and-body length is typically between and the average height is between . A sexually dimorphic antelope, males are taller as well as heavier than females. Males


title: Leithfield content: to its proximity to the district centre at Amberley. Despite this proximity, the Leithfield community supports a school, library, summer swimming pool, and many small businesses. Leithfield Leithfield is a small town in north Canterbury, New Zealand. It is on State Highway 1, south of Amberley and north of Christchurch. The Leithfield area consists of two semi-distinct areas, Leithfield Beach to the east of State Highway 1 and Leithfield Village adjacent to and immediately to the west of State Highway 1. Though Leithfield has the second largest and second fastest growing population (2385 at the 2006 census) in the Hurunui


title: Spode content: Under the name 'Spode Ltd' the same factories and business was continued after 1970. In 2006, the business merged with Royal Worcester. The merged company entered administration on 6 November 2008. The brand names and intellectual property were acquired by Portmeirion Group on 23 April 2009. On 23 April 2009, Portmeirion Pottery purchased their rival Royal Worcester and Spode brands, together with some of the stock, after they had been placed into administration the previous November. The purchase did not include Royal Worcester or Spode manufacturing facilities. Many items in Spode's Blue Italian and Woodland ranges are now made at


title: "PK machine gun" content: barrel and consists of a protected open post adjustable for elevation in the field. PK machine guns that feature a Warsaw Pact side-rail bracket on the left side of the receiver can mount various aiming optics. The standard Russian side rail mounted optical sight was the 4×26 1P29 Universal sight for small arms, an aiming optic similar to the British SUIT and SUSAT and Canadian C79 optical sights. When mounted, the 1P29 sight is positioned centered above the receiver at a height that allows the use of the iron sights. It weighs 0.8 kg, offers 4× magnification with a field


title: "Reading East (UK Parliament constituency)" content: of the Thames section Caversham, Berkshire, forming four wards and Earley and Woodley adding a further three wards make for Conservative strongly-leaning wards. Intermediate wards such as Redlands and Park have three- or four-party politics and have been served by multiple Green Party and Liberal Democrat councillors. Most of the University's students live in Reading East which is severed from the mostpart of Reading West by a high speed link road and the River Kennet. Notes References Reading East (UK Parliament constituency) Reading East is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2017 by


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: Hermannsdenkmal The Hermannsdenkmal (German for "Hermann Monument") is a monument located southwest of Detmold in the district of Lippe, (North Rhine-Westphalia) in Germany. It stands on the densely forested "", sometimes also called the "Teutberg" or "Teut", a hill (elevation 386 m) in the Teutoburger Wald (Teutoburg Forest) range. The monument is located inside the remains of a circular rampart. The monument was constructed between 1838 and 1875 to commemorate the Cherusci war chief Arminius (in German, "Hermann") and his victory over Rome at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD. When the statue was built, its location


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: was believed to be near the original battle site, although experts now consider it more likely that the battle took place near Kalkriese, about 100 km to the north-west. In 9 AD, Roman-educated Arminius, a member of the Cherusci people, turned against his former Roman allies and led an alliance of Germanic tribes to defeat three legions under Publius Quinctilius Varus. The legions were completely destroyed, and the remains of some 20,000 Roman troops, along with Varus, were left to decay in the forest. To Rome and its Emperor Augustus the loss was a catastrophe; it is often called the


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: "Varian disaster." This event later came to be seen as a vital turning point in Middle-European history as it may have been instrumental in limiting the advance of the Roman Empire into Germania. In the 16th century, Arminius was (mis-)translated into German as "Hermann" in the writing of Ulrich von Hutten (1529) and this name became established. Germany was among those countries where nationalism became a rising force in the 18th century as opposition to aristocratic rule increased. Equating the nation with all of its people rather than just with its rulers was a revolutionary idea at the time. In


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: Germany, it became entwined with the hopes of many for an end to the disunity that had ruled the Holy Roman Empire at least since the Peace of Westphalia. Nationalists wanted one of the German princes to unite all of Germany under a single rule. In this regard, Arminius came to be seen as a symbol, since he allegedly had "united" the Germanic tribes. Reports by Roman historians on internecine fighting among the tribes were deliberately ignored. Arminius (or "Hermann") thus became a subject of popular literature such as Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock's three dramas on this topic (1769, 1784 and


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: 1789). However, Heinrich von Kleist likely did most to popularise Arminius in Germany with his "Hermannsschlacht" (1808). At that point, the old Empire had been dissolved, the Kingdom of Prussia had been defeated and partially dismembered by Napoleon and all hopes of a German Great Power emerging in the foreseeable future seemed lost. In this situation, Arminius served as an historical role model ("Father of the German Nation") for those willing to continue the fight against the Empire of France, which was seen as the latest successor of the Roman Empire as an external enemy (via the Medieval Popes and


