title: "Mobile phone" content: a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smartphone while driving. Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Portugal, and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free use of a mobile phone (which uses a speakerphone) is banned. In other countries, including the UK and France and in many U.S. states, only handheld phone use is banned while hands-free use is permitted. A 2011 study reported that over 90% of college students surveyed text (initiate, reply or read) while driving. The scientific literature on the dangers of driving while sending


title: "Mobile phone" content: a text message from a mobile phone, or "texting while driving", is limited. A simulation study at the University of Utah found a sixfold increase in distraction-related accidents when texting. Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones, they are often more like mobile computers in their available uses. This has introduced additional difficulties for law enforcement officials when attempting to distinguish one usage from another in drivers using their devices. This is more apparent in countries which ban both handheld and hands-free usage, rather than those which ban handheld use only, as officials cannot easily tell which function of


title: "Mobile phone" content: the mobile phone is being used simply by looking at the driver. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their device illegally for a phone call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incorporated controls for car stereo, GPS or satnav. A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its effects on behaviour and safety. In 2013, a national survey in the US reported the number of drivers who reported using their cellphones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of


title: "Mobile phone" content: four. A study conducted by the University of Vienna examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and problematic use of mobile phones, such as using mobile phones while driving. Accidents involving a driver being distracted by talking on a mobile phone have begun to be prosecuted as negligence similar to speeding. In the United Kingdom, from 27 February 2007, motorists who are caught using a hand-held mobile phone while driving will have three penalty points added to their license in addition to the fine of £60. This increase was introduced to try to stem the increase in drivers ignoring the law. Japan


title: "Mobile phone" content: prohibits all mobile phone use while driving, including use of hands-free devices. New Zealand has banned hand-held cell phone use since 1 November 2009. Many states in the United States have banned texting on cell phones while driving. Illinois became the 17th American state to enforce this law. , 30 states had banned texting while driving, with Kentucky becoming the most recent addition on 15 July. Public Health Law Research maintains a list of distracted driving laws in the United States. This database of laws provides a comprehensive view of the provisions of laws that restrict the use of mobile


title: "Mobile phone" content: communication devices while driving for all 50 states and the District of Columbia between 1992 when first law was passed, through 1 December 2010. The dataset contains information on 22 dichotomous, continuous or categorical variables including, for example, activities regulated (e.g., texting versus talking, hands-free versus handheld), targeted populations, and exemptions. In 2010, an estimated 1500 pedestrians were injured in the US while using a cellphone and some jurisdictions have attempted to ban pedestrians from using their cellphones. The effect of mobile phone radiation on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a result of the


title: "Mobile phone" content: enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world. Mobile phones use electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range, which some believe may be harmful to human health. A large body of research exists, both epidemiological and experimental, in non-human animals and in humans. The majority of this research shows no definite causative relationship between exposure to mobile phones and harmful biological effects in humans. This is often paraphrased simply as the balance of evidence showing no harm to humans from mobile phones, although a significant number of individual studies do suggest such a relationship, or are inconclusive. Other digital wireless


title: "Mobile phone" content: systems, such as data communication networks, produce similar radiation. On 31 May 2011, the World Health Organization stated that mobile phone use may possibly represent a long-term health risk, classifying mobile phone radiation as "possibly carcinogenic to humans" after a team of scientists reviewed studies on mobile phone safety. The mobile phone is in category 2B, which ranks it alongside coffee and other possibly carcinogenic substances. Some recent studies have found an association between mobile phone use and certain kinds of brain and salivary gland tumors. Lennart Hardell and other authors of a 2009 meta-analysis of 11 studies from peer-reviewed


title: "Mobile phone" content: journals concluded that cell phone usage for at least ten years "approximately doubles the risk of being diagnosed with a brain tumor on the same ('ipsilateral') side of the head as that preferred for cell phone use". One study of past mobile phone use cited in the report showed a "40% increased risk for gliomas (brain cancer) in the highest category of heavy users (reported average: 30 minutes per day over a 10‐year period)". This is a reversal of the study's prior position that cancer was unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their base stations and that reviews


title: "Mobile phone" content: had found no convincing evidence for other health effects. However, a study published 24 March 2012, in the "British Medical Journal" questioned these estimates because the increase in brain cancers has not paralleled the increase in mobile phone use. Certain countries, including France, have warned against the use of mobile phones by minors in particular, due to health risk uncertainties. Mobile pollution by transmitting electromagnetic waves can be decreased up to 90% by adopting the circuit as designed in mobile phone and mobile exchange. In May 2016, preliminary findings of a long-term study by the U.S. government suggested that radio-frequency


title: "Mobile phone" content: (RF) radiation, the type emitted by cell phones, can cause cancer. A study by the London School of Economics found that banning mobile phones in schools could increase pupils' academic performance, providing benefits equal to one extra week of schooling per year. Studies have shown that around 40–50% of the environmental impact of mobile phones occurs during the manufacture of their printed wiring boards and integrated circuits. The average user replaces their mobile phone every 11 to 18 months, and the discarded phones then contribute to electronic waste. Mobile phone manufacturers within Europe are subject to the WEEE directive, and


title: "Mobile phone" content: Australia has introduced a mobile phone recycling scheme. Apple Inc. had an advanced robotic disassembler and sorter called Liam specifically for recycling outdated or broken iPhones. According to the Federal Communications Commission, one out of three robberies involve the theft of a cellular phone. Police data in San Francisco show that half of all robberies in 2012 were thefts of cellular phones. An online petition on Change.org, called "Secure our Smartphones", urged smartphone manufacturers to install kill switches in their devices to make them unusable if stolen. The petition is part of a joint effort by New York Attorney General


title: "Mobile phone" content: Eric Schneiderman and San Francisco District Attorney George Gascón and was directed to the CEOs of the major smartphone manufacturers and telecommunication carriers. On 10 June 2013, Apple announced that it would install a "kill switch" on its next iPhone operating system, due to debut in October 2013. All mobile phones have a unique identifier called IMEI. Anyone can report their phone as lost or stolen with their Telecom Carrier, and the IMEI would be blacklisted with a central registry. Telecom carriers, depending upon local regulation can or must implement blocking of blacklisted phones in their network. There are, however,


title: "Mobile phone" content: a number of ways to circumvent a blacklist. One method is to send the phone to a country where the telecom carriers are not required to implement the blacklisting and sell it there, another involves altering the phone's IMEI number. Even so, mobile phones typically have less value on the second-hand market if the phones original IMEI is blacklisted. An unusual example of a phone bill caused by theft (reported on 28 June 2018) was when a biological group in Poland put a GPS tracker on a white stork and released it; during autumn migration over the Blue Nile valley


title: "Mobile phone" content: in eastern Sudan someone got hold of the stork's GPS tracker, and found in it a mobile-phone-type sim card, which he put in his mobile phone, and made 20 hours of calls on it, running up a bill of over 10,000 Polish zlotys (= $2700) for the biological group. Demand for metals used in mobile phones and other electronics fuelled the Second Congo War, which claimed almost 5.5 million lives. In a 2012 news story, "The Guardian" reported: "In unsafe mines deep underground in eastern Congo, children are working to extract minerals essential for the electronics industry. The profits from


title: "Mobile phone" content: the minerals finance the bloodiest conflict since the second world war; the war has lasted nearly 20 years and has recently flared up again. ... For the last 15 years, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been a major source of natural resources for the mobile phone industry." The company Fairphone has worked to develop a mobile phone that does not contain conflict minerals. Mobile phone A mobile phone, cell phone or hand phone, sometimes shortened to simply mobile, cell or just phone, is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while


title: "Goyescas (opera)" content: Spanish. Paired on a double bill with Leoncavallo's "Pagliacci", the opera's cast included the leading artists Giovanni Martinelli and Giuseppe De Luca. The stage production was directed by Jules Speck. It featured sets by the Milanese designer Antonio Rovescalli, and costumes by G. B. Santoni that followed the paintings of Goya. The opera was well received. In his review for the "New York Times", Richard Aldrich wrote that the music was "profoundly felt" and possessed "an intensely national color". In spite of this success, the short opera has never found a permanent place in the opera repertoire. It has not


title: "Ulrich Neckel" content: Ulrich Neckel Ulrich Neckel (23 January 1898 – 11 May 1928) Pour le Mérite, Iron Cross First and Second Class, was a World War I fighter ace credited with 30 victories. Ulrich Neckel was born in Güstrow, part of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, in northeastern Germany. He enlisted aged 18 in an artillery regiment. After extensive service in Russia he then transferred to flying service in November 1916. Neckel joined FA 25 in early 1917, flying two-seaters on the Eastern Front. Undergoing single-seat fighter training in August. He was assigned to Prussian Jagdstaffel 12 on 8 September 1917 with


title: "Peter Latham (cyclist)" content: represent New Zealand at the 2008 Olympic Games. At the 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Poland, Latham along with Marc Ryan, Jesse Sergent, and Westley Gough claimed the bronze medal in the team pursuit. The following year Latham was part of the New Zealand team pursuit that won bronze again at the 2010 UCI Track Cycling World Championships in Denmark. At the 2011-2012 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics, Latham won the Individual Pursuit at the Beijing round. He was the overall World Cup series winner in the Individual Pursuit that season and finished the season ranked World


title: "Asahi Dam (Gifu)" content: government to adopt what the electric industry reorganization committee at the time put forth as the "nine-area partition plan". That plan was drawn up by Matsunaga Yasuzaemon, former head of Tōhō Electric and a figure deeply involved in the expansion of electricity generation along the Hida River. Development of Asahi Dam was put on hold until the disagreement with the GHQ could be reconciled, and until the nine-area partition plan was put into effect, the GHQ refused to permit any other activities by Japan Electric Generation and Transmission Company. The government's plans for early-stage promotion of electric power development were


