title: Guide content: to lead columns and provide scouts. The Corps of Guides of the British Indian Army consisted of a unique combination of infantry companies and cavalry squadrons. After World War I the infantry element was incorporated in the 12th Frontier Force Regiment and the Guides Cavalry formed a separate regiment - the 10th Queen Victoria's Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Force). This unit still exists as the 2nd (Guides) Battalion of the Frontier Force Regiment of the modern Army of Pakistan. In drill, a "guide" is an officer or non-commissioned officer who regulates the direction and pace of movements. A


title: "Dynamo theory" content: Magnetic Reynolds number, a dimensionless ratio of advection of magnetic field to diffusion. Tidal forces between celestial orbiting bodies cause friction that heats up their interiors. This is known as tidal heating, and it helps keep the interior in a liquid state. A liquid interior that can conduct electricity is required to produce a dynamo. Saturn's Enceladus and Jupiter's Io have enough tidal heating to liquify their inner cores, but they may not create a dynamo because they cannot conduct electricity. Mercury, despite its small size, has a magnetic field, because it has a conductive liquid core created by its


title: Seawater content: Seawater Seawater, or salt water, is water from a sea or ocean. On average, seawater in the world's oceans has a salinity of about 3.5% (35 g/L, 599 mM). This means that every kilogram (roughly one litre by volume) of seawater has approximately of dissolved salts (predominantly sodium () and chloride () ions). Average density at the surface is 1.025 kg/L. Seawater is denser than both fresh water and pure water (density 1.0 kg/L at ) because the dissolved salts increase the mass by a larger proportion than the volume. The freezing point of seawater decreases as salt concentration increases.


title: Seawater content: At typical salinity, it freezes at about . The coldest seawater ever recorded (in a liquid state) was in 2010, in a stream under an Antarctic glacier, and measured . Seawater pH is typically limited to a range between 7.5 and 8.4. However, there is no universally accepted reference pH-scale for seawater and the difference between measurements based on different reference scales may be up to 0.14 units. Although the vast majority of seawater has a salinity of between 31 g/kg and 38 g/kg, that is 3.1-3.8%, seawater is not uniformly saline throughout the world. Where mixing occurs with fresh


title: Seawater content: water runoff from river mouths, near melting glaciers or vast amounts of precipitation (e.g. Monsoon), seawater can be substantially less saline. The most saline open sea is the Red Sea, where high rates of evaporation, low precipitation and low river run-off, and confined circulation result in unusually salty water. The salinity in isolated bodies of water can be considerably greater still - about ten times higher in the case of the Dead Sea. Historically, several salinity scales were used to approximate the absolute salinity of seawater. A popular scale was the "Practical Salinity Scale" where salinity was measured in "practical


title: Seawater content: salinity units (psu)". The current standard for salinity is the "Reference Salinity" scale with the salinity expressed in units of "g/kg". The density of surface seawater ranges from about 1020 to 1029 kg/m, depending on the temperature and salinity. At a temperature of 25 °C, salinity of 35 g/kg and 1 atm pressure, the density of seawater is 1023.6 kg/m. Deep in the ocean, under high pressure, seawater can reach a density of 1050 kg/m or higher. The density of seawater also changes with salinity. Brines generated by seawater desalination plants can have salinities up to 120 g/kg. The density


title: Seawater content: of typical seawater brine of 120 g/kg salinity at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure is 1088 kg/m. Seawater pH is limited to the range 7.5 to 8.4. The speed of sound in seawater is about 1,500 m/s (whereas speed of sound is usually around 330 m/s in air at roughly 1000hPa pressure, 1 atmosphere), and varies with water temperature, salinity, and pressure. The thermal conductivity of seawater is 0.6 W/mK at 25 °C and a salinity of 35 g/kg. The thermal conductivity decreases with increasing salinity and increases with increasing temperature. Seawater contains more dissolved ions than all types of


title: Seawater content: freshwater. However, the ratios of solutes differ dramatically. For instance, although seawater contains about 2.8 times more bicarbonate than river water, the percentage of bicarbonate in seawater as a ratio of "all" dissolved ions is far lower than in river water. Bicarbonate ions constitute 48% of river water solutes but only 0.14% for seawater. Differences like these are due to the varying residence times of seawater solutes; sodium and chloride have very long residence times, while calcium (vital for carbonate formation) tends to precipitate much more quickly. The most abundant dissolved ions in seawater are sodium, chloride, magnesium, sulfate and


