title: "Ford Mustang" content: with the Mustang FR500C and GT models. In 2004, Ford Racing retained Multimatic Motorsports to design, engineer, build and race the Mustang FR500C turn-key race car. In 2005, Scott Maxwell and David Empringham took the driver's title. In 2010, the next generation Mustang race car was known as the Boss 302R. It took its maiden victory at Barber Motorsports Park in early 2011, with drivers Scott Maxwell and Joe Foster. In 2012, Jack Roush Jr and Billy Johnson won the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge race at the Daytona International Speedway opening race of the 50th Anniversary Rolex 24 At


title: "Ford Mustang" content: Daytona weekend in a Mustang Boss 302R. In 2016, Multimatic Motorsports won the IMSA CTSCC drivers' and manufacturers' titles with the S550-based Shelby GT350R-C, driven by Scott Maxwell and Billy Johnson. Dick Trickle won 67 short-track oval feature races in 1972, a national record for wins in a single season. In 2010 the Ford Mustang became Ford's Car of Tomorrow for the NASCAR Nationwide Series with full-time racing of the Mustang beginning in 2011. This opened a new chapter in both the Mustang's history and Ford's history. NASCAR insiders expect to see Mustang racing in NASCAR Sprint Cup by 2014


title: "Ford Mustang" content: (the model's 50th anniversary). The NASCAR vehicles are not based on production models, but are a silhouette racing car with decals that give them a superficial resemblance to road cars. Carl Edwards won the first-ever race with a NASCAR-prepped Mustang on April 8, 2011, at the Texas Motor Speedway. Ford Mustangs also race in the NASCAR Xfinity Series since 2010. Ford Mustangs are driven in the NASCAR Whelen Euro Series also. Ford Mustangs will be raced on track in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series beginning in 2019. Mustangs have competed at the Formula Drift and D1 Grand Prix series,


title: "Ford Mustang" content: most notably by American driver Vaughn Gittin Jr. Ford Mustangs compete in the FIA GT3 European Championship, and compete in the GT4 European Cup and other sports car races such as the 24 Hours of Spa. The Marc VDS Racing Team was developing the GT3 spec Mustang since 2010. The 1965 Mustang won the Tiffany Gold Medal for excellence in American design, the first automobile ever to do so. The Mustang was on the Car and Driver Ten Best list in 1983, 1987, 1988, 2005, 2006, 2011, and 2016. It won the Motor Trend Car of the Year award in


title: "Ford Mustang" content: 1974 and 1994. In May 2016, the Mustang Owner's Museum was announced, with an official opening in Concord, North Carolina, to take place on April 17, 2019, the fifty-fifth anniversary. The decision to locate somewhere in Concord was a result of the success of the 2014 Mustang 50th-anniversary celebration at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord, with over 4,000 Mustangs registered and an estimated economic impact of . The Ford Mustang has been featured in numerous media. Effective product placement allowed the car to reach "celebrity status in the 1960s." In particular, "movie glamour" assisted in establishing a positive association with


title: "Ford Mustang" content: the Mustang. The following are a few notable cases where embedded marketing influenced the sales or other tangible aspect of the vehicle: Ford Mustang The Ford Mustang is an American car manufactured by Ford. It was originally based on the platform of the second generation North American Ford Falcon, a compact car. The original 1962 Ford Mustang I two-seater concept car had evolved into the 1963 Mustang II four-seater concept car which Ford used to pretest how the public would take interest in the first production Mustang. The 1963 Mustang II concept car was designed with a variation of the


title: "Meridian, Mississippi" content: weekends. Opening ceremonies always begin on the third Friday in June in downtown Meridian. The games are held at several sports parks, including Northeast Park, Sammie Davidson Complex, and other various fields throughout the city. Northeast Park is an park on Highway 39 that contains ten tennis courts, four softball fields, three soccer fields, an asphalt track, and a large picnic pavilion. The Sammie Davidson Sports Complex includes six tennis courts, four softball fields, and a half-mile track. Other sports fields include the Meridian Jaycee Soccer Complex, Sykes Park, and Phil Hardin Park. There are also several golf courses in


title: "Guns, Germs, and Steel" content: Diamond argues geographic, climatic and environmental characteristics which favored early development of stable agricultural societies ultimately led to immunity to diseases endemic in agricultural animals and the development of powerful, organized states capable of dominating others. Diamond argues that Eurasian civilization is not so much a product of ingenuity, but of opportunity and necessity. That is, civilization is not created out of superior intelligence, but is the result of a chain of developments, each made possible by certain preconditions. The first step towards civilization is the move from nomadic hunter-gatherer to rooted agrarian society. Several conditions are necessary for this


title: "Skagway, Alaska" content: also receives copies of the free regional newspaper "Capital City Weekly." In the Three Stooges short "In the Sweet Pie and Pie," Skagway receives a humorous mention: "Edam Neckties, with three convenient locations: Skagway, Alaska; Little America; and Pago Pago." Skagway is featured in the 1955 Western "The Far Country", directed by Anthony Mann. Skagway is a town featured in the computer game "The Yukon Trail". In an episode of "Homeland Security USA", the border crossing in Skagway was featured as being the least-used crossing in the United States. Chief Inspector Fenwick often dryly referred to nearby "big city" "Skagway"


title: "Kaltag, Alaska" content: American, and 3.04% from two or more races. There were 69 households out of which 49.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.1% were married couples living together, 18.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.2% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.33 and the average family size was 3.83. In the village the age distribution of the population shows 37.0% under the age of 18, 12.2% from 18


title: "Remote control" content: Remote control In electronics, a remote control is a component of an electronic device used to operate the device from a distance, usually wirelessly. For example, in consumer electronics, a remote control can be used to operate devices such as a television set, DVD player, or other home appliance, from a short distance. A remote control is primarily a convenience feature for the user, and can allow operation of devices that are out of convenient reach for direct operation of controls. In some cases, remote controls allow a person to operate a device that they otherwise would not be able


title: "Remote control" content: to reach, as when a garage door opener is triggered from outside or when a Digital Light Processing projector that is mounted on a high ceiling is controlled by a person from the floor level. Early television remote controls (1956–1977) used ultrasonic tones. Present-day remote controls are commonly consumer infrared devices which send digitally-coded pulses of infrared radiation to control functions such as power, volume, channels, playback, track change, heat, fan speed, or other features varying from device to device. Remote controls for these devices are usually small wireless handheld objects with an array of buttons for adjusting various settings


title: "Remote control" content: such as television channel, track number, and volume. For many devices, the remote control contains all the function controls while the controlled device itself has only a handful of essential primary controls. The remote control code, and thus the required remote control device, is usually specific to a product line, but there are universal remotes, which emulate the remote control made for most major brand devices. Remote control has continually evolved and advanced in the 2000s to include Bluetooth connectivity, motion sensor-enabled capabilities and voice control. In 1894, the first example of wirelessly controlling at a distance was during a


title: "Remote control" content: demonstration by the British physicist Oliver Lodge, in which he made use of a Branly's coherer to make a mirror galvanometer move a beam of light when an electromagnetic wave was artificially generated. This was further refined by radio innovators Guglielmo Marconi and William Preece, at a demonstration that took place on December 12, 1896, at Toynbee Hall in London, in which they made a bell ring by pushing a button in a box that was not connected by any wires. In 1898 Nikola Tesla filed his patent, , named "Method of an Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle


title: "Remote control" content: or Vehicles", which he publicly demonstrated by radio-controlling a boat during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. Tesla called his boat a "teleautomaton". In 1903, Leonardo Torres Quevedo presented the "Telekino" at the Paris Academy of Science, accompanied by a brief, and making an experimental demonstration. At the same time, he obtained a patent in France, Spain, Great Britain, and the United States. The "Telekino" consisted of a robot that executed commands transmitted by electromagnetic waves. With the Telekino, Torres-Quevedo laid down modern wireless remote-control operation principles and was a pioneer in the field of remote control. In 1906,


title: "Remote control" content: in the presence of the king and before a great crowd, Torres successfully demonstrated the invention in the port of Bilbao, guiding a boat from the shore. Later, he would try to apply the "Telekino" to projectiles and torpedoes but had to abandon the project for lack of financing. The first remote-controlled model airplane flew in 1932, and the use of remote control technology for military purposes was worked intensively during the Second World War, one result of this being the German Wasserfall missile. By the late 1930s, several radio manufacturers offered remote controls for some of their higher-end models.


