title: "Strawberry Shortcake" content: to various lawsuits between Cookie Jar, American Greetings and MoonScoop. American Greetings emerged as the victor of the case and retained ownership of the brands. However, Iconix Group has expressed interest in buying the Strawberry Shortcake brand from American Greetings in February 2015 for US$105 million, 10 million more than that was offered by Moonscoop. The deal apparently closed successfully. Strawberry Shortcake Strawberry Shortcake is a cartoon character originally used in greeting cards, but was later expanded to include dolls, posters, and other products. The Strawberry Shortcake properties also include a toy line of the character's friends and pets. In


title: "Alcoholic drink" content: Alcoholic drink An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar. Drinking alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures. Most countries have laws regulating the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Some countries ban such activities entirely, but alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world. The global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2014. Alcohol is a depressant, which in low doses causes euphoria, reduces anxiety, and improves sociability. In higher doses, it causes drunkenness,


title: Collage content: Collage Collage (from the , "to glue"; ) is a technique of an art production, primarily used in the visual arts, where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. A collage may sometimes include magazine and newspaper clippings, ribbons, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs and other found objects, glued to a piece of paper or canvas. The origins of collage can be traced back hundreds of years, but this technique made a dramatic reappearance in the early 20th century as an art form


title: Collage content: of novelty. The term "collage" was coined by both Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a distinctive part of modern art. Techniques of collage were first used at the time of the invention of paper in China, around 200 BC. The use of collage, however, wasn't used by many people until the 10th century in Japan, when calligraphers began to apply glued paper, using texts on surfaces, when writing their poems. The technique of collage appeared in medieval Europe during the 13th century. Gold leaf panels started to be applied in


title: Collage content: Gothic cathedrals around the 15th and 16th centuries. Gemstones and other precious metals were applied to religious images, icons, and also, to coats of arms. An 18th-century example of collage art can be found in the work of Mary Delany. In the 19th century, collage methods also were used among hobbyists for memorabilia (e.g. applied to photo albums) and books (e.g. Hans Christian Andersen, Carl Spitzweg). Many institutions have attributed the beginnings of the practice of collage to Picasso and Braque in 1912, however, early Victorian photocollage suggest collage techniques were practiced in the early 1860s. Many institutions recognize these


title: Collage content: works as memorabilia for hobbyists, though they functioned as a facilitator of Victorian aristocratic collective portraiture, proof of female erudition, and presented a new mode of artistic representation that questioned the way in which photography is truthful. In 2009, curator Elizabeth Siegel organized the exhibition: "Playing with Pictures" at the Art Institute Chicago to acknowledge collage works by Alexandra of Denmark and Mary Georgina Filmer among others. The exhibition later traveled to The Metropolitan Museum of Art and The Art Gallery of Ontario. Despite the pre-twentieth-century use of collage-like application techniques, some art authorities argue that collage, properly speaking, did


title: Collage content: not emerge until after 1900, in conjunction with the early stages of modernism. For example, the Tate Gallery's online art glossary states that collage "was first used as an artists' technique in the twentieth century.". According to the Guggenheim Museum's online art glossary, collage is an artistic concept associated with the beginnings of modernism, and entails much more than the idea of gluing something onto something else. The glued-on patches which Braque and Picasso added to their canvases offered a new perspective on painting when the patches "collided with the surface plane of the painting." In this perspective, collage was


title: Collage content: part of a methodical reexamination of the relation between painting and sculpture, and these new works "gave each medium some of the characteristics of the other," according to the Guggenheim essay. Furthermore, these chopped-up bits of newspaper introduced fragments of externally referenced meaning into the collision: "References to current events, such as the war in the Balkans, and to popular culture enriched the content of their art." This juxtaposition of signifiers, "at once serious and tongue-in-cheek," was fundamental to the inspiration behind collage: "Emphasizing concept and process over end product, collage has brought the incongruous into meaningful congress with the


title: Collage content: ordinary." Collage in the modernist sense began with Cubist painters Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso. According to some sources, Picasso was the first to use the collage technique in oil paintings. According to the Guggenheim Museum's online article about collage, Braque took up the concept of collage itself before Picasso, applying it to charcoal drawings. Picasso adopted collage immediately after (and could be the first to use collage in paintings, as opposed to drawings): "It was Braque who purchased a roll of simulated oak-grain wallpaper and began cutting out pieces of the paper and attaching them to his charcoal drawings.


title: Collage content: Picasso immediately began to make his own experiments in the new medium." In 1912 for his "Still Life with Chair Caning (Nature-morte à la chaise cannée)", Picasso pasted a patch of oilcloth with a chair-cane design onto the canvas of the piece. Surrealist artists have made extensive use of collage. Cubomania is a collage made by cutting an image into squares which are then reassembled automatically or at random. Collages produced using a similar, or perhaps identical, method are called "etrécissements" by Marcel Mariën from a method first explored by Mariën. Surrealist games such as "parallel collage" use collective techniques


title: Collage content: of collage making. The Sidney Janis Gallery held an early Pop Art exhibit called the "New Realist Exhibition" in November 1962, which included works by the American artists Tom Wesselmann, Jim Dine, Robert Indiana, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, James Rosenquist, George Segal, and Andy Warhol; and Europeans such as Arman, Baj, Christo, Yves Klein, Festa, Rotella, Jean Tinguely, and Schifano. It followed the Nouveau Réalisme exhibition at the Galerie Rive Droite in Paris, and marked the international debut of the artists who soon gave rise to what came to be called Pop Art in Britain and The United States and


title: Collage content: Nouveau Réalisme on the European continent. Many of these artists used collage techniques in their work. Wesselmann took part in the "New Realist" show with some reservations, exhibiting two 1962 works: "Still life #17" and "Still life #22". Another technique is that of "canvas collage," which is the application, typically with glue, of separately painted canvas patches to the surface of a painting's main canvas. Well known for use of this technique is British artist John Walker in his paintings of the late 1970s, but canvas collage was already an integral part of the mixed media works of such American


title: "Axaməd" content: а m m a d - the settlement of the 1st millennium of BC in the southwest of the same named village, in Sharur region. During field works in the area were discovered the large building stones, stone tools, and also products of pottery. As a result of archaeological research (2001) in the area were discovered samples of material culture (patterns of exquisitely crafted pot and etc.). The pot in gray colored of mixed from clay and well cooked has been made symmetrical in the potter's wheel. Inside of pot has been glazed with a dark red color. Axaməd Axaməd


title: """Weird Al"" Yankovic" content: flesh". Though McCartney suggested possibly changing the parody to "Tofu Pot Pie", Yankovic found this wouldn't fit around the chorus of the parody, based on making the sound of a chicken throughout it. While never recorded for an album, Yankovic did play parts of "Chicken Pot Pie" as part of a larger medley in several tours during the 1990s. In 2003, Yankovic was denied permission to make a video for "Couch Potato", his parody of Eminem's "Lose Yourself". Yankovic believes that Eminem thought that the video would be harmful to his image. In 2006, Yankovic gained James Blunt's permission to


title: """Weird Al"" Yankovic" content: "Spy Hard", for which he sang the title song. Yankovic wrote, directed and starred in the short 3-D movie attraction "Al's Brain: A 3-D Journey Through The Human Brain", a $2.5 million project which was sponsored by and premiered at the Orange County Fair in Costa Mesa, California, in 2009. The project included a brief cameo by Sir Paul McCartney, which Yankovic directed during McCartney's appearance at the 2009 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. Fair CEO Steve Beazley, who supported the project, considered the project a success and explored leasing the exhibit to other fairs; the second appearance of


title: "Honda Torneo" content: Honda Torneo The Honda Torneo is a sedan introduced by Honda in 1997 exclusively for the Japanese domestic market, derived from the Honda Accord. While the Accord was sold exclusively at "Honda Clio" dealerships, the Torneo was available at the other two Honda networks, "Honda Verno" and "Honda Primo" as the successor to the Honda Ascot and Honda Rafaga, respectively. "Torneo" means "tournament" in Spanish. The introduction of the Torneo continued the original approach Honda used in 1982 with the introduction of the Honda Vigor in offering a unique variant of the Accord for each of the three dealership Honda


title: "Jam Sadiq Ali" content: Jam Sadiq Ali Nawab Jam Sadiq Ali () (Ca. 1930– 5 March 1992) was a politician from Sindh, Pakistan. He belonged to the ruling dynasty of Samaa Ja'ams who ruled Sindh over two centuries up to middle of 1700. Nawab Jam Sadiq Ali had ten children, one of whom Nawab Jam Ashiq Ali died in September 2003. Nawab Jam Mashooq Ali Khan, son of late Nawab Jam Sadiq Ali Khan is a Sardar of the Samma Jam tribe and after him is Nawab Jam Zulfiquar Ali. Nawab Jam Zulfiquar Ali also has a son named Nawab Jam Sadiq Ali (


title: "Jam Sadiq Ali" content: Among prominent Samma’s are the members of Nawab Jam family of Sanghar (which are Junejo by caste): Al Haj Nawab Jam Kambhu Khan, Chief of Sammat Tribes (title of Nawab, Khan Bahadur, swords of honour) Former Chief Minister of Sindh Late Nawab Jam Sadiq Ali, Former Federal Minister Jam Mashooq Ali, Nawab Jam Zulfiquar Ali Khan son of late Jam Sadiq Ali. Nawab Jam Zulfiquar Ali Khans sons Nawab Jam Sadiq Ali Khan(II) and Nawab Jam Nawaz Ali Khan. The folk stories of the generosity of Khan Sahib Jam Mitha Khan and Nawab Jam Kambhu Khan the father of Late


