title: Solanaceae content: the family is the "potato family"), the tomato ("S. lycopersicum"), and the eggplant or aubergine ("S. melongena"). Another important genus, "Capsicum", produces both chili peppers and bell peppers. The genus "Physalis" produces the so-called groundcherries, as well as the tomatillo ("Physalis philadelphica"), the Cape gooseberry and the Chinese lantern. The genus "Lycium" contains the boxthorns and the wolfberry "Lycium barbarum". "Nicotiana" contains, among other species, tobacco. Some other important members of Solanaceae include a number of ornamental plants such as "Petunia", "Browallia", and "Lycianthes", and sources of psychoactive alkaloids, "Datura", "Mandragora" (mandrake), and "Atropa belladonna" (deadly nightshade). Certain species are


title: Solanaceae content: widely known for their medicinal uses, their psychotropic effects, or for being poisonous. Most of the economically important genera are contained in the subfamily Solanoideae, with the exceptions of tobacco ("Nicotiana tabacum", Nicotianoideae) and petunia ("Petunia" × "hybrida", Petunioideae). Many of the Solanaceae, such as tobacco and petunia, are used as model organisms in the investigation of fundamental biological questions at the cellular, molecular, and genetic levels. The name "Solanaceae" () comes to international scientific vocabulary from New Latin, from "Solanum", the type genus, + "-aceae", a standardized suffix for plant family names in modern taxonomy. The genus name comes


title: Solanaceae content: from the Classical Latin word "solanum", referring to nightshades (especially "Solanum nigrum"), "probably from sol, 'sun', + "-anum", neuter of "-anus"." Plants in the Solanaceae can take the form of herbs, shrubs, trees, vines and lianas, and sometimes epiphytes. They can be annuals, biennials, or perennials, upright or decumbent. Some have subterranean tubers. They do not have laticifers, nor latex, nor coloured saps. They can have a basal or terminal group of leaves or neither of these types. The leaves are generally alternate or alternate to opposed (that is, alternate at the base of the plant and opposed towards the


title: Solanaceae content: inflorescence). The leaves can be herbaceous, leathery, or transformed into spines. The leaves are generally petiolate or subsessile, rarely sessile. They are frequently inodorous, but on occasions, they are aromatic or fetid. The foliar lamina can be either simple or compound, and the latter can be either pinnatifid or ternate. The leaves have reticulated venation and lack a basal meristem. The laminae are generally dorsiventral and lack secretory cavities. The stomata are generally confined to one of a leaf's two sides; they are rarely found on both sides. The flowers are generally hermaphrodites, although some are monoecious, andromonoecious, or dioecious


title: Solanaceae content: species (such as some "Solanum" or "Symonanthus"). Pollination is entomophilous. The flowers can be solitary or grouped into terminal, cymose, or axillary inflorescences. The flowers are medium-sized, fragrant ("Nicotiana"), fetid ("Anthocercis"), or inodorous. The flowers are usually actinomorphic, slightly zygomorphic, or markedly zygomorphic (for example, in flowers with a bilabial corolla in "Schizanthus" species). The irregularities in symmetry can be due to the androecium, to the perianth, or both at the same time. In the great majority of species, the flowers have a differentiated perianth with a calyx and corolla (with five sepals and five petals, respectively) an androecium with


title: Solanaceae content: five stamens and two carpels forming a gynoecium with a superior ovary (they are therefore referred to as pentamers and tetracyclic). The stamens are epipetalous and are typically present in multiples of four or five, most commonly four or eight. They usually have a hypogynous disk. The calyx is gamosepalous (as the sepals are joined together forming a tube), with the (4)5(6) segments equal, it has five lobes, with the lobes shorter than the tube, it is persistent and often accrescent. The corolla usually has five petals that are also joined together forming a tube. Flower shapes are typically rotate


title: Solanaceae content: (wheel-shaped, spreading in one plane, with a short tube) or tubular (elongated cylindrical tube), campanulated or funnel-shaped. The androecium has (2)(4)5(6) free stamens within it, oppositsepals (that is, they alternate with the petals), they are usually fertile or, in some cases (for example in Salpiglossideae) they have staminodes. In the latter case, there is usually either one staminode ("Salpiglossis") or three ("Schizanthus"). The anthers touch on their upper end forming a ring, or they are completely free, dorsifixed, or basifixed with poricide dehiscence or through small longitudinal cracks. The stamen’s filament can be filliform or flat. The stamens can be


title: Solanaceae content: inserted inside the coralline tube or exserted. The plants demonstrate simultaneous microsporogenesis, the microspores are tetrad, tetrahedral, or isobilateral. The pollen grains are bicellular at the moment of dehiscence, usually open and angular. The gynoecium is bicarpelar (rarely three- or five-locular) with a superior ovary and two locules, which may be secondarily divided by false septa, as is the case for Nicandreae and Datureae. The gynoecium is located in an oblique position relative to the flower’s median plane. They have one style and one stigma; the latter is simple or bilobate. Each locule has one to 50 ovules that are


title: Solanaceae content: anatropous or hemianatropous with axillar placentation. The development of the embryo sack can be the same as for "Polygonum" or "Allium" species. The embryo sack’s nuclear poles become fused before fertilization. The three antipodes are usually ephemeral or persistent as in the case of "Atropa". The fruit can be a berry as in the case of the tomato or wolfberry a dehiscent capsule as in "Datura", or a drupe. The fruit has axial placentation. The capsules are normally septicidal or rarely loculicidal or valvate. The seeds are usually endospermic, oily (rarely starchy), and without obvious hairs. The seeds of most


title: Solanaceae content: Solanaceae are round and flat, about in diameter. The embryo can be straight or curved, and has two cotyledons. Most species in the Solanaceae have 2n=24 chromosomes, but the number may be a higher multiple of 12 due to polyploidy. Wild potatoes, of which there are about 200, are predominantly diploid (2 × 12 = 24 chromosomes), but triploid (3 × 12 = 36 chromosomes), tetraploid (4 × 12 = 48 chromosomes), pentaploid (5 × 12 = 60) and even hexaploid (6 × 12 = 72 chromosome) species or populations exist. The cultivated species "Solanum tuberosum" has 4 × 12


title: Solanaceae content: = 48 chromosomes. Some "Capsicum" species have 2 × 12 = 24 chromosomes, while others have 26 chromosomes. Despite the previous description, the Solanaceae exhibit a large morphological variability, even in their reproductive characteristics. Examples of this diversity include: In general, the Solanaceae have a gynoecium (the female part of the flower) formed of two carpels. However, "Melananthus" has a monocarpelar gynoecium, there are three or four carpels in "Capsicum", three to five in "Nicandra", some species of "Jaborosa" and "Trianaea" and four carpels in "Iochroma umbellatum". The number of locules in the ovary is usually the same as the


title: Solanaceae content: number of carpels. However, some species occur in which the numbers are not the same due to the existence of false septa (internal walls that subdivide each locule), such as in "Datura" and some members of the Lycieae (the genera "Grabowskia" and "Vassobia"). The ovules are generally inverted, folded sharply backwards (anatropous), but some genera have ovules that are rotated at right angles to their stalk (campilotropous) as in "Phrodus", "Grabowskia" or "Vassobia"), or are partially inverted (hemitropous as in "Cestrum", "Capsicum", "Schizanthus" and "Lycium"). The number of ovules per locule also varies from a few (two pairs in each


title: Solanaceae content: locule in "Grabowskia", one pair in each locule in "Lycium") and very occasionally only one ovule is in each locule as for example in "Melananthus". The fruits of the great majority of the Solanaceae are berries or capsules (including pyxidia) and less often drupes. Berries are common in the subfamilies Cestroideae, Solanoideae (with the exception of "Datura", "Oryctus", "Grabowskia" and the tribe Hyoscyameae) and the tribe Juanulloideae (with the exception of "Markea"). Capsules are characteristic of the subfamilies Cestroideae (with the exception of "Cestrum") and Schizanthoideae, the tribes Salpiglossoideae and Anthocercidoideae, and the genus "Datura". The tribe Hyoscyameae has pyxidia.


title: Solanaceae content: Drupes are typical of the Lycieae tribe and in Iochrominae. Alkaloids are nitrogenous organic substances produced by plants as a secondary metabolite and which have an intense physiological action on animals even at low doses. Solanaceae are known for having a diverse range of alkaloids. To humans, these alkaloids can be desirable, toxic, or both. The tropanes are the most well-known of the alkaloids found in the Solanaceae. The plants that contain these substances have been used for centuries as poisons. However, despite being recognized as poisons, many of these substances have invaluable pharmaceutical properties. Many species contain a variety


title: Solanaceae content: of alkaloids that can be more or less active or poisonous, such as scopolamine, atropine, hyoscyamine, and nicotine. They are found in plants such as the henbane ("Hyoscyamus albus"), belladonna ("Atropa belladonna"), datura or jimson ("Datura stramonium"), mandrake ("Mandragora autumnalis"), tobacco, and others. Some of the main types of alkaloids are: Even though members of the Solanaceae are found on all continents except Antarctica, the greatest variety of species are found in Central America and South America. Centers of diversity also occur in Australia and Africa. Solanaceae occupy a great number of different ecosystems, from deserts to rainforests, and are


title: Solanaceae content: often found in the secondary vegetation that colonizes disturbed areas. In general, plants in this family are of tropical and temperate distribution. The potato tuber moth ("Phthorimaea operculella") is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae, especially the potato plant ("Solanum tuberosum"). Female "P. operculella" use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf. After feeding on the foliage, the larvae will then delve down and feed on the tubers and roots of the plant. The following taxonomic synopsis of the Solanaceae, including


title: Solanaceae content: subfamilies, tribes and genera, is based on the most recent molecular phylogenetics studies of the family: This subfamily is characterised by the presence of pericyclic fibres, an androecium with four or five stamens, frequently didynamous. The basic chromosome numbers are highly variable, from x=7 to x=13. The subfamily consists of eight genera (divided into three tribes) and about 195 species distributed throughout the Americas. The genus "Cestrum" is the most important, as it contains 175 of the 195 species in the subfamily. The "Cestreae" tribe is unusual because it includes taxa with long chromosomes (from 7.21 to 11.511 µm in


