title: Soluntum content: is only slightly and occasionally mentioned by Cicero. But it is still noticed both by Pliny and Ptolemy, where the name is corruptly written ), as well as at a later period by the Itineraries, which place it 12 miles from Panormus and 12 from Thermae (modern Termini Imerese). Soluntum minted coins in antiquity. It is probable that its complete destruction dates from the time of the Saracens. Excavations have brought to light considerable remains of the ancient town, belonging entirely to the Roman period, and a good deal still remains unexplored. The traces of two ancient roads, paved with


title: "Port Macquarie-Hastings Council" content: Port Macquarie-Hastings Council Port Macquarie-Hastings Council is a local government area in the mid north coast region of New South Wales, Australia. The area is located adjacent to the Hastings River, the Pacific Highway, the Oxley Highway and the North Coast railway line. Major population centres in the local government area are Port Macquarie, Camden Haven, Wauchope, Lake Cathie and Kendall. The Mayor of the Port Macquarie-Hastings Council since 4 August 2017 is Cr. Peta Pinson, an independent politician. Towns and localities in the Port Macquarie-Hastings Council are: At the 2011 Census, there were people in the Port Macquarie-Hastings local


title: "Humanitarian intervention" content: undertake humanitarian intervention, it would have been too late to make a meaningful intervention which should have prevented mass homicide in the concerned country. These two well-known standards for humanitarian intervention do not resolve the states’ trade-offs between moral responsibilities and potential costs. Furthermore, intervention without a viable plan and workable strategy could threaten the states’ obligation to their own people. It should also be considered, that sometimes humanitarian intervention only results in open-ended chaos in the country without meaningful progress. The understanding of what constitutes threats to international peace has been radically broadened since the 1990s to include such


title: "Joseph Payne Brennan" content: Convention) include all the stories in the series. Stefan Dziemianowicz has pointed out how Leffing's status as a psychic detective changed over time: "Leffing began life as a psychic detective, but after his third escapade, Brennan felt compelled to minimize the supernatural content of the stories to ensure their acceptance in the mystery/detective magazines. With the revival of the horror market in the 1980s, Leffing turned ghostbuster once again - a career move that mirrors Brennan's own resurrection in the horror mainstream following his years of exile in the small press". Frank Belknap Long explains that while there had been


title: "Super Adventure Rockman" content: stop Dr. Wily before it's too late. The game alternates between animated cut scenes, making decisions from a list of text options, and fighting in a first-person shooter mode. "Mega Man" artist and producer Keiji Inafune claimed that "Super Adventure Rockman" was developed during a time when Capcom was attempting to branch out the series by "selling [it] to the lowest bidder". Although he had little involvement in the game, he was assigned to finish it after the project leader suddenly quit towards its completion. Inafune exclaimed, "The ultimate unspoken rule about making a game that is geared towards children


title: Opistognathidae content: Opistognathidae Opistognathidae, the jawfishes, are a family of fishes which have been classified within the order Perciformes, suborder Percoidei but many authorities now classify this family within the clade Ovalentaria and consider that its affinities within that clade are uncertain, i.e. it is "incertae sedis". The family includes about 80 species. They are native to warmer parts of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, where found from the shallows to depths of a few hundred meters. The species level taxonomy is complex and the family includes several undescribed species. Physically similar to blennies, most jawfish species are small fish (up


title: Opistognathidae content: to ) with an elongated body plan. A few species, for example the aptly named giant jawfish ("O. rhomaleus"), reaches about . Their heads, mouths, and eyes are large in size relative to the rest of their bodies. Jawfishes possess a single, long dorsal fin with 9-12 spines and a caudal fin that can be either rounded or pointed. Jawfishes typically reside in burrows they construct in sandy substrate. They will stuff their mouths with sand and spit it out elsewhere, slowly creating a tunnel. Using the protection of these burrows, these fish will hover, feeding on plankton or other


title: Opistognathidae content: small organisms, ready to dart back in at the first sign of danger. They are territorial of the area around their burrows. With the exception of the Blue-Spotted Jawfish "O. rosenblatti", Jawfishes are mouthbrooders, meaning their eggs hatch in their mouths, where the newborn fry are protected from predators. The gestation period varies between species. Gold-specs jawfish ("Opistognathus randalli") typically keep their clutch of eggs for 8–10 days before hatching. The following four genera are classified under the family: Opistognathidae Opistognathidae, the jawfishes, are a family of fishes which have been classified within the order Perciformes, suborder Percoidei but many


title: "Hyderabadi Muslims" content: practices are still popular, namely Marfa, and Dholak ke Geet. Marfa was brought by the Siddi and Chaush peoples, of Africa and Yemen, who were deployed in the army of the Nizams. This music, is accompanied by the beating drums of a great tradition, which were once popular in national celebrations of the dissolved Hyderabad state, is still popular among Hyderabadi Muslims in weddings. "Dholak ke geet" is also one such great tradition. "Dholak ke geet" are songs, that have been orally passed down from generation to generation since the time of the Nizams, and is sung at weddings, accompanied


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Sydney Town Hall The Sydney Town Hall is a late 19th-century heritage-listed town hall building in the city of Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, Australia, housing the chambers of the Lord Mayor of Sydney, council offices, and venues for meetings and functions. It is located at 483 George Street, in the Sydney central business district opposite the Queen Victoria Building and alongside St Andrew's Cathedral. Sited above the Town Hall station and between the city shopping and entertainment precincts, the steps of the Town Hall are a popular meeting place. It was designed by John H. Wilson,


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Edward Bell, Albert Bond, Thomas Sapsford, John Hennessy and George McRae and built from 1869 to 1889 by Kelly and McLeod, Smith and Bennett, McLeod and Noble, J. Stewart and Co. It is also known as Town Hall, Centennial Hall, Main Hall, Peace Hall, Great Hall and Old Burial Ground. The Town Hall is listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate and the New South Wales State Heritage Register and is part of the heritage-listed Town Hall precinct which includes the Queen Victoria Building, St Andrew's Cathedral, the Gresham Hotel and the former Bank of New South


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Wales. In latter years, it has been discovered that Town Hall lies on top of part of a cemetery complex. Renovations were undertaken in 2008-9 primarily to upgrade the mechanical, hydraulic, electrical and communication services within the building. The renovations, completed by Sydney builder Kell & Rigby, included removing of sandstone from underneath the building. The Sydney Town Hall is built within the former Old Sydney Burial Ground. The cemetery was Sydney's first permanent cemetery and it is estimated that at least 2,000 burials were made in the Old Sydney Burial Ground between 1782 and 1820. The cemetery boundary originally


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: extended into George Street and up to the southern side of Druitt Street. The cemetery was Sydney's first permanent cemetery, burials previously being reported in land adjacent to the Military Barracks and in the Rocks. The cemetery was set out in September 1782 by Governor Phillip and the Reverend Richard Johnson on land that had belonged to Marine Captain Shea (buried there in 1789) and the first interments presumably took place from this time. More land was added on the northern and western sides of the cemetery in 1812. The cemetery was closed in 1820 when the Sandhills or Brickfield


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: cemetery (now Central railway station) was opened. The majority of the people who died in Sydney would have been buried there, convict and prominent citizen alike, unless they were buried on their own land. Certain parts of the cemetery were set aside for particular people or groups (ie. New South Wales Corps' area was near the Druitt and George Street Corner). After it closed in 1820 the state of the cemetery deteriorated so that in 1845 evidence was given to a committee inquiring into its future that most of the graves were no longer marked and that it would be


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: impossible to find them without clearing the land down to coffins. Notice was given in "The Sydney Morning Herald" that remains of the interred "so far as they can by reasonable search be discovered" would be reburied at Rockwood Cemetery. Since that time, works in the vicinity of the Town Hall regularly expose remains of graves. The City Corporation was formed in 1842 meeting in various temporary offices. They lobbied the NSW Government for a suitable site for many years and were eventually granted the Old Burial Ground, in the heart of the commercial district. The site was used as


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Sydney's official burial ground from 1792 to 1820. Graves ranged from paupers unmarked burials to elaborate tombs and vaults. Vandalism of the site is described in the 1840s to 1860s and some tombstones were used in footpaths. When the site was developed for the Town Hall remains that where disturbed where reintered in a memorial in Rookwood Cemetery. Where graves were not disturbed they were left untouched. The construction of Sydney Town Hall commenced in 1869, and it was designed to be a symbol of the wealth and status of the city. The building was constructed in two stages, Stage


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: I: 1868 - 1878 and Stage II: the Main Hall, 1885 - 1890. The Town Hall design was the result of a competition, won by J. H. Willson. The Second Empire style design (including four eastern pavilions, clock tower, vestibule, reception room and Council Chamber) was modified by the City Engineer to reduce the cost. Following Willson's death Stage I was completed by successive City Architects. The design and construction were associated with intense political and personal battles. In 1875 council occupied the incomplete building in temporary offices on the lower floor. Discussion continued about Stage II, including a report


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: by McBeath in 1878 with costs for the foundations. These proceeded in 1880 but were faulty and work halted. The building was extended from 1884-86 with construction of Centennial Hall to the west. In 1881 Stage II was redesigned by Thomas Sapsford, City Architect, assisted by John Hennessy, and after Sapsford's death was completed under the supervision of George McRae, City Architect. The new design featured a wider hall and curved corridors. The new foundation stone was laid by Lady Mayoress Lizzie Harris in 1883 and the contract for the superstructure was let in 1885. John Harris was mayor five


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: times from 1875 to 1900. The completion was delayed waiting for roof girders from England and was finally opened in 1889. Electric lighting was used from the start produced by an engine on site. The practice of inscribing names in the building continued in the form of plaques, tablets and bronze medallions often unveiled by important public figures. From the late 1880s through the 1890s, Town Hall was significantly the site where a number of important meetings on the issue of Federation took place. Specifically, it was the venue for the formation and official launch of the Australasian Federation League,