title: "Maine Eastern Railroad" content: Maine Eastern Railroad Maine Eastern Railroad was a railroad that operated in coastal Maine between Brunswick, Maine and Rockland, Maine on the former Maine Central Rockland Branch rail line. Maine Eastern passenger trains connected with the Amtrak "Downeaster" passenger train and Pan Am Railways at Brunswick Maine Street Station. The state of Maine did not renew the operating contract with MERR, which effectively ended operations at the end of 2015. Maine Eastern was a subsidiary of the Morristown & Erie Railway of New Jersey, who won the bid to operate the line in 2003. MERR provided freight service year-round, and


title: Fiction content: Fiction Fiction broadly refers to any narrative that is derived from the imagination—in other words, not based strictly on history or fact. It can also refer, more narrowly, to narratives written only in prose (the novel and short story), and is often used as a synonym for the novel. In its most narrow usage fiction refers to novels, but it may also denote any "literary narrative" (see literary fiction), including novels, novellas, and short stories. More broadly, fiction has come to encompass imaginative storytelling in any format, including writings, theatrical performances, comics, films, television programs, animations, games (most notably, video


title: Fiction content: games and role-playing games), and so on. A work of fiction implies the inventive act of constructing an imaginary world, so its audience does not typically expect it to be totally faithful to the real world in presenting only characters who are actual people or descriptions that are factually true. Instead, the context of fiction, generally understood as not adhering precisely to the real world, is more open to interpretation. Characters and events within a fictional work may even be set in their own context entirely separate from the known universe: an independent fictional universe. Fiction's traditional opposite is non-fiction,


title: Fiction content: a narrative work whose creator assumes responsibility for presenting only the historical and factual truth. The distinction between fiction and non-fiction however can be unclear in some recent artistic and literary movements, such as postmodern literature. Traditionally, fiction includes novels, short stories, fables, legends, myths, fairy tales, epic and narrative poetry, plays (including operas, musicals, dramas, puppet plays, and various kinds of theatrical dances). However, fiction may also encompass comic books, and many animated cartoons, stop motions, anime, manga, films, video games, radio programs, television programs (comedies and dramas), etc. The Internet has had a major impact on the creation


title: Fiction content: and distribution of fiction, calling into question the feasibility of copyright as a means to ensure royalties are paid to copyright holders. Also, digital libraries such as Project Gutenberg make public domain texts more readily available. The combination of inexpensive home computers, the Internet and the creativity of its users has also led to new forms of fiction, such as interactive computer games or computer-generated comics. Countless forums for fan fiction can be found online, where loyal followers of specific fictional realms create and distribute derivative stories. The Internet is also used for the development of blog fiction, where a


title: Fiction content: story is delivered through a blog either as flash fiction or serial blog, and collaborative fiction, where a story is written sequentially by different authors, or the entire text can be revised by anyone using a wiki. Types of literary fiction in prose include: Fiction is commonly broken down into a variety of genres: subsets of fiction, each differentiated by a particular unifying tone or style, narrative technique, media content, or popularly defined criterion. Science fiction, for example, predicts or supposes technologies that are not realities at the time of the work's creation: Jules Verne's novel "From the Earth to


title: Fiction content: the Moon" was published in 1865 and only in 1969 did astronaut Neil Armstrong first land on the moon. Historical fiction places imaginary characters into real historical events. In the early historical novel "Waverley", Sir Walter Scott's fictional character Edward Waverley meets a figure from history, Bonnie Prince Charlie, and takes part in the Battle of Prestonpans. Some works of fiction are slightly or greatly re-imagined based on some originally true story, or a reconstructed biography. Often, even when the fictional story is based on fact, there may be additions and subtractions from the true story to make it more


title: Fiction content: interesting. An example is Tim O'Brien's "The Things They Carried", a series of short stories about the Vietnam War. Fictional works that explicitly involve supernatural, magical, or scientifically impossible elements are often classified under the genre of fantasy, including Lewis Carroll's "Alice In Wonderland", J. K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series, and J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". Creators of fantasy sometimes introduce imaginary creatures and beings such as dragons and fairies. Literary fiction is a term used in the book-trade to distinguish novels that are regarded as having literary merit, from most commercial or "genre" fiction. Neal


title: Fiction content: Stephenson has suggested that while any definition will be simplistic there is today a general cultural difference between literary and genre fiction. On the one hand literary authors nowadays are frequently supported by patronage, with employment at a university or a similar institution, and with the continuation of such positions determined not by book sales but by critical acclaim by other established literary authors and critics. On the other hand, he suggests, genre fiction writers tend to support themselves by book sales. However, in an interview, John Updike lamented that "the category of 'literary fiction' has sprung up recently to


title: Fiction content: torment people like me who just set out to write books, and if anybody wanted to read them, terrific, the more the merrier. ... I'm a genre writer of a sort. I write literary fiction, which is like spy fiction or chick lit". Likewise, on "The Charlie Rose Show", he argued that this term, when applied to his work, greatly limited him and his expectations of what might come of his writing, so he does not really like it. He suggested that all his works are literary, simply because "they are written in words". Literary fiction often involves social commentary,


title: Law content: Law Law is a system of rules that are created and enforced through social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior. It has been defined both as "the Science of Justice" and "the Art of Justice". Law is a system that regulates and ensures that individuals or a community adhere to the will of the state. State-enforced laws can be made by a collective legislature or by a single legislator, resulting in statutes, by the executive through decrees and regulations, or established by judges through precedent, normally in common law jurisdictions. Private individuals can create legally binding contracts, including arbitration agreements


title: Law content: that may elect to accept alternative arbitration to the normal court process. The formation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and serves as a mediator of relations between people. A general distinction can be made between (a) civil law jurisdictions, in which a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates their laws, and (b) common law systems, where judge-made precedent is accepted as binding law. Historically, religious laws played a significant role even in settling of secular


title: Law content: matters, and is still used in some religious communities. Islamic Sharia law is the world's most widely used religious law, and is used as the primary legal system in some countries, such as Iran and Saudi Arabia. The adjudication of the law is generally divided into two main areas. Criminal law deals with conduct that is considered harmful to social order and in which the guilty party may be imprisoned or fined. Civil law (not to be confused with civil law jurisdictions above) deals with the resolution of lawsuits (disputes) between individuals or organizations. Law provides a source of scholarly


title: Law content: inquiry into legal history, philosophy, economic analysis and sociology. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and justice. Numerous definitions of "law" have been put forward over the centuries. The "Third New International Dictionary" from Merriam-Webster defines law as: "Law is a binding custom or practice of a community; a rule or mode of conduct or action that is prescribed or formally recognized as binding by a supreme controlling authority or is made obligatory by a sanction (as an edict, decree, rescript, order, ordinance, statute, resolution, rule, judicial decision, or usage) made, recognized, or enforced by the


title: Law content: controlling authority." The "Dictionary of the History of Ideas" published by Scribner's in 1973 defined the concept of law accordingly as: "A legal system is the most explicit, institutionalized, and complex mode of regulating human conduct. At the same time, it plays only one part in the congeries of rules which influence behavior, for social and moral rules of a less institutionalized kind are also of great importance." There have been several attempts to produce "a universally acceptable definition of law". In 1972, one source indicated that no such definition could be produced. McCoubrey and White said that the question


title: Law content: "what is law?" has no simple answer. Glanville Williams said that the meaning of the word "law" depends on the context in which that word is used. He said that, for example, "early customary law" and "municipal law" were contexts where the word "law" had two different and irreconcilable meanings. Thurman Arnold said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word "law" and that it is also equally obvious that the struggle to define that word should not ever be abandoned. It is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the


title: Law content: word "law" (e.g. "let's forget about generalities and get down to cases"). The history of law links closely to the development of civilization. Ancient Egyptian law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, contained a civil code that was probably broken into twelve books. It was based on the concept of Ma'at, characterised by tradition, rhetorical speech, social equality and impartiality. By the 22nd century BC, the ancient Sumerian ruler Ur-Nammu had formulated the first law code, which consisted of casuistic statements ("if … then ..."). Around 1760 BC, King Hammurabi further developed Babylonian law, by codifying and inscribing it


title: Law content: in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as stelae, for the entire public to see; this became known as the Codex Hammurabi. The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British Assyriologists, and has since been fully transliterated and translated into various languages, including English, Italian, German, and French. The Old Testament dates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society. The small Greek city-state, ancient Athens, from about the 8th century BC was the first society


title: Law content: to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry, excluding women and the slave class. However, Athens had no legal science or single word for "law", relying instead on the three-way distinction between divine law ("thémis"), human decree ("nomos") and custom ("díkē"). Yet Ancient Greek law contained major constitutional innovations in the development of democracy. Roman law was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated. Over the centuries between the rise and decline of the Roman Empire, law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent


title: Law content: major codification under Theodosius II and Justinian I. Although codes were replaced by custom and case law during the Dark Ages, Roman law was rediscovered around the 11th century when medieval legal scholars began to research Roman codes and adapt their concepts. Latin legal maxims (called brocards) were compiled for guidance. In medieval England, royal courts developed a body of precedent which later became the common law. A Europe-wide Law Merchant was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws. The Law Merchant, a precursor to modern