title: Solanaceae content: length), when the rest of the family generally possesses short chromosomes (for example between 1.5 and 3.52 µm in the Nicotianoideae) This subfamily is characterized by the presence of drupes as fruit and seeds with curved embryos and large fleshy cotyledons. The basic chromosome number is x=13. It includes four genera and five species distributed throughout the Greater Antilles. Some authors suggest their molecular data indicate the monotypic genera "Tsoala" should be included in this subfamily, endemic to Madagascar, and "Metternichia" to the southeast of Brazil. Goetzeaceae is considered as a synonym of this subfamily. Molecular phylogenetics indicates that Petunioideae


title: Solanaceae content: is the sister clade of the subfamilies with chromosome number x=12 (Solanoideae and Nicotianoideae). They contain calistegins, alkaloids similar to the tropanes. The androecium is formed of four stamens (rarely five), usually with two different lengths. The basic chromosome number of this subfamily can be x=7, 8, 9 or 11. It consists of 13 genera and some 160 species distributed throughout Central and South America. Molecular data suggest the genera originated in Patagonia. "Benthamiella", "Combera", and "Pantacantha" form a clade that can be categorized as a tribe (Benthamielleae) that should be in the subfamily Goetzeoideae. The Schizanthoideae include annual and


title: Solanaceae content: biennial plants with tropane alkaloids, without pericyclic fibres, with characteristic hair and pollen grains. The flowers are zygomorphic. The androecium has two stamens and three stamenodes, anther dehiscence is explosive. In terms of fruit type,the Schizanthoidae retain the plesiomorphic fruit form of the family Solanaceae, capsules, which rely on an anemochorous, abiotic form of dispersal. This is present in Schizanthoidae due both to the genetic constraints of early divergence (see below) as well as Schizanthus evolution and presence in open habitats. The embryo is curved. The basic chromosome number is x=10. "Schizanthus" is a somewhat atypical genus among the Solanaceae


title: Solanaceae content: due to its strongly zygomorphic flowers and basic chromosome number. Morphological and molecular data suggest "Schizanthus" is a sister genus to the other Solanaceae and diverged early from the rest, probably in the late Cretaceous or in the early Cenozoic, 50 million years ago. The great diversity of flower types within "Schizanthus" has been the product of the species’ adaptation to the different types of pollinators that existed in the Mediterranean, high alpine, and desert ecosystems then present in Chile and adjacent areas of Argentina. Annual plants with pericyclic fibres, their flowers are zygomorphic, the androecium has four didynamous stamens


title: Solanaceae content: or three stamenodes; the embryo is straight and short. The basic chromosome number is x=12. It includes four genera and some 30 species distributed throughout South America. The following genera have not yet been placed in any of the recognized subfamilies within the solanaceas ("incertae sedis"). The Solanaceae contain 98 genera and some 2,700 species. Despite this immense richness of species, they are not uniformly distributed between the genera. The eight most important genera contain more than 60% of the species, as shown in the table below. "Solanum" – the genus that typifies the family - includes nearly 50% of


title: Solanaceae content: the total species of the solanaceas. The solanaceas include such important food species as the potato ("Solanum tuberosum"), the tomato ("Solanum lycopersicum"), the pepper ("Capsicum annuum") and the aubergine or egg plant ("Solanum melongena"). "Nicotiana tabacum," originally from South America, is now cultivated throughout the world to produce tobacco. Many solanaceas are important weeds in various parts of the world. Their importance lies in the fact that they can host pathogens or diseases of the cultivated plants, therefore their presence increases the loss of yield or the quality of the harvested product. An example of this can be seen with


title: Solanaceae content: "Acnistus arborescens" and "Browalia americana" that host thrips, which cause damage to associated cultivated plants, and certain species of "Datura" that play host to various types of virus that are later transmitted to cultivated solanaceas. Some species of weeds such as, "Solanum mauritianum" in South Africa represent such serious ecological and economic problems that studies are being carried out with the objective of developing a biological control through the use of insects. Various solanaceas species are grown as ornamental trees or shrubs. Examples include "Brugmansia x candida" ("Angel’s Trumpet") grown for its large pendulous trumpet-shaped flowers, or "Brunfelsia latifolia", whose


title: Solanaceae content: flowers are very fragrant and change colour from violet to white over a period of 3 days. Other shrub species that are grown for their attractive flowers are "Lycianthes rantonnetii" (Blue Potato Bush or Paraguay Nightshade) with violet-blue flowers and "Nicotiana glauca" ("Tree Tobacco") Other solanacea species and genera that are grown as ornamentals are the petunia "(Petunia × hybrida)", "Lycium, Solanum, Cestrum," "Calibrachoa × hybrida" and "Solandra." There is even a hybrid between "Petunia" and "Calibrachoa" (which constitutes a new nothogenus called "× Petchoa" G. Boker & J. Shaw) that is being sold as an ornamental. Many other species,


title: Solanaceae content: in particular those that produce alkaloids, are used in pharmacology and medicine "(Nicotiana, Hyoscyamus", and "Datura"). Many of the species belonging to this family, among them tobacco and the tomato, are model organisms that are used for research into fundamental biological questions. One of the aspects of the solanaceas’ genomics is an international project that is trying to understand how the same collection of genes and proteins can give rise to a group of organisms that are so morphologically and ecologically different. The first objective of this project was to sequence the genome of the tomato. In order to achieve


title: Solanaceae content: this each of the 12 chromosomes of the tomato’s haploid genome was assigned to different sequencing centres in different countries. So chromosomes 1 and 10 were sequenced in the United States, 3 and 11 in China, 2 in Korea, 4 in Britain, 5 in India, 7 in France, 8 in Japan, 9 in Spain and 12 in Italy. The sequencing of the mitochondrial genome was carried out in Argentina and the chloroplast genome was sequenced in the European Union. Solanaceae The Solanaceae, or nightshades, are an economically important family of flowering plants. The family ranges from annual and perennial herbs


title: Cumin content: Cumin Cumin ( or , ) ("Cuminum cyminum") is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to a territory including Middle East and stretching east to India. Its seeds – each one contained within a fruit, which is dried – are used in the cuisines of many cultures in both whole and ground form. Although cumin is thought to have uses in traditional medicine, there is no high-quality evidence that it is safe or effective as a therapeutic agent. The English "cumin" is derived from the Old English via Latin "cuminum" from the Greek ("kyminon"), which is related to


title: Cumin content: Hebrew כמון ("kammon") and Arabic كمون ("kammun"). Cumin is the dried seed of the herb "Cuminum cyminum", a member of the parsley family. The cumin plant grows to tall and is harvested by hand. It is an annual herbaceous plant, with a slender, glabrous, branched stem that is tall and has a diameter of 3–5 cm (–2 in). Each branch has two to three subbranches. All the branches attain the same height, so the plant has a uniform canopy. The stem is coloured grey or dark green. The leaves are long, pinnate or bipinnate, with thread-like leaflets. The flowers are


title: Cumin content: small, white or pink, and borne in umbels. Each umbel has five to seven umbellets. The fruit is a lateral fusiform or ovoid achene 4–5 mm (– in) long, containing two mericarps with a single seed. Cumin seeds have eight ridges with oil canals. They resemble caraway seeds, being oblong in shape, longitudinally ridged, and yellow-brown in colour, like other members of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family such as caraway, parsley, and dill. Likely originating in a region of the Eastern Mediterranean called the Levant, cumin has been in use as a spice for thousands of years. Seeds excavated at the


title: Cumin content: Syrian site Tell ed-Der were dated to the second millennium BC. They have also been reported from several New Kingdom levels of ancient Egyptian archaeological sites. In the ancient Egyptian civilization, cumin was used as a spice and as a preservative in mummification. The ancient Greeks kept cumin at the dining table in its own container (much as pepper is frequently kept today), and this practice continues in Morocco. Cumin was also used heavily in ancient Roman cuisine. In India, it has been used for millennia as a traditional ingredient in innumerable recipes, and forms the basis of many other


title: Cumin content: spice blends. Cumin was introduced to the Americas by Spanish and Portuguese colonists. Several different types of cumin are known, but the most famous ones are black and green cumin, both of which are used in Persian cuisine. Today, the plant is mostly grown in the Indian subcontinent, Northern Africa, Mexico, Chile, and China. Since cumin is often used as part of birdseed and exported to many countries, the plant can occur as an introduced species in many territories. The main producers of cumin are China and India, which produces 70% of the world supply and consumes 90% of that


title: Cumin content: (which means that India consumes 63% of the world's cumin). Mexico is another major producer. In total, around 300,000 tons of cumin per year are produced worldwide. Cumin is a drought-tolerant, tropical, or subtropical crop. It has a growth season of 100 – 120 days. The optimum growth temperature ranges are between 25 and 30 °C. The Mediterranean climate is most suitable for its growth. Cultivation of cumin requires a long, hot summer of three to four months. At low temperatures, leaf colour changes from green to purple. High temperature might reduce growth period and induce early ripening. In India,


title: Cumin content: cumin is sown from October until the beginning of December, and harvesting starts in February. In Syria and Iran, cumin is sown from mid-November until mid-December (extensions up to mid-January are possible) and harvested in June/July. The three noteworthy sorts of cumin seed in the market vary in seed shading, amount of oil, and flavor. Cumin is grown from seeds. The seeds need for emergence, an optimum of is suggested. Cumin is vulnerable to frost damage, especially at flowering and early seed formation stages. Methods to reduce frost damage are spraying with sulfuric acid (0.1%), irrigating the crop prior to


title: Cumin content: frost incidence, setting up windbreaks, or creating an early-morning smoke cover. The seedlings of cumin are rather small and their vigor is low. Soaking the seeds for 8 hours before sowing enhances germination. For an optimal plant population, a sowing density of is recommended. Fertile, sandy, loamy soils with good aeration, proper drainage, and high oxygen availability are preferred. The pH optimum of the soil ranges from 6.8 to 8.3. Cumin seedlings are sensitive to salinity and emergence from heavy soils is rather difficult. Therefore, a proper seedbed preparation (smooth bed) is crucial for optimal establishment of cumin. Two sowing


title: Cumin content: methods are used for cumin, broadcasting and line sowing. For broadcast sowing, the field is divided into beds and the seeds are uniformly broadcast in this bed. Afterwards, they are covered with soil using a rake. For line sowing, shallow furrows are prepared with hooks at a distance of . The seeds are then placed in these furrows and covered with soil. Line sowing offers advantages for intercultural operations such as weeding, hoeing, or spraying. The recommended sowing depth is 1–2 cm and the recommended sowing density is around 120 plants per m. The water requirements of cumin are lower


