title: "School bus" content: ride to school on transit buses (on school-only routes), coaches, or a variety of other buses. While school bus operations vary widely by location, in the United States and Canada, school bus services operate independent of public transport, with their own bus stops and schedules, coordinated with school class times. In the United States, school bus drivers are required to hold a CDL (typically Class B). In addition to a P (passenger) endorsement, school bus drivers must acquire a separate S (school bus) endorsement; along with a written and driving test, the endorsement requires a background check and sex offender


title: "School bus" content: registry check. In contrast with transit buses, school buses are equipped with a single entry door at the front of the bus. While school buses can carry more passengers (a full-size school bus, from 66 to 90) than other rigid buses of similar length, the use of multiple bus stops allows for the loading or unloading of several students, with the stop at school the only time the bus loads or unloads its passengers at once. Several configurations of entry doors are used on school buses, including center-hinged (jack-knife) and outward-opening. Prior to the 2000s, doors operated manually by the


title: "School bus" content: driver were the most common, with air or electric-assist becoming nearly universal in current vehicles. To inhibit pedestrians from walking into the blind spot created by the hood (or lower bodywork, on Type D buses), crossing arms are safety devices that extend outward from the front bumper when the bus is stopped for loading or unloading. By design, these force passengers to walk forward several feet forward of the bus (into the view of the driver) before they can cross the road in front of the bus. In the past, handrails in the entry way posed a potential risk for


title: "School bus" content: to students; as passengers exited a bus, items such as drawstrings or other loose clothing could be caught if the driver was unaware and pulled away with the student caught in the door. To minimize this risk, school bus manufacturers have redesigned handrails and equipment in the stepwell area. In its "School Bus Handrail Handbook", the NHTSA described a simple test procedure for identifying unsafe stepwell handrails. In contrast to transit and intercity buses, when loading and unloading students, school buses have the ability to stop traffic, using a system of warning lights and stop arms-a stop sign than is


title: "School bus" content: deployed from the bus to stop traffic. By the mid-1940s, most U.S. states introduced traffic laws requiring motorists to stop for school buses while children were loading or unloading. The justifications for this protocol were: Since at least the mid-1970s, all U.S. states and Canadian provinces and territories have some sort of school bus traffic stop law; although each jurisdiction requires traffic to stop for a school bus loading and unloading passengers, different jurisdictions have different requirements of when to stop. Outside of North America, the school bus stopping traffic to unload and load children is not provided for. Instead


title: "School bus" content: of being given traffic priority, fellow drivers are encouraged to drive with extra caution around school buses. Around 1946, the first system of traffic warning signal lights on school buses was used in Virginia, consisting of a pair of sealed beam lights. Instead of colorless glass lenses (similar to car headlamps), the warning lamps utilized red lenses. A motorized rotary switch applied power alternately to the red lights mounted at the left and right of the front and rear of the bus, creating a wig-wag effect. Activation was typically through a mechanical switch attached to the door control. However, on


title: "School bus" content: some buses (such as Gillig's Transit Coach models and the Kenworth-Pacific School Coach) activation of the roof warning lamp system was through the use of a pressure-sensitive switch on a manually controlled stop paddle lever located to the left of the driver's seat below the window. Whenever the pressure was relieved by extending the stop paddle, the electric current was activated to the relay. In the 1950s, plastic lenses were developed for the warning lenses, though the warning lights (with colorless glass lenses) used sealed-beam lamps into the mid-2000s, when light-emitting diodes (LEDs) came into use. The warning lamps initially


title: "School bus" content: used for school buses consisted of four red warning lights. With the adoption of FMVSS 108 in January 1968, four additional warning lights were gradually added to school buses; these were amber in color and mounted inboard of the red warning lights. Intended to signal an upcoming stop to drivers, as the entry door was opened at the stop, they were wired to be overridden by the red lights and the stop sign. Although 8-light systems were adopted by many states and provinces during the 1970s and 1980s, the all-red systems remain in use by some locales such as Saskatchewan


title: "School bus" content: and Ontario, Canada, older buses from California, as well as on buses built in Wisconsin before 2005. To aid visibility of the bus in inclement weather, school districts and school bus operators add flashing strobe lights to the roof of the bus. Some states (for example, Illinois) require strobe lights as part of their local specifications. During the early 1950s, states began to specify a mechanical stop signal arm which the driver would deploy from the left side of the bus to warn traffic of a stop in progress. The portion of the stop arm protruding in front of traffic


title: "School bus" content: was initially a trapezoidal shape with painted on it. The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 131 regulates the specifications of the stop arm as a double-faced regulation octagonal red stop sign at least across, with white border and uppercase legend. It must be retroreflective and/or equipped with alternately flashing red lights. As an alternative, the legend itself may also flash; this is commonly achieved with red LEDs. FMVSS 131 stipulates that the stop signal arm be installed on the left side of the bus, and placed so that when it is extended, the


title: "School bus" content: arm is perpendicular to the side of the bus, with the top edge of the sign parallel to and within of a horizontal plane tangent to the bottom edge of the first passenger window frame behind the driver's window, and that the vertical center of the stop signal arm must be no more than from the side of the bus. One stop signal arm is required; a second may also be installed. The second stop arm, when it is present, is usually mounted near the rear of the bus, and is not permitted to bear a or any other legend


title: "School bus" content: on the side facing forward when deployed. The Canadian standard, defined in Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 131, is substantially identical to the U.S. standard. In theory, school buses affect pollution in the same manner as carpooling; on average, each school bus transports the same number of students as 36 vehicles separately. While busing transports students on a much larger scale than by car, the use of internal-combustion engines is not completely pollution-free (when compared to biking or walking). As of 2017, over 90% of school buses in North America are powered by diesel-fueled engines. While the design offers


title: "School bus" content: higher fuel efficiency over gasoline, health problems related to exposure from diesel exhaust fumes have become a concern. Since the early to mid-2000s, emissions standards for diesel engines have been upgraded considerably; a school bus meeting 2017 emissions standards is 60 times cleaner than a school bus from 2002 (and approximately 3,600 times cleaner than a counterpart from 1990). To comply with upgraded standards and regulations, diesel engines have been redesigned to use ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel with selective catalytic reduction becoming a common emissions control strategy. Although diesel fuel is most commonly used in large school buses (and even


title: "School bus" content: in many smaller ones), alternatives such as LPG/propane and CNG have been developed to counter the drawbacks that diesel and gasoline-fueled school buses pose to the public health and environment. The use of propane as a fuel for school buses began in the 1970s, largely as a response to the 1970s energy crisis. Initially produced as conversions of gasoline engines (as both require spark ignition), propane fell out of favor in the 1980s as fuel prices stabilized, coupled with the wider usage of diesel engines. In the late 2000s, propane-fueled powertrains reentered production, as emissions regulations began to negatively affect


title: "School bus" content: the performance of diesel engines. In 2009, Blue Bird Corporation introduced a version of the Blue Bird Vision powered by a LPG-fuel engine. As of 2018, three manufacturers offer a propane-fuel full-size school bus (Blue Bird, IC, and Thomas), along with Ford and General Motors Type A chassis. Compressed natural gas was first introduced for school buses in the early 1990s (with Blue Bird building its first CNG bus in 1991 and Thomas building its first in 1993) As of 2018, CNG is offered by two full-size bus manufacturers (Blue Bird, Thomas) along with Ford and General Motors Type A


title: "School bus" content: chassis. In theory, urban and suburban routes prove advantageous for the use of an electric bus; charging can be achieved before and after the bus is transporting students (when the bus is parked). In the early 1990s, several prototype models of battery-powered buses were developed as conversions of existing school buses; these were built primarily for research purposes. During the 2000s, school bus electrification shifted towards the development of diesel-electric hybrid school buses. Intended as a means to minimize engine idling while loading/unloading passengers and increasing diesel fuel economy, hybrid school buses failed to gain widespread acceptance. A key factor


title: "School bus" content: in their market failure was their high price (nearly twice the price of a standard diesel school bus) to and hybrid system complexity. In the 2010s, several fully electric school buses would enter the marketplace. Trans Tech Bus would produce two designs, the eTrans (based on the Smith Electric Newton cabover truck), and the SST-e, a conversion of the Ford E-Series. Lion Bus introduced the eLion conventional, the first full-size electric school bus, in 2015. In 2017, several manufacturers added electric school buses to their product ranges, with electric versions of the Blue Bird All American, Blue Bird Vision, Micro


title: "School bus" content: Bird G5 on ford E450 Chassis, IC CE-Series, and Thomas Saf-T-Liner C2 making their debut for future production. The basic bodies of school buses are also used in the construction of a variety of other vehicles, both as new vehicles and as conversions of retired school buses. Qualities desired from school bus bodies involve sturdy construction (as school buses have an all-steel body and frame), a large seating capacity, and wheelchair lift capability, among others. Larger police agencies may own their own police buses for a number of purposes derived from school bus bodies. Along with buses with high-capacity seating


title: "School bus" content: serving as officer transports (in large scale deployments), other vehicles derived from buses may have little seating, serving as temporary mobile command centers; these vehicles are built from school bus bodyshells and fitted with agency-specified equipment. Prisoner transport vehicles are high-security vehicles used to transport prisoners; a school bus bodyshell is fitted with a specially designed interior and exterior with secure windows and doors. In terms of vehicles used for community outreach, school bus bodyshells (both new and second-hand) see use as bookmobiles and mobile blood donation centers (bloodmobiles), among other uses. Bookmobiles feature interior shelving for books and library


title: "School bus" content: equipment; bloodmobiles feature mobile phlebotomy stations and blood storage. Both types of vehicles spend long periods of time parked in the same place; to reduce fuel consumption, they often have on-board electrical generators to power their interior equipment and climate control. Churches throughout the United States and Canada use buses to transport their members, both to church services and to church events. In this capacity, many churches use vehicles based on school buses. Some churches own school buses purchased second-hand, while other churches own vehicles purchased new (other churches own minibuses with wheelchair lifts). In nearly all cases, federal regulations