title: "Atlanta metropolitan area" content: and sometimes hawthorn. Virginia creeper, poison ivy, and briar are common vines. The Confederate yellow daisy is a wildflower native only to the area around Stone Mountain. Common garden plants include dogwood, azalea, hydrangea, flowering cherry, maples, pin oak, red-tip photinia, holly, juniper, white pine, magnolia, Bradford pear, forsythia, liriope (mondograss), and English ivy. Lawns can be either cool-season grasses like fescue and rye, or warm-season like zoysia and bermudagrass which turn brown in late fall. A few homeowners associations actually prohibit green grass in the winter. Native to the nearby mountains, maples are now one of the most common


title: "Foreign relations of the Bahamas" content: Foreign relations of the Bahamas The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United Kingdom, represented by a High Commissioner in London. The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). The Commonwealth of The Bahamas became a member of the United Nations (UN) in 1973 and the Organization of American States (OAS) in 56. The Bahamas has been an independent Commonwealth realm with Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of The Bahamas since 1973. The Queen is represented locally by the Governor-General of the Bahamas. The Bahamas holds membership in a number of international organizations: the


title: "Abu Dhabi" content: Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi (, ; "" ) is the capital and the second most populous city of the United Arab Emirates (the most populous being Dubai), and also capital of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, the largest of the UAE's seven emirates. Abu Dhabi lies on a T-shaped island jutting into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city of Abu Dhabi has an estimated population of 1.8 million in 2016. Abu Dhabi houses federal government offices, is the seat of the United Arab Emirates Government, home to the Abu Dhabi Emiri Family and the President of


title: Brand content: Brand A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes an organization or product from its rivals in the eyes of the customer. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising. Name brands are sometimes distinguished from generic or store brands. The practice of branding is thought to have begun with the ancient Egyptians who were known to have engaged in livestock branding as early as 2,700 BCE. Branding was used to differentiate one person’s cattle from another's by means of a distinctive symbol burned into the animal’s skin with a hot branding iron. If a


title: Brand content: person stole any of the cattle, anyone else who saw the symbol could deduce the actual owner. However, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Over time, the practice of branding objects extended to a broader range of packaging and goods offered for sale including oil, wine, cosmetics and fish sauce. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company or products from competitors, aiming to create a lasting


title: Brand content: impression in the minds of customers. The key components that form a brand's toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication (such as by logos and trademarks), brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding (brand management) strategies. Many companies believe that there is often little to differentiate between several types of products in the 21st century, and therefore branding is one of a few remaining forms of product differentiation. Brand equity is the measurable totality of a brand's worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. As markets become increasingly dynamic and fluctuating, brand equity is a


title: Brand content: marketing technique to increase customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, with side effects like reduced price sensitivity. A brand is, in essence, a promise to its customers of what they can expect from products and may include emotional as well as functional benefits. When a customer is familiar with a brand, or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Special accounting standards have been devised to assess brand equity. In accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset, is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet.


title: Brand content: Brand owners manage their brands carefully to create shareholder value, and brand valuation is an important management technique that ascribes a monetary value to a brand, and allows marketing investment to be managed (e.g.: prioritized across a portfolio of brands) to maximize shareholder value. Although only acquired brands appear on a company's balance sheet, the notion of putting a value on a brand forces marketing leaders to be focused on long term stewardship of the brand and managing for value. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a metonym referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand.


title: Brand content: Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, which may be distinguished from a car model. A "concept brand" is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A "commodity brand" is a brand associated with a commodity. The word, "brand", derives from its original and current meaning as a firebrand, a burning piece of wood. That word comes from the Old High German, "brinnan" and Old English "byrnan", "biernan", and "brinnan" via Middle English as "birnan" and "brond". Torches


title: Brand content: were used to indelibly mark items such as furniture and pottery, and to permanently burn identifying marks into the skin of slaves and livestock. Later the firebrands were replaced with branding irons. The marks themselves took on the term and came to be closely associated with craftsmen's products. Through that association, the term eventually acquired its current meaning. Branding and labelling have an ancient history. Branding probably began with the practice of branding livestock in order to deter theft. Images of the branding of cattle occur in ancient Egyptian tombs dating to around 2,700 BCE. Over time, purchasers realised that


title: Brand content: the brand provided information about origin as well as about ownership, and could serve as a guide to quality. Branding was adapted by farmers, potters and traders for use on other types of goods such as pottery and ceramics. Forms of branding or proto-branding emerged spontaneously and independently throughout Africa, Asia and Europe at different times, depending on local conditions. Seals, which acted as quasi-brands, have been found on early Chinese products of the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE); large numbers of seals survive from the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley (3,300–1,300 BCE) where the local community depended heavily on


title: Brand content: trade; cylinder seals came into use in Ur in Mesopotamia in around 3,000 BCE and facilitated the labelling of goods and property; and the use of maker's marks on pottery was commonplace in both ancient Greece and Rome Identity marks, such as stamps on ceramics, were also used in ancient Egypt. Diana Twede has argued that the "consumer packaging functions of protection, utility and communication have been necessary whenever packages were the object of transactions". She has shown that amphorae used in Mediterranean trade between 1,500 and 500 BCE exhibited a wide variety of shapes and markings, which consumers used


title: Brand content: to glean information about the type of goods and the quality. Systematic use of stamped labels dates from around the fourth century BCE. In a largely pre-literate society, the shape of the amphora and its pictorial markings conveyed information about the contents, region of origin and even the identity of the producer, which were understood to convey information about product quality. David Wengrow has argued that branding became necessary following the urban revolution in ancient Mesopotamia in the 4th century BCE, when large-scale economies started mass-producing commodities such as alcoholic drinks, cosmetics and textiles. These ancient societies imposed strict forms


title: "Economy of Belarus" content: the currency retained. As a result of the shortage, a black market of currency was created. In July 2011 the black market exchange rate was nearly 6,350 BYR per 1 dollar, in August it reached 9,000 BYR per 1 dollar. In September 2011 National Bank of Belarus introduced a free exchange market session to determine a market value of the ruble. From November 2011 to March 2012 the exchange rate was 8,000—8,150 BYR per 1 dollar, but it started to rise in April 2012 and reached 8,360 BYR per 1 dollar on 10 July 2012. Recovery from the crisis was


title: "Arctic Ocean" content: () on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago, next to Fram Strait. In Russia, major ports sorted by the different sea areas are: The ocean's Arctic shelf comprises a number of continental shelves, including the Canadian Arctic shelf, underlying the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and the Russian continental shelf, which is sometimes simply called the "Arctic Shelf" because it is greater in extent. The Russian continental shelf consists of three separate, smaller shelves, the Barents Shelf, Chukchi Sea Shelf and Siberian Shelf. Of these three, the Siberian Shelf is the largest such shelf in the world. The Siberian Shelf holds large oil and


title: "Arthur B. Chapman" content: and 33 Ph.D. students during his long career at the University of Wisconsin. An active and very popular teacher with students, he taught an undergraduate agricultural short course every winter as well as courses on genetics and animal breeding. In his research, Chapman was closely associated with that of his colleague Lester Earl Casida, a reproductive physiologist. Together, they taught a large number of students. Among his many awards, Arthur Chapman received a Rockefeller Foundation Award for teaching and research in Poland in 1960 and a Fulbright Fellowship and a Guggenheim Fellowship in New Zealand in 1966-1967. Chapman was active


title: "Steamboat Willie" content: giant turtle which carried the Vanishing Isle upon its back, came back out of the turtle's mouth in the steamboat from this film and was even in Mickey's form, whistling "Turkey in the Straw". In a 2008 movie of the TV series "Futurama" called "The Beast with a Billion Backs" the opening is a parody of "Steamboat Willie". The beginning of series 2 of the TV series "Alexei Sayle's Stuff" (1989) shows a black and white animation entitled "Steamboat Fatty", a parody of "Steamboat Willie". In the " "anime, one of the episodes "Steamboat Willies!", is a play on the


title: Ttcp content: another one is specified with the -p switch. Developed at Silicon Graphics, the nttcp implementation made several changes that remain in future implementations such as by default using port 5001 instead of 2000, reversing the meaning of the -s switch to sink data by default, and adding the -w window size switch Developed at Laboratory for Computational Physics and Fluid Dynamics at Naval Research Lab (LCP & FD at NRL). Provides additional information related to the data transfer such as user, system, and wall-clock time, transmitter and receiver CPU utilization, and loss percentage (for UDP transfers). Developed by the Distributed


title: "TELE Greenland A/S" content: TELE Greenland A/S TELE Greenland A/S or TELE Greenland Group (formerly Greenland Technical Organization) is a Greenlandic telecommunications company dating back to 1879. TELE Greenland is the largest telecommunications company in Greenland. The company's headquarters are located in Nuuk. The company is divided into three business areas: Postal service, Commercial and Technology and IT TELE-POST is the collective name for the three business units. TELE Greenland is the parent company of several subsidiaries and brands: TELE-POST, TELE Greenland, POST Greenland, Greenland Connect, tusass, Filatelia The subsidiary "TELE Greenland International A/S" with headquarters in Albertslund, Denmark provides telecom operator services including


title: "TELE Greenland A/S" content: VSAT services, equipment maintenance for customers and telehousing. TELE Greenland manages the top-level domain for Greenland .gl, and owns the sea cable Greenland Connect. TELE Greenland A/S was created in 1997, by the merging of TELE Greenland and Kalaallit Allakkeriviat (Greenland Postal Service). After the merger, Kalaallit Allakkeriviat became a business unit and was renamed as POST Greenland. The common designation "TELE-POST" for both business came into being. TELE Greenland had in 2009 partnered with Nokia Siemens Networks to build a complete 3G network. TELE Greenland announced in July 2013 a partnership with Nokia Siemens Networks to build a 4G