title: "Remote control" content: Most of these were connected to the set being controlled by wires, but the Philco Mystery Control (1939) was a battery-operated low-frequency radio transmitter, thus making it the first wireless remote control for a consumer electronics device. Using pulse-count modulation, this also was the first digital wireless remote control. The first remote intended to control a television was developed by Zenith Radio Corporation in 1950. The remote, called "Lazy Bones", was connected to the television by a wire. A wireless remote control, the "Flashmatic", was developed in 1955 by Eugene Polley. It worked by shining a beam of light onto


title: "Remote control" content: one of four photoelectric cells, but the cell did not distinguish between light from the remote and light from other sources. The Flashmatic also had to be pointed very precisely at one of the sensors in order to work. In 1956, Robert Adler developed "Zenith Space Command", a wireless remote. It was mechanical and used ultrasound to change the channel and volume. When the user pushed a button on the remote control, it struck a bar and clicked, hence they were commonly called a "clicker", but it sounded like a "clink" and the mechanics were similar to a pluck. Each


title: "Remote control" content: of the four bars emitted a different fundamental frequency with ultrasonic harmonics, and circuits in the television detected these sounds and interpreted them as channel-up, channel-down, sound-on/off, and power-on/off. Later, the rapid decrease in price of transistors made possible cheaper electronic remotes that contained a piezoelectric crystal that was fed by an oscillating electric current at a frequency near or above the upper threshold of human hearing, though still audible to dogs. The receiver contained a microphone attached to a circuit that was tuned to the same frequency. Some problems with this method were that the receiver could be triggered


title: "Remote control" content: accidentally by naturally occurring noises or deliberately by metal against glass, for example, and some people could hear the lower ultrasonic harmonics. The impetus for a more complex type of television remote control came in 1973, with the development of the Ceefax teletext service by the BBC. Most commercial remote controls at that time had a limited number of functions, sometimes as few as three: next channel, previous channel, and volume/off. This type of control did not meet the needs of Teletext sets, where pages were identified with three-digit numbers. A remote control to select Teletext pages would need buttons


title: "Remote control" content: for each numeral from zero to nine, as well as other control functions, such as switching from text to picture, and the normal television controls of volume, channel, brightness, color intensity, etc. Early Teletext sets used wired remote controls to select pages, but the continuous use of the remote control required for Teletext quickly indicated the need for a wireless device. So BBC engineers began talks with one or two television manufacturers, which led to early prototypes in around 1977–1978 that could control many more functions. ITT was one of the companies and later gave its name to the ITT


title: "Remote control" content: protocol of infrared communication. In 1980, the most popular remote control was the "Starcom Cable TV Converter" (from Jerrold Electronics, a division of General Instrument) which used 40-kHz sound to change channels. Then, a Canadian company, Viewstar, Inc., was formed by engineer Paul Hrivnak and started producing a cable TV converter with an infrared remote control. The product was sold through Philips for approximately $190 CAD. The Viewstar converter was an immediate success, the millionth converter being sold on March 21, 1985, with 1.6 million sold by 1989. The Blab-off was a wired remote control created in 1952 that turned


title: "Remote control" content: a TV's sound on or off so that viewers could avoid hearing commercials. In the 1980s Steve Wozniak of Apple started a company named CL 9. The purpose of this company was to create a remote control that could operate multiple electronic devices. The CORE unit (Controller Of Remote Equipment) was introduced in the fall of 1987. The advantage to this remote controller was that it could "learn" remote signals from different devices. It had the ability to perform specific or multiple functions at various times with its built-in clock. It was the first remote control that could be linked


title: "Remote control" content: to a computer and loaded with updated software code as needed. The CORE unit never made a huge impact on the market. It was much too cumbersome for the average user to program, but it received rave reviews from those who could. These obstacles eventually led to the demise of CL 9, but two of its employees continued the business under the name Celadon. This was one of the first computer-controlled learning remote controls on the market. In the 1990s, cars were increasingly sold with electronic remote control door locks. These remotes transmit a signal to the car which locks


title: "Remote control" content: or unlocks the door locks or unlocks the trunk. An aftermarket device sold in some countries is the remote starter. This enables a car owner to remotely start their car. This feature is most associated with countries with winter climates, where users may wish to run the car for several minutes before they intend to use it, so that the car heater and defrost systems can remove ice and snow from the windows. By the early 2000s, the number of consumer electronic devices in most homes greatly increased, along with the number of remotes to control those devices. According to


title: "Remote control" content: the Consumer Electronics Association, an average US home has four remotes. To operate a home theater as many as five or six remotes may be required, including one for cable or satellite receiver, VCR or digital video recorder (DVR/PVR), DVD player, TV and audio amplifier. Several of these remotes may need to be used sequentially for some programs or services to work properly. However, as there are no accepted interface guidelines, the process is increasingly cumbersome. One solution used to reduce the number of remotes that have to be used is the universal remote, a remote control which is programmed


title: "Remote control" content: with the operation codes for most major brands of TVs, DVD players, etc. In the early 2010s, many smartphone manufacturers began incorporating infrared emitters into their devices, thereby enabling their use as universal remotes via an included or downloadable app. The main technology used in home remote controls is infrared (IR) light. The signal between a remote control handset and the device it controls consists of pulses of infrared light, which is invisible to the human eye, but can be seen through a digital camera, video camera or a phone camera. The transmitter in the remote control handset sends out


title: "Remote control" content: a stream of pulses of infrared light when the user presses a button on the handset. A transmitter is often a light emitting diode (LED) which is built into the pointing end of the remote control handset. The infrared light pulses form a pattern unique to that button. The receiver in the device recognizes the pattern and causes the device to respond accordingly. Most remote controls for electronic appliances use a near infrared diode to emit a beam of light that reaches the device. A 940 nm wavelength LED is typical. This infrared light is invisible to the human eye,


title: "Remote control" content: but picked up by sensors on the receiving device. Video cameras see the diode as if it produces visible purple light. With a single channel (single-function, one-button) remote control the presence of a carrier signal can be used to trigger a function. For multi-channel (normal multi-function) remote controls more sophisticated procedures are necessary: one consists of modulating the carrier with signals of different frequency. After the receiver demodulates the received signal, it applies the appropriate frequency filters to separate the respective signals. One can often hear the signals being modulated on the infrared carrier by operating a remote control in


title: "Remote control" content: very close proximity to an AM radio not tuned to a station. Today, IR remote controls almost always use a pulse width modulated code, encoded and decoded by digital computer: a command from a remote control consists of a short train of pulses of carrier-present and carrier-not-present of varying widths. Different manufacturers of infrared remote controls use different protocols to transmit the infrared commands. The RC-5 protocol that has its origins within Philips, uses, for instance, a total of 14 bits for each button press. The bit pattern is modulated onto a carrier frequency that, again, can be different for


title: "Remote control" content: different manufacturers and standards, in the case of RC-5, the carrier is 36 kHz. Other consumer infrared protocols include the various versions of SIRCS used by Sony, the RC-6 from Philips, the Ruwido R-Step, and the NEC TC101 protocol. Since infrared (IR) remote controls use light, they require line of sight to operate the destination device. The signal can, however, be reflected by mirrors, just like any other light source. If operation is required where no line of sight is possible, for instance when controlling equipment in another room or installed in a cabinet, many brands of IR extenders are


title: "Remote control" content: available for this on the market. Most of these have an IR receiver, picking up the IR signal and relaying it via radio waves to the remote part, which has an IR transmitter mimicking the original IR control. Infrared receivers also tend to have a more or less limited operating angle, which mainly depends on the optical characteristics of the phototransistor. However, it's easy to increase the operating angle using a matte transparent object in front of the receiver. Radio remote control (RF remote control) is used to control distant objects using a variety of radio signals transmitted by the


title: "Remote control" content: remote control device. As a complementary method to infrared remote controls, the radio remote control is used with electric garage door or gate openers, automatic barrier systems, burglar alarms and industrial automation systems. Standards used for RF remotes are: Bluetooth AVRCP, ZigBee (RF4CE), Z-Wave. Most remote controls use their own coding, transmitting from 8 to 100 or more pulses, fixed or Rolling code, using OOK or FSK modulation. Also, transmitters or receivers can be "universal", meaning they are able to work with many different codings. In this case, the transmitter is normally called a "universal remote control duplicator" because it


title: "Remote control" content: is able to copy existing remote controls, while the receiver is called a "universal receiver" because it works with almost any remote control in the market. A radio remote control system commonly has two parts: transmit and receive. The transmitter part is divided into two parts, the RF remote control and the transmitter module. This allows the transmitter module to be used as a component in a larger application. The transmitter module is small, but users must have detailed knowledge to use it; combined with the RF remote control it is much simpler to use. The receiver is generally one


title: "Remote control" content: of two types: a super-regenerative receiver or a superheterodyne. The super-regenerative receiver works like that of an intermittent oscillation detection circuit. The superheterodyne works like the one in a radio receiver. The superheterodyne receiver is used because of its stability, high sensitivity and it has relatively good anti-interference ability, a small package and lower price. Remote control is used for controlling substations, pump storage power stations and HVDC-plants. For these systems often PLC-systems working in the longwave range are used. Garage and gate remote control are very common, especially in some countries such as the US, Australia, and the UK,