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: the principle pro-federation organisation in NSW, in June and July 1893 respectively. The League also held its annual general and other meetings in the building and, on the eve of the second- and successful- federation referendum in June 1899, organised a massive public demonstration at the Hall in support of federation. The opponents of federation also used the Hall for important gatherings, such as the major public meeting organised by the Anti-Convention Bill League in April 1898 as the first major public exposition of its views. Redecoration and various additions and alterations took place in the late 19th and early


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: 20th century. In 1889 upgrading works included facing the stone treads of the north and south stairs with marble and redecoration of the front entrance and first floor chambers. Painting of the Main Hall was extensively debated and in 1903 proposals for colours were rejected and a scheme of "cream tones, flatted" was chosen. In 1890 the Mayor's private rooms, on the first floor in the north of the second stage, were grandly furnished by the Mayor. It was redecorated in 1906 for the Lady Mayoress with new openings between rooms in the Art Nouveau style. The rooms house some


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: of Town Hall's most precious items, including the "Vase de Remini". During World War I, the Town Hall displayed banners saying "Welcome" and "God Speed" and there was a controversy over hiring the hall to various groups and many tried to obtain bookings at charity rate. The Artists Ball in 1924 "got out of hand" and there was heightened debate over use. The Labor Party assumed control of Council in the mid 1920's but were sacked by the NSW Government who installed Commissioners in 1927. They answered criticism of the diffuculties of using the halls with a proposal to revamp


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: the place to enhance its letting value. "The Labour Daily" criticised the sacrifice of staff rooms. In 1929 blasting for the underground railway destabilised the port cochere to the east entrance and the Labour Daily called for its removal saying it was an afterthought for the aristocracy. In 1934 the current, more democratic, George Street stair and portico entrance commenced construction and the project incorporated works modernising Lower Town Hall. The additional columns in the Lower Town Hall may have been installed at this time. During World War II Town Hall took an active role in maintaining civilian morale and


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: safety. Areas were set aside for administration of National Emergency Services. The Lower Hall was altered to accommodate stretcher parties and there was an emergency battery. By 1948 letting of Town Hall to the Communist Party and similar organisation was banned. Up till the opening of the Sydney Opera House, Town Hall was the major venue for reception of guests to Sydney, including Royalty. Such visits were sometimes preceded by renovations to the building and accompanied by decorations with drapes and illuminations. In the 1950s and 1960s the hall was also the venue for naturalisation ceremonies and for mass vaccinations


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: and events promoting public health. In the 1970s the front steps became the saluting base for Vietnam marches and for demonstrations and subsequently witnessed demonstrations about the law and the Green Bans campaign. Sundry additions and alterations have taken place throughout the building in the late 20th century, including addition of a goods life servicing Centennial Hall and Lower Town Hall in 1978. In 1989 and 1990 the centenary of the main hall, and Council's sesquicentenary were celebrated and resulted in the restoration of the main public spaces and the east facade. Substantial restoration and redecoration works took place in


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: the early 1990s. In 2000, Olympic and Paralympic ceremonial events took place at Sydney Town Hall. A major upgrade of essential services was undertaken in 2009-10. The Town Hall was built from local Sydney sandstone in the grand Victorian Second Empire style, inspired by the French Second Empire Hotel de Ville in Paris. The Town Hall has been described as having "lavishly ornamented composition with focal tower and fanciful roofs". The building consists of the original Town Hall, mayoral suites and town clerk's offices. These were designed by J. H. Wilson in 1866, having won a civic competition to design


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: a town hall for the rapidly-growing city. Construction of his initial designs were completed under the architectural direction of Albert Bond in 1869. Wilson also designed the interior of the original Town Hall meeting room. The clock tower was completed in 1873 to the design of E. and T. Bradbridge and whose clock was installed in 1884. The Centennial Hall and associated offices and entrances were designed by Thomas H. Sapsford in 1883, but after his death were completed by architects David McBeath, John Hennessy and George McRae in 1889. Sydney Town Hall is a monumental brick and stone structure.


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: The building houses the Sydney City Council Chamber, reception rooms, the Centennial Hall and offices for the Lord Mayor and elected councillors. It is on four levels referred to as Lower Ground, Ground, First and Second floors and there are some intermediate levels in the area of the stage and organ. The building was built in two main stages the first being the vestibule and offices (1869-1880) and the second being the two halls (1880-1889). On the lowest level of the second stage is the Lower Town Hall, main north and south stairs (which extend to the first floor), corridors,


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: backstage facilities, north and south entrances, and ancillary spaces. The north corridor links via the enclosed colonnade to Town Hall House to the west. On the lowest level of the first stage, which is about a metre higher, are vaults in the centre, corridors and offices around the outside. On the ground floor of the second stage is the Main Hall. This is the main space in the building and is three storeys high. At the west end is the stage and the organ which is under a proscenium arch and behind which are facilities for performers. There are galleries


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: on the other three sides accessed from the second floor with clerestory windows above. On the north and south sides are wide corridors, main stairs, entrances and rooms containing offices and toilets. The entrances open onto balconies and grand stairs leading to the street. The main space on the ground floor of the first stage is the Vestibule which is an elaborate two storey space topped by an oval shaped curved glass dome. The vestibule has wide corridors on three sides and around the perimeter are rooms containing offices and some public spaces. Centrally located on the eastern side is


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: the octagonal entrance foyer over which is the clock tower. This leads off the main entrance to the building, the George Street stair. The Grand Stair is to the north of the foyer and includes a passenger lift. The Centennial Hall contains the Grand Organ, the world's largest pipe organ with tubular pneumatic action, built from 1886 to 1889 and installed in 1890 by the English firm of William Hill & Son. The organ possesses one of only two full-length 64′ organ stops in the world (the Contra-Trombone in the pedal). Before the opening of the Sydney Opera House and


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: its Concert Hall, the Town Hall was Sydney's premier concert hall, and many notable performances took place there. On the first floor in the second stage are the corridors servicing the galleries in the Main Hall, the north and south stairs, rooms containing offices and toilets. In the backstage area are performers facilities and there are links on each side to Town Hall House which is west of the Town Hall. On the first floor in the first stage, on either side of the upper portion of the vestibule are the main spaces on this level; the Council Chamber and


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: the Reception Room. A corridor to the east of the Vestibule serves these spaces and offices along the east of the building. The Grand Staircase ends at this level and a spiral stair under the clock tower leads to the second floor. The second floor is mainly in the first stage of the building and is offices and ancillary spaces. There are two main spaces on the north and south of the dome, linked by a corridor to rooms within the corner pavilions and to the lift, which continues to this level. Walkways on the roof provide access to storerooms


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: in the roofs of the pavilions over the North and South entrances. To the west of the Main Hall two spiral stairs give access to the roof. The spiral stair in the clock tower continues giving access to higher levels where the bell and the clock mechanism are located. The counterweights for the clock are located within the walls at each corner of the tower. Sydney Town Hall is a composite brick and stone construction. The external walls and elements such as the upper levels of the clock tower, balconies and colonnades, external stairs and roof top decoration are of


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Sydney "yellowblock" sandstone. Internal faces of walls and internal walls are rendered and/or plastered brick. The building is supported on brick and stone strip foundations or brick piers. The first stage mostly has timber floor structures and floors except for the corridors and the vaults. The second stage has concrete floors vaulted between steel beams, and has some timber floors. The floors are tile or timber over the structure. The roof structures of the first stage are timber with trusses spanning the two larger spaces. The nature of the structure supporting the vestibule dome and the adjacent rooms is not


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: known. The second stage utilises a steel roof structure with massive riveted steel girders spanning the main hall. Over these girders are wrought iron and steel trusses forming the pitched roof. The structure of the flat roof areas is concrete vaulted between steel beams. The domed pavilions have a steel structure. The roofing is slate to pitched roof areas, membrane to flat areas and corrugated steel to the curved roofed pavilions. Internally the walls and ceilings to important spaces are elaborately finished in plaster. There is a hierarchy of decorative treatments reflecting the importance and use of spaces. Less important


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: spaces are finished with render, sometimes lined to resemble stone. Fine timber joinery to windows and doors is cedar and there are many stained and leadlight glass windows to major spaces. The Town Hall was temporarily occupied in 1875 however the finishing of the ground floor rooms was not undertaken until 1878 and the finishing of the second floor rooms was undertaken to coincide with the opening of the Main Hall. The decoration of the ground floor chambers and corridors of the first stage was designed by David McBeath and the decoration of the Vestibule by Albert Bond. All of


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: these interiors exhibit a high level of ornament to all surfaces. The High Victorian interior of the Vestibule was finished in a variety of colours (at least forty) and surface finishes such as marbelling, faux sheen, waxing and graining as well as tinted plaster were employed (or specified). Sharp corners and crisp details were obtained through the use of Keene's Cement, a hard plaster which could be oiled and polished, coloured or painted. Polished plaster was also employed in the first floor rooms, such as the Reception Room and the corridors. One of the characteristic features of the decoration of


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: the first stage of the Town Hall is the use of embossed (or etched) glass. The milky design is actually raised and the polished sections recessed. The fanlights to the offices and the first floor windows into the Vestibule feature Australian flora and fauna as decorative motifs. This is one of the earliest known uses of the use of Australian motifs to decorate architectural elements. In addition symbolic decoration is employed. The High Victorian interiors went out of fashion quickly and the designers of the second stage, in particular John Hennessy, were influenced by the Aesthetic Movement. The first floor


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: chambers including the Council Chamber, the Finance Room, the Aldermen's refreshment room (now the Aldermen's WC's), the Reception Room, the Town Clerk's and the Lord Mayor's offices and the first floor corridor and Grand Staircase were redecorated between 1888 and 1890 with Aesthetic Movement style decorative schemes. The corridors and staircases of the second stage of the Town Hall were designed in a far less ornate manner. Throughout the corridors and the Main Hall the hard white plaster was given a polished finish. Doors were added, , to the Vestibule to separate it from the Main Hall. The rooms were