title: "Cactus plugging" content: Cactus plugging Cactus plugging is the practice of vandalizing or destroying a cactus, usually a saguaro, for fun. The Extension Office of the University of Arkansas says that the activity usually involves an inebriated person shooting at a cactus until it falls over. In 1982, David Grundman was killed while cactus plugging. After shooting at a saguaro cactus he poked at it to try to make it fall over and caused an arm of the cactus, weighing to fall on him. The trunk of the cactus then also fell on him. The act of cactus plugging, if performed on a


title: "Cactus plugging" content: saguaro, is illegal in Arizona. The Austin Lounge Lizards wrote the song "Saguaro" to commemorate the death of David Grundman. Cactus plugging Cactus plugging is the practice of vandalizing or destroying a cactus, usually a saguaro, for fun. The Extension Office of the University of Arkansas says that the activity usually involves an inebriated person shooting at a cactus until it falls over. In 1982, David Grundman was killed while cactus plugging. After shooting at a saguaro cactus he poked at it to try to make it fall over and caused an arm of the cactus, weighing to fall on


title: "Greater roadrunner" content: Greater roadrunner The greater roadrunner ("Geococcyx californianus") is a long-legged bird in the cuckoo family, Cuculidae, from Southwestern United States and Mexico. The Latin name means "Californian earth-cuckoo". Along with the lesser roadrunner, it is one of two species in the roadrunner genus "Geococcyx". This roadrunner is also known as the chaparral cock, ground cuckoo, and snake killer. The roadrunner is about long, has a wingspan and weighs . It stands around tall and is the largest cuckoo of the Americas. Roadrunners have four toes on each zygodactyl foot; two face forward, and two face backward. The toes are brown


title: "Greater roadrunner" content: of New Mexico. Greater roadrunner The greater roadrunner ("Geococcyx californianus") is a long-legged bird in the cuckoo family, Cuculidae, from Southwestern United States and Mexico. The Latin name means "Californian earth-cuckoo". Along with the lesser roadrunner, it is one of two species in the roadrunner genus "Geococcyx". This roadrunner is also known as the chaparral cock, ground cuckoo, and snake killer. The roadrunner is about long, has a wingspan and weighs . It stands around tall and is the largest cuckoo of the Americas. Roadrunners have four toes on each zygodactyl foot; two face forward, and two face backward. The


title: "Chihuahuan raven" content: Chihuahuan raven The Chihuahuan raven ("Corvus cryptoleucus") is a species of bird in the family Corvidae that is native to the United States and Mexico. It was formerly known as the American white-necked raven, and has the proportions of a common raven with a heavy bill, but is about the same size as a carrion crow, or slightly larger than the American crow ( long). The plumage is all-black with a rich purple-blue gloss in good light. Like the forest raven, little raven, fan-tailed raven and Australian raven, it is one of the smaller raven species. The larger species of


title: "Chihuahuan raven" content: raven are the common raven, thick-billed raven, white-necked raven and brown-necked raven, with the common and thick-billed ravens being the world's largest raven species and the little and fan-tailed ravens being the smallest. The Chihuahuan raven is very similar in appearance to the Australian raven, although with dark brown irises and whiter feather bases. The nasal bristles extend farther down the top of the bill than in any other "Corvus" species to about two-thirds the length. The base of the neck feathers are white-ish (seen only when ruffled in strong wind). The bill, legs and feet are black. The Chihuahuan


title: Caatinga content: larger than the U.S. state of Texas. The Caatinga has only two distinguishable seasons. These are the winter, when it is hot and dry, and the summer when it is very hot and rainy. During the dry winter periods there is no foliage or undergrowth. The vegetation is very dry and the roots begin to protrude through the surface of the stony soil. They do this in order to absorb water before it is evaporated. All leaves fall off the trees to reduce transpiration, thus lessening the amount of water that is lost in the dry season. During the peak


title: Xerophyte content: oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Besides having anti-oxidant properties, other compounds extracted from some resurrection plants showed anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties. A glycoside found in "Haberlea rhodopensis" called myconoside is extracted and used in cosmetic creams as a source of anti-oxidant as well as to increase elasticity of the human skin. Although there are other molecules in these plants that may be of benefit, it is still much less studied than the primary metabolites mentioned above. Xerophyte A xerophyte (from Greek ξηρός "xeros" dry, φυτόν "phuton" plant) is a species of plant that has adaptations to survive in an


title: Xeriscaping content: Xeriscaping Xeriscaping is the process of landscaping or gardening that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental water from irrigation. It is promoted in regions that do not have accessible, plentiful, or reliable supplies of fresh water, and is gaining acceptance in other regions as access to irrigation water is becoming limited. Xeriscaping may be an alternative to various types of traditional gardening. In some areas, terms as "water-conserving landscapes", "drought-tolerant landscaping", and "smart scaping" are used instead. Plants whose natural requirements are appropriate to the local climate are emphasized, and care is taken to avoid losing water to evaporation


title: Xeriscaping content: and run-off. The specific plants used in xeriscaping depend upon the climate. Xeriscaping is different from natural landscaping, because the emphasis in xeriscaping is on selection of plants for water conservation, not necessarily selecting native plants. Public perception of xeriscaping has frequently been negative as many assume that these types of landscapes are ugly expanses of cactus and gravel. However, studies have shown that education in water conservation practices in the landscape can greatly improve the public's perception of xeriscaping. Denver Water coined the term xeriscape in 1981 by combining "landscape" with the Greek prefix "xero-", from "xeros", meaning dry.


title: Xeriscaping content: The term zero-scaping or zeroscaping is sometimes substituted for xeriscaping due to phonetic similarity. When used seriously, zero-scaping usually refers to a different type of low-water landscaping that is often devoid, or nearly devoid of plants. Because the term was derived from the Greek root "xeros", xeriscaping is sometimes misspelled xeroscaping. Some homeowners associations have strict rules requiring a certain percentage of land to be used as lawns but these rules either have been or are in the process of being overturned in many areas. Originally conceived by Denver Water, the seven design principles of xeriscaping have since expanded into


title: Xeriscaping content: simple and applicable concepts to creating landscapes that use less water. The principles are appropriate for multiple regions and can serve as a guide to creating a water conserving landscape that is regionally appropriate and since they were conceived for homeowners they are easy to implement. 1. Plan and design: Create a diagram, drawn to scale, that shows the major elements of the landscape, including house, driveway, sidewalk, deck or patio, existing trees and other elements. Once a base plan of an existing site has been determined, the creation of a conceptual plan (bubble diagram) that shows the areas for


title: Xeriscaping content: turf, perennial beds, views, screens, slopes, etc. is undertaken. Once finished, the development of a planting plan that reinforces the areas in the appropriate scale is done. 2. Soil amendment Most plants will benefit from the use of compost, which will help the soil retain water. Some desert plants prefer gravel soils instead of well-amended soils. Plants should either fit the soil or soil should be amended to fit the plants. 3. Efficient irrigation: Xeriscape can be irrigated efficiently by hand or with an automatic sprinkler system. Zone turf areas separately from other plants and use the irrigation method that


title: Xeriscaping content: waters the plants in each area most efficiently. For grass, use gear-driven rotors or rotary spray nozzles that have larger droplets and low angles to avoid wind drift. Spray, drip line or bubbler emitters are most efficient for watering trees, shrubs, flowers and groundcovers. If watering by hand, avoid oscillating sprinklers and other sprinklers that throw water high in the air or release a fine mist. The most efficient sprinklers release big drops close to the ground. Water deeply and infrequently to develop deep roots. Never water during the day to reduce water lost to evaporation. With the use of


title: Xeriscaping content: automatic sprinkling systems, adjust the controller monthly to accommodate weather conditions. Also, install a rain sensor to shut off the device when it rains. 4. Appropriate plant and zone selection: Different areas in a yard receive different amounts of light, wind and moisture. To minimize water waste, group together plants with similar light and water requirements, and place them in an area that matches these requirements. Put moderate-water-use plants in low-lying drainage areas, near downspouts, or in the shade of other plants. Turf typically requires the most water and shrub/perennial beds will require approximately half the amount of water. Dry,


title: Xeriscaping content: sunny areas support low-water-use plants that grow well in our climate. Planting a variety of plants with different heights, color and textures creates interest and beauty. 5. Mulch: Mulch keeps plant roots cool, prevents soil from crusting, minimizes evaporation and reduces weed growth. Organic mulches, such as bark chips, pole peelings or wood grindings, should be applied 2 to 4 inches deep. Fiber mulches create a web that is more resistant to wind and rain washout. Inorganic mulches, such as rocks and gravel, should be applied 2 to 3 inches deep. Surrounding plants with rock makes the area hotter; limit


title: Xeriscaping content: recreational purposes or otherwise. Xeriscaped landscapes offer an alternative to the over use of turf grass lawns but are not widely accepted because of preconceived notions of what it means to xeriscape. Xeriscaping can include lawn areas but seeks to reduce them to areas that will actually be used, rather than using them as a default landscaping plan. Xeriscaping Xeriscaping is the process of landscaping or gardening that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental water from irrigation. It is promoted in regions that do not have accessible, plentiful, or reliable supplies of fresh water, and is gaining acceptance in


