title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: of ships travelling from South America to these various areas. "Alternanthera philoxeroides" can thrive in both dry and aquatic environments and is characterized by whitish, papery flowers along its short stalks, irregular, or sprawling hollow stems, and simple and opposite leave pattern sprouting from its nodes. The species is dioecious. It is also considered a herbaceous plant due to its short-lived shoot system. It produces horizontal stems, otherwise known as stolons, that can sprout up to 10 m in length and thanks to its hollow stems, floats easily. This results in large clusters of stem to amass and create dense


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: mats along the surface. The plant flowers from December to April and usually grows around 13 mm in diameter and tend to be papery and ball-shaped. The weed's intricate root system can either allow them to hang free in the water to absorb nutrients or directly penetrate the soil/sediment and pull their nutrients from below. "Alternanthera philoxeroides" is considered a major threat to ecosystems because of the adverse effects it poses on both aquatic and terrestrial environments, as well as negatively influence both the ecosystem and society. The presence of this invasive species disrupts the natural flow of water due


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: to the dense mats created from its clusters of stems. It out competes the native vegetation for space and solar energy through these dense mats because they are large cluster and limit the amount of light that submerged vegetation receives. These compact clusters of stems also disturb the regular exchange of gases that occur underneath the surface that directly influences aerobic processes, such as photosynthesis. Aside from driving down the population of native aquatic vegetation, "A. philoxeroides" can also influence the growth and yield of crops in pastures and fields. These dense mats can affect the natural flow of water


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: that is used in irrigation systems and as well as affect the quality of the water by increasing the sedimentation present in the water. Both factors are things that crops depend upon to not be disturbed, to provide a healthy yield for farmers, which is also falls within an impact it has on society that will be discussed later. On top of this, the likelihood of flooding is more like due to the drainage brought upon by the dense mats, which in turn can also damage the crops. Furthermore, this is a small insight into the negative impacts this invasive


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: species has on the environment. As mentioned, the compact mats formed by this species can drive down the population of native vegetation in the environments it invades, this is a major issue for the native herbivore because their food source is declining. In addition, the dense mats present a challenge for the native wildlife by acting as a barrier between them and the natural water source. However, even if they can reach the water, they are still at risk because the water quality can be contaminated by the increased sediments. Thus, just as it did with the native vegetation, "A.


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: philoxeroides" is also driving down the population of the native wildlife as well. Dense mats formed by this species influence the natural flow of water, which can impede various recreational activities, such as boating and fishing. The disruption of flow can also have a negative impact on infrastructure when it comes to energy, such as the use of hydro-electric dams to power generators. The dense mats also present suitable ecological conditions that mosquitoes can thrive off. This can be considered a commensal relationship between mosquitoes and "A. philoxeroides" because mosquitoes receive a breeding ground and the plant gets nothing nor


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: losing anything. The increases population of mosquitoes can lead to increase risks towards humans’ health, regarding the spread of disease. Furthermore, the dense mats produced by "A. philoxeroides" do not present suitable ecological conditions for native species or humans to thrive off. This invasive plant depends solely on vegetative means to reproduce and disperse itself in the area it has invaded and established its roots. In its native geographic range, the species spreads to through means of producing viable seeds; however, it has been observed within its non-native ranges that it rarely produces viable seeds. To accommodate this, the "A.


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: philoxeroides"reproduces through fragmentation; the plant can regenerate itself from small portions of stems or small leaf cuttings. These small fragments of the plant can then be dispersed through human means and natural means; once its dispersed, the fragments can then find suitable ecological conditions and root itself and regenerate. In effort to eradicate the species by manual means, such as mulching or pulling them out, if not removed efficiently, small stem fragments can be displaced to new areas. Soil movement caused by earthmoving machinery is another example of how humans influence the dispersal of the plant. In aquatic environments, the


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: "A. philoxeroides" can easily disperse its fragments by being sucked into the path of the waterways. In terrestrial environments, the small fragments of stems and leaf cuttings can be dispersed through the natural movement of soil caused by erosion. Thus, the geographic range of this invasive species can easily be expanded by any means necessary due to its ability to regenerate from practically nothing. Early detection is the best bet to ensure that the invasive species does not successfully colonize a non-native region because of its persistent to regenerate and propagate from small portions of its stem or leaf cuttings.


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: However, when that is not possible, the best that can be done is to limit and control the presence of "A. philoxeroides" in an area. "Alternanthera philoxeroides" can only establish itself in shallow waters no deeper than 2 meters, so one method of control is to erect barriers in shallower areas to limit the amount of suitable space the plant has. When it comes to terrestrial environments, by overpopulating the area with native species it can limit the suitable space available for it. However, this method is only effective before the invasive plant has asserted itself in an area. Lastly,


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: as previously mentioned, this plant is only able to produce viable seeds in its native geographic range and not in the areas it has invaded. By getting a better understanding on what ecological conditions make it so that only sterile seeds are produced in non-native regions could be key to developing further preventative measures against it. Insects have been released for the biological control of "A. philoxeroides". The most successful and widely used is "Agasicles hygrophila" commonly called the alligator weed flea beetle; it has been released for biocontrol in Australia, China, Thailand, New Zealand, and the United States. However,


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: their effectiveness is limited due to their inability to survive through temperatures lower than . "Amynothrips andersoni", the alligator weed thrips, and "Vogtia malloi", the alligator weed stem borer, have also been released in the United States. These species result in immediate wilting and limit "A. philoxeroides" reproduction by colonizing its stems. A variety of chemicals have been shown to be effective in controlling the plant, the most useful of which include glyphosate, triclopyr, fluridone, imazamox, and imazapyr; however, they must be constantly be applied to be successful. Furthermore, these are all the currently known methods for control against the


title: "Alternanthera philoxeroides" content: species. Alternanthera philoxeroides Alternanthera philoxeroides, commonly referred to as alligator weed, is a native species to the temperate regions of South America, which includes Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Argentina alone, hosts around 27 species that fall within the range of the genus Alternanthera. Its geographic range once used to cover only the Parana River region of South America, but it has since expanded to cover over 30 countries, such as the United States, New Zealand, China and many more. This invasive species is believed to have been accidentally introduced to these non-native regions through sediments trapped/attached to tanks and


title: Stolpen content: Stolpen Stolpen is a town in the district of Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, in Saxony, Germany. It is a historical town, that grew at the foot of the "Schloßberg" with the castle "Burg Stolpen". Burg Stolpen is a castle built on top of the Schloßberg. The first defensive works were built about 1100 and it was first documented in 1222. Owned by the Bishop of Meißen for nearly 350 years, it passed to the Electorate of Saxony and was expanded in Renaissance style. In 1675 it was further expanded as a fortress. Anna Constantia von Brockdorff, Countess of Cosel, was imprisoned in


title: Stolpen content: the castle from 1716 until her death in 1765. The castle fell into disrepair towards the end of the 18th century. It became a museum in 1875, and has been partly restored since then. Schloßberg is a hill just to the south of the town formed of prominent basalt columns. It is the formation referred to by Georgius Agricola when he coined the term "basalt". Stolpen is twinned with: Stolpen Stolpen is a town in the district of Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, in Saxony, Germany. It is a historical town, that grew at the foot of the "Schloßberg" with the castle "Burg


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: Mitsubishi Lancer The Mitsubishi Lancer is a compact car produced by the Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi since 1973. The Lancer has been marketed as the Colt Lancer, Dodge/Plymouth Colt, Chrysler Valiant Lancer, Chrysler Lancer, Eagle Summit, Hindustan Lancer, Soueast Lioncel, and Mitsubishi Mirage in various countries at different times, and has been sold as the Mitsubishi Galant Fortis in Japan since 2007. It has also been sold as Mitsubishi Lancer Fortis in Taiwan with a different facelift than the Galant Fortis. In Japan, it was sold at a specific retail chain called Car Plaza. Between its introduction in 1973 and 2008,


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: over six million units were sold. According to Mitsubishi, there were nine generations of development before the current model. Mitsubishi ended production of the Lancer in August 2017 worldwide, with the exception of Taiwan and China. The first Lancer (A70) was launched in February 1973. It served to fill the gap between the Minica kei car and the larger Galant. The sporting 1600 GSR model began the Lancer's long and successful rally history, winning the Safari Rally twice and the Southern Cross Rally four times. There were four body styles, two- and four-door sedans, a two-door hardtop coupe and a


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: long-running five-door station wagon (built until replaced by the front-wheel drive Lancer/Mirage Van in March 1984). Engines were different 1.2-liter, 1.4-liter, and 1.6-liter fours. This car was marketed under a variety of names: Dodge Colt in the United States, Plymouth Colt in Canada, Dodge Lancer in some Latin American countries, Chrysler Valiant Lancer in Australia, and Colt Lancer in some European markets. In February 1975 the Lancer was complemented by a hatchback called the Lancer Celeste, succeeding the Galant FTO. It was also called the Mitsubishi Celeste (New Zealand) or Colt Celeste in some markets; and sold as the Chrysler


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: Lancer in Australia, the Dodge Lancer Celeste in El Salvador, the Plymouth Arrow in the United States, and the Dodge Arrow in Canada. Four-door Lancer assembly began in New Zealand in 1975, supplementing the larger English Hillman Avengers also built locally by importer Todd Motors. The Celeste was imported built-up from Japan initially and assembly of a single 1.6- liter, manual transmission model began in 1978 followed by a minor facelift about a year later. The Celeste was originally available with 1.4- and 1.6-liter options, while a bigger 2.0-liter model was added later. An even larger 2.6-liter four was available


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: in the US-market Plymouth Fire Arrow. The Celeste was facelifted in 1978, receiving square headlights and bigger squarer bumpers. Production of the Lancer Celeste ended in July 1981 and it was replaced by the front-wheel drive Cordia in early 1982. In 1979, the all new Lancer EX was unveiled in Japan. Its new, clean and aerodynamic styling with integrated plastic bumpers reflected that of the recently introduced Galant and Sapporo. It was of a more European appearance than earlier Mitsubishi vehicles. Considerably more spacious, it grew in all dimensions. Only two engines were offered at first, a 1.4-liter MCA-JET equipped