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: the early modern Kingdom of France). The Congress of Vienna, which re-ordered Europe after Napoleon's final defeat, disappointed hopes for a unified Germany as the princes were mostly able to retain their independent powers in the new "Deutscher Bund". Against this backdrop Ernst von Bandel came to the Teutoburg Forest in 1836 to put into action his life's dream of erecting a monument to Arminius. He considered building it near the Externsteine, but eventually settled on the "Grotenburg", locally also sometimes referred to as "Teutburg" or "Teutoburg". In 1837, an association called "Verein für das Hermannsdenkmal" was established at Detmold


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: with the goal of funding the project, so Bandel could focus on the work of designing rather than on fundraising. Similar organisations were founded in other parts of the Germany and donations started to come in. That same year, Prince Leopold II gave his permission to build the monument, but only for the "Grotenburg" location, thereby settling the issue. He also provided the property rights for the project. The local residents agreed to forfeit their wood pasture rights on the peak. Bandel's family moved to Detmold. In 1838, Bandel changed his original draft idea for the figure of 1834 to


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: take into account that a pedestal would be needed in this location, to make the statue visible from afar. Earthworks began in July 1838, and the foundation stone was laid in October 1838. Bandel then traveled to Italy and met King Ludwig I of Bavaria en route, who promised him financial support but also asked for a design change. Thus the rock that was supposed to cap the temple and serve as the base for the figure was to be replaced by a dome surrounded by a gallery. Bandel included this in his final draft of 1840. Problems emerged as


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: Bandel's designs were subject to criticism and the financial viability of the project came to be questioned. Thus, in 1839, Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Christian Daniel Rauch presented an alternative design. The Prussian king preferred Bandel's more martial design. Yet despite an ample flow of donations, financial difficulties continued. An initial celebration on occasion of the finished base vault on 8 September 1841 already gave rise to some fervent anti-French rhetoric. In 1844, the pedestal was completed, but it had overshot cost estimates by 4,000 thaler. This caused a rift between the "Verein" and Bandel, who moved back to Hanover


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: in 1846. After the German revolution of 1848 failed to create a unified German state, the flow of donations for the monument became a trickle and work ceased. Bandel now used his private wealth to continue the work. By 1860, the design for the statue's internal iron frame had been created. A supportive "Verein" was founded in Hanover. From 1862, Bandel worked on the copper plates at a workshop in Hanover. In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and German nationalism once again was on the rise. It became more associated with authoritarianism than with the liberal ideas of 1848 and also


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: more anti-French. That year, Prussia annexed the Kingdom of Hanover and its king once again took an interest in the project. In 1869, William I of Prussia visited Bandel's workshop. After the German victory over the French in the Franco-Prussian War and the creation of the new German Empire, Bandel's Arminius monument perfectly captured the mood of the times and work advanced rapidly. The new Reichstag allocated 10,000 thaler. From August 1871, Bandel once again worked on the site and in 1872 moved there with his wife. In September 1873, the workshop in Hanover was closed and the finishing touch


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: to the monument (the attaching of the Emperor William relief) was applied in July 1875. The monument was inaugurated on 16 August 1875, in the presence of Emperor William I and the crown prince, Frederick, which made this an event of national importance. Around 20,000 to 30,000 people participated in the festivities. Although it was "given" to the German people in that ceremony, the "Verein" remained the legal owner of the monument. The "Verein" was dissolved in 1881 and transferred responsibility for it to the government of the Principality of Lippe. After a long legal process, ownership passed to the


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: foundation "Hermannsdenkmal-Stiftung" in 1928, which remains the caretaker today. After 1945, the foundation was linked closely to the "". From its inauguration, the monument served as a memorial for the war against and victory over France. At the same time, Prussia and Germany were in the middle of "Kulturkampf", a fight against the power of the Roman Catholic Church, thus Arminius became a convenient symbol of "another victory over Rome". In the Empire, the "Hermannsdenkmal" was indeed treated as a national monument, but it remained controversial. At first it was Catholics, but later social democrats, unionists and communists who failed


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: to identify with the monument. Until 1909 no large-scale events took place there, but the location was used for numerous private occasions in memory of the 1870/71 war. In 1881, Detmold was connected to the railway and tourists started to arrive, initially numbering just a few hundred per year, but by 1895 there were 20,500 visitors. In 1909, the 1900th anniversary of Arminius' battle was celebrated with a multi-day event (14 to 23 August), involving parades, costumes and re-enactments of the battle. Around 30,000 people attended the celebration on 15 August at the "Grotenburg". Historian Hans Delbrück gave the keynote


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: speech and the newly built Bandel Bench (financed by individual donations) was inaugurated. Missing from the scene was the Kaiser, however. Due to a past argument over the succession in the Principality of Lippe, the current Prince, Leopold IV had asked for the Emperor to be omitted from the list of guests. The day ended with an outdoor staging of a new play by August Weweler, "Hermann der Cherusker". This started an annual tradition of such theatrical events, known as the "Hünenring-Festspiele" after the setting, the "Kleiner Hünenring". It was to last until the end of the Empire in 1918.


