title: "Peregrine falcon" content: natural contours to surprise and ambush prey on the ground, have been reported and even rare cases of prey being pursued on foot. In addition, peregrines have been documented preying on chicks in nests, from birds such as kittiwakes. Prey is plucked before consumption. A recent study showed the presence of peregrines benefits non-preferred species while at the same time causing a decline in its preferred prey. As of 2018, the fastest recorded falcon was at 242 mph (nearly 390 km/h). Researchers at the University of Groningen in the Netherlands and at Oxford University used 3D computer simulations in 2018


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: to show that the high speed allows peregrines to gain better maneuverability and precision in strikes. The peregrine falcon is sexually mature at one to three years of age, but in healthy populations they breed after two to three years of age. A pair mates for life and returns to the same nesting spot annually. The courtship flight includes a mix of aerial acrobatics, precise spirals, and steep dives. The male passes prey it has caught to the female in mid-air. To make this possible, the female actually flies upside-down to receive the food from the male's talons. During the


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: breeding season, the peregrine falcon is territorial; nesting pairs are usually more than apart, and often much farther, even in areas with large numbers of pairs. The distance between nests ensures sufficient food supply for pairs and their chicks. Within a breeding territory, a pair may have several nesting ledges; the number used by a pair can vary from one or two up to seven in a 16-year period. The peregrine falcon nests in a scrape, normally on cliff edges. The female chooses a nest site, where she scrapes a shallow hollow in the loose soil, sand, gravel, or dead


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: vegetation in which to lay eggs. No nest materials are added. Cliff nests are generally located under an overhang, on ledges with vegetation. South-facing sites are favoured. In some regions, as in parts of Australia and on the west coast of northern North America, large tree hollows are used for nesting. Before the demise of most European peregrines, a large population of peregrines in central and western Europe used the disused nests of other large birds. In remote, undisturbed areas such as the Arctic, steep slopes and even low rocks and mounds may be used as nest sites. In many


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: parts of its range, peregrines now also nest regularly on tall buildings or bridges; these human-made structures used for breeding closely resemble the natural cliff ledges that the peregrine prefers for its nesting locations. The pair defends the chosen nest site against other peregrines, and often against ravens, herons, and gulls, and if ground-nesting, also such mammals as foxes, wolverines, felids, bears, wolves, and mountain lions. Both nests and (less frequently) adults are predated by larger-bodied raptorial birds like eagles, large owls, or gyrfalcons. The most serious predators of peregrine nests in North America and Europe are the great horned


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: owl and the Eurasian eagle owl. When reintroductions have been attempted for peregrines, the most serious impediments were these two owls routinely picking off nestlings, fledglings and adults by night. Peregrines defending their nests have managed to kill raptors as large as golden eagles and bald eagles (both of which they normally avoid as potential predators) that have come too close to the nest by ambushing them in a full stoop. In one instance, when a snowy owl killed a newly fledged peregrine, the larger owl was in turn killed by a stooping peregrine parent. The date of egg-laying varies


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: according to locality, but is generally from February to March in the Northern Hemisphere, and from July to August in the Southern Hemisphere, although the Australian subspecies "macropus" may breed as late as November, and equatorial populations may nest anytime between June and December. If the eggs are lost early in the nesting season, the female usually lays another clutch, although this is extremely rare in the Arctic due to the short summer season. Generally three to four eggs, but sometimes as few as one or as many as five, are laid in the scrape. The eggs are white to


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: buff with red or brown markings. They are incubated for 29 to 33 days, mainly by the female, with the male also helping with the incubation of the eggs during the day, but only the female incubating them at night. The average number of young found in nests is 2.5, and the average number that fledge is about 1.5, due to the occasional production of infertile eggs and various natural losses of nestlings. After hatching, the chicks (called "es") are covered with creamy-white down and have disproportionately large feet. The male (called the "") and the female (simply called the


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: "falcon") both leave the nest to gather prey to feed the young. The hunting territory of the parents can extend a radius of from the nest site. Chicks fledge 42 to 46 days after hatching, and remain dependent on their parents for up to two months. The peregrine falcon is a highly admired falconry bird, and has been used in falconry for more than 3,000 years, beginning with nomads in central Asia. Its advantages in falconry include not only its athleticism and eagerness to hunt, but an equable disposition that leads to it being one of the easier falcons to


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: train. The peregrine falcon has the additional advantage of a natural flight style of circling above the falconer ("waiting on") for game to be flushed, and then performing an effective and exciting high-speed diving stoop to take the quarry. The speed of the stoop not only allows the falcon to catch fast flying birds, it also enhances the falcon's ability to exert maneuvers to catch highly agile prey, and allows the falcon to deliver a knock out blow with a fist-like clenched talon against game that may be much larger than itself. Additionally the versatility of the species, with agility


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: allowing capture of smaller birds and a strength and attacking style allowing capture of game much larger than themselves, combined with the wide size range of the many peregrine subspecies, means there is a subspecies suitable to almost any size and type of game bird. This size range, evolved to fit various environments and prey species, is from the larger females of the largest subspecies to the smaller males of the smallest subspecies, approximately five to one (approximately 1500 g to 300 g). The males of smaller and medium-sized subspecies, and the females of the smaller subspecies, excel in the


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: taking of swift and agile small game birds such as dove, quail, and smaller ducks. The females of the larger subspecies are capable of taking large and powerful game birds such as the largest of duck species, pheasant, and grouse. Peregrine falcons handled by falconers are also occasionally used to scare away birds at airports to reduce the risk of bird-plane strikes, improving air-traffic safety. They were also used to intercept homing pigeons during World War II. Peregrine falcons have been successfully bred in captivity, both for falconry and for release back into the wild. Until 2004 nearly all peregrines


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: used for falconry in the US were captive-bred from the progeny of falcons taken before the US Endangered Species Act was enacted and from those few infusions of wild genes available from Canada and special circumstances. Peregrine falcons were removed from the United States' endangered species list in 1999. The successful recovery program was aided by the effort and knowledge of falconers – in collaboration with The Peregrine Fund and state and federal agencies – through a technique called hacking. Finally, after years of close work with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, a limited take of wild peregrines was


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: allowed in 2004, the first wild peregrines taken specifically for falconry in over 30 years. The development of captive breeding methods has led to peregrines being commercially available for falconry use, thus mostly eliminating the need to capture wild birds for support of falconry. The main reason for taking wild peregrines at this point is to maintain healthy genetic diversity in the breeding lines. Hybrids of peregrines and gyrfalcons are also available that can combine the best features of both species to create what many consider to be the ultimate falconry bird for the taking of larger game such as


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: the sage-grouse. These hybrids combine the greater size, strength, and horizontal speed of the gyrfalcon with the natural propensity to stoop and greater warm weather tolerance of the peregrine. The peregrine falcon became an endangered species over much of its range because of the use of organochlorine pesticides, especially DDT, during the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. Pesticide biomagnification caused organochlorine to build up in the falcons' fat tissues, reducing the amount of calcium in their eggshells. With thinner shells, fewer falcon eggs survived to hatching. In several parts of the world, such as the eastern United States and Belgium, this


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: species became extirpated (locally extinct) as a result. An alternate point of view is that populations in the eastern North America had vanished due to hunting and egg collection. Following the ban of organochlorine pesticides, the reproductive success of Peregrines increased in Scotland in terms of territory occupancy and breeding success, although spatial variation in recovery rates indicate that in some areas Peregrines were also impacted by other factors such as persecution. Peregrine falcon recovery teams breed the species in captivity. The chicks are usually fed through a chute or with a hand puppet mimicking a peregrine's head, so they


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: cannot see to imprint on the human trainers. Then, when they are old enough, the rearing box is opened, allowing the bird to train its wings. As the fledgling gets stronger, feeding is reduced, forcing the bird to learn to hunt. This procedure is called hacking back to the wild. To release a captive-bred falcon, the bird is placed in a special cage at the top of a tower or cliff ledge for some days or so, allowing it to acclimate itself to its future environment. Worldwide recovery efforts have been remarkably successful. The widespread restriction of DDT use eventually


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: allowed released birds to breed successfully. The peregrine falcon was removed from the U.S. Endangered Species list on August 25, 1999. Some controversy has existed over the origins of captive breeding stock used by The Peregrine Fund in the recovery of peregrine falcons throughout the contiguous United States. Several peregrine subspecies were included in the breeding stock, including birds of Eurasian origin. Due to the extirpation of the eastern "anatum" ("Falco peregrinus anatum"), the near extirpation of the "anatum" in the Midwest, and the limited gene pool within North American breeding stock, the inclusion of non-native subspecies was justified to


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: optimize the genetic diversity found within the species as a whole. During the 1970s, peregrine falcons in Finland experienced a population bottleneck as a result of large declines associated with bio-accumulation of organochloride pesticides. However, the genetic diversity of peregrines in Finland is similar to other populations, indicating that high dispersal rates have maintained the genetic diversity of this species. Since Peregrine eggs and chicks are still often targeted by illegal poachers, it is common practice not to publicize unprotected nest locations. Populations of the peregrine falcon have bounced back in most parts of the world. In the United Kingdom,


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: there has been a recovery of populations since the crash of the 1960s. This has been greatly assisted by conservation and protection work led by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The RSPB has estimated that there are 1,402 breeding pairs in the UK. In Canada, where peregrines were identified as endangered in 1978 (in the Yukon territory of northern Canada that year, only a single breeding pair was identified), the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada declared the species no longer at risk in December 2017. Peregrines now breed in many mountainous and coastal


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: areas, especially in the west and north, and nest in some urban areas, capitalising on the urban feral pigeon populations for food. In Southampton, a nest prevented restoration of mobile telephony services for several months, after Vodafone engineers despatched to repair a faulty transmitter mast discovered a nest in the mast, and were prevented by the Wildlife and Countryside Act – on pain of a possible prison sentence – from proceeding with repairs until the chicks fledged. In many parts of the world peregrine falcons have adapted to urban habitats, nesting on cathedrals, skyscraper window ledges, tower blocks, and the