title: "Remote control" content: where garage doors, gates and barriers are widely used. Such a remote is very simple by design, usually only one button, and some with more buttons to control several gates from one control. Such remotes can be divided into two categories by the encoder type used: fixed code and rolling code. If you find dip-switches in the remote, it is likely to be fixed code, an older technology which was widely used. However, fixed code has been criticized for its (lack of) security, thus rolling code has been more and more widely used in later installations. Remote controls in military


title: "Remote control" content: usage employ jamming and countermeasures against jamming. Jammers are used to disable or sabotage the enemy's use of remote controls. The distances for military remote controls also tend to be much longer, up to intercontinental distance satellite linked remote controls used by the U.S. for their unmanned airplanes (drones) in Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan. Remote controls are used by insurgents in Iraq and Afghanistan to attack coalition and government troops with roadside improvised explosive devices, and terrorists in Iraq are reported in the media to use modified TV remote controls to detonate bombs. In the winter of 1970, the Soviet


title: "Remote control" content: Union explored the surface of the moon with the lunar vehicle Lunokhod 1, the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another celestial body. Remote control technology is also used in space travel, for instance the Soviet Lunokhod vehicles were remote-controlled from the ground. Many space exploration rovers can be remotely controlled, though vast distance to a vehicle results in a long time delay between transmission and receipt of a command. Existing infrared remote controls can be used to control PC applications. Any application that supports shortcut keys can be controlled via IR remote controls from other home devices (TV,


title: "Remote control" content: VCR, AC). This is widely used with multimedia applications for PC based home theatre systems. For this to work, one needs a device that decodes IR remote control data signals and a PC application that communicates to this device connected to PC. Connection can be made via serial port, USB port or motherboard IrDA connector. Such devices are commercially available but can be homemade using low-cost micro controllers. LIRC (Linux IR Remote control) and WinLIRC (for Windows) are software packages developed for the purpose of controlling PC using TV remote and can be also used for homebrew remote with lesser


title: "Remote control" content: modification. Remote controls are used in photography, in particular to take long-exposure shots. Many action cameras such as the GoPros as well as standard DSLRs including Sony's Alpha series incorporate Wi-Fi based remote control systems. These can often be accessed and even controlled via cell-phones and other mobile devices. Remotely operated torpedoes were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled torpedoes. The early 1870s saw remotely controlled torpedoes by John Ericsson (pneumatic), John Louis Lay (electric wire guided), and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided). The Brennan torpedo, invented by Louis Brennan


title: "Remote control" content: in 1877 was powered by two contra-rotating propellers that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside the torpedo. Differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target, making it "the world's first "practical" guided missile". In 1898 Nikola Tesla publicly demonstrated a "wireless" radio-controlled torpedo that he hoped to sell to the U.S. Navy. Archibald Low was known as the "father of radio guidance systems" for his pioneering work on guided rockets and planes during the First World War. In 1917, he demonstrated a remote controlled


title: "Remote control" content: aircraft to the Royal Flying Corps and in the same year built the first wire-guided rocket. The military developed several early remote control vehicles. In World War I, the Imperial German Navy employed FL-boats (Fernlenkboote) against coastal shipping. These were driven by internal combustion engines, and controlled remotely from a shore station through several miles of wire wound on a spool on the boat. An aircraft was used to signal directions to the shore station. EMBs carried a high explosive charge in the bow and traveled at speeds of thirty knots. The Soviet Red Army used remotely controlled teletanks during


title: "Remote control" content: the 1930s in the Winter War against Finland and the early stages of World War II. A teletank is controlled by radio from a control tank at a distance of 500 to 1,500 meters, the two constituting a "telemechanical group". The Red Army fielded at least two teletank battalions at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. There were also remotely controlled cutters and experimental remotely controlled planes in the Red Army. Video game consoles had not used wireless controllers until recently, mainly because of the difficulty involved in playing the game while keeping the infrared transmitter pointed at the


title: "Remote control" content: console. Early wireless controllers were cumbersome and when powered on alkaline batteries, lasted only a few hours before they needed replacement. Some wireless controllers were produced by third parties, in most cases using a radio link instead of infrared. Even these were very inconsistent, and in some cases, had transmission delays, making them virtually useless. Some examples include the Double Player for NES, the Master System Remote Control System and the Wireless Dual Shot for the PlayStation. The first official wireless game controller made by a first party manufacturer was the CX-42 for Atari 2600. The Philips CD-i 400 series


title: "Remote control" content: also came with a remote control, the WaveBird was also produced for the GameCube. In the seventh generation of gaming consoles, wireless controllers became standard. Some wireless controllers, such as those of the PlayStation 3 and Wii, use Bluetooth. Others, like the Xbox 360, use proprietary wireless protocols. To be turned on by a wireless remote, the controlled appliance must always be partly on, consuming standby power. Hand-gesture recognition has been researched as an alternative to remote controls for television sets. Remote control In electronics, a remote control is a component of an electronic device used to operate the device


title: "Generic programming" content: "generic" for a related but somewhat different concept) and Julia; "templates" in C++ and D; and "parameterized types" in the influential 1994 book "Design Patterns". The term generic programming was originally coined by David Musser and Alexander Stepanov in a more specific sense than the above, to describe a programming paradigm whereby fundamental requirements on types are abstracted from across concrete examples of algorithms and data structures and formalized as concepts, with generic functions implemented in terms of these concepts, typically using language genericity mechanisms as described above. Generic programming is defined in as follows, Generic programming paradigm is an


title: Gibbon content: Gibbon Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae. The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four genera and 18 species. Gibbons occur in tropical and subtropical rainforests from eastern Bangladesh and northeast India to southern China and Indonesia (including the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Java). Also called the smaller apes or lesser apes, gibbons differ from great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans, and humans) in being smaller, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism, and not making nests. In certain anatomical details, they superficially more closely resemble monkeys than great apes do, but like all apes, gibbons are


title: Gibbon content: tailless. Unlike most of the great apes, gibbons frequently form long-term pair bonds. Their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation, involves swinging from branch to branch for distances up to , at speeds as high as . They can also make leaps up to , and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are the fastest and most agile of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals. Depending on species and sex, gibbons' fur coloration varies from dark to light brown shades, and any shade between black and white, though a completely "white" gibbon is rare. Gibbon species include the siamang, the


title: Gibbon content: white-handed or lar gibbon, and the hoolock gibbons. Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that the gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.9 – 17.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from monkeys). Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera 5-7 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera has been hard to resolve, even with whole genome data, due to radiative speciations and extensive incomplete lineage sorting. A recent coalescent-based


title: Gibbon content: species tree analysis of genome-scale datasets suggests a phylogeny for the four genera ordered as ("Hylobates", ("Nomascus", ("Hoolock", "Symphalangus"))). At the species level, estimates from mitochondrial DNA genome analyses suggest that "Hylobates pileatus" diverged from "H. lar" and "H. agilis" around 3.9 Mya, and "H. lar" and "H. agilis" separated around 3.3 Mya. Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of "Hylobates pileatus" from "Hylobates moloch" 1.5-3.0 Mya. The extinct "Bunopithecus sericus" is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape which, until recently, was thought to be closely related to the hoolock gibbons. Family Hylobatidae: gibbons The family is divided into four genera based


title: Gibbon content: on their diploid chromosome number: "Hylobates" (44), "Hoolock" (38), "Nomascus" (52), and "Symphalangus" (50).There is an extinct fifth genus named "Bunopithecus" which is either a gibbon or gibbon-like ape. An extinct sixth genus, "Junzi", was identified in 2018 based on a partial skull found in China. Many gibbons are hard to identify based on fur coloration, so are identified either by song or genetics. These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos. Zoos often receive gibbons of unknown origin, so they rely on morphological variation or labels that are impossible to verify to assign species and subspecies names, so


title: Gibbon content: separate species of gibbons commonly are misidentified and housed together. Interspecific hybrids, hybrids within a genus, are also suspected to occur in wild gibbons where their ranges overlap. However, no records exist of fertile hybrids between different gibbon genera, either in the wild or in captivity. One unique aspect of a gibbon's anatomy is the wrist, which functions something like a ball and socket joint, allowing for biaxial movement. This greatly reduces the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso, while also reducing stress on the shoulder joint. Gibbons also have long hands and feet, with a


title: Gibbon content: deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands. Their fur is usually black, gray, or brownish, often with white markings on hands, feet, and face. Some species have an enlarged throat sac, which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call. This structure can become quite large in some species, sometimes equaling the size of the animal's head. Their voices are much more powerful than that of any human singer, although they are at best half a man's height. Gibbon skulls and teeth resemble those of the great apes, and their noses are similar


title: Gibbon content: to those of all catarrhine primates. The dental formula is The siamang, which is the largest of the 18 species, is distinguished by having two fingers on each foot stuck together, hence the generic and species names "Symphalangus" and "syndactylus". Like all primates, gibbons are social animals. They are strongly territorial, and defend their boundaries with vigorous visual and vocal displays. The vocal element, which can often be heard for distances up to 1 km (0.6 mi), consists of a duet between a mated pair, with their young sometimes joining in. In most species, males and some females sing solos


