title: "Colias eurytheme" content: the diffuse ultraviolet reflectance, the directionality and spectral purity of the iridescence is heightened. In addition, the presence of the pterin pigments increases the signal's chromaticity and potential signal content, suggesting that these pigments are responsible for amplifying the contrast between ultraviolet reflectance and background colors as a male's wings move during flight. Further studies have found that the ultraviolet reflectance signal is brightest within a wing beat cycle when viewed from directly above the male. This supports the idea that male wing color should be able to be readily distinguished from that of females and the visual background that


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: consists mostly of UV-absorbing vegetation. Studies have suggested that most of the genes controlling male courtship signals are inherited as a co-adapted gene complex on the X-chromosome. The X-chromosome carries most of the genes controlling production of 13-methyl heptacosane, the main component of pheromones involved in sexual selection, and the ultraviolet wing reflectance pattern. Expression of the ultraviolet wing reflectance pattern found in male "C. eurytheme" is controlled by a recessive allele on the X-chromosome. This trait is sex limited and not expressed in females of the same species. Unlike that of many other butterfly species, the courtship of "C.


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: eurytheme" is very brief and does not involve many elaborate displays. Mature female butterflies participate in mate selection by utilizing a specific refusal posture that prevents any undesired mating with both conspecific and non-conspecific males. These butterflies exhibit a polyandrous mating system. Upon mating, male "C. eurytheme" donate a nutritious spermatophore to the female, which will erode over time as nutrients are extracted for egg production and somatic maintenance. Females have a refractory period during which time they do not mate, but after they have depleted their spermatophore, they will search for another one and thus look for a new


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: mate. In this mating system, females re-mate once every 4 to 6 days in summer, and mate a lifetime total of up to four times. Male "C. eurytheme" have a visual cue (ultraviolet reflectance) and an olfactory cue (pheromones), both of which are suggested to be important in mate choice. Studies have suggested that pheromones may be more important in mediating female choice within a species, while ultraviolet reflectance may be more important in mediating female choice between species, such as between the very similar butterflies "C. eurytheme" and "C. philodice". The pheromone, located on the dorsal surface of the


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: hindwing, consists of cuticular hydrocarbons "n"-heptacosane (C27), 13-methylheptacosane (13-MeC27), and possibly "n"-noncosane (C29). In addition, wing scales located on the dorsal wing surfaces in male "C. eurytheme" contain ridges with lamellae that produce iridescent ultraviolet reflectance via thin-film interference. "C. eurytheme" males rely on visual cues to locate and identify females. Instead of using chemical stimuli to find mates, males are attracted to the ultraviolet absorbing color of female hindwings. Studies have shown that males respond to paper dummies of the appropriate color and even attempt to mate with them. On the contrary, the ultraviolet reflection found on males strongly


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: inhibits approaches from other males. This suggests that ultraviolet reflectance is also used by males as an inhibitory signal directed towards other males. Unlike sexual selection in males, visible color differences among males do not play an important role in mate selection by females. Females preferentially mate with males whose wings reflect ultraviolet light. Studies have suggested that this trait was the strongest and most informative predictor of male courtship success. This may be because it has the potential to be an honest indicator of male condition, viability, and/or age. Due to the widespread cultivation of the alfalfa, the host


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: plant for "C. eurytheme" and "C. philodice", the species was able to expand their ranges across most of North America. These two species of sulphur butterflies have retained a large degree of genetic compatibility that allows them the produce viable and fertile offspring. As a result of the recent sympatry and possible hybridization between these two species of sulphur butterflies, numerous studies have been conducted on intraspecific and interspecific mating. In terms of mating under natural conditions, the males do not discriminate between the species, but females maintain nearly complete reproductive isolation. Studies suggest that the females do so by


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: looking for the ultraviolet reflectance pattern on the dorsal wing surface of "C. eurytheme" males. Therefore, it was suggested that "C. eurytheme" and "C. philodice" do not randomly mate with each other. Instead, mating was found to be positively assortive and mostly conspecific. Previous studies have suggested that males make a nutrient investment during copulation. This idea agrees with the sexual selection theory, which predicts that females would act in ways to maximize the nutrient material they receive and predicts that males would act in ways to maximize the return on their investments. Studies support this theory by showing that


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: younger males (males with less wing wear) are more successful in courtship than older males, males accepted by females are significantly less variable in size than males rejected by females, persistence increases a male's chance of copulating up to a point, and the size of females accepted by males is less variable than that of rejected females. The amount of protein in a male's spermatophore is negatively correlated with age because it is more likely for older males to have mated previously. Females therefore prefer younger mates perhaps to secure large ejaculates, as smaller males and males that have mated


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: previously produce smaller ejaculates. The brightness of ultraviolet reflectance and pheromone descriptors, both important factors in mate selection, are also negatively correlated with age. However, variation between these two traits (visual and olfactory) is mostly uncorrelated. Since ultraviolet brightness emerges as the best predictor of male mating success, female preferences for brighter males may also indicate its relation to a material benefit. In addition, studies have shown a longevity difference between virgin and mated females, suggesting a cost to mating. It is hypothesized that there is a toxic side effect of the male ejaculate. However, it is still unclear how


title: "Colias eurytheme" content: this longevity cost influences the evolution of lifetime mating schedules. The supposed cost also does not affect the number of eggs a female lays in its lifetime. Colias eurytheme Colias eurytheme, the orange sulphur, also known as the alfalfa butterfly and in its larval stage as the alfalfa caterpillar, is a butterfly of the family Pieridae, where it belongs to the lowland group of "clouded yellows and sulphurs" subfamily Coliadinae. It is found throughout North America from southern Canada to Mexico, but is absent from the central and southeastern United States. Other members of this lineage including the common or


title: "The White Mercedes" content: of the book: "Chris Marshall met the girl he was going to kill on a warm Oxford evening...". The seventeen-year-old main character, Chris, works for a lighting company in Oxford, England. While rigging up a party he inadvertently rescues a beautiful young woman in a white dress from upper class thugs. Smitten, he looks for her, but she has disappeared into the night, leaving the white dress in a boat shed. Before she goes, however he finds out that her name is Jenny, and that she had gatecrashed the party. The thugs' leader, Piers, recognised her and was threatening to


title: "Great Ten" content: pantheon includes Yu Huang the Jade Emperor and King of the Gods, Lei Kung the God of Thunder, Feng Po the God of Winds, Kuan Ti the God of War, Lei Zi the Goddess of Lightning and wife of Lei Kung, Chu Jiang a minor God of the Dead who rules the second level of Diyu, Gong Gong the God of Floods, and Chu Jung the God of Fire and father of Gong Gong. Issue #2 details the Celestial Archer's origin, has the Old Chinese Gods have returned for vengeance. With the citizens of Lhasa caught in the middle, the


title: "Protector (role variant)" content: Protector (role variant) The Protector Guardian is one of the 16 role variants of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter, a self-assessed personality questionnaire designed to help people better understand themselves. David Keirsey originally described the Protector role variant; however, a brief summary of the personality types described by Isabel Myers contributed to its development. Protectors correlate with the ISFJ Myers-Briggs type. Protectors are observant, cooperative, informative, and attentive. They are greatly concerned with the security of others and they often find assisting the downtrodden or people with disabilities to be satisfying. Protectors also find personal fulfillment in ensuring the safety of


title: "Clara Janés" content: C. Wilcox, J. CLARA JANES: HACIA SU POEMARIO DE LOS AÑOS OCHENTA. [Pdf] Available at: http://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/aih/pdf/10/aih_10_3_038.pdf [Accessed 27 Feb. 2016]. Ugalde, S. K. (2012). Review of Cultural Encounters in Contemporary Spain: The Poetry of Clara Janés. Hispanic Review, 80 (2), 337-340. Cervantesvirtual.com. (2016). Clara Janés [online] Available at: http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/clara_janes/ [Accessed 26 Feb. 2016]. Sabogal, W. (2015). Clara Janés: "Vivo con dolor toda esta crisis de España". [Online] EL PAÍS. Available in: http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2015/05/09/actualidad/1431188472_728812.html [Accessed 6 Feb. 2016]. Amediavoz.com, (2016). Clara Janés. [Online] Available at: http://amediavoz.com/janes.htm [Accessed 6 Feb. 2016]. YouTube, (2013). CONFERENCIA CLARA JANÉS. [Online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qx46PalDHyg [Accessed 10 Feb.


title: "Alvin M. Weinberg" content: Experiment (HRE) was affectionately dubbed "Alvin's 3P reactor" because it required a pot, a pipe, and a pump. The HRE went into operation in 1950 and, at the criticality party, Weinberg brought the appropriate spirits: "When piles go critical in Chicago, we celebrate with wine. When piles go critical in Tennessee, we celebrate with Jack Daniel's." The HRE operated for 105 days before it was closed down. Despite its leaks and corrosion, valuable information was gained from its operation and it proved a simple and safe reactor to control. During the time the HRE was online, Senators John F. Kennedy


title: Carpaea content: him to save his oxen. The two men do all this in rhythm to the music of the flute. Finally, the robber binds the man and drives off the oxen; or sometimes the master of the oxen binds the robber, and then he yokes him alongside the oxen, his hands tied behind him, and drives off." Carpaea Carpaea or Karpaea (Greek: ) among the Aenianians, Magnesians, and Macedonians was a kind of mimic military dance, performed by two persons; the one acting as a laborer, the other as a robber. It is described by Xenophon in his Anabasis (6.1.7 -


title: "Opération Daguet" content: the deployment was reinforced with the frigate and fleet escort "Du Chayla". In December, and "Premier maître l'Her" replaced "Lamotte-Picquet". In March "Jean de Vienne" was relieved by . The ships enforced the embargo against Iraq by controlling merchant shipping, including 28 586 controls and the boarding of over 1000 ships for further inspection. 14 warning shots were fired. Notably, on 20 September, the Iraqi ship "Al Taawin Al Aradien" was intercepted by the cruiser , the Spanish frigate "Infanta Cristina" and the fleet escort "Du Chayla"; she refused to comply until warning shots were fired, but refused to be