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: towers of suspension bridges. Many of these nesting birds are encouraged, sometimes gathering media attention and often monitored by cameras. From an ecological perspective, raptor populations in urban areas are highly beneficial. Compared with Europe, where pigeon populations have exploded to the point they are both a tourist attraction and a public nuisance. Pigeons' faeces are highly acidic, corroding historic buildings and stone statues and rusting bridge ironwork. In the United States, falcon and other raptors are in numbers high enough to ward off pigeon nest building in major highrises. Due to its striking hunting technique, the peregrine has often


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: been associated with aggression and martial prowess. Native Americans of the Mississippian culture (c. 800–1500) used the peregrine, along with several other birds of prey, in imagery as a symbol of "aerial (celestial) power" and buried men of high status in costumes associating to the ferocity of raptorial birds. In the late Middle Ages, the Western European nobility that used peregrines for hunting, considered the bird associated with princes in formal hierarchies of birds of prey, just below the gyrfalcon associated with kings. It was considered "a royal bird, more armed by its courage than its claws". Terminology used by


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: peregrine breeders also used the Old French term , "of noble birth; aristocratic", particularly with the peregrine. The peregrine falcon is the national animal of the United Arab Emirates. Since 1927, the peregrine falcon has been the official mascot of Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio. The 2007 U.S. Idaho state quarter features a peregrine falcon. The peregrine falcon has been designated the official city bird of Chicago. "The Peregrine", by J. A. Baker, is widely regarded as one of the best nature books in English written in the twentieth century. Admirers of the book include Robert Macfarlane,


title: "Peregrine falcon" content: Mark Cocker, who regards the book as "one of the most outstanding books on nature in the twentieth century" and Werner Herzog, who called it "the one book I would ask you to read if you want to make films", and said elsewhere "it has prose of the calibre that we have not seen since Joseph Conrad". In the book, Baker recounts, in diary form, his detailed observations of peregrines (and their interaction with other birds) near his home in Chelmsford, Essex, over a single winter from October to April. Peregrine falcon The peregrine falcon ("Falco peregrinus"), also known as


title: "Wall Street Crash of 1929" content: newspapers across the United States. On October 28, "Black Monday", more investors facing margin calls decided to get out of the market, and the slide continued with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 38.33 points, or 13%. The next day, "Black Tuesday", October 29, 1929, about 16 million shares traded as the panic selling reached its peak. Some stocks actually had no buyers at any price that day ("air pockets"). The Dow lost an additional 30 points, or 12 percent. The volume of stocks traded on October 29, 1929, was a record that was not broken


title: "Anna Komnene" content: a "porphyrogenita," which underscored her imperial status. She noted this status in the "Alexiad," stating that that she was "born and bred in the purple." According to Anna's description in the Alexiad, her mother asked Anna to wait to be born until her father returned from war. Obediently, Anna waited until her father came home. At birth, Anna was betrothed to Constantine Doukas, the son of Emperor Michael VII and Maria of Alania. The two were the heirs to the empire until sometime between c.1088 and 1092, after the birth of Anna's brother, John II Komnenos. Various scholars point out


title: Armillaria content: Armillaria Armillaria, is a genus of parasitic fungi that includes the "A. mellea" species known as honey fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs. It includes about 10 species formerly categorized summarily as "A. mellea". "Armillarias" are long-lived and form some of the largest living organisms in the world. The largest known organism (of the species "Armillaria solidipes") covers more than in Oregon's Malheur National Forest and is more than 2,400 years old. Some species of "Armillaria" display bioluminescence, resulting in foxfire. "Armillaria" can be a destructive forest pathogen. It causes "white rot" root disease (see Plant Pathology section)


title: Armillaria content: of forests, which distinguishes it from "Tricholoma", a mycorrhizal (non-parasitic) genus. Because "Armillaria" is a facultative saprophyte, it also feeds on dead plant material, allowing it to kill its host, unlike parasites that must moderate their growth to avoid host death. In the Canadian Prairies (particularly Manitoba), "Armillaria" is referred to often as "pidpenky" (), meaning “beneath the stump” in Ukrainian. The basidiocarp (reproductive structure) of the fungus is a mushroom that grows on wood, typically in small dense clumps or tufts. Their caps (mushroom tops) are typically yellow-brown, somewhat sticky to touch when moist, and, depending on age, may


title: Armillaria content: range in shape from conical to convex to depressed in the center. The stipe (stalk) may or may not have a ring. All "Armillaria" species have a white spore print and none have a volva (cup at base) (compare "Amanita"). Similar species include "Pholiota" spp. which also grow in cespitose (mat-like) clusters on wood and fruit in the fall. "Pholiota" spp. are separated from Armillaria by its yellowish to greenish-yellow tone and a dark brown to grey-brown spore print. Mushroom hunters need to be wary of "Galerina " spp. which can grow side-by-side with "Armillaria" spp. on wood. "Galerina" have


title: Armillaria content: a dark brown spore print and are deadly poisonous (alpha-amanitin) – see: mushroom poisoning. Honey fungus is a "white rot" fungus, which is a pathogenic organism that affects trees, shrubs, woody climbers and, rarely, woody herbaceous perennial plants. Honey fungus can grow on living, decaying, and dead plant material. Honey fungus spreads from living trees, dead and live roots and stumps by means of reddish-brown to black rhizomorphs (root-like structures) at the rate of approximately 1 m a year, but infection by root contact is possible. Infection by spores is rare. Rhizomorphs grow close to the soil surface (in the


title: Armillaria content: top 20 cm) and invade new roots, or the root collar (where the roots meet the stem) of plants. An infected tree will die once the fungus has girdled it, or when significant root damage has occurred. This can happen rapidly, or may take several years. Infected plants will deteriorate, although may exhibit prolific flower or fruit production shortly before death. Initial symptoms of honey fungus infection include dieback or shortage of leaves in spring. Rhizomorphs appear under the bark and around the tree, and mushrooms grow in clusters from the infected plant in autumn and die back after the


title: Armillaria content: first frost. However these symptoms and signs do not necessarily mean that the pathogenic strains of honey fungus are the cause, so other identification methods are advised before diagnosis. Thin sheets of cream colored mycelium, beneath the bark at the base of the trunk or stem indicated that honey fungus is likely the pathogen. It will give off a strong mushroom scent and the mushrooms sometimes extend upward. On conifers honey fungus often exudes a gum or resin from cracks in the bark. The linkage of morphological, genetic, and molecular characters of "Armillaria" over the past few decades has led


title: Armillaria content: to the recognition of intersterile groups designated as “biological species”. Data from such studies, especially those using molecular diagnostic tools, have removed much uncertainty for mycologists and forest pathologists. New questions remain unanswered regarding the phylogeny of North American "Armillaria" species and their relationships to their European counterparts, particularly within the “"Armillaria mellea" complex”. Some data suggest that North American and European "A. gallica" isolates are not monophyletic. Although North American and European isolates of "A. gallica" may be interfertile, some North American isolates of "A. gallica" are more closely related to the North American taxon "A. calvescens" than to


title: Armillaria content: European isolates of "A. gallica". The increase in genetic divergence has not necessarily barred inter-sterility between isolated populations of "A. gallica". Although the relationships among some groups in the genus seem clearer, the investigation of geographically diverse isolates has revealed that the relationship between some North American species is still unclear (Hughes et al. 2003). Intersterile species of "Armillaria" occurring in North America (North American Biological Species = NABS) were listed by Mallett (1992): and XI taxonomically undescribed NABS I, V, VII, IX, X, and XI have been found in British Columbia; I, III, V have been found in the


title: Armillaria content: Prairie Provinces, with I and V occurring in both the boreal and subalpine regions; I, III, V, and VII have been found in Ontario; and I, II, III, V, and VI have been found in Quebec. "Armillaria ostoyae" is the species most commonly found in all Canadian provinces surveyed (Mallett 1990). "Armillaria" root rot occurs in the Northwest Territories, and was identified on white spruce at Pine Point on Great Slave Lake prior to NABS findings. Honey Fungus are regarded in Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Germany and other European countries as one of the best wild mushrooms. They are commonly ranked


title: Armillaria content: above morels and chanterelles and only the cep / porcini is more highly prized. However, honey fungus must be thoroughly cooked as they are mildly poisonous raw. One of the four UK species can cause sickness when ingested with alcohol. For those unfamiliar with the species, it is advisable not to drink alcohol for 12 hours before and "24" hours after eating this mushroom to avoid any possible nausea and vomiting. However, if these rules are followed this variety of mushroom is a delicacy with a distinctive mushroomy and nutty flavor. Reference texts for identification are "Collins Complete British Mushrooms


title: Armillaria content: and Toadstools" for the variety of field pictures in it, and Roger Philips' "Mushrooms" for the quality of his out of field pictures and descriptions. Norway used to consider Honey Fungus edible, but because the health department is moving away from parboiling, they are now considered poisonous. Potential hosts include conifers and various monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species, ranging from asparagus and strawberry to large forest trees (Patton and Vasquez Bravo 1967). "Armillaria" root rot enters hosts through the roots. In Alberta, 75% of trap logs (Mallett and Hiratsuka 1985) inserted into the soil between planted spruce


title: Armillaria content: became infected with the distinctive white mycelium of "Armillaria" within one year. Of the infestations, 12% were "A. ostoyae", and 88% were "A. sinapina" (Blenis et al. 1995). Reviews of the biology, diversity, pathology, and control of "Armillaria" in Fox (2000) are useful. Armillaria Armillaria, is a genus of parasitic fungi that includes the "A. mellea" species known as honey fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs. It includes about 10 species formerly categorized summarily as "A. mellea". "Armillarias" are long-lived and form some of the largest living organisms in the world. The largest known organism (of the species


title: "Battle of Malplaquet" content: back upon the redans, but every time the French cavalry in its turn was driven back by British infantry fire. Finally, by 3.00 pm Boufflers, realising that the battle could not be won, ordered a retreat, which was made in good order. The Allies had suffered so many casualties in their attack that they could not pursue him. By this time they had lost over 24,000 men, including 6,500 killed, almost twice as many as the French. Villars himself remarked on the enemy's Pyrrhic victory via the flip-side of King Pyrrhus' famous quote: "If it please God to give your