title: Gibbon content: to attract mates, as well as advertise their territories. The song can be used to identify not only which species of gibbon is singing, but also the area from which it comes. Gibbons often retain the same mate for life, although they do not always remain sexually monogamous. In addition to extra-pair copulations, pair-bonded gibbons occasionally "divorce." Gibbons are among nature's best brachiators. Their ball-and-socket wrist joints allow them unmatched speed and accuracy when swinging through trees. Nonetheless, their mode of transportation can lead to hazards when a branch breaks or a hand slips, and researchers estimate that the majority


title: Gibbon content: of gibbons suffer bone fractures one or more times during their lifetimes. They are the fastest and most agile of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals. Gibbons' diets are about 60% fruit-based, but they also consume twigs, leaves, insects, flowers, and occasionally bird eggs. Most species are endangered, primarily due to degradation or loss of their forest habitats. On the island of Phuket in Thailand, a volunteer-based Gibbon Rehabilitation Center rescues gibbons that were kept in captivity, and are being released back into the wild. Kalaweit Project also has gibbon rehab centers on Borneo and Sumatra. The IUCN Species Survival Commission Primate


title: Gibbon content: Specialist Group announced 2015 to be the Year of the Gibbon and initiated events to be held around the world in zoos to promote awareness of the status of gibbons. The sinologist Robert van Gulik concluded gibbons were widespread in central and southern China until at least the Song dynasty, and furthermore, based on an analysis of references to primates in Chinese poetry and other literature and their portrayal in Chinese paintings, the Chinese word "yuán" (猿) referred specifically to gibbons until they were extirpated throughout most of the country due to habitat destruction ("circa" 14th century). In modern usage,


title: Gibbon content: however, "yuán" is a generic word for ape. Early Chinese writers viewed the "noble" gibbons, gracefully moving high in the treetops, as the "gentlemen" ("jūnzǐ", 君子) of the forests, in contrast to the greedy macaques, attracted by human food. The Taoists ascribed occult properties to gibbons, believing them to be able to live for several hundred years and to turn into humans. Gibbon figurines as old as from the fourth to third centuries BCE (the Zhou dynasty) have been found in China. Later on, gibbons became a popular object for Chinese painters, especially during the Song dynasty and early Yuan


title: Gibbon content: dynasty, when Yì Yuánjí and Mùqī Fǎcháng excelled in painting these apes. From Chinese cultural influence, the Zen motif of the "gibbon grasping at the reflection of the moon in the water" became popular in Japanese art, as well, though gibbons have never occurred naturally in Japan. Gibbon Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae. The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four genera and 18 species. Gibbons occur in tropical and subtropical rainforests from eastern Bangladesh and northeast India to southern China and Indonesia (including the islands of Sumatra, Borneo, and Java). Also called the


title: "Three Mile Island accident" content: insiders make the same claim; Gundersen, a former nuclear industry executive who is now an expert witness in nuclear safety issues, offers evidence, based on pressure monitoring data, for a hydrogen explosion shortly before 2:00 p.m. on March 28, 1979, which would have provided the means for a high dose of radiation to occur. Gundersen cites affidavits from four reactor operators according to which the plant manager was aware of a dramatic pressure spike, after which the internal pressure dropped to outside pressure. Gundersen also notes that the control room shook and doors were blown off hinges. However official NRC


title: "Clueless (film)" content: developed a strong cult following after its release. The film was well received by critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives it a score of 80% based on reviews from 61 critics and judged it "Certified Fresh" with an average rating of 6.9/10, the site's critical consensus reads: "A funny and clever reshaping of "Emma", "Clueless" offers a soft satire that pokes as much fun at teen films as it does at the Beverly Hills glitterati." On Metacritic, the film has a 68 out of 100 rating based on 18 reviews, indicating "generally positive reviews". The film was viewed to


title: "Vail, Arizona" content: older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,202, and the median income for a family was $53,958. Males had a median income of $37,418 versus $28,594 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,892. About 6.1% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over. Vail, Arizona Vail is


title: "Stuttgart, Arkansas" content: then capital of the Kingdom of Württemberg. In 1882, the Texas and St. Louis railroad was opened. Stuttgart became a city in 1884, and in 1904, rice farming was first introduced in the Stuttgart area. Stuttgart's first Post Office General was a Black man named Martin Toms according to the US Census. Stuttgart is located at (34.497043, -91.550917). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. Hard clay underlying the area's topsoil makes Stuttgart a good place to grow rice, which grows best in flooded fields made possible by the clay.


title: "Arvin, California" content: a female householder with no husband present, 355 (8.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 291 (6.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 24 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 303 households (7.2%) were made up of individuals and 125 (3.0%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.48. There were 3,804 families (90.0% of all households); the average family size was 4.59. The population was spread out with 7,422 people (38.4%) under the age of 18, 2,539 people (13.2%) aged 18 to 24, 5,399 people (28.0%) aged


title: "Taft, California" content: oilfield-type skill contests held during each Oildorado. These include or have included: welding, pipe threading and fitting, rod wrenching, various skill tests with a backhoe, and at least as late as 1965 a regular well-pulling contest with local well-servicing rigs and crews. Owing to safety and probably liability issues, the well-pulling contests ceased. Much more could be said of these various contests and their participants through the years, it being quite memorable for those who were there. Additionally, there is a beauty pageant where an Oildorado Queen is selected, a facial hair growing contest, talent shows, barbecues, street fairs, parades,


title: "Lemoore, California" content: still lacked a school, a definitely accepted name, and a post office. All these developed in the next eventful year of 1873. Dr. Moore had presented a signed petition to the U.S. Post Office Department in distant Washington for a post office in the new town in 1872, but his petition was not granted until 1873. At that time it was common custom to name communities after their founders or some prominent person of the day. The naming of Hanford and Porterville are examples of this common practice. The Lemoore post office first opened in 1875. For some reason the


title: "Burbank, California" content: 1950, the population had reached 78,577. It was no longer the "tiny little village" of Jane Russell's song "Hollywood Cinderella"; it had become a major Los Angeles suburb. From 1967 to 1989 a six-block stretch of San Fernando Blvd. was pedestrianized as the "Golden Mall". As of June 2008, the city employee population in Burbank stood at 1,683. Of the total, 1,253 were full-time, 217 part-time, and 213 temporary employees. The Burbank City Employees Association represents workers in the city. The organization dates back to 1939, and its primary role was to secure civil service status for city workers. The


title: "Myrtletown, California" content: Myrtletown, California Myrtletown is a census-designated place (CDP) in Humboldt County, California, United States. Myrtletown lies at an elevation of 112 feet (34 m). Myrtletown is a part of the Eureka, California metropolitan area. The population was 4,675 at the 2010 census, up from 4,459 at the 2000 census. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (1.39%) is water. The 2010 United States Census reported that Myrtletown had a population of 4,675. The population density was 2,143.3 people per square mile (827.5/km²). The


title: "Bootjack, California" content: Bootjack, California Bootjack is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Mariposa County, California, United States. Bootjack is located east-southeast of Mariposa, at an elevation of 2238 feet (682 m). The population was 960 at the 2010 census, down from 1,588 at the 2000 census. Bootjack is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and 0.89% is water. At the 2000 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of , of which, of it was land and 0.06%


title: "Bootjack, California" content: was water. There are three current versions of how the town was named: firstly, that a fork in the road made a boot jack shape (basically, a "Y"); second, that a landmark tree at the place had a bootjack shape; and third, that after a horse thief's hanging at the place, a bootjack was used to remove his boots. The 2010 United States Census reported that Bootjack had a population of 960. The population density was 135.9 people per square mile (52.5/km²). The racial makeup of Bootjack was 811 (84.5%) White, 2 (0.2%) African American, 34 (3.5%) Native American, 11


title: "Bootjack, California" content: (1.1%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 31 (3.2%) from other races, and 71 (7.4%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 76 persons (7.9%). The Census reported that 960 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized. There were 393 households, out of which 101 (25.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 221 (56.2%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 26 (6.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 17 (4.3%) had a male householder with no wife


title: "Bootjack, California" content: present. There were 24 (6.1%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 4 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 99 households (25.2%) were made up of individuals and 49 (12.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44. There were 264 families (67.2% of all households); the average family size was 2.85. The population was spread out with 208 people (21.7%) under the age of 18, 59 people (6.1%) aged 18 to 24, 147 people (15.3%) aged 25 to 44, 347 people (36.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 199 people (20.7%) who were


title: "Bootjack, California" content: 65 years of age or older. The median age was 49.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.4 males. There were 451 housing units at an average density of 63.8 per square mile (24.6/km²), of which 285 (72.5%) were owner-occupied, and 108 (27.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.7%. 683 people (71.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 277 people (28.9%) lived in rental housing units. As of the census of 2000, there were