title: Cumin content: than those of many other species. Despite this, cumin is often irrigated after sowing to be sure that enough moisture is available for seedling development. The amount and frequency of irrigation depends on the climate conditions. The relative humidity in the center of origin of cumin is rather low. High relative humidity (i.e. wet years) favours fungal diseases. Cumin is especially sensitive to "Alternaria" blight and "Fusarium" wilt. Early-sown crops exhibit stronger disease effects than late sown crops. The most important disease is "Fusarium" wilt, resulting in yield losses up to 80%. "Fusarium" is seed- or soil-borne and it requires


title: Cumin content: distinct soil temperatures for development of epidemics. Inadequate fertilization might favour "Fusarium" epidemics. Cumin blight ("Alternaria") appears in the form of dark brown spots on leaves and stems. When the weather is cloudy after flowering, the incidence of the disease is increased. Another, but less important, disease is powdery mildew. Incidence of powdery mildew in early development can cause drastic yield losses because no seeds are formed. Later in development, powdery mildew causes discoloured, small seeds. Pathogens can lead to high reductions in crop yield. Cumin can be attacked by aphids ("Myzus persicae") at the flowering stage. They suck the


title: Cumin content: sap of the plant from tender parts and flowers. The plant becomes yellow, the seed formation is reduced (yield reduction), and the quality of the harvested product decreases. Heavily infested plant parts should be removed. Other important pests are the mites ("Petrobia latens") which frequently attack the crop. Since the mites mostly feed on young leaves, the infestation is more severe on young inflorescences. The open canopy of cumin is another problem. Only a low proportion of the incoming light is absorbed. The leaf area index of cumin is low (about 1.5). This might be a problem because weeds can


title: Cumin content: compete with cumin for essential resources such as water and light and thereby lower yield. The slow growth and a short stature of cumin favours weed competition additionally. Two hoeing and weeding sessions (30 and 60 days after sowing) are needed for the control of weeds. During the first weeding session (30 days after sowing), thinning should be done, as well, to remove excess plants. The use of preplant or pre-emergence herbicides is very effective in India, but this kind of herbicide application requires soil moisture for a successful weed control. Cumin is a diploid species with 14 chromosomes (i.e.


title: Cumin content: 2n = 14). The chromosomes of the different varieties have morphological similarities with no distinct variation in length and volume. Most of the varieties available today are selections. The variabilities of yield and yield components are high. Varieties are developed by sib mating in enclosed chambers or by biotechnology. Cumin is a cross-pollinator, i.e. the breeds are already hybrids. Therefore, methods used for breeding are "in vitro" regenerations, DNA technologies, and gene transfers. The "in vitro" cultivation of cumin allows the production of genetically identical plants. The main sources for the explants used "in vitro" regenerations are embryos, hypocotyl, shoot


title: Cumin content: internodes, leaves, and cotyledons. One goal of cumin breeding is to improve its resistance to biotic (fungal diseases) and abiotic (cold, drought, salinity) stresses. The potential genetic variability for conventional breeding of cumin is limited and research about cumin genetics is scarce. Cumin seed is used as a spice for its distinctive flavour and aroma. Cumin can be found in some cheeses, such as Leyden cheese, and in some traditional breads from France. Cumin can be an ingredient in chili powder (often Tex-Mex or Mexican-style), and is found in "achiote" blends, "adobos", "sofrito", "garam masala", curry powder, "bahaarat", and is


title: Cumin content: used to flavor numerous commercial food products. In South Asian cooking, it is often combined with coriander seeds in a powdered mixture called "dhana jeera". Cumin can be used ground or as whole seeds. It imparts an earthy, warming and aromatic character to food, making it a staple in certain stews and soups, as well as spiced gravies such as curry and chili. It is also used as an ingredient in some pickles and pastries. In Sanskrit, cumin is known as "jiraka" “that which helps digestion" and is called "zira" in Persian/Urdu. The seeds are powdered and used in different


title: Cumin content: forms like "kashaya "(decoction), "arishta" (fermented decoction), and "vati" (tablet/pills), and processed with "ghee" (a semifluid clarified butter). In traditional medicine practices of several countries, dried cumin seeds are believed to have medicinal purposes, although there is no scientific evidence for any use as a drug or therapy. In southern Indian states, such as Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, a popular drink called "jira" water is made by boiling cumin seeds. Cuminaldehyde, cymene, and terpenoids are the major volatile components of cumin oil which is used for a variety of flavors, perfumes, and essential oil. Cumin's distinctive flavour and


title: Cumin content: warm aroma are due to its essential oil content, primarily the aroma compound, cuminaldehyde. Other aroma compounds of toasted cumin are the substituted pyrazines, 2-ethoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine, 2-methoxy-3-"sec"-butylpyrazine, and 2-methoxy-3-methylpyrazine. Other components include γ-terpinene, safranal, p-cymene, and β-pinene. In a 100-g reference amount, cumin seeds provide high amounts of the Daily Value for fat (especially monounsaturated fat), protein, and dietary fiber (table). B vitamins, vitamin E, and several dietary minerals, especially iron, magnesium, and manganese, are present in substantial Daily Value amounts (table). Cumin seeds contain petroselinic acid. Cumin is sometimes confused with caraway ("Carum carvi"), another umbelliferous spice. Cumin, though, is


title: Cumin content: hotter to the taste, lighter in color, and larger. Many European languages do not distinguish clearly between the two. Many Slavic and Uralic languages refer to cumin as "Roman caraway". The distantly related "Bunium persicum" and "Bunium bulbocastanum" and the unrelated "Nigella sativa" are both sometimes called black cumin ("q.v."). Cumin Cumin ( or , ) ("Cuminum cyminum") is a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to a territory including Middle East and stretching east to India. Its seeds – each one contained within a fruit, which is dried – are used in the cuisines of many cultures in


title: "Elias Burstein" content: and his students observed that an applied electric field induced normally forbidden infrared absorption by long wavelength optical lattice vibrations in diamond structure crystals. This phenomenon was attributed to the creation of an oscillating electric moment that couples to the electromagnetic radiation. Further work lead to the investigation of the role of surface space charge electric fields and associated band-bending in inducing an otherwise forbidden Raman scattering by longitudinal optical vibration modes in InSb. This phenomenon was used as a spectroscopic probe of band-bending at PbTe and SnSe surfaces and to determine the dependence of the band-bending on surface orientation.


title: "FTC v. Motion Picture Advertising Service Co." content: indicating how many of these contracts extend beyond the one-year period which the Commission finds not unduly restrictive. We do have an indication from the record that more than half of respondent's exclusive contracts run for only one year; if that is so, that part of respondent's hold on the market found unreasonable by the Commission boils down to exclusion of other competitors from something like 1,250 theaters, or about 6%, of the some 20,000 theaters in the country. The hold is on about 10% of the theaters that accept advertising. . . . [T]he Commission merely states a dogmatic


title: "Jonathan E. Johnson" content: in the Utah State Republican Convention, by 11 percentage points, forcing the incumbent, Governor of Utah, Gary Herbert, into a primary election, which was held June 28, 2016. On April 18, 2016, Johnson announced his selection of Robyn Bagley as his running mate. Bagley is the founder of a charter school, and was a leader on the losing side in the voucher battle in 2007. Johnson was defeated in the primary. Governor Gary Herbert is the Republican nominee for Utah governor in the 2016 general election. Johnson and his running mate, Robyn Bagley, focused on education during their announcement to


title: "James Bond (Dynamite Entertainment)" content: mission to infiltrate the tunnel and investigate the happenings inside, where Bond himself discovers an ongoing attack being planned by a group of secret society. After sparking into a gunfight and slightly missing Hawkwood who flees the scene, Bond abducts one of the injured underlings and tortures the information out of him regarding the entity of Eidolon. It turns out that M's suspicion of the shortcomings was right, as Eidolon is revealed to be a system of SPECTRE stay-behinds initiated during World War II, along with the exposition of Hawkwood's identity, a former apparent war hero, as one of the


title: Paprika content: Paprika Paprika (US English more commonly , British English more commonly ) is a ground spice made from dried red fruits of the larger and sweeter varieties of the plant "Capsicum annuum", called "bell pepper" or "sweet pepper". The most common variety used for making paprika is "tomato pepper", sometimes with the addition of more pungent varieties, called "chili peppers", and cayenne pepper. In many languages, but not English, the word "paprika" also refers to the plant and the fruit from which the spice is made. Although paprika is often associated with Hungarian cuisine, the peppers from which it is


title: Paprika content: made are native to the New World and were later introduced to the Old World. Originating in central Mexico, paprika was brought to Spain in the 16th century. The seasoning is also used to add color to many types of dishes. The trade in paprika expanded from the Iberian Peninsula to Africa and Asia, and ultimately reached Central Europe through the Balkans, then under Ottoman rule, which explains the Hungarian origin of the English term. In Spanish, paprika has been known as "pimentón" since the 16th century, when it became a typical ingredient in the cuisine of western Extremadura. Despite


title: Paprika content: its presence in Central Europe since the beginning of Ottoman conquests, it did not become popular in Hungary until the late 19th century. Paprika can range from mild to hot – the flavor also varies from country to country – but almost all plants grown produce the sweet variety. Sweet paprika is mostly composed of the pericarp, with more than half of the seeds removed, whereas hot paprika contains some seeds, stalks, placentas, and calyces. The red, orange or yellow color of paprika is due to its content of carotenoids. The plant used to make the Hungarian version of the


title: Paprika content: spice was grown in 1569 by the Turks at Buda (now part of Budapest, the capital of Hungary). Central European paprika was hot until the 1920s, when a Szeged breeder found a plant that produced sweet fruit, which he grafted onto other plants. The first recorded use of the word "paprika" in English is from 1896, although an earlier reference to Turkish paprika was published in 1831. The word derives from the Hungarian word "paprika", a diminutive of the Serbo-Croatian word "papar" (Cyrillic: папар) meaning "pepper", which in turn came from the Latin "piper" or modern Greek "piperi". "Paprika" and


title: Paprika content: similar words, "peperke", "piperke", and "paparka", are used in various Slavic languages in the Balkans for bell peppers. Paprika is produced in various places including Hungary, Serbia, Spain, the Netherlands, China, and some regions of the United States. Hungary is a major source of commonly-used paprika. It is available in different grades: Spanish paprika ("pimentón") is available in three versions — mild ("pimentón dulce"), mildly spicy ("pimentón agridulce") and spicy ("pimentón picante"). The most common Spanish paprika, "Pimentón de la Vera", has a distinct smoky flavor and aroma, as it is dried by smoking, typically using oak wood. "Pimentón de