title: "Canyon tree frog" content: Canyon tree frog The canyon tree frog ("Hyla arenicolor") is a species of tree frog native to the rocky plateau areas of southern United States, primarily in New Mexico and Arizona, but it also ranges to Utah, Texas, and Colorado, and as far south as the Mexican states of Michoacán, México, Guanajuato, Guerrero, and Oaxaca. Canyon tree frogs grow to in length, and are typically brown, grey-brown, or grey-green in color, often with darker-colored blotching. They can vary considerably, but usually match the soil or rock coloration of their native habitats to serve as camouflage. Those from limestone habitats are


title: "Canyon tree frog" content: lighter colored, and those from regions composed mostly of granite can even be pink in coloration. Most have bright yellow in their groin regions, and faded banding on their legs. Canyon tree frogs are mostly nocturnal and carnivorous. They are typically found in semiarid, rocky habitats near a permanent water source. Breeding occurs during the spring rains, and large, floating egg masses of 100 or more eggs are laid on the water. During periods of low rainfall, the frogs will take refuge in rock crevices. Canyon tree frog The canyon tree frog ("Hyla arenicolor") is a species of tree frog


title: KCAA content: podcasts, and assorted oddities such as "Beatles-a-Rama", "The Twilight Zone Radio Dramas" and reruns of Wolfman Jack's oldies shows. All programs, including syndicated programs that run longer, only air on KCAA for one hour each day. On April 24, 2007, KCAA began broadcasting 24 hours per day. Prior to that date, the station operated as a daytime-only station. In March 2008, KCAA was granted a permit to increase power to 10,000 watts. In 2008, the station added live play-by-play of the Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino, a team in the California League of Minor League Baseball. It debuted on


title: "Sonchus asper" content: Sonchus asper Sonchus asper, the prickly sow-thistle, rough milk thistle, spiny sowthistle, sharp-fringed sow thistle, or spiny-leaved sow thistle, is a widespread plant in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family. "Sonchus asper" is an annual or biennial herb sometimes reaching a height of 200 cm. with spiny leaves and yellow flowers resembling those of the dandelion. The leaves are bluish-green, simple, lanceolate, with wavy and sometimes lobed margins, covered in spines on both the margins and beneath. The base of the leaf surrounds the stem. The leaves and stems emit a milky sap when cut. One plant will produce


title: "Sonchus asper" content: several flat-topped arrays of flower heads, each head containing numerous yellow ray flowers but no disc flowers. "Sonchus asper" is native to Europe, North Africa, and western Asia. It has also become naturalized on other continents and is regarded as a noxious, invasive weed in many places. Its edible leaves make a palatable and nutritious leaf vegetable. Sonchus asper Sonchus asper, the prickly sow-thistle, rough milk thistle, spiny sowthistle, sharp-fringed sow thistle, or spiny-leaved sow thistle, is a widespread plant in the dandelion tribe within the daisy family. "Sonchus asper" is an annual or biennial herb sometimes reaching a height


title: "Elmont Memorial Junior – Senior High School" content: Junior High School level. Students may pursue study up to the college level (credit offered through Adelphi University) and Advanced Placement. Languages offered include: Spanish, French, Italian. Students must pass a Foreign Language Regents for the Advanced Regents Diploma. Since the 2006-2007 school year, 7th grade students have a Mini Foreign Language course. Students must pursue at least three years of coursework in mathematics. Students must pass the Comprehensive Math A examination for a Regents Diploma or two Regents examinations for an Advanced Regents Diploma. Coursework includes: Integrated Algebra, Geometry, Algebra II/Trigonometry, Pre-Calculus, Sequential Math III, Math 12, Discrete Math,


title: "Nurse shark" content: Nurse shark The nurse shark ("Ginglymostoma cirratum") is an elasmobranch fish within the family Ginglymostomatidae. They are directly targeted in some fisheries and considered as bycatch in others. The conservation status of the nurse shark is globally assessed as being data deficient in the IUCN List of Threatened Species owing to the lack of information across its range in the eastern Pacific Ocean and eastern Atlantic Ocean. They are considered to be a species of least concern in the United States and in The Bahamas, but considered to be near threatened in the western Atlantic Ocean because of their vulnerable


title: "Nurse shark" content: status in South America and reported threats throughout many areas of Central America and the Caribbean. Nurse sharks are an important species for shark research (predominantly in physiology). They are robust and able to tolerate capture, handling, and tagging extremely well. As inoffensive as nurse sharks may appear, they are ranked fourth in documented shark bites on humans, likely due to incautious behavior by divers on account of the nurse shark's slow, sedentary nature. The nurse shark genus "Ginglymostoma" is derived from Greek language meaning hinged mouth, whereas the species "cirratum" is derived from Latin meaning having curled ringlets. Based


title: "Nurse shark" content: on morphological similarities, "Ginglymostoma" is believed to be the sister genus of "Nebrius", with both being placed in a clade that also include species "Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum", "Rhincodon typus", and "Stegostoma fasciatum". The nurse shark has two rounded dorsal fins, rounded pectoral fins, an elongated caudal fin, and a broad head. Maximum adult length is currently documented as , whereas past reports of and corresponding weights of up to are likely to have been exaggerated. Adult nurse sharks are brownish in color. Newly born nurse sharks have a spotted coloration which fades with age and are about 30 cm in length


title: "Nurse shark" content: when nascent. The nurse shark has a wide but patchy geographical distribution along tropical and subtropical coastal waters of the Eastern Atlantic, Western Atlantic, and Eastern Pacific. In the Eastern Atlantic it ranges from Cape Verde to Gabon (accidental north to France). In the Western Atlantic, including the Caribbean, it ranges from Rhode Island to southern Brazil, and in the East Pacific from Baja California to Peru. Nurse sharks are a typically inshore bottom-dwelling species. Juveniles are mostly found on the bottom of shallow coral reefs, seagrass flats, and around mangrove islands, whereas older individuals typically reside in and around


title: "Nurse shark" content: deeper reefs and rocky areas, where they tend to seek shelter in crevices and under ledges during the day and leave their shelter at night to feed on the seabed in shallower areas. Nurse sharks are opportunistic predators that feed primarily on small fish (e.g. stingrays) and some invertebrates (e.g. crustaceans, molluscs, tunicates). They are typically solitary nocturnal animals, rifling through bottom sediments in search of food at night, but often gregarious during the day forming large sedentary groups. Nurse sharks are obligate suction feeders capable of generating suction forces that are among the highest recorded for any aquatic vertebrate


title: "Nurse shark" content: to date. Although their small mouths may limit the size of prey, they can exhibit a suck-and-spit behavior and/or shake their head violently to reduce the size of food items. Nurse sharks are exceptionally sedentary unlike most other shark species. Nurse sharks show strong site fidelity (typical of reef sharks), and it is one of the few shark species known to exhibit mating site fidelity, as they will return to the same breeding grounds time and time again. Nurse sharks are occasionally prey for American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) where they share the same habitat. Recent studies based on photographs and


title: "Nurse shark" content: historical accounts indicate that these encounters may be more common than previously thought. Nurse sharks are ovoviviparous, producing young by means of eggs that are hatched within the body of the pregnant female. The mating cycle is biennial, taking 18 months for the female's ovaries to produce another batch of eggs. The mating season runs from late June to the end of July, with a gestation period of six months and a typical litter of 21–29 pups. The young nurse sharks are born fully developed at about 30 cm long. Nurse shark The nurse shark ("Ginglymostoma cirratum") is an elasmobranch


title: "Butch Edge" content: Butch Edge Claude Lee Edge (born July 18, 1956 in Houston, Texas) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball. Edge went to El Camino High School in Sacramento, California. He was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers as the sixth pick overall of the 1974 amateur draft. Edge was selected by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 1976 expansion draft. Edge played his only season in the Major Leagues in 1979, in which the 6'3" right-hander made nine starts for the Blue Jays. He pitched 51 innings, won 3 games, lost 4, completed one game, gave up 60 hits, 30 earned


title: "No. 2 Security Forces Squadron RAAF" content: was originally designated as "2 Aerodrome Defence Squadron" (2ADS). The unit saw action during World War II in Morotai, Labuan, Brunei, Borneo, Balikpapan and the Philippines. After the end of the war, on 29 October 1945 the squadron was disbanded. The ADG was reformed in early 1966 as the "Aerodrome Defence Guard" (ADG) to meet the need to protect assets in the South East Asia area during the Vietnam War. By 1968 two hundred Air Defence Guard personnel were in service across South East Asia, alongside US forces. The unit was reformed as No. 2 Airfield Defence Squadron at RAAF


title: "Thomas J. Oakley" content: Philip Jacob Rhinelander (1865–1940), both of whom were prominent in New York society during the Gilded Age. Thomas J. Oakley Thomas Jackson Oakley (November 10, 1783 – May 11, 1857) was a New York attorney, politician, and judge. He served as a United States Representative and as New York State Attorney General. Oakley was born in Beekman, New York on November 10, 1783. He was the son of Jerusha (Petera) Oakley and Jesse Oakley, a farmer and veteran of the American Revolution. He graduated from Yale College in 1801, studied law with attorney Philo Ruggles in Poughkeepsie, and was admitted


title: Vadamattam content: Perumal. The temple requires continuous maintenance to maintain its originality. The state of the temples originality remains unspoken for as different officials see regulatory action on decision making about the temple as an over-complicated regulation system. The Pethapermual (Varadharajaswamy) is very ancient deity for many villages near Vadamattam. The Boodevi and Sridevi with Pethaperumal is very beautiful in the form of "Urchaver". The annual festival comes in the month of May first week. This is year it is going to happen on 9 May 2016. The village has another big temple at the south end of the village on the