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: engine paired with Mitsubishi's Silent Shaft Technology, which generated and a 1.6-liter engine that generated . The MCA-JET system was an entirely new concept when compared with the previously used carburetor system. The MCA stands for Mitsubishi Clean Air which meant that the EX passed both Japan and US emission standards, while the new cylinder head design of the engine gave way for a Jet valve which introduced an extra swirl of air to the combustion chamber, swirling the fuel-air mixture for a cleaner, efficient and more thorough burn. In addition to these improvements, another breakthrough in the Lancer lineup


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: was the Silent Shaft Technology, which was actually two counterbalancing shafts that rotated in opposite directions, cancelling the power pulses inherent in an inline four-cylinder engine. This reduced both engine noise and vibration, and provided a smoother driving experience. The 1.8-liter Sirius 80 engines were then introduced in the Lancer in 1980, expanding the Lancer's range of engines. Also, a turbocharged, engine was added in 1980 for sportier performance, and an intercooler system was also integrated in the existing turbocharged engine to produce in 1983. In 1980, The Lancer EX was introduced with a 1.8-liter turbocharged inline-four option known as


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: the 1800GSR and GT Turbo. The first generation 1800GSR and GT were only available with a turbocharged, non-intercooled . New Zealand importer Todd Motors assembled the new Lancer EX from 1980 with 1.6-liter carburetor gasoline engine and a choice of manual or automatic transmission. The model was also a popular base for rally cars in that market, with some success. It was replaced by the front-drive Tredia in 1982 with the Cordia coupe equivalent effectively replacing the earlier Celeste. In Europe, the Lancer EX sold well as its restrained styling better matched the desires of European buyers than its somewhat


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: fussy predecessor. Other considerations concerned handling and also the demand for more passenger room, as Mitsubishi tailored the Lancer towards European consumers. It went on sale locally after making its European premier at the 1979 Frankfurt Show. Unlike in Japan, European buyers could also get a 1.2-liter option which suited local tax conditions. Claimed outputs in Europe were lower than in the domestic market, with the 1200, 1400, and 1600 being good for respectively. Here, the Lancer EX was also offered with a turbocharged 2.0-liter engine, known as the Lancer EX 2000 Turbo. It achieved a maximum output of and


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: managed a top speed of . This model was equipped with electronic fuel injection. A rally version of the Lancer EX 2000 Turbo was made for the 1000 Lakes Rally that gave out . At home, sales of the turbo model were low because of emission regulations Japan imposed at that time. 4G63 4G62/G62B 4G32/G32B 4G33/G12B 4G11/G11B Between 1988 and 2000, the Lancer in Japan derived from the subcompact Mirage—itself sold in many export markets under the name Colt. Mitsubishi had originally launched the Mirage in 1978 as a front-wheel drive hatchback, with a sedan variant later released in 1982—and


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: a version of which sold in Japan as "Lancer Fiore". Five generations of Mirage were manufactured by Mitsubishi up until 2003, with new generations released in 1983, 1987 (with the equivalent Lancer delayed until 1988), 1991, and 1995. It was not until 1988—with the 1979 to 1987 Lancer now departed—that the Mirage-based Lancer eschewed the Fiore suffix. Between 1982 and 1987, the aforementioned Mirage sedan with minor styling modifications sold as the Lancer Fiore through Japanese retail channels. The Fiore spanned two generations, the second of which came to the market in 1983. Internationally, the Fiore sedan often sold under


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: the abbreviated name Lancer, and sometimes as the "Lancer F" (for example, in Germany). Thus, with the rear-wheel drive Lancer as introduced in 1979 and the front-wheel drive Lancer Fiore, Mitsubishi had two similarly sized models competing in the same market segment, sometimes even while sharing the Lancer badge. Although naming conventions varied, for all generations, sedan versions of the Mirage were typically badged as Lancer in export markets, although notably not in the United States. In Japan, sedan variants of the Mirage and Lancer sold alongside one another with minor differences in trim. The station wagon, part of the


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: 1983 and 1991 iterations, was typically known as the Lancer in export markets. Likewise, the Mirage coupe variant, available with the 1991 and 1995 generations, also became part of the Lancer lineup in some regions. Mitsubishi introduced replacements for the Mirage starting in 2000, with a new generation of Lancer sedan—now larger and having moved up to the compact segment. Then in 2002, a subcompact five-door hatchback badged Colt internationally became available, thus substituting the Mirage hatchback. By 2003, the Mirage had been completely phased out of mainstream Japanese production and Lancer became the primary title for Mitsubishi's compact offerings.


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: November 2000 saw the release in Japan of the Lancer Cedia (meaning CEntury DIAmond); though in most markets the previous 1995 vintage Mirage-based Lancer continued on, built at Mitsubishi's Mizushima plant in Japan. The new model was available in sedan and station wagon forms. In Europe, the Lancer was not offered in some countries, being too close to the size of the Dutch-built Mitsubishi Carisma, so the Evo VII model sold there bore the Carisma name. This series of Lancer is still sold in Japan where the 2007 onwards generation Lancer is known as "Galant Fortis". In February 2003 for


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: the 2004 model year, a heavily restyled Lancer surfaced with a front styling that brought it into line with the Mitsubishi corporate look, as well as a restyled rear, to further differentiate itself from the Lancer Evolution. The car's grille was then redesigned again in 2005 for the 2006 model year. In Japan, the Lancer Cedia was offered with many different trim levels and engines, including some options never exported. It was also one of the first models to use the INVECS-III CVT transmission. There was also a Ralliart version of the Sportswagon which was powered by a turbocharged 1.8-liter


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: GDI engine. As of 2009, this generation of Lancer sedan is still being sold alongside the newer 2007 era generation, which is known in the home market as the Galant Fortis. In Indonesia, the Lancer was available in GLXi and SEi trims. It was assembled locally and sold from 2002 until 2012. In Malaysia, the Lancer was made available after Mitsubishi had sold all its shares in Malaysian carmaker Proton, marking the return of Mitsubishi in Malaysian market after being absent since 1985 due to the agreement with Proton. The Lancer sold in Malaysia was powered by the "4G18" engine


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: which also powered the early 1.6-liter Proton Waja model. In the Philippines, the Lancer underwent a facelift, now without the central semi-triangle in the grille. It is offered in two trims, the base GLX with a five-speed manual and the GLS with an all-new INVECS-III CVT with manual override. Both are powered by the 1.6-liter "4G18" SOHC engine. In Pakistan, this variant was launched in 2005 with cosmetic changes from the front and the back. Thai production was switched to the new model, and in all markets except for India the previous model was no longer marketed, four years after


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: the Cedia's introduction. India received this 2000 era series of Lancer in 2006, known locally as the Mitsubishi Cedia to distinguish it from the previous version which was assembled and sold as the Lancer till June 2012, and Mitsubishi Cedia production closed in November 2012. In Australia, this series of Lancer was introduced as the CG series in July 2002 with the 2.0-liter "4G94" engine. The 2003 facelift, designated the CH series, introduced a heavily updated VR-X, which included new 16" alloys, stiffer suspension, body styling kit, and gear shifter borrowed from the Lancer Evolution. In 2004, the new Lancer


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: wagon was introduced as a direct replacement for its ageing circa 1992 predecessor. In August 2005, all Lancers were upgraded to the 2.4-liter "4G69" engine, producing and of torque. The upgraded engine also saw a change in trim levels and upgraded equipment—the ES and LS models now featured a more upmarket looking black interior, while the VR-X gained a new black grille to closer resemble the Lancer Evolution IX. The equipment levels of all models were also upgraded, with the LS and VR-X gaining climate control, and a premium audio system sourced from the luxury Mitsubishi Verada. The Exceed model


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: was discontinued, and all updated models now used JDM sized rear bumpers instead of the larger USDM sized versions. Additionally, the wagon also saw these changes; and as of 2007, continues to be sold alongside the sedan. The ES and LS models were given a minor facelift for the 2007 model year; this time gaining the same front grille as the US models, and putting it into line with the current corporate look—similar to that of the Colt and the locally built 380. A limited edition ES model dubbed "Velocity" went on sale prior to this generation being replaced. This


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: package included VR-X grille, rear spoiler, leather/Alcantara bolstered seats, sports pedals, 15-inch alloy wheels and chrome exhaust tip—all for the same price as the previous standard ES. In some European markets, the Lancer began to take the place of the Carisma in 2004. It is powered by a 1.3-liter SOHC 16-valve "4G13" engine producing at 5,000 rpm and of torque at 4,000 rpm. The next engine in the range is the 1.6-liter SOHC "4G18" engine producing at 5,000 rpm and at 4,000 rpm. Finally, there is the 2.0-liter DOHC "4G63" producing at 5,750 rpm and at 4,500 rpm. In North


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: America, the Lancer was introduced in 2001 for the 2002 model year as a direct replacement for the Mirage. In the United States, Chrysler had offered an unrelated Dodge Lancer at various stages between the 1950s and 1980s. However, when Chrysler briefly controlled Mitsubishi through the DaimlerChrysler-Mitsubishi alliance from 2000 through to 2004, the license to the "Lancer" name was relinquished to Mitsubishi for usage in North America. Consequently, after Mitsubishi discontinued the 1995 series Mirage for North America in 2001, the replacement model adopted the Lancer name for the first time. North American Lancers were powered by a 2.0-liter


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: "4G94" engine producing and of torque. In Mexico, the Lancer sedan was available in DE, ES, LS and GS trims with a 2.0-liter DOHC 4G63 engine. In addition to the facelift, North America received three additional models to the Lancer line in 2004—Lancer Ralliart, LS Sportback and Ralliart Sportback. Ralliart slots in between the base models and high-performance Evolution. These cars came equipped with Mitsubishi's 2.4-liter "4G69" engine (rated at / for the Sportback, and / for the Ralliart). The power gain was due to a tuned muffler for the Ralliart, and also included a new, stiffer suspension package that


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: improved handling and lowered for Ralliart and lifted the LS Sportback by 2.9 inches. The LS Sportback had 15-inch steel or optional 15-inch alloy wheels. The Ralliart came with 16-inch alloy wheels, front bucket seats borrowed from Japan's Mitsubishi Evolution GT-A, optional fog lamps, and a new aerodynamic ground package for Ralliart. The LS Sportback and Ralliart Sportback were equipped with a four-speed INVECS-II automatic transmission, while the Ralliart came with a five-speed manual transmission with an option for the four-speed automatic. For the 2005 model year, the grille was changed to include more fins to reflect a closer similarity