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: subsequently repainted many times in simple one colour schemes. The Sydney Town Hall still serves as an important presence and meeting place for the City of Sydney to this very day. The building itself regularly undergoes cleaning and restoration to preserve it for future generations. Additionally, it has been rendered with sustainability by improving energy efficiency, including smart light sensors, energy efficient lighting, new roofing insulation to moderate building temperature, solar panels, and new hydraulics and storm water infrastructure. As at 16 May 2003, The building is in excellent condition. As at 2003 maintenance is required to stonework on the


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: north, west and south facades. The site has exceptional archaeological potential because Town Hall is built within the former Old Sydney Burial Ground. The cemetery was Sydney's first permanent cemetery and it is estimated that at least 2000 burials were made in the Old Sydney Burial Ground between 1782 and 1820. The majority of the people who died in Sydney would have been buried there, convict and prominent citizen alike, unless they were buried on their own land. Certain parts of the cemetery were set aside for particular people or groups (ie. New South Wales Corps' area was near the


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Druitt and George Street Corner). After it closed in 1820 the state of the cemetery deteriorated so that in 1845 evidence was given to a committee inquiring into its future that most of the graves were no longer marked and that it would be impossible to find them without clearing the land down to coffins.Notice was given in the Sydney Morning Herald that remains of the interred "so far as they can by reasonable search be discovered" would be reburied at Rockwood Cemetery. Since that time, works in the vicinity of the Town Hall regularly expose remains of graves. Excavation


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: of services in the footpaths along George and Druitt Streets in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries found evidence of graves. Excavation for Town Hall railway station in 1929 exposed coffins and headstones. Several brick tombs were recorded in 1974 when the Town Hall arcade was being excavated. In 1991 works to Town Hall revealed a brick tomb and several graves so the potential for the proposed 2003 works to disturb graves of exceptional significance is considered to be high. Remains from the site have rare research potential for learning more about the health and well-being of the early


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: settlers. The Sydney Town Hall is largely intact. Most changes have been layers over the original construction and the stages of construction are evident in the fabric. The function of the place is an essential part of its integrity. It continues to be used for the purpose for which it was designed. There are numerous graves still intact below the existing foundations of Town Hall and within close vicinity of the site. There have been few modifications after the completion of the second stage of works associated with the Town Hall building. In 1906 a lift was added and the


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: main stair altered and the Lord Mayors private rooms were converted into the Lady Mayoress suite. In 1892 a port cochere was added to the front of the building. In 1934 the main entrance was remodelled with the demolition of the port cochere and replacement with a flight of steps. During WW2 the Lower Town Hall was altered with additional columns to strengthen the structure. In the 1970s Town Hall House was added to the rear, earlier offices demolished, a two storey wing added on Druitt Street, which involved the removal of part of the north stair, Sydney Square was


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: formed, earlier fences and gardens removed and pebblecrete paving layed around the building. In 1990 to 1992 a restoration program replaced some marble to the front stair and sandstone on the east facade, the vestibule and Main Hall were redecorated stormwater and sewage systems were upgraded and a protective roof installed over the Vestibule Dome. As at 2 June 2009, Sydney Town Hall is significant for its continuing use as the offices of the Council of the City of Sydney and as the city's civic and cultural centre. It is the centre of city politics and the place where decisions


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: are made about the city. Major civic events are celebrated here and the hall acts as the venue for major cultural events, benefit concerts and rituals. It has high social value for all sections of the community and is used regularly as the meeting place for political protests and rallies. The building with its clock tower and steps is a city landmark and symbol of the city, both historically and today. It is the most elaborate and exuberant work of Second Empire Style architecture in Australia featuring corner towers, domed pavilions, pedimented breakfront entries, a hierarchy of decorative orders, columned


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: and pedimented window treatment, venetian windows and elaborate decoration. It exhibits the highest level of craftsmanship, quality of materials and incorporates technological advances. Elaborate interiors exhibit fine design and craftsmanship. Decorative features of exceptional significance include the vestibule glass dome, the organ, mosaic floors, carved cedar joinery and carved sandstone and marble. It features the first known use of Australian motifs in the etched glass. Exceptional windows by Lucien Henry also feature Australian flora. The growth of the building reflects the growth and importance of the city. The development of the city coat of arms is also recorded in the


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: building fabric. The site and surrounding land has high historical and archaeological importance as it represents the location of the former Old Sydney Burial Ground. The cemetery was Sydney's first permanent cemetery, set out in September 1782 by Governor Phillip and the Reverend Richard Johnson. It was closed in 1820 when the Sandhills or Brickfield cemetery was opened. Works within Town Hall and its vicinity regularly expose remains of graves. As an archaeological resource, Old Sydney Burial Ground has high scientific research potential as it contains material culture related to a seminal phase of the nation's history. As a burial


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: ground which includes remains of some of the city's founding pioneers and one of Sydney's oldest European religious and ceremonial sites, the Old Sydney Burial Ground has outstanding social value to the people of Sydney and Australia. The Old Sydney Burial Ground is a site of State heritage significance. The place is associated with many important people including politicians, designers, artists as well as performers and community figures and names are recorded in the fabric. There are important associated collections of records and of items such as art works which enhance understanding of the place and research and educational value.


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Sydney Town Hall was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 5 March 2010 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. Sydney Town Hall is Sydney's first permanent town hall and continues to be used as the seat of the Lord Mayor and the Council, as a workplace, and a venue for community events and international artists. It is the place where decisions have been and are made about the physical and social character of Sydney. Its flamboyant design expressed


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Sydney's ambitions and was the result of a competition, which involved political interference and conflict. Successive generations of elected officials have influenced the building's historical evolution. The development of the city is demonstrated in the fabric of the building. The place and its associated records tell stories of historical development and controversy. Town Hall sits above Sydney's first permanent cemetery - the former Old Sydney Burial Ground. It is the oldest known site with insitu graves from the earliest period of European settlement and is of State significance. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history. The place is associated with the pre 1820 population of Sydney as the burial ground and human remains and monuments survive in situ. The majority of the people who died in Sydney would have been buried there, convict and prominent citizen alike, unless they were bruied on their own land. The building is associated with officials of the city council throughout its life and with its designers and builders, particularly with City Architects and Engineers. Its use means it is associated with royal and other


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: visitors and performers and names are recorded in plaques, in historic records and in people's memory and stories. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The building is a rare and representative example of High Victorian architecture and demonstrates excellence in design of its type and a high degree of craftsmanship and unity of materials. It is prominent in the city particularly in views on York and George Streets. It was a model for other buildings. Its major spaces largely retain their original decoration in High


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Victorian, Aesthetic and Art Nouveau styles and demonstrate changing taste in design. It contains high quality architectural glass, which features the deliberate and rare, early use of Australian motifs. The building uses symbolic decorative motifs related to its use. It features elaborately carved stonework and an elaborate roof scape with tower and domes. Internal doors have high relief carvings in cedar and walls and ceilings elaborate plaster and painted decoration. It has specially designed light fittings and massive pipe organ. It contains a collection of rare and valuable art works. The place has a strong or special association with a


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons. Town Hall is crucial to Sydney's sense of place and is used as a symbol of the city. It continues to be used as offices of the Council and is and integral part of city decision making. It continues to function as the site of important secular events: civic, cultural, ceremonial and public. The clock rings out the time and the front stairs are an important meeting point and ceremonial place. The spaces around the building are a political and social rallying point. Many Sydney


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: residents have strong personal associations with Sydney Town Hall. The site of the Old Sydney Burial ground (below Town Hall) is a site of fundamental importance to the social and urban fabric of early Sydney. It is one of Sydney's oldest European religious and ceremonial sites, having a very high level of social vlaue to the people of Sydney and Australia. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The site has exceptional archaeological potential because Town Hall is built within the former Old Sydney


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: Burial Ground. The cemetery was Sydney's first permanent cemetery and it is estimated that at least 2000 burials were made in the Old Sydney Burial Ground between 1782 and 1820. Any sub-surfac impacts within the Town Hall precinct may encounter remains of of the graves belonging to the Old Sydney Burial Ground. Evidence may also exist of the abandoned earlier footings allowing research into the design of the building. Building technological advances have the potential for research including the early large uninterrupted spaces, use of concrete for fireproof construction, the glass dome of unique construction, the design of the organ,


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: chandelier ignition and the birdcage lift. The extensive archival records add to the potential of the fabric for research. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. The building is rare as the most elaborate example of Second Empire style architecture in Australia. Rare features are the glass dome; Australia's first pressed metal ceiling, the largest pipe organ in Australia at the time of construction, various decorative features and technical advances in building construction. The continuing use of the place for the purposes for which it was designed is rare