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: During World War I the monument became an instrument of military propaganda, which implied that the current war would end with a German victory like the battle fought by Arminius or the war of 1870/71. In 1915, the number of annual visitors exceeded 50,000 for the first time. In the Weimar Republic the monument became a popular meeting point for associations and societies of the nationalist, monarchist and reactionary right whilst the government kept its distance. The 50th anniversary of the statue's inauguration from 1 to 19 August 1925 thus was an event dominated by the political right. On 8/9


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: August, around 50,000 visitors attended a procession. Another highlight was a long-distance relay race called "Hermannslauf" beginning at 16 different points all over Germany (such as Kulm, the Zugspitze or Flensburg) and in which 120,000 runners participated. The final runners arrived at the "Grotenburg" on 16 August. The keynote speech of the celebration on 9 August was given by the head of the right-wing "Stahlhelm", and other nationalist groups such as the "Jungdeutscher Orden" were also prominent. Tourism flourished in the Weimar years: 1920 96,000 people climbed the monument, by 1925 that number had increased to 120,000. Adolf Hitler visited


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: the monument in 1926 and after 1930 the Lippe NSDAP used the location for a number of assemblies. After the "Machtergreifung" of 1933, the Detmold government tried to have the "Hermannsdenkmal" declared the official "Wallfahrtstätte der deutschen Nation" (pilgrimage site of the German nation) but was turned down by the Nazi government in Berlin. The Nazi leadership preferred to organise events at locations of its own choosing, with better transport facilities. The monument featured as a symbol in Nazi propaganda material, but as a place for assemblies it was mostly used only by the Hitlerjugend and local branches of the


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: various Nazi organisations. In 1936, the monument had 191,000 visitors. Events in 1935 (the monument's 60th anniversary) and 1941 (100 years since the foundation stone was laid) were smaller than the 1909 and 1925 celebrations and focused on glorifying Hitler and glamorizing him as the successor of Arminius. Post-1945, attempts were made to de-politicise the monument. The 75th anniversary celebrations in 1950 were relatively low key, even though they lasted longer than any previous ones, from 6 July to 20 August. They mostly served to promote the region as a tourist destination. Annual visitor number rose to 400,000 in the


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: 1960s and 1970s, but the focus shifted towards the view and the monument as a purely touristic sight, while the political connotations were pushed into the background. Events in 1975 and 2000 (100th and 125th anniversary) for the first time included critical debate of the 19th-century views of Arminius and the role of the monument in shaping the public's reception of the Germanic past. The monument stands on the peak of the wooded hill known as "Grotenburg", 386 m above NHN. The hill is part of the Teutoburg Forest. It is located south of the "Stadtteil" of Detmold. To the


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: southwest lies the Sennelager Training Area. The monument rises a total of 53.44 m. The statue accounts for 24.82 m (including the sword). Pedestal and base of the statue make up the difference. The statue was made from around 200 copper plates riveted together and supported by an iron frame. The copper weighs an estimated 11.8 metric tons. The pedestal is made of local sandstone, quarried on the hill nearby. The statue faces west. This reflects the idea that Varus' troops were coming from this direction. It is also intended to confront France, considered to be the "Erbfeind" (sworn enemy)


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: of Germany in the 19th century. The subject wears clothes deemed historically accurate at the time and has a body shape which the designer considered to be "typically Germanic". The right arm holds the sword pointing upward. The left is supported by a large shield. The statue's left foot rests on a Roman Eagle, the standard of the Roman Legions. Next to it lies a fasces, the symbol of Roman judicial authority. The figure's position is known as "contrapposto", with most of its weight on one foot so that its shoulders and arms twist off-axis from the hips and legs.