title: "Bootjack, California" content: 1,588 people, 636 households, and 471 families residing in the community. The population density was 88.2 people per square mile (34.0/km²). There were 744 housing units at an average density of 41.3 per square mile (15.9/km²). The racial makeup of the community was 92.13% White, 0.31% Black or African American, 4.09% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 1.07% from other races, and 2.14% from two or more races. 4.47% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 636 households out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.6% were


title: "Bootjack, California" content: married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 21.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.88. In the community, the population was spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 4.0% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 31.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For


title: "Bootjack, California" content: every 100 females, there were 94.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males. The median income for a household in the community was $30,991, and the median income for a family was $33,092. Males had a median income of $39,145 versus $24,271 for females. The per capita income for the community was $14,771. About 8.2% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over. In the California State Legislature, Bootjack is in , and . In


title: "Bootjack, California" content: the United States House of Representatives, Bootjack is in . Bootjack, California Bootjack is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Mariposa County, California, United States. Bootjack is located east-southeast of Mariposa, at an elevation of 2238 feet (682 m). The population was 960 at the 2010 census, down from 1,588 at the 2000 census. Bootjack is located at . According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and 0.89% is water. At the 2000 census, according to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area


title: "Pajaro, California" content: the CDP. The population density was 3,614.1 people per square mile (1,390.0/km²). There were 667 housing units at an average density of 712.4 per square mile (274.0/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 42.94% White, 0.47% African American, 1.65% Native American, 1.51% Asian, 0.35% Pacific Islander, 48.29% from other races, and 4.79% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 94.24% of the population. There were 634 households out of which 66.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.5% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no


title: "Dyess, Arkansas" content: 1," plans for which were submitted to chief of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) Harry Hopkins early in 1934. The project was approved by Hopkins in March 1934. Some of unimproved land were purchased by Dyess for the colonization project at the cost of $9.05 per acre, with the parcel redeemed for the payment of unpaid back taxes in this amount. The site consisted primarily of swamp and cutover forest land, although containing deep topsoil deposited by the Mississippi River, part of what was then the most productive cotton farming county in the entire United States. The project's scope


title: "Garden Grove, California" content: operated by outside entities. The Gem Theater is currently operated by Damien Lorton and Nicole Cassesso of 'One More Productions'. The Festival Amphitheater is managed by Thomas Bradac, the producing artistic director of Shakespeare Orange County. The Garden Grove Playhouse used to be an active theatre, now closed down. It was operated by a non-profit group of the same name. The song "Garden Grove" by Sublime details taking a trip to Garden Grove. Garden Grove, California Garden Grove is a city in northern Orange County, California, United States, located southeast of the city of Los Angeles in the Los Angeles


title: "Rancho Cordova, California" content: in 1887. Mr. Patterson was Postmaster there for a while also. Joseph Routier was widely renowned for many years for the quality of his produce. In 1866 the railroad built the train station between Folsom Boulevard and the tracks due to the size and dependability of the crop, and the need for a formal packing shed to house the produce waiting for the train. (The station still exists as Pfingst Realty Mr. Pfingst died in 2007; the structure is owned by his daughter.) At eleven miles, the road forked. The Coloma Road went north along the river to Coloma and


title: "Redlands, California" content: the indigenous people and the dominion of the Spanish crown into the area in the 1770s. The Serrano (Mountain-Dwellers) village of Guachama, located just to the west of present-day Redlands, was visited by Fr. Francisco Dumetz in 1810, and was the reason the site was chosen for a mission outpost. Dumetz reached the village on May 20, the feast day of Saint Bernardino of Siena, and thus named the region the San Bernardino Valley. The Franciscan friars from Mission San Gabriel established the San Bernardino Asistencia in 1819 and embarked on the usual program of training the native tribes to


title: "San Bernardino, California" content: courts. Juvenile Court and Juvenile Hall are located in a county enclave adjacent to the city on Gilbert Street, near the site of the former County Hospital. The County's District Attorney and the Public Defender both have their main offices on Mountain View Avenue, directly east of the Courthouse. The California Court of Appeal Fourth District, Division Two used to be located in San Bernardino, but moved to Riverside in the 1990s. Federal cases (including Bankruptcy) are also heard in Riverside courthouses. The 1905 Charter created the San Bernardino Police Department and chief of police; before 1905, there was a


title: "Chula Vista, California" content: built through Chula Vista, connecting Hotel Del Coronado with the National City, where Southern California Railroad terminated. During the depression at the end of the century, industrial employment in Chula Vista was limited to the La Punta Salt Works and packing houses. The citizens of Chula Vista voted to incorporate on October 17, 1911. The State approved in November. One of its first city council members was a former Clevelandite Greg Rogers, who was also a leader of the Chula Vista Yacht Club. The yacht club would the first on the West Coast to build race specific boats, which resulted


title: "Casa, Arkansas" content: population density was 74.0/km² (191.8/mi²). There were 93 housing units at an average density of 32.9/km² (85.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the town was 100.00% White. There were 79 households out of which 34.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.3% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.08. In


title: "Letona, Arkansas" content: with 21.4% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 23.4% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 21.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $21,875, and the median income for a family was $27,500. Males had a median income of $22,292 versus $15,208 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,303. About 11.1%


title: "Alpine Village, California" content: husband present, and 38.9% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.24. In the CDP the population was spread out with 19.9% under the age of 18, 8.8% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 26.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.4 males. For every 100 females


title: "Kirkwood, California" content: people per square mile (16.8/km²). There were 82 housing units at an average density of 37.1 per square mile (14.3/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.50% White, 2.08% Native American, 2.08% Asian, 1.04% Pacific Islander, and 7.29% from two or more races. 5.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 19 households out of which 5.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.1% were married couples living together, and 78.9% were non-families. 5.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.3% had someone living alone who was


title: "Chico, California" content: under the age of 18 living with them, 34.4% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.4% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.03. In the city, the population was spread out with 21.1% under the age of 18, 27.0% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 15.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of


title: "Cottonwood, California" content: there were 87.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,191, and the median income for a family was $31,808. Males had a median income of $31,161 versus $20,755 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $11,778. About 12.0% of families and 18.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.3% of those under age 18 and 3.8% of those age 65 or over. In the state legislature Cottonwood is located in , and . Federally, Cottonwood is in . A number of residents in Cottonwood have expressed interest in incorporation.


title: "Green Valley, Solano County, California" content: size was 2.40. There were 540 families (79.6% of all households); the average family size was 2.65. The population was spread out with 215 people (13.2%) under the age of 18, 96 people (5.9%) aged 18 to 24, 210 people (12.9%) aged 25 to 44, 633 people (39.0%) aged 45 to 64, and 471 people (29.0%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males. There were 724 housing units at an average density of


title: "Manteca, California" content: Manteca, California Manteca is a city in San Joaquin County, California. The city's estimated 2015 US Census population was 75,448. Manteca is a city in the Central Valley of California, 76 miles east of San Francisco. It was founded in 1861 by Joshua Cowell. Cowell claimed around and built houses on what is now the corner of Main and Yosemite, where Bank of America now stands. In 1873, the Central Pacific Railroad laid track directly through the area. The residents wanted to refer to their new train station as "Cowell Station", but there was already a Cowell Station near Tracy.


title: "Redwood City, California" content: National Wildlife Refuge on the shoreline. Edgewood County Park known for its wildflowers towards the Santa Cruz Mountains. City parks include Redwood City has one state community college, Cañada College. It has elementary and middle schools operated by the Redwood City School District. At the high school level it is part of the Sequoia Union High School District and high schools in Redwood City that are part of this district are the comprehensive Sequoia High School, the charter schools Summit Preparatory Charter High School and Everest Public High School, and the continuation school Redwood High School. Many students from Redwood


title: "Cutler, California" content: to 64, and 258 people (5.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 119.8 males. There were 1,136 housing units at an average density of 1,407.4 per square mile (543.4/km²), of which 474 (43.7%) were owner-occupied, and 611 (56.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.0%. 2,137 people (42.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 2,863 people (57.3%) lived in rental housing units.


title: "Lyons, Colorado" content: Sam Tallent, and Mike Whipp. In addition, there are sporadic community concerts and dances throughout the year, including weekly summer concerts in Sandstone Park and occasionally at Lyons High School. The Red Rock Ramblers, founded by the LaVerne Johnson family and friends, began square dancing in Lyons in 1958 and offer dances every Saturday during the summer. Area recreation includes mountain biking, hiking, camping, fly fishing, climbing and excellent class II-V whitewater kayaking. Lyons is bordered by Hall Ranch Open Space and Heil Valley Ranch Open Space. Hall Ranch provides over of multi-use trails and consists of of back country.