title: "France–India relations" content: India and Ceylon. Between February 1782 until June 1783, Suffren fought the English admiral Sir Edward Hughes, and collaborated with the rulers of Mysore. An army of 3,000 French soldiers collaborated with Hyder Ali to capture Cuddalore. While Great Britain established its authority over the Madras Presidency (covering the modern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu), France retained control of Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanam, and Mahé, as well as maintaining a foothold in Chandannagar, now in West Bengal. During the British Raj, many Indian freedom fighters (Subramania Bharati, Lala Lajpat Rai, Sri Aurobindo) sought refuge in French establishments in


title: "Francisco Tenamaztle" content: last known document related to the trial is dated August 7, 1556. Nothing more is known of the disposition of the case or of Tenamaztle. He probably died in Spain. Francisco Tenamaztle Francisco Tenamaztle (fl. 1540s–1550s), also Tenamaxtlan, Tenamaxtli or Tenamaxtle, was a leader of the Caxcan Indians in Mexico during the Mixton War of 1540–1542. He was later put on trial in Spain. With the support of Bartolomé de las Casas he defended the justice of his cause by appealing to King Carlos I. The first contact of the Caxcan and other indigenous peoples of northwestern Mexico with the


title: "Buffalo, Indiana" content: of the census of 2000, there were 672 people, 264 households, and 196 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 281.7 people per square mile (108.6/km²). There were 585 housing units at an average density of 245.3/sq mi (94.5/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.96% White, 0.89% from other races, and 0.15% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.38% of the population. There were 264 households out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female


title: "Chicken Fried" content: in 2003 and later included this version on their self-released 2005 album "Home Grown". Later on, in 2006, The Lost Trailers covered the song as their first release for the BNA Records label, with Blake Chancey serving as producer. Although The Lost Trailers' version had entered the country charts, it was soon withdrawn from radio and replaced with "Call Me Crazy", as Brown had changed his mind about licensing the song to BNA. "Call Me Crazy" then went on to peak at 43 in mid-2006. In the Nashville episode of Sonic Highways, Zac Brown explained the situation in greater detail:


title: "Self Help Africa" content: bike, run and raft. The expedition took the participants ten months to complete, and succeeded in raising close to €50,000 to support the charity's work in Africa. Self Help Africa extents its work to Benin, and establishes Partner Africa, a social enterprise that provides ethical auditing services to the private sector, and provides training and support to enable African businesses to access the international value-chain. Self Help Africa is also instrumentation in the creation of the, a social enterprise to provide a sustainable and scalable way of supporting agricultural enterprise development. A multi-sector alliance, AAA is seeking to be responsive


title: "National Navy of Uruguay" content: East German Volksmarine ships are purchased from the new government. In 1991, the Navy receives the minesweepers ROU 31 "Temerario", ROU 32 "Valiente", ROU 33 "Fortuna", and ROU 34 "Audaz". These are named after privateers of the independence era. Also in 1991, the "Otto von Guericke" is purchased and converted into the ROU 26 "Vanguardia". On the early hours of 5 August 2000, "Valiente" sank after a collision with the Panamanian freighter "Skyros", while on patrol off Cabo Polonio. Eleven crewmembers died or became missing in the disaster. The Coast Guard received new ships from the United States of America,


title: "Lisbon Regicide" content: Paris had heard of plans to assassinate the royal family from anarchists living in France). The Portuguese dissidents were the principal financiers, and the Carbonária provided the men. It was also discovered that the weapons used in the assassinations were obtained by Gonçalo Heitor Freire (a republican and Freemason) through the Viscount of Ribeira Brava, one of the main conspirators. The arms used in the Library Elevator Coup plot, originally guarded in the Armazéns Leal, were transported to the viscount's home and hidden. After the plot failed, a group of 18 men met in a mansion in Xabregas on 30


title: Organism content: consist of structural units called cells; some contain a single cell (unicellular) and others contain many units (multicellular). Multicellular organisms are able to specialize cells to perform specific functions. A group of such cells is a tissue, and in animals these occur as four basic types, namely epithelium, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, and connective tissue. Several types of tissue work together in the form of an organ to produce a particular function (such as the pumping of the blood by the heart, or as a barrier to the environment as the skin). This pattern continues to a higher level with


title: "Attachment-based therapy (children)" content: programme maintain regular phone and visit contact and there are support groups for foster parents. Barriers to attachment are considered to be as follows; Interventions include supporting foster parents to learn to help the child in regulating emotions, to learn to respond effectively to the child's distress and to understand the child's signals, especially 'miscues' as the signals of such children are often confusing as a consequence of their often frightening, inconsistent and confusing past relationships. Foster carers are taught to recognize what such children actually need rather than what they may appear to signal that they need. Such children


title: "Sweet Adeline (musical)" content: sound by Bruce Cameron. The cast starred Dorothy Loudon, Tony Randall, Patti Cohenour, Stephen Bogardus, Gary Beach, Myra Carter, Patrick Breen, Hugh Panaro, and Jacquelyn Piro. A film based on the stage musical was released in 1935 by Warner Brothers, directed by Mervyn LeRoy, and starred Irene Dunne as Adeline, Louis Calhern, Noah Berry and Hugh Herbert. Opening just before the stock market crash, it received rave reviews, but the elaborate, old-fashioned piece was a step back from the innovations in Kern and Hammerstein's "Show Boat" (1927), or even Kern's Princess Theatre shows. Sweet Adeline (musical) Sweet Adeline is a


title: "History of the Pike Place Market" content: all of these customers, Market vendors began to arrange their goods in elaborate patterns. The Liberty Theater, on First Avenue, hired attendants to watch customer's Market purchases who paid the price of a nickel matinee while they shopped more. The area became a social scene, where young Seattle locals went to see and be seen. Children from an orphanage in Des Moines, Washington performed street concerts on Saturdays. In September 1920, the Seattle City Council quietly passed an ordinance that farmer's stalls at the Market could no longer be placed in the street, in response to complaints from some local


title: "USS West Gate (ID-3216)" content: commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service (NOTS) of the United States Navy in April 1918. After experiencing engine trouble on her first attempt at a transatlantic crossing, "West Gate" was unsuccessfully attacked by two German submarines in early July 1918 while returning to port for repairs. After successfully completing her trip to France, she began her second transatlantic trip in early October. In the early morning hours of 7 October, "West Gate"s steering gear jammed and , another Navy cargo ship, collided with the "West Gate", sinking her. Seven men lost their lives in the accident. The ship was


title: "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" content: stormy and virtuosic." "Single Ladies" ranked as the second-best song of the 2000s decade in the magazine's 2009 readers' poll, and "Rolling Stone" critics placed it at number 50 on the list of the 100 Best Songs of the Decade. "Single Ladies" was placed at number two on MTV News' list of The Best Songs of 2008; James Montgomery called it "hyperactive and supercharged in ways I never thought possible. It's epic and sexy and even a bit sad." "There is absolutely zero chance Beyoncé ever releases a single like this ever again", Montgomery concluded. "Time" magazine critic Josh Tyrangiel,


title: Earthworm content: Earthworm An earthworm is a tube-shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on live and dead organic matter. An earthworm's digestive system runs through the length of its body. It conducts respiration through its skin. It has a double transport system composed of coelomic fluid that moves within the fluid-filled coelom and a simple, closed blood circulatory system. It has a central and a peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system consists of two ganglia above the mouth, one on either side, connected to a nerve cord running back along its


title: Earthworm content: length to motor neurons and sensory cells in each segment. Large numbers of chemoreceptors are concentrated near its mouth. Circumferential and longitudinal muscles on the periphery of each segment enable the worm to move. Similar sets of muscles line the gut, and their actions move the digesting food toward the worm's anus. Earthworms are hermaphrodites: each individual carries both male and female sex organs. As invertebrates, they lack either an internal skeleton or exoskeleton, but maintain their structure with fluid-filled coelom chambers that function as a hydrostatic skeleton. "Earthworm" is the common name for the largest members of Oligochaeta (which


title: Earthworm content: is either a class or a subclass depending on the author). In classical systems, they were placed in the order Opisthopora, on the basis of the male pores opening posterior to the female pores, though the internal male segments are anterior to the female. Theoretical cladistic studies have placed them, instead, in the suborder Lumbricina of the order Haplotaxida, but this may again soon change. Folk names for the earthworm include "dew-worm", "rainworm", "night crawler", and "angleworm" (due to its use as fishing bait). Larger terrestrial earthworms are also called megadriles (which translates to "big worms"), as opposed to the


title: Earthworm content: microdriles ("small worms") in the semiaquatic families Tubificidae, Lumbricidae, and Enchytraeidae, among others. The megadriles are characterized by having a distinct clitellum (which is more extensive than that of microdriles) and a vascular system with true capillaries. Earthworms are far less abundant in disturbed environments and are typically active only if water is present. Depending on the species, an adult earthworm can be from long and wide to long and over wide, but the typical "Lumbricus terrestris" grows to about long. Probably the longest worm on confirmed records is "Amynthas mekongianus" that extends up to 3 m (10 ft) in


title: Earthworm content: the mud along the banks of the 4,350 km (2,703 mi) Mekong River in Southeast Asia. From front to back, the basic shape of the earthworm is a cylindrical tube, divided into a series of segments (called metamerisms) that compartmentalize the body. Furrows are generally externally visible on the body demarking the segments; dorsal pores and nephridiopores exude a fluid that moistens and protects the worm's surface, allowing it to breathe. Except for the mouth and anal segments, each segment carries bristle-like hairs called lateral setae used to anchor parts of the body during movement; species may have four pairs


title: Earthworm content: of setae on each segment or more than eight sometimes forming a complete circle of setae per segment. Special ventral setae are used to anchor mating earthworms by their penetration into the bodies of their mates. Generally, within a species, the number of segments found is consistent across specimens, and individuals are born with the number of segments they will have throughout their lives. The first body segment (segment number 1) features both the earthworm's mouth, overhanging the mouth, a fleshy lobe called the prostomium , which seals the entrance when the worm is at rest, but is also used


title: Earthworm content: to feel and chemically sense the worm's surroundings. Some species of earthworm can even use the prehensile prostomium to grab and drag items such as grasses and leaves into their burrow. An adult earthworm develops a belt-like glandular swelling, called the clitellum, which covers several segments toward the front part of the animal. This is part of the reproductive system and produces egg capsules. The posterior is most commonly cylindrical like the rest of the body, but depending on the species, may also be quadrangular, octagonal, trapezoidal, or flattened. The last segment is called the periproct; the earthworm's anus, a