title: "School bus" content: require the removal of "School Bus" lettering and the disabling/removal of stop arms/warning lights. In some states, the bus is required to change its color from School Bus Yellow entirely. In church use, transporting adults and/or children, traffic law no longer gives church buses traffic priority in most states (Alabama, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia being the only states where a church bus can stop traffic with flashing red lights). As of 2016, the average age of a school bus in the United States is 9.3 years. School buses can be retired from service due to a number of factors,


title: "School bus" content: including vehicle age or mileage, mechanical condition, emissions compliance, or any combination of these factors. In some states and provinces, school bus retirement comes is called for at specific age or mileage intervals, regardless of mechanical condition. In recent years, budget concerns in many publicly funded school districts have necessitated that school buses be kept in service longer. When a school bus is retired from school use, it can see a wide variety of usage. While a majority are scrapped for parts and recycling (a requirement in some states), better-running examples are put up for sale as surplus vehicles. Second-hand


title: "School bus" content: school buses are sold to such entities as churches, resorts or summer camps; others are exported to Central America, South America, or elsewhere. Other examples of retired school buses are preserved and restored by collectors and bus enthusiasts; collectors and museums have an interest in older and rarer models. Additionally, restored school buses appear alongside other period vehicles in television or film. After a school bus is sold, NHTSA regulations require that the stop arms and warning signals of a school bus be removed or disabled. If the bus is to transport passengers, the exterior must be painted a color


title: "School bus" content: other than school bus yellow and all school bus lettering must be removed. In retirement, not all school buses live on as transport vehicles. In contrast, the purchasers of school buses use the large body and chassis to use as either a working vehicle, or as a basis to build a rolling home. To build a utility vehicle for farms, owners often remove much of the roof and sides, creating a large flatbed or open-bed truck for hauling hay. Other farms use unconverted, re-painted, school buses to transport their workforce. Skoolies are retired school buses converted into recreational vehicles (the


title: "School bus" content: term also applies to their owners and enthusiasts). While some examples are fairly primitive, others rival production-built RVs in equipment and quality. Exteriors can range from conservative designs to the bus equivalent of an art car. An example of a school bus converted to an RV is the 1946 International Harvester school bus abandoned on the Stampede Trail in Alaska where Christopher McCandless lived and died in 1992 (often referred to as the "Magic School Bus"). Retired school buses from Canada and the United States are sometimes exported to Africa, Central America, South America, or elsewhere. Used as public transportation


title: "School bus" content: between communities, these buses are nicknamed "chicken buses" for both their crowded accommodation and the (occasional) transportation of livestock alongside passengers. To attract passengers (and fares), yellow buses are often repainted with flamboyant exterior color schemes and modified with chrome exterior trim. Outside the United States and Canada, purpose-built school buses for student transport are less common. In Europe, Asia, and Australia, buses for this purpose may be standard transit buses, differing primarily only by routing and signage. School bus A school bus is a type of bus owned, leased, contracted to, or operated by a school or school district


title: "72nd Academy Awards" content: Some media outlets were more critical of the show. John Carman of the "San Francisco Chronicle" lamented that despite being solid and tidy, "the show never quite managed the big surprises, sloppy excesses and emotional highs we hope to see." "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" television critic Rob Owen criticized the uneven pacing of the ceremony writing that the telecast "started slowly – 20 minutes of Billy Crystal's spoofs and singing that weren't as funny as his past Oscar intros – and never got up to speed." Caryn James of "The New York Times" remarked that "the four-hour show turned into a zombie."


title: "Breast augmentation" content: with five types of surgical incisions: The four surgical approaches to emplacing a breast implant to the implant pocket are described in anatomical relation to the pectoralis major muscle. The surgical scars of a breast augmentation mammoplasty heal at 6-weeks post-operative, and fade within several months, according to the skin type of the woman. Depending upon the daily physical activity the woman might require, the augmentation mammoplasty patient usually resumes her normal life activities at about 1-week post-operative. The woman who underwent submuscular implantation (beneath the pectoralis major muscles) usually has a longer post–operative convalescence, and experiences more pain, because


title: "Pieris rapae" content: Pieris rapae Pieris rapae, the small white, is a small- to medium-sized butterfly species of the whites-and-yellows family Pieridae. It is also known as the small cabbage white and in New Zealand, simply as white butterfly. The names "cabbage butterfly" and "cabbage white" can also refer to the large white. The butterfly can be distinguished by the white color with small black dots on its wings. They are further distinguished by the smaller size and lack of the black band at the tip of their forewings. It is widespread and is believed to have originated in Europe or Asia. It


title: "Pieris rapae" content: is also found in North Africa and has been accidentally introduced to North America, Bermuda, Australia and New Zealand. The caterpillar of this species is seen as a pest for commercial agriculture. Often referred to as the "imported cabbageworm" they are a serious pest to cabbage and other mustard family crops. In appearance it looks like a smaller version of the large white ("Pieris brassicae"). The upperside is creamy white with black tips on the forewings. Females also have two black spots in the center of the forewings. Its underwings are yellowish with black speckles. It is sometimes mistaken for


title: "Pieris rapae" content: a moth due to its plain appearance. The wingspan of adults is roughly . The species has a natural range across Europe, Asia, and North Africa. It was accidentally introduced to Quebec, Canada around 1860 and spread rapidly throughout North America. The species has spread to all of North American life zones from Lower Austral/Lower Sonoran to Canada. Estimates show that a single female of this species might be the progenitor in a few generations of millions. It is absent or scarce in desert and semidesert regions (except for irrigated areas). It is not found north of Canadian life zone,


title: "Pieris rapae" content: nor on Channel Islands off the coast of southern California. By 1898, the small white had spread to Hawaii; by 1929, it had reached New Zealand and the area around Melbourne, Australia and found its way to Perth as early as 1943. Surprisingly, it does not seem to have made it to South America. In Britain, it has two flight periods, April–May and July–August, but is continuously-brooded in North America, being one of the first butterflies to emerge from the chrysalis in the spring and flying until hard freeze in the fall. The species can be found in any open


title: "Pieris rapae" content: area with diverse plant association. It can be seen usually in towns, but also in natural habitats, mostly in valley bottoms. Although an affinity towards open areas is shown, the small white is found to have entered even small forest clearings in recent years. The nominate subspecies "P. r. rapae" is found in Europe, while Asian populations are placed in the subspecies "P. r. crucivora". Other subspecies include "atomaria", "eumorpha", "leucosoma", "mauretanica", "napi", "novangliae", and "orientalis". It is also very similar to the species "Pieris oleracea." The small white will readily lay eggs on both cultivated and wild members of


title: "Pieris rapae" content: the cabbage family, such as Charlock ("Sinapis arvensis") and Hedge mustard ("Sisymbrium officinale"). "P. rapae" is known to lay eggs singularly on the host plant. The egg is characterized by a yellowish color and 12 longitudinal ridges. The egg production peaks about a week after adulthood in lab and the female can live up to 3 weeks. Females tend to lay fewer eggs on plants in clumps than on isolated plants. It has been suggested that isothiocyanate compounds in the family Brassicaceae may have been evolved to reduce herbivory by caterpillars of the small white. However, this suggestion is not


title: "Pieris rapae" content: generally accepted because the small white has later been shown to be immune to the isothiocyanate forming reaction due to a specific biochemical adaptation. In contrast, the small white and relatives seem to have evolved as a consequence of this biochemical adaptation to the isothiocyanate-forming glucosinolates. Traditionally known in the United States as the imported cabbage worm, now more commonly the cabbage white, the caterpillars are bluish-green, with tiny black pints, a black ring around the spiracles, and a lateral row of yellow dashes, and a yellow middorsal line. Caterpillars rest on the undersides of the leaves, making them less


title: "Pieris rapae" content: visible to predators. Although the larval instars have not been fully studied, different instars are easily differentiated simply by comparing sizes, especially the head alone. During the first and second instar the head is entirely black; third instar has the clypeus yellow but the rest of the head black. In the fourth and fifth instar, there is a dark greenish-yellow dot behind each eye but with rest of the head black. However, the color of the caterpillar head does not necessarily indicate specific instar, as the time of color change is not fixed. In the larval stage, the small white


title: "Pieris rapae" content: can be a pest on cultivated cabbages, kale, radish, broccoli, and horseradish. The larva is considered a serious pest for commercial growth of cabbage and other Brassicaceae. The pupa of "P. rapae" is very similar to that of "P. napi". It is brown to mottled-gray or yellowish, matching the background color. It has a large head cone, with a vertical abdomen and flared subdorsal ridge. The two (pupa of "P. rapae" and "P. napi") can be easily distinguished by comparing the proboscis sheath. In "P. rapae", the proboscis sheath extends far beyond the antennal sheath while in "P. napi", only


title: "Pieris rapae" content: a very short distance. Like its close relative the large white, the small white is a strong flyer and the British population is increased by continental immigrants in most years. Adults are diurnal and fly throughout the day, except for early morning and evening. Although there is occasional activity during the later part of the night, it ceases as dawn breaks. Adult "P. rapae" can move many kilometers in individual flights. Adults have been observed to fly as much as 12 km in one flight. On average, a female flies about 0.7 km per day and moves 0.45 km from


title: "Pieris rapae" content: where she starts. Males patrol all day around host plants to mate with females. The "P. rapae" larva is voracious. Once it hatches from the egg, it eats its own eggshell and then moves to eat the leaves of the host plant. It bores into the interior of the cabbage, feeding on the new sprouts. The mustard oil from the host plant makes the larva distasteful to birds. The larvae adjust their feeding rate to maintain a constant rate of nitrogen uptake. They will feed faster in low nitrogen environment and utilize the nitrogen more efficiently (at the cost of


title: "Pieris rapae" content: efficiency in other nutrients) than larvae hatched on nitrogen high host plant. However, no significant difference in growth rate was observed between larvae in the two environments. Considered a serious pest, the caterpillar is known to be responsible for annual damage worth hundreds of thousands of dollars. The larvae are shown to disperse their damage on the plant. Larvae are shown to feed mostly during the day. They move around the plant mostly spending their time feeding. A feeding bout is immediately followed by a change in position, either to a new leaf or to another part of the same