title: Cochineal content: "O. amyclaea", "O. atropes", "O. cantabrigiensis", "O. brasilienis", "O. ficus-indica", "O. fuliginosa", "O. jaliscana", "O. leucotricha", "O. lindheimeri", "O. microdasys", "O. megacantha", "O. pilifera", "O. robusta", "O. sarca", "O. schikendantzii", "O. stricta", "O. streptacantha", and "O. tomentosa". Feeding cochineals can damage and kill the plant. Other cochineal species feed on many of the same "Opuntia", and the wide range of hosts reported for "D. coccus" likely is because of the difficulty in distinguishing it from other "Dactylopius" species. A nopal cactus farm for the production of cochineal is traditionally known as a nopalry. The two methods of farming cochineal are


title: "Carnivorous plant" content: Carnivorous plant Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods. Carnivorous plants have adapted to grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients, especially nitrogen, such as acidic bogs. Charles Darwin wrote "Insectivorous Plants", the first well-known treatise on carnivorous plants, in 1875. True carnivory is thought to have evolved independently nine times in five different orders of flowering plants, and is represented by more than a dozen genera. This classification includes at least 583 species that


title: "Carnivorous plant" content: may kill or incapacitate insects without the advantage of nutrient absorption. Due to the observation that many currently classified carnivores lack digestive enzymes for breaking down nutrients and instead rely upon mutualistic and symbiotic relationships with bacteria, ants, or insect, this adaptation has been added to the carnivorous definition. Despite this, there are cases where plants appear carnivorous, in that they fulfill some of the above definition, but are not truly carnivorous. Some botanists argue that there is a spectrum of carnivory found in plants: from completely non-carnivorous plants like cabbages, to borderline carnivores, to unspecialised and simple traps, like


title: "Carnivorous plant" content: for the shelter, as it were. To the plant the excreta are more readily assimilable than intact insects would be. There also is a considerable list of "Nepenthes" endophytes; these are microbes other than pathogens that live in the tissues of pitcher plants, often apparently harmlessly. Another important area of symbiosis between carnivorous plants and insects is pollination. While many species of carnivorous plant can reproduce asexually via self-pollination or vegetative propagation, many carnivorous plants are insect-pollinated. Outcross pollination is beneficial as it increases genetic diversity. This means that carnivorous plants undergo an evolutionary and ecological conflict often called the


title: "Carnivorous plant" content: Malathion and Acephate (Orthene) have also been reported as tolerable by carnivorous plants. Although insects can be a problem, by far the biggest killer of carnivorous plants (besides human maltreatment) is grey mold ("Botrytis cinerea"). This thrives under warm, humid conditions and can be a real problem in winter. To some extent, temperate carnivorous plants can be protected from this pathogen by ensuring that they are kept cool and well ventilated in winter and that any dead leaves are removed promptly. If this fails, a fungicide is in order. The easiest carnivorous plants for beginners are those from the cool


title: "Vincent Bevan" content: the Lions. In a flash he was through the All Blacks, and racing for the line 25 yards away. A shoulder-high tackle by Nau Cherrington stopped him for only an instant before he was over the line. Later in the game, George Beatty received a pass from Bevan about the twenty-five. With the pace on Beatty passed to Roy Roper, who beat four men and scored a few yards from the corner. With seven minutes left, Bob Scott came up into a rush and kicked high toward the Lions' goal before a scrum was then ordered not more than 10


title: "Succulent plant" content: Succulent plant In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants that have some parts that are more than normally thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word "succulent" comes from the Latin word "sucus", meaning juice, or sap. Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves and stems. Some definitions also include roots, thus geophytes that survive unfavorable periods by dying back to underground storage organs may be regarded as succulents. In horticultural use, the term "succulent" is sometimes used in a way which excludes plants that botanists


title: "Succulent plant" content: adapted to living in dry environments such as succulents are termed "xerophytes". However, not all xerophytes are succulents, since there are other ways of adapting to a shortage of water, e.g., by developing small leaves which may roll up or having leathery rather than succulent leaves. Nor are all succulents xerophytes, since plants like "Crassula helmsii" are both succulent and aquatic. Those who grow succulents as a hobby use the term in a different way to botanists. In horticultural use, the term "succulent" regularly excludes cacti. For example, Jacobsen's three volume "Handbook of Succulent Plants" does not cover cacti, and


title: "Succulent plant" content: difficulty is that plants are not either "succulent" or "non-succulent". In many genera and families there is a continuous gradation from plants with thin leaves and normal stems to those with very clearly thickened and fleshy leaves or stems, so that deciding what is a succulent is often arbitrary. Different sources may classify the same species differently. The storage of water often gives succulent plants a more swollen or fleshy appearance than other plants, a characteristic known as succulence. In addition to succulence, succulent plants variously have other water-saving features. These may include: Many succulents come from dry areas such


title: "Succulent plant" content: consisting of uprooting an overgrown clump and pulling the stems and roots apart. The easiest one is allowing the formation of callus from a leaf. The vegetative propagation can be different according to the species. Succulent plant In botany, succulent plants, also known as succulents, are plants that have some parts that are more than normally thickened and fleshy, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions. The word "succulent" comes from the Latin word "sucus", meaning juice, or sap. Succulent plants may store water in various structures, such as leaves and stems. Some definitions also include roots,


title: "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" content: It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American epic comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer and starring Spencer Tracy with an all-star cast, about the madcap pursuit of $350,000 in stolen cash by a diverse and colorful group of strangers. The ensemble comedy premiered on November 7, 1963. The cast features Edie Adams, Milton Berle, Sid Caesar, Buddy Hackett, Ethel Merman, Mickey Rooney, Phil Silvers, Terry-Thomas, and Jonathan Winters. The film marked the first time that Kramer had directed a comedy, though he had produced the comedy "So


title: "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" content: a shorter running time for its general release. The footage was excised against Kramer's wishes. The lost footage seriously deteriorated through the decades and was once thought impossible to restore. On October 15, 2013, however, it was announced that the Criterion Collection had collaborated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, United Artists, and film restoration expert Robert A. Harris to reconstruct and restore "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" to be as close as possible to the original 197-minute version envisioned by Kramer. It was released in a five-disc "Dual Format" Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack on January 21, 2014. "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad,


title: "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" content: Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World", including "Scavenger Hunt" (1979), "Million Dollar Mystery" (1987), "Rat Race" (2001) and "Three Kings" (2011). The title music and some of the incidental ques were included in the documentary "ToryBoy The Movie". Claims of attempts to produce a sequel to "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" have circulated, but no film producer has officially confirmed a sequel contract despite multiple attempts. It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World is a 1963 American epic comedy film produced and directed by Stanley Kramer and starring Spencer Tracy with an


title: "Tabby concrete" content: Tabby concrete Tabby is a type of concrete made by burning oyster shells to create lime, then mixing it with water, sand, ash and broken oyster shells. Tabby was used by early Spanish settlers in present-day North Carolina and Florida, then by English colonists primarily in coastal South Carolina and Georgia. Revivals in the use of tabby spread northward and continued into the early 19th century. Tabby was normally protected with a coating of plaster or stucco. Tabby's origin is uncertain. There is evidence that North African Moors brought a predecessor form of tabby to Spain when they invaded that


title: "Flag of Mexico" content: similarly toned Italian tricolour had already been used briefly in Europe, for example by the Cisalpine Republic, but it had different proportions from the modern Italian flag. Both flags use the same colors (green, white and red), but the Mexican flag has darker shades of green and red (particularly the green). These flags present a different aspect ratio (proportions): the Italian flag aspect ratio is 2:3 (1 to 1.5), more squarish in shape, while the Mexican flag aspect ratio is 4:7 (1 to 1.75), resulting in a longer shape. When the flag is paraded in front of a crowd, those


title: "Flag of Mexico" content: Madero (February 9, 1913), Flag of Doliente Hidalgo (January 2, 1812), Flag of José María Morelos y Pavón, Flag of Francisco Villa, Flag of Siera Battalion, Flag of Jalisco Battalion, Libres de Puebla Battalion, Artillería Mina Battalion, Oaxaca Battalion, Toluca Battalion, Flag of Chihuahua Battalion, Flag of Durango Battalion, Flag of San Lorenzo Battalion, Flag of Lanceros Battalion, Flag of San Luis Potosí Battalion, Flag of Aguascalientes Battalion, Flag of Galeana Battalion (May 22, 1864), Flag of San Blas Battalion (September 24, 1846), Flag of Tres Villas Battalion, Flag of Milicias Battalion, Flag of Remixto Battalion, Flag of Quautla Battalion,


title: Tree content: Tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, supporting branches and leaves in most species. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height. Trees are not a taxonomic group but include a variety of plant species that have independently evolved a woody trunk and branches as a way to tower above other plants to compete for sunlight. Trees tend to be long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old. In wider definitions,


title: Tree content: the taller palms, tree ferns, bananas, and bamboos are also trees. Trees have been in existence for 370 million years. It is estimated that there are just over 3 trillion mature trees in the world. A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk. This trunk typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials from one part of the tree to another. For most trees it is surrounded by a layer of bark which serves as a protective barrier. Below the ground, the roots branch and spread out widely; they


title: Tree content: serve to anchor the tree and extract moisture and nutrients from the soil. Above ground, the branches divide into smaller branches and shoots. The shoots typically bear leaves, which capture light energy and convert it into sugars by photosynthesis, providing the food for the tree's growth and development. Trees usually reproduce using seeds. Flowers and fruit may be present, but some trees, such as conifers, instead have pollen cones and seed cones. Palms, bananas, and bamboos also produce seeds, but tree ferns produce spores instead. Trees play a significant role in reducing erosion and moderating the climate. They remove carbon