title: Earthworm content: short vertical slit, is found on this segment. The exterior of an individual segment is a thin cuticle over skin, commonly pigmented red to brown, which has specialized cells that secrete mucus over the cuticle to keep the body moist and ease movement through soil. Under the skin is a layer of nerve tissue, and two layers of muscles—a thin outer layer of circular muscle, and a much thicker inner layer of longitudinal muscle. Interior to the muscle layer is a fluid-filled chamber called a coelom that by its pressurization provides structure to the worm's boneless body. The segments are


title: Earthworm content: separated from each other by septa (the plural of "septum") which are perforated transverse walls, allowing the coelomic fluid to pass between segments. A pair of structures called nephrostomes are located at the back of each septum; a nephric tubule leads from each nephrostome through the septum and into the following segment. This tubule then leads to the main body fluid filtering organ, the nephridium or metanephridium, which removes metabolic waste from the coelomic fluid and expels it through pores called nephridiopores on the worm's sides; usually two nephridia (sometimes more) are found in most segments. At the center of


title: Earthworm content: a worm is the digestive tract, which runs straight through from mouth to anus without coiling, and is flanked above and below by blood vessels (the dorsal blood vessel and the ventral blood vessel as well as a subneural blood vessel) and the ventral nerve cord, and is surrounded in each segment by a pair of pallial blood vessels that connect the dorsal to the subneural blood vessels. Many earthworms can eject coelomic fluid through pores in the back in response to stress; Australian "Didymogaster sylvaticus" (known as the "blue squirter earthworm") can squirt fluid as high as . The


title: Earthworm content: nervous system of an earthworm is segmented and comprises three parts: the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system. The CNS consists of a bilobed brain (cerebral ganglia, or supra-pharyngeal ganglion), sub-pharyngeal ganglia, circum-pharyngeal connectives and a ventral nerve cord. Earthworms' brains consist of a pair of pear-shaped cerebral ganglia. These are located in the dorsal side of the alimentary canal in the third segment, in a groove between the buccal cavity and pharynx. A pair of circum-pharyngeal connectives from the brain encircle the pharynx and then connect with a pair of sub-pharyngeal ganglia located


title: Earthworm content: below the pharynx in the fourth segment. This arrangement means the brain, sub-pharyngeal ganglia and the circum-pharyngeal connectives form a nerve ring around the pharynx. The ventral nerve cord (formed by nerve cells and nerve fibres) begins at the sub-pharyngeal ganglia and extends below the alimentary canal to the most posterior body segment. The ventral nerve cord has a swelling, or ganglion, in each segment, i.e. a segmental ganglion, which occurs from the fifth to the last segment of the body. There are also three giant axons, one medial giant axon (MGA) and two lateral giant axons (LGAs) on the


title: Earthworm content: mid-dorsal side of the ventral nerve cord. The MGA is 0.07 mm in diameter and transmits in an anterior-posterior direction at a rate of 32.2 m/s. The LGAs are slightly wider at 0.05 mm in diameter and transmit in a posterior-anterior direction at 12.6 m/s. The two LGAs are connected at regular intervals along the body and are therefore considered one giant axon. The sympathetic nervous system consists of nerve plexuses in the epidermis and alimentary canal. (A plexus is a web of nerve cells connected together in a two dimensional grid.) The nerves that run along the body wall


title: Earthworm content: pass between the outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layers of the wall. They give off branches that form the intermuscular plexus and the subepidermal plexus. These nerves connect with the circumpharyngeal connective. On the surface, crawling speed varies both within and among individuals. Earthworms crawl faster primarily by taking longer "strides" and a greater frequency of strides. Larger "Lumbricus terrestris" worms crawl at a greater absolute speed than smaller worms. They achieve this by taking slightly longer strides but with slightly lower stride frequencies. Touching an earthworm, which causes a "pressure" response as well as (often) a response to


title: Earthworm content: the dehydrating quality of the salt on human skin (toxic to earthworms), stimulates the subepidermal nerve plexus which connects to the intermuscular plexus and causes the longitudinal muscles to contact, thereby the writhing movements when we pick up an earthworm. This behaviour is a reflex and does not require the CNS; it occurs even if the nerve cord is removed. Each segment of the earthworm has its own nerve plexus. The plexus of one segment is not connected directly to that of adjacent segments. The nerve cord is required to connect the nervous systems of the segments. The giant axons


title: Earthworm content: carry the fastest signals along the nerve cord. These are emergency signals that initiate reflex escape behaviours. The larger dorsal giant axon conducts signals the fastest, from the rear to the front of the animal. If the rear of the worm is touched, a signal is rapidly sent forwards causing the longitudinal muscles in each segment to contract. This causes the worm to shorten very quickly as an attempt to escape from a predator or other potential threat. The two medial giant axons connect with each other and send signals from the front to the rear. Stimulation of these causes


title: Earthworm content: the earthworm to very quickly retreat (perhaps contracting into its burrow to escape a bird). The presence of a nervous system is essential for an animal to be able to experience nociception or pain. However, other physiological capacities are also required such as opioid sensitivity and central modulation of responses by analgesics. Enkephalin and α-endorphin-like substances have been found in earthworms. Injections of naloxone (an opioid antagonist) inhibit the escape responses of earthworms. This indicates that opioid substances play a role in sensory modulation, similar to that found in many vertebrates. Earthworms do not have eyes (although some worms do),


title: Earthworm content: however, they do have specialised photosensitive cells called "light cells of Hess". These photoreceptor cells have a central intracellular cavity (phaosome) filled with microvilli. As well as the microvilli, there are several sensory cilia in the phaosome which are structurally independent of the microvilli. The photoreceptors are distributed in most parts of the epidermis but are more concentrated on the back and sides of the worm. A relatively small number occur on the ventral surface of the 1st segment. They are most numerous in the prostomium and reduce in density in the first three segments; they are very few in


title: Earthworm content: number past the third segment. The gut of the earthworm is a straight tube which extends from the worm's mouth to its anus. It is differentiated into a buccal cavity (generally running through the first one or two segments of the earthworm), pharynx (running generally about four segments in length), esophagus, crop, gizzard (usually) and intestine. Food enters in the mouth. The pharynx acts as a suction pump; its muscular walls draw in food. In the pharynx, the pharyngeal glands secrete mucus. Food moves into the esophagus, where calcium (from the blood and ingested from previous meals) is pumped in


title: Earthworm content: to maintain proper blood calcium levels in the blood and food pH. From there the food passes into the crop and gizzard. In the gizzard, strong muscular contractions grind the food with the help of mineral particles ingested along with the food. Once through the gizzard, food continues through the intestine for digestion. The intestine secretes Pepsin to digest proteins, Amylase to digest polysaccharides, Cellulase to digest cellulose, and lipase to digest fats. Earthworms use, in addition to the digestive proteins, a class of surface active compounds called drilodefensins, which help digest plant material. Instead of being coiled like a


title: Earthworm content: mammalian intestine, an earthworm's intestine increases surface area to increase nutrient absorption by having many folds running along its length. The intestine has its own pair of muscle layers like the body, but in reverse order—an inner circular layer within an outer longitudinal layer. The earthworm has a dual circulatory system in which both the coelomic fluid and a closed circulatory system carry the food, waste, and respiratory gases. The closed circulatory system has five main blood vessels: the dorsal (top) vessel, which runs above the digestive tract; the ventral (bottom) vessel, which runs below the digestive tract; the subneural


title: Earthworm content: vessel, which runs below the ventral nerve cord; and two lateroneural vessels on either side of the nerve cord. The dorsal vessel moves the blood forward, while the other four longitudinal vessels carry the blood rearward. In segments seven through eleven, a pair of aortic arches rings the coelom and acts as hearts, pumping the blood to the ventral vessel that acts as the aorta. The blood consists of ameboid cells and hemoglobin dissolved in the plasma. The second circulatory system derives from the cells of the digestive system that line the coelom. As the digestive cells become full, they


title: Earthworm content: release non-living cells of fat into the fluid-filled coelom, where they float freely but can pass through the walls separating each segment, moving food to other parts and assist in wound healing. The excretory system contains a pair of nephridia in every segment, except for the first three and the last ones. The three types of nephridia are: integumentary, septal, and pharyngeal. The integumentary nephridia lie attached to the inner side of the body wall in all segments except the first two. The septal nephridia are attached to both sides of the septa behind the 15th segment. The pharyngeal nephridia


title: Earthworm content: are attached to fourth, fifth and sixth segments. The waste in the coelom fluid from a forward segment is drawn in by the beating of cilia of the nephrostome. From there it is carried through the septum (wall) via a tube which forms a series of loops entwined by blood capillaries that also transfer waste into the tubule of the nephrostome. The excretory wastes are then finally discharged through a pore on the worm's side. Earthworms have no special respiratory organs. Gases are exchanged through the moist skin and capillaries, where the oxygen is picked up by the hemoglobin dissolved


title: Earthworm content: in the blood plasma and carbon dioxide is released. Water, as well as salts, can also be moved through the skin by active transport. At birth, earthworms emerge small, but fully formed, only lack their sex structures, which develop in about 60 to 90 days. They attain full size in about one year. Scientists predict that the average lifespan under field conditions is four to eight years, while most garden varieties live only one to two years. Several common earthworm species are mostly parthenogenetic, meaning that growth and development of embryos happens without fertilization. Among lumbricid earthworms, parthenogenesis arose from


title: Earthworm content: sexual relatives many times. Parthenogenesis in some "Aporrectodea trapezoides" lineages arose 6.4 to 1.1 million years ago from sexual ancestors. Mating occurs on the surface, most often at night. Earthworms are hermaphrodites; that is, they have both male and female sexual organs. The sexual organs are located in segments 9 to 15. Earthworms have one or two pairs of testes contained within sacs. The two or four pairs of seminal vesicles produce, store and release the sperm via the male pores. Ovaries and oviducts in segment 13 release eggs via female pores on segment 14, while sperm is expelled from