title: Seawater content: calcium. Its osmolarity is about 1000 mOsm/l. Small amounts of other substances are found, including amino acids at concentrations of up to 2 micrograms of nitrogen atoms per liter, which are thought to have played a key role in the origin of life. Research in 1957 by the Scripps Institution of Oceanography sampled water in both pelagic and neritic locations in the Pacific Ocean. Direct microscopic counts and cultures were used, the direct counts in some cases showing up to 10 000 times that obtained from cultures. These differences were attributed to the occurrence of bacteria in aggregates, selective effects


title: Seawater content: of the culture media, and the presence of inactive cells. A marked reduction in bacterial culture numbers was noted below the thermocline, but not by direct microscopic observation. Large numbers of spirilli-like forms were seen by microscope but not under cultivation. The disparity in numbers obtained by the two methods is well known in this and other fields. In the 1990s, improved techniques of detection and identification of microbes by probing just small snippets of DNA, enabled researchers taking part in the Census of Marine Life to identify thousands of previously unknown microbes usually present only in small numbers. This


title: Seawater content: revealed a far greater diversity than previously suspected, so that a litre of seawater may hold more than 20,000 species. Mitchell Sogin from the Marine Biological Laboratory feels that "the number of different kinds of bacteria in the oceans could eclipse five to 10 million." Bacteria are found at all depths in the water column, as well as in the sediments, some being aerobic, others anaerobic. Most are free-swimming, but some exist as symbionts within other organisms – examples of these being bioluminescent bacteria. Cyanobacteria played an important role in the evolution of ocean processes, enabling the development of stromatolites


title: Seawater content: and oxygen in the atmosphere. Some bacteria interact with diatoms, and form a critical link in the cycling of silicon in the ocean. One anaerobic species, "Thiomargarita namibiensis", plays an important part in the breakdown of hydrogen sulfide eruptions from diatomaceous sediments off the Namibian coast, and generated by high rates of phytoplankton growth in the Benguela Current upwelling zone, eventually falling to the seafloor. Bacteria-like Archaea surprised marine microbiologists by their survival and thriving in extreme environments, such as the hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. Alkalotolerant marine bacteria such as "Pseudomonas" and "Vibrio" spp. survive in a pH


title: Wallpaper content: Historical examples of wallpaper are preserved by cultural institutions such as the Deutsches Tapetenmuseum (Kassel) in Germany; the Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris) and Musée du Papier Peint (Rixheim) in France; the Victoria & Albert in the UK; the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt, Historic New England, Metropolitan Museum of Art, U.S. National Park Service, and Winterthur in the USA. Original designs by William Morris and other English wallpaper companies are held by Walker Greenbank. In terms of methods of creation, wallpaper types include painted wallpaper, hand-printed blockwood wallpaper, hand-printed stencil wallpaper, machine-printed wallpaper, and flock wallpaper. Modern wallcoverings are diverse, and what


title: Wallpaper content: hang on without booking time. "Paper wallpaper:" Made of recyclable paper"." Is also used as backing material for other wallpapers. When using paper as wallpaper the booking time has to be considered. "Photo and metal wallpaper:" These Wallpapers are applied on a backing material like non-waven or paper wallpaper. When producing photo wallpaper, the picture will be printed on a paper backing. To create a metallic optic wallpaper, the coating of the backing material consist of metal foil like aluminium. New digital inkjet printing technologies using ultraviolet (UV) cured inks are being used for custom wallpaper production. Very small runs


title: Wallpaper content: be purchased at most paint or home improvement stores. It is mixed with warm water or a mixture of warm water and vinegar, then sprayed onto wall surfaces. Several applications may be required to saturate the existing wallpaper. Perforation can aid in the absorption of the mixture and lead to faster removal. After the mixture has dissolved the wallpaper paste, the wallpaper can be removed easily by pulling at the edges and with the aid of a putty or drywall knife. Another method of removal is to apply steam to wallpaper in order to dissolve the wallpaper paste. A wallpaper