title: Paprika content: Murcia" is not smoked, traditionally being dried in the sun or in kilns. Paprika is used as an ingredient in numerous dishes throughout the world. It is principally used to season and color rices, stews, and soups, such as goulash, and in the preparation of sausages, mixed with meats and other spices. In the United States, paprika is frequently sprinkled raw on foods as a garnish, but the flavor is more effectively brought out by heating it in oil. Hungarian national dishes incorporating paprika include "gulyas" (goulash), a meat stew, and "paprikash ("paprika gravy: a Hungarian recipe combining meat or


title: Paprika content: chicken, broth, paprika, and sour cream). In Moroccan cuisine, paprika ("tahmira") is usually augmented by the addition of a small amount of olive oil blended into it. The red, orange or yellow color of paprika powder derives from its mix of carotenoids. Yellow-orange paprika colors derive primarily from α-carotene and β-carotene (provitamin A compounds), zeaxanthin, lutein and β-cryptoxanthin, whereas red colors derive from capsanthin and capsorubin. In a typical serving size of one teaspoon (2 grams), paprika supplies 6 calories and is rich in vitamin A (71% of the Daily Value, DV), moderate in vitamin B6 (14% DV) and vitamin


title: Paprika content: E (10% DV), and provides no other nutrients in significant content. Paprika Paprika (US English more commonly , British English more commonly ) is a ground spice made from dried red fruits of the larger and sweeter varieties of the plant "Capsicum annuum", called "bell pepper" or "sweet pepper". The most common variety used for making paprika is "tomato pepper", sometimes with the addition of more pungent varieties, called "chili peppers", and cayenne pepper. In many languages, but not English, the word "paprika" also refers to the plant and the fruit from which the spice is made. Although paprika is


title: "Bourse de commerce (Paris)" content: defined by Philibert de l'Orme. On 16 October 1802 the cupola was destroyed by fire. A new design by François-Joseph Bélanger for an iron dome covered in sheets of copper was selected after some controversy. Victor Hugo described the dome in his 1831 novel "Notre-Dame de Paris" as an English jockey-cap on a large scale. The corn exchange was closed in 1873. In 1885 the building was assigned to the Commodities Exchange. Until then the exchange had been housed in the Palais Brongniart. In 1885 Henri Blondel began a major renovation of the building. Construction took place between 1888 and


title: "Paper Money riot" content: deaf ears. The Regulators grew ever more frustrated by this, and occasionally their protests turned violent. Eventually the Regulators in Rockingham County armed themselves and marched on Exeter to demand the New Hampshire General Court immediately issue money. New Hampshire's President at the time, John Sullivan, was able to calm the situation, and convinced the mob to disperse for the night. Meanwhile, he sent word to the surrounding towns to raise their militia and assemble in Exeter. The following morning, around 2,000 men had mustered, and they moved out to ambush the rebels' camp. The rebels were caught completely off


title: "James Mackay (rugby union)" content: James Mackay (rugby union) James Douglas Mackay (21 September 1905 – 23 December 1985) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A wing three-quarter, Mackay represented Wellington at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, in 1928. He played two matches for the All Blacks, scoring four tries, but did not appear in any internationals. Mackay studied at Victoria University College, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1929 and a Bachelor of Science in 1933. During World War II he served with the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) as


title: "Dead Heavens" content: Dead Heavens Dead Heavens is a New York-based blues rock band formed in 2015. It consists of guitarist and vocalist Walter Schreifels (Gorilla Biscuits, Quicksand, Rival Schools), guitarist Paul Kostabi (Youth Gone Mad, White Zombie), drummer Drew Thomas (Youth of Today, Into Another, Bold) and bass guitarist Nathan Aguilar (Cults). Dead Heavens started out life as Walter Schreifels' backing band during the 2013 tour with Nathan Aguilar on bass and Drew Thomas on drums. Upon returning from the tour Aguilar acquainted Schreifels and Thomas with the owner of Thunderdome Studios, Paul Kostabi. It was at these studios the quartet started


title: "1961 Kesteven County Council election" content: electoral divisions, each of which returned one member. In 1961 there were contests in 7 of these. 1961 Kesteven County Council election Elections to Kesteven County Council were held on Saturday, 15 April 1961. Kesteven was one of three divisions of the historic county of Lincolnshire in England; it consisted of the ancient wapentakes (or hundreds) of Aswardhurn, Aveland, Beltisloe, Boothby Graffoe, Flaxwell, Langoe, Loveden, Ness, and Winnibriggs and Threo. The Local Government Act 1888 established Kesteven as an administrative county, governed by a Council; elections were held every three years from 1889, until it was abolished by the Local


title: "General Behavior Inventory" content: It is recommended to be used as part of an assessment battery in the diagnosis of juvenile bipolar disorder. The GBI is free for use clinically and in research. The reading level and length make it challenging for some people to complete. Being a self-report questionnaire, the GBI is not known to have any adverse effects on patients beyond the potential of causing minor distress. The GBI takes about 10 to 30 minutes to complete, and it has a 12th grade reading level . Shorter versions of the GBI have been validated for research and clinical use. For instance, the


title: "Walker and Williams Co." content: Louis Onuorah. "The Last "darky": Bert Williams, Black-on-black Minstrelsy, and the African Diaspora". Durham: Duke UP, 2006. Print. Forbes, Camille F., Aug 01, 2008, Introducing Bert Williams: Burnt Cork, Broadway, and the Story of America's First Black Star Basic Books, New York Gale Research. "Bert Williams." "PBS". PBS, n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2015. James Haskins, Black Theater in America (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1982) Mitchell, Loften. "Black Drama; the Story of the American Negro in the Theatre". New York: Hawthorn,1967. Print. Woll, Allen L. "Black Musical Theatre: From Coontown to Dreamgirls". Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1989. Print. <nowiki>https://ia801600.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/20/items/jstor-20542241/20542241_jp2.zip&file=20542241_jp2/20542241_0001.jp2&scale=8&rotate=0Walker</nowiki>


title: "Uber Eats" content: Uber Eats Uber Eats (previously stylized as UberEATS) is an American online food ordering and delivery platform launched by Uber in 2014 and based in San Francisco, California. Users can order food from participating restaurants on their website or with a smartphone/tablet application (only iOS and Android). Uber was founded in 2009 by Garrett Camp (also the founder of StumbleUpon), and Travis Kalanick. The company made its foray into food delivery in August, 2014 with the launch of the UberFRESH service in Santa Monica, California. In 2015, the platform was renamed to UberEATS, and the ordering software was released as


title: "Lewis O'Dempsey, 2nd Viscount Clanmalier" content: sister of Richard Nugent, 1st Earl of Westmeath. Although his grandfather appears to have conformed to the Protestant Church of Ireland, Lewis was a Roman Catholic. He accused of taking part in the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and was attainted by the Irish Parliament the following year. After the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland he was accordingly dispossessed of his estates in Kings and Queens County by the English republicans. Although he was subsequently declared innocent of many of the charges against him following the Restoration in 1660, he struggled to have his estates returned to him. Nonetheless he was restored


title: "Holophysis tentatella" content: shorter white lines. Holophysis tentatella Holophysis tentatella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1864. It is found in Amazonas, Brazil. Adults are cupreous, the forewings with a broad ochraceous middle band and six broad chalybeous (steel-blue) streaks, four of which are between the band and the base of the wing. The fifth intersects the exterior part of the band and extends to the interior angle and the sixth is in the submarginal disc. Two slender chalybeous lines extend obliquely from the costa and intersect the outer part of the band, and are


title: "Mate Uzinić" content: in Croatia by publishing the financial report of his diocese, thus becoming the first Croatian bishop who has done so. In August 2015, while referring to the European migrant crisis, Uzinić stated that "we must not look at people through prejudice, we need to meet them and meet with them. Refusing to help refugees is like a war crime." Mate Uzinić Mate Uzinić (born 17 September 1967) is a Croatian Roman Catholic bishop of Diocese of Dubrovnik. Mate Uzinić was born on September 17, 1967 in Dubrava near Omiš where he attended elementary school, after which he moved to Split


title: "2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship squads" content: in the 2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship. The following is the Finnish roster in the 2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship. The following is the French roster in the 2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship. The following is the German roster in the 2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship. The following is the Italian roster in the 2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship. The following is the Dutch roster in the 2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship. The following is the Polish roster in the 2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship. The following is the Russian roster in the 2015 Men's European Volleyball Championship. The following


title: "Centro Cultural Isidro Fabela" content: people. Mercedes Ortiz Vaquero She works with different shapes, volume, texture and color, and is an artist by choice. She was born in Sevilla, Spain and she emigrated to the Canary Islands after the Spanish Civil War. She arrived to Mexico around 1950 and became Mexican in 1956. Some of her artwork available in La Casa del Risco are Poesía del Mar Arpegio La Pata Tobías This artist was born in Villahermosa, Tabasco. She studied art at the Motolina University. She has more than 30 years doing paintings full of colors and cheerful shapes which move around a family context


title: "Yitzhak Isaac Levy" content: developed his baritone. Isaac Levy composed music for Biblical verses and hymns written by poets of the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, such as Judah Halevi, Ibn Gabirol, Abraham Ibn Ezra, and others. In 1954 he founded for the Israeli public radio, Kol Yisrael ('Voice of Israel'), a series of broadcasts in the Ladino language. With his wife, Kohava Levy (born in 1946), Isaac Levy had a daughter, Yasmin Levy who continues his musical tradition. Kohava Levy is also a singer of Sephardic songs and is a skilled interpreter of Sephardic music. In 1963 he was nominated as


title: "John Lucie Blackman" content: John Lucie Blackman John Lucie Blackman (4 October 179318 June 1815) was a British soldier who fought in the Peninsular War and was killed at the Battle of Waterloo on 18June 1815 aged 21. Blackman was born on 4October 1793 at Bridewell Hospital Chapel, London. He was the son of George Blackman, who would later change his name to Harnage on his elevation to the peerage and Mary Harnage, daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Harnage. His parents were cousins and Blackman was christened on 30October 1793 at Bridewell Hospital Chapel, London. He was educated at Westminster school until 1808, whereafter