title: "Breese Stevens Field" content: the Madison Athletic Association and captained by manager Eddie Lenehan, the Blues played in various leagues, joining the Wisconsin State League in 1928, and the Wisconsin-Illinois League four years later. They won the championship of the newly formed Tri-State League in 1938, defeating the Sheboygan Chairs. They joined the Three-I League in 1940. The field also held special exhibition games with major league teams such as the Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox and the St. Louis Browns, in addition to games against Negro League teams and traveling clubs like the House of David. In 1947 legendary ace pitcher Satchel Paige


title: "Jericho Tavern" content: 2005. Along with several other Oxford pubs, it is now owned by Mitchells & Butlers. Other acts to play at The Jericho include Mumford and Sons, Stornoway, BΔSTILLE, Summer Camp, Tennis, Bombay Bicycle Club, Palma Violets, Razorcuts, Lianne La Havas, Savages, James Vincent McMorrow, Ben Howard, Foals, and Chad Valley, Pulp and The Easter Island Statues. Dropstone Jericho Tavern The Jericho Tavern is a music venue and pub in the Jericho area of Oxford, England, at 56 Walton Street. In the late 1980s and early 1990s it was an important part of the music scene which spawned Ride, Radiohead, and


title: "Opposition to the American Civil War" content: by saying Lincoln secretly went to war over slavery, and that abolitionists working with Lincoln started the war. In a last resort, Vallandigham proposed that the war stop by simply having both the Union and Confederacy withdraw their troops, have peace talks amongst officials, and restore social and economic order. He did not explain how this would be executed, and no agreement was reached. Vallandigham seemed to take sides with the South. He attempted to work with Confederate agents in Canada to start a revolution in the northwestern states, which would establish a Confederacy and ally with the South to


title: "Campanula medium" content: Campanula medium Campanula medium, common name Canterbury bells, also known as the bell flower, is an annual or biennial flowering plant of the genus "Campanula", belonging to the family Campanulaceae. In floriography, it represents gratitude, or faith and constancy. The genus Latin name (“campanula”), meaning small bell, refers to the bell-shape of the flower, while the specific epithet (“medium”) means that this plant has intermediate characteristics in respect of other species of the same genus. In Persian, it is called گل استکانی (Gol-e Estekani) meaning "Glass flower", which refers to its glass shape. "Campanula medium" reaches approximately in height. This


title: "Campanula medium" content: biennial herbaceous plant forms rosettes of leaves in the first year, stems and flowers in the second one. The stem is erect, robust, reddish-brown and bristly hairy. The basal leaves are stalked and lanceolate to elliptical and long with serrated leaf edge. The upper leaves are smaller, lanceolate and sessile, almost embracing the stem. The flowers are arranged in a racemose inflorescence of extremely long lasting blooms. These attractive bell-shaped flowers are short-stalked, large and hermaphroditic, with different shades of violet-blue or rarely white. The corolla has five fused petals with lightly bent lobes (known as a coronate flower type).


title: "Campanula medium" content: The flowering period extends from May to July in the northern hemisphere. The hermaphroditic flowers are either self-fertilized (autogamy) or pollinated by insects (bees, butterflies, etc.)(entomogamy). The seeds ripen from Aug to September and are dispersed by gravity alone ("barochory"). "Campanula medium" originates in southern Europe. It is naturalized in most of European countries and in North America and it is widely cultivated for its beautiful flowers. It grows on stony, rocky and bushy slopes, at an altitude of above sea level. In gardens, they are best in massed planting in borders or among shrubs. It prefers cool or warm


title: "Campanula medium" content: zones; not suitable for the tropics or hot, dry regions. Seeds take 14–21 days to germinate. The plant thrives in lightly shaded to sunny locations in well-drained soil. Canterbury bells grows nicely in flower beds, borders, and containers. Keep well watered. This flower works well cut in floral arrangements. Beekeepers sometimes use the Canterbury Bell for making potently sweet honey. Campanula medium Campanula medium, common name Canterbury bells, also known as the bell flower, is an annual or biennial flowering plant of the genus "Campanula", belonging to the family Campanulaceae. In floriography, it represents gratitude, or faith and constancy. The


title: "Ryan Hudson" content: Ryan Hudson Ryan Lee Hudson (born 20 November 1979), also known by the nicknames of "Raz", and "Hudders", is an English former professional rugby league footballer of the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. He played at representative level for Great Britain (A-Team), England (A-Team), and Yorkshire, and at club level for Stanley Rangers, the Huddersfield Giants (two spells), the Wakefield Trinity Wildcats, the Castleford Tigers (two spells) (captain), and the Bradford Bulls (no appearances), as a , or . He is also the brother of former "Coronation Street" and "Wild at Heart" actress Lucy-Jo Hudson. Hudson was set to play for


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: Katas Raj Temples The Katas Raj Temples (Punjabi, ), also known as Qila Katas(), are several Hindu temples connected to one another by walkways. The temples form a complex surrounding a pond named "Katas" which is regarded as sacred by Hindus. The complex is located in the Potohar Plateau region of Pakistan's Punjab province. The temples are located near the town of Kallar Kahar, and are near the M2 Motorway. The temples' pond is said in the "Puranas" to have been created from the teardrops of Shiva, after he wandered the Earth inconsolable after the death of his wife Sati.


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: The pond occupies an area of two kanals and 15 marlas, with a maximum depth of 20 feet. The temples play a role in the Hindu epic poem, the "Mahābhārata", where the temples are traditionally believed to have been the site where the "Pandava" brothers spent a significant portion of their exile. It is also traditionally believed by Hindus to be the site where the brothers engaged in a riddle contest with the Yakshas, as described in the "Yaksha Prashna." Another tradition states that the Hindu deity Krishna laid the foundation of the temple, and established a hand-made "shivling" in


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: it. The temples were visited by India's former deputy prime minister Lal Krishna Advani in 2005. In 2006, the Pakistani government began restoration works at the temples, with further improvements announced in 2017.In 2018,Pakistan issued visas to 139 Indian Hindu pilgrims to visit Katas Raj dham. The Katasraj Temple complex is located near Kallar Kahar, and is located at an altitude of 2,000 feet. It is approximately 100 kilometres away by road from another important Hindu pilgrimage destination - the Tilla Jogian complex. Katas Raj is located near the interchange for the town of Kallar Kahar off the M2 Motorway


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: which links Islamabad to Lahore. The complex is located alongside the road that connects Kallar Kahar to Choa Saidan Shah near the village of Dulmial. The name of the temple complex is believed to derive from the Sanskrit word "kataksha", meaning "tearful eyes." The pond was originally referred to as "Viskund", or "poison spring", but was later referred to as "Amarkund," "Chamaskund," and finally "Katakshkund," meaning "Spring of tearful eyes." The pond in Urdu and Persian is referred to as "Chashm-e-Alam", meaning "Sorrowful/Tearful Eyes." The Salt Ranges have archaeological remains still hidden underground. A number of bones of the limbs


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: and vertebrae of animals have been found at some nearby sites. Prehistoric axes and knives made of granite, and artifacts like terracotta bangles and pottery have also been unearthed at the Katasraj site. The latter have been found to be similar to those excavated in Harappa, but have not been dated. Hindu tradition holds that the temples date from the era of the "Mahabharata", and is believed to be where the "Pandava" brothers spent a large portion of their exile. It is also believed by Hindus to be the site where the "Pandavas" engaged in a riddle contest with the


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: Yakshas, as described in the "Yaksha Prashna." The 4th century CE Chinese monk, Faxian, described a temple at Katas Raj in his travelogues. The 7th century CE Chinese traveler Xuanzang visited the area and reported the existence of a Buddhist stupa dating to the era of the 3rd century BCE king, Ashoka. The stupa was reported to be 200 feet tall, and surrounded by 10 springs. Following the collapse of the Buddhist empire of Gandhara, Hinduism gained traction in the region under the reign of the Hindu Shahis beginning around the 7th century CE. The Hindu Shahis established Hindu temples


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: at Katas Raj from the mid 7th to 10th centuries, though the British engineer Alexander Cunningham dated the shrines to around 66 BCE. The Hindu Shahi empire also funded construction of several other temples throughout northern Punjab and the Potohar plateau, including the nearby Tilla Jogian, and Kafir Kot in Khyber Pakhtunkwa province. The founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak, is believed to have visited the Katas Raj Temples, as the site became a popular destination for ascetics. The Sikh emperor Ranjit Singh also regularly performed pilgrimage to the site. He visited the site for the Vaisakhi festival in


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: 1806, in December 1818, and again in 1824. The complex was a popular pilgrimage site for Hindus prior to the 1947 Partition of British India, with large numbers visiting for "Shivratri". Following Partition, the local Hindu community left the region for the newly established Republic of India. The relationship of Hindus with local Muslim population was good, and local Muslims accompanied Hindus to the nearby town of Choa Saiden Shah, from where the local Hindu population departed for India. Indian pilgrims continued to visit the temple for the Shivratri festival until the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, after which Indian pilgrims


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: were barred from visiting again until 1984. The temples fell into disrepair over the decades following Partition, and suffered neglect. Pakistani Hindus would continue to occasionally visit the site, but were unable to maintain the expansive complex. The pond was polluted with litter, while local villagers would also use the pool for recreation. Indian Hindu pilgrims were forbidden to visit the site in 1956, 1960, and after the Indo-Pakistan war in 1965. India pilgrims were not permitted to visit the site again until 1984. India's former Deputy Prime Minister Lal Krishna Advani visited the temples in 2005, and expressed displeasure


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: at the site's dilapidated state. In 2005 Pakistan proposed to restore the temple complex, while in 2006 the restoration project began in order to clean the sacred pond, paint and restore some temples, and installation of informational blue boards around the temple complex. 300 Indian Hindus visited the site for the "Shivratri" festival in 2006, which for a short time became an annual tradition for some Indian pilgrims, though Indians stopped coming after the 2008 Mumbai attacks. 2,000 Pakistani Hindus resumed the tradition of celebrating "Shivratri" at the temple in 2010, and another 2,000 in 2011 with visitors coming from