title: Wallpaper content: steamer consists of a reservoir of water, an electric heating element, and a hose to direct the steam at the wallpaper. The steam dissolves the wallpaper paste, allowing the wallpaper to be peeled off. However, care must be taken to prevent damage to the drywall underneath. Sometimes steaming can lead to the crumbling of underlying drywall or plaster, leaving an uneven surface to be repaired. Wallpaper Wallpaper is a material used in interior decoration to decorate the interior walls of domestic and public buildings. It is usually sold in rolls and is applied onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers


title: "Charles Williams Nash" content: Charles Williams Nash Charles Williams Nash (January 28, 1864 – June 6, 1948) was an American automobile entrepreneur who served as an executive in the automotive industry. He played a major role in building up General Motors. In 1916, he bought Thomas B. Jeffery Company, makers of the popular Rambler automobile, renamed it Nash Motors, and played an independent role in an automobile industry increasingly dominated by the Big Three: General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler. His profits came from focusing on one well-designed car in the upper medium price range. He bought several distressed companies in Wisconsin, merging them and


title: "Charles Williams Nash" content: controlled 75 percent of the automobile market. Nash Motors was in fourth place producing 138,000 vehicles in 1928. Nash focused on producing one high-quality automobile for the upper medium price range, later adding a smaller, less expensive model, the Ajax. Nash realized he could never compete with the market diversity of the Big Three, so he based his profits on careful management, close attention to costs, and opportunities for expansion. Nash was a hands-on executive, who concentrated on developing more efficient purchasing and setting up accounting procedures that would specify the source of costs and profits. Nash acquired other car


title: Topfreedom content: outrage law is rarely used in practice, but in 1972 audience members were convicted of being nude in the Royal Danish Theatre. In December 2007, a group of women and men calling themselves Topless Front swam topless in public swim baths to promote topless equality. In March 2008, after a campaign by the group, Copenhagen's Culture and Leisure Committee voted to allow topless bathing in its swimming pools. After the Committee had voted, it was revealed that no laws had existed against topless bathing, effectively making the vote unnecessary. However, some public baths had (and have) restricted it themselves. Public


title: Topfreedom content: the issue, are ambiguous and have been used to prosecute female toplessness under open lewdness, indecent exposure or disorderly conduct. In 1972, the Texas Equal Rights Amendment was passed into law, which communities in Lewisville, TX and Fort Worth, TX have used to strike down gendered ordinances, including toplessness. However, women in Texas appearing topless in public can be charged under public nuisance laws, with the exception of Austin, the state capital, where some women sunbathe topless in Zilker Park, at various festivals, and at Hippie Hollow. In 2013, Lewisville, TX's nudity laws were updated to indicate that food staff


title: Topfreedom content: lewd and lascivious, or obscene behaviour, then they may fall afoul of laws. The High Court of New Zealand has upheld a conviction of disorderly conduct for nudity in the street, because it was not a place where nudity was known to occur or commonplace. Being nude in the street is likely to incur a small fine if a complaint is made against the person, or if the person ignores a police order to cover themselves. However in practice, the likelyhood of being prosecuted for nudity on a public beach is low, providing the person keeps to themselves. In 2012,


title: Stowaway content: pressure or oxygen, which are vital for survival at a high altitude. According to experts, at , hypoxia causes lightheadedness, weakness, vision impairment and tremors. By the oxygen level of the blood drops and the person will struggle to stay conscious. Above their lungs would need artificial pressure to operate normally. The temperature could drop as low as which causes severe hypothermia. Those stowaways who managed to not be crushed by the retracting undercarriage or killed by the deadly conditions would most likely be unconscious when the compartment door re-opens during the approach and fall several thousand feet to their


title: "New Best Friend" content: New Best Friend New Best Friend is a 2002 American film based on a story by author James Edwards. The film was originally owned by MGM, which eventually let this film go. Since then, TriStar Pictures acquired the rights to distribute this film in the United States and some other territories, primarily for home video market; still, TriStar Pictures gave this film a limited theatrical release in the United States on April 12, 2002. A North Carolina sheriff (Taye Diggs) investigates the near-fatal drug overdose of a working class college girl (Mia Kirshner) and discovers many sordid details of her