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: along with the survival of the associated collections and archives. The surviving pre 1820 evidence of settlement, including the oldest known site with insitu graves is rare in NSW and Australia. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The building is a fine example of Second Empire style architecture and is outstanding because of its size and the high level of decorative elaboration. It demonstrates the peak achievements of a range of building trades. The character of the design demonstrates the historical ambitions and aspirations of


title: "Sydney Town Hall" content: the City Council and expresses a 19th Century vision for Sydney. The building and records demonstrate the operation of Council and political events in the city. Sydney Town Hall The Sydney Town Hall is a late 19th-century heritage-listed town hall building in the city of Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, Australia, housing the chambers of the Lord Mayor of Sydney, council offices, and venues for meetings and functions. It is located at 483 George Street, in the Sydney central business district opposite the Queen Victoria Building and alongside St Andrew's Cathedral. Sited above the Town Hall station


title: "Trams in Sydney" content: the Public Service of the Colony, and for other purposes. [16th November, 1896.]" – allocated 150,000 pounds for electrification of existing tramways and for electric rolling stock, and 130 500 pounds for construction of the George Street and Pyrmont electric lines. Loan Act of 1897 No 43: "An Act to authorise the raising of a Loan for the Public Service of the Colony, and for other purposes. [10th December, 1897.]" – allocated 20,000 pounds for additions to workshops and buildings, additions to tramway lines and rolling Stock, and for other purposes. Public Works Act 1900 No 26: "An Act to


title: "Anthony Kleanthous" content: of Cellnets' (now O2) largest distributors of mobile phones (NAG Telecom) and also bought Samsung Telecom when chairman of Service Direct UK PLC to form what was then the largest independent supplier and maintainer of telephone systems in the UK. Kleanthous has seen Barnet Football Club reach its furthest position in the FA Cup, League Cup and League Trophy as well as qualifying four times for the play offs. The relegation of the Club from the Football League was followed four years later by its promotion but the club needed a new modern home. He bought Barnet Cricket Club adjacent


title: "Ramond–Ramond field" content: quantized, G, and not the improved field strength, is quantized. As usual in p-form gauge theories, the form fields must obey the classical field equations and Bianchi identities. The former express the condition that variations of the action with respect to the various fields must be trivial. We will now restrict our attention to those field equations that come from the variation of the Ramond-Ramond (RR) fields, but in practice these need to be supplemented with the field equations coming from the variations of the Neveu-Schwarz B-field, the graviton, the dilaton and their superpartners the gravitinos and the dilatino. In


title: "Sonic the Hedgehog 2" content: version of the game for the Sega Master System and Game Gear was developed by Aspect. Though based on the original game of the same name, it is a distinct game, with different level designs and a different plot, and this version, unlike the 16-bit release, does not have the spin dash, which led it to being thought to be made before the Sega Genesis version. A remastered mobile port was released for iOS, Android, and Windows Phone devices on December 12, 2013. This version was developed from scratch by Christian "Taxman" Whitehead and Simon "Stealth" Thomley using the Retro


title: "1991 Pacific typhoon season" content: Tokyo region, one person was reported killed due to flooding. Though a great distance away the waves from Orchid and Typhoon Pat combined to produce tremendous waves resulting in the deaths of 2 people on Guam. Pat stayed at sea. Super Typhoon Ruth formed from a tropical disturbance the originated between Chuuk and Pohnpei, as the disturbance moved on a westerly path, a tropical depression formed on October 20. Tropical Storm Ruth was named on the 21st as the storm moved to the southwest of Guam and began to steadily intensity. Ruth reached typhoon strength on October 22 and became


title: "Menispermum canadense" content: Menispermum canadense Menispermum canadense, the Canadian moonseed, common moonseed, or yellow parilla, is a flowering plant in the family Menispermaceae, native to eastern North America, from southern Canada south to northern Florida, and from the Atlantic coast west to Manitoba and Texas. It occurs in thickets, moist woods, and the banks of streams. It is a woody climbing vine growing to 6 m tall. The leaves palmately lobed, 5–20 cm diameter with 3–7 shallow lobes, occasionally rounded and unlobed. The fruit are produced in 6–10 cm diameter clusters of purple-black berries, each berry is 1–1.5 cm in diameter. The seed


title: "Menispermum canadense" content: inside the berry resembles a crescent moon, and is responsible for the common name. The fruit is ripe between September and October, the same general time frame in which wild grapes are ripe. Both the leaves and fruit resemble those of grapes; confusion can be dangerous as Moonseed fruit is poisonous. The root is a rhizome, so one specimen can form colonies of genetically identical plants. All parts of these plants are known to be poisonous. The principal toxin is the alkaloid dauricine. The fruit of Canada Moonseed are poisonous and can be fatal. While foraging for wild grapes one


title: "Menispermum canadense" content: should examine the seeds of the fruit to make sure one is not eating moonseeds: moonseeds have a single crescent-shaped seed, while grapes have round seeds. Differences in taste should also be an indicator of whether or not a specimen is grape or Moonseed, moonseeds have a taste that is described as "rank". Also, the moonseed vine lacks tendrils, whilst the vine of the wild grape has forked tendrils. The Cherokee used Moonseed as a laxative, and as a gynecological and venereal aid. The root was used for skin diseases. The Lenape used it in a salve for sores on


title: "Menispermum canadense" content: the skin. It has been used for a variety of medicinal uses by Americans of European descent. Menispermum canadense Menispermum canadense, the Canadian moonseed, common moonseed, or yellow parilla, is a flowering plant in the family Menispermaceae, native to eastern North America, from southern Canada south to northern Florida, and from the Atlantic coast west to Manitoba and Texas. It occurs in thickets, moist woods, and the banks of streams. It is a woody climbing vine growing to 6 m tall. The leaves palmately lobed, 5–20 cm diameter with 3–7 shallow lobes, occasionally rounded and unlobed. The fruit are produced


title: "Timothy Hunter" content: to learn magic. However, he is blackmailed into taking Cyril with him: when Cyril gets his foot stuck in a train track, Tim makes no attempt to save him - and when he saves himself, Cyril makes off with all of Tim's instructions. With nowhere to go, Tim wanders aimlessly through the gateways between the worlds that the Other had forced open with his usurped power before ending up at the Inn Between the Worlds, using his mother's glamour stone to disguise himself as a girl called Mary. Living as Mary and working at the Inn, Tim becomes best friends


title: "Operation Last Chance" content: who had illegally sought and obtained refuge in the United States, John Kalymon. In 2007, as a result of prosecution by the Office of Special Investigations, U.S. Department of Justice, a Federal District Court stripped John Kalymon of his United States citizenship for falsifying his background on his immigration documents and naturalization papers. The District Court judge found that Kalymon had been a member of the Ukrainian auxiliary police and assisted the Nazis in the persecution of the Jewish population confined in the Lemberg ghetto until its liquidation in 1943. The Jewish population of Lemberg (Lwów, today Lviv, Ukraine) was


title: "Christopher Robert" content: in 1863. He died in Paris, France, on October 28, 1878. In 1898, Robert's son, Christopher, died of a gunshot wound. It was assumed that he committed suicide but there were some unexplained circumstances. Christopher had been a junior partner in his father's firm and had married Margaret McCrea in about 1860. She was the sister of Mary McCrea, wife of sugar refiner Robert L. Stuart. Christopher Robert Christopher Rhinelander Robert (23 March 1802 – 28 October 1878) was an American philanthropist from New York City, who founded the building of Robert College in Istanbul, Turkey in 1863, the oldest


title: "Julian (novel)" content: of Theodosius involving the Nicene Creed of Christianity. In his first letter to Priscus, Libanius proposes to write a biography of Julian. Eventually Priscus agrees to send a manuscript written by Julian himself to Libanius along with his own comments written in the margins. The rest of the novel is then presented as the manuscript of Julian in its original form including instructions to the eventual editor and publisher. The marginal notes of Priscus are incorporated into Julian's narrative where he feels fit to comment on or expand certain parts of the narrative. These comments are then often followed by


title: "Waddington Range" content: so peak-studded and tend to have more contiguous icemasses. The difficulty of access to the core of the massif delayed actual sighting, measurement and climbing of Mount Waddington until 1936; it had only been espied from Vancouver Island by climbers in the 1930s and was at first referred to as Mystery Mountain - because its existence until then had been unknown. Apparently even in First Nations lore its existence was spoken of only vaguely, as a possibility, and it seems unlikely the core of the massif was penetrated by any First Nations adventurer given the tremendous difficulty posed even for


title: "Project MERRIMAC" content: began in February 1967. Project MERRIMAC Project MERRIMAC was a domestic espionage operation coordinated under the Office of Security of the CIA. It involved information gathering procedures via infiltration and surveillance on Washington-based anti-war groups that might pose potential threats to the CIA. However, the type of data gathered also included general information on the infrastructure of targeted communities. Project MERRIMAC and its twin program, Project RESISTANCE were both coordinated by the CIA Office of Security. In addition, the twin projects were branch operations that relayed civilian information to their parent program, Operation CHAOS. The Assassination Archives and Research Center


title: "Oxburgh Hall" content: Oxburgh Hall Oxburgh Hall ("OX bru") is a moated country house in Oxborough, Norfolk, England, today in the hands of the National Trust. Built around 1482 by Sir Edmund Bedingfeld, Oxburgh has always been a family home, not a fortress. The manor of Oxborough came to the Bedingfeld family by marriage before 1446, and the house has been continuously inhabited by them since their construction of it in 1482, the date of Edward Bedingfeld's licence to crenellate. A fine example of a late medieval, inward-facing great house, Oxburgh stands within a square moat about 75 metres on each side, and


title: "Oxburgh Hall" content: was originally enclosed; the hall range facing the gatehouse was pulled down in 1772 for Sir Richard Bedingfeld, providing a more open U-shaped house, with the open end of the U facing south. The entrance, reached by a three-arched bridge on the north side, is through a fortified gatehouse, described by Nikolaus Pevsner as "the most prominent of the English brick gatehouses of the 15th century". The gate was designed to evoke the owner's power and prestige, though as fortification its value is largely symbolic; it is flanked by tall polygonal towers rising in seven tiers, with symmetrical wings extending


title: "Oxburgh Hall" content: either side that reveal nothing on the exterior of their differing internal arrangements. About 1835 the open end of the U was filled in with a picturesque, by no means archaeologically correct range that recreated the central courtyard. Other Victorian additions include the Flemish-style stepped gables, the massive southeast tower, the oriel windows overhanging the moat ("illustration, left") and terracotta chimneys. Four towers were added to the walled kitchen garden. The hall is well known for its priest hole. Due to the Catholic faith of the Bedingfeld family, a Catholic priest may have had to hide within the small disguised