title: Earthworm content: segment 15. One or more pairs of spermathecae are present in segments 9 and 10 (depending on the species) which are internal sacs that receive and store sperm from the other worm during copulation. As a result, segment 15 of one worm exudes sperm into segments 9 and 10 with its storage vesicles of its mate. Some species use external spermatophores for sperm transfer. In "Hormogaster samnitica" and "Hormogaster elisae" transcriptome DNA libraries were sequenced and two sex pheromones, Attractin and Temptin, were detected in all tissue samples of both species. Sex pheromones are probably important in earthworms because they


title: Earthworm content: live in an environment where chemical signaling may play a crucial role in attracting a partner and in facilitating outcrossing. Outcrossing would provide the benefit of masking the expression of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny. (Also see complemenation.) Copulation and reproduction are separate processes in earthworms. The mating pair overlap front ends ventrally and each exchanges sperm with the other. The clitellum becomes very reddish to pinkish in color. Some time after copulation, long after the worms have separated, the clitellum (behind the spermathecae) secretes material which forms a ring around the worm. The worm then backs out of the


title: Earthworm content: ring, and as it does so, it injects its own eggs and the other worm's sperm into it. As the worm slips out of the ring, the ends of the cocoon seal to form a vaguely onion-shaped incubator (cocoon) in which the embryonic worms develop. Earthworms travel underground by the means of waves of muscular contractions which alternately shorten and lengthen the body (peristalsis). The shortened part is anchored to the surrounding soil by tiny claw-like bristles (setae) set along its segmented length. In all the body segments except the first, last and clitellum, there is a ring of S-shaped


title: Earthworm content: setae embedded in the epidermal pit of each segment (perichaetine). The whole burrowing process is aided by the secretion of lubricating mucus. Worms can make gurgling noises underground when disturbed as a result of their movement through their lubricated tunnels. Earthworms move through soil by expanding crevices with force; when forces are measured according to body weight, hatchlings can push 500 times their own body weight whereas large adults can push only 10 times their own body weight. Earthworms have the ability to regenerate lost segments, but this ability varies between species and depends on the extent of the damage.


title: Earthworm content: Stephenson (1930) devoted a chapter of his monograph to this topic, while G.E. Gates spent 20 years studying regeneration in a variety of species, but “because little interest was shown”, Gates (1972) only published a few of his findings that, nevertheless, show it is theoretically possible to grow two whole worms from a bisected specimen in certain species. Gates’s reports included: An unidentified Tasmanian earthworm shown growing a replacement head has been reported. Within the world of taxonomy, the stable 'Classical System' of Michaelsen (1900) and Stephenson (1930) was gradually eroded by the controversy over how to classify earthworms, such


title: Earthworm content: that Fender and McKey-Fender (1990) went so far as to say, "The family-level classification of the megascolecid earthworms is in chaos." Over the years, many scientists developed their own classification systems for earthworms, which led to confusion, and these systems have been and still continue to be revised and updated. The classification system used here, developed by Blakemore (2000), is a modern reversion to the Classical System that is historically proven and widely accepted. Categorization of a megadrile earthworm into one of its taxonomic families under suborders Lumbricina and Moniligastrida is based on such features as the makeup of the


title: Earthworm content: clitellum, the location and disposition of the sex features (pores, prostatic glands, etc.), number of gizzards, and body shape. Currently, over 6,000 species of terrestrial earthworms are named, as provided in a species name database, but the number of synonyms is unknown. The families, with their known distributions or origins: From a total of around 7,000 species, only about 150 species are widely distributed around the world. These are the peregrine or cosmopolitan earthworms. Earthworms are classified into three main ecophysiological categories: (1) leaf litter- or compost-dwelling worms that are nonburrowing, live at soil-litter interface and eat decomposing organic matter


title: Earthworm content: (called Epigeic) e.g. "Eisenia fetida"; (2) topsoil- or subsoil-dwelling worms that feed (on soil), burrow and cast within soil, creating horizontal burrows in upper 10–30 cm of soil (called Endogeics); and (3) worms that construct permanent deep vertical burrows which they use to visit the surface to obtain plant material for food, such as leaves (called Anecic (meaning "reaching up")), e.g. "Lumbricus terrestris". Earthworm populations depend on both physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as temperature, moisture, pH, salts, aeration, and texture, as well as available food, and the ability of the species to reproduce and disperse. One


title: Earthworm content: of the most important environmental factors is pH, but earthworms vary in their preferences. Most favor neutral to slightly acidic soils. "Lumbricus terrestris" is still present in a pH of 5.4 and "Dendrobaena octaedra" at a pH of 4.3 and some Megascolecidae are present in extremely acidic humic soils. Soil pH may also influence the numbers of worms that go into diapause. The more acidic the soil, the sooner worms go into diapause and the longer they remain in diapause at a pH of 6.4. Earthworms form the base of many food chains. They are preyed upon by many species


title: Earthworm content: of birds (e.g. starlings, thrushes, gulls, crows, European robins and American robins), snakes, mammals (e.g. bears, foxes, hedgehogs, pigs, moles) and invertebrates (e.g. ground beetles and other beetles, snails, slugs). Earthworms have many internal parasites, including protozoa, platyhelminthes, and nematodes; they can be found in the worms' blood, seminal vesicles, coelom, or intestine, or in their cocoons. Nitrogenous fertilizers tend to create acidic conditions, which are fatal to the worms, and dead specimens are often found on the surface following the application of substances such as DDT, lime sulphur, and lead arsenate. In Australia, changes in farming practices such as


title: Earthworm content: the application of superphosphates on pastures and a switch from pastoral farming to arable farming had a devastating effect on populations of the giant Gippsland earthworm, leading to their classification as a protected species. The addition of organic matter, preferably as a surface mulch, on a regular basis will provide earthworms with their food and nutrient requirements, and will create the optimum conditions of temperature and moisture that will stimulate their activity. Earthworms work as biological "pistons" forcing air through the tunnels as they move. Thus earthworm activity aerates and mixes the soil, and is conducive to mineralization of nutrients


title: Earthworm content: and their uptake by vegetation. Certain species of earthworm come to the surface and graze on the higher concentrations of organic matter present there, mixing it with the mineral soil. Because a high level of organic matter mixing is associated with soil fertility, an abundance of earthworms is generally considered beneficial by farmers and gardeners. In fact, as long ago as 1881 Charles Darwin wrote: "It may be doubted whether there are many other animals which have played so important a part in the history of the world, as have these lowly organized creatures." Also, while, as the name suggests,


title: Earthworm content: the main habitat of earthworms is in soil, they are not restricted to this habitat. The brandling worm "Eisenia fetida" lives in decaying plant matter and manure. "Arctiostrotus vancouverensis" from Vancouver Island and the Olympic Peninsula is generally found in decaying conifer logs. "Aporrectodea limicola", "Sparganophilus" spp., and several others are found in mud in streams. Some species are arboreal, some aquatic and some euryhaline (salt-water tolerant) and littoral (living on the sea-shore, e.g. "Pontodrilus litoralis"). Even in the soil species, special habitats, such as soils derived from serpentine, have an earthworm fauna of their own. The major benefits of


title: Earthworm content: earthworm activities to soil fertility for agriculture can be summarized as: Earthworms accelerate nutrient cycling in the soil-plant system through fragmentation & mixing of plant debris – physical grinding & chemical digestion. The earthworm's existence cannot be taken for granted. Dr. W. E. Shewell-Cooper observed "tremendous numerical differences between adjacent gardens", and worm populations are affected by a host of environmental factors, many of which can be influenced by good management practices on the part of the gardener or farmer. Darwin estimated that arable land contains up to 53,000 worms per acre (13/m), but more recent research from Rothamsted Experimental


title: Earthworm content: Station has produced figures suggesting that even poor soil may support 250,000/acre (62/m), whilst rich fertile farmland may have up to 1,750,000/acre (432/m), meaning that the weight of earthworms beneath a farmer's soil could be greater than that of the livestock upon its surface. The ability to break down organic materials and excrete concentrated nutrients makes the earthworm a functional contributor in restoration projects. In response to ecosystem disturbances, some opencast mining sites have utilized earthworms to prepare soil for the return of native flora. Sites using this method have observed advances in the return of ecosystem services that previously


title: Earthworm content: took much longer to re-establish. Research from the Station d'écologie Tropicale de Lamto asserts that the earthworms positively influence the rate of macroaggregate formation, an important feature for soil structure. The stability of aggregates in response to water was also found to be improved when constructed by earthworms. Various species of worms are used in vermiculture, the practice of feeding organic waste to earthworms to decompose food waste. These are usually "Eisenia fetida" (or its close relative "Eisenia andrei") or the Brandling worm, commonly known as the tiger worm or red wiggler. They are distinct from soil-dwelling earthworms. In the


title: Earthworm content: tropics, the African nightcrawler "Eudrilus eugeniae" and the Indian blue "Perionyx excavatus" are used. Earthworms are sold all over the world; the market is sizable. According to Doug Collicut, "In 1980, 370 million worms were exported from Canada, with a Canadian export value of $13 million and an American retail value of $54 million." Earthworms are also sold as food for human consumption. "Noke" is a culinary term used by the Māori of New Zealand, and refers to earthworms which are considered delicacies for their chiefs. Earthworm An earthworm is a tube-shaped, segmented worm found in the phylum Annelida. They


title: "Merriweather Post Pavilion (album)" content: the control room in an attempt to replicate the group's live sound; Weitz said, "since so much of [the album] was electronic and sample-based, we used those PA speakers to make the samples". The Artwork features an example of illusory motion, a type of optical illusion which is based on the works of Japanese psychologist Akiyoshi Kitaoka. It was compiled and packaged by Robert Carmichael of SEEN studio, who has worked for Animal Collective before and after. "Merriweather Post Pavilion" was announced in a cryptic update to Animal Collective's official website on October 5, 2008, an update which initially caused