title: "Pieris rapae" content: leaf. This dispersal of damage is seen as an adaptive behavior to hide the visual cues from predators that rely on vision. Even though "P. rapae" larvae are cryptic, they remain in the sun for the majority of the day, rather than hiding on the underside of the leaf. The condition of the host plant influences the larval growth significantly. Larval duration, pupal weights, adult weights, and larval growth rates were significantly altered by both plant nutrient availability and plant species. Larvae preferred Brassicaceae plants over other host plants. Larvae that have previously fed on crucifers will refuse nasturtium leaves


title: "Pieris rapae" content: to the point of starving to death. Within the family Brassicaceae, larvae show no significant difference in feeding behavior; larvae placed on kale show no difference from larvae placed on Brussels sprouts. Survival rates do not differ depending on nutrition availability of host plant. Elevated plant nutrient levels decrease larval duration and increase larval growth rate. The elevated nutrition level also decreased the fourth instar’s consumption rate and increased its food utilization efficiencies. Larvae on cultivated host plant was observed to have higher growth efficiency than those fed in foliage of wild species. In short, larvae fed on high nutrition


title: "Pieris rapae" content: foliage show shorter duration of development, less consumption rate, higher growth rate and food processing efficiency. Adult "P. rapae" use both vision and olfactory cues to identify flowers in their foraging flight. The cabbage butterfly prefers purple, blue and yellow flowers over other floral colors. Some flowers, like "Brassica rapa", have a UV guide for aiding nectar search for the butterfly where the petals reflect near UV light whereas the center of the flower absorbs UV light, creating a visible dark center in the flower when seen in UV condition. This UV guide plays a significant role in "P. rapae"


title: "Pieris rapae" content: foraging. The adult flies around feeding from nectars of the plant. The adult looks for certain colors among green vegetation (purple, blue, and yellow preferred to white, red and green) and extend the proboscis before landing. It probes for nectar after landing. The butterfly identifies the flower through vision and odor. Chemical compounds such as Phenylacetaldehyde or 2-Phenylethanol was shown to provoke reflex proboscis extension. The search for nectar is also limited by the memory constraint. An adult butterfly shows a flower constancy in foraging, visiting flower species that it has already experienced. The ability to find nectar from the


title: "Pieris rapae" content: flower increased over time, showing a certain learning curve. Furthermore, the ability to find nectar from the first flower species decreased if the adult butterfly started to feed nectar from other plant species. The male, when it spots a female, zigzags up, down, below, and in front of her, flying until she lands. The male flutters, catches her closed forewings with his legs, and spreads his wings. This causes her to lean over. He usually flies a short distance with her dangling beneath him. An unreceptive female may fly vertically or spread her wings and raise the abdomen to reject


title: "Pieris rapae" content: the male. Most host plants of "P. rapae" contain mustard oils and females use these oils to locate the plants. Females then lay the eggs singly on host leaves. In the northern hemisphere, adults appear as early as March and they continue to brood well into October. Spring adults have smaller black spots on its wings and are generally smaller than summer adults. All known host plants contain natural chemicals called glucosinolates, that are cues for egg laying. Host plants are: herb Cruciferae – "Arabis glabra", "Armoracia lapthifolia", "Armoracia aquatica", "Barbarea vulgaris", "Barbarea orthoceras", "Barbarea verna", "Brassica oleracea", "Brassica rapa",


title: "Pieris rapae" content: "Brassica caulorapa", "Brassica napus", "Brassica juncea", "Brassica hirta", "Brassica nigra", "Brassica tula", "Cardaria draba", "Capsella bursa-pastoris" (females oviposit but larvae refuse it), "Dentaria diphylla", "Descurainia Sophia", "Eruca sativa", "Erysimum perenne", "Lobularia maritima", "Lunaria annua" (retards larval growth), "Matthiola incana", "Nasturtium officinale", "Raphanus sativus", "Raphanus raphanistrum", "Rorippa curvisiliqua", "Rorippa islandica", "Sisymbrium irio", "Sisymbrium altissimum", "Sisymbrium officinale" (and var. "leicocarpum"), "Streptanthus tortuosus", "Thlaspi arvense" (larvae grow slowly or refuse it); Capparidaceae: "Cleome serrulata", "Capparis sandwichiana"; Tropaeolaceae: "Tropaeolum majus"; Resedaceae: "Reseda odorata". There is a three phase to host selection by the "P. rapae" adult female butterfly: searching, landing, and contact evaluation. A


title: "Pieris rapae" content: gravid female adult will first locate suitable habitats, and then identify patches of vegetation that contain potential host plants. The cabbage butterflies seem to limit their search to open areas and avoid cool, shaded woodlands even when host plants are available in these areas. Furthermore, gravid females will not oviposit during overcast or rainy weather. In laboratory conditions, high light intensity is required to promote oviposition. The females fly in a linear path independent of wind direction or position of the sun. Pre-mating females do not display host plant searching behavior. The behavior starts soon after mating. Flight behavior of


title: "Pieris rapae" content: an ovipositing female of "P. rapae" follows the Markov process. Females foraging for nectar will readily abandon a linear path; they will show tight turns concentrating on flower patches. Females searching for host plant, however, will follow a linear route. As a result of directionality, the number of eggs laid per plant declines with increases in host plant density. The average move length declined as host plant density increases, but the decline is not enough to concentrate eggs on a dense host plant collard. Although females avoid laying eggs on plants or leaves with other eggs or larvae in a


title: "Pieris rapae" content: lab condition; this discrimination is not shown in field conditions. Adult females may search for a suitable Brassicaceae over a range of 500 m to several kilometers. Small differences in flight patterns have been observed in Canadian and Australian "P. rapae", indicating that there may be slight variation between different geographic populations. Landing appears to be mediated primarily by visual cues, of which color is the most important. "P. rapae" in a lab environment showed no significant preference for the shape or size of the oviposition substrate. Gravid females responded most positively to green and blue/green colors for oviposition. The


title: "Pieris rapae" content: preference was shown for surfaces with maximal reflectance of 550 nm. In natural conditions, oviposition was preferred on larger plants, but this was not reflected in laboratory conditions. Younger plants often had yellow/green color while older plants display a darker and stronger green. Female butterflies preferred the older plants due to the attraction to the darker green color. However, larvae perform better on younger plants. Once a gravid female lands on a plant, tactile and contact chemical stimuli are major factors affecting acceptance or rejection of the site for egg deposition. Once a female lands on a host plant, it


title: "Pieris rapae" content: will go through a “drumming reaction” or a rapid movement of the forelegs across the surface of a leaf. This behavior is believed to provide physical and chemical information about the suitability of a plant. "P. rapae" is shown to prefer smooth hard surfaces similar to a surface of an index card over rougher softer textures like blotting paper or felt. "P. rapae" use their chemoreceptors on their tarsi to search for chemical cues from the host plant. An adult female will be sensitive to number of glucosinolates, gluconasturtiin being the most effective glucosinolate stimulants for these sensilla. A gravid


title: "Pieris rapae" content: female adult will lay disproportionate number of eggs on peripheral or isolated plants. A single larva is less likely to exhaust the whole plant, therefore laying eggs singly prevents the likelihood of larval starvation from resource exhaustion. This behavior may have evolved to exploit the original vegetation in the eastern Mediterranean where brassica plants originated. Age of butterflies appears to have no effect on their ability to select the source of highest concentration of oviposition stimulant. Additionally, it has been shown that the weather has a large impact on the eggs of "P. rapae. " The main issues with the


title: "Pieris rapae" content: weather are that strong winds can blow eggs from the leaves and strong rains can drown the caterpillars. Larvae feeding and growth is highly dependent on their body temperature. While the larvae survives from as low as 10 °C, the growth of larvae changes with changing temperature. From 10 °C to 35 °C, growth increases, but declines rapidly at temperatures higher than 35 °C. Past 40 °C, larvae start showing substantial mortality. The diurnal variation of temperature can be extensive with daily range of more than 20 °C on some sunny days and clear nights. Larvae are able to respond


title: "Pieris rapae" content: well to a wide range of temperature condition, which allows them to inhabit various locations in the world. In natural conditions, larvae shows fastest growth at temperatures close to 35 °C. however, in constant temperature conditions in laboratory, larvae shows mortality at 35 °C. In this lab condition, larvae grows between 10 °C to 30.5 °C while showing maximal developmental rate at 30.5 °C. The difference between lab and natural condition is due to routine temperature changes on the scale of minutes to hours under field conditions. Studies in Britain showed that birds are a major predator in British town


title: "Pieris rapae" content: and city environments (such as in gardens) while arthropods had larger influence in rural areas. Bird predators include the house sparrow ("Passer domesticus"), goldfinch ("Carduelis carduelis") and skylark ("Alauda arvensis"). Caterpillars are cryptic, coloured as green as the host plant leaves and they rest on the undersides of the leaves, thus making them less visible to predators. Unlike the large white, they are not distasteful to predators like birds. Like many other "white" butterflies, they overwinter as a pupa. Bird predation is usually evident only in late-instar larvae or on overwintering pupae. "P. rapae" caterpillars are commonly parasitized by a


title: "Pieris rapae" content: variety of insects. The four main parasitoids are " Cotesia rubecula", " Cotesia glomerata", "Phryxe vulgaris", and "Epicampocera succinata". "Cotesia rubecula" and "Cotesia glomerata", previously in the genus "Apanteles", were introduced in North America from Asia as biocontrols. "C. rubecula" lays its eggs in the 1st and 2nd instar caterpillars. The larvae then grow within the caterpillar and continue to feed on the caterpillar until they are almost fully grown, and at that point the caterpillar is killed. It is important to note that only one larva develops per host and the rate of "C. rubecula "is largely independent of


title: "Pieris rapae" content: "P. rapae "population size. "C. glomerata" is similar to "C. rubecula" in that both parasitize the host in either the 1st or 2nd instar. The main difference is that "C. glomerata" always kill the host in the 5th instar and multiple larvae can be raised within one host. "P. rapae" pupae are frequently parasitized by "Pteromalus puparum". Pieris rapae Pieris rapae, the small white, is a small- to medium-sized butterfly species of the whites-and-yellows family Pieridae. It is also known as the small cabbage white and in New Zealand, simply as white butterfly. The names "cabbage butterfly" and "cabbage white"