title: "Oxburgh Hall" content: room in the event of a raid. The room is reached via a trapdoor, which when closed blends in with the tiled floor. Unlike many similar priest holes, the one at Oxburgh is open to visitors. The hall is also notable for the Oxburgh Hangings, needlework hangings by Mary, Queen of Scots and Bess of Hardwick. Mary worked on these while imprisoned in England, in the custody of the Earl of Shrewsbury. The estate has a number of woodland walks, including a 'Woodland Explorer' trail. The hall is a Grade I listed building, the highest-level designation. Oxburgh Hall Oxburgh Hall


title: "Hereford railway station" content: the negotiations and financing of the joint station had taken so long, they arrived at an incomplete facility. Whilst completion of the station would follow shortly after, significant rebuilding would occur later in the nineteenth century, when the current Victorian Gothic buildings, designed by R.E. Johnson, would be constructed. The station opened on 6 December 1853, and the name was simplified to Hereford in 1893 on the closure of Barton station to passengers. In 1866, a line connecting the NA&HR's route to the south of the city, branching off from the line to Barton at Redhill and joining with the


title: "Kathy Beale" content: were trying to talk themselves into it." Taylforth has commented on the audition process, "[Holland and Smith] whipped out a calculator and kept punching in numbers. 'We're trying to work out if you could be old enough to be Ian's Mum,' they said. I said, 'I can look older. I'll put my hair up. I'll have a few late nights and I promise I'll look old enough to be Ian's Mum'." According to Holland and Smith, Gillian Taylforth's "freshness and earthy charm" won them around and she was offered the part of Kathy. Author Christine Geraghty has described Kathy as


title: Perrigo content: the firm acquired J.B. Laboratories. On 6 October 2008, it acquired Laboratorios Diba S.A., enabling the company to market its products in Mexico. On 13 November 2008, it acquired Unico Holdings, a manufacturer of store brand pediatric electrolytes, enemas and feminine hygiene products for retail consumers in the U.S. On 1 March 2010, the firm acquired Orion Laboratories Pty, Ltd. a supplier of over-the-counter (OTC) store brand pharmaceutical products in Australia and New Zealand. On 23 March 2010, it acquired PBM Holdings, Inc., a producer of over-the-counter store brand infant formula and baby foods in the United States, Canada, Mexico


title: Oilgate content: Oilgate Oilgate is a South African political scandal in which the petrol company Imvume Holdings was accused of paying R11 millions of state money to the ruling African National Congress shortly before the elections. The money had been received from a state oil company, PetroSA, as part of an advance payment for a quantity of oil condensate that had been procured from Glencore, an international company. The scandal broke in an article written by the newspaper Mail and Guardian. Imvume was able to get a court order restraining the Mail and Guardian from publishing the article, but was subsequently outmaneuvered


title: "Judith Moriarty" content: 1982, Moriarty was elected County Clerk of Pettis County. She was re-elected in 1986 and 1990. In 1992, Moriarty was elected as Missouri's Secretary of State. She was sworn into office January 11, 1993, becoming the first woman to hold that position. She caused a stir early in her term when she announced that the Official Manual State of Missouri, published by the Secretary of State and often referred to as the "Blue Book" because of its traditional blue cover, would instead be published with a mauve cover as a tribute to the role of women in Missouri politics. In


title: "Mathew Tobriner" content: during the New Deal administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Tobriner served as chief attorney in the solicitor's office of the United States Department of Agriculture. In 1948, he was state vice-chair of President Harry Truman's re-election campaign. In May 1950, he was northern California chair of the campaign of Congresswoman Helen Gahagan Douglas for the United States Senate. From 1958 to 1959, Tobriner taught as an associate professor at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. In 1959, Governor Pat Brown appointed Tobriner as an Associate Justice of the California Court of Appeal for the First District.


title: "United Talmud Torahs of Montreal" content: United Talmud Torahs of Montreal United Talmud Torahs of Montreal (, ) (also known as The Azrieli Schools) is a private co-educational Jewish day school system that includes an elementary school, United Talmud Torah, and a high school, Herzliah High School (). Both are located in the Snowdon neighbourhood of the Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce borough in Montreal, Quebec. Herzliah and United Talmud Torah's campus in the Saint-Laurent borough (known as the Beutel campus) was closed down and consolidated with the Snowdon campus in 2011. Two additional elementary school campuses existed in the Côte Saint-Luc neighbourhood and Chomedey, but were closed down and


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: Cessna Citation family The Cessna Citation family is Cessna's business jets line. The 7,000th Citation was delivered on June 27, 2016, forming the largest business jet fleet: the first Citation was put into service in 1972 and more than 35 million flight hours have been logged since. It started with the small Citation I prototype flying on September 15, 1969 and produced until 1985, developed into the 1978-2006 Citation II/Bravo, the 1989-2011 Citation V/Ultra/Encore and the CitationJet since 1993. The standup Citation III/VI/VII was delivered from 1983 to 2000, its fuselage was reused in the Citation X/X+ delivered from 1996


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: to 2018, the Excel since 1998 and the Sovereign since 2004. The Mustang was a Very Light Jet delivered from 2006 to 2017 while the flat floor fuselage Latitude is delivered since 2015 and the larger Longitude from 2018. The small Citation I (500) was announced in October 1968, its "Fanjet 500" prototype first flew on September 15, 1969 and it was certified as the "Citation" on September 9, 1971. It was upgraded in 1976 as the "Citation I" and a single pilot variant, production ended in 1985 after 689 deliveries. Powered by JT15D turbofans, the straight wing aircraft was


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: developed into the Citation II/Bravo. The Citation II, a stretched Citation I, was announced in September 1976, first flew on January 31, 1977 and was certified in March 1978. The "II/SP" is a single pilot version, the improved "S/II" first flew on February 14, 1984 and the "Citation Bravo" upgraded with new avionics and P&WC PW530A turbofans on April 25, 1995, while the United States used it as the "T-47". Production ceased in 2006 after 1184 were delivered. The range Citation III (Model 650) was announced at the October 1976 NBAA convention, it made its maiden flight on May 30,


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: 1979, received its type certification on April 30, 1982 and was delivered between 1983 and 1992. The cheaper Citation VI was produced from 1991 to 1995 and the more powerful Citation VII was offered between 1992 and 2000, 360 of all variants were delivered. An all new design, it had a 312 sq ft (29 m²) swept wing for a 22,000 lb (10 t) MTOW, a T-tail and two TFE731 turbofans. Its fuselage cross section and cockpit were kept in the later Citation X, Citation Excel and Citation Sovereign. Stretched from the Citation II, the Citation V (Model 560) prototype


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: flew in August 1987, it was certified on December 9, 1988 and delivered from April 1987, 774 were delivered until 2011. The upgraded "Citation Ultra" was announced in September 1993, the "Citation Encore" upgraded with PW535 turbofans was announced in 1998, before the improved "Encore+". Its US Military designation is "UC-35". The Cessna CitationJet was launched in October 1989, its first flight was on April 29, 1991, FAA certification was awarded on October 16, 1992, first delivery happened on March 30, 1993, and by June 2017, 2,000 of all variants have been delivered. Powered by two Williams FJ44s, it uses


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: the Citation II's forward fuselage with a new carry-through section, straight wing, and T-tail. The basic model was updated with the CJ/CJ1/M2 (525) names, it was stretched in the CJ2/CJ2+ (525A) delivered since 2000, then further in the CJ3/CJ3+ (525B) delivered from December 2004 and finally in the CJ4 (525C) delivered since 2010. The Cessna 526 CitationJet is a twin-seat tandem military trainer developed from the CitationJet for the JPATS competition. The Citation X (Model 750) was announced at the October 1990 NBAA convention, it made its maiden flight on December 21, 1993, received its type certification on June 3,


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: 1996 and was first delivered in July 1996. The updated Citation X+ was offered from 2012 with a cabin stretch and upgraded systems. Keeping the Citation III fuselage cross section, it has a new 37° swept wing with an area of 527 ft² (49 m²) for a fast Mach 0.935 MMo and a 36,600 lb (16.6 t) MTOW, a T-tail and two 7,034 lbf (31.29 kN) AE3007 turbofans for 3,460 nmi (6,408 km) of range. After 338 deliveries, production should end in 2018. The Citation Excel (Model 560XL) was announced in October 1994, it first flew on February 29, 1996,


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: certification was granted in April 1998 and over 900 have been delivered. The 20,200 lb (9,200 kg) MTOW jet is powered by two PW500 turbofans, has the Citation V (560) cruciform tail and unswept supercritical wing of 370 sq ft (34 m²), and the Citation X stand-up cabin slightly shortened. The XLS 2004 update has upgraded engines and a glass cockpit and the 2008 XLS+ has FADEC and a revised nose. The range Citation Sovereign (Model 680) was announced at the 1998 NBAA convention, it made its maiden flight in February 2002, certification was awarded on June 2, 2004, and


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: deliveries began in late September. The improved Sovereign+ was announced at the October 2012 NBAA for a first flight in April 2012 and deliveries in December, with winglets, improved engines and flight deck. The Citation Excel fuselage was stretched and joined with a large, clean-sheet 16.3 °, wing and two PW300 engines for a MTOW. The Cessna Citation Mustang (Model 510) is a very light jet launched at the 2002 NBAA convention, it first flew on 23 April 2005. It received its FAA type certification September 8, 2006, was first delivered on November 22 and production ended in 2017 after


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: 479 aircraft were built. The MTOW jet is powered by two P&WC PW615F turbofans, can reach and can cover . The Citation Columbus (Model 850) was a 4000 nmi range business jet project launched in February 2008 and cancelled in July 2009, topping the Citation family. Powered by 8,830 lbf (39.3 kN) PW810 turbofans, the $27 million aircraft had a 709 sq ft (66 m²), 30° swept airfoil. The range Citation Latitude (Model 680A) was announced at the 2011 NBAA convention, the prototype first flew on 18 February 2014, it achieved FAA certification on June 5, 2015 and first deliveries