title: "Lesson's motmot" content: Lesson's motmot The Lesson's motmot or blue-diademed motmot ("Momotus lessonii") is a colorful near-passerine bird found in forests and woodlands of southern Mexico to western Panama. This species and the blue-capped motmot, whooping motmot, Trinidad motmot, Amazonian motmot, and Andean motmot were all considered conspecific. The central crown is black and surrounded by a blue band. There is a black eyemask. The call is a low owl-like "ooo-doot". These birds often sit still, and in their dense forest habitat can be difficult to see, despite their size. They eat small prey such as insects and lizards, and will also regularly


title: "Lesson's motmot" content: take fruit. Like most of the Coraciiformes, motmots nest in tunnels in banks, laying about three or four white eggs. The Lesson's motmot has three subspecies: Lesson's motmot The Lesson's motmot or blue-diademed motmot ("Momotus lessonii") is a colorful near-passerine bird found in forests and woodlands of southern Mexico to western Panama. This species and the blue-capped motmot, whooping motmot, Trinidad motmot, Amazonian motmot, and Andean motmot were all considered conspecific. The central crown is black and surrounded by a blue band. There is a black eyemask. The call is a low owl-like "ooo-doot". These birds often sit still, and


title: "Blaine Municipal Airport" content: per day, all general aviation. At that time there were 23 aircraft based at this airport: 91% single-engine and 9% multi-engine. Blaine Municipal Airport Blaine Municipal Airport was a city-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.8 km) east of the central business district of Blaine, a city in Whatcom County, Washington, United States. Blaine Municipal Airport (AKA Dierks Field) was closed on December 31, 2008. Blaine Municipal Airport covered an area of at an elevation of 75 feet (23 m) above mean sea level. It had one runway designated 14/32 with a 2,539 by 40 feet (774 x 12


title: "Expansion of Major League Soccer" content: a downtown stadium. The next development in the Beckham plan came on July 17, 2015, when Miami mayor Tomás Regalado announced a tentative deal with the ownership group, now known as Beckham United, for a new privately financed stadium in Little Havana next to Marlins Park, at the former site of the Orange Bowl. However, the plans for the Orange Bowl site fell through later that year after Beckham United was unable to secure deals with private owners of adjacent land. In December of that year, Beckham United announced that a new stadium site, mostly private land but also containing


title: "Brooksley Born" content: LTCM's exposures. Born stated, "I thought that LTCM was exactly what I had been worried about". In the last weekend of September 1998, the President's working group was told that the entire American economy hung in the balance. After intervention by the Federal Reserve, the crisis was averted. In congressional hearings into the crisis, Greenspan acknowledged that language had been introduced into an agriculture bill that would prevent CFTC from regulating the derivatives which were at the center of the crisis that threatened the US economy. U.S. Representative Maurice Hinchey (D-NY) asked "How many more failures do you think we'd


title: "StarCraft II: Legacy of the Void" content: general resurgence of interest, with player activity growing above numbers reached in . StarCraft II: Legacy of the Void StarCraft II: Legacy of the Void is a standalone expansion pack to the military science fiction real-time strategy game "", and the third and final part of the "StarCraft II" trilogy developed by Blizzard Entertainment. The game was released on November 10, 2015. The expansion includes additional units and multiplayer changes from "Heart of The Swarm", as well as a continuing campaign focusing on the Protoss race. The campaign concludes the "StarCraft II" trilogy and focuses on Artanis as its protagonist.


title: "Cool Cool Jam" content: a message after completion. The game also features a single player storymode which has adventure game elements. Various instruments can be played in the game. Each instrument has a different playing style. The instruments include: "Clapping to a beat" - a bar moves across the screen the player taps a button when they see a red dot. If successful the dot glows. "Violin" - The player taps either the A or B when a red light (button A) or a green light (button B) appears. The power can be altered by moving the joystick up and down. "Bluesharp" - The


title: "Nathan Cleverly" content: couple of years."" Cleverly had made a point of fighting on the undercards of his stablemate Joe Calzaghe with the Vegas fight being one of the prelims to Calzaghe's World title unification fight against Mikkel Kessler. The next stop however was the real Vegas, Las Vegas to support Calzaghe's attempt to win "The Ring"s Light heavyweight belt against American fighter Bernard Hopkins. Cleverly, fighting outside the UK for the first time as a pro also faced American opposition and beat Antonio Baker over 8 rounds. In September 2008, the young boxer chose to leave Enzo Calzaghe's Newbridge boxing club where


title: "Hanna Schwarz" content: title role of "Carmen" at the . From 1973 she was a member of the Hamburg State Opera, where she sang for more than 30 years. She made her debut at the Bayreuth Festival in 1975 in the role of Floßhilde in "Der Ring des Nibelungen" and performed there until 1998. In 1976 she was Fricka and Erda in the centenary "Ring" production of Patrice Chéreau, shown until 1980, recorded for television and published on DVD. In Bayreuth, she sang Brangäne in "Tristan und Isolde" from 1981 and Waltraute in "Götterdämmerung" from 1984, as well as Roßweiße and Second Norn


title: "Longford Hall, Derbyshire" content: mistakenly believing that the stonework was unsafe, pulled down the tower and the old banqueting hall which contained the carved gallery and stained glass windows bearing the arms of the Longford family from the time of the Conquest. During the last five years of his life, Coke visited Longford annually and returned the estate to its former splendour. In June 1842, Coke, sensing that he was in his last days, decided to pay his boyhood home one last visit. Shortly after his arrival, after dedicating two new bridges he had built over a mill stream that ran through the village,


title: "Stormforce 10" content: a canopy closes behind. A lifeguard figure in front of the boat shines a torch in his eyes and says “Hold On Tight Now! Here Ya Go!” as the boat tilts upwards. He will then pull a lever which then sends the boat 10ft into the water below, slightly soaking those in the front. The boat then goes around a waterfall-like structure before climbing 9m up the next hill. At the top, the boat is placed on a turntable that sends it in to a backwards drop segment, which is notorious for drenching riders. The boat goes around a second


title: "Albert Davis Taylor" content: Albert Davis Taylor Albert Davis (“A.D.”) Taylor (1883–1951) was an American landscape architect and author, notable for his many gardens and his promotion of garden shows. He designed parks and other public works, subdivisions and private estates, primarily in Ohio. Taylor was born in Carlisle, Massachusetts to Nathaniel A. and Ellen F. (Davis) Taylor. He received an A.B. from Boston College in 1905 and an M.L.A. from the College of Agriculture at Cornell University in 1906, where he taught until 1908. He then joined the office of Warren H. Manning, where he was influenced by Manning’s informal and naturalistic approach


title: "Cisseps fulvicollis" content: Cisseps fulvicollis Cisseps fulvicollis, the yellow-collared scape moth, is a species of the Erebidae family, Arctiinae subfamily. It was described by Hübner in 1818. The wingspan of this particular moth is between 29 and 37 mm. This moth is active during late spring and summer in fields and forest edges throughout Canada south to Texas and Florida. The caterpillar of this particular species is yellow, brown or black with sparse long, soft, pale setae. It has dark stripes on its back and sides surrounded by yellow or orange stripes. Widespread in North America, including southeastern US, where Virginia Ctenucha is


title: "Cisseps fulvicollis" content: absent. Cisseps fulvicollis Cisseps fulvicollis, the yellow-collared scape moth, is a species of the Erebidae family, Arctiinae subfamily. It was described by Hübner in 1818. The wingspan of this particular moth is between 29 and 37 mm. This moth is active during late spring and summer in fields and forest edges throughout Canada south to Texas and Florida. The caterpillar of this particular species is yellow, brown or black with sparse long, soft, pale setae. It has dark stripes on its back and sides surrounded by yellow or orange stripes. Widespread in North America, including southeastern US, where Virginia Ctenucha


title: "Ray Whitrod" content: bring women into all fields of policing. He organised for the Queensland Education Department to provide officers with classes in literacy and basic arithmetic. As an inducement to attend classes, he offered an extra week's leave for every subject they sat. The Police Union objected with such vehemence that they by-passed both Whitrod and his Police Minister, Max Hodges, and complained directly to the Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen. Bjelke-Petersen, himself a former Police Minister, endorsed the union's stand and he publicly declared that "the Queensland people do not require their police to be Rhodes scholars". Whitrod clashed with the Premier on


title: "Franklin Pierce" content: deteriorating physical condition. He returned to Concord that September, suffering from severe cirrhosis of the liver, knowing he would not recover. A caretaker was hired; none of his family members were present in his final days. He died at 4:35 am on October 8. President Grant, who later defended Pierce's service in the Mexican War, declared a day of national mourning. Newspapers across the country carried lengthy front-page stories examining Pierce's colorful and controversial career. Pierce was interred next to his wife and two of his sons in the Minot enclosure at Concord's Old North Cemetery. In his last will,


title: "2001–02 Carolina Hurricanes season" content: (Home 0-0-1-0 Away 2-3-0-0) Record for the month 7-2-3-0 (Home 2-1-3-0 Away 5-1-0-0) Record for the month 3-2-2-0 (Home 1-1-1-0 Away 2-1-1-0) "Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Points" "Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Points" "Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals against average" Carolina Hurricanes (3) vs. New Jersey Devils (6) Carolina Hurricanes (3) vs. Montreal Canadiens (8) Carolina Hurricanes (3) vs. Toronto Maple Leafs


title: "Ma Sui" content: to try to pardon Li Huaiguang and persuade him to resubmit to imperial authority. Ma opposed, however, and when he was at Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Dezong in spring 785, he requested one more month of time to subdue Li Huaiguang, and Emperor Dezong agreed. He subsequently persuaded Li Huaiguang's officer Xu Tingguang (徐庭光), who was defending Changchun Palace (長春宮, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi), to surrender, and then approached Hezhong with Hun and Luo. Li Huaiguang, facing defeat, committed suicide, ending his rebellion, 27 days after Ma had requested one more month to subdue him. Emperor Dezong gave