title: "Antoine Barnave" content: debate, he fought a duel with Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazalès, in which the latter was slightly wounded. About the close of October 1790, Barnave was called to the presidency of the Assembly. On the occasion of the death of Mirabeau, which occurred on 2 April 1791, Barnave paid a high tribute to his worth and public services, designating him the "William Shakespeare of oratory". Being in favor of a new system of government, Barnave spoke passionately about terminating the powerful influence of religious authorities and allocating that role in government to the people of France. Passing the Civil Constitution


title: "Lipid bilayer" content: to bend or flex the bilayer. Formally, bending modulus is defined as the energy required to deform a membrane from its intrinsic curvature to some other curvature. Intrinsic curvature is defined by the ratio of the diameter of the head group to that of the tail group. For two-tailed PC lipids, this ratio is nearly one so the intrinsic curvature is nearly zero. If a particular lipid has too large a deviation from zero intrinsic curvature it will not form a bilayer and will instead form other phases such as micelles or inverted micelles. Addition of "small hydrophilic molecules" like


title: "Joseph Merrick" content: to caring for chronic cases, but none would accept Merrick. Gomm wrote a letter to "The Times", printed on 4 December, outlining Merrick's case and asking readers for suggestions. The public response—in letters and donations—was significant, and the situation was even covered by the "British Medical Journal". With the financial backing of the many donors, Gomm was able to make a convincing case to the committee for keeping Merrick in the hospital. It was decided that he would be allowed to stay there for the remainder of his life. He was moved from the attic to two rooms in the


title: Derwentwater content: Derwentwater Derwentwater, or Derwent Water, is one of the principal bodies of water in the Lake District National Park in north west England. It lies wholly within the Borough of Allerdale, in the county of Cumbria. The lake occupies part of Borrowdale and lies immediately south of the town of Keswick. It is both fed and drained by the River Derwent. It measures approximately long by wide and is some deep. There are several islands within the lake, one of which is inhabited. Derwent Island House, an 18th-century residence, is a tenanted National Trust property open to the public on


title: Derwentwater content: five days each year. Derwentwater is a place of considerable scenic value. It is surrounded by hills (known locally as fells), and many of the slopes facing Derwentwater are extensively wooded. A regular passenger launch operates on the lake, taking passengers between various landing stages. There are seven lakeside marinas, the most popular stops being Keswick, Portinscale and the Lodore Falls, from which boats may be hired. Recreational walking is a major tourist activity in the area and there is an extensive network of footpaths in the hills and woods surrounding the lake. The Keswick—Borrowdale road runs along the eastern


title: Derwentwater content: shore of the lake and carries a regular bus service. There is a lesser, or unclassified, road along the western shore connecting the villages of Grange and Portinscale. Derwentwater gave its name to the Earldom of Derwentwater. The lake is believed to be the last remaining native habitat of the vendace ("Coregonus vandesius") fish from the four originally known sites: Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwentwater in the Lake District, and the Castle Loch & Mill Loch in Lochmaben. 'Derwent' is " '(River) with oak trees', traditionally explained from Brit." (i.e.: Brythonic Celtic) or Cymric Old Welsh, hence Cymria " 'derwā' 'oak'


title: Derwentwater content: plus suffixes, hence of the same origin as other English rivers named Derwent, Darwen, Darent and Dart...The river gave its name to Derwent Water (which was also known as the 'Lake of Derwent', 'Keswick Lake', or 'Keswick Water' in the 18th-19th centuries)...". Plus "OE 'wæter', with the meaning probably influenced by its ON relative 'vatn'." There are numerous islands in Derwentwater, the largest being Derwent Island, Lord's Island, St Herbert's Island, Rampsholme Island, Park Neb, Otter Island, and Otterbield Island. St. Herbert's Island is named after a C. 7th priest hermit, St. Herbert of Derwentwater. An edited panoramic photograph of


title: Derwentwater content: Derwentwater from the town of Keswick forms the view of the titular town and Toluca Lake at the start of the 2001 video game "Silent Hill 2". "Star Wars Episode VII: The Force Awakens" filmed on location at Derwentwater for the scene "Approach to Maz Kantana's Castle, Takodana". The EP "Three Songs" (2011) by Robin Pecknold includes a song named "Derwentwater Stones". A photograph taken at Derwentwater is used as the album art for Black Sands by Bonobo. Open world racing video game "Forza Horizon 4" includes Derwentwater as part of its world map. Derwentwater Derwentwater, or Derwent Water, is


title: "Firefly (TV series)" content: making a planet habitable, however, and the outlying settlements often did not receive any further support in the construction of their civilizations. This resulted in many of the border planets and moons having forbidding, dry environments, well-suited to the Western genre. The show takes its name from the ""Firefly"-class" spaceship "Serenity" that the central characters call home. It resembles a firefly in general arrangement, and the tail section, analogous to a bioluminescent insectoid abdomen, lights up during acceleration. The ship was named after the Battle of Serenity Valley, where then-Sergeant Malcolm Reynolds and then-Corporal Zoe Alleyne were among the few


title: "Firefly (TV series)" content: Tudyk and co-produced by Fillion, draws on the pair's experiences as cult science fiction actors touring the convention circuit. Though it is not autobiographical, the show's fictional "Spectrum" echoes "Firefly" and Tudyk's and Fillion's roles reflect their own "Firefly" roles. Staite, Torres and Maher made guest appearances. Maher played himself as a former "Firefly" actor. The popularity of the short-lived series served as the launching point for a media franchise within the "Firefly" universe, including the feature film "Serenity", which addresses many plot points left unresolved by the series' cancellation. Additionally, there are two comic-book mini-series, "" (3 issues, 104


title: "Battle of Leyte" content: October—the Japanese suffered a decisive defeat. Nonetheless by 11 December, the Japanese had succeeded in moving more than 34,000 troops to Leyte and over of materiél, most through the port of Ormoc on the west coast, despite heavy losses to reinforcement convoys, including engagements at Ormoc Bay, because of relentless air interdiction missions by US aircraft. The Japanese reinforcement presented severe problems for both Krueger and MacArthur. Instead of projected mopping up operations after clearing the east side of Leyte, the Sixth Army had to prepare for extended combat in the mountains on its western side, which included landing three


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: Eucalyptus regnans Eucalyptus regnans, known variously as mountain ash, swamp gum, or stringy gum, is a species of "Eucalyptus" native to Tasmania and the state of Victoria in southeastern Australia. It is the tallest flowering plant and one of the tallest trees in the world, second to the coast redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens"). A straight-trunked tree with smooth grey bark and a stocking of rough brown bark to above the ground, it regularly grows to , with the tallest living specimen, the Centurion, standing tall in Tasmania. The white flowers appear in autumn. Victorian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller described the species


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: in 1871. "Eucalyptus regnans" grows in pure stands in tall wet forest, sometimes with rainforest understorey, in temperate areas receiving over rainfall a year on deep loam soils. Many of these have been logged, including trees higher than trees of any species now living—one specimen recorded at over in Victoria. Killed by bushfire, "Eucalyptus regnans" regenerates from seed and has a lifespan of several hundred years. Mature "Eucalyptus regnans"-dominated forests have been found to store more carbon than any other forest known. Also known in the timber industry as Tasmanian oak, "E. regnans" is logged for its wood and grown


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: in plantations in New Zealand and Chile as well as Australia. Victorian Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller described "Eucalyptus regnans" in 1871, using the Latin "regnans" "ruling" as its species epithet. He noted, "This species or variety, which might be called Eucalyptus regnans, represents the loftiest tree in British Territory." However, until 1882 he considered the tree to be a variety of "Eucalyptus amygdalina" and called it thus, not using the binomial name "Eucalyptus regnans" until the "Systematic Census of Australian Plants" in 1882, and giving it a formal diagnosis in 1888 in Volume 1 of the "Key to the System


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: of Victorian Plants", where he describes it as "stupendously tall". Von Mueller did not designate a type specimen, nor did he use the name "Eucalyptus regnans" on his many collections of "White Mountain Ash" at the Melbourne Herbarium. Victorian botanist Jim Willis selected a lectotype in 1967, one of the more complete collections of a specimen from the Dandenong Ranges, that von Mueller had noted was one "of the tall trees measured by Mr D. Boyle in March 1867." Genetic testing across its range of chloroplast DNA by Paul Nevill and colleagues yielded 41 haplotypes, divided broadly into Victorian and


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: Tasmanian groups, but also showing distinct profiles for some areas such as East Gippsland, northeastern and southeastern Tasmania, suggesting the species had persisted in these areas during the Last Glacial Maximum and recolonised others. There was some sharing of haplotype between populations of the Otway Ranges and northwestern Tasmania, suggesting this was the most likely area for gene flow between the mainland and Tasmania in the past. "Eucalyptus regnans" is widely known as the mountain ash, due to the resemblance of its wood to that of the northern hemisphere ash ("Fraxinus"). Swamp gum is a name given to it in


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: Tasmania, and stringy gum in northern Tasmania. Other common names include white mountain ash, giant ash, stringy gum, swamp gum and Tasmanian oak. Von Mueller called it the "Giant gum-tree" and "Spurious blackbutt" in his 1888 "Key to the System of Victorian Plants". The timber has been known as "Tasmanian oak", since early settlers likened the strength of its wood that of English oak ("Quercus robur"). The brown barrel ("Eucalyptus fastigata") is a close relative, the two sharing the rare trait of paired inflorescences arising from axillary buds. Botanist Ian Brooker classified the two in the series "Regnantes". The latter