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: begun on August 27. It keeps the Model 680 Sovereign wing, twin P&WC PW306D turbofans and cruciform tail, but its clean sheet stand-up circular fuselage has a flat floor. This new fuselage is kept in the later Cessna Citation Longitude. The range Citation Longitude (Model 700) was announced at the May 2012 EBACE, it made its first flight on October 8, 2016, certification is expected in the third quarter of 2018 with deliveries later in the same year. Powered by Honeywell HTF7000 turbofans, The aluminum airframe has the fuselage cross-section of the Citation Latitude, stretched by a seat row, with


title: "Cessna Citation family" content: a new ~28° swept wing and a T-tail. The Citation Hemisphere is a range, Mach 0.9 business jet project. Announced in November 2015, it was then expected to fly in 2019 but its development was suspended in April 2018 to wait for its Safran Silvercrest engines to be perfected. Cessna Citation family The Cessna Citation family is Cessna's business jets line. The 7,000th Citation was delivered on June 27, 2016, forming the largest business jet fleet: the first Citation was put into service in 1972 and more than 35 million flight hours have been logged since. It started with the


title: "Guest House" content: women religious in Lake Orion, restoring the mansion to continuing care and education use. In the same year, the Scripps Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places. To most efficiently meet the needs of clients, Guest House consolidated in 2014, closing the Rochester center and returning the clergy and men religious to a renovated treatment center in Lake Orion, with the women religious relocating to a new state-of-the-art, handicapped-accessible facility on the Lake Orion grounds. Guest House acquires the Human Development Magazine. Guest House currently treats priests, deacons, religious and seminarians in Lake Orion, Michigan. Guest House's


title: "International Association for Identification" content: have made an "outstanding contribution to the Association." The laureates are: Distinguished membership may be conferred only on a Member by a majority vote of the I.A.I. Board of Directors in recognition of the Member's superior efforts in the furtherance of the aims and purposes of the I.A.I. A Distinguished Member retains all the rights, privileges, and obligations of the class of membership he or she held prior to being designated as a Distinguished Member. There are four means of obtaining training through the IAI: There are several certifying boards: The International Association for Identification also participates in Scientific Working


title: "Islamic Party of Kurdistan" content: Islam state, the members began to be armed. Their strategy is, through creating a chaotic condition in Turkey, to destabilise the governmental institutions and to start a nationwide revolt. The 22 point statute of the Islamic Party of Kurdistan states that the organisation is a part of the international Islamic movement established in order to defend and advance the rights of the Kurdish people and make Kurdistan an Islamic land by finally establishing an Islamic Government of Kurdistan. The statute emphasizes values such as family, equality of men and women, liberty, justice, and wisdom. Islamic Party of Kurdistan co-operates with


title: "Bayfair Center" content: anchors, including Kohl's, Bed Bath & Beyond, Old Navy, and Staples, which eventually closed in 2016. Much of the interior mall was remodeled and has attracted some national retailers such as Justice and Lids. In late 2005, Madison Marquette was given approval by the San Leandro City Council to subdivide the Bayfair Center property into four parcels. The owner has always intended to sell the mall after turning it around. As of 2008, the second floor has not been remodeled at this time, although a remodel of the food court has begun. Bayfair has also created a Kids Club for


title: "Rocky Mountain Trench" content: (CPR) also constructed a spur line which extends northward up the southern Trench between Cranbrook and Golden. This serves to interconnect the southerly rail route of the Crowsnest Pass to the CPR mainline through Rogers Pass. Today it carries Crowsnest coal to Tsawwassen for export. A southerly rail-link through Yahk enables freight shipments into Idaho and the Western US. Tourism has become an active force in the economy. The Southern Trench is also known for a number of ski resorts in the trench or in the nearby tributary valleys. These destinations include Fairmont, Panorama, Kimberley, Purden, Kicking Horse and the


title: "Huei tlamahuiçoltica" content: in a deposition for the inquiries of Francisco de Siles, who was commissioned to compile documentation of the continuity of the Virgin's popular cult since the time of her apparition. Becerra Tanco later elaborated on this position in his "Felicidad de México" (""Mexico's Happiness"" of 1675, claiming that Laso de la Vega's text must have been based on documents created through collaborations between the Franciscan faculty of the College of Santa Cruz Tlatelolco and their indigenous pupils shortly after the apparition itself and purported to have been in the custody of Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl. He even claimed to


title: Pierrefonds-Roxboro content: a large library (1997). (William G. Boll).It also had a Federal Canada Post office 1996-12-13. The former headquarters of the Roxboro Volunteer Fire Brigade is now Station 58 of the Service de sécurité incendie de Montréal and houses a single engine company. The adjacent former Roxboro Town Hall houses the Fire Prevention officers for Fire Division 11, and also serves as a borough point of service for the Roxboro area. The borough is served by the Sunnybrooke and Roxboro-Pierrefonds stations on the Deux-Montagnes commuter train line. Major thoroughfares include Saint Charles Boulevard, Saint Jean Boulevard, Sources Boulevard, as well as


title: "Giovanni di Paolo" content: the date of the feast, March 25. One proposed reasoning for such gesture is that it is to remind the viewer of the Annunciation's significance, and to reflect upon "the purpose of the coming of Christ – to "repair the Fall" enacted by Adam and Eve in the adjoining sector of the panel, and to redeem the sins of man, which their Expulsion represents." Another interesting part of this image is that earth is encircled by multicolored rings. One argument is because during this time a geocentric view of the universe was widely accepted, Giovanni was simply following Dante's description


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60) The Infiniti G-series is a line of compact executive/entry-level luxury sports car produced by the Infiniti division of Nissan for the 1991–1996 and 1999–present model years. The first two generations of the Infiniti G (P10 and P11) were sedans based on the Nissan Primera. Beginning with its third generation (V35), the Infiniti G have been rebadged versions of the Nissan Skyline line of sedans and coupes that were exported to the United States and Canada. The current incarnation is the fourth generation (V36) which introduced the hardtop coupe convertible. The Nissan FM platform, on top of which


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: the third and fourth generations (V35 and V36) of the Infiniti G have been built, also underpins the Nissan 370Z and has shared components with the Infiniti M, Infiniti EX, and Infiniti FX. In May 2013, Infiniti announced a new naming convention beginning with the 2014 model year; all passenger cars are designated by the letter "Q," while sport-utility model names will begin with "QX." The Infiniti G was to have been replaced by the Infiniti Q50, but the G37 was revived as the Q40 beginning with the 2015 model year. The Infiniti G20 was Infiniti's entry-level luxury car in


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: the United States from 1990 to 2002, with a two-year hiatus for model years 1997 and 1998, in which the Infiniti I30 became their entry-level car. It was a rebadged version of the Nissan Primera sedan, primarily designed for the European market. It was launched in September 1990 as Infiniti's first small car as an entry-level alternative to the Q45; later advertisements in 1998 for the second-generation G20 emphasized its European heritage with the tag line "Born in Japan. Educated in Europe. Now Available in America." Two generations of the G20 exist in the United States, the HP10 (P10), built


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: from 1990 to 1996, and the HP11 (P11), built from 1998 to 2002. All G20s were front-wheel drive and were built in Oppama, Japan. The exterior and interior designs of the P10 were styled by Mamoru Aoki in 1987. The G20 was first unveiled to Infiniti dealers at the 1989 New York International Auto Show (appearing to the public at the 1990 show), with the first series production example being assembled on July 10, 1990. The final 1996 G20 was rolled off the assembly line on July 19, 1996. The P10 featured the first application of Nissan's multi-link front suspension


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: in a front-wheel-drive car, with an independent MacPherson strut setup in the rear. It came standard with a 5-speed manual transmission. The only options to begin with were an automatic transmission, leather interior, and a power glass moonroof; a Touring package (labeled G20t) was introduced in 1994 and featured a black leather interior with sport front bucket seats and fold-down rear seats, as well as a limited-slip differential in the transmission and a spoiler on the rear decklid. The G20 was powered by the SR20DE Inline 4-cylinder. It was a transversely-mounted dual overhead cam naturally aspirated reciprocating internal combustion engine.


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: Displacement was with a square bore × stroke ratio of . This engine was also shared with the US-spec Nissan Sentra/Nissan 200SX SE-R, Nissan NX2000, and a host of non-US Nissan vehicles. The particular version used in the G20 produced crank in the US at first, and in '00+ editions (; stock range) and of torque (; stock range). There were three major variants of the SR20DE used in the G20. The first, used from July 1990 to December 1993, was the highport, in which the injectors and fuel rail were located above the intake plenum. In January 1994, due


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: to tightening emissions restrictions, Nissan switched to a lowport design, in which the injectors and fuel rail switched places with the intake plenum. This design also featured a milder intake camshaft. (Switching it out for the highport intake cam is a popular upgrade to gain more power.) This design was used from 1994 to 1996 and again in 1998. In 1999 Nissan replaced the valvetrain with a roller-rocker arm lifter design in place of the hydraulic rocker arm previously used, but kept the lowport intake design; many performance parts are not interchangeable between roller-rocker and highport/lowport engines, most notably camshafts.