title: "Ariel (The Tempest)" content: also appears in Act Three to foil Caliban's plot to turn the sailors against Prospero and murder him. Later in the same act, he appears with a clap of thunder and rebukes those who were involved in the plot to banish Prospero to the island, displaying his fearful power to the men. He is later called on to gather the spirits of the island before Miranda and Ferdinand, and to bring Trinculo, Stephano, and Caliban before Prospero for judgement. In the final act, Ariel releases the prisoners of Prospero and awakens what is left of the crew of the ship


title: "Houston Astros minor league players" content: Armenteros made his professional debut 2015 with the Tri-City ValleyCats and was later promoted to the Quad Cities River Bandits; in 61 total innings pitched between both teams, he posted a 3-2 record and 3.69 ERA. In 2016, he pitched for Quad Cities, Lancaster JetHawks and Corpus Christi Hooks, pitching to a combined 8-6 record and 3.53 ERA in 26 games (22 starts). After the season he pitched in the Arizona Fall League. Armenteros started 2017 with Corpus Christi, and after going 2-3 with a 1.93 ERA in 14 games, was promoted to the Fresno Grizzlies, where he finished the


title: "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy" content: spectrometers are mostly used for measurements in the mid and near IR regions. For the mid-IR region, 2−25 µm (5000–400 cm), the most common source is a silicon carbide element heated to about 1200 K. The output is similar to a blackbody. Shorter wavelengths of the near-IR, 1−2.5 µm (10000–4000 cm), require a higher temperature source, typically a tungsten-halogen lamp. The long wavelength output of these is limited to about 5 µm (2000 cm) by the absorption of the quartz envelope. For the far-IR, especially at wavelengths beyond 50 µm (200 cm) a mercury discharge lamp gives higher output than


title: "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy" content: at a given site along the backbone of a transmembrane protein. An infrared microscope allows samples to be observed and spectra measured from regions as small as 5 microns across. Images can be generated by combining a microscope with linear or 2-D array detectors. The spatial resolution can approach 5 microns with tens of thousands of pixels. The images contain a spectrum for each pixel and can be viewed as maps showing the intensity at any wavelength or combination of wavelengths. This allows the distribution of different chemical species within the sample to be seen. Typical studies include analysing tissue


title: "Seattle Mariners minor league players" content: 14 RBIs in 52 total games between both clubs. In 2014, he played for the Clinton LumberKings where he slashed .271/.332/.349 with 13 RBIs and 16 stolen bases in 45 games, and in 2015, he played for the Bakersfield Blaze and Jackson Generals, compiling a .267 batting average with 29 RBIs and 50 stolen bases in 126 total games. Miller returned to Jackson in 2016 and batted .253 with 28 RBIs and 49 stolen bases in 114 games. He spent 2017 with both the Arkansas Travelers and Tacoma Rainers and posted a combined .307 batting average with four home runs,


title: "Washington Nationals minor league players" content: 2-for-3 with two runs batted in. William Chandler Crowe (born September 9, 1994) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Washington Nationals organization. Crowe was drafted out of Pigeon Forge High School in the 31st round of the 2013 Major League Baseball draft by the Cleveland Indians. He declined to sign, instead attending the University of South Carolina, where he pitched for the South Carolina Gamecocks. While at South Carolina, in April 2015, Crowe tore the ulnar collateral ligament in his right throwing elbow and underwent Tommy John surgery performed by Dr. James Andrews. He spent the next two


title: "Cincinnati Reds minor league players" content: ERA in 27 games (23 starts). Taylor Walter-Lee Trammell (born September 13, 1997) is an American baseball outfielder in the Cincinnati Reds organization. Trammell attended Mount Paran Christian School in Kennesaw, Georgia. He played both baseball and football. Trammell played in the Under Armour All-America Baseball Game in August 2015. He committed to play college baseball for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. Trammell was considered a top prospect for the 2016 Major League Baseball Draft. He was selected by the Cincinnati Reds with the 35th overall pick. He signed with the Reds and was assigned to the Billings Mustangs and


title: "Jeremy Dale (racing driver)" content: Racing, on and off in multiple roles, for 17 years. The Barber-Saab Series provided a springboard into a professional motorsports driving career with a number factory-backed sports car drives. Dale was a factory driver for Dodge in the IMSA Firehawk Series in 1988-89. He accrued multiple wins behind the wheel of a Dodge Daytona and Eagle Talon, culminating in a Firehawk Series Championship in 1989. During the 1989 season Dale performed double duty with Dodge as he was drafted into their IMSA GTU program midway through the season, beginning with Round five at Mosport. Dale won his debut outing and


title: "Papilio canadensis" content: Papilio canadensis Papilio canadensis, the Canadian tiger swallowtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It was once classified as a subspecies of "Papilio glaucus". The wingspan of this species is 67 to 80 mm. It is very similar to the eastern tiger swallowtail, but has a noticeably smaller wingspan. Unlike it, the underside, yellow marginal band is continuous. The hindwing has many orange scales on both morphs. This species has also been known to hybridize with both the eastern and western tiger swallowtail, though extremely rarely. The caterpillar is large and green with an enlarged head. It


title: "Papilio canadensis" content: has four yellow dots and two false eyes with bluish centers. In profile, this caterpillar appears snake like. The immature larvae are brown and white to mimic bird droppings, making them unappealing to predators. This butterfly is found in most provinces and territories in Canada, as its name implies. Its range extends north of the Arctic Circle in the Yukon, and to Churchill in Manitoba, Little Shagamu River in Ontario, and to Schefferville in Quebec. It does not occur in southern British Columbia, being replaced there by the western tiger swallowtail, "Papilio rutulus", or in southwestern Ontario, approximately west of


title: "Papilio canadensis" content: Toronto, where it is replaced by the eastern tiger swallowtail. It has not been reported from Labrador, but has been seen in western Newfoundland. It is seen in the northern third of the United States. Within this range, it is a very common and well-known butterfly, even more so around woodland edges. It is one of the most popular puddling species and often hundreds will gather at a single puddle. Adults fly during spring and summer and one brood occurs. Females lay eggs singly on the host plant. The caterpillar folds the host plant's leaves and ties them together with


title: "Papilio canadensis" content: silk; they then eat from this structure. The pupae overwinter, then emerge in May. Papilio canadensis Papilio canadensis, the Canadian tiger swallowtail, is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae. It was once classified as a subspecies of "Papilio glaucus". The wingspan of this species is 67 to 80 mm. It is very similar to the eastern tiger swallowtail, but has a noticeably smaller wingspan. Unlike it, the underside, yellow marginal band is continuous. The hindwing has many orange scales on both morphs. This species has also been known to hybridize with both the eastern and western tiger swallowtail,


title: "Bernard Mate" content: Bernard Mate Bernard Mate (1922 – 6 January 1994) was a Kenyan politician and one of the first group of Africans to be elected to the Kenya Legislative Council (LegCo), the then legislative arm of government in the British Colony of Kenya, representing what was the black constituency of Kenya. He served three terms in Kenya's Parliament finally losing in 1979. He died on 6 January 1994, after a short illness. As a politician, he was part of the KADU's delegation to Kenya's Lancaster House Constitutional conferences. He was described by Oginga Odinga as a being a philosopher. Bernard Mate


title: "History of the Liberal Party of Canada" content: of making their National Policy work to raise wages (and profits) by imposing a tariff on imports. Macdonald was an important financial supporter of the labor newspaper and friend of trade-union leaders, who in turn aided his party during the election campaigns of the decade. In Ontario, the Liberal Party under Oliver Mowat controlled the provincial government and advocated the rights of provinces. He was in close touch with Catholic officials, and received the Irish Catholic vote. In Prince Edward Island during the 1860s the issue of confederation split the colony's Conservative Party leadership in 1864-65, but after that the


title: "Tower of Babel (1986 video game)" content: If all of the crystal balls on a level are collected, then the mask covering that level's exit will disappear, and the exit will no longer be blocked. When the exit of a level is reached, a screen is displayed showing the score achieved on that level before the character moves on to the next level. In the top right corner of the screen there is a power count. Lifting an L-shaped block causes the power count to go down by 1. Items will occasionally spawn while the player goes through the tower. The items are: Tower of Babel (1986


title: "Barceló (rum)" content: Barceló (rum) Barceló is the name and brand of a variety of rums from the Dominican Republic produced by Ron Barceló S.R.L. Barceló has its plant and distillery in San Pedro de Macorís. Following his dream of devising the best rum in the world, in 1929, a young Julián Barceló from Spain arrived in Santo Domingo and founded Barceló & Co. Soon he began producing one of his first rums and selling it throughout the country. The optimum product was obtained by experimenting with different brands on the local market, and in 1950, the Ron Barceló brand was launched with


title: "The Man from M.A.R.S. (1922 film)" content: after all. Teleview was used for showing "The Man from M.A.R.S." at the Sewlyn Theatre in New York City and then was never seen again. It was invented by Laurens Hammond, best known as the creator of the Hammond organ. Hammond had, in fact, earned money from the invention of a silent clock, which enabled him to establish himself as an inventor. Teleview was very complex for its time as it was a way to project and view stereoscopic images by the alternating frame method. Two projectors ran interlocked, with the left and right images being projected one after the


title: "Tony Strickland" content: a mailer sent out by an independent group attacking Strickland’s opponent coordinated with the campaign. The complaint was made by the President of the West Valley Republican Club, Michael Chulak. He claimed that the mailer was illegal because it was sent out "at the behest" of the Strickland campaign. The mailer was sent out by a Sacramento-based gun owner's group on Strickland's behalf. In December 1999, Tony Strickland was sued by the secretary of state over failure to report $116,140 in late contributions, a violation of the Political Reform Act of 1974. It resulted in a fine of $6,000. In


title: "2009 Ecuadorian general election" content: 2009 Ecuadorian general election An early general election was held on 26 April 2009 in Ecuador following the approval of a new constitution in a referendum held on 28 September 2008. President Rafael Correa ran for his first term under the new constitution. The election was initially expected to be held in October 2010. Among the candidates for President were current President Rafael Correa, supported by his PAIS Alliance and the Socialist Party; Álvaro Noboa ran under the banner of the PRIAN and had the support of the Social Christian Party (PSC) and the Christian Democratic Union. Former president Lucio