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: to the North American Galant. For the 2006 model year, the fascia was changed again from a bridged fascia to one with an open vent after Mitsubishi received complaints from current owners regarding its similarity in appearance to General Motors Division Pontiac's corporate look, and to bring the appearance closer to its bigger brother, the Evolution. The Lancer Sportback wagon was cancelled in the United States one year after its release, but the Mitsubishi Lancer wagon was sold in Canada for a while longer. In 2005, Mitsubishi revealed the "Concept X" model car at the Tokyo Motor Show and its


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: "Concept Sportback" model at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The new Lancer was previewed by these two concepts. The new Lancer was officially revealed in January 2007 at the Detroit Motor Show and went on sale in North American markets in March 2007 as a 2008 model. New Lancer features Mitsubishi's next-generation "RISE" safety body. With the exception of the Lancer Evolution X, the Lancer is marketed as the Galant Fortis (Latin for strong, brave and resolute) in the Japanese domestic market. It comes in three trim levels: Exceed, Super Exceed, and Sport. Due to popular demand of the previous 2000-era


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: Lancer in Singapore, it continued to be sold alongside the new 2007 era Lancer which was called "Lancer EX" to differentiate itself from the former. The 1.5- and 2.0-liter engine sizes, and a flagship GT trim level are available in Singapore. For model year 2009, the design was refreshed all around with updated front grille, darkened clear tail lamps, and chrome lining with an additional floor console internally. The rear brakes have also been upgraded for the 2.0-liter variants to disc brakes for better stopping power. In Malaysia, the 2007-2017 Lancer was first launched in August 2007 with a sole


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: variant known as GT. The Lancer was then updated in 2009 and an EX variant was launched in July 2010. In October 2010, the Sportback bodystyle was launched in October 2010. The Lancer was then updated in August 2012 and April 2014. Also, Proton had renewed cross-licensing and technology transfer agreements with Mitsubishi as of October 2008 and lead to the Proton Inspira which is a badge-enginerred 2007-2017 Lancer. In Indonesia only the GT is sold and it utilizes the new 2.0-liter "4B1" engine and is sold alongside the Evolution X. The previous generation Lancer was still sold, marketed as


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: the Cedia using the 1.8-liter "4G9" engine. With the agreement with Proton finalized in October 2008, it is expected that the Lancer-based Proton Inspira will be exported to Indonesia. Hong Kong received its unique edition of the Lancer in 2008, dubbed the Lancer 2.0. The car comes in two trim levels, without a name for either of them. Both are equipped with the "4B11" 2.0-liter engine, seven airbags, eight-speaker stereo system, adaptive front-lighting system (AFS) with HID as well as 18-inch alloy wheels. The upper trim has Ralliart style body kit which includes a revised front bumper, side skirt, rear


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: bumper with diffuser and the addition of a correct-to-Evolution X rear spoiler, while the lower trim make do without the above-mentioned features. In the Philippines, the Lancer arrived in mid 2008 known as the "Lancer EX" to differentiate it from the preceding model Lancer still sold there. Initially available only with the 2.0-liter "4B11" powerplant, the preceding Lancer was phased out in 2011 and was replaced with a 1.6-liter version of the new model. At the same time, the 2.0-liter engine was confined to top models due to lack of demand in the face of rising fuel prices. In 2011,


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: three variants were available the GLX which is the base model available in five-speed manual or five-speed automatic, no fog lights and three-beam headlights. The GLS is the middle variant and has fog lights, GPS navigation with touchscreen. GLS has the same headlights with the GLX variant and the top of the line variant which is the MX. The MX has the same features as the GLS, the only differences being that it has HID headlights and blue LCD monitoring screen beneath the speedometer. In 2012, the GLS variant was phased out. Between August 2015 and August 2017, GHK Motors


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: (Mitsubishi Brunei) had offered a version of the Lancer Sportback under the name Mitsubishi Galant in Brunei. The Galant is equipped with the 2.4-liter engine, 18-inch alloy wheels, a Ralliart style front grille, side skirts, rear spoiler, and sports front seats. The new generation Lancer was released in Australia in October 2007, designated the CJ series and was initially available in ES, VR and VRX trims. The ES included cruise control, driver, passenger and knee airbags, stability and traction control as standard. The VR added alloy wheels, foglights, side skirts, boot lip spoiler, rain-sensing wipers, automatic headlights, six-disc CD changer,


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: as well as curtain and side airbags. The VRX received extra skirts, a larger rear spoiler, 18-inch alloys and a premium Rockford Fosgate sound system. All three models shared the same 4B11 2.0-litre engine and can be found with a manual gearbox or CVT. The Sportback body followed the sedan and has been available for all variants except the Aspire. In July 2008, the Lancer Evolution X (officially just "Lancer Evolution" at the time) became available for orders in Australia. In September 2008, another variant, the Aspire, was introduced. The Aspire was based on the 2009 model VRX, which had


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: a new 4B12 2.4-litre engine. The Aspire included more luxury features and only came with a CVT, whereas the VRX maintained a manual gearbox option. In late 2008, the Ralliart variant became available. It featured a single turbocharged version of the 4B11 engine, all-wheel drive (AWD) and a twin-clutch six-speed (TC-SST) gearbox. In 2010, the limited edition ACTiV was added to the lineup. The ACTiV was based on the ES and added features such as 16-inch alloy wheels, side skirts, rear spoiler, hands-free Bluetooth and multi-function leather steering wheel. Various special models have also been introduced, such as the Platinum


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: Edition, which is based on the VR but added a chrome grille, window surrounds (sedan only), MMCS satellite navigation and Bluetooth. The RX version is derived from the ES but comes with standard alloy wheels. Another model introduced in 2010 was the SX coming with factory alloys, leather steering wheel and gear shifter as well as factory spoiler. From model year 2013 onward (introduced in late 2012), the Aspire was dropped. In Europe, a diesel model has been available also, with the 2.0-liter engine sourced from Volkswagen. From September 2010, it is also available with Mitsubishi's own developed 1.8- liter


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: "4N1" engine. This engine has an aluminum cylinder block, four valves per cylinder and a common rail injection system with variable geometry turbocharger and variable valve timing. It develops and . In Ireland, the specifications are different from those of models sold in the United Kingdom. The Lancer is available in five-door hatchback (Sportback) or four-door sedan body styles. Engines are the 1.5- and 1.8-liter petrols and the 2.0-liter diesel—all available in the United Kingdom until 2012. Trim levels are GS2, GS3, and GS4 for the saloon, and GS2, GS3, and Juro (satellite navigation and rear-view camera) for the Sportback.


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: The Sportsback Juro model marked a temporary end to the line in the UK and was the most generously equipped. A Ralliart version (petrol), a detuned version of the Evolution, was also available. Mitsubishi intend to supply the UK with 400 further Lancers in late 2014. For the United States, the new Lancer was initially available in DE, ES, and GTS trim levels. DE, ES, and GTS models are powered by a GEMA based "4B11", 2.0-liter DOHC engine producing (except for California models which have been detuned to to meet regulations). Transmission options include a brand new "F1CJA" continuously variable


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: transmission (CVT), sourced from Jatco, alongside a regular "F5MBB" five-speed manual sourced from Aisin Seiki. GTS models get a six-speed paddle shift version of the CVT. In Canada, a fourth model (SE) was introduced to the Lancer lineup. The SE model is a cross between the ES and GTS models. Features not included in the SE model that are found in the GTS are the FAST key, automatic climate control, carbon-fiber trim pieces, leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift knob, and 18-inch wheels. For US markets, starting with the 2009 model year, an ES Sport version was released similar to the


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: SE model for the Canadian market. Externally the ES Sport is similar in appearance to the GTS—with side skirts, rear spoiler, etc. (with the exception of the wheels, the ES Sport retains the ES wheelset). The ES Sport also uses the 2.0-liter engine. For 2009, the GTS is powered by a 2.4-liter "4B12" engine producing and . For 2012, A new trim level called SE was added. The SE model features the 2.4-liter "4B12" engine and Mitsubishi's all-wheel drive system. The SE is only available with a CVT transmission. For 2013, another trim level called GT was added. Based on


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: the all-wheel drive SE trim level, excluding the all-wheel control system, the GT features sportier suspension, upmarket options, and an available manual transmission. The five-door hatchback version, known as the "Sportback", was introduced for the Canadian market in spring 2009, and in the US for the 2010 model year in mid-2009. A detuned and cheaper version of the Evolution X was announced at the 2008 North American International Auto Show. This model became available for purchase in the United States in October 2008. For 2009, the Ralliart is available exclusively with the TC-SST transmission. The TC-SST transmission equipped in the


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: Ralliart offers two modes (Normal, Sport) rather than the three modes the same transmission offers in the Lancer Evolution X MR (Normal, Sport, S-Sport). The car also includes a simplified version of the Evolution X's AWD system, with a simple "mechanical limited slip" rear differential. To differentiate it from the previous model, still on sale, this model is marketed as "Lancer Serie R" in Chile. For the same reason, in El Salvador, depending on the engine and trim, this series is titled "Lancer EX" or "Lancer GT". In Brazil, Lancer has been officially sold by Mitsubishi Motors since 2007, and


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: since 2015 is produced in Catalão Mitsubishi's factory. It is sold in four versions: MT, HL, HLE and GT. All versions come with the 2.0-liter "4B11" l4 engine (gasoline). The Lancer Sportback was sold until 2013 in a single version, signed by Ralliart, and the Lancer Evolution X is also sold, although not produced locally. In October 2015, Mitsubishi released details of the model year 2016 Lancer facelift for North America. The MY16 update was announced and released for Australia in December 2015. It sports a mildly altered front and does without the Ralliart-style grille of the MY15 version, now