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: The G20 featured either a 5-speed manual transmission or an optional 4-speed automatic. Most front wheel drive transmissions from other SR-powered cars can be used with few modifications. The stock transmission as well as other SR20 transmissions are often upgraded with various modifications in order to handle more power. Common manual transmission modifications include cryo treating, shot peening, transmission case welding, aftermarket limited slip differential, aftermarket axles, and upgraded clutches. Common automatic transmission modifications include built valve bodies, aftermarket torque converters, automatic transmission fluid (ATF) coolers, additional ATF filters, and aftermarket TCUs. Higher rated transmission swaps from front-wheel drive VQ


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: or QR25DE powered cars such as the 2002–2006 Nissan Sentra SE-R Spec-V have also been performed. The G20 was a badge-engineered version of the Nissan Primera, but because Infiniti was pitched as a premium brand, it featured a high level of equipment compared to its European and Japanese relatives. The only engine available was the 2.0 litre SR20DE Inline 4-cylinder; in Europe this was the top-of-the-line engine for the Primera lineup. 5-speed manual and 4-speed automatic transmissions were both available, with the 5-speed being praised as "one of the best in the business." Power windows, power locks, power mirrors, air


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: conditioning, four-wheel disc brakes with ABS, alloy wheels, a Bose stereo, a theft-deterrent system, cruise control, floor mats, and a leather-wrapped steering wheel and gearshift knob were all standard. Heated mirrors, leather seats and a power moonroof were common options, and were later offered in a package that included power seats and keyless entry. Later models also featured dual front airbags. The standard trim was called Luxury. Two major trim package upgrades were offered: Touring, badged G20t, available from model years 1994 to 1996 and 1999 to 2001, and Sport (with no badge modification) which was offered during model year


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: 2002. These packages featured a limited-slip differential in the transmission, sportier, more highly bolstered front bucket seats and fold-down rear seats, all-black leather interior, fog lamps, and a spoiler on the rear decklid. The details of these trims varied from year to year. Introduced at the 1993 New York Auto Show, the main changes for the P10 came as a midyear refresh in April 1993 (model year 1993.5), when dual airbags replaced motorized seatbelts, leather interiors came standard with power front seats, matte-black side moldings were replaced by body-colored ones, the refrigerant was converted from R12 to R134a, the audio


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: system was upgraded to six speakers with a CD player instead of the previously-standard cassette deck, and other new options such as remote keyless entry were added. In February 1994, the 1994 model year was given a new larger chrome-plated grille and door handles, a lowport engine (replacing the original highport SR20DE, in which the intake plenum is below the fuel injectors and fuel rail), a change in the vehicle's self-diagnostic system to OBD-II, and larger 195/65R14 tires. The Touring models, introduced in February 1994, featured a limited-slip differential in the transmission; 195/65R14 Yokohama tires, sportier, more highly bolstered black


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: leather front bucket seats and fold-down rear seats; fog lights; and a spoiler on the rear decklid. The G20 was temporarily discontinued after the 1996 model year, leaving the I30 as Infiniti's lowest-priced car for the 1997 & 1998 model years. The second-generation G20 underwent several changes, including adopting the multi-link beam rear suspension very similar to the 1995–1999 Nissan Maxima with a continued use of the independent multi-link strut front suspension of the P10 (similar to the 300ZX and Skyline GT-R). Despite enthusiasts' aversion to the beam, several publications praised the updated G20, as a technically good method of


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: avoiding lateral suspension movement (which would compromise handling) while still offering a compliant ride. The P11 has a lateral grip figure of between 0.80 and 0.94g plus a 61/39 weight distribution (61% front/39% rear). It grew in size, with a length increase and height increase over the P10, resulting in more legroom for rear-seat passengers. The new model's increased size and luxury options, however, added to the car's weight (which rose to 3000 pounds); the stock 140-145 crank horsepower engine provided lower performance (the MY1999 automatic, for example, had a 10.9-second 0-60 mph time and did the quarter-mile in 18.4


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: seconds at . The first example of the second-generation G20 rolled off the Oppama assembly line on May 18, 1998, going on sale in July 1998 as a 1999 model. The final second-generation 2002 G20 was assembled on January 11, 2002 and the G20 slowly phased out during the first quarter of 2002, in being replaced by the 2003 model year rear-wheel drive G35 sports sedan. All models featured a higher level of standard equipment than the P10, including automatic climate control on all but cloth-seat Luxury models, 15" 16-spoke alloy wheels, a higher-quality double-DIN Bose radio/CD/cassette player standard, keyless


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: entry, standard power moonroof, and later, side-impact airbags. The Touring models continued to feature a limited-slip differential, but also had unique 12-spoke alloy wheels, and the upgraded sports seats were now available in beige leather and "sport cloth" (the latter as a factory-order option) in addition to the previously-offered black leather. In late 1999, several noteworthy changes for the P11 came as a refresh in the 2000 model year, when the 145 crank horsepower roller rocker variant of the SR20DE engine was implemented, newer automatic and manual transmission variations were introduced, anti-theft immobilizer circuitry was added, anti-glare side mirrors became


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: standard, and a remote trunk release was added to the keyless entry fob. In 2001, the G20t was dropped and a Sport model was introduced. In addition to the prior G20t's limited slip differential and decklid spoiler, this model featured two-tone leather/suede sport seats, 16" wheels, and a variety of minor cosmetic modifications. The 2002 base G20 received the 12-spoke Touring alloy wheels as standard. The G20 was discontinued in favor of the rear wheel drive Infiniti G35, a badge engineered export version of the JDM V35 Nissan Skyline which was introduced in Japan in 2001. The G35 received significant


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: praise from the automotive press and became a sales success for Infiniti despite being priced approximately US$7,000 above the G20's average MSRP of $23,000. The G35, significantly larger and more powerful than the G20, was aimed more at the entry level premium-sports sedan market instead of the G20's premium-sport compact market. The Nissan Primera was continued outside the United States as the slightly restyled HP11-144 and the significantly restyled HP12 markets with a final end to all production in 2006 as a 2007 model. The third generation G (V35) was unveiled in June 2001 and released to North America for


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: the 2003 model year, as the G35 on March 12, 2002. It had little in common with the Infiniti G20, and continued in the same tradition as the and the J30, which were also RWD models utilizing the same drivetrain as contemporary Nissan Zs. Hiroshi Hasegawa designed both the sedan (frozen in 1998) and coupé (finalized in late 2000), with the former being previewed as the Nissan XVL Concept sports sedan in October 1999 at the Tokyo Motor Show and Infiniti XVL Concept in January 2000 at the NAIAS. Over 6 months prior to the Nissan XVL Concept introduction, in


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: early April 1999 at the 1999 New York International Auto Show, Infiniti showcased a prototype of the V35 to journalists as part of an early preview of various other 2001 and 2002 model year Infiniti vehicles. The G35 was based on the Nissan FM platform shared with the Nissan 350Z sports car and Infiniti FX crossover SUV. The FM platform stands for "front midship" design where the engine is moved back towards the rear of the engine bay which in turn improves the weight distribution. The G35 was "Motor Trend"'s Car of the Year for 2003 and has been well


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: received by both the media and customers as a viable alternative to other luxury cars. The G35 was also nominated for the "North American Car of the Year" award that year and was on the "Car and Driver" Ten Best list for 2003 and 2004. Sporting the ubiquitous VQ35DE engine, the Infiniti G35 uses a front-midship engine, rear-wheel drive layout (all-wheel drive is available for the G35x sedan) to achieve a 52% front/48% rear weight distribution. Both body styles are available with either a 5-speed automatic or 6-speed manual transmission, although the automatic is the only transmission available for the


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: AWD sedan. A 6-speed manual transmission became available in 2003 on the sedan (always optional on the coupe). For the 2003-04 model years, the V6 produced and of torque in the sedan, and in the coupe. In the 2005 and 2006 model years (sedan, 2005-2007 for the coupe), those with automatic transmissions (both sedan and coupe) produced and of torque, while those with manual transmissions produced and of torque (again, both in sedan and coupe form). There is speculation that the output did not actually change, and that Infiniti was simply taking advantage of the outdated SAE standard of rating


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: horsepower. However, manual transmission cars received a slightly different engine versus those fitted with automatics; manual cars had engines fitted with variable valve timing on both intake and exhaust camshafts, whereas automatic cars only have VVT on the intake side. The G35 is assembled in Kaminokawa, Tochigi, Japan, and the first G35 was built in January 2002 as a 2003 model. The AWD model of the G35 sedan is called the G35x. Although the automatic transmission for the G35x is manufactured by Aisin-Warner, the AWD technology uses Nissan's proprietary ATTESA E-TS AWD system. The system will make the car 100%


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: rear wheel drive when driving at a steady speed. When the driver uses the throttle to accelerate from a stop or constant speed, the AWD system can send up to 50% of torque to the front wheels. When the car's speed becomes steady again, the drivetrain will return torque to the rear wheels. The AWD system will also transfer torque to the front wheels if the system detects loss of traction. This technology was first used in the 1989 Nissan Skyline GT-R, and has since been used in subsequent Skylines, and other vehicles in Japan and overseas, including the Nissan


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: Bluebird, and Nissan Stagea. There are few differences between the 2003 & 2004 G35 coupes. Both '03 & '04 six-speed manual models had the option of Brembo brakes and the Performance Tire and Wheel Package. On the 2005 coupes, three new colors, 'Athens Blue', 'Lakeshore Slate', and 'Serengeti Sand', replaced 'Twilight Blue', 'Caribbean Blue', and 'Desert Platinum' respectively; also, the Willow Cloth interior option was removed, and Stone leather became available. The G35 sedan was refreshed inside and out for the 2005 model year and the coupe for the 2005 and 2006 model years. The interior was given sportier gauges


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: with better backlighting and higher quality trim and knobs. Genuine aluminum trim replaces "tinted" interior trim, and the dash and center console layout were revised. Rosewood trim becomes available as a package on the 2005 models. MP3/WMA playback was added to the now standard 6 disc in-dash CD player, and the cassette player was removed. Brembo brakes were removed for the 2005 and 2006 models, and the brakes were redesigned with larger discs and a different caliper design. This was partly in response to a number of complaints about the previous years' brakes, which included a class action lawsuit filed


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: in California related to premature wear on 2003–2004 models. A sport-tuned suspension package was standard on all six-speed manual equipped models, which included a viscous limited slip differential and the higher output VQ35DE "Rev-UP" engine. The 2006 models received minor updates. On the exterior there were new headlights, taillights, spoiler, sport side sills, and front bumper. Bluetooth capability was added to the interior for hands-free phone use. Rear active steering was an option for the '06 coupe. The five-year development program for the V36 began in 2002, with conclusion in 2006 for the sedan and 2007 for the coupe. Design