title: "Olsztyn Castle" content: Olsztyn Castle Castle of Warmian Bishops in Olsztyn is a castle built in the fourteenth-century in the Gothic architectural style. The castle had the role of being the administration headquarters for the Bishops of Warmia. The most well-known administrator was Nicolaus Copernicus between 1516 and 1521. The largest expository room is the refectory with a diamond vault built around 1520. Currently, the castle houses the Museum of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The castle was built between 1346 and 1353; made up of one wing to the north-east of the courtyard. The castle was surrounded by a line of fortifications and a


title: "Olsztyn Castle" content: ditch which lead to the Łyna River with a bascule bridge. The south-east wing of the castle was built in the fifteenth-century. The tower from the fourteenth century, was placed in the eastern corner of the courtyard, and reconstructed in the early sixteenth-century, giving the castle a circular look in a square formation; the tower having 40 metres in height. During the reconstruction of the tower, the castle's fortifications were raised to 12 metres in height. By this, the castle became a major bastion located on the borders of Olsztyn, securing its entrance. The castle belonged to the Bishops of


title: "Olsztyn Castle" content: Warmia, which together with the Bishop of Warmia, which until 1454 was protected by the Teutonic Order. This made the castle a strategic place for the Polish-Teutonic Wars. In 1410, during the Battle of Grunwald, the castle had surrendered itself to the Polish Army without any battles, however in 1414 the castle was seized after a siege lasting a few days. During the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66), the castle was being captured multiple times by both powers. The Teutonic Order had endangered the town of Olsztyn once more, and for the last time in 1521. In the years of 1516


title: "Olsztyn Castle" content: to 1521, the administrator of the castle was Nicolaus Copernicus, who protected the castle from a Teutonic siege. In the sixteenth, the castle was also used as the headquarters for two Warmian Bishops, which at the same time were two writers: Johannes Dantiscus ("Father of Polish Diplomacy"); and Marcin Kromer who wrote numerous hymns in Latin, as well as scientific documents and literature in Polish. Over time the castle's militaristic importance diminished, and its role for the housing of the Bishops of Warmia became less favourable. In 1758, a direct entrance from Olsztyn was built, and a palace wing was


title: "Olsztyn Castle" content: built; the expansion meant that many of the fortifications were deconstructed. In 1779, Prince-Bishop Ignacy Krasicki stayed at the castle. After the seeding of Warmia in 1772, the castle was therefore controlled by the state. In 1845, the bridge connecting the castle to the town was replaced with a levee, the ditch was removed. Between 1901 and 1911, the castle underwent various renovations; this included the change in floor levels, and arched windows in the cloister. The castle became the Museum of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in 1946; apart from various exhibitions the museum also hosts the Olsztyn Artistic Summer ("Olsztyńskie


title: "Olsztyn Castle" content: Lato Artystyczne"). Olsztyn Castle Castle of Warmian Bishops in Olsztyn is a castle built in the fourteenth-century in the Gothic architectural style. The castle had the role of being the administration headquarters for the Bishops of Warmia. The most well-known administrator was Nicolaus Copernicus between 1516 and 1521. The largest expository room is the refectory with a diamond vault built around 1520. Currently, the castle houses the Museum of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. The castle was built between 1346 and 1353; made up of one wing to the north-east of the courtyard. The castle was surrounded by a line of fortifications


title: "Kye Fleming" content: Cocker, Charlie Pride, Willie Nelson, Vince Gill, Janis Ian, Michael Johnson, Tina Turner, Amy Grant, and Bette Midler. Though born in Pensacola, Florida, she only lived there for two weeks. Her father was in the Navy and the family had to move often. At various times she lived in Hawaii, California, Texas, and Arkansas, but most years were spent in Fort Smith, Arkansas, which her family considers home. Fleming was exposed to music through uncles who played in country bands. She took up guitar in the ninth grade and immediately began writing songs – which she thought was easier than


title: "Anacampsis phytomiella" content: is a subterminal row of black dots. The hindwings are dark blackish brown, darkest and nearly black towards the tip and with the costal edge above vein 8 silvery white. Anacampsis phytomiella Anacampsis phytomiella is a moth of the Gelechiidae family. It was described by August Busck in 1914. It is found in Panama. The wingspan is 18–19 mm. The forewings are dark green, mottled with light ochreous and blackish-brown scales. There is a black spot on the middle of the costal edge and at the apical third is a similar spot. From both of these run faint, irregular, darker


title: "Time Trap (adventure)" content: only weapon which will defeat Kang and his time-dabbling. MH2 "Time Trap" was written by Bruce Nesmith, with a cover by John Byrne, and was published by TSR, Inc., in 1984 as a 16-page book, a large color map, and an outer folder. This scenario has 16 pages, and is packed with a cover folder containing character details and a double-sided 22"x17" map. Craig Sheeley reviewed the adventure in "The Space Gamer" No. 72. Regarding the plot, he said "Sound simple? It isn't: the foes are extremely tough (the Grey Gargoyle alone is a match for all six of the


title: "Adalbero I of Metz" content: is unlikely to have been permanent. According to the episcopal records at Metz Adalbero died on 26 April 962. Records at Sint-Truiden give his date of death as 23 February 964. There are also old history books giving the year of his death as 960. His body was taken to Gorze and then to the Abbey of Saint-Arnould in Metz where it became the object of much veneration. Adalbero I of Metz Adalbero I of Metz (? - (?)26 April 962) was an important member of the clergy during the middle years of the tenth century, serving as Bishop of


title: "Rahul Potluri" content: presented at the European Society of Cardiology, Frontiers in Cardiovascular Biology Conference in Barcelona, July 2014 and was widely reported in the global media. Further research presented in 2016 showed the role of high cholesterol and possibly the role of statins improving the mortality and survival of patients with breast cancer, lung cancer, bowel cancer and prostate cancer and strengthening calls for a clinical trial of statins in cancer. Potluri presented research from the ACALM Study Unit at the European Society of Cardiology Conference in London, August 2015, which showed that heart attack patients admitted at the weekend died earlier


title: "Avram Imbroane" content: the anti-PNL People's Party (PP) of Alexandru Averescu, agreeing to fuse into it during the PP Congress of April 16, 1920. The negotiations brought him into contact with Averescu's factotum, Constantin Argetoianu, who recalled that Imbroane, "the defrocked, uncultured priest", was ready for an unconditional merger—"his only wish was to see the Banat breaking free from the grip of the Directing Council". Imbroane contested a deputy seat at Lugoj in the election of May 1920, managing to win against the PNL's leader, Ion I. C. Brătianu. Since 1914, the two rivals had been related by marriage: Brătianu's grandnephew, Radu D.


title: "June Arnold" content: working on a novel based on the life of her mother. Arnold died of cancer on March 11, 1982, in Houston, before her book could be published. It was released in 1987 as "Baby Houston". June Arnold June Arnold (October 27, 1926 – March 11, 1982) was an American novelist and publisher, known for her novel "Sister Gin" and the posthumous novel "Baby Houston". Arnold's own writing, such as "Sister Gin", and the books she published through her press, Daughters, Incorporated, focused on telling the stories of lesbian lives and relationships. Arnold was born June Fairfax Davis on October 27,


title: "Merky ACE" content: as had "Ruff's the New Buff", "Crash Bang Sound", and "What's the Program?". Merky ACE Merky ACE is an English grime MC from Lewisham, South London. He was a founding member of the grime collective Family Tree, and later Tizzy Gang. He also produces beats under the pseudonym Splurt Diablo. His debut album, "War is Normal", was released on 11 May 2018. Merky ACE first came to prominence on the UK underground scene as part of grime's "new wave" in 2011. In the same year he independently released his acclaimed "Blue Battlefield" mixtape and followed it up with the "Catch


title: "Sally Binford" content: in" "Archaeology" (1968), deriving from a symposium held in 1965 in Denver at the annual American Anthropological Association Conference. It's success has been attributed to Sally's editing skills. A 1966 article on Mousterian Levallois lithics was an early application of multivariate statistics in archaeology. Her challenge of François Bordes in the 1960s over his taxonomic description of ancient French stone tool assemblages from the Mousterian period lead to the Bordes-Binford Debate, which revealed the discrepancies in training and theory that are practiced by European and American archaeologists. The results of the debate drastically changed the practice of Paleolithic archaeology as


title: "Women in music" content: female, or that you didn't make a radio station program director feel important. While woman have been underrepresented in jazz as instrumentalists, composers, songwriters and bandleaders, there have been many notable women singers. Bessie Smith sang both the blues and jazz. Lena Horne first appeared in the Cotton Club as a teenager. Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday were known for their ballads during the swing era. Shirley Horn sang both jazz and blues. Nina Simone sang jazz, folk and Rhythm and blues. Etta Jones sang rhythm and blues and jazz. Anita O'Day is known for her contributions to Bebop. Betty


title: "David Marks Bean" content: he continued until his resignation, October 1, 1867. During the preceding winter he served as a member of the Connecticut Legislature. In December 1868, he was installed pastor of the Congregational Church in Webster, Mass. Becoming seriously ill in December 1870, he resigned his pastorate in May following. In December 1871, he went to Europe, and after visiting also Egypt and Palestine returned in September, 1872. In May 1873, he took charge of the Congregational Church in South Framingham, Mass., and soon after his reluctant withdrawal from professional work in July 1879, was elected Superintendent of Schools for the town.