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: with a cleaner front bumper with integrated chrome upper and lower grilles. New LED daytime running lamps, foglights and side skirts complete the exterior changes, while the cabin gains a high-contrast instrument cluster, a new front centre console with silver and black accents, and a new colour touchscreen audio system with DAB digital radio. Mitsubishi Motors North America’s executive vice president and CEO, Don Swearingen, confirmed in January 2017 that Mitsubishi would end the Lancer’s production in August 2017, without a successor. Mitsubishi’s main focus was to be on crossovers and SUVs. However, production of the Mirage hatchback and Mirage


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: G4 sedan will continue due to ongoing popular demand for the Mirage nameplate in the North American market. The Lancer Fortis and Lancer iO are derivatives of the global Lancer model. Both models were developed primarily for the Taiwanese market, historically a stronghold for Mitsubishi vehicles.<ref name="Lancer Fortis 08/2007 news.u-car.com.tw"></ref> The Lancer Fortis and iO are locally assembled in Taiwan and China by CMC and Soueast respectively. CMC also exported the Lancer Fortis to the Middle East. The Lancer Fortis made its debut in Taiwan in August 2007.<ref name="Lancer Fortis 08/2007 autonet.com.tw"></ref> The Fortis has a unique exterior design, but


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: its interior styling and mechanical underpinnings are largely identical to the global Lancer model. Early models of the Lancer Fortis were powered by the , 2.0-litre "4B11" engine paired to the INVECS-III CVT gearbox. Later variants were offered with the , 1.8-litre "4B10" plant, while the 2.0-litre Fortis models were discontinued by 2010. In April 2008, Mitsubishi launched the Lancer iO in Taiwan. The iO was pitched as a sportier version of the Lancer Fortis, featuring a more aggressive front grille and bumper combination.<ref name="Lancer iO 06/2008 feature.u-car.com.tw"></ref> In February 2012, Mitsubishi discontinued the Fortis-based iO, and launched the global


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: Lancer locally under the iO nameplate. The Taiwanese colloquial term for the 2012 Lancer iO and the global Lancer is 'shark head' (鯊魚頭).<ref name="Lancer iO 04/2012 carstuff.com.tw"></ref> The Lancer Fortis made its Chinese debut at the 2013 Shanghai Motor Show. The Chinese market Lancer Fortis features a different front grille and bumper design in addition to other minor cosmetic changes. The base models are powered by the , 1.6-litre "4A92" engine, and the range topping variants received the 1.8-litre "4B10". The Lancer Fortis in China is positioned in between the more expensive Lancer EX and the cheaper Lancer Classic.<ref name="Grand


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: Lancer 07/2016 carnewschina.com"></ref> The Taiwanese market Lancer Fortis and iO were simultaneously facelifted in May 2014.<ref name="Lancer Fortis/iO 05/2014 news.u-car.com.tw"></ref> The design of the front grille and bumper combination on both models became more aggressive, while the Fortis adopted the 'shark head' design and the headlamps from the global Lancer. The rear lamps on both models were also revised, and the interior designs received minor cosmetic enhancements. The powerplant configuration for both models were refined for better fuel efficiency, but were otherwise largely unchanged. The Chinese market Lancer EX was later updated in line with the Lancer iO design. In


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: January 2017, Mitsubishi Motors agreed to continue the Lancer nameplate in Chinese markets including Taiwan and mainland China after 2017, due to ongoing popular demand for the Lancer nameplate within the Chinese-speaking world. The development of the new Grand Lancer in Taiwan was led and designed by the Taiwanese China Motor Corporation (CMC). Part of the design was partnered with Pininfarina Shanghai. Due to the international version being discontinued, the new generation Lancer will be built on the same platform as the existing model as an extensive facelift. It comes with the new Mitsubishi Dynamic Shield grille and redesigned creases


title: "Mitsubishi Lancer" content: over the side body panels. The interior, front hood, front bumpers, front fenders, front and rear door panels including the rear passenger door window, the boot lid, and the rear bumper have been completely redesigned for the new generation, while the rest will be carried over from the pre-2017 model. Mitsubishi Lancer The Mitsubishi Lancer is a compact car produced by the Japanese manufacturer Mitsubishi since 1973. The Lancer has been marketed as the Colt Lancer, Dodge/Plymouth Colt, Chrysler Valiant Lancer, Chrysler Lancer, Eagle Summit, Hindustan Lancer, Soueast Lioncel, and Mitsubishi Mirage in various countries at different times, and has


title: "Anthony Callea" content: am. I'm comfortable enough to come clean now. It's a weight off my shoulders". On 30 March 2007, Michael Kirby, then a judge of the High Court of Australia, described Callea as an "admirable Australian" for coming out. Justice Kirby added, "In terms of influencing popular culture and understanding of the reality of human sexual diversity, I would trade ten judges for one popular singer." Callea has also admitted to suffering from depression in his teenage years, saying, "I went through major depression. I hated myself. I had to see a psychologist. I wasn't talking to anybody. My parents didn't


title: "Thomas Frank" content: Thomas Frank Thomas Carr Frank (born March 21, 1965) is an American political analyst, historian, and journalist. He co-founded and edited "The Baffler" magazine. Frank has written several books, most notably "What's the Matter with Kansas?" (2004) and "Listen, Liberal" (2016). From 2008 to 2010 he wrote "The Tilting Yard", a column in "The Wall Street Journal." A historian of culture and ideas, Frank analyzes trends in American electoral politics and propaganda, advertising, popular culture, mainstream journalism, and economics. His topics include the rhetoric and impact of culture wars in American political life and the relationship between politics and culture


title: "Richmond Castle" content: Richmond Castle Richmond Castle in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, stands in a commanding position above the River Swale, close to the centre of the town of Richmond. It was originally called Riche Mount, 'the strong hill'. The castle was constructed from 1071 onwards following the Norman Conquest of England, and the "Domesday Book" of 1086 refers to 'a castlery' at Richmond. Richmond Castle consists of four main parts: a triangular main enclosure, an outer enclosure to the east, a keep at the northern corner of the main enclosure, and a small enclosure around the keep. In 1069 William the Conqueror


title: "Richmond Castle" content: had put down a rebellion at York which was followed by his "harrying of the North" – an act of ethnic cleansing which depopulated large areas for a generation or more. As a further punishment, he divided up the lands of north Yorkshire among his most loyal followers. Alan Rufus, of Brittany, received the borough of Richmond and began constructing the castle to defend against further rebellions and to establish a personal power base. His holdings, called the Honour of Richmond, covered parts of eight counties and amounted to one of the most extensive Norman estates in England. The Dukes


title: "Richmond Castle" content: of Brittany became the owners of the castle as Earls of Richmond though it was often confiscated for various periods by English Kings. A -high keep of honey-coloured sandstone was constructed at the end of the 12th century by Duke Conan IV of Brittany. The Earldom of Richmond was seized in 1158 by Henry II of England. It was King Henry II who probably completed the keep which had -thick walls. Modern visitors can climb to the top of the keep for of the town of Richmond. At the same time that the keep was probably completed, Henry II considerably


title: "Richmond Castle" content: strengthened the castle by adding towers and a barbican. Henry III and King Edward I spent more money on the site including Edward's improvements to the keep interior. In addition to the main circuit of the wall, there was the barbican in front of the main gate which functioned as a sealed entry space, allowing visitors and wagons to be checked before they gained entry to the castle itself. On the other side of the castle, overlooking the river, was another enclosure or bailey called the Cockpit, which may have functioned as a garden and was overlooked by a balcony.


title: "Richmond Castle" content: A drawing of 1674 suggests there was another longer balcony overlooking the river side of Scolland's Hall, the Great Hall. Richmond Castle had fallen out of use as a fortress by the end of the 14th century and it did not receive major improvements after that date. A survey of 1538 shows it was partly in ruins, but paintings by Turner and others, together with the rise of tourism and an interest in antiquities, led to repairs to the keep in the early 19th century. In 1855 the castle became the headquarters of the North Yorkshire Militia, and a military


title: "Richmond Castle" content: barracks block was constructed in the great courtyard. For two years, from 1908 to 1910, the castle was the home of Robert Baden-Powell, later founder of the Boy Scouts, while he commanded the Northern Territorial Army but the barracks building was demolished in 1931. The castle was used during the First World War as the base of the Non-Combatant Corps made up of conscientious objectors – conscripts who refused to fight. It was also used to imprison some conscientious objectors who refused to accept army discipline and participate in the war in any way. These included the "Richmond Sixteen" who


title: "Richmond Castle" content: were taken to France from the castle, charged under Field Regulations, and then sentenced to death, but their death sentences were commuted to ten years' hard labour. As presented today Richmond Castle has one of the finest examples of Norman buildings in Britain including Scollands Hall, the Great Hall of the castle. The keep has a restored roof and floors but is shown with the original 11th-century main gate arch unblocked. This arch is now in the basement of the later 12th century keep which was built in front of it, the main gate then being moved to its present


title: "Richmond Castle" content: position which was dominated by the adjacent keep while the original arch we see today was filled-in to secure the keep. The castle is a Scheduled Monument, a "nationally important" historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change. It is also a Grade I listed building and therefore recognised as an internationally important structure. Today the castle is in the care of English Heritage which publishes a guidebook written by John Goodall PhD FSA. English Heritage provides a visitor centre for the castle with an informative exhibition containing artefacts form the castles history, they also


title: "Richmond Castle" content: hold regular events there throughout the year. According to legend, King Arthur and his knights are sleeping in a cave underneath the castle. It is said that they were once discovered by a potter named Thompson, who ran away when they began to awake. Another legend tells that a drummer boy was lost while investigating an underground tunnel, and that his ghostly drumming is sometimes heard around the castle. Richmond Castle Richmond Castle in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, stands in a commanding position above the River Swale, close to the centre of the town of Richmond. It was originally called


title: "Sigismund's Column" content: Sigismund's Column Sigismund's Column (), originally erected in 1644, is located in Castle Square, Warsaw, Poland and is one of Warsaw's most famous landmarks. The column and statue commemorate King Sigismund III Vasa, who in 1596 had moved Poland's capital from Kraków to Warsaw. On the Corinthian column (which used to be of red marble), 8.5 m high, a sculpture of the King, 2.75-metres high, in archaistic armour is placed. Sigismund's Column now stands at 22 metres and is adorned by four eagles. The king is dressed in armor and carries a cross in one hand and wields a sword