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: species differs in having brown fibrous bark all the way up its trunk, and was long classified as a subspecies of "E. regnans". The series lies in the section "Eucalyptus" of the subgenus "Eucalyptus" within the genus "Eucalyptus". Hybridisation with messmate ("Eucalyptus obliqua") is not uncommon and has been recorded from several sites in Victoria and Tasmania. Hybrids with red stringybark ("Eucalyptus macrorhyncha") occur in the Cathedral Range in Victoria. These trees resemble "E. regnans" in appearance though lack the paired inflorescences. They have the oil composition of "E. macrorhyncha". An evergreen tree, "Eucalyptus regnans" is the tallest of the


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: eucalypts, growing to , with a straight, grey trunk, smooth-barked except for the rough basal . Mature trees have long strips of bark hanging from the trunk. The trunk typically reaches a diameter of at breast height (dbh), and eventually develops a large buttress. Some individuals attain much greater diameter; the largest known being "The Bulga Stump", a charred remnant near Tarra Bulga, South Gippsland district, Victoria, Australia which as a living tree had a DBH (diameter at breast height) of 35' 4" (10.74 metres), making Eu. regnans the third thickest species of tree after the Baobab (Adansonia digitata) and


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: the Montezuma Cypress (Taxodium mucronatum). As a consequence of being both the tallest and thickest Australian trees, Eu. regnans is also the most massive; that title being currently held by an individual called the "Kermandie Queen" discovered 2.4 miles (4 km) west of Geeveston, Tasmania which measures 252' 7" (77 metres) in height and has a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 22' 7" (21.65 metres girth). The crown is open and small in relation to the size of the rest of the tree. Arranged alternately along the stems, the adult leaves are falcate (sickle-shaped) to lanceolate, long and broad,


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: with a long acuminate apex and smooth margin, green to grey-green with a reddish petiole. The upper and lower surfaces of the leaves are the same colour, and are dotted with numerous circular or irregularly-shaped tiny oil glands. Secondary leaf veins arise at an acute angle from the midvein and tertiary venation is sparse. The flowers are produced in clusters of 9–15 together, each flower about diameter with a ring of numerous white stamens. These appear between January and May. On long pedicels, the fruit is a capsule long and broad. Roughly cone-shaped, it has a disc at the base.


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: The disc usually has three valves, which open to release the brown seed. The hilum is at one end of the pyramid-shaped seed. Seedlings have kidney shaped cotyledons, and the first 2-3 pairs of leaves are oppositely arranged along the stem, before switching to an alternate arrangement. These juvenile leaves are long and broad and ovate in shape. "Eucalyptus regnans" is the tallest of all flowering plants, and possibly the tallest of all plants, although no living specimens can make that claim. The tallest measured living specimen, named Centurion, stands tall in Tasmania. Before the discovery of Centurion, the tallest


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: known specimen was Icarus Dream, which was rediscovered in Tasmania in January, 2005 and is high. It was first measured by surveyors at in 1962 but the documentation had been lost. A total of 16 living trees in Tasmania have been reliably measured in excess of . The Cumberland Scenic Reserve near Cambarville, became the site of Victoria's tallest trees, in 1939, including one measured at 92 metres high, following the extensive Black Friday bushfires. A severe storm in 1959 blew down 13 of the trees and the tallest tree was reduced to a height of 84 metres after it


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: lost part of its crown. The height of this tree was cited as 81.5 metres in 2002 following further storm damage in 1973. In 2000, a tree at Wallaby Catchment in Kinglake National Park was discovered to be tall in 2000, however it perished in the Black Saturday bushfires of 2009. Historically, the tallest individual is claimed to be the Ferguson Tree, at , found in the Watts River region of Victoria in 1871 or 1872. This record is often disputed as unreliable, despite first-hand documentary evidence of it being measured on the ground with surveyor's tape by a senior


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: forestry official (see below). Widespread agreement exists, however, that an exceptionally tall individual was reliably measured at by theodolite in 1880 by a surveyor, George Cornthwaite, at Thorpdale, Victoria (the tree is known both as the Cornthwaite or Thorpdale Tree). When it was felled in 1881, Cornthwaite remeasured it on the ground by chain at . The stump is commemorated with a plaque. That tree was about 1 metre shorter than "Hyperion", the world's current tallest living tree, a coast redwood measuring . Al Carder, notes that in 1888 a cash reward of 100 pounds was offered there for the


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: discovery of any tree measuring more than . The fact that such a considerable reward was never claimed is taken as evidence that such large trees did not exist. Carder's historical research, however, revealed that the reward was offered under conditions that made it highly unlikely to be collected. First, it was made in the depths of winter and applied only for a very short time. Next, the tree had to be measured by an accredited surveyor. Since loggers had already taken the largest trees from the most accessible Victorian forests, finding very tall trees then would have demanded an


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: arduous trek into remote wilderness and at considerable altitude. In turn, that meant that searchers also needed the services of experienced bushmen to be able to guide them and conduct an effective search. Only one expedition actually penetrated one of the strongholds of "E. regnans" at Mount Baw Baw but its search was rendered ineffectual by cold and snow and managed to measure only a single living tree — the New Turkey Tree: — before appalling conditions forced a retreat, Carder notes. Ferdinand von Mueller, claimed to have personally measured one tree near the headwaters of the Yarra River at


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: . Nurseryman David Boyle, claimed in 1862 to have measured a fallen tree in a deep gully in the Dandenongs at , and with a diameter at its broken tip that indicated it might have lost another eight metres of trunk when it broke, for . Von Mueller's early records also mention two trees on the nearby Black Spur Range, one alive and measuring and another fallen tree said to measure , but these were either based on hearsay or uncertain reliability. David Boyle also reported that a tree at Cape Otway measured , but this too was based on


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: hearsay. None, however, had been verified by direct documentation until 1982 when Ken Simpendorfer, a Special Projects Officer for the Forests Commission Victoria, directed a search of official Victorian archives. It unearthed a forgotten report from more than a century earlier, one that had not been referred to in other accounts of the species up to that time. It was written on 21 February 1872, by the Inspector of State Forests, William Ferguson, and was addressed to the Assistant Commissioner of Lands and Surveys, Clement Hodgkinson. Ferguson had been instructed to explore and inspect the watershed of the Watts River


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: and reported trees in great number and exceptional size in areas where loggers had not yet reached. He wrote: "In one instance I measured with a tape line one huge specimen that lay prostrate across a tributary of the Watts, and found it to be from its root to the top of its trunk. At 5 feet from the ground it measures 18 feet in diameter, and at the extreme end where it has broken in its fall, it is 3 feet in diameter. This tree has been much burnt by fire, and I fully believe that before it fell


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: it must have been more than high. As it now lies, it forms a complete bridge across a deep ravine." It is also possible that individual trees will again attain such heights. Author Bob Beale has recorded that the tallest trees in the Black Spur Range now measure about but — due to major bushfires in the 1920s and 30s — are less than 80 years old and have been growing consistently at the rate of about one metre a year. A "Eucalyptus regnans" stand in the Orokonui Ecosanctuary near Dunedin, New Zealand (where "E. regnans" is an introduced species)


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: contains that country's tallest measured tree, standing 80.5 metres high in 2012. A "Eucalyptus regnans" in Greytown, New Zealand was measured at 107 feet in 2011 and its details can be found in the Notable Tree Register of New Zealand. "Eucalyptus regnans" occurs in cool, mostly mountainous areas to altitude with high rainfall of over per year. In Victoria, stands of tall trees are found in the Otway, Dandenong, Yarra and Strzelecki ranges as well as Mount Disappointment and East Gippsland., However, the distribution is much reduced. Most of the "E. regnans" forest across Gippsland was cleared for farmland between


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: 1860 and 1880, and in the Otway Ranges between 1880 and 1900, while severe bushfires hit in 1851, 1898 and 1939. In Tasmania, "E. regnans" is found in the Huon and Derwent River valleys in the southeast of the state. In the Otways, the species is found in wet forest in pure stands or growing in association with mountain grey gum ( "Eucalyptus cypellocarpa"), messmate ("E. obliqua") and Victorian blue gum ("E. globulus" subsp. "bicostata"). Other trees it grows with include manna gum ("Eucalyptus viminalis"), shining gum ("E. nitens"), myrtle beech ("Nothofagus cunninghamii") and silver wattle ("Acacia dealbata") The mountain


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: ash-dominated forest can be interspersed with rainforest understory, with such species as southern sassafras ("Atherosperma moschatum"), celery-top pine ("Phyllocladus aspleniifolius"), leatherwood ("Eucryphia lucida") and horizontal ("Anodopetalum biglandulosum"). The mountain ash is most suited to deep friable clay loam soils, often of volcanic origin; in areas of poorer soils, it can be confined to watercourses and valleys. The species grows very quickly, at more than a metre a year, and can reach in 50 years, with an average life-span of 400 years. The fallen logs continue supporting a rich variety of life for centuries more on the forest floor. The majority


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: of the endangered Leadbeater’s possum population lives in mountain ash forests ("Eucalyptus regnans", "E. delegatensis" and "E. nitens") in the Central Highlands of Victoria. The possums use hollows in old trees for nesting and shelter and forage for arboreal arthropods under bark. The vegetation structure of these forests enables the possums to travel through them. Both Leadbeaters possums and yellow-bellied gliders feed on the sap from the trunks and branches. Koalas feed on the foliage, though it is not one of their preferred forage species. Yellow-tailed black-cockatoos nest in the hollows of old trees, in contrast to the Tasmanian wedge-tailed


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: eagle ("Aquila audax fleayi") that builds its nest of large sticks at the top of the trees. In a small area of rainforest in Yarra Ranges National Park in Victoria, nine epiphyte species were observed growing on "Eucalyptus regnans", the most prevalent of these being the liverwort "Bazzania adnexa". The spur-legged phasmid ("Didymuria violescens") is a leaf-eating insect that can defoliate trees during major infestations such as one experienced at Powelltown in the early 1960s. Leaves and buds are eaten by the larvae and adults of the chrysomelid leaf beetle "Chrysophtharta bimaculata". Stressed trees can be damaged by the eucalyptus


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: longhorned borer ("Phoracantha semipunctata"), which burrows into the trunk, which exudes a red stain. Eucalypt weevils of the genus "Gonipterus" commonly damage "E. regnans", while the tortoise beetle ("Paropsis atomaria") is a common pest of plantations. A study carried out by environmental scientist Professor Brendan Mackey of the Australian National University in 2009 identified that mountain ash forests in Victoria’s Central Highlands are the best in the world at locking up carbon. Mackey and colleagues found the highest amount of carbon was contained in a forest located in the O'Shannassy River catchment, which held 1,867 tonnes of carbon per hectare.