title: Vardis content: for 'quo vadis' , or 'whither goest thou?'). This was later abbreviated to Vardis. Their first recordings were made at Holyground Studios in Cass Yard, Kirgate, Wakefied. The first ever track laid down on vinyl was titled "Jiving All Night Long" with the B-side titled "Stay with Me", both penned by Zodiac. This was followed up with a second record, both cover versions, those being "Roll Over Beethoven" (Chuck Berry) and "Don't Waste My Time" (Status Quo). Vardis quickly gained notoriety for their high energy live performances, the unique approach of incorporating elements of 70's glam rock and heavy metal


title: Kiyomizu-dera content: Kiyomizu-dera , officially , is an independent Buddhist temple in eastern Kyoto. The temple is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) UNESCO World Heritage site. The place is not to be confused with Kiyomizu-dera in Yasugi, Shimane, which is part of the 33-temple route of the Chūgoku 33 Kannon Pilgrimage through western Japan, or the Kiyozumi-dera temple associated with the Buddhist priest Nichiren. Kiyomizu-dera was founded in the early Heian period. The temple was founded in 778 by Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, and its present buildings were constructed in 1633, ordered by the Tokugawa


title: Kiyomizu-dera content: Iemitsu. There is not a single nail used in the entire structure. It takes its name from the waterfall within the complex, which runs off the nearby hills. "Kiyomizu" means "clear water", or "pure water". It was originally affiliated with the old and influential Hossō sect dating from Nara times. However, in 1965 it severed that affiliation, and its present custodians call themselves members of the "Kitahossō" sect. The main hall has a large veranda, supported by tall pillars, that juts out over the hillside and offers impressive views of the city. Large verandas and main halls were constructed at


title: Kiyomizu-dera content: many popular sites during the Edo period to accommodate large numbers of pilgrims. The popular expression "to jump off the stage at Kiyomizu" is the Japanese equivalent of the English expression "to take the plunge". This refers to an Edo-period tradition that held that if one were to survive a jump from the stage, one's wish would be granted. During the Edo period, 234 jumps were recorded, and of those, 85.4% survived. The practice is now prohibited. Beneath the main hall is the Otowa waterfall, where three channels of water fall into a pond. Visitors can catch and drink the


title: Kiyomizu-dera content: water, which is believed to have wish-granting powers. The temple complex includes several other shrines, among them the Jishu Shrine, dedicated to Ōkuninushi, a god of love and "good matches". Jishu Shrine possesses a pair of "love stones" placed apart, which lonely visitors can try to walk between with their eyes closed. Success in reaching the other stone with their eyes closed implies that the pilgrim will find love, or true love. One can be assisted in the crossing, but this is taken to mean that a go-between will be needed. The person's romantic interest can assist them as well.


title: Kiyomizu-dera content: The complex also offers various talismans, incense, and "omikuji" (paper fortunes). The site is particularly popular during festivals (especially at New Year's and during "obon" in the summer) when additional booths fill the grounds selling traditional holiday foodstuffs and souvenirs to throngs of visitors. In 2007, Kiyomizu-dera was one of 21 finalists for the New Seven Wonders of the World., but was not picked as one of the seven winning sites. Kiyomizu-dera , officially , is an independent Buddhist temple in eastern Kyoto. The temple is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) UNESCO


title: "Dave Kingman" content: star pitcher on the baseball team. He was drafted by the California Angels out of high school in the second round of the 1967 Major League Baseball draft, and by the Baltimore Orioles in the first round of the 1968 draft, but chose, instead, to attend the University of Southern California (USC) to play college baseball for the USC Trojans under coach Rod Dedeaux, after a year at Harper Junior College in Palatine, Illinois. Kingman began as a pitcher before being converted to an outfielder. In 1969, Kingman had a 11–4 win-loss record with a 1.38 earned run average (ERA)


title: "Cloverleaf interchange" content: Cloverleaf interchange A cloverleaf interchange is a two-level interchange in which left turns ("reverse directions in left-driving regions") are handled by ramp roads (US: ramps, UK: slip roads). To go left (in right-hand traffic), vehicles first continue as one road passes over or under the other, then exit right onto a one-way three-fourths loop ramp (270°) and merge onto the intersecting road. The objective of a cloverleaf is to allow two highways to cross without the need for any traffic to be stopped by red lights, even for left and right turns. The limiting factor in the capacity of a


title: "HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)" content: Commodore Jerry Kyd, who had previously commanded the carriers and . As Commanding Officer of HMS "Queen Elizabeth", Kyd wore the Royal Navy rank of Captain, while retaining the substantive rank of Commodore. "Queen Elizabeth" has no catapults or arrestor wires and is instead designed to operate V/STOL aircraft. The air wing will typically consist of F-35B Lightning II multirole fighters and Merlin helicopters for airborne early warning and anti-submarine warfare. The design emphasises flexibility, with accommodation for 250 Royal Marines and the ability to support them with attack helicopters and large troop transports such as Chinooks. She is the


title: "Alexander Mackenzie (composer)" content: Edward German, Henry Wood, and Landon Ronald. He retired from the Academy and from public life in 1924. Mackenzie died in London in 1935 at the age of 87. "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" says of Mackenzie's music that it is "cosmopolitan in style and somewhat old-fashioned for its period, displaying influences of French and German composers, including Bizet, Gounod, Schumann, and Wagner." "Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians" says that although Mackenzie's music was eclipsed by the works of later composers, "he and his contemporaries may be regarded as having laid the foundations of the musical renaissance in


title: "Freedom of speech in the United States" content: some official buildings." In the 2006 index the United States fell further to 53rd of 168 countries; indeed, "relations between the media and the Bush administration sharply deteriorated" as it became suspicious of journalists who questioned the "War on Terrorism". The zeal of federal courts which, unlike those in 33 U.S. states, refuse to recognize the media's right not to reveal its sources, even threatened journalists whose investigations did not pertain to terrorism. The United States improved, moving up to 48th place in 2007, however, and to 20th in 2010. In a 9–0 decision, the Supreme Court extended the full


title: "Sant'Ignazio, Rome" content: Valle, with allegorical figures and angels (1649) by Pietro Bracci, and a frescoed ceiling with "The Assumption" by Pozzo. The second and first chapels to the left have paintings by Jesuit Pierre de Lattre, who also did the sacristy paintings. The Cardinal Deaconry of Sant Ignazio di Loyola a Campo Marzio was established June 28, 1991. Its cardinals include: Sant'Ignazio, Rome The Church of St. Ignatius of Loyola at Campus Martius (, ) is a Roman Catholic titular church, of deaconry rank, dedicated to Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, located in Rome, Italy. Built in


title: "Common garter snake" content: Common garter snake The common garter snake ("Thamnophis sirtalis") is a species of natricine snake, which is indigenous to North America and found widely across the continent. Most common garter snakes have a pattern of yellow stripes on a black, brown or green background, and their average total length (including tail) is about , with a maximum total length of about . The average body mass is . Current scientific classification recognizes thirteen subspecies (ordered by date): "Nota bene": A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than "Thamnophis". The subspecific name,


title: "Common garter snake" content: "fiestchi", is in honor of American herpetologist Henry Sheldon Fitch. The subspecific name, "lowei", is in honor of American herpetologist Charles Herbert Lowe. The subspecific name, "pickeringii", is in honor of American naturalist Charles E. Pickering. Common garter snakes are thin snakes. Few grow over about long, and most stay smaller. Most have longitudinal stripes in many different colors. Common garter snakes come in a wide range of colors, including green, blue, yellow, gold, red, orange, brown, and black. The common garter snake is a diurnal snake. In summer, it is most active in the morning and late afternoon; in


title: "Common garter snake" content: cooler seasons or climates, it restricts its activity to the warm afternoons. In warmer southern areas, the snake is active year-round; otherwise, it sleeps in common dens, sometimes in great numbers. On warm winter afternoons, some snakes have been observed emerging from their hibernacula to bask in the sun. The saliva of a common garter snake may be toxic to amphibians and other small animals. Garter snakes were researched and studies show they have a mild venom in their saliva. For humans, a bite is not dangerous, though it may cause slight itching, burning, and/or swelling. Most common garter snakes


title: "Common garter snake" content: also secrete a foul-smelling fluid from postanal glands when handled or harmed. Common garter snakes are resistant to naturally found poisons such as that of the American toad and rough-skinned newt, the latter of which can kill a human if ingested. Common garter snakes have the ability to absorb the toxin from the newts into their body, making them poisonous, which can deter potential predators. The common garter snake use toxicity for both offense and defense. On the offensive side, the snake's venom can be toxic to some of its smaller prey, such as mice and other rodents. On the


title: "Common garter snake" content: defensive side, the snake uses its resistance to toxicity to provide an important anti-predator capability. A study on the evolutionary development of resistance of tetrodotoxin tested between two populations of "Thamnophis" and then tested inside a population of "T. sirtalis". Those who were exposed to and lived in the same environment as the newts ("Taricha granulosa") that produce tetrodotoxin when eaten were more immune to the toxin (see figure). While resistance to tetrodotoxin is beneficial in acquiring newt prey, there are also costs associated with it as well. Consuming the toxin can lead to reduced speed and sometimes no movement


title: "Common garter snake" content: for extended periods of time, along with impaired thermoregulation. The anti-predator display that this species uses demonstrates the idea of an "arms race" between different species and their anti-predator displays. Along the entire geographical interaction of "T. granulosa" and "T. sirtalis", there are patches that correspond to strong coevolution as well as weak or absent coevolution. Populations of "T. sirtalis" that do not live in areas that contain "T. granulosa" contain the lowest amount of tetrodotoxin resistance, while those that do live in the same area contain the highest levels of tetrodotoxin resistance. In populations where tetrodotoxin is absent in


title: "Common garter snake" content: "T. granulosa", resistance in "T. sirtalis" is selected against because the mutation causes lower average population fitness. This helps maintain polymorphism within garter snake populations. In the early part of spring, when snakes are coming out of hibernation the males generally emerge first to be ready when the females wake up. Some males will assume the role of a female and lead other males away from the burrow, luring them with a fake female pheromone. After such a male has led rivals away, he "turns" back into a male and races back to the den, just as the females emerge.