title: "Sigismund's Column" content: in the other. Erected between 1643 and 1644, the column was constructed on the orders of Sigismund's son and successor, King Władysław IV Vasa. It was designed by the Italian-born architect Constantino Tencalla and the sculptor Clemente Molli, and cast by Daniel Tym. The Zygmunt's Column was modelled on the Italian columns in front of Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore (erected in 1614 to designs of Carlo Maderno), and the Column of Phocas in Rome (Władysław Vasa had seen both of them during his visit to Rome in 1625). In 1681 the monument was surrounded with a wooden fence, which


title: "Sigismund's Column" content: was later replaced with a permanent iron fence. The marble column itself was renovated several times in the next few centuries, most notably in 1743, 1810, 1821 and 1828. In 1854 the monument was surrounded with a fountain featuring marble tritons sculpted by the German, August Kiss. In 1863 the column was renovated somewhat again, but still needed work, and between 1885 and 1887 it was replaced with a new column of granite. Between 1927 and 1930, the monument was again renovated, and was restored to its original appearance when the fountain and the fence around it were removed. On


title: "Sigismund's Column" content: 1 September 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising, the monument's column was demolished by the Germans, and its bronze statue was badly damaged. After the war the statue was repaired, and in 1949 it was set up on a new column, made of granite from the Strzegom mine, a couple of metres from the original site. The original broken pieces of the column can still be seen lying next to the Royal Castle. On the side of the pedestal facing the Krakowskie Przedmieście is a plaque bearing the words in finest lettering reads: HONORI·ET·PIETATI SACRAM·STATVAM·HANC·SIGISMVNDO·III·VLADISLAVS·IV NATURA·AMORE·GENIO·FILIVS ELECTIONE·SERIE·FELICITATE·SVCCESSOR VOTO·ANIMO·CVLTV·GRATVS PATRI·PATRIAE·PARENTI·OPT: MER: ANNO·DNI·MDCXLIII


title: "Sigismund's Column" content: PONI·IVSSIT·CVI·IAM GLORIA·TROPHEVM·POSTERITAS·GRATITVDINEM AETERNITAS·MONVMENTVM·POSVIT·AVT·DEBET Sigismund's Column Sigismund's Column (), originally erected in 1644, is located in Castle Square, Warsaw, Poland and is one of Warsaw's most famous landmarks. The column and statue commemorate King Sigismund III Vasa, who in 1596 had moved Poland's capital from Kraków to Warsaw. On the Corinthian column (which used to be of red marble), 8.5 m high, a sculpture of the King, 2.75-metres high, in archaistic armour is placed. Sigismund's Column now stands at 22 metres and is adorned by four eagles. The king is dressed in armor and carries a cross in one hand and


title: "1957 Indianapolis 500" content: 1957 Indianapolis 500 The 41st International 500-Mile Sweepstakes was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on Thursday, May 30, 1957. The event was part of the 1957 USAC National Championship Trail and it was race 3 of 8 in the 1957 World Championship of Drivers. Sam Hanks won the Indianapolis 500 in his thirteenth attempt (the most such by any 500 winner). He retired from competition at Indy in victory lane. Contrary to popular belief, Hanks did not completely retire from racing until the end of the year. He skipped the Race of Two Worlds when his entrant withdrew, but


title: Melanesians content: this ancient cousin of the Neanderthal. Blond hair is rare in native populations outside of Europe, Central Asia and North Africa. It evolved independently in Melanesia, where Melanesians of some islands (along with some Australian aborigines) are one of a few groups of non-Caucasian people who have blond hair. This has been traced to an allele of TYRP1 unique to these people, and is not the same gene that causes blond hair in Caucasians. As with blond hair that arose in Europe and parts of Asia, incidence of blondness is more common in children than in adults, with hair tending


title: "Toyota Racing Development" content: not to be confused with Toyota Motorsport GmbH (TMG), which is located in Cologne, Germany and currently operates Toyota's FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC) factory team under the name Toyota Gazoo Racing. Within Toyota, TMG is a completely separate entity from, and therefore not under the control of, TRD. Former TMG activities include operating the Toyota Formula One Team (also known as Panasonic Toyota Racing), which competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship (F1). TMG also competed in the FIA World Rally Championship (WRC) as Toyota Team Europe with the famous Celica GT-Four and rally versions of the Corolla,


title: Strontium-89 content: an artificial radioisotope which is used in treatment of bone cancer. In circumstances where cancer patients have widespread and painful bony metastases, the administration of Sr results in the delivery of beta particles directly to the area of bony problem, where calcium turnover is greatest. Strontium-89 Strontium-89 () is a radioactive isotope of strontium produced by nuclear fission, with a half-life of 50.57 days. It undergoes β decay into yttrium-89. Strontium-89 has an application in medicine. It was used for the first time by Belgian scientist Charles Pecher. Pecher filed a patent in May 1941 for the synthesis of strontium-89


title: "2000 Japanese Grand Prix" content: 2000 Japanese Grand Prix The 2000 Japanese Grand Prix (formally the XXVI Fuji Television Japanese Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 8 October 2000 at the Suzuka Circuit in Suzuka, Japan. It was the 16th and penultimate round of the 2000 Formula One season, as well as, the 26th Japanese Grand Prix. The 53-lap race was won by Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher after starting from pole position. Mika Häkkinen finished second in a McLaren with teammate David Coulthard finishing third. Schumacher's win confirmed him as 2000 Drivers' Champion, as Häkkinen could not surpass Schumacher's points total


title: "Institutions of the European Union" content: despite bearing a number of similarities. The European Commission has similarities to the Swiss Federal Council in that both have all-party representation and are appointed on the basis of nationality rather than popularity. The President of the Federal Council rotates between its members each year, in a fashion similar to that of the EU's Council Presidency. Due to this system of presidency Swiss leaders, like those of the EU, are relatively unknown with national politics viewed as somewhat technocratic resulting in low voter turnout, in a similar fashion to that of the European Parliament. Other parallels include the jealously guarded


title: "Joseph Barbera" content: Warner, owners of Warner Bros., in 1996; Hanna and Barbera stayed on as advisors. Hanna and Barbera won seven Academy Awards and eight Emmy Awards. Their cartoon shows have become cultural icons, and their cartoon characters have appeared in other media such as films, books, and toys. Hanna-Barbera's shows had a worldwide audience of over 300 million people in the 1960s and have been translated into more than 20 languages. Joseph Barbera was born at 10 Delancey Street in the Little Italy (Lower East Side) section of Manhattan, New York, to immigrants Vincent Barbera (of Italian origin) and Francesca Calvacca


title: Polyoxymethylene content: Polyoxymethylene Polyoxymethylene (POM), also known as acetal, polyacetal, and polyformaldehyde, is an engineering thermoplastic used in precision parts requiring high stiffness, low friction, and excellent dimensional stability. As with many other synthetic polymers, it is produced by different chemical firms with slightly different formulas and sold variously by such names as Delrin, Celcon, Ramtal, Duracon, Kepital, and Hostaform. POM is characterized by its high strength, hardness and rigidity to −40 °C. POM is intrinsically opaque white, due to its high crystalline composition, but it is available in all colors. POM has a density of 1.410–1.420 g/cm. Typical applications for injection-molded


title: Ferranti content: and later for Tornado. It supplied the world's first man-portable laser rangefinder/designator (Laser Target Marker, or LTM) to the British Army in 1974, and had notable successes in the US market, establishing Ferranti Electro-optics Inc in Huntington Beach, California. Its TIALD Pod (Thermal Imaging Airborne Laser Designator) has been in almost constant combat operation on the Tornado since it was rushed into service during the first Gulf War. From the 1960s through to the late 1980s the Bristol Ferranti Bloodhound SAM, for which Ferranti developed radar systems, was a key money earner. In 1970 Ferranti became involved in the sonar


title: "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation" content: Vacation Medley" (claiming to be the work of composer Angelo Badalamenti) is really a track called "Christmas at Carnegie Hall" from "" by composer John Williams and does not actually contain any of Badalamenti's "Christmas Vacation" score. The movie debuted at #2 at the box-office while grossing $11,750,203 during the opening weekend, behind "Back to the Future Part II". The movie eventually topped the box-office charts in its third week of release and remained #1 the following weekend. It went on to gross a total of $71,319,546 in the United States while showing in movie theaters. At the time of


title: "Bad debt" content: partially or completely worthless. Mortgages which may noncollectable can be written off as a bad debt as well. However, they fall under a slightly different set of rules. As stated above, they can only be written off against tax capital, or income, but they are limited to a deduction of $3,000 per year. Any loss above that can be carried over to following years at the same amount. Thus a $60,000 mortgage bad debt will take 20 years to write off. Most owners of junior (2nd, 3rd, etc.) fall into this when the 1st mortgage forecloses with no equity remaining


title: "Hines Ward" content: seasons. The streak was broken in the 2005 NFL season during which he missed a game due to injury. In 2002, he set a Steelers franchise record for receptions (112) and touchdowns (12) (both since broken by Antonio Brown) and was named to his first of two consecutive All-NFL teams. Although he was considered one of the best blocking receivers in the NFL, Ward often faced criticism for his style of blocking, particularly for his propensity to hit defenders on their blind-side. During a game on October 19, 2008, Ward put a vicious downfield blindside block on rookie Cincinnati Bengals


title: "Default gateway" content: wishing to communicate with a host on the public Internet, for example, forwards the packet to the default gateway for its network segment. This router also has a default route configured to a device on an adjacent network, one hop closer to the public Network. The following are IP addresses that might be used with an office network that consists of six hosts plus a router. The six hosts addresses are: The router's inside address is: The network has a subnet mask of: The address range assignable to hosts is from 192.168.4.1 to 192.168.4.254. TCP/IP defines the addresses 192.168.4.0 and


title: "Landing Vehicle Tracked" content: just before the Marianas campaign, and was especially effective in this role as it was capable of destroying Japanese fortifications as it came ashore. Its howitzer complemented the 75mm gun of the Sherman tanks used by the Marines. However, the LVT(A)-4 had an open-topped turret, which left the crew vulnerable to artillery and infantry attack, especially to the latter, as it lacked any sort of machine gun armament. The lack of machine gun armament was eventually rectified, though the open-topped turret remained in order to save weight. Although usually used in a direct role during landings only (once inland the