title: Tree content: dioxide from the atmosphere and store large quantities of carbon in their tissues. Trees and forests provide a habitat for many species of animals and plants. Tropical rainforests are among the most biodiverse habitats in the world. Trees provide shade and shelter, timber for construction, fuel for cooking and heating, and fruit for food as well as having many other uses. In parts of the world, forests are shrinking as trees are cleared to increase the amount of land available for agriculture. Because of their longevity and usefulness, trees have always been revered, with sacred groves in various cultures, and


title: Tree content: they play a role in many of the world's mythologies. Although "tree" is a term of common parlance, there is no universally recognised precise definition of what a tree is, either botanically or in common language. In its broadest sense, a tree is any plant with the general form of an elongated stem, or trunk, which supports the photosynthetic leaves or branches at some distance above the ground. Trees are also typically defined by height, with smaller plants from being called shrubs, so the minimum height of a tree is only loosely defined. Large herbaceous plants such as papaya and


title: Tree content: bananas are trees in this broad sense. A commonly applied narrower definition is that a tree has a woody trunk formed by secondary growth, meaning that the trunk thickens each year by growing outwards, in addition to the primary upwards growth from the growing tip. Under such a definition, herbaceous plants such as palms, bananas and papayas are not considered trees regardless of their height, growth form or stem girth. Certain monocots may be considered trees under a slightly looser definition; while the Joshua tree, bamboos and palms do not have secondary growth and never produce true wood with growth


title: Tree content: rings, they may produce "pseudo-wood" by lignifying cells formed by primary growth. Aside from structural definitions, trees are commonly defined by use; for instance, as those plants which yield lumber. The tree growth habit is an evolutionary adaptation found in different groups of plants: by growing taller, trees are able to compete better for sunlight. Trees tend to be tall and long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old. Several trees are among the oldest organisms now living. Trees have modified structures such as thicker stems composed of specialised cells that add structural strength and durability, allowing them to grow taller


title: Tree content: than many other plants and to spread out their foliage. They differ from shrubs, which have a similar growth form, by usually growing larger and having a single main stem; but there is no consistent distinction between a tree and a shrub, made more confusing by the fact that trees may be reduced in size under harsher environmental conditions such as on mountains and subarctic areas. The tree form has evolved separately in unrelated classes of plants in response to similar environmental challenges, making it a classic example of parallel evolution. With an estimated 60,000-100,000 species, the number of trees


title: Tree content: worldwide might total twenty-five per cent of all living plant species. The greatest number of these grow in tropical regions and many of these areas have not yet been fully surveyed by botanists, making tree diversity and ranges poorly known. The majority of tree species are angiosperms. There are about 1000 species of gymnosperm trees, including conifers, cycads, ginkgophytes and gnetales; they produce seeds which are not enclosed in fruits, but in open structures such as pine cones, and many have tough waxy leaves, such as pine needles. Most angiosperm trees are eudicots, the "true dicotyledons", so named because the


title: Tree content: seeds contain two cotyledons or seed leaves. There are also some trees among the old lineages of flowering plants called basal angiosperms or paleodicots; these include "Amborella", "Magnolia", nutmeg and avocado, while trees such as bamboo, palms and bananas are monocots. Wood gives structural strength to the trunk of most types of tree; this supports the plant as it grows larger. The vascular system of trees allows water, nutrients and other chemicals to be distributed around the plant, and without it trees would not be able to grow as large as they do. Trees, as relatively tall plants, need to


title: Desert content: Desert A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to the processes of denudation. About one-third of the land surface of the world is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions where little precipitation occurs and which are sometimes called polar deserts or "cold deserts". Deserts can be classified by the amount of precipitation that falls, by the temperature that prevails, by the causes of desertification or by their geographical location.


title: Desert content: Deserts are formed by weathering processes as large variations in temperature between day and night put strains on the rocks which consequently break in pieces. Although rain seldom occurs in deserts, there are occasional downpours that can result in flash floods. Rain falling on hot rocks can cause them to shatter and the resulting fragments and rubble strewn over the desert floor are further eroded by the wind. This picks up particles of sand and dust and wafts them aloft in sand or dust storms. Wind-blown sand grains striking any solid object in their path can abrade the surface. Rocks


title: Desert content: are smoothed down, and the wind sorts sand into uniform deposits. The grains end up as level sheets of sand or are piled high in billowing sand dunes. Other deserts are flat, stony plains where all the fine material has been blown away and the surface consists of a mosaic of smooth stones. These areas are known as desert pavements and little further erosion takes place. Other desert features include rock outcrops, exposed bedrock and clays once deposited by flowing water. Temporary lakes may form and salt pans may be left when waters evaporate. There may be underground sources of


title: Desert content: water in the form of springs and seepages from aquifers. Where these are found, oases can occur. Plants and animals living in the desert need special adaptations to survive in the harsh environment. Plants tend to be tough and wiry with small or no leaves, water-resistant cuticles and often spines to deter herbivory. Some annual plants germinate, bloom and die in the course of a few weeks after rainfall while other long-lived plants survive for years and have deep root systems able to tap underground moisture. Animals need to keep cool and find enough food and water to survive. Many


title: Desert content: are nocturnal and stay in the shade or underground during the heat of the day. They tend to be efficient at conserving water, extracting most of their needs from their food and concentrating their urine. Some animals remain in a state of dormancy for long periods, ready to become active again during the rare rainfall. They then reproduce rapidly while conditions are favorable before returning to dormancy. People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia. Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided opportunities for a


title: Desert content: more settled way of life. The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification. Desert farming is possible with the aid of irrigation, and the Imperial Valley in California provides an example of how previously barren land can be made productive by the import of water from an outside source. Many trade routes have been forged across deserts, especially across the Sahara Desert, and traditionally were used by caravans of camels carrying salt, gold, ivory and other goods. Large numbers of slaves were also taken northwards across the Sahara. Some mineral


title: Caribbean content: Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) is a region of North America that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean) and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America. Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays. (See the list of Caribbean islands.) These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges


title: Caribbean content: of the Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean islands, consisting of the Greater Antilles on the north and the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which also includes the Lucayan Archipelago (comprising the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands). The Lucayans and, less commonly, Bermuda, are also sometimes considered Caribbean despite the fact that none of these islands border the Caribbean Sea. In a wider sense, the mainland countries, regions, and territories of Belize, the Caribbean region of Colombia, Cozumel, the Yucatán Peninsula, Margarita Island, the Guyanas (Guyana,


title: "Wee Bin" content: and an only daughter. Wee Bin's daughter married Lim Ho Puah, who would later take over Wee Bin & Co., before passing it on to his fourth son Lim Peng Siang. Wee Bin Wee Bin () born in China in 1823, was a Chinese migrant of the mid-nineteenth century who founded what was, at the time, Singapore's largest Chinese shipping firm. At the age of thirty-three, Wee Bin founded Wee Bin & Co., under the chop Hong Guan, in 1856. The firm was based in Market Street, and became prominent in the 1860s. Wee ran the firm according to Western


title: "Honda Civic (first generation)" content: the end, almost 1 million Honda owners were notified that their fenders could be repaired or replaced by the automaker at no charge. About 10% of all Hondas sold were to be inspected by a dealer, and the automaker had 180 days to replace front fenders and supporting parts that showed rust within the first three years of use. The Hondas were so vulnerable to corrosion that the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) also issued a safety recall. This was because the car's lateral suspension arms, front crossbeam, and strut coil spring lower supports could weaken with exposure to


title: "Jodie Bowering" content: a champion waterskier. Bowering is a physical education and health teacher and taught at North Lakes State College in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. She took a year off between 2009 and 2010 when she worked for the Queensland government to help train physical education teachers. Bowering's mother got her involved with teeball as an eventual gateway to softball as a six-year-old. At the time, her mother was playing club softball. In 2008, she competed in the Queensland Open Women's State Championships where she played for the Brisbane side. She had a scholarship with and played for the


title: "Honda Civic (sixth generation)" content: Green Pearl (coupe and sedan), Midori Green Pearl (hatch), Granada Black Pearl (hatch), Frost White (coupe and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic (hatch), Milano Red (coupe), Island Coral Pearl (coupe and sedan) and Roma Red (hatch). 1997: Cyclone Blue Metallic (DX and LX sedan), Cypress Green Pearl (DX and EX coupe and sedan), Granada Black Pearl (LX and EX sedan, coupe and DX hatch) Frost White (DX and EX coupe and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic, Dark Amethyst Pearl (hatch), Milano Red (coupe), Inza Red Pearl (LX sedan) and Roma Red (hatch). 1998: Cyclone Blue Metallic (sedan), Cypress Green Pearl


title: "Honda Civic (sixth generation)" content: (coupe and sedan), Taffeta White (coupe and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic, Flamenco Black Pearl, Dark Amethyst Pearl (hatch), Milano Red (coupe) and Roma Red (hatch). 1999: Electron Blue Pearl (Si coupe), Iced Teal Pearl (sedan), Clover Green Pearl (coupe and sedan), Taffeta White (coupe and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic (hatch), Flamenco Black Pearl(hatch and coupe), Dark Amethyst Pearl (hatch), Milano Red (coupe) and Roma Red (hatch). 2000: Electron Blue Pearl (Si coupe), Iced Teal Pearl (sedan), Clover Green Pearl (coupe and sedan), Taffeta White (coupe, hatch and sedan), New Vogue Silver Metallic, Flamenco Black Pearl, Milano Red (coupe),