title: "2015–16 Rider Broncs men's basketball team" content: 2015–16 Rider Broncs men's basketball team The 2015–16 Rider Broncs men's basketball team represented Rider University during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Broncs, led by fourth year head coach Kevin Baggett, played their home games at Alumni Gymnasium and were members of the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. They finished the season 13–20, 8–12 in MAAC play to finish in a tie for seventh place. They defeated Quinnipiac in the first round of the MAAC Tournament to advance to the quarterfinals where they lost to Monmouth. !colspan=9 style="background:#900B36; color:#FFFFFF;"| Exhibition !colspan=9 style="background:#900B36; color:#FFFFFF;"| Regular season !colspan=9 style="background:#900B36;


title: "Ludwigia octovalvis" content: Ludwigia octovalvis Ludwigia octovalvis is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Mexican primrose-willow. Its native distribution is unclear, but can be found in Central America, Australia, South-East Asia, the Middle East, the Central-West African regions and spreads easily to become naturalized. It is also cultivated as an aquatic plant. The plant is known for its anti-ageing properties. The species is sometimes regarded as an invasive species and is classified by IUCN as of Least Concern with stable populations. An adult plant is one meter tall on average but is able to


title: "Ludwigia octovalvis" content: grow taller. It spreads to form mats on the mud, rooting at nodes in contact with the substrate, or floats ascending in the water. Its flowers are yellow in appearance. They are made up of green and red stems. They yield small capsular fruits containing many minute seeds. Ludwigia octovalvis Ludwigia octovalvis is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name Mexican primrose-willow. Its native distribution is unclear, but can be found in Central America, Australia, South-East Asia, the Middle East, the Central-West African regions and spreads easily to become naturalized. It is


title: "Italian ironclad Venezia" content: a beam of and an average draft of . She displaced normally and up to at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of one single-expansion steam engine that drove a single screw propeller, with steam supplied by six coal-fired, cylindrical fire-tube boilers. Her engine produced a top speed of from . She could steam for at a speed of . The ship was barque-rigged to supplement the steam engine. She had a crew of 549–551 officers and men. "Venezia" was designed as a broadside ironclad, but other navies had developed the central battery ship while she was under construction, prompting


title: "Highway revolts in the United States" content: with Neil Goldschmidt representing the anti-freeway side and Frank Ivancie representing the supporters of the freeway, became a de facto referendum on the proposed route. The election was won by Goldschmidt and the freeway was canceled. The proposed federal funds for the project were instead made available for a planned light rail line, built in the 1980s to connect Portland with Gresham and now part of the MAX Blue Line. This light-rail network is steadily expanding, including sections along Interstate 205 in room that resulted from the controversy. Soon after, the Interstate 505 proposal was also canceled; a shorter freeway


title: "Robin Clarke" content: She experienced problems with weight gain after giving birth and reached a maximum weight of before losing . Robin Clarke Robin Clarke (born 1964) is a retired New Zealand rower. Clarke started rowing at age 13, and four years later, she was selected for the national rowing team. At the 1986 Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh, Scotland, she won a gold medal in the women's double sculls with Stephanie Foster. Some weeks later at the 1986 World Rowing Championships at Nottingham in the United Kingdom, she won a bronze in the women's double sculls with Foster. Clarke retired from rowing in


title: "Augustus Sol Invictus" content: of Florida, calling Invictus a "violent Fascist and Neo-Nazi" whose ideology was incompatible with libertarianism and saying he did not want to be part of the same party. The chairman also accused Invictus of supporting eugenics and for "sadistically dismembering a goat in a ritualistic sacrifice". Invictus responded by admitting that he once wrote a paper advocating eugenics but saying that he has since changed his mind. He said he had sacrificed the goat and drunk its blood as part of a ritual to give thanks for surviving a pilgrimage in spring 2013, but denied it was "sadistic". He has


title: "2016 Los Angeles Dodgers season" content: the Washington Nationals 8–4 at Nationals Park on July 19. The next day, Bryce Harper hit his 20th homer of the season and the Nationals pounded the Dodgers 8–1. Justin Turner hit two home runs as the Dodgers handed Stephen Strasburg his first loss of the season (after 13 wins), 6–3. After a blown save by Jansen, the St. Louis Cardinals beat the Dodgers on a walk-off homer by Matt Adams in the 16th inning, 4–3 at Busch Stadium. The Dodgers picked up the win the next game, 7–2. They finished off the road trip with a 9–6 victory highlighted


title: "Enterprise Value Tax" content: Enterprise Value Tax Enterprise Value Tax was a tax proposal considered by the United States Congress. It passed in the US House of Representatives in 2010 as part of "H.R. 4213: American Jobs and Closing Tax Loopholes Act". The bill was not passed by the Senate, and hence did not become law. Nonetheless the concept of the tax has recurred in succeeding years, most recently as a speculation over Donald Trump's promise to do "something huge". The tax was opposed as detrimental to entrepreneurs re-investing funds from the sale of businesses. It was described by Richard A. Baker, CEO of


title: "Frame Lake" content: Frame Lake Frame Lake is located in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. It is an endorheic freshwater body located between the city's downtown section and a larger residential area. The Frame Lake Trail circles it, and city hall and the territorial legislative assembly building are on its shores. Formed by meltwater after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation 20,000 years ago, Frame has been an important part of Yellowknife's history. The Dene in the area used it as a fishing spot before European settlement. In the early years of the city's growth, gold mines nearby dumped tailings in it and sometimes


title: "Life Electric" content: Life Electric Life Electric (also known as The Life Electric) is a contemporary sculpture, dedicated to the physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827). Completed in 2015 it is located in Como, Italy. Life Electric was designed by Daniel Libeskind, and was a gift to Como, the city where the architect located his "“Summer Session”" school of architecture, in 1988. The sculpture was commissioned by the non profit association "“Gli amici di Como”". The design of the fountain illustrates the evolution of modern architecture that took place over the period from 1920s to modern days, with the emergence of Rationalism. Libeskind’s creation has


title: "Life Electric" content: carried on the tradition of contemporary art in Como, and raised its profile. The construction of "Life Electric" started in September 2014, with an estimated cost of €599,926.07. The project, reviewed by the architect and engineer Antonio Gianmarco Martorana Capsoni, and validated by the ""Mercury Engineering"" company SpA, was entirely donated to the municipality by Daniel Libeskind. Money for the construction work that helped to improve the resistance of the pier, and construction of the statue itself, was donated by "Gli Amici Di Como". The initial intention was to complete the project by the 1st May 2015, the same day


title: "Life Electric" content: as the inauguration of Expo 2015, but, after 119 additional days of work, the project was finally completed in August 2015. There had been nineteen days of delay due to bad weather, and twenty-five days for a summer break in August. The inauguration took place on the 2nd October 2015, and was attended by the mayor of Como, Daniel Libeskind with his family and Luigi Martino Volta, the nephew of Alessandro Volta and Nastassja Kinski; the event was held in the Yacht Club of Como with a buffet, a toast and the presentation of a new ice-cream flavor, named Life


title: "Life Electric" content: Electric, created by a local artisan ice cream shop. Afterwards, the ceremony moved to the hangar of the Aereo Club of Como. "Life Electric" is located on the very end of the Diga Foranea pier, which was consolidated before the construction of the statue. The pier is accessible to visitors, and the entrance can be reached from the Lungolago Mafalda di Savoia, which ends with the Tempio Voltiano. The project’s intention was to convey a sense of continuity through the approach to the statue. The location was chosen to give greater visibility to the sculpture, and to celebrate both Volta


title: "Life Electric" content: and the scientist Piero Caldirola, after whom the pier is named The sculpture is 13.75 meters tall (14.25 including the base). It has the appearance of two opposing sinusoidal projections. At its base there is a circular containment wall made of stones 75 cm high, containing a stretch of water in which the monument is reflected. The water at the base is 10 cm deep, and its bottom is decorated with a squared motif. The base has been modified to let people sit beneath the statue, and look over the surroundings from a central point of view. The statue has


title: "Life Electric" content: a total weight of 11,000 kg (12.125 tons). It could not be transported by land because of its size, and so it was transported across the lake with barges, and installed on the pier with a special crane. The original structure of the base would not have been able to sustain the weight and dimensions of the monument, and so it was previously strengthened. This work took place during February 2015, and involved divers building scaffolding to a depth of 3 meters in the lake. "Life Electric" takes inspiration from the electric tension existing between the two poles of a


title: "Life Electric" content: battery. It creates an idealistic third pole, located between the Faro Voltiano and the Tempio Voltiano, both attributed to the battery inventor, Alessandro Volta. The sculpture is designed to suggest connections among three of the five natural elements: light, wind and water. Libeskind's artwork aims to create geometries that connects the sky, lake and mountains, elements that typify the Lake Como landscape; the interaction between these three elements produces a monumental geometric power, as a metaphor for Volta’s electric power. The structure is made of calendared steel, coated by 316,6 mm thick steel panels. The illumination consists of a led


title: "Life Electric" content: waterproof system with smoke machines, (with over 300 output points) and was designed to create games of lights during the night, while the steel used for the coating reflects Como and its natural environment during the day. On 22 October 2014 the political party "Adesso Como" started a petition asking the citizens if they wanted the statue on the lake. By December 28 the petition collected 4478 signatures, exceeding by 278 the minimum amount required to start a referendum against the construction of the statue, which was considered by some architects and citizens as having a negative impact on the


title: "Life Electric" content: lake landscape. On the 5th August 2015, the local newspaper "La Provincia" announced the impossibility of proceeding with the referendum because the construction was at too advanced a stage, and also because of the cost of the referendum, which would have been €180.559 Life Electric Life Electric (also known as The Life Electric) is a contemporary sculpture, dedicated to the physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827). Completed in 2015 it is located in Como, Italy. Life Electric was designed by Daniel Libeskind, and was a gift to Como, the city where the architect located his "“Summer Session”" school of architecture, in 1988.


title: "2016 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection" content: choice prior to the 1976 Republican National Convention. However, Cruz dropped out from the race on May 3, after losing to Trump in Indiana. Then-campaign manager Corey Lewandowski and Paul Manafort presented Trump with a list of sixteen names in mid-May, and, starting in June, the Trump campaign began vetting six individuals. On May 10, 2016, Trump told the "Associated Press" that he had narrowed his list of potential running mates to "five or six people" with a background in politics, as opposed to the military or business. However, on July 6, Trump stated that "about" ten people remained in


title: "New Brighton Lighthouse" content: New Brighton Lighthouse New Brighton Lighthouse or Perch Rock Lighthouse, is a decommissioned lighthouse situated at the confluence of the River Mersey and Liverpool Bay on an outcrop off New Brighton known locally as Perch Rock. Together with its neighbour, the Napoleonic era Fort Perch Rock, it is one of the Wirral's best known landmarks. The name comes from a Perch; a timber tripod supporting a lantern first erected in 1683 as a crude beacon to allow shipping to pass the rock safely. As the Port of Liverpool developed in the Nineteenth Century the perch was deemed inadequate as it


title: "New Brighton Lighthouse" content: required constant maintenance and only produced a limited light. Construction of the present tower began in 1827 by Tomkinson & Company using blocks of interlocking Anglesey granite using dovetail joints and marble dowels. It was designed to use many of the same construction techniques used in the building of John Smeaton's Eddystone Lighthouse 70 years earlier. Modelled on the trunk of an oak tree, it is a free standing white painted tower with a red iron lantern. It is 29 m (95 ft) tall. It was first lit in 1830 and was in continuous use until decommissioned in October 1973