title: "Ghost Hunters (TV series)" content: others like it lack scientific rigor and mislead people into thinking that their homes are haunted." The show's editing has been questioned, such as activity that is not captured on tape and findings that are unsupported by evidence in the show specifically. Tools are used in ways that are not proven effective, or in ways in which they have been proven ineffective, such as infrared thermometers that are claimed to detect cold spots in the middle of rooms when such tools are able only to measure the surface temperature of objects. Techniques with thermal imaging cameras, Geiger counters, electronic voice


title: "Kevin Ambler" content: In March 2002, Ambler received the HCBA "Have a Heart" award for outstanding pro bono service. Ambler previously served as the Chair of the Florida Bar Military Affairs Committee (2002-2003) and Chair of the Hillsborough County Bar Association's (HCBA) Military Liaison Committee (2002-2003). He has chaired the HCBA Entertainment and Intellectual Property Law Section for three of the last five years. Ambler and his firm hold an AV rating from Martindale-Hubbell National Law Directory. Kevin Ambler previously served on the Northdale Special Tax District board for seven years, holding the position of President for six of those years. Ambler also


title: "Rafael Márquez" content: travel to his fifth World Cup finals, becoming only the fourth player to do so, alongside German Lothar Matthäus, Italian Gianluigi Buffon and fellow Mexican Antonio Carbajal. He was substituted in for Andrés Guardado at the 74th minute in Mexico's 1–0 win over Germany and became the third man in history to play at a fifth World Cup. On 2 July, in Mexico's round of 16 match against Brazil, Márquez became the first player ever to play as a captain in five World Cups and was substituted off at half-time, his last appearance as a professional. Following his retirement, he


title: "The Door in the Floor" content: leaves Ted and their daughter, taking with her all the photographs and negatives of her dead sons, save one that is being reframed after it was broken, injuring Ruth. Eddie takes the initiative to retrieve the one remaining reframed picture so that Ruth can have at least one partial image of her brothers. Ted reveals to Eddie the story of the car accident that caused his sons' deaths. Ted suggests his and Marion's drunkenness and Ted's failure to remove snow from the rear tail light and turn signal lights likely contributed to their sons' deaths. Eddie learns more about what


title: "Final Destination 2" content: quick." Ellis described her role as "a girl who can have some fun cause they're going on a trip and they're gonna have a good time, yet someone who can stand up to Clear, to come and challenge Clear on a race, and to bother with Clear." Cook added that "it's rare to find one strong female lead in a horror film, not to mention two [Larter]." Ellis and Perry were amazed by her sensitivity and vulnerability in her performance, and she was hired instantly. "[We] were at the beginning of what's going to be a long successful career for


title: "Joseph Mohr" content: in Mariapfarr. Poor health forced him to return to Salzburg in the summer of 1817. After a short recuperation he began serving as an assistant priest at St. Nicholas in Oberndorf, where he made the acquaintance of Franz Gruber, schoolteacher in neighbouring Arnsdorf. On a cold Christmas Eve in 1818, Mohr walked the three kilometres from his home in Oberndorf bei Salzburg to visit his friend Franz Xaver Gruber in the neighbouring town of Arnsdorf bei Laufen. Mohr brought with him a poem he had written some two years earlier. He needed a carol for the Christmas Eve midnight Mass


title: "Tico Torres" content: Tico Torres Hector Juan Samuel "Tico" Torres (born October 7, 1953) is an American musician, artist, and entrepreneur, best known as the drummer, percussionist, and a songwriter for American rock band Bon Jovi. In 2018, Torres was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Bon Jovi. Hector Juan Samuel Torres was born on October 7, 1953, in New York, and brought up in the Colonia section of Woodbridge Township, New Jersey. His parents, Emma and Héctor, immigrated from Cuba in 1948. Torres attended John F. Kennedy Memorial High School in Iselin. Torres was a


title: "Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790)" content: and Princess Urszula Franciszka Wiśniowiecka and spent his childhood in Nieśwież, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was then part of the mighty Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Because of his Polish noble and aristocratic background, he was provided with the best educational services in the country, however, historians often point out that Karol's father complained about the education of his son and accused the governess, tutors and teachers for neglected upbringing. Marcin Matuszewicz wrote in his diary about Karol and his twin brother Janusz: ""Everything was obvious at once, quite promiscuous education, without any discipline. The infants were mischievous, without manners,


title: "Fujiwara no Teika" content: have a "waka" on the famous landscape depicted, composed by a leading poet, who would compose the requisite 46, with the best poems for each landscape selected. Of course, Teika was asked to contribute, but one (on the "Wood of Ikuta", a famous and picturesque woodland attached to the Ikuta Shrine of Settsu Province, modern-day Kobe; it was famous for being a battlefield between the Minamoto and Taira clans, as well as for its scenic beauty) was rejected by Go-Toba; not because it was a bad poem, but because it was a "poor model", as Keene puts it. Teika, already


title: "Angra do Heroísmo" content: the seat of a Roman Catholic bishopric. Its principal buildings are the Sé Cathedral of Angra do Heroísmo, a military college, an arsenal, and an observatory. The harbor, now of little commercial or strategic importance (but formerly a major commercial and military port), is sheltered on the west and southwest by the promontory of Monte Brasil, but, today, it is less important than the neighboring ports of Ponta Delgada on the island of São Miguel and Horta on the island of Faial. The climate of Angra do Heroísmo is borderline mediterranean ("Csa") and humid subtropical ("Cfa"), with the August daily


title: "Cuban dissident movement" content: to the role played by Yoani Sanchez and other young people, outside the Cuban opposition and dissidence movements, in working towards a free and democratic Cuba today: On 29 March 2009, Yoani Sánchez, at Tania Bruguera's performance where a podium with an open mic was staged for people to have one minute of uncensored public speech, Sánchez was among people to publicly criticize censorship and said that "the time has come to jump over the wall of control". The government condemned the event. Yoani Sánchez is under permanent surveillance by Cuba's police force, which camps outside her home. On Thursday,


title: "Red states and blue states" content: "Republican red" color scheme is now part of the lexicon of American journalism. Neither party national committee has officially accepted these color designations, though informal use by each party is becoming common. Both parties have since adopted logos that use their respective colors (a blue "D" for Democrats and a white "GOP" with a red elephant for Republicans). National conventions for both major parties increasingly feature the parties' respective colors, from the colors emphasized on convention podiums to the color conventioneers can be seen wearing on the delegate floor. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee also alluded the color scheme when


title: "Economic history of Africa" content: ongoing, the rise of cities and empires made it far more central to the African economy. North Africa was central to the trade of the entire Mediterranean region. Outside of Egypt, this trade was mostly controlled by the Phoenicians who came to dominate North Africa, with Carthage becoming their most important city. The Greeks controlled much of the eastern trade, including along the Red Sea with Ethiopia. In this region a number of Greek trading cities that were established acted as a conduit for their civilization and learning. The Egyptian (and later, Roman) city of Alexandria (founded by Alexander the


title: "Battle of Wyoming" content: Brant was not present. Brant was at Oquaga on the day of the attack. The western state of Wyoming received its name from the U.S. Congress when it became Wyoming Territory in 1868, much to the puzzlement of its residents. The battle and massacre is commemorated each year by the Wyoming Commemorative Association, a local non-profit organization, which holds a ceremony on the grounds of the monument dedicated to the battle. The Wyoming Monument is the site of a mass grave containing the bones of many of the victims of the battle and massacre. The commemorative ceremonies began in 1878,


title: "American Jews" content: A 2003 Harris Poll found that 16% of American Jews go to the synagogue at least once a month, 42% go less frequently but at least once a year, and 42% go less frequently than once a year. The survey found that of the 4.3 million strongly connected Jews, 46% belong to a synagogue. Among those households who belong to a synagogue, 38% are members of Reform synagogues, 33% Conservative, 22% Orthodox, 2% Reconstructionist, and 5% other types. Traditionally, Sephardic and Mizrahis do not have different branches (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, etc.) but usually remain observant and religious. The survey discovered


title: "North Waziristan" content: Land revenue administration in some parts of the agency is carried on exactly on the same lines as in the settled districts of Pakistan. The Frontier Crimes Regulation is applicable in this area. Cases occurring in the unprotected area are decided by the tribes themselves through their elders who are known as Maliks and Motabars. The Maliki system introduced by British government was the same in North Waziristan Agency as functioning in other FATA. Maliks use to work like a medium between administration and the Qaum or tribe. A Maliki is hereditary and devolves on the son and his son


title: Suzerainty content: through the princes, the colonial State turned the population of India into 'subjects' rather than citizens. The Government of India Act of 1935 envisaged that India would be a federation of autonomous provinces balanced by Indian princely states. However, this plan never came to fruition. The political conditions were oppressive in several princely states giving rise to political movements. Under pressure from Gandhi, the Indian National Congress resolved not to interfere directly but called on the princes to increase civil liberties and reduce their own privileges. With the impending independence of India in 1947, the Viceroy Lord Mountbatten announced that


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: Albert Bridge, London Albert Bridge is a road bridge over the Tideway of the River Thames connecting Chelsea in Central London on the north, left bank to Battersea in South/South-West London. Designed and built by Rowland Mason Ordish in 1873 as an Ordish–Lefeuvre system modified cable-stayed bridge, it proved to be structurally unsound, so between 1884 and 1887 Sir Joseph Bazalgette incorporated some of the design elements of a suspension bridge. In 1973 the Greater London Council added two concrete piers, which transformed the central span into a simple beam bridge. As a result, today the bridge is an unusual


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: hybrid of three different design styles. It is an English Heritage Grade II* listed building. Built as a toll bridge, it was commercially unsuccessful. Six years after its opening it was taken into public ownership and the tolls were lifted. The tollbooths remained in place and are the only surviving examples of bridge tollbooths in London. Nicknamed "The Trembling Lady" because of its tendency to vibrate when large numbers of people walked over it, the bridge has signs at its entrances that warn troops to break step whilst crossing the bridge. Incorporating a roadway only wide, and with serious structural