title: "CBV Vietnam Bond Indexes" content: bond market. CBV Government Bond Index is an equally weighted basket of government bonds in the Vietnamese bond market. It includes Treasury bonds, Municipal bonds, Agency bonds, and Supranational bonds. CBV Corporate Bond Index is an equally weighted basket of corporate bonds in the Vietnamese bond market. The objective of the Index is to capture the return of readily tradable, high-grade Vietnamese corporate bonds. The CBV Vietnam Corporate Bond Index includes the Utilities Bond index, the Financials bond index, and the Industrials bond index. CBV Vietnam Covertible Bond Index CBV Vietnam Interbank bond Index is an index created in order


title: "Obesity in the United States" content: Guam. Care should be taken in interpreting these numbers, because they are based on self-report surveys which asked individuals (or, in case of children and adolescents, their parents) to report their height and weight. Height is commonly overreported and weight underreported, sometimes resulting in significantly lower estimates. One study estimated the difference between actual and self-reported obesity as 7% among males and 13% among females as of 2002, with the tendency to increase. The long-running REGARDS study, published in the journal of "Obesity" in 2014, brought in individuals from the nine census regions and measured their height and weight. The


title: "The World Tossed at Tennis" content: The World Tossed at Tennis The World Tossed at Tennis is a Jacobean era masque composed by Thomas Middleton and William Rowley, first published in 1620. It was likely acted on 4 March 1620 (new style) at Denmark House. Middleton and Rowley conducted one of the most interesting collaborative efforts in English Renaissance drama; together they produced significant works, "The Changeling" and "A Fair Quarrel". Their only masque is one of the stranger and more original literary products of their generation. "A Courtly Masque; the Device called, the World tost at Tennis" was entered into the Stationers' Register on 4


title: "The World Tossed at Tennis" content: is thin. The fashion for yellow bands lasted in Court circles until the mid-1620s. The World Tossed at Tennis The World Tossed at Tennis is a Jacobean era masque composed by Thomas Middleton and William Rowley, first published in 1620. It was likely acted on 4 March 1620 (new style) at Denmark House. Middleton and Rowley conducted one of the most interesting collaborative efforts in English Renaissance drama; together they produced significant works, "The Changeling" and "A Fair Quarrel". Their only masque is one of the stranger and more original literary products of their generation. "A Courtly Masque; the Device


title: "Standing passenger" content: Standing passengers are susceptible to suffering falls and other injuries, particularly elderly people. Shorter people and children may not be able to reach ceiling-mounted handles, straps, or rails. Porous cloth straps are hard to clean, and are being replaced by rubber or plastic straps, and metal fixtures often made of stainless steel. Various types of handholds are provided for standing passengers: Standing passenger In urban public transport, provision is made for standing passengers, often called straphangers or standees, to rationalize operation and to provide extra capacity during rush hour. On crowded rapid transit urban lines, while most travelers may be


title: "Reasons to be pretty" content: Reasons to be pretty reasons to be pretty is a play by Neil LaBute, his first to be staged on Broadway. The plot centers on four young working class friends and lovers who become increasingly dissatisfied with their dead-end lives and each other. Following "The Shape of Things" and "Fat Pig", it is the final installment of a trilogy that focuses on modern-day obsession with physical appearance. Produced by MCC Theater and directed by Terry Kinney, the play premiered at the Off-Broadway Lucille Lortel Theater on June 2, 2008 and ran through July 5. The cast included Piper Perabo, Pablo


title: "Reasons to be pretty" content: Schreiber, Alison Pill, and Thomas Sadoski. Ben Brantley of "The New York Times" thought the play "has an adolescent awkwardness at times that is the opposite of the contrived jigsaw-puzzle precision associated with Mr. LaBute... The relatively easygoing sprawl of "reasons to be pretty" allows his characters to talk naturally and at leisure as they ponder their own often less-than-pretty natures. In the course of these conversations, you realize anew what a sensitive ear Mr. LaBute has for the uncommonness in common speech — of the individuality within everyday language — and for how people of all levels of education


title: "Reasons to be pretty" content: and eloquence use words as instruments of power... What makes this play resonate is less its Big Theme — beauty (or lack thereof) and its discontents — than how that theme illuminates the insecurities of people who don’t feel they have much to offer the world... "reasons to be pretty" is in part about learning to listen. If it stumbles in illustrating this lesson, it also opens its author’s ears to a new, richly human music." The Broadway production, also directed by Kinney, began previews at the Lyceum Theatre on March 13, 2009, opened on April 2, 2009 and closed


title: "Reasons to be pretty" content: on June 14, 2009 after 85 performances. The cast included Off-Broadway cast members Thomas Sadoski and Piper Perabo joined by Marin Ireland and Steven Pasquale. In reviewing the Broadway production for the "New York Times", Brantley said, "Even more than when I saw it last June, "reasons" flows with the compelling naturalness of overheard conversation" and concluded, "It’s never easy to say what you mean, or to know what you mean to begin with. With a delicacy that belies its crude vocabulary, "reasons to be pretty" celebrates the everyday heroism in the struggle to find out." In 2011 it was


title: "Reasons to be pretty" content: produced in London at the Almeida Theatre with a cast including UK actress Billie Piper, Kieran Bew, Siân Brooke and Tom Burke. It opened to critical acclaim on the press night, 17 November 2011, with reviewers claiming it 'was one of the best theatre productions' they had seen in 2011. The Australian premiere took place in May 2012 at the Darlinghurst Theatre in Sydney, directed by National Institute of Dramatic Arts graduate James Beach and starring Andrew Henry. The first Canadian production was presented in Montreal, at , from November 19 to December 14, 2012 with Quebec French translation by


title: "Reasons to be pretty" content: David Laurin and direction by Frédéric Blanchette. The cast of "l'obsession de la beauté" included Anne-Élisabeth Bossé, Maude Giguère, David Laurin and Mathieu Quesnel. "Reasons to be pretty" has also been put up in San Francisco at San Francisco Playhouse where it opened on March 26. LaBute wrote a sequel to the play, "Reasons to be Happy", which premiered in June 2013 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre in an MCC Theatre production. It features the same four characters several years later, and starred Jenna Fischer, Josh Hamilton, Leslie Bibb and Fred Weller. Reasons to be pretty reasons to be pretty


title: Viscosity content: Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. Viscosity is the property of a fluid which opposes the relative motion between two surfaces of the fluid that are moving at different velocities. In simple terms, viscosity means friction between the molecules of fluid. When the fluid is forced through a tube, the particles which compose the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube's axis and more slowly


title: "State Border Guard" content: Guard Forces. From 7 January, 1997 the Border Guard Forces are existing under the subordination of the Ministry of the Interior and staff is employed to serve in the Ministry of the Interior. From 14 February, 1997 the Border Guard Forces were renamed the Border Guard of the Ministry of the Interior. From 1 May, 1998 the Border Guard named the State Border Guard. From 7 April, 2009 General Normunds Garbars leads the State Border Guard. State Border Guard The State Border Guard () is the border guard of Latvia. The State Border Guard is an institution subordinated to the


title: "Super-Charged network" content: Super-Charged network Super-Charged network, also known as a Super-Charger network, is a telecommunications term that refers to a particular standardized implementation of a 3GPP 3G telecommunications network. 3GPP has standardized Super-Charger networks in TS 23.116, the Super-Charger technical realization, and defines a Super-Charged network as a ""UMTS network in which the Super-Charger mechanism is being used to optimise mobility management signalling"." A regular UMTS network can be retrofitted to provide Super-Charger support by providing Super-Charger support within each network entity. Once a network entity has been modified to support Super-Charger functionality it is referred to as a Super-Charged network entity.


title: "Diet in Sikhism" content: principles. Sikhs who follow this practice eat from iron bowls and iron plates only. According to Sarbloh Bibek, food must be cooked in iron cauldrons or other iron utensils while reciting Gurbani or Simran (meditating). Sikhs traditionally use sand to clean the iron utensils, but today Sikhs speed up the process using a mixture of dishwashing soap, sand, water, and a steel wool soap pad. Another key aspect to maintaining Sarbloh Bibek is that Sikhs must only eat food prepared by other Amritdhari (baptized) Sikhs. Amritdhari Sikhs are also not to eat Jootha food (previously eaten food) from non-Amritdharis. Sarbloh


title: Information content: Information Information is any entity or form that provides the answer to a question of some kind or resolves uncertainty. It is thus related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts. As it regards data, the information's existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer (it exists beyond an event horizon, for example), while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer. Information is conveyed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation. That which is perceived can


title: Information content: be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, information is always conveyed as the content of a message. Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation (for example, information may be encoded into a sequence of signs, or transmitted via a signal). It can also be encrypted for safe storage and communication. Information reduces uncertainty. The uncertainty of an event is measured by its probability of occurrence and is inversely proportional to that. The more uncertain an event, the more information is required to resolve uncertainty of that event. The bit is


title: Information content: a typical unit of information, but other units such as the nat may be used. For example, the information encoded in one "fair" coin flip is log(2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin flips is log(4/1) = 2 bits. The concept that "information is the message" has different meanings in different contexts. Thus the concept of information becomes closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, education, knowledge, meaning, understanding, mental stimuli, pattern, perception, representation, and entropy. The English word apparently derives from the Latin stem ("information-") of the nominative ("informatio"): this noun derives from the


title: Information content: verb "informare" (to inform) in the sense of "to give form to the mind", "to discipline", "instruct", "teach". "Inform" itself comes (via French "informer") from the Latin verb "informare", which means to give form, or to form an idea of. Furthermore, Latin itself already contained the word "informatio" meaning concept or idea, but the extent to which this may have influenced the development of the word "information" in English is not clear. The ancient Greek word for "form" was ("morphe"; cf. morph) and also εἶδος ("eidos") "kind, idea, shape, set", the latter word was famously used in a technical philosophical