title: "Cimarron Hills, Colorado" content: CDP was 78.67% White, 8.01% African American, 0.79% Native American, 2.55% Asian, 0.41% Pacific Islander, 4.47% from other races, and 5.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.83% of the population. There were 5,382 households out of which 44.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.5% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.1% were non-families. 17.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household


title: "Red Feather Lakes, Colorado" content: 1886, gold was discovered a few miles south, and the town of Manhattan was platted at the site in 1887. Manhattan grew to a peak of 300 inhabitants in 1898, but substantial gold was never obtained, and it became a ghost town a few years later. By 1895, the population was sufficient that a school district was established and a schoolhouse constructed. Timbering and sawmills grew in importance in the area, and in 1902 a National Forest Reserve (later to become part of Roosevelt National Forest) was established, principally to exercise some control over the helter-skelter timbering. Recreation was not


title: "South Fork, Colorado" content: town. The population density was 255.2 people per square mile (98.4/km²). There were 580 housing units at an average density of 245.1 per square mile (94.5/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 92.88% White, 0.17% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.17% Asian, 2.98% from other races, and 3.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.42% of the population. There were 274 households out of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.0% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4%


title: "Hockessin, Delaware" content: bus serves park and ride lots located at Hockessin Memorial Hall and the Wells Fargo bank. Hockessin, Delaware Hockessin is a census-designated place (CDP) in New Castle County, Delaware, United States. The population was 13,527 at the 2010 census. The place name may be derived from the Lenape word "hòkèsa" meaning "pieces of bark" or from a misspelling of "occasion," as pronounced by the Quakers who settled the area originally. Hockessin traces its roots to 1688. The first Roman Catholic church in Delaware was located in Hockessin. Missionary priests from Maryland established the Coffee Run Mission in 1790. The A.


title: "Fontainebleau, Florida" content: every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.7 males. In 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $35,509, and the median income for a family was $36,161. Males had a median income of $27,380 versus $22,143 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,716. About 11.9% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.7% of those under age 18 and 15.5% of those age 65 or over. As of 2000, speakers of Spanish accounted for 91.29% of residents, while this who spoke only English made


title: "Goulds, Florida" content: notably located in Goulds. The area that became Goulds was settled in 1900 by homesteaders. It received its name when the Florida East Coast Railway built a siding in 1903, operated by an employee of the railroad named Lyman Goulds. It was first known as Gould's Siding, and later shortened to Goulds. Many packing houses were built along Old Dixie Highway. Early on, Goulds had a reputation as a rough town and a hub of mischief, however the town was terribly damaged in the 1926 Miami Hurricane. Today, Goulds is now a small community of mainly poor African-Americans, sharing borders


title: "Fort Lauderdale, Florida" content: than the national figure of 24.4%. Broward County Public Schools operates 23 public schools in Fort Lauderdale. 2007 Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) results for Fort Lauderdale's public schools were mixed; while ten (of sixteen) elementary schools and one (of four) middle schools received "A" or "B" grades, Sunland Park Elementary School and Arthur Ashe Middle School received failing grades. Boyd Anderson High School, which is located in Lauderdale Lakes but whose attendance zone includes part of Fort Lauderdale, also received a failing grade. None of the three failing schools have failed twice in a four-year period, thus triggering the


title: "Green Meadow, Florida" content: CDP was $79,877, and the median income for a family was $82,830. Males had a median income of $47,132 versus $39,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $33,350. None of the families and 0.1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over 64. As of 2000, before being annexed to Southwest Ranches, English as a first language accounted for 82.09% of all residents, while Spanish as a mother tongue made up 17.90% of the population. Green Meadow, Florida Green Meadow was a census-designated place (CDP) in


title: "White Springs, Florida" content: White, 62.15% African American, 0.37% Native American, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.37% of the population. There were 340 households out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.2% were married couples living together, 26.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.93. In the


title: "Sanford, Florida" content: preeminence as a trade center, the city retains a significant collection of older commercial and residential architecture, on streets shaded by live oaks hung with Spanish moss. Its location on Lake Monroe and access to the navigable waterway of the St. Johns River has made it Central Florida's additional center for numerous marinas, allowing access for pleasure boats and commercial vessels to and from the Atlantic Ocean and the Intracoastal Waterway via Jacksonville and Mayport to the north. Historic Sanford Memorial Stadium is a baseball stadium located in Sanford, Florida. The ballpark is located just south of Lake Monroe on


title: "Statesboro, Georgia" content: The Old Bank of Statesboro and Georgia Theater have been adapted with renovation for the David H. Averitt Center for the Arts. It houses the Emma Kelly Theater, named after the local singer, known as the "Lady of 6,000 Songs". The center also contains art studios, conference rooms and an exhibition area. Downtown Statesboro has been featured in several motion pictures including "Now and Then" (1995) as well as "1969". Georgia Southern offers a variety of cultural options available both for the university and the wider community: the Georgia Southern Symphony, the Georgia Southern Planetarium, Georgia Southern Museum, and the


title: "Montgomery, Georgia" content: of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.2% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over. Montgomery, Georgia Montgomery is a census-designated place (CDP) in Chatham County, Georgia, United States. The population was 4,523 at the 2010 census. It is a relatively affluent suburb of Savannah and is part of the Savannah metropolitan area. Montgomery is located south of the center of Chatham County at (31.943237, -81.106648). It occupies a neck of land bordered on the west by the Vernon River, on the east by the Moon River, and on the south by


title: "Scottdale, Georgia" content: all land. According to the 2010 census, there were 10,631 people residing in the CDP. The racial makeup of the CDP was 29.9% White, 37.7% African American, 0.20% Native American, 23.0% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 2.3% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.3% of the population. 12.7% of the population are Asian Indians. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,803 people, 4,010 households, and 2,201 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,818.2 people per square mile (1,087.6/km²). There were 4,236 housing units at an


title: "Centralhatchee, Georgia" content: In the town, the population was spread out with 31.9% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 7.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males. The median income for a household in the town was $37,813, and the median income for a family was $48,500. Males had a median income of $34,000 versus $22,500 for females. The per capita


title: "Royal Palm Beach, Florida" content: City USA. Its entire area is designated as a bird sanctuary. Royal Palm Beach is located at (26.705851, -80.226554). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 10.1 square miles (26.1 km²), of which 9.9 square miles (25.6 km²) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.5 km²) (1.79%) is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 21,523 people, 7,604 households, and 5,976 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,176.0 inhabitants per square mile (840.3/km²). There were 8,083 housing units at an average density of 817.2 per square mile (315.6/km²).


title: "Blue Island, Illinois" content: Island is home to MetroSouth Medical Center, long nationally recognized as one of the nation's premier cardiovascular primary care centers. The hospital was originally opened as the Saint Francis Hospital in 1905 by the Sisters of St. Mary (currently the Franciscan Sisters of Mary). They purchased the home of the late Ernst Uhlich in 1905 for $30,000 () and updated its systems to outfit the building for its new purpose. At the time, this section of Gregory Street was lined with churches and the homes of some of Blue Island's more prosperous citizens. The facility was outgrown immediately, and within


title: "Forest Park, Illinois" content: 1922 season. Its former location is now occupied by the Forest Park station on CTA's Blue Line at Desplaines Avenue. For most of its history, Forest Park was home for the 25-year-old professional (non-equity) theater company, Circle Theatre, which now resides across Harlem Avenue in neighboring Oak Park. Hedy Weiss of the "Chicago Sun-Times" writes: "One of the most consistently satisfying theatrical operations in the area ...everything from classics to new American plays ...theatre at its very best." Circle Theatre has produced over 175 productions and received over 80 Joseph Jefferson (JEFF) nominations and won over 30 Jeff Awards. Notable


title: "Hickory Hills, Illinois" content: of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was. In the city, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $54,779, and the median income for a family


title: "La Grange, Illinois" content: of those age 65 or over. La Grange is the mailing address for the headquarters of Electro-Motive Diesel, formerly General Motors' Electro-Motive Division, a major manufacturer of railroad locomotives and diesel engines. The headquarters, engineering facilities and parts-manufacturing operations actually are located in the adjacent village of McCook; originally, the locomotives were also built there, but in more recent years final assembly has moved to EMD's other facility in Muncie, Indiana. The downtown area, centered along and around La Grange Road (US 45) and the BNSF Railway line, grew somewhat run-down during the 1980s; however, the mid-to-late 1990s saw a


title: "Rolling Meadows, Illinois" content: Ribbon School from the U.S. Department of Education. The Rolling Meadows Park District offers early childhood classes. The Rolling Meadows Park District was formed in 1958. The park has been a finalist for the National Gold Medal award for excellence in parks and recreation management four times. The Salt Creek Rural Park District was formed in 1956 and operates under the Park District Code of Statutory Laws which directly governs the power, duties, and purposes relating to park districts in the State of Illinois. Legal voters from the park district elect seven non-paid park commissioners. Commissioners serve 6-, 4-, and