title: "New Brighton Lighthouse" content: having been superseded by modern navigational technology. Although the lighting apparatus and fog bell have been removed, the lighthouse is very well preserved and retains many features lost on other disused lighthouses. It was restored and repainted in 2001 when an LED lightsource was installed which flashed the names of those lost at sea; including all the 1,517 victims of the sinking of the "Titanic". At low tide, it is possible to walk to the base of the tower, but a 25-foot ladder is needed to reach the doorway. The lighthouse is privately owned and maintained by the Kingham family,


title: "New Brighton Lighthouse" content: and is a Grade II* listed building. Another plan to illuminate the lantern using LEDs and solar panels was achieved with a grant from the Coastal Revival and New Brighton Coastal Community Team (NBCCT) and has been operating since 2015. New Brighton Lighthouse New Brighton Lighthouse or Perch Rock Lighthouse, is a decommissioned lighthouse situated at the confluence of the River Mersey and Liverpool Bay on an outcrop off New Brighton known locally as Perch Rock. Together with its neighbour, the Napoleonic era Fort Perch Rock, it is one of the Wirral's best known landmarks. The name comes from a


title: "2016 Superbike World Championship" content: round was definitively cancelled the following 29 April, as no replacement venue had ultimately been found. After changes in the standard weekend timetable, the first race, which was previously run on Sunday along with the second one, was scheduled to be held on Saturday. Bold – Pole position"Italics" – Fastest lap 2016 Superbike World Championship The 2016 Superbike World Championship was the 29th season of the Superbike World Championship. Jonathan Rea won his second consecutive Superbike World Championship title at the first race of the last round at Losail, while Kawasaki had secured the manufacturers' title at the previous event


title: "Smiler (musician)" content: Smiler (musician) Joseph Bartlett-Vanderpuye, better known by his stage name Smiler, is a British rapper and former Grime MC, who was born in London. Vanderpuye first entered the limelight after releasing an underground mixtape in 2009, as well as the urban single "Enza". After being spotted by a talent scout, Vanderpuye was signed to Warner Music UK, and released his debut single, "Delorean", featuring fellow rapper Wretch 32 in March 2012. The track originally featured rapper Lady Leshurr, but she was subsequently replaced by Wretch for the single release, following his recent chart success with hit singles "Traktor", "Unorthodox" and


title: "Frederick William Lock" content: additional graphite sketch of the falls, dated 1857, that has survived. In 1858, Lock worked from his artist's studio on Market Street in Brockville; and it is likely there that Lock painted his self-portrait (featured prominently above), which is in the McCord Museum, Montreal. Emily died at Brockville on 8 February 1859, cause unknown. Harper reported that Lock "returned to England shortly after her death in 1859;" and Westbridge reported that "in 1859 [Lock] was at Bury St. Edmonds, Suffolk, England." However, Lock was still living in or near Brockville in the summer of 1860 when he painted two views


title: "I-70 Killer" content: he is still alive, he would be in his fifties or late forties. Police have not publicly identified any suspects and the case has been classified as a cold case. The case has been featured on "Unsolved Mysteries" and Investigation Discovery's "Dark Minds". I-70 Killer The I-70 killer is an unidentified American serial killer who is known to have killed six store clerks in the Midwest in the spring of 1992. His nickname derives from the fact that several of the stores in which his victims worked were located a few miles off of Interstate 70 (I-70). His victims were


title: "SC Group" content: by Blackhill Engineering. In October 2015 Blackhill Engineering issued a press release informing it had been contracted by Supacat, also part of SC Group, to manufacture replacement chassis frames for the Supacat Jackal vehicle. SC Group SC Group is a British multi-faceted engineering company which prior to a re-brand in September 2015 was known as Supacat Limited. Supacat was established in 1981 and based at Dunkeswell Aerodrome in England. SC Group now comprises four companies: Supacat, SC Innovation, Proteum and Blackhill Engineering. SC Group initially specialised in the design and development of military and civil high mobility vehicles. Throughout the


title: "Princess Margaret Rose Orthopaedic Hospital" content: Edinburgh was developed for the new Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, which opened in 2003. As part of this redevelopment, a number of smaller hospitals were to be closed, with their work centralised at the new Infirmary. The Princess Margaret Rose was closed in 2000, with the site sold for housing for £4.3 million in 2002. On 8. September 2001, a Reunion Dinner was held at the Edinburgh Academy. Mr. Jimmy Scott said grace. Toasts were proposed by Mr. Peter J. Abernethy (The Queen) and Prof. Sir David Carter (PMR). Mr. Malcolm Macnicol replied. Four songs by Robert Burns presented by


title: "Mutiara Damansara MRT station" content: Mutiara Damansara MRT station Mutiara Damansara station is a mass rapid transit station serving the suburb of Mutiara Damansara in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It is one of the stations on the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line. The station was opened on 16 December 2016 when the first phase of the line was opened. The station is located adjacent to the Mutiara Damansara commercial area where The Curve Shopping Centre, eCurve, Royale Chulan Hotel, IKEA Mutiara Damansara, Tesco Mutiara Damansara and other buildings are located. The station adopts the standard elevated station design for the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line, with two


title: "Regina Mills" content: in New York City. However, after Regina has headed back to Storybrooke, it is revealed that the Evil Queen was not to be easily killed and with some forced help from the Dragon, she makes her way to Storybrooke to get revenge on Regina and the Charmings, as she believes Regina was too weak to get the job done in the first place. When she arrives in Storybrooke, the Evil Queen first forms an alliance with Zelena, who is quick to take to her as a reconciliation with Regina doesn't go so well. The Queen then manipulates Regina into killing


title: "Calvin Thompson" content: During his first CBA season where he averaged 21 ppg, and 5 rebounds per game, he was named CBA Rookie Runner-Up Of The Year and he was the first rookie to be named to the CBA's All Star Game. In May 1987 (CBA off-season) participated with Formula Shell in the Philippines. He averaged 42 points and 8 rebounds per game. Thompson coached the Kansas City Mustangs of the Women's American Basketball Association professional league in 1995. After retiring, he founded Hoop Service Bulldogs, which play under the ThreeFive, Inc. umbrella, a not-for-profit entity based out of Kansas City for both


title: "John Christie (landowner)" content: proposers including John Hutton Balfour. In 1887 he suffered at attack of pernicious anaemia, leaving him in poor health. The illness had a dramatic effect on his character, which became eccentric, insular and argumentative. However, his lifestyle also changed to be more philanthropic (although not known to his family). In 1889 he founded Christie Homes, a series of orphanages for girls in the East Lothian area, later renamed Lothian Homes Trust. His wife died in 1894. John Christie’s eccentricity increased, dyeing his moustache and proposing to a woman 50 years his junior. On 19 August 1902 Christie died at his


title: "Giuseppe La Spada" content: in support of the project “Stop Rokkasho” founded by Oscar winner Ryuichi Sakamoto. That same evening also David Bowie, Beastie Boys and YouTube founders received an award. In 2008 he worked with Sakamoto and Fennesz during the tournèe “Cendre”, which ended with the unforgettable show at Ground Zero in New York. In 2010 he gave life, to “Afleur”, a live show which he also declined in a very particular and ecological object-book. In 2011, with the participation of more than 600 people, he staged an impressive tree in Piazza Duomo (Milan) in order to raise public awareness on the problem


title: "Specialty drugs in the United States" content: programs, data collection, or administration) or, Patient management prior to or following administration (monitoring, disease or therapeutic support systems)". Health plans consider "high cost" (on average a minimum monthly costs of $US1,200) to be is a determining factor in identifying a specialty drug. Tom Westrich, of St. Louis, Missouri-based Centric Health Resources, a specialty pharmacy, described how their specialty drugs treat ultra-orphan diseases with a total patient population of 20,000 nationwide. The top ten specialty pharmacies in 2014 were CVS Specialty parent company CVS Health with $20.5B in sales, Express Scripts's Accredo at $15B, Walgreens Boots Alliance's Walgreens Specialty at


title: "Worms W.M.D" content: Worms W.M.D Worms W.M.D is a 2D artillery turn-based tactics video game in the "Worms" series, released on 23 August 2016. Its gameplay resembles that of "Worms Armageddon" more than subsequent installments, while adding new features that range from interactive vehicles such as tanks, to buildings that the worms can enter for protection. It is also notable for being the first major redesign the worm characters have received since "Worms 3D". "Worms W.M.D" aims to replicate the gameplay of "Worms Armageddon", with graphics and game design returned to a 2D interface. Gameplay elements from previous installments, such as classes, water


title: "Kate Macintosh" content: to work for the counties of East Sussex and Hampshire, working on public buildings that included sheltered housing, schools and fire services. Later, she went on to work in private practice with her life-partner and fellow architect, George Finch. Macintosh won a Royal Institute of British Architects award in 2005 for her design of a playground in Weston, Southampton, designed in partnership with George Finch, within the practice, Finch Macintosh Architects . In 2012, the Twentieth Century Society campaigned for Dawson's Heights to be designated as a listed building, but the recommendation was unsuccessful. A similar campaign in 2015 to


title: "Development of musical theatre" content: in the 1890s, operettas returned to London and Broadway in 1907 with "The Merry Widow", and operettas and musicals became direct competitors for a time. In the early years of the 20th century, English-language adaptations of 19th century continental operettas, as well as operettas by a new generation of European composers, such as Franz Lehár and Oscar Straus, among others, spread throughout the English-speaking world. In America, Victor Herbert produced a string of famous operettas ("The Fortune Teller" (1898), "Babes in Toyland" (1903), "Mlle. Modiste" (1905), "The Red Mill" (1906) and "Naughty Marietta" (1910)), often with librettist Harry B. Smith,


title: Agelenin content: of 291 pmol/g in crickets where it causes rapid, reversible paralysis. In preparations of neuromuscular junctions of lobsters agelenin causes a non-reversible paralysis due to the suppression of excitatory postsynaptic potentials, presumably by inhibition of the presynaptic calcium influx. Agelenin Agelenin, also called U-agatoxin-Aop1a, is an antagonist of the presynaptic P-type calcium channel in insects. This neurotoxic peptide consists of 35 amino acids and can be isolated from the venom of the spider "Allagelena opulenta". Agelenin - toxicologically named as U-agatoxin-Aop1a and abbreviated as U-AGTX-Aop1a - is an insecticidal toxin of the venom of the species "Allagelena opulenta". It was