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: as far as Karachi. A wedding for Hindu couples was arranged during that year's "Shivratri" festival for couples from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province whose families had lost much of their property in the 2010 Pakistan floods. In January 2017, Pakistan's government began installation of "shikharas" on the temples. In February 2017, 200 pilgrims from India traveled to the temple to participate in the "Katas Raj Dham" festival. The temples are considered to be the second most sacred site in the historic Punjab region, after the temple at Jwalamukhi in modern Himachal Pradesh. The temples derive their holiness from the legend that


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: following the death of his wife Sati, the Hindu god Shiva wandered inconsolably, while some of his tears collected in two ponds, one of which is the pond around which the Katas Raj Temples are set, while the other is at Pushkar, near the famous Sufi pilgrimage center of Ajmer. Another version of the legend mentions the two pools at Katasraj and Nainital. Another version of the Shiva legend involves the death of Shiva's horse Katas instead of that of Sati his consort. The Katasraj temple complex is traditionally believed to date back to the Mahabharata era. Many legends are


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: associated with the temples. The five Pandava brothers, mentioned in the Mahabharata, are said to have stayed here for a large part of their exile. The complex is traditionally believed to be the site where the Pandava brothers were challenged by the Yaksha before being able to drink from the pond. Four of the brothers failed, and were rendered lifeless by the Yaksha. The fifth brother, Yudhishthira, engaged the Yaksha in a riddle contest, and defeated him with his wisdom, thereby bringing his brothers back to life. Some legends also state that very first Shiva Ling (Sihv-Ling) was in Kattas.


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: some old manuscripts also consider Katas as the janam bhoomi (birthplace) of Hindu incarnation Rama, as well as that of Ayodhya; but this has become quite controversial.The oral tradition by local Hindus never mentioned it as being Rama's birthplace or celebrated in annual rituals. The pond in the complex is believed to be filled with Shiva's tears after the death of his wife Sati. The water in the pond is of high clarity. The water and are believed to wash one of ones own sins, as the pond is associated with Shiva. In 2012, and again in 2017, water levels


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: in the pond were noted to decrease because of water usage at a nearby cement factory, as well as the plantation of water-avid eucalyptus trees, that had lowered the area's water table. After the 2012 episode, the local cement factory was shut down by government authorities in order to restore water levels. The Katas site houses the "Satgraha", a group of seven ancient temples, remains of a Buddhist stupa, five other medieval temples, havelis scattered around a pond considered holy by Hindus. The temples at Katas are mostly constructed on square platforms. The elevation of the sub shrines seems to


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: form a series of cornices with small rows of pillars, crowned by a ribbed dome. The seven temples were built in an architectural style similar to Kashmiri temples, with dentils, fluted pillars, trefoil arches, and rooflines that are pointed. The Ramachandra Mandir is situated to the east of the Hari Singh Haveli and is closed from all sides except for an entrance on the east. The double-storied structure has eight rooms of various dimensions on the ground floor and a staircase at the south leading to the first floor. The mandir has two "jharoka"s (balconies) that have been severely damaged.


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: The Hanuman Mandir is on the western extreme of a high rectangular enclosure with entrances on the south and the north. The temple's ceiling is undecorated, and lime-plastered. The Shiva temple is also built on a square platform. Its entrance is a recessed round arch with faint cusps and a rectangular opening to the north. A small fort cum residence was built during the reign of Hari Singh Nalwa, and was built for his use as a fort and residence. The fort itself is located on a small hillock and overlooks the entire temple complex. The fort is rectangular and


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: features four bastions, one in each corner of the fort. The walls are approximately 5 metres tall, and features an entryway in the western wall of the fort. The central portion of the fort features a small courtyard, around which an arched veranda is found. The interior rooms were not decorated. For decades the temple complex was in bad state. The holy pond was littered with garbage, while the murals inside the temples disappeared due to the ravages of time and the neglect of the authorities. The temples were visited by India's former deputy prime minister Lal Krishna Advani in


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: 2005, and in 2006 Pakistan proposed to restore the temple complex. Murtis (idols) of Hindu gods were placed in the seven temples, at a cost of Rs. 51.06 million. A three-member archaeological team visited India, Sri Lanka and Nepal to collect murtis of various Hindu gods. As of 2012, the temple pond was drying up as ground water had been diverted for industrial purposes, though the local cement factory was temporarily shut down to restore water levels. In January 2017, Pakistani authorities began the installation of "shikharas" on the temples, and installed a water filtration system to provide potable water


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: for pilgrims. By May 2017, water levels in the sacred pond were again noted to be falling. In 2016, the temple hit the national limelight after its centuries-old water pond ran dry, attributed to the depletion of groundwater owing to the establishment of four major cement factories in the area. After the menace was reported, the Supreme Court of Pakistan took a suo motu notice and started hearing the case in November. During the course of proceedings, Chief Justice of Pakistan Mian Saqib Nisar remarked that cement factories were consuming water worth millions of rupees without paying their dues. He


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: stated that taxes should be imposed on the factories and if the government would not do so, the court would take the matter into its hands. In 2017, while hearing the case, Nisar stressed, "This temple is not just a place of cultural significance for the Hindu community, but also a part of our national heritage. We have to protect it." The bench of judges during the hearing of the case also expressed displeasure at the absence or displacing of idols from the temples, demanding to know why there were no statues in the temples of Shiri Ram and Hanuman.


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: The bench was told that a former chairman of Evacuee Trust Property Board (ETPB) earned millions of rupees from corruption [during his tenure] and then ran away [from Pakistan]. In May 2018, the top court announced its verdict on the case by ruling that the cement factories would have to source water from elsewhere immediately, and in the meantime, pay the Government of Punjab, Pakistan for the water they draw. It told Bestway and DG Khan cement factories to fulfill their water needs from any other alluvial source such as river Jhelum. However, the factories disobeyed court orders and the


title: "Katas Raj Temples" content: authorities in August 2018, cut the water supply. However, the fate of the temply pond is not known as of September 2018, as industrial sourcing of groundwater in the area continues by two other cement factories - Gharibwal Cement and Dandot Cement, located in the area, but outside the red zone. Katas Raj Temples The Katas Raj Temples (Punjabi, ), also known as Qila Katas(), are several Hindu temples connected to one another by walkways. The temples form a complex surrounding a pond named "Katas" which is regarded as sacred by Hindus. The complex is located in the Potohar Plateau


title: "Monardella odoratissima" content: Monardella odoratissima Monardella odoratissima (mountain coyote mint, mountain beebalm, mountain monardella or mountain pennyroyal) is a perennial flowering plant which grows in mountain forests and sagebrush scrub. It is a member of the Lamiaceae, or mint family. It has the minty odor characteristic of this family. "Monardella odoratissima" is found in montane forests above 600 m. and below 3100 m. It is found in many Northern California mountain ranges, including the Klamath Mountains and the North California Coast Ranges, the Cascade Range, the Sierra Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, White Mountains and Inyo Mountains. It is found outside California, as far


title: "Monardella odoratissima" content: north as Washington, and in Nevada and Utah. "Monardella odoratissima" is an upright to sprawling perennial herb which can be woody at the base. It ranges from 30 centimeters to one meter-3 feet in height and equally wide. The plant can be either a smooth dark green or a hairy dark grey-green, with many gradations in between. It is often dotted with glands which release a strongly minty odor when the plant is touched. The leaves can lance-shaped to ovate, and are smooth-edged. They measure up to 4.5 centimeters long. The flowers range in color from white and pale pink


title: "Monardella odoratissima" content: to light bluish-purple. The inflorescence is a head, which can be from 10 mm. to 25 mm. wide, with outer bracts which are like leaves, and inside bracts which enclose the many flowers like a cup. These bracts can be hairy or smooth, and sometimes have a rose or purplish color. The calyx, which is inside these bracts, is hairy and has 5 lobes. The corolla is tubular and has two lips. The upper lip is erect and has two lobes, but the lower lip curves downward and has 3 lobes. It has 4 stamens, and a style which has


title: "Monardella odoratissima" content: two unequal lobes. The fruits, like most of fruits of the mint family, are 4 smooth nutlets which are dark brown to black in color. "Monardella odoratissima" is easy to grow as a Garden plant. Although the "Monardellas" are in the mint family, most "Monardellas" do not grow from runners. However, they can still be propagated easily from cuttings. They are very attractive to butterflies, which are their main pollinator. "Monardella odoratissima" will grow in full sun to medium shade. It can be pruned lightly in the late fall or early winter to create a bushier plant, as they can


title: "Monardella odoratissima" content: otherwise be sprawling. They bloom profusely anytime from April through August. Because they are floriferous, they look best when spent blooms are deadheaded. Monardella odoratissima Monardella odoratissima (mountain coyote mint, mountain beebalm, mountain monardella or mountain pennyroyal) is a perennial flowering plant which grows in mountain forests and sagebrush scrub. It is a member of the Lamiaceae, or mint family. It has the minty odor characteristic of this family. "Monardella odoratissima" is found in montane forests above 600 m. and below 3100 m. It is found in many Northern California mountain ranges, including the Klamath Mountains and the North California


title: "Sheren Tang" content: an expert to impart knowledge of the triad to local gangsters like Liang Po Po. Sheren Tang Sheren Tang Shui-man (born 2 March 1966) is a Hong Kong actress. She is known for her roles in the mega-hit TVB drama series "War and Beauty", as well as "La Femme Desperado", "The Family Link", "Rosy Business" and "No Regrets". She joined ATV in 1996 and returned to TVB in 2000. In 1985, Tang joined TVB's training classes. Months later, after her graduation, Tang was cast in her first role in "The Legend of the General Who Never Was 1985" with Alex


title: "Fraxinus nigra" content: Fraxinus nigra Fraxinus nigra, the black ash, is a species of ash native to much of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, from western Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to Illinois and northern Virginia. Formerly abundant, as of 2014 the species is threatened with near total extirpation throughout its range, as a result of infestation by a parasitic insect known as the emerald ash borer. Black ash is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 15–20 m (exceptionally 26 m) tall with a trunk up to diameter, or exceptionally to . The bark is grey, thick and corky even