title: "Jewett, Illinois" content: Jewett, Illinois Jewett is a village in Cumberland County, Illinois, United States. The population was 223 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Charleston–Mattoon Micropolitan Statistical Area. Jewett is located in south-central Cumberland County at (39.208458, -88.245157), along the route of the former National Road. U.S. Route 40 now runs through the northern part of the village, leading northeast to Greenup and southwest to Montrose. Interstate 70 passes to the north of the village, with access at Greenup and Montrose. According to the 2010 census, Jewett has a total area of , all land. As of the census


title: "DeWitt, Illinois" content: a female householder with no husband present, and 22.4% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 2.83. In the village, the population was spread out with 21.3% under the age of 18, 4.3% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 31.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 89.9


title: "Hawaiian Acres, Hawaii" content: population. There were 698 households out of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 3.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.22. In the CDP the population was spread out with 28.9% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 29.7% from 25 to 44, 28.5%


title: "Juliaetta, Idaho" content: females. The per capita income for the city was $14,606. About 4.2% of families and 12.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. Juliaetta, Idaho Juliaetta is a city in Latah County, Idaho, United States. The population was 579 at the 2010 census. The area was originally called Schupferville for Rupert Schupfer, an original homesteader in the area. The town was named in 1882 by the first postmaster, Charles Snyder. He named the town in honor of his two daughters, Julia and Etta. The


title: "Twin Falls, Idaho" content: at 9.5%, below Idaho's average of 9.6%. From 1998 to 2007 the unemployment rate was steadily decreasing, to a low of just under 2%. Then, in tandem with the national economy, the unemployment rate increased to nearly 9.5% as of April 2011. Twin Falls is the home of cheese producer Glanbia Foods, a major American division of the Irish food company Glanbia plc. Falls Brand, another award-winning food company, is located in the southern part of Twin Falls. In early 2011, Falls Brands' Old Fashioned Basque Chorizo sausage won the "Hold The Mustard" award presented by the National Meat Association


title: "Clay City, Illinois" content: Clay City, Illinois Clay City is a village in Clay County, Illinois, United States. The population was 959 at the 2010 census. Clay City was named for the Kentucky statesman Henry Clay. Clay City is located in southeastern Clay County at (38.686883, -88.353121), about southwest of the Little Wabash River. U.S. Route 50 passes through the southern side of the village, leading west to Flora and east to Olney. Louisville, the Clay County seat, is to the northwest. According to the 2010 census, Clay City has a total area of , all land. As of the census of 2000, there


title: "Bellwood, Illinois" content: estimated at $4 million, is expected to be completed by the fall of 2012 at no cost to residents. Bellwood, Illinois Bellwood is a village in Proviso Township, Cook County, Illinois, United States. Located west of Chicago's downtown Loop, the Village of Bellwood is bounded by the Eisenhower Expressway (south), the Proviso yards of the former Chicago & Northwestern, now Union Pacific Railroad (north), and the suburbs of Maywood (east) and Hillside and Berkeley (west). The population was 19,071 at the 2010 census. Bellwood was incorporated on May 21, 1900. Bellwood is located at (41.882924, -87.876428). According to the 2010


title: "Towanda, Illinois" content: station is clearly visible Perhaps the most striking structure is a stone tank house topped with a windmill. Towanda has been plagued with fires. In 1905, a large part of the downtown area burned, and in 1917 the original railroad station went up in flames. However, there was also progress. In 1901, telephone service began, and in 1937 Main Street was paved. Still, Towanda remained in the shadow of its larger neighbors to the south, Normal and Bloomington, and was always smaller than Lexington, the next town north on the stagecoach road and the Chicago and Alton Railroad line, which


title: "Wenonah, Illinois" content: which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.8% were married couples living together, and 25.0% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.25. In the village, the population was spread out with 27.3% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median


title: "Sullivan, Illinois" content: 2006. Sullivan's school sports teams have the name "Redskins." The official school song is Northwestern University's "Go Northwestern," and the fight song is entitled "Hail Red and Black." The school fight song has lyrics written by a Sullivan High School alumnus, but the music was composed by Dr. Paul Van Buskirk Yoder, a notable composer, arranger, and band director of the twentieth century. Sullivan, Illinois Sullivan is a city in Moultrie County, Illinois, United States. The population was 4,326 at the 2000 census, and 4,396 in 2009. It is the county seat and largest city of Moultrie County. Sullivan is


title: "Pleasant Hill, Illinois" content: mile (531.9/km²). There were 483 housing units at an average density of 633.3 per square mile (245.4/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.66% White, 0.57% from other races, and 0.76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.57% of the population. There were 442 households out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.9% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 21.9% had someone living alone


title: "Standard, Illinois" content: the population was spread out with 24.2% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 17.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.2 males. The median income for a household in the village was $35,972, and the median income for a family was $41,875. Males had a median income of $35,179 versus $22,917 for females. The per capita income for the


title: "Phillipstown, Illinois" content: 64, and 25.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males. The median income for a household in the village was $42,917, and the median income for a family was $44,167. Males had a median income of $43,125 versus $43,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,188. There were no families and 4.0% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and none of those over


title: "New Lenox, Illinois" content: mayor and board of trustees. The village administrator also supervises all village departmental operations. In 2007, the village governmental operations were moved to the new New Lenox Village Hall at 1 Veterans Parkway. Upon occupying this new building of approximately , the old Village Hall which was approximately was taken over by the New Lenox Police Department . The main level of the building which formerly housed the village operations was remodeled for police use. On June 8, 2010, the New Lenox was officially designated as the 9th “Safe Community” in the United States. This prestigious designation is bestowed by


title: "Lynn, Indiana" content: of all households were made up of individuals and 14.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.99. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.3% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.4


title: "Farmersburg, Indiana" content: four-member Town Council and Clerk-Treasurer. The Town Council President acts as the "de facto" mayor of the town. Law enforcement in Farmersburg is the priority of the Farmersburg Town Marshal's Office, consisting of the Marshal and his\her deputies. The Marshal is also responsible for all animal and code enforcement. The Marshal is assisted by the Sullivan County Sheriff's Office. Farmersburg is located at (39.253321, -87.381489). According to the 2010 census, Farmersburg has a total area of , all land. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen


title: "Darmstadt, Indiana" content: Darmstadt, Indiana Darmstadt is a small, German-heritage town in Scott Township, Vanderburgh County, Indiana, United States. It also extends slightly into Armstrong, Center and German townships. The population was 1,407 at the 2010 census. Darmstadt, located just north of Evansville, is the only other incorporated municipality in Vanderburgh County besides Evansville. Darmstadt is located at (38.091041, -87.576207). According to the 2010 census, Darmstadt has a total area of , of which (or 98.69%) is land and (or 1.31%) is water. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,407 people, 544 households, and 441 families residing in the town. The


title: "Vera Cruz, Indiana" content: with 29.1% under the age of 18, 14.5% from 18 to 24, 18.2% from 25 to 44, 14.5% from 45 to 64, and 23.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.3 males. The median income for a household in the town was $20,625, and the median income for a family was $36,250. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,963. None of


title: "Stuart, Iowa" content: area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,648 people, 667 households, and 423 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 746 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 97.1% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.6% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population. There were 667 households of which 31.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.9% were


title: "Boxholm, Iowa" content: race were 0.47% of the population. There were 103 households out of which 23.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.67. In the city, the population was spread out with 21.9% under the age of 18, 2.3% from 18 to 24, 26.0%


title: "Princes Lakes, Indiana" content: For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males. The median income for a household in the town was $46,339, and the median income for a family was $49,236. Males had a median income of $36,417 versus $25,000 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,378. About 2.4% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over. Residents are served by the Nineveh-Hensley-Jackson United School Corporation, including Indian Creek Senior High School. Princes Lakes, Indiana Princes


title: "East Chicago, Indiana" content: clubs, political corruption, prostitution, and other vice. The city continued to rapidly grow in the 1910s and 1920s, and the population peaked in 1960 at 57,669. However, East Chicago's population began to decline in the 1960s as suburbanization, white flight, affordability of automobiles, and the construction of highways meant that workers no longer had to live in the city, but could commute from less-polluted suburbs. But it was the steel crisis of the 1974-1986 period that completely devastated East Chicago, as it did other industrial cities like Gary, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and the south side of Chicago. East Chicago's population plunged


title: "Griffith, Indiana" content: age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males. The median income for a household in the town was $50,030, and the median income for a family was $57,090. Males had a median income of $44,817 versus $27,036 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,866. About 2.7% of families and 3.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over. Gary/Chicago International Airport in Gary is Griffith's


title: "Mexico, Indiana" content: and 8.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.86. In the CDP, the population was spread out with 21.1% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.5 males. The median income for a household in


title: "Werner Erhard and Associates" content: of Erhard's work in developing transformational education utilizing an ontological approach rather than an epistemological approach. One of the more common results of the Forum was the healing of relationships with parents. One facet of this course was to urge participants to stop blaming their parents for their problems and begin to express their natural love for them that was often buried under accumulated resentments that went unexpressed. Many projects to come out of the Forum involved working to foster value, camaraderie and opportunities to serve the community. As an example of this a group of participants in a seminar