title: Mollusca content: exuded mucus and microscopic, muscle-powered "hairs" called cilia play various important roles. The generalized mollusc has two paired nerve cords, or three in bivalves. The brain, in species that have one, encircles the esophagus. Most molluscs have eyes, and all have sensors to detect chemicals, vibrations, and touch. The simplest type of molluscan reproductive system relies on external fertilization, but more complex variations occur. All produce eggs, from which may emerge trochophore larvae, more complex veliger larvae, or miniature adults.The coelomic cavity is reduced.They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion. Good evidence exists for the appearance


title: "Topoľčany pogrom" content: homes. Jews sheltering at the police station were protected by the policemen. Teachers at the school resisted demands to turn over Jewish children. However, when the city council called in twenty or thirty soldiers stationed nearby to restore order, most instead joined the rioters. Soldiers had also attacked Jews during the Kraków pogrom a month earlier in Poland. According to one report, the commander of the army unit was inexperienced and ineffective, unable to prevent his men from answering the call to "Soldiers come with us to beat the Jews!" Offering escort to the police headquarters, soldiers led Jews out


title: "Face Value (book)" content: I can my first impressions on FACE VALUE, with no 'Ums', 'Ers' or retakes." The book received favourable reviews; "She soon developed a highly individual style and the Jani Allan column, one of the most successful features in Africa's biggest newspaper, followed. She's become a formidable journalist...There's a touch of Tom Wolfe's 'new journalism' about her writing, but it is never contrived. In her choice of subjects she's attracted by what she calls 'the boquet of money' and she's good on those ubiquitous creatures of our time, the 'celebrities', whom she is able to send up without the bitchiness which


title: "Rhipicephalus sanguineus" content: or kennel. In addition, the earlier the infestation is discovered, the easier it is to control. Regular grooming and inspection of pets is essential to management, especially when dogs have been quartered or have interacted with other dogs. Cosmopolitan species, can be found in Benin, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ivory Coast, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, France, French Guiana, Gambia, Ghana, Greece, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Israel, Italy,


title: Paleoart content: Renaissance to the production of modern paleoart is showcased in several books that were published post-2010, such as Steve White's "Dinosaur Art: The World's Greatest Paleoart" (2012) and its "sequel", "Dinosaur Art II: The Cutting Edge of Paleoart" (2017). Although this transition was gradual, authors such have Witton have described a salient cultural phenomenon that came about largely as a consequence of this increased connectivity and access to paleoart brought by the digital age. The saturation of paleoart with established and overused heuristics, many of which had been established by paleoartists working in the height of the revolution that came


title: "History of the Kuomintang" content: of Japanese attacks. These same guerilla tactics, honed against the Japanese forces, were used to great success later during open civil war, as well as the Allied forces in the Korean War and the U.S. forces in the Vietnam War. Full-scale civil war between the Communists and KMT resumed after the defeat of Japan. The Communist armies, previously a minor faction, grew rapidly in influence and power due to several errors on the KMT's part: first, the KMT reduced troop levels precipitously after the Japanese surrender, leaving large numbers of able-bodied, trained fighting men who became unemployed and disgruntled with


title: "1965 PGA Championship" content: the field and twelve made the cut. Palmer was assessed a two-stroke penalty in both of the first two rounds and was at 147 (+5), ten shots back. A decade later, Laurel Valley hosted the Ryder Cup in 1975, the last Ryder Cup held in the U.S. without players from continental Europe. "Thursday, August 12, 1965" "Friday, August 13, 1965" "Saturday, August 14, 1965" "Sunday, August 15, 1965" This was the first PGA Championship televised by the ABC network, which retained the broadcast rights through 1990, when it was succeeded by CBS. 1965 PGA Championship The 1965 PGA Championship was


title: "Willow River, British Columbia" content: complete rebuild of the hotel. The following year, Adeline Crawford died intestate in her small store under circumstances that initially appeared suspicious. The construction project never proceeded and the framing collapsed. The Official Administrator disposed of her substantial rural and township real estate holdings. A two-storey residence on the corner of Railway and Coonsey had its own history. It served successively as the A.E. Brown post-office and store, private dwelling (Raines’ residence for a period), community hall (opened 1925), and private dwelling for Mrs. Crawford after the fire. The building was moved to the main street in the mid-1930s. When


title: "Nymphalis vaualbum" content: Nymphalis vaualbum Nymphalis vaualbum or "N. l-album", the Compton tortoiseshell, or false comma, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. An assertion that the name "Nymphalis l-album" is in fact the correct name over the widely used "Nymphalis vaualbum" proved to have backing when it was discovered the description covering "vaualbum" did not include a description or type specimen. Thus "vaualbum" can be considered "nomen nudum", giving "Nymphalis l-album" priority. The underside of both the male and female's wings are dark mottled brown, much like tree bark. While the outside is "dull" and bark like, the inside is


title: "Nymphalis vaualbum" content: orange brown with dark tips. There is a single white dot or comma on the underside of each wing of both males and females similar to that of the comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album), hence the name false comma. It is seen in deciduous and coniferous forest in a wide range throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The nominate subspecies ("N. v. l-album") is found throughout central Asia. The subspecies, "N. v. j-album", range consists of Alaska and Canada south into Montana and Wyoming. They are seen east to New England and eastern Canada and south to North Carolina and Missouri. They rarely


title: "Nymphalis vaualbum" content: migrate to Newfoundland and Labrador, Nebraska, and Florida. The species is also found in temperate Eurasia including the Caucasus. The adult female will lay her eggs in a clump on the host plant. Once the eggs hatch the caterpillars will feed together until they pupate. There is one brood that flies from July to November. Nymphalis vaualbum Nymphalis vaualbum or "N. l-album", the Compton tortoiseshell, or false comma, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. An assertion that the name "Nymphalis l-album" is in fact the correct name over the widely used "Nymphalis vaualbum" proved to have backing


title: "Charles Carleton Coffin" content: Round Top. When the fighting ended after Pickett's charge, Coffin rode through a driving rainstorm in two and a half hours, and then boarded a train to Baltimore, Maryland, from where he was able to telegraph his story of the battle to the "Boston Journal", the first news the nation had of that decisive battle. Coffin was present in South Carolina when the flag was raised over the retaken Fort Sumter, and then hastened back to rejoin Gen. Grant for the final drive to Appomattox for Gen. Lee's surrender. During the war Coffin had used his middle name "Carleton" to


title: "Tucker's Witch" content: Art Hindle and Kim Cattrall. In May 1982, CBS announced the series had been picked up with that title and cast. However, over the summer of 1982 the film "Porky's" debuted in the United States. The film contained a notably racy scene with Cattrall, and received negative critical attention overall, despite its box office success. CBS suddenly demanded that Cattrall be let go from the series, and that the pilot be reshot with a new female lead. Catherine Hicks replaced Kim Cattrall, and in fact the whole cast and even the show's title changed: Tim Matheson came in for Art


title: "Teachings of Ramakrishna" content: swim" is another famous parable of Ramakrishna, a story akin to the fable of "the Fox and the Cat"— Teachings of Ramakrishna Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836–1886) is a famous nineteenth-century Bengali mystic. Ramakrishna was a teacher of popular appeal, speaking in rustic Bengali with stories and parables. Ramakrishna's main teachings included God realization as the supreme goal of life, renunciation of "Kama-Kanchana", Harmony of Religions and "Jiva is Shiva". Key concepts in Ramakrishna’s teachings included the oneness of existence and the unity and truth of all religions. Ramakrishna noted that God-realisation is the supreme goal of all living beings. Ramakrishna’s mystical


title: "USS Oregon (1841)" content: 1841 for San Francisco. In the company of the , the and the tender , the "Oregon" arrived in Honolulu, Hawaii on 17 November 1841. On 27 November 1841, "Oregon" and "Porpoise" were detached to explore the shoals and reefs extending west-northwest of the Hawaiian Islands, intending to rejoin the rest of the ships in Singapore. In need of general repairs, the two arrived there on 19 January 1842, almost a month before the others. On the 26 January 1842, "Oregon" and "Porpoise" left with the squadron for Cape Town, South Africa, and St. Helena, then departed on their own


title: "USS Richmond (1798)" content: on 22 May and assisted in returning "Thomas Chalkley" to the American merchant fleet on the 28th. After the end of the Quasi-War with France, "Richmond" sailed north and in February 1801 she arrived back at New York. In March most of her crew was detached; and on 1 April she was ordered turned over to the Navy agent at New York to be sold at auction. USS Richmond (1798) USS "Richmond" was a brig purchased for the US Navy in 1798 by the citizens of Richmond, Petersburg, Manchester and Norfolk, Virginia, while being built at Norfolk as "Augusta" for


title: "Matt Smith (actor)" content: Matt Smith (actor) Matthew Robert Smith (born 28 October 1982) is an English actor. He is well known for his roles as the eleventh incarnation of The Doctor in the BBC series "Doctor Who" and His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in the Netflix series "The Crown". Smith initially aspired to be a professional footballer, but spondylolysis forced him out of the sport. After joining the National Youth Theatre and studying Drama and Creative Writing at the University of East Anglia, he became an actor in 2003, performing in plays like "Murder in the Cathedral", "Fresh Kills",


title: "Eupithecia miserulata" content: Eupithecia miserulata Eupithecia miserulata (common eupithecia) is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species can be found in North America, from Ontario and Maine in the north to Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas in the south. It is also found in Arizona and California. The wingspan is 12–20 mm. The forewings are greyish to greyish brown. The hindwings are the same colour, but have a small discal spot and a variably represented extradiscal line. The moths flies from March to November depending on the location. The larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including coneflower, asters, willows, cherry,


title: "Eupithecia miserulata" content: juniper and clover. Eupithecia miserulata Eupithecia miserulata (common eupithecia) is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species can be found in North America, from Ontario and Maine in the north to Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas in the south. It is also found in Arizona and California. The wingspan is 12–20 mm. The forewings are greyish to greyish brown. The hindwings are the same colour, but have a small discal spot and a variably represented extradiscal line. The moths flies from March to November depending on the location. The larvae feed on a wide range of plants, including coneflower,