title: "Fraxinus nigra" content: on young trees, becoming scaly and fissured with age. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The leaves are opposite, pinnately compound, with 7–13 (most often 9) leaflets; each leaf is long, the leaflets long and broad, with a finely toothed margin. The leaflets are sessile, directly attached to the rachis without a petiolule. The flowers are produced in spring shortly before the new leaves, in loose panicles; they are inconspicuous with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a samara long comprising a single seed long with an elongated apical wing long and


title: "Fraxinus nigra" content: broad. Black ash commonly occurs in swamps, often with the closely related green ash. Its fall foliage is yellow. Black ash is one of the first trees to lose its leaves in the fall. It is very closely related to Manchurian ash, and will easily hybridize with it. Some consider the two to be geographic isolates of each other. The species was considered abundant and its survival of little concern prior to the invasion of the emerald ash borer, first detected in North America in 2002. However, since that time this invasive insect has spread throughout most of the tree's


title: "Fraxinus nigra" content: range, and within a few years black ash is expected to be all but extirpated; a similar fate awaits green ash. In 2014, a U.S. Forest Service agent estimated that "ninety-nine percent of the ashes in North America are probably going to die." Blue ash and white ash are only slightly less affected. This wood is used by Native Americans of the North East for making baskets and other devices. The Shakers also made extensive use of the Black Ash for creating baskets. Also called Basket Ash, Brown Ash, Swamp Ash, hoop ash, and water ash. It is also a


title: "Fraxinus nigra" content: popular wood for making electric guitars and basses, due to its good resonant qualities. Black ash is unique among all trees in North America in that it does not have fibers connecting the growth rings to each other. This is a useful property for basket makers. By pounding on the wood with a mallet, the weaker spring wood layer is crushed, allowing the tougher and darker summer wood layer to be peeled off in long strips. The long strips are trimmed, cleaned, and used in basket weaving. Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands also make bark baskets from black ash,


title: "Fraxinus nigra" content: traditionally used for berry-gathering. North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash, due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source—resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. It is the lack of tannins in the American ash variety that makes them


title: "Fraxinus nigra" content: good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habit and food for various other creatures that are native to North America, such as a long-horned beetle, avian species, and mammalian species. Black ash is a food plant for


title: "Fraxinus nigra" content: the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes. Fraxinus nigra Fraxinus nigra, the black ash, is a species of ash native to much of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, from western Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to Illinois and northern Virginia. Formerly abundant, as of 2014 the species is threatened with near total extirpation throughout its range, as a result of infestation by a parasitic insect known as the emerald ash borer. Black ash is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching 15–20 m (exceptionally 26 m) tall with a trunk


title: "AMD Live!" content: AMD Live! AMD LIVE! is the name of Advanced Micro Devices' initiative in 2005 aimed at gathering the support of professional musicians and other media producers behind its hardware products. The primary focus of this initiative was the Opteron server- and workstation-class central processing units (CPUs). AMD subsequently extended AMD LIVE! into a platform marketing initiative focusing the consumer electronics segment in 2006 and focused on performance segment desktop-class processors. AMD LIVE! for consumer electronics segment was announced on January 4, 2006 officially through press release. The AMD LIVE! is an initiative, which can be divided into two parts, one


title: "Senegalese Tirailleurs" content: in 1857 by Louis Faidherbe, governor general of French West Africa, because he lacked sufficient French troops to control the territory and meet other requirements of the first phase of colonisation. The formal decree for the formation of this force was signed on 21 July 1857 in Plombières-les-Bains by Napoleon III. Recruitment was later extended to other French colonies in Africa. During its early years the corps included some former slaves bought from West African slave-owners as well as prisoners of war. Subsequent recruitment was either by voluntary enlistment or on occasion by an arbitrary form of conscription. In the


title: "Montreal Quebec Temple" content: The temple sits on a plot in the city of Longueuil. The temple was open to the public for tours of the interior May 20–27, 2000. Despite the short duration of the open house, more than 10,000 people toured the temple. Hinckley dedicated the Montreal Quebec Temple on June 4, 2000. Before the dedication began, a cornerstone ceremony was held to officially complete the construction of the temple. Hinckley placed the cornerstone and had help from local children in placing the mortar. Around 6,000 members attended the four dedicatory sessions of the temple. The temple serves more than 12,200 church


title: "Bay mud" content: a variety of regulatory frameworks may arise. Normally in the United States, an Environmental Impact Report as well as a geotechnical investigation are conducted precedent to any major construction over bay mud. Combined, these reports have developed much of the data base extant on bay mud characteristics, frequently yielding original field data from soil borings. These data have demonstrated that in many locations the shallower bay muds contain concentrations of mercury, lead, chromium, petroleum hydrocarbons, PCBs, pesticides and other chemicals which exceed toxic limits: a geological record of human activities of the last century. These data are particularly important to


title: "1929 24 Hours of Le Mans" content: a better chance of winning. The remaining four cars were the reliable 4½-litre tourers, the chassis strengthened after the issues from the previous year. They were assigned to more of the “Bentley Boys”: Frank Clement / Jean Chassagne, Benjafield with "Baron" André d’Erlanger and Glen Kidston/Jack Dunfee. The fourth car, of Earl Howe/Bernard Rubin, had only a week earlier been used in a 24-hour record-breaking attempt at Montlhéry by Mary Petre and her husband Victor Bruce. The experienced driving squad was supported by Bertie Kensington-Moir, back from Lagonda as team manager, and Walter Hassan as lead mechanic. After the close-fought


title: Thalassodromeus content: the younger European species. Palaeontologist Gareth J. Dyke and a large team of colleagues immediately rejected the pterosaurian identification of the "T. sebesensis" fossil, instead arguing that it was a misidentified part of a plastron (lower shell) of the prehistoric turtle "Kallokibotion bajazidi" (named in 1923). The idea that the fragment belonged to a turtle had been considered and rejected by Grellet-Tinnera and Codrea in their original description. Grellet-Tinnera and Codrea denied the turtle identity suggested by Dyke and colleagues, noting that those researchers had not directly examined the fossil. Kellner and Campos originally assigned "Thalassodromeus" to the family Tapejaridae,


title: Gaggenau content: the 18th century. In 1891, the St. Wendelin chapel was consecrated in Gaggenau. Gaggenau received its own parish church of St. Joseph in 1899. The Catholic churches in the other districts of Gaggenau date to earlier times. All of the area parishes came under the newly founded Archdiocese of Freiburg in 1821/1827 and assigned to the Murgtal Office of the Dean. Today, the town of Gaggenau includes the following Catholic parishes: St. Joseph (Gaggenau); Gaggenau; St. Mary; Mary Help (Moosbronn-Freiolsheim); St. Johann Nepomuk (Hörden); St. Michael (Michelbach); St. John the Baptist (Oberweier); St. Lawrence (Bad Rotenfels); St. Nicholas (Selbach); St.


title: "Aldby Park" content: her other brothers having also died. Jane had married John Brewster, who changed his name to Brewster-Darley and built the present house around 1725. Their grandson Henry Darley died in 1810. Henry's son Henry (1777–1846) was a Justice of the Peace and High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1827. His son, Henry Brewster (1809–1860) and the latter's son, yet another Henry (1839–1904) also served as Tory justices. Cecil Geoffrey Darley of Aldby Hall was born in 1885. The house was requisitioned by the army during the Second World War and suffered severely, but was renovated after the war by Mark Winn.


title: "The Hague Netherlands Temple" content: the Netherlands and there are now three stakes and 7,800 members. A groundbreaking ceremony and site dedication for The Hague Netherlands Temple was held on August 26, 2000. The site chosen for the temple is in a city park. Temple construction quickly began. Because the site bought by the church is only slightly larger than the area needed for the temple, a parking garage and temple clothing store were built underneath the temple. An open house for the public was held August 17–31, 2002. LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley dedicated The Hague Netherlands Temple on September 8, 2002. The


title: "El Shaddai" content: which means "two breasts" in the Sumerian language. It has been conjectured that El Shaddai was therefore the "God of Shaddai" and that the inclusion of the Abrahamic stories into the Hebrew Bible may have brought the northern name with them (see Documentary hypothesis). A popular interpretation of the name Shaddai is that it is composed of the Hebrew relative particle "she-" (Shin plus vowel segol followed by dagesh), or, as in this case, as "sha-" (Shin plus vowel patach followed by a dagesh). The noun containing the dagesh is the Hebrew word "dai" meaning "enough, sufficient, sufficiency". This is


title: "Sereboff v. Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc." content: Mid Atlantic Medical Services, Inc., and covered by ERISA. The plan contained an "Acts of Third Parties" provision, which applied if a third party was responsible for their illness or injury, and required the beneficiaries to reimburse Mid Atlantic for plan benefits from any recovery from that third party. The provision further stated that Mid Atlantic's share of the recovery would not be reduced because the beneficiary did not receive the full damages claimed. The Sereboffs were injured in a car accident in California, and the plan paid the couple's medical expenses. They filed a tort action in state court


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: Maryland State Fair The Maryland State Fair is the annual state fair for the state of Maryland. It is held at the Maryland State Fairgrounds located near the intersection of York and Timonium roads in Timonium. As of 2006, the fair is an 11-day event customarily beginning in late August and ending around Labor Day. The first fair was held in 1878 and was known as the Lutherville Fair. The following year, 1879, the fair was moved to its current location in Timonium and was held from September 9 through September 12. In 1906, the Lutherville Fair merged with the


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: Pimlico Fair and became known as the Maryland State Fair. The fair was suspended from 1943 through 1945 during World War II. In 1999, the fair grew to its current length of 11 days. The New York Times reported that on October 14, 1870, President Rutherford B. Hayes would go to Frederick to attend the "Maryland State Fair." In 1878, after several unsuccessful attempts to establish an ongoing fair at other locations around Baltimore, a group of Maryland businessmen operated a successful fair on a site in Lutherville, Maryland. Despite its success, the Lutherville Fair was short-lived because an extension