title: "Katharine Jewitt" content: Horizon Project Higher Education Panel of Experts - Jewitt was invited to be on the panel of experts commissioned to identify the trends that will drive technology adoption; the challenges that will impede the technology options available to institutions unless resolved; and the new developments in educational technology that institutions are most likely to consider over the next five years. Jewitt was awarded a Fellow of Society for Education and Training in 2017. Jewitt is a Founding Member of the Chartered College of Teaching, member of the British Educational Research Association (BERA) and member of the National Association of Writers


title: Kosherfest content: Kosherfest Kosherfest is an annual, two-day trade fair for the kosher-certified food industry held at the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus, New Jersey. Established in 1989, it includes an exhibition hall, lectures, cooking demonstrations, a culinary competition between celebrity chefs, and new product awards. Kosherfest is considered a showcase for food trends and innovations in the kosher-certified food industry. The event is closed to the public, but admits manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers, buyers, caterers, retail stores, and media personnel, including photographers and food bloggers. Kosherfest is co-produced by Lubicom Marketing and Consulting and Diversified Communications. Kosherfest was conceived in 1989 by


title: "The Piccadilly Rats" content: running their Facebook page and being their spokesman, in addition to answering all the 'fan mail', as well as booking gigs for the band in the Manchester area. Save for occasional one-off gigs with his colleagues, he has no plans to return to the street busking set up full- or even part-time. The Rats had already lost their original drummer / bass player Heath by this point as he had simply disappeared and not reported back for duty even before the recording of the Judge Rinder episode. The band currently continue to busk on the streets with the drum stool


title: "Maria Möller" content: She has participated in the musicals "Kristina från Duvemåla", "The Sound of Music", "Songs for a New World", and "Chess" at Cirkus in Stockholm. In 2005 and 2006, she participated in the comedy stage show "R.E.A." ("Roligt Elakt Aktuellt") at Hamburger Börs. Möller made her big breakthrough in 2005 at the singing show "Allsång på Skansen", which was broadcast on SVT, where she imitated several Swedish celebrities. Möller also performed in a small role in the film "Populärmusik från Vittula". She is touring in 2015 with the show "Midvinter" along with musicians Michael Blomqvist, Fredrik Landh, and Pär Hermansson. In


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: Xylocopa micans Xylocopa micans, also known as the southern carpenter bee, is a species of bee within "Xylocopa", the genus of carpenter bees. The southern carpenter bee can be found mainly in the coastal and gulf regions of the southeastern United States, as well as Mexico and Guatemala. Like all "Xylocopa" bees, "X. micans" bees excavate nests in woody plant material. However, unlike its sympatric species "Xylocopa virginica", "X. micans" has not been found to construct nest galleries in structural timbers of building, making it less of an economic nuisance to humans. Carpenter bees have a wide range of mating


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: strategies between different species. The southern carpenter bee exhibits a polymorphic mating strategy, with its preferred method of mating changing as the season progresses from early spring to mid summer. Like most bees in its genus, the southern carpenter bee is considered a solitary bee because it does not live in colonies. The French entomologist and Hymenoptera specialist Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier first described "Xylocopa micans" in 1841. The genus name "Xylocopus" is derived from the Ancient Greek word xylokopos/ξῦλοκὀπος meaning "wood-worker", a reference to the bee's tendency to nest in wood. The species name "micans" comes from the


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: Latin word for "shining", referring to the reflective quality of the bee's body. The common name for "X. micans", the southern carpenter bee, refers to the distribution of the species in the southern United States. "X. micans" has been studied alongside "X. virginica" because of their sympatry in the state of Texas. Although the bees "Xylocopa vidua", "Xylocopa purpurea, and Xylocopa binotata" have all been described separately by entomologists, they are all likely specimens within the species "X. micans". "X. micans" belongs to the subgenus "Schoenherria", which is a largely neotropical grouping of carpenter bee species. "X. micans" is a


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: large carpenter bee, ranging between 15 and 19 mm long and 8 and 9.5 mm wide. The body of the bee is generally a metallic black and reflects light with blue or green tinges. The bees have a flat clypeus and relatively short mandibles in addition to a set of lateral ocelli set below the top of the head. Both males and females have short, dense pubescence on the head. Although the males and females of "X. micans" are largely monomorphic, they differ in the amount of hair covering their bodies. Females have sparse, dark pubescence on the scutum and


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: scutellum, whereas males have scutum and scutellum that are densely, pubescent with bright-yellow coloring. Furthermore, whereas females have bare terga 1–4 and white tufts of hair from term 5 and 6, males have all terga 1 and 2 covered in yellow pubescence, and terga 3–6 with black pubescence. Like other "Xylocopa, X. micans" creates nests by excavating in woody plant material, such as the dead wood of nearly any species. However, the nests of "X. micans" have rarely been observed in nature. Females use strong jaws to vibrate holes in wood, and then burrow to form a nest of roughly


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: 8 mm in diameter, with several brood cells spaced along the length of the nest. The entire length of the nest is roughly 12 cm. "X. micans" is found in several states in the southeastern United States, along the coast from southeastern Virginia to Florida, and west along the gulf to Texas. The bee can also be found further south in Mexico and as far south as Guatemala. The bee can be found only in the warmer months in certain regions such as the lower Rio Grande Valley, but is generally found year-round elsewhere. Specimens of "X. micans" have also


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: been found moving as far north as Prairie County, Arkansas. The northward expansion may be reflective of range shifts of species predicted by climate change; similar impacts of climate change have been seen on the Edith's checkerspot butterfly. Conversely, since the specimens found in Arkansas were mainly co-located with Interstate 40, the range expansion could be caused by human activity; the southern carpenter bee could burrow into commercial lumber that could then be transported northward for several hundred miles. All carpenter bees of the genus "Xylocopa" are solitary and therefore generally do not form colonies. Both males and females of


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: "X. micans" overwinters in old nests as adults until the following spring; each generation lives for roughly one year. In early April the adults emerge from their nests for the mating season. Nests are preferably recycled by bees, who prefer to avoid the energy-intensive activity of excavating a new nest. When necessary, females will excavate nests by boring a hole into a piece of wood, making a sharp orthogonal turn, and boring down to form a tunnel with several brood cells, moving one inch every six days. Each brood cell is provisioned with a ball composed of pollen and regurgitated


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: nectar. On top of the food ball, the female will lay an egg, and then plug up the respective brood cell with wood pulp. After filling each of the brood cells in this manner, the female dies. Bees of "X. micans" develop from egg to adult over the course of seven weeks. New adults break out of the brood cell partitions several weeks after reaching adulthood, generally in late August, to collect pollen to store for overwintering. The bees quickly return to their nests to overwinter. Males of "X. micans" are highly territorial, which is important when mating. If a


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: conspecific male wanderer is found intruding into the territory of a male southern carpenter bee, the territory defender will fly swiftly toward the insurgent bee and engage in a swirling chase. During these chases, the bees maintain a distance of about 15 cm, although they sometimes come together to make brief contact. These exchanges can last up to 30 seconds before the two bees separate and the intruder leaves. In rare occasions, the insurgent bee can usurp the resident and take over the territory. A male territory holder may sometimes slowly fly into an adjacent territory until it is aggressed


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: by the other territory holder. The aggression follows the same pattern as territory holder aggression against a wanderer, following which the insurgent bee returns to its own territory. Researchers Frankie et al. explained this phenomenon using the "dear enemy effect", which suggests that it is mutually beneficial for both bees holding adjacent territories to recognize each other and agree upon an established boundary between their territories, in order to reduce the number of hostile encounters between neighbors and, consequently, the amount of energy expended on such encounters. Although conspecific males are always met with immediate aggression when intruding into a


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: territory, intruders of other species are investigated first. Intrusions by butterflies, wasps, and robber flies cause the territory holder to quickly investigate and examine the intruder, generally without contact. This first examination will almost always lead to the quick exit of the intruder. This intimidation tactic is applied to larger intruders as well, and the southern carpenter bee has been known to fly toward humans entering their territory as well. The southern carpenter bee is unique among the genus "Xylocopa" in that it demonstrates two forms of mating strategies. In the early spring, the southern carpenter bee utilizes resource defense


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: polygyny. Males structure territories around floral resources in order to take advantage of clumped distributions of females. Later in the season, toward July and August, southern carpenter bees are observed opting instead for lek polygyny, where males hold territories at nonflowering plants and landmarks such as small hills and prominent vegetation. When females enter a male's territory, they generally approach a high point in the environment where males may have released pheromones and then slowly fly away. The territory holder will then slowly approach the female and pursue it through the territory. The male may choose not to engage with


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: the female, which indicates an element of male choice, or to mate with the female in the air. Sometimes females reject certain males, demonstrating an element of female choice as well. The Dufour's gland of "X. micans" contains secretions high in pentacosene and pentacosane, and contain heptacosene and heptacosane as well. All components of the Dufour's gland of "X. micans" are hydrocarbons. The secretions of this species are less complex than those of similar species within the genus, such as "X. virginica". "X. micans" and "X. virginica" both have Dufour's glands that have highly diverse and distinct chemical compositions, which


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: may play a role in allowing both species to communicate clearly with conspecifics within the same region. The mesosomal gland of the "X. micans" bee is key to communication during mating. The gland is an invagination of the outer membrane of the bee between the propodeum and the metanotum. The gland contains several projections that release secretions in the form of aerosol rather than as a volatilized form, which allows the secretion to spread to a much greater distance and increase the size of the male's territory. The secretions are used as a pheromone during mating. The mesosomal gland contents


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: consist of saturated, monounsaturated, and diunsaturated straight-chain hydrocarbons as well as methyl and ethyl esters of long-chain fatty acids. The main ester in the chemical composition is ethyl oleate. During the early spring, when males defend floral resources and rely on natural female aggregation, the percentage of ethyl oleate in gland contents is only 1.1%; however, during late summer, when males defend lek territories, the percentage of ethyl oleate in gland contents is 39.7%. This change in concentration suggests that males use ethyl oleate as a pheromone to attract females during the latter mating stages, and can demonstrate male fitness


title: "Xylocopa micans" content: to females flying through a territory. Gland size also differs in between mating strategy states. Southern carpenter bees are nectarivores. Males will forage from 12 PM until 4 PM at the latest during the summer months, although males with territories will forage for only one hour before returning to defend their territories. "X. micans" bees exhibit risk sensitive foraging, where bees demonstrate risk-aversion to completely empty flowers and favor flowers with nectar. "X. micans" is also polylectic, meaning that "X. micans" bees are general pollinators and can collect pollinators from a broad variety of plants. They also have special abilities