title: "New Best Friend" content: life before and during her descent into drugs and debauchery. New Best Friend New Best Friend is a 2002 American film based on a story by author James Edwards. The film was originally owned by MGM, which eventually let this film go. Since then, TriStar Pictures acquired the rights to distribute this film in the United States and some other territories, primarily for home video market; still, TriStar Pictures gave this film a limited theatrical release in the United States on April 12, 2002. A North Carolina sheriff (Taye Diggs) investigates the near-fatal drug overdose of a working class college


title: "Weasel war dance" content: Weasel war dance The weasel war dance is a colloquial term for the behavior of excited ferrets and other members of the weasel subfamily. Naturalists speculate that weasels in the wild use the dance to confuse or disorient prey. In domestic ferrets the war dance usually follows play or the successful capture of a toy or a stolen object. The war dance is commonly held to mean that the ferret is thoroughly enjoying itself. The behavior consists of a frenzied series of hops sideways and backwards, often accompanied by an arched back and a frizzed-out tail. Ferrets are notoriously clumsy


title: "Chimney sweep" content: Chimney sweep A chimney sweep is a person who clears ash and soot from chimneys. The chimney uses the pressure difference caused by a hot column of gas to create a draught and draw air over the hot coals or wood enabling continued combustion. Chimneys may be straight or contain many changes of direction. During normal operation, a layer of creosote builds up on the inside of the chimney, restricting the flow. The creosote can also catch fire, setting the chimney and the building alight. The chimney must be swept to remove the soot. This was done by the master


title: "Chimney sweep" content: sweep. In Great Britain, the master sweeps took apprentices, typically workhouse or orphan boys, and trained them to climb chimneys. In the German States, master sweeps belonged to trade guilds and did not use climbing boys. In Italy, Belgium, and France climbing boys were used. With the increased urban population that came with the age of industrialisation, the number of houses with chimneys grew apace and the occupation of chimney sweep became much sought-after. Buildings were higher and the new chimneys' tops were grouped together. The routes of flues from individual grates could involve two or more right angles and


title: "Chimney sweep" content: Robbery" and the essay "The Praise of Chimney-Sweepers" by Charles Lamb; . In Charles Dickens's "Oliver Twist" a particularly vicious chimney sweep called Gamfield wants to take Oliver as an apprentice, but at the last minute the magistrate refuses to sanction the move (""Mr Gamfield did happen to labour under the slight imputation of having bruised three or four boys to death already."" ) In "The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep" (1845), a fairy tale by the Danish poet and writer Hans Christian Andersen, a porcelain chimney sweep sits upon a table top near his love, a porcelain shepherdess. When


title: "Chimney sweep" content: the US, the two trade organizations that help to regulate the industry are the Chimney Safety Institute of America and The National Chimney Sweep Guild. Certification for chimney sweeps are issued by two organizations: Certified Chimney Professionals and The Chimney Safety Institute of America, which was first to establish certification and requires sweeps to re-test every three years or demonstrate the commitment to education by earning CEUs through CSIA or the National Fireplace Institute to bypass the test. Certification for chimney sweeps who reline chimneys are issued by Certified Chimney Professionals and the Chimney Safety Institute of America. CEU credits


title: "Public space" content: surveillance, trash removal, or street renovation, all of which once fell under the control of public funds. A broader meaning of public space or place includes also places where everybody can come if they pay, like a café, train, or movie theater. A shop is an example of what is intermediate between the two meanings: everybody can enter and look around without obligation to buy, but activities unrelated to the purpose of the shop are not unlimitedly permitted. The halls and streets (including skyways) in a shopping center may be declared a public place and may be open when the


title: "Saffir–Simpson scale" content: wind speed, and the top wind speed for Category “"c"” ("c" = 1 ... 4; there is no upper limit for category 5) can be expressed as 83×10 miles per hour rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 – except that after the change mentioned above, Category 4 is now widened by 1 mph in each direction and that the calculated value for Category 2 ("c" = 2) is rounded down from 112.8 mph to 110 mph. The five categories are described in the following subsections, in order of increasing intensity. Very dangerous winds will produce some damage Category 1