title: "Common garter snake" content: He is then the first to mate with all the females he can catch. This method also serves to help warm males by tricking other males into surrounding and heating up the male, and is particularly useful to species in colder climates (such as "T. s. parietalis"). There are generally far more males than females and that is why, during mating season, they form "mating balls," where one or two females will be completely swamped by ten or more males. Sometimes a male snake will mate with a female before hibernation and the female will store the sperm internally until


title: "Common garter snake" content: spring, when she will allow her eggs to be fertilized. If she mates again in the spring, the fall sperm will degenerate, and the spring sperm will fertilize her eggs. The females may give birth ovoviviparously to 12 to 40 young from July through October. The habitat of the common garter snake ranges from forests, fields, and prairies to streams, wetlands, meadows, marshes, and ponds, and it is often found near water. It is found at altitudes from sea level to mountain locations. The diet of "T. sirtalis" consists mainly of amphibians and earthworms, but also fish, small birds, and


title: "Common garter snake" content: rodents. Common garter snakes are effective at catching fast-moving creatures like fish and tadpoles. Animals that eat the common garter snake include large fish (such as bass and catfish), bullfrogs, snapping turtles, larger snakes, hawks, raccoons, foxes, wild turkeys, and domestic cats and dogs. Water contamination, urban expansion, and residential and industrial development are all threats to the common garter snake. The San Francisco garter snake ("T. s. tetrataenia"), which is extremely scarce and occurs only in the vicinity of ponds and reservoirs in San Mateo County, California, has been listed as an endangered species by the U.S. Fish and


title: "Common garter snake" content: Wildlife Service since 1967. Garter snakes exhibit many different anti-predatory behaviors, or behaviors that ward off predators. Morphology refers to the shape that the snake's body makes in response to the environment, predatory defense, mating, etc. The term body geometry may also be used to describe the shape a snake's body makes. Garter snakes exhibit a higher variation of morphology when compared to other snakes. Predation has been such an intense selection pressure throughout evolution; these snakes have developed body geometries that are highly variable and heritable. These morphologies have been concluded to be highly variable even within a single


title: "Common garter snake" content: population. Different geometries indicate whether the snake is preparing to flee, fight, or protect itself. Since the traits are heritable, there must be some evolutionary benefit such as warding off predators. Additional research also shows that different biological factors such as body temperature and sex influence whether the snake will exhibit certain anti-predatory behaviors. Studies show that the warmer the temperature of a garter snake, the more likely the snake is to flee a predator; a snake with a cooler body temperature remains stationary or attacks. Male garter snakes are also more likely to flee. Garter snakes that exhibit more


title: "Common garter snake" content: aggressive anti-predatory displays tend to also be fast and have high stamina. However the cause for correlation is unknown. As said, temperature can play a part in the anti-predator behavior of the common garter snake. Temperature can also be the factor that determines whether the snakes stay passive or attacks when provoked by a predator. For example, one study found that snakes are less likely to escalate in response to an attack when the temperature is lower. There was a study done that tested the activity of the snake in response to different temperatures while being provoked by touching or


title: "Common garter snake" content: by almost touching. By recording the popular responses as passive or aggressive, they were able to conclude that as temperature goes down, so does the anti-predator response and general activity of the snake. Thus, temperature is important in determining the snake's anti-predatory responses. In the same study on temperature, they included the idea that the first response of the snake is actually a bluff. When the snake was teased with their finger, the snake reacted aggressively, however, once touched, they became passive and did not react with any more violence This was seen multiple times throughout the course of the


title: "Common garter snake" content: experiment. They did not specifically test for this hypothesis, however, it was an important observation that should be tested in the future. Aposematism, or warning coloration, is another factor that influences anti-predator behavior. For example, the coral snake exhibits aposematic coloration that can be mimicked. While garter snakes do not exhibit mimicry or aposematic coloration, it has been found that garter snakes with striped patterns are more likely to slowly, successively slither away, while spotted and not striped snakes were more likely to deceptively flee from predators. The decision of a juvenile garter snake to attack a predator can be


title: "Common garter snake" content: affected by whether the snake has just eaten or not. Snakes that have just eaten are more likely to strike a predator or stimuli than snakes that do not have a full stomach. Snakes are more likely to flee a threatening situation if their stomachs are empty. Snakes that have just eaten a large animal are less mobile. Feeding positively affects endurance as opposed to speed. Another factor that controls the anti-predatory response of the garter snake is where, on its body, the snake is attacked. Many birds and mammals prefer to attack the head of the snake. In a


title: "Common garter snake" content: research study, it was found that garter snakes are more likely to hide their head and move their tail back and forth when being attacked close to the head. The same study concluded that snakes that were attacked in the middle of their body were more likely to flee or exhibit open-mouthed warning reactions. Time may be another factor that contributes to anti-predatory responses. Garter snakes are affected by maturation time. As snakes mature, the length of time at which garter snakes can display physical activity at 25 °C increases. Juvenile snakes can only be physically active for three to


title: "Common garter snake" content: five minutes. Adult snakes can be physically active for up to 25 minutes. This is mostly due to aerobic energy production; pulmonary aeration increases up to three times in adult garter snakes when compared to juveniles. The quick fatigue of the juveniles most certainly limits the habitats they can live in as well as their food source. It absolutely affects the anti-predator response of both juvenile and adult garter snakes; without sufficient energy production the snake cannot exhibit any anti-predatory response. Female garter snakes produce a specific pheromone. Studies show that some males of various species of garter snake exhibit


title: "Common garter snake" content: female behavior as well as morphology. This type of mimicry is primarily found in the red-sided garter snake. A portion of the males that exhibit female mimicry also secrete the sex-specific hormone to attract other males. In a study these "she-males" mated with females significantly more often than males that did not exhibit this mimicry. A male pretending to be a female around other males increases his chances of reproduction as well as protects against stronger, more aggressive males. Common garter snake The common garter snake ("Thamnophis sirtalis") is a species of natricine snake, which is indigenous to North America


title: "Wörthersee" content: May) every year since 1981. The "A2 Süd Autobahn" motorway (European Route E66) from Vienna to Italy passes along the northern side of the lake, as does the "B83 Kärntner Straße" highway connecting Klagenfurt with Villach and the "Südbahn" railway line from Vienna to Venice. There is also a cycle path along the northern shore. In summer, passenger boats connect the largest settlements. The number of private speedboats is strictly limited by a quota system to limit the environmental damage and hazard to swimmers. Wörthersee Wörthersee (Slovene: "Vrbsko jezero", ) is a lake in the southern Austrian state of Carinthia.


title: Clindamycin content: as a generic in the USA). Clindamycin is marketed as generic and under trade names including Cleocin HCl, Clindacin, Dalacin, Evoclin and Lincocin (Bangladesh). Other combination products include Clindoxyl. The veterinary uses of clindamycin are quite similar to its human indications, and include treatment of osteomyelitis, skin infections, and toxoplasmosis, for which it is the preferred drug in dogs and cats. Toxoplasmosis rarely causes symptoms in cats, but can do so in very young or immunocompromised kittens and cats. Clindamycin Clindamycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes middle ear infections, bone


title: "Hugh Foot, Baron Caradon" content: in the 1939 New Year Honours and elevated Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1946 Birthday Honours. He was elevated Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in the 1951 New Year Honours and was appointed Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) on 27 November 1953. In the 1957 Birthday Honours, he was elevated a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG). He was one of the four sons of the Liberal Member of Parliament Isaac Foot, his three brothers


title: Calluna content: Calluna Calluna vulgaris (known as common heather, ling, or simply heather) is the sole species in the genus Calluna in the flowering plant family Ericaceae. It is a low-growing perennial shrub growing to tall, or rarely to and taller, and is found widely in Europe and Asia Minor on acidic soils in open sunny situations and in moderate shade. It is the dominant plant in most heathland and moorland in Europe, and in some bog vegetation and acidic pine and oak woodland. It is tolerant of grazing and regenerates following occasional burning, and is often managed in nature reserves and


title: Calluna content: grouse moors by sheep or cattle grazing, and also by light burning. "Calluna" was separated from the closely related genus "Erica" by Richard Anthony Salisbury, who devised the generic name "Calluna" probably from the Greek "Kallyno (καλλύνω)", "beautify, sweep clean", in reference to its traditional use in besoms. The specific epithet "vulgaris" is Latin for 'common'. "Calluna" is differentiated from "Erica" by its corolla and calyx each being in four parts instead of five. "Calluna" has small scale-leaves (less than 2–3 mm long) borne in opposite and decussate pairs, whereas those of "Erica" are generally larger and in whorls of


title: Calluna content: 3-4, sometimes 5. The flowers emerge in late summer; in wild plants these are normally mauve, but white-flowered plants also occur occasionally. They are terminal in racemes with sepal-like bracts at the base with a superior ovary, the fruit a capsule. Unlike "Erica", "Calluna" sometimes sports double flowers. "Calluna" is sometimes referred to as Summer (or Autumn) heather to distinguish it from winter or spring flowering species of "Erica". "Calluna" is native to Europe, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and the Azores. It has been introduced into many other places worldwide with suitable climates, including North America, Australia, New Zealand and


title: Calluna content: the Falkland Islands. Despised until the 19th century for its associations with the most rugged rural poverty, heather's growth in popularity may be paralleled with the vogue for alpine plants. It is a very popular ornamental plant in gardens and for landscaping, in lime-free areas where it will thrive, but has defeated many a gardener on less acid soil. There are many named cultivars, selected for variation in flower colour and for different foliage colour and growing habits. Different cultivars have flower colours ranging from white, through pink and a wide range of purples, and including reds. The flowering season


title: Calluna content: with different cultivars extends from late July to November in the northern hemisphere. The flowers may turn brown but still remain on the plants over winter, and this can lead to interesting decorative effects. Cultivars with ornamental foliage are usually selected for reddish and golden leaf colour. A few forms can be silvery grey. Many of the ornamental foliage forms change colour with the onset of winter weather, usually increasing in intensity of colour. Some forms are grown for distinctive young spring foliage. Cultivars include ‘Beoley Crimson’ (Crimson red), ‘Boskoop’ (light purple), ‘Cuprea’ (copper), 'Firefly' (deep mauve),‘Long White’ (white). The