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: This area was a stand of unlogged mountain ash over 100 years old, which had had minimal human disturbance. They further calculated that a "E. regnans"-dominated forest with trees up to 250 years old and a well-established mid-storey and upper storey could store up to 2,844 tonnes of carbon per hectare. "Eucalyptus regnans" lacks a lignotuber and hence cannot recover by reshooting after intense fire. Instead, it can only regenerate by seed, and is thus termed an obligate seeder. The seeds are released from their woody capsules (gumnuts) by heat and for successful germination the seedlings require a high level


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: of light, much more than reaches the forest floor when there is a mature tree canopy. Severe fires can kill all the trees in a forest, prompting a massive release of seed to take advantage of the nutrients in the ash bed. Seedling densities of up to 2.5 million per hectare have been recorded after a major fire. Competition and natural thinning eventually reduces the mature tree density to about 30 to 40 individuals per hectare. Because it takes roughly 20 years for seedlings to reach sexual maturity, repeated fires in the same area can cause local extinctions. Trees that


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: escape severe fire may have a lifespan exceeding 500 years. Cool temperate rainforest species that live in association with "Eucalyptus regnans" may gradually replace it in gullies or other areas where the trees succumb to age rather than fire. "Eucalyptus regnans" is valued for its timber, and has been harvested in very large quantities. Aside from being logged in its natural range, it is grown in plantations in New Zealand and Chile, and to a limited extent, in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Primary uses are sawlogging and woodchipping. It was a major source of newsprint in the 20th century. Much


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: of the present woodchip harvest is exported to Japan. While the area of natural stands with large old trees is rapidly decreasing, substantial areas of regrowth exist and it is increasingly grown in plantations, the long, straight, fast growing trunks being much more commercially valuable than the old growth timber. It is a medium weight timber (about 680 kg/m³) and rather coarse (stringy) in texture. Gum veins are common. The wood is easy to work and the grain is straight with long, clear sections without knots. The wood works reasonably well for steam-bending. Primary uses for sawn wood are furniture,


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: flooring (where its very pale blonde colour is highly prized), panelling, veneer, plywood, window frames, general construction. The wood has sometimes been used for wood wool and cooperage. However, the wood needs steam reconditioning for high value applications, due to a tendency to collapse on drying. This wood is highly regarded by builders, furniture makers and architects. "E. regnans" forests are particularly susceptible to destruction by bushfire, and, to a lesser extent, timber harvesting. Opposition to logging of wet forests by clearfelling has grown very strong in recent years (particularly opposition to woodchipping). It is a controversial debate with strong


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: opinions both for and against timber harvesting. Several applications have been made to Victoria's Flora and Fauna Guarantee (FFG) Scientific Advisory Committee to list mountain ash forests as an endangered vegetation community. The committee rejected an application in 2017 as being ineligible and that it did not satisfy at least one of the criterion set out in the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and its Regulations of 2011. The assessment criteria included, was there a demonstrated state of decline, has there been a reduction in distribution or has vegetation community altered markedly. Studies conducted by Murray Cunningham and David


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: Ashton found that the re-growth habit of "Eucalyptus regnans" requires high light conditions, and the high nutrients contained in the ash layer. These conditions are found typically following a high intensity wildfire, which are an infrequent, yet periodic feature of mountain ash forests. For this reason clearfelling - with the complete removal of all trees, followed by a high intensity fire and seeding are used by the timber industry and forest scientists to ensure regeneration of harvested areas because it mimics the conditions found after high intensity wildfire. Melbourne's forested water catchment areas, which provides water requiring little treatment, are


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: composed of large areas "E. regnans" forest. The management of 157,000 hectares of Melbourne’s forested water catchments were vested in the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) in 1891 with a closed catchment policy where timber harvesting and public access was not permitted. These areas are now included in the Yarra Ranges National Park. There has been a long running political campaign to add more areas to create the Great Forest National Park. Water yields from catchments fall significantly for 20 to 40 years if trees are killed by bushfire or timber harvesting. The MMBW began research into forest


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: cover on water supplies as early as 1948. In the early 1960s they set up a new series of paired catchment experiments in wet mountain forests near Healesville to measure the long term impacts of timber harvesting and bushfire on water quality and quantity. It took another 10 years for the results to emerge more clearly. It was found that while timber harvesting had an impact, the most dramatic threat to stream flows remained catastrophic bushfires like those on Black Friday in 1939 or Black Saturday in 2009. In 2018, some researchers concluded that Mountain Ash forests in Victoria represent


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: a collapsing ecosystems. They coined the term 'hidden collapse' meaning an ecosystems that give a superficial appearance of being intact but has lost key elements. At their research sites they found that between 1997 and 2011, up to 50% of large old-cavity trees (trees with big holes that serve as nest sites for animals and birds) had been lost and there had also been a significant decline in the numbers of tree dwelling marsupials such possums and gliders and birds. They identified fast and slow drivers of change: fire, logging and climate change and indicated that Mountain Ash forests would


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: be replaced with Acacia-dominated woodlands "Eucalyptus regnans" is too large for the majority of gardens, but may be suitable for parks. Propagation is from seed, with the best germination rates being obtained by refrigerating for three weeks before sowing. Seed may be stored for several years if refrigerated and kept dry. Seedlings are grown in containers but are more prone to damping off than other eucalypts; they are highly susceptible to "Phytophthora cinnamomi" and "P. nicotianae" Young plants are generally planted out once they are 8 or 9 months old. These are at risk of being eaten by grazing rabbits,


title: "Eucalyptus regnans" content: wallabies and possums, which can destroy young plantations in severe cases. American horticulturist and entrepreneur Ellwood Cooper noted its rapid growth but demanding soil requirements in his 1876 work "Forest Culture and Eucalyptus Trees". "Eucalyptus regnans" requires fertile soil with good drainage and annual rainfall of spread over the year, and has poor tolerance to temperatures below or drought. Outside Australia, plantations have been successfully established in New Zealand, South Africa, Kenya and Tanzania. Eucalyptus regnans Eucalyptus regnans, known variously as mountain ash, swamp gum, or stringy gum, is a species of "Eucalyptus" native to Tasmania and the state of


title: "Ælfgifu of Northampton" content: known as "Álfífa" in Old Norse, this period entered history as 'Álfífa's time'("Álfífuǫld"), remembered for her severe rule and heavy taxation. In the Norwegian "Ágrip", for instance, the following verse is attributed to her contemporary, the skald Sigvatr: Cnut died at Shaftesbury in 1035. Symeon of Durham and Adam of Bremen suggest that Cnut had reserved the English throne for Harold, while the "Encomium Emmae Reginae", written to defend Harthacnut's mother, Emma, claims that he had done so for Harthacnut. Ælfgifu was determined that her second son Harold should be the next English king. She had returned to England (at


title: Fremen content: Water is collected from the atmosphere in windtraps that condense the humidity and add it to the underground water store (caches). Water can also be collected from dead animals and people, using a deathstill to remove the water from a corpse for addition to the sietch water store. The Fremen who obtains the body — through discovery or honorable killing — is then given a set of water rings whose markings denote the volume collected. These rings are used as a form of currency, and are backed by fixed volumes of water (analogous to the historical gold standard). For example,


title: MAE-West content: MAE-West MAE-West was an Internet exchange point located on the west coast of the U.S. in San Jose, California and Los Angeles, California. Its name officially stands for "Metropolitan Area Exchange, West", although some note the similarity to the name of the actress Mae West. Its San Jose facility was housed in the Market Post Tower. Built in 1985, Market Post Tower, also known as the Gold Building, is a 15-story building located at 55 South Market at the corner Post Street in downtown San Jose, California. According to its website, “MAE West is interconnected with the Ames Internet Exchange,


title: MAE-West content: operated by NASA at the Ames Research Center. This connection is currently two OC3c circuits directly between the FDDI switches at each end.” In the 1990s, MAE-West was operated by MCI Worldcom and was the second-busiest exchange point on the internet, handling, by some estimates, as much as 40 percent of the nation's Internet traffic. MAE is a registered trademark of Verizon for internet exchange services. MAE-West MAE-West was an Internet exchange point located on the west coast of the U.S. in San Jose, California and Los Angeles, California. Its name officially stands for "Metropolitan Area Exchange, West", although some


title: "Mauna Loa" content: in Kealakekua Bay, and within a mile of the shoreline; curious onlookers approaching the area in boats reported unusually turbulent water and occasional floating blocks of hardened lava. Further eruptions occurred in 1879 and then twice in 1880, the latter of which extended into 1881 and came within the present boundaries of the island's largest city, Hilo; however, at the time, the settlement was a shore-side village located further down the volcano's slope, and so was unaffected. Mauna Loa continued its activity, and of the eruptions that occurred in 1887, 1892, 1896, 1899, 1903 (twice), 1907, 1914, 1916, 1919, and


title: "Catholic Church sexual abuse cases" content: Church bureaucrats, and activists who "believed that what the Church proposed as true was actually false" was mainly responsible for the sexual abuse of parishioners' children by their priests. Cardinal Theodore Edgar McCarrick, retired Archbishop of Washington, blamed the declining morals of the late 20th century as a cause of the high number of child molestations by priests. The hypothesis that a purported decline in general moral standards was associated with an increase in abuse by clergy was promoted by a study by John Jay College funded by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. The study claimed that the


title: "Balaclava (clothing)" content: Balaclava (clothing) A balaclava, also known as a balaclava helmet, is a form of cloth headgear designed to expose only part of the face. Depending on style and how it is worn, only the eyes, mouth and nose, or just the front of the face are unprotected. Versions with a full face opening may be rolled into a hat to cover the crown of the head or folded down as a collar around the neck. The name comes from their use at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War, referring to the town near Sevastopol in the Crimea. British