title: "The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language" content: edition. Supporting volumes have been issued, including "The American Heritage Book of English Usage", "The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots", "The American Heritage Abbreviations Dictionary", "The American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms", "The American Heritage Thesaurus" in various sizes; usage dictionaries of special vocabulary such as "The American Heritage Science Dictionary", "The American Heritage Medical Dictionary" and "The American Heritage Dictionary of Business Terms"; plus special dictionary editions for children, high-school students, and English-language learners. The "American Heritage" brand is also used for a series of American history books. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language The American Heritage


title: "Seychellois rupee" content: 50 cents, 1, 5 and 10 rupees. Standard issue notes began to be issued in 1918, with notes for 50 cents and 1 rupee, followed by 5, 10 and 50 rupees in 1928. The 50 cents and 1 rupee notes were issued until 1951 and phased out in favor of the coins. 20- and 100-rupee notes were first introduced in 1968, whilst the 5-rupee note was replaced by a coin in 1972. In 1976, the Seychelles Monetary Authority took over the issuance of paper money, issuing notes for 10, 25, 50 and 100 rupees. This series featured the first president


title: Commuting content: ACS, the average commute time for adults in the United States was 26.8 minutes. The occupations with the longest commutes were Construction and Mining (33.4 minutes), Computer Science and Math (31.8), and Business Operations Specialists (30.2), while those in the military had the shortest commute (21). In general, urban and suburban workers in the US have similar commute times (about 30 minutes), while rural workers have significantly shorter commutes (22.6 minutes). In the US, over 90% of workers commute by car, while about 5% commute by public transportation. Statistical models indicate that in addition to demographics and work duration, commute


title: Alley content: district of New York City. The alley was originally created as a fire exit between the Shubert Theatre on West 45th Street and the Booth Theatre on West 44th Street, and the Astor Hotel to their east. Actors once gathered in the alley, hoping to attract the attention of the Shubert Brothers and get employment in their theatrical productions. When the hotel was torn down, and replaced with One Astor Plaza (1515 Broadway), the apparent width of the alley increased, as the new building did not go all the way to the westernmost edge of the building lot. However, official,


title: "Wilt Chamberlain" content: said to have "sprained" it; it was actually broken. For Game 5, Chamberlain's hands were packed into thick pads normally destined for defensive linesmen in American Football; he was offered a painkilling shot, but refused because he feared he would lose his shooting touch if his hands became numb. In Game 5, Chamberlain recorded 24 points, 29 rebounds, eight assists and eight blocked shots. (While blocked shots were not an official NBA stat at that time, announcer Keith Jackson counted the blocks during the broadcast.) Chamberlain's outstanding all-around performance helped the Lakers win their first championship in Los Angeles with


title: "Avant-garde jazz" content: Avant-garde jazz Avant-garde jazz (also known as avant-jazz) is a style of music and improvisation that combines avant-garde art music and composition with jazz. It originated in the 1950s and developed through the 1960s. Originally synonymous with free jazz, much avant-garde jazz was distinct from that style. Avant-garde jazz originated in the mid- to late 1950s among a group of improvisors who rejected the conventions of bebop and post bop in an effort to blur the division between the written and the spontaneous. It came to be applied to music differing from free jazz, emphasizing structure and organization by the


title: "Avant-garde jazz" content: Chicago) tended towards eclecticism. Poet Amiri Baraka, an important figure in the Black Arts Movement, recorded spoken word tracks with the New York Art Quartet (“Black Dada Nihilismus,” 1964, ESP) and Sonny Murray (“Black Art,” 1965, Jihad). Avant-garde jazz Avant-garde jazz (also known as avant-jazz) is a style of music and improvisation that combines avant-garde art music and composition with jazz. It originated in the 1950s and developed through the 1960s. Originally synonymous with free jazz, much avant-garde jazz was distinct from that style. Avant-garde jazz originated in the mid- to late 1950s among a group of improvisors who rejected