title: Calluna content: following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: Heather is an important food source for various sheep and deer which can graze the tips of the plants when snow covers low-growing vegetation. Willow grouse and red grouse feed on the young shoots and seeds of this plant. Both adult and larva of the heather beetle ("Lochmaea suturalis") feed on it, and can cause extensive mortality in some instances. The larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species also feed on the plant, notably the small emperor moth "Saturnia pavonia". Formerly heather was used to dye wool yellow


title: Calluna content: and to tan leather. With malt, heather is an ingredient in gruit, a mixture of flavourings used in the brewing of heather-beer during the Middle Ages before the use of hops. Thomas Pennant wrote in "A Tour in Scotland" (1769) that on the Scottish island of Islay "ale is frequently made of the young tops of heath, mixing two thirds of that plant with one of malt, sometimes adding hops". The use of heather in the brewing of modern heather beer is carefully regulated. By law, the heather must be cleaned carefully before brewing, as the undersides of the leaves


title: Calluna content: may contain a dusting of an ergot-like fungus, which is a hallucinogenic intoxicant. From time immemorial heather has been used for making besoms, a practice recorded in "Buy Broom Buzzems" a song probably written by William Purvis (Blind Willie) (1752–1832) from Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. Heather honey is a highly valued product in moorland and heathland areas, with many beehives being moved there in late summer. Not always as valued as it is today, it was dismissed as "mel improbum" by Dioscurides. Heather honey has a characteristic strong taste, and an unusual texture, for it is thixotropic, being a jelly until stirred,


title: Calluna content: when it becomes a syrup like other honey, but then sets again to a jelly. This makes the extraction of the honey from the comb difficult, and it is therefore often sold as comb honey. White heather is regarded in Scotland as being lucky, a tradition brought from Balmoral to England by Queen Victoria and sprigs of it are often sold as a charm and worked into bridal bouquets. Heather stalks are used by a small industry in Scotland as a raw material for sentimental jewellery. The stalks are stripped of bark, dyed in bright colours and then compressed with


title: Calluna content: resin. "Calluna vulgaris" herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally as tea for treatment of disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract. The plant was introduced to New Zealand and has become an invasive weed in some areas, notably the Tongariro National Park in the North Island and the Wilderness Reserve (Te Anau) in the South Island, overgrowing native plants. Heather beetles have been released to stop the heather, with preliminary trials successful to date. The shoots of "Calluna vulgaris" contain the phenolic compounds chlorogenic acid, its 3-O-glucoside, 3-O-galactoside and 3-O-arabinoside. Heather is seen as iconic of


title: Calluna content: Scotland, where the plant grows widely. When poems like "Bonnie Auld Scotland" speak of "fragrant hills of purple heather', when the hero of "Kidnapped" flees through the heather, when heather and Scotland are linked in the same sentence, the heather talked about is "Calluna vulgaris". Scottish writer Nan Shepherd speaks of the heather in her book The Living Mountain. The Robert E. Howard story "Kings of the Night" frequently references heather when describing a portion of what would later become Great Britain. The English folksong, Scarborough Fair, has the line, "Gather it all in a bunch of heather". The Joy


title: Calluna content: of Living, written by folksinger-songwriter Ewan MacColl refers to his growing old and his saying goodbye to the hills, mountains and his loved ones, the last verse containing his dying wishes in the lines: "Take me to some high place of heather, rock and ling, Scatter my dust and ashes, feed me to the wind...". MacColl's most famous song, The Manchester Rambler, relates to the Mass Trespass of Kinder Scout in 1932, in which he retorts to an angry gamekeeper: "My rucksack has oft been my pillow, The heather has oft been my bed, And sooner than part from the


title: Calluna content: mountains, I think I would rather be dead". A poem written by Robert Louis Stevenson, Heather Ale: A Galloway Legend, tells a story of a long-forgotten drink of heather ale. Purple heather is one of the two national flowers of Norway. Adam Duritz of Counting Crows sang about Calluna in his song "Rain King" off the 1993 release "August and Everything After": "Lay me down in a field of flame and heather." Polish word for heather is "wrzos" [vzhos], from which the month name "wrzesień" (September) is derived, which means quite "the month when heather blooms". In Poland, heather fields


title: Calluna content: are commonly associated with the Baltic Sea shore and are a popular motive in both poetry and prose that has sea shore as a background. In the Poetic Edda, the Norse god Odin suggests it's uses as an treatment for intestinal worms in stanza 137 of the poem Hávamál. Calluna Calluna vulgaris (known as common heather, ling, or simply heather) is the sole species in the genus Calluna in the flowering plant family Ericaceae. It is a low-growing perennial shrub growing to tall, or rarely to and taller, and is found widely in Europe and Asia Minor on acidic soils


title: "Chocolate and Cheese" content: together. "A Tear for Eddie" was dedicated to the funk/psychedelic guitar pioneer Eddie Hazel, who died December 23, 1992. In a 2011 interview, Gene Ween credited a Spanish lesson on "Sesame Street" with inspiring "Buenas Tardes Amigo" Ween originally wanted the cover to have a "gay sailor theme" but the studio thought it was politically incorrect, opting instead for a woman's body on the cover. The band say that they never got to meet the cover model, Ashley Savage. Additionally, the cover pays homage to The Commodores' 1982 album "All the Great Hits," which features a boxer with a championship


title: "Chocolate and Cheese" content: 7" single(Chocolate And Cheese (2xLP) Flying Nun Records FN314 UK 1994 Chocolate And Cheese (2xLP + 7") Flying Nun Records FNSP314) Note that there is a catalogue number for the vinyl issue by Elektra records, but there is no confirmation it was pressed on vinyl at this time, possibly only in promo edition. Chocolate and Cheese Chocolate and Cheese is the fourth studio album by Ween, originally released by Elektra Records in 1994. It was the first Ween album to be recorded in a professional studio, in contrast to the crude four-track home recordings of their first three albums. However,


title: "Pelee, Ontario" content: Weekend, hosted by the Pelee Island Heritage Centre. Canada Day is celebrated on the island with a fireworks display and a parade along the West Shore Road. The Pelee Island Half Marathon attracts runners from both the United States and Canada to participate in what is billed as Canada's southernmost and most exclusive half-marathon. Only about 350 runners are allowed to register for the race which is held the first weekend in June. Pelee Island has features that make it an ecotourist destination. Pelee is the southernmost inhabited part of Canada and is situated on two major migratory bird routes,


title: Arnica content: Arnica Arnica is a genus of perennial, herbaceous plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The genus name "Arnica" may be derived from the Greek "arni", "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. "Arnica" is also known by the names "mountain tobacco" and, confusingly, "leopard's bane" and "wolfsbane"—two names that it shares with the entirely unrelated genus "Aconitum". This Circumboreal and montane (subalpine) genus occurs mostly in the temperate regions of western North America, with a few species native to the Arctic regions of northern Eurasia and North America. Several species, such as "Arnica montana" and "A. chamissonis", contain


title: Arnica content: helenalin, a sesquiterpene lactone that is a major ingredient in anti-inflammatory preparations (used mostly for bruises). "Arnica" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including "Bucculatrix arnicella". "Arnica" was previously classified in the tribe Senecioneae because it has a flower or pappus of fine bristles. "Arnica" plants have a deep-rooted, erect stem that is usually unbranched. Their downy opposite leaves are borne towards the apex of the stem. The ovoid, leathery basal leaves are arranged in a rosette. They show large yellow or orange flowers, wide with long ray florets and numerous disc florets.


title: Arnica content: The phyllaries (a bract under the flowerhead) has long spreading hairs. Each phyllary is associated with a ray floret. Species of "Arnica", with an involucre (a circle of bracts arranged surrounding the flower head) arranged in two rows, have only their outer phyllaries associated with ray florets. The flowers have a slight aromatic smell. If taken in the wrong dose it can be very dangerous. The seedlike fruit has a pappus of plumose, white or pale tan bristles. The entire plant has a strong and distinct pine-sage odor when the leaves of mature plants are rubbed or bruised. The species


title: Arnica content: "Arnica montana", native to Europe, has long been used medicinally, but the effectiveness of this use has not been substantiated. "Arnica montana" contains the toxin helenalin, which can be poisonous if large amounts of the plant are eaten, and contact with the plant can also cause skin irritation. Accepted species: Arnica Arnica is a genus of perennial, herbaceous plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The genus name "Arnica" may be derived from the Greek "arni", "lamb", in reference to the plants' soft, hairy leaves. "Arnica" is also known by the names "mountain tobacco" and, confusingly, "leopard's bane" and "wolfsbane"—two names


title: "Edmund Whitelocke" content: Essex's house in London on 30 Jan. 1601, the day fixed for the Earl of Essex's insurrection. He remained in the house only a few minutes, but he incurred a suspicion of disloyalty. He was arrested as an abettor of Essex's rebellion, and was indicted of high treason, but, though brought before the court of king's bench, was not tried, but allowed to go on parole before he obtained a final discharge. Subsequently, he came to know Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland, whom he supported in his quarrel with Sir Francis Vere in 1602. A challenge which Whitelocke carried


title: "Jewish Combat Organization" content: the true intentions of the Germans. A document published three months before the start of the deportations by Hashomer Hatzair declared: "We know that Hitler's system of murder, slaughter and robbery leads steadily to a dead end and the destruction of the Jews." A number of the left Zionist youth groups, such as Hashomer Hatzair and Dror, proposed the creation of a self-defense organization at a meeting of Warsaw Jewish leaders in March 1942. The proposal was rejected by the Jewish Labour Bund who believed that a fighting organization would fail without the help of the Polish resistance. Others rejected


title: "Jones Soda" content: the Bottle" board printed on the back of the box. In preparation for the Seattle Seahawks' 2007 season, Jones offered a limited-edition Seahawks pack starting on September 27. The collectors' pack included sodas flavored in Perspiration, Sports Cream, Natural Field Turf, Dirt, and Sweet Victory. In the Pacific Northwest, Jones labeled their regular sodas with Seahawks-themed pictures during the 2007 football season. The Halloween edition mini-cans returned in October, featuring new flavor Sour Lemon Drop Dead, along with returning flavors Candy Corn, Strawberry S'lime, and Gruesome Grape. Three Target-exclusive flavors were also released: new flavors Black Cat Licorice (Black Licorice)