title: "Balaclava (clothing)" content: troops there wore knitted headgear, to keep warm. Traditional balaclavas were knitted from wool. Modern versions are also made from silk, cotton, polypropylene, neoprene, acrylic, or polar fleece. This type of headgear was known in the 19th century as an Uhlan cap or a Templar cap. During the Crimean War in 1854, handmade balaclavas were sent over to the British troops to help protect them from the bitter cold weather. British troops required this aid, as their own supplies (warm clothing, weatherproof quarters, and food) never arrived in time. According to Richard Rutt in his "History of Handknitting", the name


title: "Balaclava (clothing)" content: "balaclava helmet" was not used during the war but appears much later, in 1881. Modern balaclavas are used in outdoor winter sports such as skiing, snowboarding, and snowmobiling to protect the face from wind and maintain warmth. They are also popular among motorcyclists and bicyclists. It is especially useful for balaclavas to have breathability when used in outdoor sports to prevent fogging of glasses and goggles. Breathable balaclavas are ideal for outdoor sports. Firefighters wear a fire-resistant version made of Nomex with a face opening that is covered by their self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Electrical workers often wear an arc-flash


title: "Balaclava (clothing)" content: rated version in conjunction with a face shield and other personal protective equipment (PPE) while working on energized equipment. Race drivers In Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile sanctioned events must wear balaclavas made of fire-retardant material underneath their crash helmets. In racing events, hill-climbs, special stages of rallies and selective sections of cross-country events entered on the International Sporting Calendar, all drivers and co-drivers must wear overalls as well as gloves (optional for co-drivers), long underwear, a balaclava, socks, and shoes homologated to the FIA 8856-2000 standard. British Special Air Service (SAS) troopers wore balaclavas during the storming of the Iranian


title: "Balaclava (clothing)" content: Embassy in London (Operation Nimrod) in 1980. The balaclavas were worn to conceal the identity of the SAS men because some had been working as undercover "plain clothes" men in Northern Ireland, and might need to resume their duties in the province after the Embassy operation. In the Indian subcontinent, balaclavas are commonly referred to as monkey caps because of their typical earth tone colours, and the fact that they blot out most human facial features. Monkey caps sometimes have a small, decorative, woollen pom-pom on top. They are commonly worn by troops on Himalayan duty for protection from the


title: "Balaclava (clothing)" content: cold. The United States Marine Corps has recently begun issuing balaclavas with hinged face guards as part of the Flame Resistant Organizational Gear program. In the Soviet Union, the balaclava became a part of standard OMON (special police task force) uniform as early as the Perestroyka years of the late 1980s. The original intent was to protect the identity of the officers to avoid intimidation from organized crime. Because of increased problems with organized crime of the 90s, TV shots of armed men in black balaclavas became common. As organized crime decreased, however, balaclavas became as much an instrument of


title: "Balaclava (clothing)" content: intimidation as identity protection, as they conceal facial expressions of the wearer and make positive identification difficult. Armed Russian police commonly conduct raids and searches of white-collar premises (typically in Moscow) while wearing balaclavas. Such raids have therefore come to be known in Russia as "maski shows", an allusion to a popular comic TV show of the 1990s. A balaclava may be used occupationally by SWAT, special forces personnel, or by criminals to conceal their identities. In Ireland, the balaclava has a long history of use by paramilitary groups dating back to the Irish War of Independence. Notably, the Provisional


title: "Balaclava (clothing)" content: IRA used balaclavas to conceal their identity. British Police in Kent confiscated the "War on Terror" board game partly because of the inclusion of a balaclava. Police said it "could be used to conceal someone's identity or could be used in the course of a criminal act." Balaclava (clothing) A balaclava, also known as a balaclava helmet, is a form of cloth headgear designed to expose only part of the face. Depending on style and how it is worn, only the eyes, mouth and nose, or just the front of the face are unprotected. Versions with a full face opening


title: "Milla Jovovich" content: Hill". The role of Fangora in "Dummy" allowed Jovovich to act in film with Oscar-winning Adrien Brody, who was a friend prior to filming. Jovovich found it easy to identify with this role because she felt Fangora possessed similar qualities to the actress' own life. In 2004, Jovovich reprised the role of Alice in the sequel to "Resident Evil", "". The role required her to do fight training for three hours a day, in addition to the three months prior to filming in which she had "gun training, martial arts, everything". "Apocalypse" received even more negative reactions from the critics


title: "Ben Affleck" content: Affleck "has the fast-break charm you want in a screwball hero," while Joe Leydon of "Variety" praised "his winning ability to play against his good looks in a self-effacing comic turn". Affleck then appeared opposite Courtney Love in the little-seen ensemble comedy "200 Cigarettes" (1999). Interested in a directorial career, Affleck shadowed John Frankenheimer throughout pre-production of the action thriller "Reindeer Games" (2000). Frankenheimer, directing his last feature film, described Affleck as having "a very winning, likable quality about him. I've been doing this for a long time and he's really one of the nicest." He starred opposite Charlize Theron


title: "Apple pie" content: Apple pie An apple pie is a pie or a tart, in which the principal filling ingredient is apple. It is, on occasion, served with whipped cream or ice cream on top, (which is known as apple pie a la mode), or with cheddar cheese. The pastry is generally used top-and-bottom, making it a double-crust pie; the upper crust may be a circular or a pastry lattice woven of crosswise strips. Depending on the baker's preference, the bottom of the double-crust may be baked first (before baking the whole pie) to prevent the bottom from getting soggy. Exceptions are deep-dish


title: "Apple pie" content: apple pie, with a top crust only, and open-face Tarte Tatin. Apple pie is an unofficial symbol of the United States and one of its signature comfort foods. Apple pie can be made with many different sorts of apples. The more popular cooking apples include, Braeburn, Gala, Cortland, Bramley, Empire, Northern Spy, Granny Smith, and McIntosh. The fruit for the pie can be fresh, canned, or reconstituted from dried apples. These different types of apples (canned, dried, fresh) affects the final texture and the length of cooking time required will vary, therefore people disagree on if it affects the flavour


title: "Apple pie" content: or not. Dried or preserved apples were originally substituted only at times when fresh fruit was unavailable. Along with the apples people commonly use, cinnamon, salt, butter, and most importantly sugar. Though most of the old recipes don't include sugar due to the price or having a better sweetener option, most people definitely use it today. Apple pie is often served in the style of ""à la Mode"" (topped with ice cream). Alternatively, a piece of sharp cheddar cheese is, at times, placed on top of or alongside a slice of the finished pie. Apple pie with cheddar is popular


title: "Apple pie" content: in the American Midwest and New England, particularly in Vermont, where it is considered the state dish. Recipes for Dutch apple pie go back to the Middle Ages. An early Dutch cookbook from 1514, "Een notabel boecxken van cokeryen" ("A notable little cookery book"), documents a recipe for "Appeltaerten" (compare modern Dutch "Appeltaarten" "apple pies"). This early recipe was a simple one, requiring only a standard pie crust, slices of especially soft apples with their skin and seeds removed, and "den selven deeghe daer die taerte af ghemaect es" (roughly meaning "the same dough that the pie [crust] is made


title: "Apple pie" content: of") to fill in the top. It was then baked in a typical Dutch oven. Once baked, the top crust (except at the edges) would be cut out from the middle, after which the apple slices were potentially put through a sieve before the pie was stirred with a wooden spoon. At this point the book recommends adding several spices to the pie, namely: cardamom, ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, clove, mace and powdered sugar. Finally, after mixing the ingredients into the pie with cream, it is once again put into the oven to dry. Traditional Dutch apple pie comes in two


title: "Apple pie" content: varieties, a crumb ("appelkruimeltaart") and a lattice ("appeltaart") style pie. Both recipes are distinct in that they typically call for flavourings of cinnamon and lemon juice to be added and differ in texture, not taste. Dutch apple pies may include ingredients such as full-cream butter, raisins and almond paste, in addition to ingredients such as apples and sugar, which they have in common with other recipes. The basis of Dutch apple pie is a crust on the bottom and around the edges. This crust is then filled with pieces or slices of apple, usually a crisp and mildly tart variety


title: "Apple pie" content: such as Goudreinet or Elstar. Cinnamon and sugar are generally mixed in with the apple filling. Atop the filling, strands of dough cover the pie in a lattice holding the filling in place but keeping it visible or cover the pie with crumbs. It can be eaten warm or cold, sometimes with a dash of whipped cream or vanilla ice cream. In the US, "Dutch apple pie" refers specifically to the apple pie style with a crumb, streusel, topping. English apple pie recipes go back to the time of Chaucer. The 1381 recipe (see illustration at right) lists the ingredients


title: "Apple pie" content: as "good apples, good spices, figs, raisins and pears." The "cofyn" of the recipe is a casing of pastry. Saffron is used for colouring the pie filling. Today, the English style incorporates generous layers of sweetened slices of, usually, Bramley apple; layered into a dome shape to allow for downward shrinkage, and thus avoid a saggy middle, then topped with butter or lard shortcrust pastry, and baked until the apple filling is cooked. In English-speaking countries, apple pie, often classified as a satisfying 'comfort' food, is a dessert of enduring popularity, whether it's eaten hot or cold, on its own


title: "Apple pie" content: or with ice cream, double cream, or custard. French style apple pie is very different compared to the American version of the sweet dessert. Instead of it being right side up with crust on top and bottom, it actually is upside down, with the fruit being caramelized. This can be made not only with apples but other fruits or vegetables as well, for example, pears or tomatoes. "see Tarte Tatin" The Swedish style apple pie is predominantly a variety of apple crumble, rather than a traditional pastry pie. Often, breadcrumbs are used (wholly or partially) instead of flour, and sometimes