title: Mischief content: another person, intentionally participates in the destruction of property of another person, or participates in the reckless damage or destruction of property of another person. Criminal mischief is usually a misdemeanor. The country's Criminal Code makes a hybrid offence, punishable by up to and including life imprisonment if the mischief causes actual danger to human life. Mischief Mischief or malicious mischief is the specific name for different criminal offenses in a number of different jurisdictions. While the wrongful acts will often involve what is popularly described as vandalism, there can be a legal differentiation between the two. The etymology of


title: "Price skimming" content: may be able to charge high prices as some customers would want to be first to buy the product. Business usually start with a high price and it will lower over time so this strategy is mostly used by technology products. Price skimming occurs for example in the luxury car and consumer electronics markets. In consumer electronics, there is a confounding factor that there is typically high price deflation due to continual reductions in manufacturing cost and improvements in product quality - for example, a printer priced at $200 today would have sold for a far higher price a decade


title: "Mahathir Mohamad" content: 1930 and studied there for two years. However, in 1933, he won a position in a selective English medium secondary school, having become fluent in English well ahead of his primary school peers. With schools closed during the Japanese occupation of Malaya during World War II, he went into business, first selling coffee and later "pisang goreng" (fried banana) and other snacks. After the war, he graduated from secondary school by completing Senior Cambridge exams in December 1946 and enrolled to study medicine at the King Edward VII College of Medicine in Singapore (now part of National University of Singapore).


title: Stairs content: An example of perimeter support is the Vatican stairwell shown in the next section or the gothic stairwell shown to the left. That stairwell is only tight because of its design in which the diameter must be small. Many spirals, however, have sufficient width for normal size treads (8 inches) by being supported by any combination of a center pole, perimeter supports attaching to or beneath the treads, and a helical handrail. In this manner, the treads may be wide enough to accommodate low rises. The photo on the right are self-supporting stairs. This means the spiral needs to be


title: Woodhenge content: outermost being about wide. They are surrounded first by a single flat-bottomed ditch, deep and up to wide, and finally by an outer bank, about wide and high. With an overall diameter measuring (including bank and ditch,) the site had a single entrance to the north-east. At the centre of the rings was a crouched inhumation of a child which Cunnington interpreted as a dedicatory sacrifice, its skull having been split. After excavation, the remains were taken to London, where they were destroyed during The Blitz, making further examination impossible. Cunnington also found a crouched inhumation of a teenager within


title: Woodhenge content: a grave dug in the Eastern section of the ditch, opposite the entrance. Most of the 168 post holes held wooden posts, although Cunnington found evidence that a pair of standing stones may have been placed between the second and third post hole rings. Excavations in 2006 indicated that there were at least five standing stones on the site, arranged in a "cove". The deepest post holes measured up to – and are believed to have held posts which reached as high as above ground. Those posts would have weighed up to 5 tons, and their arrangement was similar to


title: "Fluorescent tag" content: Fluorescent tag In molecular biology and biotechnology, a fluorescent tag, also known as a fluorescent label or fluorescent probe, is a molecule that is attached chemically to aid in the detection of a biomolecule such as a protein, antibody, or amino acid. Generally, fluorescent tagging, or labeling, uses a reactive derivative of a fluorescent molecule known as a fluorophore. The fluorophore selectively binds to a specific region or functional group on the target molecule and can be attached chemically or biologically. Various labeling techniques such as enzymatic labeling, protein labeling, and genetic labeling are widely utilized. ethidium bromide, fluorescein and


title: "Fluorescent tag" content: a β barrel. GFP catalyzes the oxidation and only requires molecular oxygen. GFP has been modified by changing the wavelength of light absorbed to include other colors of fluorescence. YFP or yellow fluorescent protein, BFP or blue fluorescent protein, and CFP or cyan fluorescent protein are examples of GFP variants. These variants are produced by the genetic engineering of the GFP gene. Synthetic fluorescent probes can also be used as fluorescent labels. Advantages of these labels include a smaller size with more variety in color. They can be used to tag proteins of interest more selectively by various methods including


title: "Fluorescent tag" content: Synthetic proteins that function as fluorescent probes are smaller than GFP's, and therefore can function as probes in a wider variety of situations. Moreover, they offer a wider range of colors and photochemical properties. With recent advancements in chemical labeling, Chemical tags are preferred over fluorescent proteins due to the architectural and size limitations of the fluorescent protein's characteristic β-barrel. Alterations of fluorescent proteins would lead to loss of fluorescent properties. Protein labeling uses a short tag to minimize disruption of protein folding and function. Transition metals are used to link specific residues in the tags to site-specific targets such