title: KPHI content: off the air on the same day that KPHI signed on, in part due to KPHI having a more powerful signal coverage. KPHI KPHI (1130 AM) is a radio station located in Honolulu, Hawaii. The station, which is owned by Hochman-McCain Hawaii and offers a Tagalog format, aimed at Honolulu's Filipino audience, debuted on September 23, 2008. In addition to broadcasting at 1130 kHz, it is also transmitting on Oceanic Time Warner Cable digital channel 882 for the entire state of Hawaii. Its studios are located in Downtown Honolulu, and its transmitter is located near Mililani, Hawaii. Prior to its


title: "Jaba', Jenin" content: agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and beehives, in addition to occasional revenues and a press for olives or grapes; a total of 15,304 akçe. During Ottoman rule, Jaba' served as the throne village ("kursi") of the Jarrar clan, who were the most powerful noble family in the rural hinterland of Nablus. In later years, a faction of the family moved to a nearby area and established modern-day Sanur, which the family also fortified. Robinson visited the village in 1838, noting that it was "a large village, or rather town, on the slope of the range


title: "3D Indiana" content: the liver, along the right edge of the quadrate lobe in a shallow fossa extending from the right edge of the porta hepatis to the inferior lobe of the liver'. This patent-pending software was designed by the Kalister Foundation led by Jerome Kalister, an alumnus of TD Medical College, Alapuzha, Kerala, India. A team of about fifteen professionals of the Foundation worked for nearly three years to create the software. It was formally unveiled at TD Medical College by Jerome Kalister on 13 October 2008 before an audience of more than a thousand students and staff of various medical colleges


title: "International Aid Transparency Initiative" content: IATI Standard was agreed on 9 February 2011 in Paris. At the Fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness, held in Busan, Korea in November 2011, the Initiative received continued support. In the run up to the forum, over 19 donors, including 12 government and multilateral donors, and a number of small NGOs, started publishing information on their aid projects using the IATI Standard . On 8 June 2011, the Make Aid Transparent Campaign was launched, supported by over 60 organisations from North and South. The IATI Standard combines a list of the information that donors publishing data as part


title: "1982 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France" content: State of Origin game. Lamb was originally selected to tour but declined to do so due to his upcoming wedding to his fiance Kim. Tour managers were the Newtown administrator Frank Farrington and Queenslands, Tom Drysdale. "Open Rugby" magazine claimed the Australians had brought "a new dimension of excitement and adventure" to the game and former England great Alex Murphy, who called each test for the BBC alongside Ray French, called then "men from another planet." This was the first Kangaroo tour since the introduction of State of Origin and it allowed Queensland to counter New South Wales' long dominance


title: "Coromandel lacquer" content: similar materials as filler, giving a shallow relief to figures and the like. A different technique was to use inlays of mother of pearl, which had been used on lacquer since at least the Song dynasty and revived in popularity in the 16th century, perhaps also using tortoiseshell, ivory, and metal, especially gold for touches. The mother of pearl was often engraved and stained with colours. The mother of pearl technique was, at least initially, more expensive and produced for the court (who also used screens painted by court artists), and the filled technique apparently developed for a wealthy clientele


title: Arthropod content: until the Middle Cenozoic. From 1952 to 1977, zoologist Sidnie Manton and others argued that arthropods are polyphyletic, in other words, that they do not share a common ancestor that was itself an arthropod. Instead, they proposed that three separate groups of "arthropods" evolved separately from common worm-like ancestors: the chelicerates, including spiders and scorpions; the crustaceans; and the uniramia, consisting of onychophorans, myriapods and hexapods. These arguments usually bypassed trilobites, as the evolutionary relationships of this class were unclear. Proponents of polyphyly argued the following: that the similarities between these groups are the results of convergent evolution, as natural


title: Nematode content: Nematode The nematodes (, ) or roundworms constitute the phylum Nematoda (also called "Nemathelminthes"). They are a diverse animal phylum inhabiting a broad range of environments. Taxonomically, they are classified along with insects and other moulting animals in the clade Ecdysozoa, and unlike flatworms, have tubular digestive systems with openings at both ends. Nematode species can be difficult to distinguish from one another. Consequently, estimates of the number of nematode species described to date vary by author and may change rapidly over time. A 2013 survey of animal biodiversity published in the mega journal Zootaxa puts this figure at over


title: Nematode content: 25,000. Estimates of the total number of extant species are subject to even greater variation. A widely referenced article published in 1993 estimated there may be over 1 million species of nematode, a claim which has since been repeated in numerous publications, without additional investigation, in an attempt to accentuate the importance and ubiquity of nematodes in the global ecosystem (rather than as a sign of agreement with the estimated taxonomic figure). Many other publications have since vigorously refuted this claim on the grounds that it is unsupported by fact, and is the result of speculation and sensationalism. More recent,


title: Nematode content: fact-based estimates have placed the true figure closer to 40,000 species worldwide. Nematodes have successfully adapted to nearly every ecosystem: from marine (salt) to fresh water, soils, from the polar regions to the tropics, as well as the highest to the lowest of elevations. They are ubiquitous in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments, where they often outnumber other animals in both individual and species counts, and are found in locations as diverse as mountains, deserts, and oceanic trenches. They are found in every part of the earth's lithosphere, even at great depths, below the surface of the Earth in gold


title: Nematode content: mines in South Africa. They represent 90% of all animals on the ocean floor. Their numerical dominance, often exceeding a million individuals per square meter and accounting for about 80% of all individual animals on earth, their diversity of lifecycles, and their presence at various trophic levels point to an important role in many ecosystems. The roughly 2,271 genera are placed in 256 families. The many parasitic forms include pathogens in most plants and animals. A third of the genera occur as parasites of vertebrates; about 35 nematode species occur in humans. Nathan Cobb, a nematologist, described the ubiquity of


title: Nematode content: nematodes on Earth as thus:In short, if all the matter in the universe except the nematodes were swept away, our world would still be dimly recognizable, and if, as disembodied spirits, we could then investigate it, we should find its mountains, hills, vales, rivers, lakes, and oceans represented by a film of nematodes. The location of towns would be decipherable, since for every massing of human beings, there would be a corresponding massing of certain nematodes. Trees would still stand in ghostly rows representing our streets and highways. The location of the various plants and animals would still be decipherable,


title: Nematode content: and, had we sufficient knowledge, in many cases even their species could be determined by an examination of their erstwhile nematode parasites. In 1758, Linnaeus described some nematode genera (e.g., "Ascaris"), then included in the Vermes. The name of the group Nematoda, informally called "nematodes", came from Nematoidea, originally defined by Karl Rudolphi (1808), from Ancient Greek νῆμα ("nêma, nêmatos", 'thread') and -eiδἠς ("-eidēs", 'species'). It was treated as family Nematodes by Burmeister (1837). At its origin, the "Nematoidea" erroneously included Nematodes and Nematomorpha, attributed by von Siebold (1843). Along with Acanthocephala, Trematoda, and Cestoidea, it formed the obsolete group


title: Nematode content: Entozoa, created by Rudolphi (1808). They were also classed along with Acanthocephala in the obsolete phylum Nemathelminthes by Gegenbaur (1859). In 1861, K. M. Diesing treated the group as order Nematoda. In 1877, the taxon Nematoidea, including the family Gordiidae (horsehair worms), was promoted to the rank of phylum by Ray Lankester. The first clear distinction between the nemas and gordiids was realized by Vejdovsky when he named a group to contain the horsehair worms the order Nematomorpha. In 1919, Nathan Cobb proposed that nematodes should be recognized alone as a phylum. He argued they should be called "nema" in


title: Nematode content: English rather than "nematodes" and defined the taxon Nemates (later emended as Nemata, Latin plural of "nema"), listing Nematoidea "sensu restricto" as a synonym. However, in 1910, Grobben proposed the phylum Aschelminthes and the nematodes were included in as class Nematoda along with class Rotifera, class Gastrotricha, class Kinorhyncha, class Priapulida, and class Nematomorpha (The phylum was later revived and modified by Libbie Henrietta Hyman in 1951 as Pseudoceolomata, but remained similar). In 1932, Potts elevated the class Nematoda to the level of phylum, leaving the name the same. Despite Potts' classification being equivalent to Cobbs', both names have been


title: Nematode content: used (and are still used today) and Nematode became a popular term in zoological science. Since Cobb was the first to include nematodes in a particular phylum separated from Nematomorpha, some researchers consider the valid taxon name to be Nemates or Nemata, rather than Nematoda, because of the zoological rule that gives priority to the first used term in case of synonyms. The phylogenetic relationships of the nematodes and their close relatives among the protostomian Metazoa are unresolved. Traditionally, they were held to be a lineage of their own, but in the 1990s, they were proposed to form the group


title: Nematode content: Ecdysozoa together with moulting animals, such as arthropods. The identity of the closest living relatives of the Nematoda has always been considered to be well resolved. Morphological characters and molecular phylogenies agree with placement of the roundworms as a sister taxon to the parasitic Nematomorpha; together, they make up the Nematoida. Along with the Scalidophora (formerly Cephalorhyncha), the Nematoida form the clade Cycloneuralia, but much disagreement occurs both between and among the available morphological and molecular data. The Cycloneuralia or the Introverta—depending on the validity of the former—are often ranked as a superphylum. Due to the lack of knowledge regarding


title: Nematode content: many nematodes, their systematics is contentious. An earliest and influential classification was proposed by Chitwood and Chitwood — later revised by Chitwood — who divided the phylum into two — the Aphasmidia and the Phasmidia. These were later renamed Adenophorea (gland bearers) and Secernentea (secretors), respectively. The Secernentea share several characteristics, including the presence of phasmids, a pair of sensory organs located in the lateral posterior region, and this was used as the basis for this division. This scheme was adhered to in many later classifications, though the Adenophorea were not in a uniform group. Initial studies of incomplete DNA