title: "Apple pie" content: rolled oats. It is usually flavoured with cinnamon and served with vanilla custard or ice cream. There is also a very popular version called "äppelkaka" (apple cake), which differs from the pie in that it is a sponge cake baked with fresh apple pieces in it. Apple pie was brought to the colonies by the English, the Dutch, and the Swedes during the 17th and 18th centuries. The apple pie had to wait for the planting of European varieties, brought across the Atlantic, to become fruit-bearing apple trees, to be selected for their cooking qualities as there were no native


title: "Apple pie" content: apples except crabapples, which yield very small and sour fruit. In the meantime, the colonists were more likely to make their pies, or "pasties", from meat, calling them coffins (meaning basket) rather than fruit; and the main use for apples, once they were available, was in cider. However, there are American apple pie recipes, both manuscript and printed, from the 18th century, and it has since become a very popular dessert. Apple varieties are usually propagated by grafting, as clones, but in the New World, planting from seeds was more popular, which quickly led to the development of hundreds of


title: "Apple pie" content: new native varieties. Apple pie was a common food in 18th-century Delaware. As noted by the New Sweden historian Dr. Israel Acrelius in a letter: "Apple pie is used throughout the whole year, and when fresh Apples are no longer to be had, dried ones are used. It is the evening meal of children." The mock apple pie, made from crackers, was probably invented for use aboard ships, as it was known to the British Royal Navy as early as 1812. The earliest known published recipes for mock apple pie date from the antebellum period of the 1850s. In the


title: "Apple pie" content: 1930s, and for many years afterwards, Ritz Crackers promoted a recipe for mock apple pie using its product, along with sugar and various spices. Although eaten in Europe since long before the European colonization of the Americas, apple pie as used in the phrase "as American as apple pie" describes something as being "typically American." " In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, apple pie became a symbol of American prosperity and national pride. A newspaper article published in 1902 declared that "No pie-eating people can be permanently vanquished." The dish was also commemorated in the phrase "for Mom and apple


title: "Apple pie" content: pie" - supposedly the stock answer of American soldiers in World War II, whenever journalists asked why they were going to war. Jack Holden and Frances Kay sang in their patriotic 1950 song "The Fiery Bear", creating contrast between this symbol of U.S. culture and the Russian bear of the Soviet Union: Advertisers exploited the patriotic connection in the 1970s with the commercial jingle "baseball, hot dogs, apple pie and Chevrolet". Modern American recipes for apple pie usually indicate a pastry that is 9 inches in diameter in a fluted pie plate, with an apple filling spiced with cinnamon, nutmeg,


title: "Apple pie" content: and lemon juice, and it may or may not have a lattice or shapes cut out of the top for decoration. One out of five Americans surveyed (19%) prefer apple pie over all others, followed by pumpkin (13%) and pecan (12%). The unincorporated community of Pie Town, New Mexico is named after apple pie. Apple pie An apple pie is a pie or a tart, in which the principal filling ingredient is apple. It is, on occasion, served with whipped cream or ice cream on top, (which is known as apple pie a la mode), or with cheddar cheese. The


title: "Sejong the Great" content: the removal of Yangnyeong. In August 1418, Taejong abdicated in favour of Sejong. However, even in retirement Taejong continued to influence government policy. Sejong's surprising political savvy and creativity did not become apparent until after Taejong's death in 1422. King Sejong revolutionized government by appointing people from different social classes as civil servants. Furthermore, he performed official government events according to Confucianism, and he encouraged people to behave according to Confucianism. As a result, Confucianism became the social norm. He also published some books about Confucianism. At first, he suppressed Buddhism by banning all Buddhist monks from Seoul, drastically reducing


title: "Analytic philosophy" content: Analytic philosophy Analytic philosophy (sometimes analytical philosophy) is a style of philosophy that became dominant in the Western world at the beginning of the 20th century. The term can refer to one of several things: According to a characteristic paragraph by Russell: Modern analytical empiricism [...] differs from that of Locke, Berkeley, and Hume by its incorporation of mathematics and its development of a powerful logical technique. It is thus able, in regard to certain problems, to achieve definite answers, which have the quality of science rather than of philosophy. It has the advantage, in comparison with the philosophies of


title: "Talisman (board game)" content: Hebrew (1st, 2nd and 4th Edition), Swedish (1st and 2nd Edition), Polish (2nd and 4th Edition), and Hungarian (4th Edition). All save the Polish were only translations of the original game. The Hebrew edition was published by Meytzuv in Israel. It was published in both 1st and 2nd edition. Years after Meytzuv went bankrupt, the game was republished by Lemada and is still played by many fans in Israel. During the Champions' Hall 2nd convention – ChampsCon 2006. In 2015, Monkey Time, the distributor of Fantasy Flight Games in Israel, translated the 4th revised edition of the game and will


title: "Christian radio" content: and Southern Gospel, or contemporary worship music, while others play all formats of contemporary Christian music, including Christian pop, Christian rock, Christian rap, Christian country music, and Christian alternative rock. Many artists within the Christian music industry criticize Christian radio for only playing "safe" music, and not taking enough chances on new artists, or in some cases older artists, that may not be as appealing to the largely conservative Gospel Music Association. Many secular radio stations devote some of their weekend programming to Christian music; for example, Black Gospel programming is common on Sundays on many stations featuring the Urban


title: "Clitoral hood piercing" content: Clitoral hood piercing A clitoral hood piercing is a female genital piercing through the clitoral hood surrounding the clitoris. There are two main types of hood piercing, the vertical clitoral hood piercing and the horizontal clitoral hood piercing. As the name indicates, the difference is in the direction the piercing is oriented in the skin above the clitoris. Neither of these piercings penetrates the clitoris itself. Compared to other piercings, clitoral hood piercings tend to be rather uncomplicated with regard to the piercing process itself as well as the healing, which certainly contributes to the popularity of the piercing. In


title: "Mitochondrial disease" content: recommended a move towards legalising Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT). Research and clinical applications of MRT were overseen by laws made by federal and state governments. State laws were, for the most part, consistent with federal law. In all states, legislation prohibited the use of MRT techniques in the clinic, and except for Western Australia, research on a limited range of MRT was permissible up to day 14 of embryo development, subject to a license being granted. In 2010, the Hon. Mark Butler MP, then Federal Minister for Mental Health and Ageing, had appointed an independent committee to review the two


title: "Peter Cushing" content: three years in an apprenticeship at Southampton Rep., auditioning for character roles both there and in other surrounding theatres, eventually amassing almost 100 individual parts. Soon, he felt the urge to pursue a film career in the United States. In 1939, his father bought him a one-way ticket to Hollywood, where he moved with only £50 to his name. Cushing met a Columbia Pictures employee named Larry Goodkind, who wrote him a letter of recommendation and directed him to acquaintances Goodkind knew at the company Edward Small Productions. Cushing visited the company, which was only a few days away from


title: "Post-processual archaeology" content: archaeology such as cultural-historical and processual, "the individual is lost", and humans are therefore portrayed as "passive dupes who blindly follow social rules." Post-processualists instead argue that humans are free agents who in many cases act in their own interests rather than simply following societal rules, and by accepting these ideas, post-processualists argue that society is conflict-driven. Influenced by the sociologist Anthony Giddens (born 1938) and his structuration theory, many post-processualists accepted that most human beings, while knowing and understanding the rules of their society, choose to manipulate them rather than following them obediently. In turn, by bending the societal


title: "Interactive proof system" content: Although NP may be viewed as using interaction, it wasn't until 1985 that the concept of computation through interaction was conceived (in the context of complexity theory) by two independent groups of researchers. One approach, by László Babai, who published "Trading group theory for randomness", defined the "Arthur–Merlin" (AM) class hierarchy. In this presentation, Arthur (the verifier) is a probabilistic, polynomial-time machine, while Merlin (the prover) has unbounded resources. The class MA in particular is a simple generalization of the NP interaction above in which the verifier is probabilistic instead of deterministic. Also, instead of requiring that the verifier always


title: "House (astrology)" content: may be helpful to think of a ruling planet, in this case the Moon, as the "owner of the 4th House", and the sign, "e.g." Cancer, as the CEO or landlord who runs the house. In an individual horoscope, whatever sign occupies any given house can be thought of as the house's tenant. (See Rulership section below.) HOUSES IN VEDIC ASTROLOGY In Indian astrology, the twelve houses are called Bhava and have meanings very similar to their Western counterparts. The houses are divided into four 'bhavas' which point to 'mood' or what the house stands for. These four bhavas are


title: "Will Rogers" content: death when the boy was 11. Young Will went from one venture to another with little success. Only after Will won acclaim in vaudeville did the rift begin to heal. Clement's death in 1911 precluded a full reconciliation. Will Rogers attended school in Missouri, at the Willow Hassel School at Neosho, and Kemper Military School at Boonville. He was a good student and an avid reader of "The New York Times", but he dropped out of school after the 10th grade. Rogers later said that he was a poor student, saying that he "studied the Fourth Reader for ten years".