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: of the Northern Central Railroad (the former Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad) was constructed through the middle of the fairgrounds. Their success in Lutherville, however, gave the operators resolve to establish an annual fair, and in December 1878, they incorporated as the Agricultural Society of Baltimore County. The corporation leased a plot of land on the old Baltimore and York Turnpike on what was then known as "the Timonium Estate." The first Fair at its new home was held September 9–12, 1879. The Northern Central Railroad, cause of the closing of the Lutherville Fair, was now the primary source of transportation


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: for fairgoers from Baltimore City to the south to the Timonium Fairgrounds during the rest of the century. Other fairgoers walked or rode horses, wagons, carriages, and carts to the fairgrounds using the Turnpike and its southern end of Greenmount Avenue. Later visitors used the old #8 electric street car line of the old United Railway and Electric Company, later after 1935, as the Baltimore Transit Company. After the last street car rode its course down York Road and Greenmount Avenue to Catonsville in 1963, diesel buses brought visitors to the Fair in addition to the thousands of cars parked


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: on acres of lots around the grounds for that last week of summer. Late in the century, The Agricultural Society of Baltimore County faced stiff competition from the nearby Pimlico Fair, also referred to as "the State Fair". Ultimately, the two groups held joint fairs in 1894 and 1897, and in 1906, merged to form one corporation - "the Maryland State Fair and Agricultural Society of Baltimore County, Maryland". Their annual Fair then became known as "The Maryland State Fair". The early years at the Fair saw tents and wooden structures in use to exhibit home arts, farm and garden


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: products, and livestock shows. Plowing and working oxen competitions were some of the popular but few attractions. Races were held at the track, and results were forwarded to interested horsemen at Baltimore and Alexandria, Virginia, by way of carrier pigeon. Food concessions consisted of sandwiches made by the farmers’ wives, and amusements involved sideshows, sack races, and greased pole climbing. The Maryland State Fair grew and prospered, adding many attractions and exhibits, including an airmail delivery at the 1918 Fair. The annual event continued until 1943 when the Fair was interrupted because of the war effort in World War II.


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: The fairgrounds were leased to the U.S. Army for a storage depot and a vehicle repair center. After a three-year suspension, the Fair reopened its gates in 1946. In its long and colorful history, the Maryland State Fair has grown from to over . Because of a commitment to continually improve and expand the event, Fair organizers found that they could no longer squeeze in more entertainment and attractions in what had become the traditional 10-day run. Thus, in 1999, the Fair added another day, making the Fair now an 11-day event. In the 1950s, growth in population and development


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: in increasingly suburban Baltimore County flourished, and certain business interests wanted to purchase the fairgrounds site for industrial development. The majority stockholder of the Corporation for the M.S.F. & A.S. of B.C., which was now the Maryland Jockey Club (which also owned and operated the famous Pimlico Race Course in northwest Baltimore, and home to the Preakness Stakes - one of thoroughbred horse racing's "Triple Crown"), had agreed to sell. In the ensuing controversy, however, a group of agriculturists, business leaders, horsemen, and bankers formed the "Save the Maryland State Fair Committee." The Committee raised over $600,000 to purchase the


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: fairgrounds, ensuring that The Maryland State Fair at Timonium would continue to be Maryland's premiere event at the end of each summer. Another crisis was averted in the 1970s. The organized Maryland racing industry took steps to have the Fair's Thoroughbred racing competition dates transferred to other Maryland tracks in order to re-trench a declining audience, purses and media attention. Fair Directors recognized that such a move would threaten the survival of the Fair. The "Committee of Friends of the Maryland State Fair" was established to strengthen the cooperation between Maryland agriculture and horse breeding interests - a relationship that


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: had been a tradition in the State since the mid-18th century. The Committee was successful in convincing the public and the state legislature in the Maryland General Assembly of the value in keeping Thoroughbred racing a part of the Fair. The Committee also prepared expansion plans for the Fair, which resulted in a $5 million grant from the State of Maryland for building, modernization, and year-round use of the fairgrounds. One of the most famous horses to race at Timonium was the Maryland-bred colt Bee Bee Bee who competed and won here in the fall of 1971, then in May


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: 1972 at Pimlico Race Course, won the second leg of the U.S. Triple Crown series, the Preakness Stakes. Currently the racetrack hosts events during the fair, including the "Alma North Stakes" for fillies and mares and the Taking Risks Stakes. The Miss Maryland Agriculture Program (MMAP) has been a feature of the Maryland State Fair since the 1930's. The name of the contest has changed several times throughout the decades. When it began, the winner received the title Miss Timonium Fair, but winners have also been given the title of Farm Queen, and now the winner receives the title of


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: Miss Maryland Agriculture. Eligible participants include ladies between the ages of 16 and 19 who are either Maryland Farm Bureau members or their parents are members in good standing of one of our 23 county Farm Bureaus. When selected by county Farm Bureaus, all contestants must participate in the three-day Miss Maryland Agriculture Orientation in order to gain knowledge and expertise to assist in competition for the title of Miss Maryland Agriculture. During the State Fair, contestants participate in a two-day contest consisting of professional interviews, round table discussions and our on-stage contest. They are judged by out-of-state judges on


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: their agricultural and Farm Bureau knowledge, personal presentation and speaking ability. Contestants are provided with a variety of opportunities in agriculture education, career preparation and public relations to enhance their agricultural, professional and personal lives. The ladies are also given scholarships from the Miss Maryland Agriculture Contest to assist them as they continue to develop into leaders of our industry. Contestants give back to our community by visiting the Ronald McDonald House in Baltimore, working with the Maryland Food Bank and other organizations in the state throughout the year. According to Phyllis McKenzie, the 2012 Miss Maryland Agriculture winner, the


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: program is a, "knowledge contest run through the farm bureau program. [The judges] will be looking for a lot of knowledge in all the diversities of agriculture and the Maryland Farm Bureau throughout their policies and many programs that they offer for farmers and other agriculturalists." One of the core responsibilities of Miss Maryland Agriculture is representing the farm bureau at public events such as county fairs, 4-H functions, and other Maryland Farm Bureau events. This can sometimes require MMAP winners to consider how being Miss Maryland Agriculture might conflict with academic or extracurricular commitments. For example, Jamie Bullock, Farm


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: Queen for the year 2000, grew up in Howard County, Maryland but had already committed to attending college in North Carolina. Despite the possible scheduling issues, Bullock was chosen because, as Edie Bernier, a spokeswoman for the Maryland State Fair put it, she, "wowed everyone with her poise and grace." . Over the course of the year Bullock held the title, she took her role very seriously and made every possible effort to return to Maryland to carry out the duties of the role. While it is not a formal sorority, the women who have won the contest are a


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: close knit group, and they come together to organize a variety of fund-raising activities during the year. Funds raised go towards supporting scholarships, 4-H events, and prize money for fair competitions. In the early 1990s, construction was completed on the Baltimore Light Rail line, serving Cromwell Station near Glen Burnie in Anne Arundel County to the south, downtown Baltimore, and Hunt Valley to the north. The light rail line's Timonium Fairgrounds station is adjacent to the fair's west entrance. It resulted in increasing crowds of visitors arriving by rail in the late 20th and early 21st Centuries just like a


title: "Maryland State Fair" content: century earlier with the old street cars (of the old United Railways and Electric Company, later the Baltimore Transit Company) and the commuter trains of the old Northern Central Railway. Maryland State Fair The Maryland State Fair is the annual state fair for the state of Maryland. It is held at the Maryland State Fairgrounds located near the intersection of York and Timonium roads in Timonium. As of 2006, the fair is an 11-day event customarily beginning in late August and ending around Labor Day. The first fair was held in 1878 and was known as the Lutherville Fair. The


title: "Admission to practice law" content: oral exam conducted by a legal committee elected from a combination of judges, professors and senior lawyers. If he/she passes the oral exam, then they are required to submit a research paper. Each probationer must research a legal subject, submit a written paper, and discuss his/her findings before the committee. If he/she passes, the probationer must undertake an oath before the Minister of Justice, the conclusion of which grants him entry to the Bar. The process requires, on average, around two-and-a-half years to satisfy the Bar Association's requirements to practice law. However, it should be mentioned that only Jordanians may


title: "Curtis Reed (Days of Our Lives)" content: seemingly conclusive pieces of evidence, the most important being the gun from which the bullet came having been found in a dresser drawer during a search warrant at her apartment, Billie was originally arrested for his murder. It was not until the March 31, 1994 episode that Stefano was revealed as the shooter. After this, he appeared as a ghost multiple times between May 2, 1995 and June 5, 2001. Curtis Reed (Days of Our Lives) Curtis Reed is a fictional character from the soap opera, "Days of Our Lives". He was played by Nick Benedict. He is the deadbeat


title: "Chipping, Lancashire" content: is situated at the corner of Windy Street and Garstang Lane and The Tillotson's Arms is situated on Talbot Street. The Talbot Arms, also on Talbot Street, is currently closed for refurbishment. The Sun is reputed to be haunted by the ghost of scullery maid Lizzie Dean, who hung herself in the attic of the pub on 5 November 1835. She is buried at the entrance to the churchyard. Also in the locality is the Gibbon Bridge Hotel. The village's environmentally friendly public toilets have won the best in Lancashire award at the county's Best Kept Village competition every year


title: "Sixto Rodriguez" content: 2012, Rodríguez has experienced a flush of media exposure and fan interest in the United States, as well as Europe. He appeared as a musical guest on the "Late Show with David Letterman" on August 14, 2012, performing "Crucify Your Mind", and performed "Can't Get Away" on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on January 11, 2013. Prominent news coverage has included a mid-August 2012 CNN feature story with an interview of Rodriguez discussing his life and career resurgence. On October 7, 2012, Rodriguez was featured on the US television news program "60 Minutes". On November 18, 2012, Rodriguez was