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: Arminius is shown wearing trousers, a short skirt reaching to the upper thighs, a tabard held closed by a fibula and boots. On the bearded head with short curly hair sits a winged helm. Bandel knew that Germanic tribes did not use winged helmets but wanted to show the eagle as a heraldic symbol of Germany. The sword has the following inscription in gold letters: DEUTSCHE:EINIGKEIT:MEINE:STAERKEMEINE:STAERKE:DEUTSCHLANDS:MACHT On the shield is written "Treufest" (roughly "always faithful"). The pedestal is shaped like a monopteros, a Classical round temple. This is surrounded by ten columns, supporting Gothic arches. At the time of construction,


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: the Gothic style (which actually originated in France) was deemed a "true German" style. Inside the pedestal is a spiral staircase of 75 steps leading up to a round platform encircling the dome on which stands the statue. Three of the niches created by the columns contain inscriptions: The first shows a Latin quotation from Tacitus' "Annals", describing Arminius as the liberator of Germany ("Germaniae"). The second refers to the "Befreiungskriege" against Napoleon. It blames the prior defeats in the Napoleonic Wars on the help France received from some German states and celebrates Prussia as the leader and liberator of


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: Germany. It also gives the dates of the Battle of Leipzig, the Treaty of Paris, the Battle of Waterloo and the Battle of Issy (i.e. the fall of Paris in 1815). The third niche contains a relief of Emperor William I, celebrating his victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 and his role as unifier of Germany as the first Emperor of the German Empire. He is explicitly equated with Arminius in the inscription. Underneath, an inscription states that Napoleon III declared war on Prussia in July 1870, which resulted in "utter defeat" for France at the hand


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: of the combined German states and the establishment of the Unification of Germany. These structures were added in 1908/09, based on an overall design by architect Wilhelm Kreis. The stairs lead up from a small landing to the statue from the front. The landing ends at the Bandel Bench, a semi-circular stone bench decorated with carvings of trophies taken from the Romans by the victorius Germans (designed by sculptor Wilhelm Albermann). In its centre sits a copper monument commemorating Bandel, designed by . Near the monument stands the "Bandelhütte", the historic hut where Bandel lived during the final years of


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: construction (1872-75). Today, it features a small exhibition on the monument. A bit further away is the "Bismarckstein" monument, dedicated to Otto von Bismarck in 1895. The hill also features two circular ramparts. One, around 300 m from the monument, is known as the "Kleiner Hünenring". The other, larger one, surrounds the monument and is known as "Grotenburg" or "Großer Hünenring". The latter had a total size of around 11 hectares. It likely was one of a number of similar structures built and used from the 3rd to 1st century BC by local tribes at the northern edges of the


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: German "Mittelgebirge", apparently inspired by Celtic hilltop settlements further south. The "Grotenburg" walls probably were of a type made up of earth and supported by timber, but not much is known about their construction. Almost nothing of the structure remains visible today, as the terrain has been altered by the building of the monument, the parking area and other touristic infrastructure. No archaeological findings have been made, with the exception of a possible Iron Age (Roman) spear head. A similar Hermann Monument was built in the 1890s in New Ulm, Minnesota, a town settled by German immigrants. The term "Herman


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: the German" is also commonly used by English speakers as an affectionate name for the "Hermannsdenkmal" - and also as a jocular term for (male) Germans in general. The statue is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Germany with over 530,000 visitors a year. The statue's base may be climbed, affording wide landscape views over the surrounding tree cover. Since 1972, a new form of the ' starts at the monument every April. A long-distance signed hiking trail known as ' leads past the monument. Since 2008, the "Hermannsdenkmal" has been a part of the signed tourist road


title: Hermannsdenkmal content: "". During thunderstorms the prominence of the statue causes it to be frequently struck by lightning. The Blitzortung network of lightning detectors recorded 234 strikes per year on or near the statue. Hermannsdenkmal The Hermannsdenkmal (German for "Hermann Monument") is a monument located southwest of Detmold in the district of Lippe, (North Rhine-Westphalia) in Germany. It stands on the densely forested "", sometimes also called the "Teutberg" or "Teut", a hill (elevation 386 m) in the Teutoburger Wald (Teutoburg Forest) range. The monument is located inside the remains of a circular rampart. The monument was constructed between 1838 and 1875


title: "Sartor Resartus" content: but frequently bullied by other students. His reflections on this time of his life are ambivalent; glad for his education, but critical of that education's disregard for actual human activity and character; for both his own treatment, and his education's application to politics. While at University, Teufelsdröckh encounters the same problems, but eventually gains a small teaching post some favour and recognition from the German nobility. While interacting with these social circles, Teufelsdröckh meets a woman he calls Blumine (Goddess of Flowers; the Editor assumes this to be a pseudonym), and abandons his teaching post to pursue her. She spurns


title: "Jake Roberts" content: he made confessions about his tragic past, including the murder of his sister by her husband's ex-wife and the collapse of his marriage. Amongst the more disturbing moments was Roberts reportedly smoking crack in a hotel room after a reunion with his daughter Brandy, though the act is not shown on camera. In 2005, Roberts, along with others, heavily criticized the film for showing him in a negative light, complaining that the depiction of him was "not the real Jake Roberts." Roberts also stated that director Barry Blaustein and Terry Funk lied to him about the aims of the film,