title: Beren content: besting Sauron, and finally reached Angband and came before Morgoth. Lúthien made the Dark Lord fall asleep through her singing, and Beren pried a Silmaril from his crown. He then attempted to go beyond his vow and take another one, but the tip of his dagger Angrist splintered and a shard struck the cheek of Morgoth. As they fled from Angband, the great wolf Carcharoth attacked them. Beren held out the Silmaril, hoping that its radiance would avert the beast, but he was mistaken. Carcharoth bit off his hand and swallowed it along with the Silmaril (thus Beren was called


title: Carabao content: Carabao The carabao () is a swamp-type domestic water buffalo ("Bubalus bubalis") native to the Philippines. It has been declared as national animal of the Philippines due to its aid in the First Philippine Revolution. In modern times, the carabao's declaration as the national animal is justified by schools through its hard-working nature. Carabaos were also introduced to Guam from the Philippines in the 17th century. They have also acquired great cultural significance to native Guamanians and is considered as the unofficial national animal of Guam. In Malaysia, carabaos (known as kerbau in Malay) are also the official animal of


title: Carabao content: the state of Negeri Sembilan. The Spanish word is derived from Visayan . Cognates include Cebuano , Javanese , Malay , and Indonesian Dutch . The female is called (in Spanish) a . The word's resemblance to "caribou" is coincidental, and they do not share a common etymology - an example of a false cognate. Carabaos are also known in Tagalog as , which is derived from Spanish. Before the Spanish colonial period, carabaos were known as "nowang" or "anowang" in Luzon. Carabaos have the low, wide, and heavy build of draught animals. They vary in colour from light grey


title: Carabao content: to slate grey. The horns are sickle-shaped or curve backward toward the neck. Chevrons are common. Albinoids are present in the proportion of about 3% of the buffalo population. Mature male carabaos weigh , and females . Height at withers of the male ranges from , and of the female from . Water buffaloes imported to the Philippines from Cambodia in the early 20th century are called "Cambodian carabaos". They have white or yellowish hair on a pinkish skin, but the eyes, hooves, and mouth are dark, and the skin may be speckled. They are slightly bigger and have larger


title: Carabao content: horns. Males weigh on average and measure at the withers. Water buffaloes are well adapted to a hot and humid climate. Water availability is of high importance in hot climates since they need wallows, rivers, or splashing water to reduce the heat load and thermal stress. Swamp buffaloes prefer to wallow in a mudhole that they make with the horns. Their objective is to acquire a thick coating of mud. They thrive on many aquatic plants and in time of flood will graze submerged, raising their heads above the water and carrying quantities of edible plants. They eat reeds, the


title: Carabao content: giant reed, bulrush, sedges, the common water hyacinth, and rushes. Green fodders are used widely for intensive milk production and for fattening. Many fodder crops are conserved as hay, chaffed, or pulped. Trials in the Philippines showed that the carabao, on poor-quality roughage, had a better feed conversion rate than cattle. The carabao cools itself by lying in a waterhole or mud during the heat of the day. Mud, caked on to its body, also protects it from bothersome insects. The carabao feeds mainly in the cool of the mornings and evenings. Its lifespan is 18 to 20 years and


title: Carabao content: the female carabao can deliver one calf each year. The oldest evidence of water buffaloes discovered in the Philippines are multiple fragmentary skeletal remains recovered from the upper layers of the Neolithic Nagsabaran site, part of the Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens (~2200 BCE to 400 CE) of northern Luzon. Most of the remains consisted of skull fragments, almost all of which have cut marks indicating they were butchered. The remains are associated with red slipped pottery, spindle whorls, stone adzes, and jade bracelets; which have strong affinities to similar artifacts from Neolithic Austronesian archeological sites in Taiwan. Based on


title: Carabao content: the radiocarbon date of the layer in which the oldest fragments were found, water buffaloes were first introduced to the Philippines by at least 500 BCE. In the early 20th century, other breeds of water buffaloes were imported from China (the "Shanghai buffaloes") and Cambodia for work in sugarcane plantations. These were generally larger and have bigger horns. Murrah buffaloes were first introduced from India in 1917. A few representatives of the Niliravi breed have also been acquired. The word carabao is now used for the imported river type buffaloes, as well as for the local swamp buffaloes. Carabaos are


title: Carabao content: widely distributed in all the larger islands of the Philippines. Carabao hide was once used extensively to create a variety of products, including the armor of precolonial Filipino warriors. In 1993, the Philippine Carabao Center was established to conserve, propagate, and promote the carabao as a source of draft animal power, meat, milk, and hide to benefit the rural farmers through carabao genetic improvement, technology development and dissemination, and establishment of carabao-based enterprises, thus ensuring higher income and better nutrition. The National Water Buffalo Gene Pool in Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, is a facility for continuous selection, testing, and propagation of


title: Carabao content: superior breeds of dairy buffaloes. In 2003, 3.2 million carabao were in the Philippines; 99% belonged to small farmers who have limited resources, low income, and little access to other economic opportunities. One of the many reasons for the failure of the attempted Japanese pacification of the Philippines during their 1941–1945 occupation was their indifference to the basics of the Filipino economy. The carabaos provided the necessary labor that allowed Filipino farmers to grow rice and other staples. Japanese army patrols would not only confiscate the rice, but would also slaughter the carabaos for meat, thereby preventing the farmers from


title: Carabao content: growing enough rice to feed the large population. Before World War II, an estimated three million carabaos inhabited the Philippines. By the end of the war, an estimated nearly 70% of them had been lost. The old method of farming is still the method of choice in Northern Samar. The soil of the rice paddy is first softened with rainwater or diverted watershed, then the farmer guides a group of carabaos in trampling the planting area until it is soggy enough to receive the rice seedlings. This time-consuming task produces lower yields and lower income when compared with the advancement


title: Carabao content: in irrigated fields. In the late 1980s, the carabao puppet character Kardong Kalabaw became popular as a symbol of the Filipino people's hard work and sense of industry. Carabao racing is a widely popular sport among farmers and carabao enthusiasts in the Philippines. In central, southern Luzon and South Cotabato some feast is highlighted with carabaos racing up towards the finish line. Training and conditioning of the race carabao to its full extent is a serious job. Farmers and their trustworthy carabaos gather together to race in a dirt road. Spectators fill up this unique spectacle, some betting on their


title: Carabao content: best carabaos, others watch for the thrill. The carabaos, geared with their carts on their back, race together with their dear farmer to win prizes. The race is divided into two classes, one for amateur or first-time carabao racers and the other is for the veteran carabao racers. A race carabao can be bought for ₱35,000 to ₱60,000, with the price increasing with the number of races that it wins. Proven race winners can command a price as high as ₱200,000. Carabaos were introduced to Guam by Spanish missionaries in the 17th century from domestic stock in the Philippines to


title: Carabao content: be used as beasts of burden. A feral herd on the US Naval Magazine in central Guam was classified as protected game, but the population has been declining since 1982, most likely due to illegal hunting. Carabaos were used for farming and for pulling carts. They were fairly common in Guam before the 20th century, with a population numbering in the thousands. Today, they are rare in most parts of the island except in the US Naval Magazine near the village of Santa Rita, which is fenced on all sides. The carabao population of Naval Magazine has grown to several


title: Carabao content: hundred, to the point that they have become a pest and caused environmental damage, and polluted the water supply in the Fena Reservoir. In 2003, the Navy began a program of extermination to control the carabao population of Naval Magazine, a move that was protested by many Chamorro people. The carabao is considered a symbol of Guam. In the early 1960s, carabao races were a popular sport in the island, especially during fiestas. Today, carabaos are a part of the popular culture. They are often brought to carnivals or other festivities, and are used as a popular ride for children.


title: Carabao content: Carabao meat is sometimes eaten as a delicacy. The carabao is the official animal of the state of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Carabao The carabao () is a swamp-type domestic water buffalo ("Bubalus bubalis") native to the Philippines. It has been declared as national animal of the Philippines due to its aid in the First Philippine Revolution. In modern times, the carabao's declaration as the national animal is justified by schools through its hard-working nature. Carabaos were also introduced to Guam from the Philippines in the 17th century. They have also acquired great cultural significance to native Guamanians and is considered


title: "Sod's law" content: upbeat—it was a reminder to the engineers and team members to be cautious and make sure everything was accounted for, to let no stone be left unturned—not an acceptance of an uncaring uninfluenceable fate. According to David J. Hand, emeritus professor of mathematics and senior research investigator at Imperial College London, Sod's law is a more extreme version of Murphy's law. While Murphy's law says that anything that can go wrong, will go wrong (eventually), Sod's law requires that it "always" goes wrong with the worst possible outcome. Hand suggests that belief in Sod's law is a combination of the


title: "Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall" content: in 2016 and is named the Duchess of Cornwall Inn. On 9 June 2016, the Queen appointed the Duchess as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. She is the first British princess by marriage to be appointed in such position. The Duchess of Cornwall's first solo engagement was a visit to Southampton General Hospital; she attended the Trooping the Colour for the first time in June 2005, making her appearance on the balcony of Buckingham Palace afterwards. The Duchess made her inaugural overseas tour, to the United States, in November 2005. During their tour in the United


title: "Indian independence movement" content: 24 hours after Gandhi's speech, and the greater number of the Congress khiland were to spend the rest of the war in jail. On 8 August 1942, the Quit India resolution was passed at the Mumbai session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC). The draft proposed that if the British did not accede to the demands, a massive Civil Disobedience would be launched. However, it was an extremely controversial decision. At Gowalia Tank, Mumbai, Gandhi urged Indians to follow a non-violent civil disobedience. Gandhi told the masses to act as citizens of a sovereign nation and not to follow


title: "University of Scranton" content: University of Scranton has been ranked in the top 10 schools in U.S. News & World Report's rankings of the Best Regional Universities North. In the 2018 edition, Scranton placed sixth and was also recognized for #18 in Best Value Schools. In its 2016 guidebook, "U.S. News & World Report" ranked several of The University of Scranton's master's degree programs in the top 100. The University's online graduate program in education ranked No. 101 in the nation. The University's graduate program in nursing ranked No. 151. In its 2017 guidebook, three Kania School of Management programs ranked among the top


title: "Lucy Stone" content: news accounts. Stone's death was the most widely reported of any American woman's up to that time. According to her wishes, her body was cremated, making her the first person cremated in Massachusetts, though a wait of over two months was undertaken while the crematorium at Forest Hills Cemetery could be completed. Stone's remains are inurned at Forest Hills; a chapel there is named after her. Lucy Stone's refusal to take her husband's name, as an assertion of her own rights, was controversial then, and is largely what she is remembered for today. Women who continue to use their birth


title: Mkdir content: an even more powerful command, creating a full tree at once (this however is a Shell extension, nothing mkdir does itself): If one is using variables with mkdir in a bash script, POSIX `special' built-in command 'eval' would serve its purpose. This will create: In early versions of Unix (4.1BSD and early versions of System V), this command had to be setuid root as the kernel did not have an mkdir syscall. Instead, it made the directory with mknod and linked in the . and .. directory entries manually. Mkdir The mkdir (make directory) command in the Unix, DOS, FlexOS,