title: "Dark Room (album)" content: Dark Room (album) Dark Room is the fourth studio album by Australian band The Angels, released in June 1980. It was their first album for CBS/Epic and was co-produced by the group's John and Richard Brewster (brothers). It peaked at number five on the Kent Music Report Albums Chart. It reached number 37 on the New Zealand Albums Chart in July 1980. In the Australasian market the album provided three singles, "No Secrets" (May 1980), "Poor Baby" (July) and "Face the Day" (August). "No Secrets" peaked at No. 8 on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart – their highest position


title: "Polyalthia longifolia" content: show cytotoxic properties. Polyalthia longifolia Polyalthia longifolia, the False ashoka native to India, is a lofty evergreen tree, commonly planted due to its effectiveness in alleviating noise pollution. It exhibits symmetrical pyramidal growth with willowy weeping pendulous branches and long narrow lanceolate leaves with undulate margins. The tree is known to grow over 30 ft in height. "Polyalthia" is derived from a combination of Greek words meaning ‘many cures’ with reference to the medicinal properties of the tree while Longifolia, in Latin, refers to the length of its leaves. "Polyalthia longifolia" is sometimes incorrectly identified as the ashoka tree ("Saraca


title: "Mid Sodor Railway" content: Duke of Sodor. He worked alongside Sir Handel and Peter Sam (then known as Falcon and Stuart respectively) until 1947, at which time the line closed and Duke was sheeted and sheltered in Arlesdale Sheds. When he is sheltered, Duke wonders what has happened to his human namesake, only that the author mentions that the then Duke is only a boy and his father had been killed in the Second World War. Duke the engine was later discovered by Mr. Fergus Duncan in 1969 and taken by road and rail to Crovan's Gate, where he was restored and returned to


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: Dresden Hauptbahnhof Dresden Hauptbahnhof (“main station”, abbreviated Dresden Hbf) is the largest passenger station in the Saxon capital of Dresden. In 1898, it replaced the "Böhmischen Bahnhof" ("Bohemian station") of the former Saxon-Bohemian State Railway ("Sächsisch-Böhmische Staatseisenbahn"), and was designed with its formal layout as the central station of the city. The combination of a station building on an island between the tracks and a terminal station on two different levels is unique. The building is notable for its halls that are roofed with Teflon-coated glass fibre membranes. This translucent roof design, installed during the comprehensive rehabilitation of the station


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: at the beginning of the 21st century, allows more daylight to reach the concourses than was previously possible. The station is connected by the Dresden railway node to the tracks of the Děčín–Dresden-Neustadt railway and the Dresden–Werdau railway (Saxon-Franconian trunk line), allowing traffic to run to the southeast towards Prague, Vienna and on to south-eastern Europe or to the southwest towards Chemnitz and Nuremberg. The connection of the routes to the north (Berlin), northwest (Leipzig) and east (Görlitz) does not take place at the station, but north of Dresden-Neustadt station (at least for passenger trains). The station is located south


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: of the Inner Old Town in the Seevorstadt and the district of Südvorstadtat reaches its southern edge. Right next to the station area is the "Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Dresden" (University of Applied Sciences). Federal highway 170 passes under the station area to the east of the station building, running north-south. Prager Straße, the inner-city shopping street, begins at Wiener Platz to the north. Road traffic on Wiener Platz was diverted in the 1990s to run through a road tunnel with connections to underground parking, and it is now a pedestrianised street. Several major buildings have been constructed in


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: the area in the modern style and there is an excavation in Wiener Platz, which was dug a few years ago, but construction has been abandoned (2013). In 1839, the Leipzig–Dresden Railway Company ("Leipzig-Dresdner Eisenbahn-Compagnie") opened the first long-distance railway in Germany from Leipzig to its Dresden terminus, the Leipziger Bahnhof. In the following decades more railways were built, increasing the destinations that could be reached from Dresden. Each private company built its own station as the terminus of its lines. The Silesian Station ("Schlesischer Bahnhof") was opened in 1847 as the terminus of the Görlitz–Dresden railway and the Bohemian


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: station ("Böhmische Bahnhof") was opened in 1848 on the line towards Bohemia. Seven years later, the Albert station ("Albertbahnhof") was opened on the line towards Chemnitz and the Berliner station ("Berliner Bahnhof") opened in 1875 on the line to Berlin. Between 1800 and 1900, the population of Dresden grew from 61,794 to 396,146. As a result, traffic grew enormously. The existing railway facilities proved to be inadequate to satisfy the increasing traffic as a result of rising mobility, population increase and industrialisation. In particular, the railway tracks of the poorly interconnected stations were not designed for through traffic and the


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: many level crossings created major traffic problems. After the late 1880s, when all the railway infrastructure affecting the city had been nationalised, the Saxon government decided to carry out a fundamental reconstruction of the Dresden railway node under the leadership of the engineer Otto Klette. This would create a new central railway station, but there was no consensus on its location for a long time. After the Elbe flood of March 1845, the inspector of surveys, Karl Pressler suggested that the Weißeritz near Cotta should be relocated and that the existing riverbed could be used for a central station. This


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: plan was taken up and the former riverbed was used for a connection line between Dresden’s long-distance railway stations, but, instead of a central station, the planners foresaw a new main station in front of the former Bohemian station, as it was already the busiest station in Dresden and it was close to Prager Straße, which became the most important shopping street of Dresden in the last quarter of the 19th century. On 1 August 1848, the Saxon-Bohemian State Railway ("Sächsisch-Böhmische Staatseisenbahn") opened the Bohemian station as the terminus of its line, which only extended to Pirna. It was initially


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: only a barn-like half-timbered building spanning four tracks and it also had a makeshift locomotive depot, carriage sheds and workshops. The opening ceremony took place on 6 April 1851, coinciding with the extension of the line to Bodenbach (now Děčín). A year later the opening of the Marienbrücke (Maria Bridge) for road and rail traffic on 19 April 1852 allowed the operation of traffic through the Bohemian station to the Leipziger station and the Silesian Station on the Neustadt side of the Elbe. From 1861 to 1864, the passenger infrastructure was moved to the west, to make room for a


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: new building. On 1 August 1864, a solid new entrance building replaced the previous provisional building Four 184 metre long wings, which were designed by Karl Moritz Haenel and Carl Adolph Canzler in the form of Italian Renaissance buildings, were annexed.The main platform could handle two trains simultaneous at first, but it was only 370 metres long. An additional 360-metre-long island platform was built between 1871 and 1872. This extension had become necessary because in 1869 the Bohemian station took over the passenger traffic of the Dresden–Werdau railway from the Albert Station, which was located about two kilometres to the


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: northwest and subsequently only served coal traffic. In order to handle the traffic towards Chemnitz a new main station ("Hauptbahnhof") was built in front of the Bohemian station. In addition, the new Hauptbahnhof would handle the passenger traffic of the Berliner station, which was also located in the Old Town ("Altstädt") on the south side of the Elbe, but almost three kilometres to the northwest. The basic functional design of the station with the combination of a large terminal hall at a low level and two flanking through halls at a high level is considered to be the work of


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: Claus Koepcke, a ministry of finance official, and Otto Klette. This functional framework was based on an architectural competition held in 1892 for the design of the new station. Dresden architects Ernst Giese and Paul Weidner and Leipzig architect Arwed Roßbach each won a first prize. The realised design incorporates elements of both drafts. Construction began in the same year, led by Ernst Giese and Paul Weidner. Railway operations continued at the Bohemian station while the south hall was opened to traffic on 18 June 1895. Subsequently, the Bohemian station was demolished and the construction of the central and northern


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: halls started on its site. Until the completion of the entire building, the south hall served as the provisional station. The new building, which had six terminal platform tracks in the central hall, six through high-level tracks and other terminal tracks in the eastern precinct, met all the requirements for greatly expanded passenger operations. A roofed building with two elevated tracks was built for freight traffic between the south hall and Bismarckstraße (now Bayrischen Straße) to the south. The entrance building covered an area of approximately 4,500 square metres. The steel fabrication company, August Klönne supplied 17,000 tons of steel


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: for the structure of the platform halls and the masonry consists of Elbe Sandstone. The cost of construction amounted to 18 million marks; corresponding to the equivalent of about €320 million. After more than five years of construction the whole building went into operation on 16 April 1898. At 2:08 AM the first train running as the "101" from Leipzig entered the newly opened Dresden Hauptbahnhof. As a result of the restructuring of the Dresden railway infrastructure that was carried out simultaneously, the station received better links with the lines to Leipzig, Berlin and Görlitz, which had previously been poorly


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: connected. A new high-capacity, continuous four-track urban connecting line was opened through the new Wettiner Straße station (now Dresden Mitte station) for suburban traffic and the Maria Bridge to Dresden-Neustadt station in 1901. It was connected by rail junctions to other stations, in particular to Dresden-Friedrichstadt station. Although it was built in the heyday of luxury trains, it was almost unaffected by this phenomenon with only one branch of the "Balkanzug" (Balkan train) serving Dresden between 1916 and 1918. The builders of the station assumed that the new facilities would provide sufficient capacity for many decades. In fact, the volume


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: of traffic developed more rapidly than assumed as indicated in the table below. Since the rapid increase in traffic could barely be handled, the first expansion of facilities was planned prior to the start of the First World War. In 1914, the Saxon Parliament approved funds for the expansion, but the beginning of the war prevented its realisation. The extension could not be started until the late 1920s. One obstacle to operations until then was that it was difficult to reach the terminal tracks in the eastern precinct. As a remedy, a new through track was built through the north


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: hall between platforms 10 and 11, replacing a luggage platform. This would henceforth be used for the passage of additional trains to the eastern precinct and for the passage of unattached locomotives and freight traffic. To take advantage of the sharp rise in through passenger traffic, the covered side hall next to the south hall was demolished, so that the two freight train tracks could be moved on to an outer track on a new concrete structure over the pavement and the released space could be used for an island platform. The signal box equipment was modernised at that time.