title: "Burns and Allen" content: 80th anniversary edition of "The Jazz Singer". Paramount Pictures used its East Coast studio to film New York-based stage and vaudeville stars. Eddie Cantor, Fred Allen, Ethel Merman and Smith and Dale were among the top acts seen in Paramount shorts. Burns and Allen joined the Paramount roster in 1930 and made a string of one-reel comedies through 1933, usually written by Burns and featuring future Hollywood character actors such as Barton MacLane and Chester Clute. In 1932, Paramount produced an all-star musical comedy, "The Big Broadcast", featuring the nation's hottest radio personalities. Burns and Allen were recruited, and made


title: "AM broadcasting" content: to 1700 kHz, using 10 kHz spacing (525–1705 kHz), including the ITU Extended AM broadcast band, authorized in Region 2, between 1605 and 1705 kHz, previously used for police radio. "Shortwave" (also known as High frequency (HF)) transmissions range from approximately 2.3 to 26.1 MHz, divided into 14 broadcast bands. Shortwave broadcasts generally use a narrow 5 kHz channel spacing. Shortwave is used by audio services intended to be heard at great distances from the transmitting station. The long range of shortwave broadcasts comes at the expense of lower audio fidelity. Most broadcast services use AM transmissions, although some use


title: "Castle Howard" content: Castle Howard Castle Howard is a stately home in North Yorkshire, England, north of York. It is a private residence, and has been the home of the Carlisle branch of the Howard family for more than 300 years. Castle Howard is not a true castle, but this term is also used for English country houses erected on the site of a former military castle. It is familiar to television and film audiences as the fictional "Brideshead", both in Granada Television's 1981 adaptation of Evelyn Waugh's "Brideshead Revisited" and a two-hour 2008 remake for cinema. Today, it is part of the


title: "Castle Howard" content: Treasure Houses of England group of heritage houses. Building of Castle Howard began in 1699 and took over 100 years to complete to a design by Sir John Vanbrugh for the 3rd Earl of Carlisle. The site was that of the ruined Henderskelfe Castle, which had come into the Howard family in 1566 through the marriage of Thomas, 4th Duke of Norfolk to Elizabeth Leyburne, widow of Thomas, 4th Baron Dacre. For the Duke of Norfolk's son Lord William Howard had married his step-sister Elizabeth Dacre, the daughter of the 4th Baron Dacre who brought with her the sizable estates


title: "Castle Howard" content: of Henderskelfe and Naworth Castle as well. The house is surrounded by a large estate which, at the time of the 7th Earl of Carlisle, covered over and included the villages of Welburn, Bulmer, Slingsby, Terrington and Coneysthorpe. The estate was served by its own railway station, Castle Howard, from 1845 to the 1950s. After the death of the 9th Earl in 1911, Castle Howard was inherited by his younger son Geoffrey, with later earls having Naworth Castle as their northern country house. In 1952, the house was opened to the public by the then owner, George Howard, Baron Howard


title: "Castle Howard" content: of Henderskelfe. It is owned by Castle Howard Estate Ltd and run by Nicholas and Victoria Howard. In 2003, the grounds were excavated over three days by Channel 4's "Time Team", searching for evidence of a local village lost to allow for the landscaping of the estate. The 3rd Earl of Carlisle first spoke to William Talman, a leading architect, but commissioned Vanbrugh, a fellow member of the Kit-Cat Club, to design the building. Castle Howard was that gentleman-dilettante's first foray into architecture, but he was assisted by Nicholas Hawksmoor. Vanbrugh's design evolved into a Baroque structure with two symmetrical


title: "Castle Howard" content: wings projecting to either side of a north-south axis. The crowning central dome was added to the design at a late stage, after building had begun. Construction began at the east end, with the East Wing constructed from 1701–03, the east end of the Garden Front from 1701–06, the Central Block (including dome) from 1703–06, and the west end of the Garden Front from 1707–09. All are exuberantly decorated in Baroque style, with coronets, cherubs, urns and cyphers, with Roman Doric pilasters on the north front and Corinthian on the South. Many interiors were decorated by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini. The


title: "Castle Howard" content: Earl then turned his energies to the surrounding garden and grounds. Although the complete design is shown in the third volume of Colen Campbell's "Vitruvius Britannicus", published in 1725, the West Wing was not started when Vanbrugh died in 1726, despite his remonstration with the Earl. The house remained incomplete on the death of the 3rd Earl in 1738, but construction finally started at the direction of the 4th Earl. However, Vanbrugh's design was not completed: the West Wing was built in a contrasting Palladian style to a design by the 3rd Earl's son-in-law, Sir Thomas Robinson. The new wing


title: "Castle Howard" content: remained incomplete, with no first floor or roof, at the death of the 4th Earl in 1758; although a roof had been added, the interior remained undecorated by the death of Robinson in 1777. Rooms were completed stage by stage over the following decades, but the whole was not complete until 1811. A large part of the house was destroyed by a fire which broke out on 9 November 1940. The dome, the central hall, the dining room and the state rooms on the east side were entirely destroyed. Antonio Pellegrini's ceiling decoration the "Fall of Phaeton" was lost when


title: "Castle Howard" content: the dome collapsed. In total, twenty pictures (including two Tintorettos and several valuable mirrors) were lost. The fire took the Malton and York Fire Brigades eight hours to bring under control. Some of the devastated rooms have been restored over the following decades. In 1960–61 the dome was rebuilt and in the following couple of years, Pellegrini's "Fall of Phaeton" was recreated on the underside of the dome. Some first floor rooms were superficially restored for the 2008 filming, and now house an exhibition. The South East Wing remains a shell, although it has been restored externally. Castle Howard is


title: "Castle Howard" content: one of the largest country houses in England, with a total of 145 rooms. According to figures released by the Association of Leading Visitor Attractions, nearly 220,000 people visited Castle Howard in 2010. In 2009 an underwater ground-source heat recovery system was installed under the castle's lake that halved the heating bill. Castle Howard has extensive and diverse gardens. There is a large formal garden immediately behind the house. The house is prominently situated on a ridge and this was exploited to create an English landscape park, which opens out from the formal garden and merges with the park. Two


title: "Castle Howard" content: major garden buildings are set into this landscape: the Temple of the Four Winds at the end of the garden, and the Mausoleum in the park. There is also a lake on either side of the house. There is woodland garden, Ray Wood, and the walled garden contains decorative rose and flower gardens. Further buildings outside the preserved gardens include Hawksmoor's Pyramid restore in 2015, an Obelisk and several follies and eyecatchers in the form of fortifications which have been restored in recent years. In nearby Pretty Wood there are two more monuments, The Four Faces and a smaller pyramid


title: "Castle Howard" content: by Hawksmoor. The grounds of Castle Howard are also used as part of at least two charity running races during the year. Located on the Estate, but operating separately to the house and gardens and run by an entirely independent charitable trust, is the Yorkshire Arboretum. Originally created through the enthusiasm and partnership of George Howard (Lord Howard of Henderskelfe) and James Russell, over a period of eighteen years, from 1975 to 1992, it was opened to the public for the first time in 1999 and a new Visitor Centre opened in 2006.The arboretum's extensive and important collection of 6,000


title: "Castle Howard" content: trees and plants from across the world is set in a beautiful landscape of parkland, lakes and ponds. The charitable trust that runs the Yorkshire Arboretum also manages Ray Wood. The house is Grade I listed and there are many other listed structures on the estate, several of which are on the Heritage at Risk Register. In addition to its most famous appearance in film as Brideshead in both the 1981 television serial and 2008 film adaptations of Evelyn Waugh's novel "Brideshead Revisited", Castle Howard has been used as a backdrop for a number of other cinematic and television settings.


title: "Castle Howard" content: In recent years, the Castle has featured in the 1995 film "The Buccaneers". In the past, it was notable in Peter Ustinov's 1965 film "Lady L" and as the exterior set for Lady Lyndon's estate in Stanley Kubrick's 1975 film "Barry Lyndon". It has even featured as the Kremlin, in Galton and Simpson's 1966 film "The Spy with a Cold Nose". Rooms (Great Hall Entrance, Turquoise Drawing Room) were used for indoor scenes in "Death Comes to Pemberley" (TV series 2013). The castle and its grounds were used as the setting for the Bollywood film Shaandar and the 2006 film


title: "Castle Howard" content: . The Castle and Mausoleum were used as the setting for the 2018 Arctic Monkeys video Four Out of Five. Castle Howard Castle Howard is a stately home in North Yorkshire, England, north of York. It is a private residence, and has been the home of the Carlisle branch of the Howard family for more than 300 years. Castle Howard is not a true castle, but this term is also used for English country houses erected on the site of a former military castle. It is familiar to television and film audiences as the fictional "Brideshead", both in Granada Television's