title: Information content: sense by Plato (and later Aristotle) to denote the ideal identity or essence of something (see Theory of Forms). 'Eidos' can also be associated with thought, proposition, or even concept. The ancient Greek word for "information" is , which transliterates ("plērophoria") from πλήρης ("plērēs") "fully" and φέρω ("phorein") frequentative of ("pherein") "to carry through". It literally means "bears fully" or "conveys fully". In modern Greek the word is still in daily use and has the same meaning as the word "information" in English. In addition to its primary meaning, the word as a symbol has deep roots in Aristotle's semiotic


title: Information content: triangle. In this regard it can be interpreted to communicate information to the one decoding that specific type of sign. This is something that occurs frequently with the etymology of many words in ancient and modern Greek where there is a very strong denotative relationship between the signifier, e.g. the word symbol that conveys a specific encoded interpretation, and the signified, e.g. a concept whose meaning the interpreter attempts to decode. In English, “information” is an uncountable mass noun. In information theory, "information" is taken as an ordered sequence of symbols from an alphabet, say an input alphabet χ, and


title: Information content: an output alphabet ϒ. Information processing consists of an input-output function that maps any input sequence from χ into an output sequence from ϒ. The mapping may be probabilistic or deterministic. It may have memory or be memoryless. Often information can be viewed as a type of input to an organism or system. Inputs are of two kinds; some inputs are important to the function of the organism (for example, food) or system (energy) by themselves. In his book "Sensory Ecology" Dusenbery called these causal inputs. Other inputs (information) are important only because they are associated with causal inputs and


title: Information content: can be used to predict the occurrence of a causal input at a later time (and perhaps another place). Some information is important because of association with other information but eventually there must be a connection to a causal input. In practice, information is usually carried by weak stimuli that must be detected by specialized sensory systems and amplified by energy inputs before they can be functional to the organism or system. For example, light is mainly (but not only, e.g. plants can grow in the direction of the lightsource) a causal input to plants but for animals it only


title: Information content: provides information. The colored light reflected from a flower is too weak to do much photosynthetic work but the visual system of the bee detects it and the bee's nervous system uses the information to guide the bee to the flower, where the bee often finds nectar or pollen, which are causal inputs, serving a nutritional function. The cognitive scientist and applied mathematician Ronaldo Vigo argues that information is a concept that requires at least two related entities to make quantitative sense. These are, any dimensionally defined category of objects S, and any of its subsets R. R, in essence,


title: Information content: is a representation of S, or, in other words, conveys representational (and hence, conceptual) information about S. Vigo then defines the amount of information that R conveys about S as the rate of change in the complexity of S whenever the objects in R are removed from S. Under "Vigo information", pattern, invariance, complexity, representation, and information—five fundamental constructs of universal science—are unified under a novel mathematical framework. Among other things, the framework aims to overcome the limitations of Shannon-Weaver information when attempting to characterize and measure subjective information. Information is any type of pattern that influences the formation or


title: "History of art" content: artist Paul Gauguin spent significant amounts of time in Tahiti, living with local people and making modern art—a fact that has become intertwined with Tahitian visual culture to the present day. The indigenous art of Australia often looks like abstract modern art, but it has deep roots in local culture. The art of Oceania is the last great tradition of art to be appreciated by the world at large. Despite being one of the longest continuous traditions of art in the world, dating back at leasf fifty millennia, it remained relatively unknown until the second half of the 20th century.


title: "Air Transat Flight 961" content: Air Transat Flight 961 Air Transat Flight 961 was an Air Transat flight from Varadero, Cuba to Quebec City, Canada on March 6, 2005. The aircraft experienced a structural failure in which the rudder detached in flight. The flight crew were able to regain enough control of the aircraft to return safely to Varadero. , the Airbus A310-308 is still in service with Air Transat. The investigation that followed determined that the manufacturer's inspection procedure for the composite rudder was not adequate. Inspection procedures for composites structures on airliners were changed because of this accident. Flight 961 was a routine


title: "Air Transat Flight 961" content: probably had a stress fracture in the tail that went unnoticed for several flights prior to the accident flight and the A310 does not have a mechanism in the tail that suspends the growth of the fracture(s). The Transportation Safety Board found that inspection program of composite rudders was inadequate. In particular, the durability of the rudder was questioned. Air Transat Flight 961 provided new insights into rudder problems on Airbus A300-600, Airbus A300-600R, and Airbus A310 aircraft. The accident aircraft, fin number 303, is still flying with Air Transat . Air Transat Flight 961 Air Transat Flight 961 was


title: Kunku content: melodramatic trains get Shantaram, his films always cut themselves, some outstanding visuals as the smiling face of the old man in the shards of broken mirror and the leitmotif of the ticking clock. Many of these images symbolize the impotence of the old man. Kunku Kunku (Marathi title) is a 1937 Marathi classic social drama film directed by V. Shantaram, and based on the novel, "Na Patnari Goshta" by Narayan Hari Apte, who also wrote film’s screenplay. The film was also released in Hindi as Duniya Na Mane (The Unexpected). The movie went on to become both a critical and


title: "Scouting in the East Midlands" content: Boys". The 1st Nottingham (YMCA), 1st Buxton, 1st Market Harborough, 2nd Chesterfield and 4th Derby (Derwent) Scout Groups claim to have started in 1908. The Scout Association in East Midlands is administered through five Scout Counties, Derbyshire Scout County, Leicestershire Scout County (including former Rutland Scout County), Lincolnshire Scout County, Northamptonshire Scout County and Nottinghamshire Scout County. Derbyshire Scout County is a Scout County of the Scout Association covering the administrative County of Derbyshire in England. The town of Glossop in the far North West of the county is not included in the County but in the Greater Manchester East


title: Apple content: apples and apple products. Apples can be canned, dried or frozen. Canned or frozen apples are eventually baked into pies or other cooked dishes. Apple juice or cider is also bottled. Apple juice is often concentrated and frozen. Apples are often eaten raw. Cultivars bred for raw consumption are termed dessert or table apples. Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as apple sauce. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. They are often baked


title: Apple content: phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away", while the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922. Books Apple An apple is a sweet, edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus pumila). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide and are the most widely grown species in the genus "Malus". The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, "Malus sieversii", is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and were brought to North America by European colonists.


title: "Mammals of the Indiana Dunes" content: has been found to confirm its presence. The bog lemming stays pretty much in bogs or wet areas. It does have a broad range of habitats around wetland areas. The thirteen-lined ground squirrel stays mostly in mowed areas, i.e., lawns, pastures, and roadsides. There discovery may indicate that they lived in the dry prairie before settlement created artificially maintained (mowed) spaces. Shrub layer with of willow, aspen, and oak. Some of the major grasses were reed canary grass and blue joint grass. Cattails and rushes were also dominant in some areas. Cover ranged from animals being able to hide in


title: "Black-throated monitor" content: two Latin words: "albus" meaning "white" and "gula" meaning "throat". The subspecific synonym, "ionidesi", is in honor of Constantine John Philip Ionides (1901-1968), called the "Snake Man of British East Africa". In captivity "V. a. microstictus" feeds mainly on whole prey, such as mice, rats, snakes, lizards, freshwater mollusks, small birds, large roaches, crustaceans, fish, and eggs. It will commonly accept cat and dog food, which is not acceptable as a staple diet due to an improper nutrient profile and high caloric content. In the wild, it will eat anything it can catch. Black-throated monitor The black-throated monitor ("Varanus albigularis


title: "Plunger pump" content: Plunger pump A plunger pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal is stationary and a smooth cylindrical plunger slides through the seal. This makes them different from piston pumps and allows them to be used at higher pressures. This type of pump is often used to transfer municipal and industrial sewage. The invention of the plunger pump is attributed to Samuel Morland based on a patent of 1675. Piston pumps and plunger pumps are reciprocating pumps that use a plunger or piston to move media through a cylindrical chamber. The plunger or piston is actuated


title: "Plunger pump" content: box may be composed of bushings, packing or seal rings, and a gland. Plunger pumps component materials are chosen for wear and contact with the media type. Component materials include bronze, brass, steel, stainless steel, iron, nickel alloy, or other material. For example, plunger pumps that function in general service or oil service applications often have an iron cylinder and plunger. The plunger, discharge valves, and suction valves come in contact with the media type transferred, and material choices are based on the fluid transferred. In power applications where continuous duty plunger pumps are needed, solid ceramic plungers may be


title: "Plunger pump" content: used when in contact with water and oil, but may not be compatible for use with highly acidic media types. Plunger pump A plunger pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal is stationary and a smooth cylindrical plunger slides through the seal. This makes them different from piston pumps and allows them to be used at higher pressures. This type of pump is often used to transfer municipal and industrial sewage. The invention of the plunger pump is attributed to Samuel Morland based on a patent of 1675. Piston pumps and plunger pumps are reciprocating


title: "Polish Downtown (Chicago)" content: Polish Downtown (Chicago) Polish Downtown was Chicago’s oldest and most prominent Polish settlement. Polish Downtown was the political, cultural and social capital of not only Poles in Chicago but Polish Americans throughout North America as well. Centered on Polonia Triangle at the intersection of Division, Ashland and Milwaukee Avenue, the headquarters for almost every major Polish organization in the United States was clustered within its vicinity, beginning with the Polish National Alliance to the "Polish Daily News". Located on the city's near northwest side, the area of Polish Downtown shifted and expanded over time as Polish immigration to Chicago exploded