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: New electromechanical systems replaced the mechanical systems and a new command signal box tower was built on the "Hohe Brücke" (bridge) that at that time carried an extension of Hohe Straße over the station’s western track field. The architecture of the station was also transformed. Numerous decorations and structures were replaced by modern plain surfaces. In the 1930s, Deutsche Reichsbahn began to construct of a high-speed rail network. It operated high-speed diesel multiple units on routes between Berlin and Hamburg, Berlin and Cologne and Berlin and Frankfurt among others. However, the connection from Dresden to Berlin was served by a


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: high-speed steam-hauled train, the Henschel-Wegmann Train. From 1936 until the outbreak of war in 1939, it operated the line from Dresden to the Anhalter Bahnhof in about 100 minutes. In the late 1930s, the Nazis were planning to reconstruct the city with the intention of glorifying the Third Reich on an enormous scale. A new central train station to be built at Wettiner Straße station would have been 300 metres wide and 200 metres long. In addition, an oversized station courtyard and spacious streets were intended to create spaces for rallies and marches. With the outbreak of the Second World


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: War, however, these plans lapsed. During the Second World War the station had only minor importance for the dispatch of troop and prisoner transports, though Dresden was a garrison town. However, it connected the Saxon railway network with Bohemia and formed a bottleneck as a result. At the beginning of the war Dresden hardly seemed threatened by air raids, so initially insufficient preparations were made and later additional preparations were no longer possible. The air raid shelters of the central station could accommodate about 2,000 people, but they lacked airlocks and ventilation systems. This had serious consequences: during the great


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: air raid on the night of 13 and 14 February 1945 the station burned down, and the entrance to the luggage store was set alight; as a result 100 people were burned to death and another 500 people suffocated in the air raid shelters. Subsequent air raids destroyed the railway tracks entirely. The station was made permanently inoperable during the eighth and final air raids on the city on 17 April 1945 by 580 USAAF bombers. In spite of its severe war damage the station was one of the distinctive buildings in the central Dresden. The restoration of rail connections


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: had to take precedence over the restoration of the historic building. So passenger services were restored to Bad Schandau by 17 May 1945. A temporary reconstruction began after the war and was completed in the same year. Some parts of the building, such as the concourses and the dome, were not immediately repaired and continued to deteriorate. At the same time a far-reaching reorganisation of the railway infrastructure was considered as the large-scale destruction of the city seemed to make it possible. Draft plans from 1946 show a turning loop south of the station, which would have allowed east-west traffic


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: on the Chemnitz–Görlitz route to stop without a change of locomotives. In 1946 and 1947, several drafts of a new, generously-dimensioned central station replacing the Wettiner Straße station emerged. The former Hauptbahnhof would have been renamed "Bahnhof Dresden Prager Straße" and passenger services would have operated only through the north hall and from the east side. Initially a postal station was planned for the remaining area. This was abandoned in the draft of 1947; the south hall would now also be used for passenger operations, while the central hall would be used for any purpose. It is not absolutely certain


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: why these plans ultimately did not proceed. Possible reasons were financial problems, material shortages, labour shortages and general planning uncertainty during a period of social and political changes. A planned new entrance building on Wiener Platz with an attached new administration building for the Reichsbahndirektion Railway division of Dresden was also not realised. The remaining structure was restored from 1950 in a similar but simpler form, due to economic difficulties and the shortage of skilled workers. The roof, which had previously been partially covered with glass, was temporarily covered with wood, board and slate. The station building itself was only


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: partially restored. In particular, the buildings south of the main hall remained hollow ruins, although the outer walls implied a complete reconstruction. The intact steel construction of the dome over the main hall was also externally covered with wood and slate and a coffered ceiling was built inside it. The construction work was not largely completed until the early 1960s. One of the last measures was the modification of the clock towers on either side of the entrance portal to fit the “skeletal” facade. In the coming decades, the station’s makeshift parking and traffic arrangements and its power lines shaped


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: perceptions of it. From the 1960s the station again became an important hub for long-distance services from Western Europe and Scandinavia to Southeastern Europe. The well-known services of this period were the Vindobona (Berlin–Vienna), the Hungaria (Berlin–Budapest) and the Meridian (Malmö–Bar). As part of the change in traction, trains hauled by electric locomotives reached Dresden from Freiberg for the first time in September 1966. A good ten years later–on 24 September 1977–the final steam-hauled service departed the station towards Berlin as the Dresden Express. Steam-hauled passenger trains were still seen running towards Upper Lusatia until the late 1980s. Since the


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: headroom in the western part of the station area was insufficient, the "Hohe Brücke" (bridge) had to be demolished to permit the electrification of the railway lines. Within the city and the surrounding area, the Dresden S-Bahn has carried the majority of traffic to the station since 1973 and has operated as its central point. In 1978, the Dresden Hauptbahnhof was heritage-listed. On the night of 30 September and 1 October 1989, six so-called refugee trains were operated from Prague through Dresden station and the territory of the German Democratic Republic to West Germany. Two hours before the news spread


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: to the West German media about these trips, a few quick and resolute citizens managed to jump on a train during transit. More East Germans were queuing in the West German embassy in Prague and so more trains were run. Therefore, on the following days, more and more disgruntled citizens collected at the station, amounting to about 20,000 people on the night of 4 and 5 October, according to the police. While the majority of the demonstrators and the security forces confronted each other that night in Lenin-Platz (now Wiener Platz), three of the expected trains from Prague passed on


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: the southern tracks of the Hauptbahnhof but were hardly noticed. Due to the critical situation in Dresden, five additional special trains were diverted via Vojtanov and Bad Brambach to Plauen. Most demonstrators were peaceful, but there were also violent clashes between about 3,000 demonstrators and the Volkspolizei and property at the station was damaged. In the following days, peaceful demonstrations took place in Lenin-Platz and the adjacent Prager Straße, resulting in the beginning of a dialogue on state power at the local level with the establishment of the Group of 20 ("Gruppe der 20") on the evening 8 October. With


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: a combined 156 arrivals and departures of scheduled long-distance trains per day in the station in the summer 1989 timetable, it was the third most important node in the network of Deutsche Reichsbahn, after Berlin and Leipzig. Since the 1990s, Dresden has gradually become part of the Intercity network. From 1991, individual Intercity services ran via Leipzig and the Thuringian Railway to Frankfurt am Main and these service have run every two hours since 1992. The first pair of EuroCity services ran from Dresden to Paris-Est over the same route on 2 June 1991. That same year, InterRegio trains served


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: Dresden for the first time. The 2048/2049 and 2044/2143 trains pairs ran between Cologne and Dresden. Later, other connections were added. In 1993, a north-south connection through Dresden was included in the EuroCity network and some of the eight EC trains that now run to Prague, Vienna and Budapest were introduced. On 25 September 1994, scheduled Intercity-Express (ICE) services operated for the first time to the station. The ICE "Elbkurier" ran in the evening on the line from the Zoo station in Berlin to Dresden in one hour and 58 minutes. In the morning there was a service in the


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: opposite direction. The introduction of the ICE meant that construction work at the station had to be carried out in advance. Until the timetable change on 28 May 2000, a pair of trains ICE ran daily via Berlin to Dresden, then the hourly ICE line 50 service, which has continued to the present, was introduced from Dresden to Frankfurt via Leipzig, eliminating the connection via Berlin. Dresden station became the starting point of the central east–west connection in the German ICE network. This change caused changes in locomotive-hauled long-distance operations, since Dresden was now served almost exclusively in the north–south


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: direction by Intercity (IC) and EuroCity (EC) trains. There were other related changes to the IC/EC network. So already the service, subsequently numbered EC/IC 27 (Prague–Dresden–Berlin), received a through connection to Hamburg in 1994 and in 2003 two pairs of trains continued to Vienna and a pair of trains continued to Aarhus in Denmark for the first time. ICE TD (class 605) services ran on the Saxon-Franconian trunk line to Nuremberg from 10 June 2001. These replaced InterRegio services that had been abandoned a year earlier. After the 2002 Elbe flood and the resulting disruption of the line between Chemnitz


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: and Dresden, as well as problems with the tilting systems, Deutsche Bahn discontinued the operation of the trainsets from the summer of 2003. Instead services were operated with Intercity trains until the end of long-distance services in 2006. A suitcase bomb was discovered in the station by an explosive-detection dog on 6 June 2003. After the evacuation of the entire building, the police destroyed the suitcase bomb. The bomb consisted of a standard wheeled suitcase which contained an alarm clock, a pressure cooker, explosives and stones as well as an ignition device with fuse. According to experts, this bomb was


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: capable of exploding. The first restoration work took place in the 1990s. The bridges over federal highway 170 were renovated and the eastern building was given a new facade on the street side and new entrance steps. A draft plan by Gerkan, Marg and Partners for the modernisation of the station in the mid-1990s envisaged part of the central hall remodelled as a market as well as the building of an office and hotel tower. This design was not realised. At the end of December 2000, the Board of Deutsche Bahn, let a contract for modernisation work. The planned construction


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: costs amounted to approximately DM 100 million, which was funded from the federal government’s remediation funds, Deutsche Bahn’s own funds and a grant from the state of Saxony (DM 13 million). The completion of construction works was scheduled for the spring of 2003. The extensive redevelopment had already commenced in 2000 with the commissioning of the Leipzig remote electronic control centre. The additional redevelopment included the renovation of the entrance building and the train shed roof, track work of the north and south hall and changes to the track and signaling systems. To ensure uninterrupted movement of trains, the track


title: "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" content: structures of the north hall were first rehabilitated and recommissioned in November 2003. Subsequently, the renovation of the track structures of the south hall began at the end of 2004. The train shed roof was renovated from 2002 and the station building was renovated from the end of 2003. Because of the construction, shops were accommodated in containers in the station hall from 2002 to 2006. The dome above the connection hall between the two halls, which is up to 34 metres high, the connecting hall and the large waiting rooms were restored to their historical designs. A travel centre