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: weaknesses, the bridge was ill-equipped to cope with the advent of the motor vehicle during the 20th century. Despite many calls for its demolition or pedestrianisation, Albert Bridge has remained open to vehicles throughout its existence, other than for brief spells during repairs. It is one of only two Thames road bridges in central London never to have been replaced (the other is Tower Bridge). The strengthening work carried out by Bazalgette and the Greater London Council did not prevent further deterioration of the bridge's structure. A series of increasingly strict traffic control measures have been introduced to limit its


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: use and thus prolong its life. As a result, it is the second-least busy Thames road bridge in London; only Southwark Bridge carries less traffic. In 1992, Albert Bridge was rewired and painted in an unusual colour scheme designed to make it more conspicuous in poor visibility, and avoid being damaged by ships. At night it is illuminated by 4,000 LEDs adding to its status as a landmark. The historic industrial town of Chelsea on the north bank of the River Thames about west of Westminster, and the rich farming village of Battersea, facing Chelsea on the south bank, were


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: linked by the modest wooden Battersea Bridge in 1771. In 1842 the Commission of Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues recommended the construction of an embankment at Chelsea to free land for development, and proposed a new bridge downstream of Battersea Bridge, and the replacement of the latter by a more modern structure. Work on the Victoria Bridge (later renamed Chelsea Bridge), a short distance downstream of Battersea Bridge, began in 1851 and was completed in 1858, with work on the Chelsea Embankment beginning in 1862. Meanwhile, the proposal to demolish Battersea Bridge was abandoned. The wooden Battersea Bridge had become


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: dilapidated by the mid-19th century. It had grown unpopular and was considered unsafe. The newer Victoria Bridge, meanwhile, suffered severe congestion. In 1860, Prince Albert suggested that a new tollbridge built between the two existing bridges would be profitable, and in the early 1860s, the Albert Bridge Company was formed with the aim of building this new crossing. A proposal put forward in 1863 was blocked by strong opposition from the operators of Battersea Bridge, which was less than from the proposed site of the new bridge and whose owners were consequently concerned over potential loss of custom. A compromise


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: was reached, and in 1864 a new Act of Parliament was passed, authorising the new bridge on condition that it was completed within five years. The Act compelled the Albert Bridge Company to purchase Battersea Bridge once the new bridge opened, and to compensate its owners by paying them £3,000 per annum (about £ in 2019) in the interim. Rowland Mason Ordish was appointed to design the new bridge. Ordish was a leading architectural engineer who had worked on the Royal Albert Hall, St Pancras railway station, the Crystal Palace and Holborn Viaduct. The bridge was built using the Ordish–Lefeuvre


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: system, an early form of cable-stayed bridge design which Ordish had patented in 1858. Ordish's design resembled a conventional suspension bridge in employing a parabolic cable to support the centre of the bridge, but differed in its use of 32 inclined stays to support the remainder of the load. Each stay consisted of a flat wrought iron bar attached to the bridge deck, and a wire rope composed of 1,000 diameter wires joining the wrought iron bar to one of the four octagonal support columns. Although authorised in 1864, work on the bridge was delayed by negotiations over the proposed


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: Chelsea Embankment, since the bridge's design could not be completed until the exact layout of the new roads being built on the north bank of the river had been agreed. While plans for the Chelsea Embankment were debated, Ordish built the Franz Joseph Bridge over the Vltava in Prague to the same design as that intended for the Albert Bridge. In 1869, the time allowed by the 1864 Act to build the bridge expired. Delays caused by the Chelsea Embankment project meant that work on the bridge had not even begun, and a new Act of Parliament was required to


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: extend the time limit. Construction finally got underway in 1870, and it was anticipated that the bridge would be completed in about a year, at a cost of £70,000 (about £ in 2019). In the event, the project ran for over three years, and the final bill came to £200,000 (about £ in 2019). It was intended to open the bridge and the Chelsea Embankment in a joint ceremony in 1874, but the Albert Bridge Company was keen to start recouping the substantially higher than expected costs, and the bridge opened without any formal ceremony on 23 August 1873, almost


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: ten years after its authorisation. As the law demanded, the Albert Bridge Company then bought Battersea Bridge. Ordish's bridge was wide and long, with a central span. The deck was supported by 32 rigid steel rods suspended from four octagonal cast iron towers, with the towers resting on cast iron piers. The four piers were cast at Battersea and floated down the river into position, at which time they were filled with concrete; at the time they were the largest castings ever made. Unlike most other suspension bridges of the time, the towers were positioned outside the bridge to avoid


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: causing any obstruction to the roadway. At each entrance was a pair of tollbooths with a bar between them, to prevent people entering the bridge without paying. The bridge acquired the nickname of "The Trembling Lady" because of its tendency to vibrate, particularly when used by troops from the nearby Chelsea Barracks. Concerns about the risks of mechanical resonance effects on suspension bridges, following the 1831 collapse of the Broughton Suspension Bridge and the 1850 collapse of Angers Bridge, led to notices being placed at the entrances warning troops to break step (i.e. not to march in rhythm) when crossing


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: the bridge; Although the barracks closed in 2008, the warning signs are still in place. Albert Bridge was catastrophically unsuccessful financially. By the time the new bridge opened, the Albert Bridge Company had been paying compensation to the Battersea Bridge Company for nine years, and on completion of the new bridge became liable for the costs of repairing the by then dilapidated and dangerous structure. The cost of subsidising Battersea Bridge drained funds intended for the building of wide approach roads, making the bridge difficult to reach. It was located slightly further from central London than neighbouring Victoria (Chelsea) Bridge,


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: and demand for the new bridge was less than expected. In the first nine months of its operation £2,085 (about £ in 2019) were taken in tolls. In 1877 the Metropolis Toll Bridges Act was passed, which allowed the Metropolitan Board of Works to buy all London bridges between Hammersmith and Waterloo bridges and free them from tolls. In 1879, Albert Bridge, which had cost £200,000 to build, was bought by the Board of Works along with Battersea Bridge for a combined price of £170,000 (about £ in 2019). The tolls were removed from both bridges on 24 May 1879,


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: but the octagonal tollbooths were left in place, and today are the only surviving bridge tollbooths in London. In 1884 the Board of Works' Chief Engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette conducted an inspection of the bridge and found that the iron rods were already showing serious signs of corrosion. Over the next three years the staying rods were augmented with steel chains, giving it an appearance more closely resembling a conventional suspension bridge, and a new timber deck was laid, at a total cost of £25,000 (about £ in 2019). Despite these improvements, Bazalgette was still concerned about its structural integrity


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: and a weight limit of five tons was imposed on vehicles using the bridge. With a roadway only wide and subject to weight restrictions from early on, Albert Bridge was ill-suited to the advent of motorised transport in the 20th century. In 1926 the Royal Commission on Cross-River Traffic recommended demolition and rebuilding of the bridge to carry four lanes of traffic, but the plan was not carried out because of a shortage of funds in the Great Depression. It continued to deteriorate, and in 1935 the weight limit was reduced to two tons. Because of its ongoing structural weaknesses,


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: in 1957 the London County Council proposed replacing Albert Bridge with a more conventional design. A protest campaign led by John Betjeman resulted in the withdrawal of the proposal, but serious concerns about the integrity of the bridge continued. In 1964 an experimental tidal flow scheme was introduced, in which only northbound traffic was permitted to use the bridge in the mornings and southbound traffic in the evenings. The bridge's condition continued to deteriorate however, and in 1970 the Greater London Council (GLC) sought and obtained consent to carry out strengthening work. In April 1972 the bridge was closed for


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: the work to be carried out. The GLC's solution entailed adding two concrete piers in the middle of the river to support the central span and thus transform the bridge's central section into a beam bridge. The bridge's main girder was also strengthened, and a lightweight replacement deck was laid. The modifications were intended to be a stopgap measure to extend the bridge's life by five years while a replacement was being considered; in the GLC's estimation the work would last for a maximum of 30 years, but the bridge would need to be either closed or replaced well before


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: then. In early 1973, the "Architectural Review" submitted a proposal to convert Albert Bridge into a landscaped public park and pedestrian footpath across the river. The proposal proved very popular with the area's residents, and a May 1973 campaign led by John Betjeman, Sybil Thorndike and Laurie Lee raised a petition of 2,000 signatures for the bridge to be permanently closed to traffic. Although the GLC reopened the bridge to traffic in July 1973, it also announced its intention to proceed with the "Architectural Review" scheme once legal matters had been dealt with. The Royal Automobile Club campaigned vigorously against


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: the pedestrianisation proposal. A publicity campaign fronted by actress Diana Dors in favour of reopening the bridge was launched, whilst a lobbying group of local residents led by poet Robert Graves campaigned in support of the GLC's plan. Graves's campaign collected over a thousand signatures in support, but was vigorously attacked by the British Road Federation, who derided the apparent evidence of public support for the scheme as "sending a lot of students around to council flats [where] most people will sign anything without knowing what it is all about". A public enquiry of 1974 recommended that the bridge remain


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: open to avoid congestion on neighbouring bridges, and it remained open to traffic with the tidal flow and 2-ton weight limit in place. In 1990, the tidal flow system was abandoned and Albert Bridge was converted back to two-way traffic. A traffic island was installed on the south end of the bridge to prevent larger vehicles from using it. In the early years of the 21st century the Chelsea area experienced a growth in the popularity of large four-wheel drive cars (so-called Chelsea tractors), many of which were over the two-ton weight limit; it was estimated that one third of


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: all vehicles using the bridge were over the weight limit. In July 2006 the wide roadway was narrowed to a single lane in each direction to reduce the load. Red and white plastic barriers have been erected along the roadway in an effort to protect the structure from damage by cars. Between 1905 and 1981, Albert Bridge was painted uniformly green; in 1981 it was repainted yellow. In 1992 it was redecorated and rewired. This has added to its status as a London landmark. The bridge is painted in pink, blue and green to increase visibility in fog and murky


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: light and thus to reduce the risks of ships colliding with the fragile structure during the day. At night, a network of 4,000 low-voltage tungsten-halogen bulbs illuminated the bridge. In 1993 the innovative use of long-life low-energy lighting was commended by Mary Archer, at the time Chairwoman of the National Energy Foundation. Except for Tower Bridge, built in 1894, Albert Bridge is the only Thames road bridge in central London never to have been replaced. Intended as a temporary measure to be removed in 1978, the concrete central piers remain in place, and although in 1974 its lifespan was estimated