title: "The Conqueror (1956 film)" content: The Conqueror (1956 film) The Conqueror is a 1956 American CinemaScope epic film directed by Dick Powell and written by Oscar Millard. The film stars John Wayne as the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan and co-stars Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, and Pedro Armendáriz. Produced by entrepreneur Howard Hughes, the film was principally shot near St. George, Utah. Despite the stature of the cast and a respectable box office performance, the film was a critical flop; it is often ranked as one of the worst films of the 1950s and one of the worst ever. Wayne, who was at the height of


title: "Dodge Charger" content: Dodge Charger The Dodge Charger is a brand of automobile marketed by Dodge. The first Charger was a show car in 1964. There have been several different production Chargers, built on three different platforms and sizes. In the U.S., the Charger nameplate has been used on subcompact hatchbacks, full-sized sedans, and personal luxury coupes. The current version is a four-door sedan. The three main iterations of Dodge Chargers were a mid-size (B-body) two-door car (1966–78), a subcompact (L-body) car (1983–87), and the (LX) full-size platform four-door sedans built since 2006. The first Charger was a 1965 Dodge Dart GT option


title: "Dodge Charger" content: not the 1966 Coronet we are all familiar with. The name was also carried by a 1999 concept car that differed substantially from the Charger eventually placed into production for the 2006 model year. A similar name plate, the Ramcharger, was used for the truck-type vehicle. The name Charger was also used in Brazil as a performance model based on the Dart (A-Body) (1971–80). The Dodge Charger was introduced during the 1966 model year. It featured a two-door fastback body design and a four bucket seat interior. The intermediate-sized Charger shared components with the Coronet that also used the Chrysler


title: "Dodge Charger" content: B platform. The base engine was a V8 with a three-speed floor shifter. Larger and more powerful engines were also available. Sales were low. The Charger was redesigned for 1968, and an initial 35,000 units were slated for production. The demand was so high, however, 96,100 Dodge Chargers were actually produced. Based on the Chrysler B platform, the model years received various cosmetic changes to the exterior and interior including: an undivided grill, rounded tail lights, and hidden headlights. The powertrains were the same as the ones used in the 1967 Charger. The model was not successful in stock car


title: "Dodge Charger" content: racing such as NASCAR. A more aerodynamic shape formed the Charger 500 model that became the basis for the 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona. The third generation Charger was introduced for the 1971 model year. Chrysler's B platform was modified to meet new emissions and safety regulations. Available in six different packages with cosmetic changes that include: a split grill, semi fastback rear window, and a ducktail spoiler. The 1973 and 1974 Chargers were very similar to the 1971 with minor differences in the grill and headlamps. The increase in sales was mostly due to the elimination of the Dodge Coronet,


title: "Dodge Charger" content: which meant Dodge offered the two-door intermediate-size body style only as the Charger. The 1975 model year Charger continued as a B body car and was restyled. The new Charger was Dodge's attempt at moving the model into the growing personal luxury car market segment. Dodge expanded its presence in the personal luxury car market in 1978 when it produced two cars in the same class, the Charger and the Dodge Magnum. During the years this car was offered, a Daytona model was offered, featuring stripes that ran along the length of the car. The Charger returned in 1981½ as


title: "Dodge Charger" content: a subcompact hatchback coupe with front-wheel-drive, and a five-speed manual or three-speed automatic transmission. This economy-type model was similar to the Dodge Omni 024, but with a slightly larger engine. The Charger was available with the NA 2.2l SOHC or a turbocharged 2.2l SOHC engine. The turbo was available only with the manual transmission, unlike in the Dodge Daytona. A Shelby Charger was offered starting in 1983, with a turbo version available in 1984 producing at 5600 rpm and of torque at 3200 rpm. The engine was not intercooled and used a small t3 Garrett turbo. In 1985, the electronics


title: "Dodge Charger" content: were updated but power output was the same. In 1986, the electronics were further updated. After seventeen years of front-wheel-drive only, Dodge reintroduced the Charger in 2005 for the 2006 model year in a new form. This generation was available only as a four-door sedan using the Chrysler LX platform The design was intended to be reminiscent of the Chargers of the 1960s and 1970s and the taillights harkened back to that era, as did the new stamped hood and side panels. This generation was available with a V6 and V8 engine options coupled to automatic transmissions, as well as


title: "Dodge Charger" content: all-wheel drive (AWD). In its inaugural year, the Dodge Charger was available in SE, SXT, R/T, R/T with Road/Track Performance Group, Police, and Daytona R/T versions. The basic SE model included a 2.7 L V6 engine, 5-speed automatic transmission with "AutoStick" manual shifting feature, 17-inch wheels, air conditioning, all-speed traction control, as well as ABS and electronic stability control, a CD player, tilt and telescoping steering column, power locks/mirrors/windows, and remote keyless entry. Additional features and trims were available including the Charger R/T with a 5.7 L Hemi V8 mated to a 5-speed automatic transmission. A multiple-displacement system that allows


title: "Dodge Charger" content: it to save fuel by running on only four cylinders when cruising was also featured in the V8. Performance was focus of the Charger SRT8 equipped with a 6.1 L Hemi engine mated to a 5-speed automatic, as well as conveniences such as an eight-way power front passenger seat, automatic climate control, special grille and rear spoiler, body-color interior trim, special front fascia and engine cover, larger exhaust tips, performance steering gear, heated front seats with perforated suede inserts, power-adjustable pedals, and special colors and exterior trim. Optional was a Road/Track package with 10 additional horsepower, GPS navigation system, 322-watt


title: "Dodge Charger" content: audio system, sunroof, and a rear-seat DVD entertainment system and radio The Dodge Charger received an improved interior and new exterior styling for 2011. This included new side scoops along both front and rear doors, as well as more angular headlights, aggressive new grille styling, and a more defined and aerodynamic shape overall. Most notably, the rear end adopted a more modern wrap around LED tail light spanning across nearly the entire length of the trunk. Driver visibility was improved by more than 15% addressing complaints from previous years. The side and rear styling cues are reminiscent of the 1968-1970


title: "Dodge Charger" content: models. Base performance was increased, with the 3.5L 250 bhp V6 engine being replaced with a Pentastar 3.6L producing 292 bhp (218 kW; 296 PS) at 6350 rpm and 260 lb·ft (353 N·m) at 4800 rpm. The 4-speed automatic transmission was replaced with the 5-speed A580 auto. The SRT-8 was not produced for the 2011 model year. The 2012 year brought a new 8-speed automatic transmission to the V-6 model. This year also saw the return of the SRT-8 to the model lineup. AWD was also added to the V6, making AWD available on all but the SRT-8 model. For


title: "Dodge Charger" content: the 2012 – 2018 years, the Super Bee platform (Later called Scat Pack 15+) was available, making use of features seen in regular SRT-8 models with accessories and badges reminiscent of the 60s and 70s muscle car. These included a 6.4L engine with 470 HP, four piston Brembo calipers, slotted rotors, paddle shifters, SRT launch features (such as 0-60 timing, Live G-Force readings, and ¼ and ⅛ mile drag timers), custom seat embroidery, and more. The 2017 model had an upgrade to the 8.4 nav/display system and was restyled due to issues with the previous system. For 2015 the Charger


title: "Dodge Charger" content: received significant exterior styling updates. Most notably, the new front end which featured new LED lights and a more aerodynamic nose that was less angled and featured a noticeable curve around the headlight housing. Suspensions, interior, and brakes were also redesigned. All models, except for Charger Pursuit, now came standard with the eight-speed automatic transmission. In January 2014, the AWD Charger Pursuit appeared, and the V8 R/T AWD model disappeared. Sales of the AWD Pursuit have since skyrocketed. The Dodge Charger is not expected to have a redesign until 2021. Initially, the next generation Dodge Charger was said to utilize


title: "Dodge Charger" content: the Giorgio architecture shared with the Alfa Romeo Giulia. However these rumors were later dismissed by the late FCA CEO, Sergio Marchionne. According to Marchionne, the next generation Dodge Charger will use a completely reengineered LD architecture for the 2021 model year. The new Charger, Challenger, and 300 (if not discontinued) will still be available with Hemi V8's and there will still be a Charger Pursuit. Dodge Charger The Dodge Charger is a brand of automobile marketed by Dodge. The first Charger was a show car in 1964. There have been several different production Chargers, built on three different platforms


title: Tortricidae content: Tortricidae The Tortricidae are a family of moths, commonly known as tortrix moths or leafroller moths, in the order Lepidoptera. This large family has over 10,350 species described, and is the sole member of the superfamily Tortricoidea, although the genus "Heliocosma" is sometimes placed within this superfamily. Many of these are economically important pests. Olethreutidae is a junior synonym. The typical resting posture is with the wings folded back, producing a rather rounded profile. Notable tortricids include the codling moth and the spruce budworm, which are among the most well-studied of all insects because of their economic impact. Tortricid moths


title: Tortricidae content: are generally small, with a wingspan of 3 cm or less. Many species are drab and have mottled and marbled brown colors, but some diurnal species are brightly colored and mimic other moths of the families Geometridae and Pyralidae. Tortricid eggs are often flattened and scale-like. Caterpillars in the subfamilies Chlidanotinae and Olethreutinae usually feed by boring into stems, roots, buds, or seeds. Caterpillars in the subfamily Tortricinae, however, feed externally and construct leaf rolls. Caterpillars in the subfamily Tortricinae tend to be more polyphagous than those in Chlidanotinae and Olethreutinae. Tortricinae also possess an anal fork for flicking excrement


title: Tortricidae content: away from their shelters. The tortricids include many economically important pests, including: "See also" Mexican jumping bean moth ("Cydia deshaisiana") The Tortricidae are considered to be the single most important family of insects that feed on apples, both economically and in diversity of feeding found on fruit, buds, leaves, and shoots. In New York, no fewer than 17 species of Tortricidae have gained pest status in regards to apple production. The codling moth "Cydia pomonella" causes worm-holes in apples. It has been accidentally spread from its original range in Europe and is now found in North and South America, South