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: work started in 2003 and continued into 2004, when Hideo Komuro's design was chosen for the sedan. The coupe design process was later completed in the first half of 2005, with a conceptual variant being readied for public introduction. The redesigned Infiniti G sedan and coupe were introduced for the 2007 and 2008 model years, respectively. The fourth generation G sedan was launched in November 2006 as a 2007 model with a heavily revised 3.5 L VQ35HR engine and a 5-speed automatic as the standard transmission, a 6-speed manual was also available. The redesigned second generation G coupe launched in


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: August 2007 as a 2008 model with a larger 3.7 L VQ37VHR, the first Infiniti engine to feature VVEL. It too came with either a 5-speed automatic or 6-speed manual. All manual G models include a sport package. The 2009 G37 convertible was launched in June 2009. The 2009 model G sedan followed suit using the same VQ37VHR engine. Also for 2009 the 5-speed automatic was replaced with an all-new 7-speed and both the sedan and coupe gained a self-healing paint finish from the Infiniti EX. The V36 platform continued for 2010 with numerous interior changes and upgrades as well


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: as a mid-product cycle exterior update for the sedan. In late 2010 the Infiniti G25 went on sale as a 2011 model, featuring a smaller 2.5L version of the VQVHR engine to allow the G to better compete with the Lexus IS250 and BMW 328i. The G35 sedan underwent a major revision for the 2007 model year. This 2nd generation front-mid (FM) platform underpinning the new G is shared in part with the Infiniti M and has several structural reinforcements around the engine and rear floor area, along with three times more laser welding and 16 percent more spot welds


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: than the old version; overall body stiffness was improved by 40 percent. Single-pivot lower control arms in front replace the 1st gen model's twin lower links. The G35x sedan uses an ATTESA E-TS all-wheel drive system. Along with these chassis refinements, Sport package equipped models came with firmer rear shocks, bigger front brake calipers, and larger rotors all around (up from 12.6/12.1-inch front/rear). Sport package equipped cars also get a viscous limited slip differential. An all-new Active Steering package can be ordered for sport package equipped models. It features a planetary gearset on the steering shaft (similar to BMW), that


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: varies the steering ratio between 12.0:1 and 18.5:1. A rear-wheel steering system that induces up to one degree of rear steer is also included in this package. The Active Steering package includes even stiffer shocks than the sport package at all four corners and the ride has been repeatedly reported as being too stiff for most customers except the most "enthusiastic" drivers. Base and Journey model 17 inch wheels were fitted with wider 225 section tires (up from 215), while the 18 inch wheel upgrade (included in sport or wheel package) with 225/50-ZR18 front and 245/45-ZR18 rear is now a


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: size smaller in front and larger in back than the 1st gen model's all-around 235/45R18s. The updated VQ35HR is more powerful ( at 6,800 rpm and at 4,800 rpm), more fuel efficient, and more responsive than the previous VQ35DE. The "HR" stands for "High Revolution" or "High Response". A dual-path intake (two air cleaners, throttle bodies, etc.) lowers intake tract restriction by 18 percent and new equal-length exhaust manifolds lead into mufflers that are 25 percent freer flowing. The intake is said to benefit from a ram-air effect adding three horsepower at 60 mph. Electrically actuated variable valve timing is


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: new on the exhaust cams which broadens the torque curve. The new engine block maintains the same bore and stroke, but the connecting rods were lengthened and the block deck was raised by 8.4 mm to reduce piston side-loads. 80% of the internal components have been strengthened or redesigned to handle the increased 7,500 rpm red line, along with the use of larger crank bearings with main bearing caps reinforced by a rigid ladder-type main cap girdle. With an increase in compression ratio from 10.3:1 to 10.6:1 these changes add 26 more horsepower. Torque is down from the old DE


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: engine (268 vs. 270). The engine now sits 15 mm lower in the chassis for a lower center of gravity. Although the horsepower rating increases only 8 hp compared to the latest version of the previous "DE" engine, the real horsepower difference was much greater due to Nissan adopting the 2006 SAE hp measurement guidelines for horsepower ratings in 2007. According to Consumer Reports an Infiniti G35 Journey sedan with a 5-speed Automatic transmission can reach in 5.4 seconds, and the 1/4-mile (~400 m) 13.8 seconds. According to the also newly revised EPA guidelines, fuel economy is estimated at in


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: the city and on the highway. Fuel economy is virtually identical between generations, with the second generation earning a edge in highway driving (both measured using EPA 2008 guidelines). Second generation G35 performance: According to Motor Trend and Automobile Magazine, a previous model 2005 G35 6MT sedan reached 0-60 mph in 5.7 seconds and the 1/4-mile in 14.1 seconds. This gives the new 2nd gen G35 V36 sedan a solid 0.4 and 0.3 second performance advantage respectively. 5-speed automatics are on par with manual transmission cars from a performance perspective. In a 2008 Road & Track comparison test with the


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: new 2008 Cadillac CTS a 5-speed automatic transmission equipped G35 sedan achieved a 0-60 time of 5.3 seconds, a 0-100 time of 13.1 seconds and a 1/4-mile time of 13.8 seconds at . Generally a V36 G35 reaches 60 mph in the low 5 second range; 100 mph in around 13 seconds and runs the quarter-mile in about 13.8 seconds. The 200 lb heavier all wheel drive versions are only approximately 0.3 seconds behind in each of these measurements. Models (including the since 2009 G37): In addition, a special edition of the G37 was entered into the SEMA Gran Turismo


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: Awards in 2008. Developed from mid-2005 to November 2005, it was a concept vehicle that previewed the design of the V36-based G coupe. It included a full-length glass panel roof, modulated front fenders and hood, deep front spoiler and large projector headlights, polished bare metal-look paint, compact camera outside rearview mirrors, hidden door handles and large 20-inch, 9-spoke painted aluminum-alloy wheels. The vehicle was unveiled in 2006 North American International Auto Show. In 2007, the redesigned G coupe was unveiled at the 2007 New York International Auto Show and was available for sale as a 2008 model. Unlike the 2007


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: and 2008 G sedan it was given the new 3.7 L V6 VQ37VHR engine but for this one model year still paired with the 5-speed automatic transmission and was named the "G37." In Japan, the G37 joined the updated G Sedan under the Nissan Skyline (V36) nameplate. This also marks the first use of Nissan's VVEL (Variable Valve Event and Lift) system on a production vehicle in the US market. For the 2009 model the G35 sedan was replaced by the G37 sedan. The G37 sedan was first unveiled at the Geneva Motor Show for the European market. Exterior, interior


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: and options remain identical to the 2008 G35 model range but the sedan now also sports the 3.7-liter VQ37VHR "VVEL" V6, rated at 7,000 rpm and at 5,200 rpm that was previously introduced in the G37 Coupe. Although the engine gains only torque over the VQ35HR and this torque value arrives at a later 5,200 rpm vs. 4,800 in the VQ35HR, the torque curve itself is improved and flattened across the rpm range via Nissan's new VVEL (Variable Valve Event and Lift) variable valve timing resulting in better throttle response and low rpm torque. The G37s VQ37VHR engine has been


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: touted by car magazines and reviewers as an improvement over the VQ35HR engine mostly adding much more refinement and smoother engine operation, especially at high rpm where the VQ35HR engine was frequently criticized for NVH and sounding strained, harsh and loud. The often criticized too aggressive clutch engagement, notchiness of the 6-speed manual in the G35 and engine vibrations transferred through the shifter and pedals in the G35 6MT cars was also addressed in the new G37 models. All 2009 models came standard with Infiniti's new seven-speed automatic transmission that was also introduced on the 2009 FX35 and FX50, updated


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: from the previous five-speed transmission. The G37 Sedan or Coupe could be equipped with a six-speed manual transmission by specifying the Sport 6MT model. The Base, Journey and X models could not be ordered with manual transmissions, however the Sport Package included all sport options of the 6MT model (excluding the manual transmission and the hand lever parking brake), and was available for the Journey and X models. The 2009 sport package (standard on Sport 6MT cars, optional on Journey and X models) now also included larger sport brakes with 4-piston front/2-piston rear calipers with ventilated front rotors and ventilated


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: rear rotors, a new sport wheel design for the Sedan and on the Coupe, and Viscous Limited-Slip Differential (VLSD). The Sport Package on G37 x AWD Sedans does not include the larger opposed piston brakes, nor does it include the more aggressive steering rack, VLSD, or sport tuned suspension (the same package for AWD Coupes includes everything from the RWD version, save the more aggressive steering rack). Brakes on non-Sport models are front ventilated discs and rear ventilated discs with sliding calipers. The G37 is available as G37, G37 Journey, G37S 6MT and G37x AWD models. Major option packages remain


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: to be the Premium Package, Sport Package, Nav Package, Tech Package. All 2009 models come standard with self healing "Scratch Shield" paint which employs a soft polymer top coat that can self heal small scratches and swirl marks. Even though the final drive ratio for vehicles equipped with the 7-speed automatic has been (numerically) reduced from 3.69 to 3.36, the new 7-speed automatic has much lower first through fourth gear overall ratios than the old 5-speed automatic and the 6-speed manual in the 6MT cars (which retain the old 3.69 final drive ratio). Giving it closer gear ratios in all


title: "Infiniti G-series (Q40/Q60)" content: gears, to match engine rpm better with power demand, brings better acceleration while overdrive ratios in 6th and 7th gears reduces highway cruising rpm and improves fuel mileage. The new 7-speed automatic retains the Drive Sport (DS) shift mode and Downshift Rev Matching (DRM) feature of the previous 5-speed automatic. Paddle shifters are standard on G37S models equipped with the 7-speed automatic. The new engine/transmission combo did add some weight the car (3,590 lb. for the G37 vs. 3,508 for the G35 in identical trim). G37x Coupe uses an ATTESA E-TS all-wheel drive system. G37 coupe and sedan were set