title: "Fluorescent tag" content: movements of proteins and their interactions to be monitored. Latest advances in methods involving fluorescent tags have led to the visualization of mRNA and its localization within various organisms. Live cell imaging of RNA can be achieved by introducing synthesized RNA that is chemically coupled with a fluorescent tag into living cells by microinjection. This technique was used to show how the "oskar" mRNA in the "Drosophila" embryo localizes to the posterior region of the oocyte. Fluorescent tag In molecular biology and biotechnology, a fluorescent tag, also known as a fluorescent label or fluorescent probe, is a molecule that is


title: "Prince of Orange" content: condition that he bear the name and arms of the house of Châlon-Orange. Therefore, he is usually counted as one of the Châlon-Orange and history knows him as Rene of Châlon, rather than "of Nassau". William of Nassau inherited the principality of Orange from his cousin René. Although William descended from no previous Prince of Orange, as René had no children or siblings, he exercised his right as sovereign prince to will Orange to his first cousin on his father's side, who actually had no Orange blood. This began the Dutch Royal House of Orange-Nassau. The 2nd house of Orange-Nassau


title: "Hooded merganser" content: Hooded merganser The hooded merganser ("Lophodytes cucullatus") is a species of small duck. It is the only extant species in the genus Lophodytes. The genus name derives from the Greek language: lophos meaning 'crest', and dutes meaning diver. The bird is striking in appearance; both sexes have crests that they can raise or lower, and the breeding plumage of the male is handsomely patterned and coloured. The hooded merganser has a sawbill but is not classified as a typical merganser. Hooded mergansers are the second smallest species of merganser, with only the smew of Europe and Asia being smaller, and


title: "Mercury (automobile)" content: Model K, the Lincoln-Zephyr was introduced in 1936 as a competitor for the similar LaSalle, Chrysler Airstream, and Packard One-Twenty. Within a single year, the new model proved successful, with over 15,000 Lincoln-Zephyrs sold. Inside Ford Motor Company, there remained debate whether a medium-price car should be produced under the Ford brand or under a new marque entirely. Following the success of the Lincoln-Zephyr, the company would take both approaches. For 1938, the De Luxe Ford model line was introduced as a higher-price version of the standard Ford V8. To differentiate the two model lines, the De Luxe Ford was


title: "Mercury (automobile)" content: given its own trim, a different hood, and a model-specific grille. To offer a medium-price car under its own marque, Edsel Ford began Mercury as a separate company within Ford in 1937. Though used on the Chevrolet Mercury for 1933, the Mercury name was selected from over 100 potential model and marque names. In place of a slight restyling, as seen on the De Luxe Ford, the Mercury was an all-new car, with the body design overseen by E.T. 'Bob' Gregorie. For the 1939 model year, Mercury made its debut with a namesake vehicle line as a completely new design.


title: "Mercury (automobile)" content: To gain exposure for both Lincoln-Mercury brands, the Lincoln was given the same bodyshell as the 1949 Mercury Eight, largely distinguished by headlight and grille designs; Mercury and Lincoln would feature separately-trimmed interiors. Mechanically, each brand offered its own version of the Ford Flathead V8. For many years after its production, the 1949-1951 Mercury Eight (most commonly in two-door form) would develop a following as a street rod, making an appearance in several films. In contrast to the medium-price brands of Chrysler and General Motors, whose brands sold a range of nameplates, the Mercury division of Ford consisted solely of


title: "Christopher Lloyd" content: Uncle Fester in "The Addams Family" (1991) and its sequel "Addams Family Values" (1993). Lloyd earned a third Emmy for his 1992 guest appearance in "Road to Avonlea", and won an Independent Spirit Award for his performance in "Twenty Bucks" (1993). He has done extensive voice work, including Merlock in "" (1990), Grigori Rasputin in "Anastasia" (1997), The Woodsman in Cartoon Network miniseries "Over the Garden Wall" (2014), and the Hacker in PBS Kids series "Cyberchase" (2002–present), which earned him two further Emmy nominations. He has also been nominated for two Saturn Awards and a BIFA Award. Lloyd was born