title: Tortricidae content: Africa, Australia, and New Zealand, wherever apples are grown. Control has required the use of the harshest available insecticides – historically lead arsenate and DDT were used for control. These chemicals brought considerable environmental dangers, and in any case the insect gradually developed resistance to them. Currently, organophosphate sprays are favored and are timed carefully to catch the hatching larvae before they can bore into the fruit. <br> Tortricidae The Tortricidae are a family of moths, commonly known as tortrix moths or leafroller moths, in the order Lepidoptera. This large family has over 10,350 species described, and is the sole


title: "Wars of the Diadochi" content: Gabiene 316 BC. It was in the immediate aftermath of the latter, that Eumenes was betrayed by his own troops and handed over to Antigonus, who had him executed in 315 BC. This left Antigonus in undisputed control of the Asian territories of the empire. In this war, Antigonus, who had grown too powerful for the other rulers to tolerate him, faced Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. Antigonus invaded Syria, under Ptolemy's control, and besieged Tyre for more than a year. Antigonus allied himself to Polyperchon, who still controlled part of the Peloponnese, and proclaimed freedom for the Greeks to get


title: "Socialist Alternative (Australia)" content: critics are often Jewish themselves, citing Jewish Marxists Leon Trotsky and Rosa Luxemburg in their opposition to Zionism, who saw it as a pro-imperialist ideology. With a presence within most broad-left campaigns, Socialist Alternative has participated in protests against what they perceive as attacks by the Australian Government on industrial relations, student unions and higher education, Aboriginal rights, refugee rights, women's' rights, LGBTI rights the environment and free speech. They have been involved in anti-war, anti-racism, anti-Zionism, anti-capitalism, anti-corporate greed and anti-uranium mining demonstrations. Socialist Alternative members are identifiable during street marches with the red flags carried in their contingent


title: "Tragopogon porrifolius" content: Tragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifolius is a plant cultivated for its ornamental flower, edible root, and herbal properties. It also grows wild in many places and is one of the most widely known species of the salsify genus, "Tragopogon". It is commonly known as purple or common salsify, oyster plant, vegetable oyster, Jerusalem star, goatsbeard or simply salsify (although these last two names are also applied to other species, as well). "Tragopogon porrifolius" is a common biennial wildflower, native to Mediterranean regions of Europe but introduced elsewhere, for example, into the British Isles (mainly in central and southern England), other parts


title: "Tragopogon porrifolius" content: of northern Europe, North America, and southern Africa and in Australia; in the United States it is now found growing wild in almost every state, including Hawaii, except in the extreme south-east. The plant grows to around in height. As with other "Tragopogon" species, its stem is largely unbranched, and the leaves are somewhat grasslike. It exudes a milky juice from the stems. In the UK it flowers from May to September, but in warmer areas such as California it can be found in bloom from April. The flower head is about across, and each is surrounded by green bracts


title: "Tragopogon porrifolius" content: which are longer than the petals (technically, the ligules of the ray flowers). The flowers are like that of "Tragopogon pratensis", but are larger and dull purple, across. The flowers are hermaphroditic, and pollination is by insects. The fruits are achenes. The root, and sometimes the young shoots, of "T. porrifolius" are used as a vegetable, and historically the plant was cultivated for that purpose; it is mentioned by classical authors such as Pliny the Elder. Cultivation in Europe began in the 16th century in France and Italy. In the United Kingdom it was initially grown for its flower and


title: "Tragopogon porrifolius" content: later became a mildly popular vegetable in the 18th century but then declined in popularity. Presently the root is cultivated and eaten most frequently in France, Germany, Italy and Russia. However, in modern times it has tended to be replaced by Spanish salsify ("Scorzonera hispanica") as a cultivated crop. Cultivated varieties include White French, Mammoth Sandwich Island, and Improved Mammoth Sandwich Island; they are generally characterised by larger or better-shaped roots. The root becomes discolored and spoils quickly if broken, which can easily happen since it is difficult to remove from the soil without damage. The root is noted for


title: "Tragopogon porrifolius" content: tasting of oysters, from which the plant derives its alternative name of oyster plant; young roots can be grated for use in salads, but older roots are better cooked, and they are usually used in soups or stews. It is recommended that when using the root that, if cut, its color be preserved in acidulated water. A latex derived from the root can be used as a chewing gum. The flowering shoots can be used like asparagus, either raw or cooked, and the flowers can be added to salad, while the sprouted seeds can be used in salads or sandwiches.


title: "Tragopogon porrifolius" content: The plant has also been used in herbalism, also since classical times (it is mentioned by Dioscorides), and is claimed to have beneficial effects on the liver and gallbladder. The root is regarded as a diuretic. Tragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon porrifolius is a plant cultivated for its ornamental flower, edible root, and herbal properties. It also grows wild in many places and is one of the most widely known species of the salsify genus, "Tragopogon". It is commonly known as purple or common salsify, oyster plant, vegetable oyster, Jerusalem star, goatsbeard or simply salsify (although these last two names are also


title: "Shaniwar Wada" content: Shaniwar Wada Shaniwarwada () is a historical fortification in the city of Pune in Maharashtra, India. Built in 1732, it was the seat of the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire until 1818, when the Peshwas lost control to the British East India Company after the Third Anglo-Maratha War. Following the rise of the Maratha Empire, the palace became the center of Indian politics in the 18th century. The fort itself was largely destroyed in 1828 by an unexplained fire, but the surviving structures are now maintained as a tourist site. The Shaniwar Wada was originally the seven-storied capital building of


title: "Shaniwar Wada" content: the Peshwas of the Maratha Empire. It was supposed to be made entirely of stone but after the completion of the base floor or the first story, the people of Satara (the national capital) complained to the Shahu(King) saying that a stone monument can be sanctioned and built only by the Shahu(King) himself and not the Peshwas. Following this, an official letter was written to the Peshwas stating that the remaining building had to be made of brick and not stone. The Wada was then completed and upon being attacked by the British Artillery 90 years later, all the top


title: "Shaniwar Wada" content: six stories collapsed leaving only the stone base, which was immune to the British artillery. Hence only the stone base of the Shaniwar Wada remains and can be seen even today in the older parts of Pune. By 1758, at least a thousand people lived in the fort. In 1773, Narayanrao, who was the fifth and ruling Peshwa then, was murdered by guards on orders of his uncle Raghunathrao and aunt Anandibai. A popular rumour says that Narayanrao's ghost still calls for help on full moon nights. Various people, working around the area, have allegedly reported such cries. Sound of"Kaka


title: "Shaniwar Wada" content: mala wachawa"(Uncle save me) by Narayanrao Peshwa after his death. In June 1818, the Peshwa, Bajirao II, abdicated his "Gaddi" (throne) to Sir John Malcolm of the British East India Company and went into political exile at Bithoor, near Kanpur in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India. On February 27, 1828, a great fire started inside the palace complex. The conflagration raged for seven days. Only the heavy granite ramparts, strong teak gateways and deep foundations and ruins of the buildings within the fort survived. According to Haricharitramrutsagar, a biographical text of Bhagwan Swaminarayan, he had visited Shaniwarwada on the insistence of


title: "Shaniwar Wada" content: Bajirao II in 1799. Peshwa Baji Rao I, prime minister to Chattrapati Shahu, laid the ceremonial foundation of his own residence on Saturday, January 10, 1730. It was named "Shaniwarwada" from the Marathi words "Shaniwar" (Saturday) and "Wada" (a general term for any residence complex). Teak was imported from the jungles of Junnar, stone was brought from the nearby quarries of Chinchwad, and Lime (mineral) was brought from the lime-belts of Jejuri. Shaniwarwada was completed in 1732, at a total cost of Rs. 16,110, a very large sum at the time. The opening ceremony was performed according to Later the


title: "Shaniwar Wada" content: Peshwas made several additions, including the fortification walls, with bastions and gates; court halls and other buildings; fountains and reservoirs. Currently, the perimeter fortification wall has five gateways and nine bastion towers, enclosing a garden complex with the foundations of the original buildings. It is situated near the Mula-Mutha River, in Kasba Peth. Shaniwarwada has five gates: The important buildings in the palace includes the "Thorlya Rayancha Diwankhana" (Marathi:The court reception hall of the eldest royal, meaning Baji Rao I), "Naachacha Diwankhana" (Dance Hall), and "Juna Arsa Mahal" (Old Mirror Hall). Since the buildings were destroyed in the fire of


title: "Shaniwar Wada" content: 1828, only descriptions of the living areas of the fort are available. All the state halls in the buildings are said to have doorways with exquisitely carved teak arches, with ornamental teardrop teak pillars shaped like "Suru" (cypress tree) trunks supporting the ceilings, which were covered with beautiful teak tracery, carved creepers and flowers. Exquisite glass chandeliers hung from the ceilings. The floors were made of highly polished marble, arranged in a mosaic pattern and adorned with rich Persian rugs. The walls contained paintings with scenes from the Hindu epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. The buildings are said to


title: "Shaniwar Wada" content: have been designed and constructed by well-known artisans, including Shivaram Krishna, Devaji, Kondaji Sutar, Morarji Patharwat Bhojraja (an inlay-work expert from Jaipur) and Ragho (a painter). It is said that the Shaniwarwada complex was seven storeys high. On the top floor was the residence of the Peshwa which was called Meghadambari. It is said that the spire of Jñāneśvar temple at Alandi, 17 km away, could be seen from there. The complex had an impressive lotus-shaped fountain: the "Hazari Karanje" (Fountain of a thousand jets). It was constructed for the pleasure of the infant Peshwa Sawai Madhavrao. It was designed


title: "Shaniwar Wada" content: as a sixteen petal lotus; each petal had sixteen jets with an eighty-foot arch. It was the most complicated and intricate fountain of its time. Shrimant Anandrao Rudrajirao Dhulap-More(an admiral of Maratha navy in 18th century) who visited the Shaniwarwada in 1791 described it as “very magnificent. A hundred dancers can dance here at a time. In one corner is a marble Ganapati statue and the palace is flanked by a fountain and a flower garden.”. Shaniwar Wada Shaniwarwada () is a historical fortification in the city of Pune in Maharashtra, India. Built in 1732, it was the seat of