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: at a maximum of 30 years, the bridge is still standing and operational. The Albert Bridge was protected as a Grade II* listed structure in 1975, granting it protection against significant alteration without consultation. It continues to deteriorate. Although proposals have been drawn up by Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council to repair and rescue it, by March 2008 funds for the repairs were unavailable. As well as structural damage caused by traffic, the timbers underpinning the deck were being seriously rotted by the urine of dogs crossing to and from nearby Battersea Park. With multiple measures in place to


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: reduce traffic flow and prolong the life of the bridge, in 2009 it carried approximately 19,000 vehicles per day, the lowest usage of any Thames road bridge in London other than the little-used Southwark Bridge. The bridge was closed to motor vehicles on 15 February 2010 for refurbishment and strengthening. It was originally expected to remain closed for approximately 18 months, but after the condition of the bridge was found to be worse than expected, it was closed for 22 months. All of the timber in the decking as well as the footway that had rotted away were replaced, with


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: additional timber added for strengthening. Surfaces at the carriageway and pavement decking were replaced. New steel structures were added to strengthen the bridge. All the lightbulbs were changed to more energy-efficient ones. The tollbooths were refurbished. All twelve layers of paint were stripped down until the bare metal was exposed, which was repaired and treated before three new coats of paint were added. The whole project cost £7.2 million of which the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea provided 25% of the cost and the other 75% was provided by Transport for London. It re-opened on 2 December 2011, when


title: "Albert Bridge, London" content: two dogs named Prince and Albert, from nearby Battersea Dogs and Cats Home, walked across the bridge to open it officially. All of the Grade II features were retained. Bibliography Albert Bridge, London Albert Bridge is a road bridge over the Tideway of the River Thames connecting Chelsea in Central London on the north, left bank to Battersea in South/South-West London. Designed and built by Rowland Mason Ordish in 1873 as an Ordish–Lefeuvre system modified cable-stayed bridge, it proved to be structurally unsound, so between 1884 and 1887 Sir Joseph Bazalgette incorporated some of the design elements of a suspension


title: "John's first expedition to Ireland" content: father Henry granted the office of justiciar to the Baron John de Courcy, who had massive influence in Ulster. In 1186 Hugh De Lacy was assassinated by an Irishman and plans were made to send John back to Ireland. However, the death of his brother, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, in France cancelled these plans and John did not return to Ireland until his second expedition in 1210. The expedition has attracted much historical debate due to the lack of government records available and the subsequent reliance on sources such as the Irish Annals and the writings of Gerald. John's


title: "Bobby Jindal" content: Party endorsed him in the primary although Mike Rogers, also a Republican, was running for the same seat. The 1st District has been in Republican hands since a 1977 special election and is widely considered to be staunchly conservative. Jindal's campaign was able to raise over $1 million very early in the campaign, making it harder for other candidates to effectively raise funds to oppose him. He won the 2004 election with 78 percent of the vote. Jindal was only the second Indian-American to be elected to the United States Congress, after Dalip Singh Saund was elected in November 1955.


title: "Log house" content: rain storms on the drying process. Once the logs have dried for the desired length of time, they are profiled prior to shipping. Profiling usually does not take place until shortly before shipment, to ensure that the logs stay as uniform as possible. It is uncertain whether this process is advantageous; it depends on many factors such as local climate, wood species, its size, and the location of the log structure. Mills that have a kiln on site have the option of artificially accelerating the drying process. Green timber is placed inside a large oven, where heat removes moisture from


title: "Royal Bhutan Army" content: train cadres, store equipment and launch attacks on targets in India. The Bhutanese government became aware of their presence in 1996, and from 1997 the issue was regularly discussed in the National Assembly. The Government of India began exerting diplomatic pressure on the Royal Government to remove the militant presence and offered to conduct joint military operations with Bhutan against the militants. The Royal Government, preferring a peaceful solution, declined the offer and instead initiated dialogue with the militant groups in 1998. By December 2003 negotiations had failed to produce any agreement and the Royal Government, unable to tolerate the


title: "Eugène Maës" content: Eugène Maës Eugène Maës (15 September 1890 – 30 March 1945) was a French footballer. A young prodigy of the Lost Generation, Maës is the first true goalscorer for the French national team. With a great combat injury during World War I which obliged him to retire from professional football, Maës would certainly have been one of the best players for the tricolors, because in less than two years of his international career, he scored 15 goals in just 11 caps. His most glorious day remains March 17, 1912 in Turin, where, against Italy, after having arrived at 5 A.M.,


title: Heteromeles content: Heteromeles Heteromeles arbutifolia (; more commonly by Californian botanists), commonly known as toyon, is a common perennial shrub native to extreme southwest Oregon, California, Baja California, and British Columbia. It is the sole species in the genus Heteromeles. Toyon is a prominent component of the coastal sage scrub plant community, and is a part of drought-adapted chaparral and mixed oak woodland habitats. It is also known by the common names Christmas berry and California holly. Accordingly, the abundance of toyon in the hills above Los Angeles gave rise to the name Hollywood. Toyon typically grows from 2–5 m (rarely up


title: Heteromeles content: to 10 m in shaded conditions) and has a rounded to irregular top. Its leaves are evergreen, alternate, sharply toothed, have short petioles, and are 5–10 cm in length and 2–4 cm wide. In the early summer it produces small white flowers 6–10 mm diameter in dense terminal corymbs. Flowering peaks in June The five petals are rounded. The fruit is a small pome, 5–10 mm across, bright red and berry-like, produced in large quantities, maturing in the fall and persisting well into the winter. Toyon can be grown in domestic gardens in well-drained soil, and is cultivated as an


title: Heteromeles content: ornamental plant as far north as Southern England. It can survive temperatures as low as -12 °C. In winter, the bright red pomes (which birds often eat voraciously) are showy. Like many other genera in the Rosaceae tribe Maleae, toyon includes some cultivars that are susceptible to fireblight. It survives on little water, making it suitable for xeriscape gardening, and is less of a fire hazard than some chaparral plants. They are visited by butterflies, and have a mild, hawthorn-like scent. The fruit are consumed by birds, including mockingbirds, American robins, cedar waxwings and hermit thrushes. Mammals including coyotes and


title: Heteromeles content: bears also eat and disperse the pomes. The pomes provided food for local Native American tribes, such as the Chumash, Tongva, and Tataviam. The pomes also can be made into a jelly. Native Americans also made a tea from the leaves as a stomach remedy. Most were dried and stored, then later cooked into porridge or pancakes. Later settlers added sugar to make custard and wine. Toyon pomes are acidic and astringent, and contain a small amount of cyanogenic glycosides, which break down into hydrocyanic acid on digestion. This is removed by mild cooking. Some pomes, though mealy, astringent and


title: Heteromeles content: acid when raw, were eaten fresh, or mashed into water to make a beverage. In the 1920s, collecting toyon branches for Christmas became so popular in Los Angeles that the State of California passed a law forbidding collecting on public land or on any land not owned by the person picking any plant without the landowner's written permission (CA Penal Code § 384a). Toyon was adopted as the official native plant of the city of Los Angeles by the LA City Council on April 17, 2012. The genera "Photinia", "Aronia", "Pourthiaea", and "Stranvaesia" have historically been variously combined by different


title: Heteromeles content: taxonomists. The genus "Heteromeles" as originally published by Max Joseph Roemer was monospecific, including "Photinia arbutifolia" Lindl. (1820), as "H. arbutifolia" (Lindl.) M. Roem, but the name was illegitimate (superfluous) because it included the type of the genus "Photinia". This has since been corrected by conservation, and the name is therefore often written as "Heteromeles" M. Roem. "nom. cons." (1847). Heteromeles Heteromeles arbutifolia (; more commonly by Californian botanists), commonly known as toyon, is a common perennial shrub native to extreme southwest Oregon, California, Baja California, and British Columbia. It is the sole species in the genus Heteromeles. Toyon is


title: Anstruther content: and intermarried with the locals. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the town was home to The Beggar's Benison, a gentleman's club devoted to "the convivial celebration of male sexuality". By the 19th century, Anstruther-Easter, Anstruther-Wester, and Kilrenny were all separate royal and parliamentary boroughs. Anstruther-Easter held tanning, shipbuilding, and fish-curing establishments, as well as a coasting trade. In 1871, the royal burgh of Anstruther-Easter had a population of 1169; the parliamentary burgh, 1289. Anstruther-Wester held 484. The Board of Fisheries constructed a new harbour in the 1870s, completed by 1877 at a cost of £80,000. By the First World


title: "Bride and Prejudice" content: in London, Jaya calls Kiran and she invites her for tea. Jaya is excited to see Balraj, but when they go see Kiran, he is not there. He is in New York with his parents because they had traveled to the United States to meet a couple of girls that they wanted him to meet there. Jaya is crushed. At the airport on their way to the wedding, Lalita, Jaya and Mrs. Bakshi run into Darcy. He offers his first-class seat to Mrs. Bakshi so he can sit next to Lalita for the next 10 hours and 55 minutes. While


title: "1992 Formula One World Championship" content: problem & put him out straight away. Mansell attacked and passed Senna at the end of the second lap with Patrese following suit. Then it began to rain and almost everybody pitted for wets. Senna stayed out in the hope that the rain would stop but it did not. He pitted late and rejoined down in 12th as Alesi went out with a puncture after colliding with Mansell at La Source. The order was: Mansell, Patrese, Schumacher, Brundle, Häkkinen and Boutsen. Capelli suffered a dramatic engine failure on lap 26 as he went straight off into the gravel trap at


title: "1989 Formula One World Championship" content: 2nd consecutive race, although it was Jonathan Palmer that earned the point for them in Portugal. The new Williamses, however, suffered near-simultaneous and identical motor blow-outs. Up until then they looked promising. Senna kept the Championship alive in Spain by taking pole position and leading throughout, beating Berger by almost half a minute at the Jerez circuit near Seville. Prost drove a cautious race and finished third, dropping more points, but it meant that Senna had to win both remaining races to have any chance of beating the Frenchman to the title. Meanwhile, Alesi scored another strong fourth place for