title: "Brand management" content: with such stories, including the Chevrolet 'Nova' or "it doesn't go" in Spanish, and proper cultural translation is useful to countries entering new markets. Modern brand management also intersects with legal issues such as 'genericization of trademark.' The 'Xerox' Company continues to fight heavily in media whenever a reporter or other writer uses 'xerox' as simply a synonym for 'photocopy.' Should usage of 'xerox' be accepted as the standard American English term for 'photocopy,' then Xerox's competitors could successfully argue in court that they are permitted to create 'xerox' machines as well. Yet, in a sense, reaching this stage of


title: "Magellan (spacecraft)" content: to 68 degrees south latitude. However, due to periapsis being 10 degrees north of the equatorial line, imaging the South Pole region was unlikely. The primary mission began on September 15, 1990, with the intention to provide a "left-looking" map of 70% of the Venusian surface at a minimum resolution of 1-kilometer/pixel. During cycle 1, the altitude of the spacecraft varied from 2000-kilometers at the north pole, to 290-kilometers near periapsis. Upon completion during May 15, 1991, having made 1,792 orbits, "Magellan" had mapped approximately 83.7% of the surface with a resolution between 101 and 250-meters/pixel. Beginning immediately after the


title: "Chinese poetry" content: Chinese poetry Chinese poetry is poetry written, spoken, or chanted in the Chinese language. While this last term comprises Classical Chinese, Standard Chinese, Mandarin Chinese, Yue Chinese, and other historical and vernacular forms of the language, its poetry generally falls into one of two primary types, "Classical Chinese poetry" and "Modern Chinese poetry". Poetry has consistently been held in extremely high regard in China, often incorporating expressive folk influences filtered through the minds of Chinese literati. In Chinese culture, poetry has provided a format and a forum for both public and private expressions of deep emotion, offering an audience of


title: "Common merganser" content: Common merganser The common merganser (North American) or goosander (Eurasian) ("Mergus merganser") is a large duck of rivers and lakes in forested areas of Europe, northern and central Asia, and North America. The common merganser eats fish and nests in holes in trees. The first formal description of the common merganser was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae". He introduced the current binomial name "Mergus merganser". The genus name is a Latin word used by Pliny and other Roman authors to refer to an unspecified waterbird, and "merganser" is derived


title: "Common merganser" content: in the Alps. They are very scarce in Ireland, with regular breeding confined to a few pairs in County Wicklow. The goosander is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds applies. Common merganser The common merganser (North American) or goosander (Eurasian) ("Mergus merganser") is a large duck of rivers and lakes in forested areas of Europe, northern and central Asia, and North America. The common merganser eats fish and nests in holes in trees. The first formal description of the common merganser was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in


title: "Cost-plus pricing" content: markup is infinite. Most business people do not do marginal cost calculations, but one can arrive at the same conclusion using average variable costs (AVC): (P / AVC) = (1 / (1 - (1/E))) Technically, AVC is a valid substitute for MC only in situations of constant returns to scale (LVC = LAC = LMC). When business people choose the markup that they apply to costs when doing cost-plus pricing, they should be, and often are, considering the price elasticity of demand, whether consciously or not. Cost-plus pricing Cost-plus pricing is a pricing strategy in which the selling price is


title: "Kenneth E. Iverson" content: inclusion of one additional row in the parse table. The choice to implement forks was fortuitous and fortunate. It was realized only later that forks made tacit expressions (operator expressions) complete in the following sense: any sentence involving one or two arguments that did not use its arguments as an operand, can be written tacitly with fork, compose, the left and right identity functions, and constant functions. Two obvious differences between J and other APL dialects are: (a) its use of terms from natural languages instead of from mathematics or computer science (the practice began with "A Dictionary of APL"):


title: "Operation Ranch Hand" content: from Dow Chemical Company (all but Blue), Monsanto (Orange, Purple and Pink), Hercules Inc. (Orange and Purple), Thompson-Hayward Chemical Company (Orange and Pink), Diamond Alkali/Shamrock Company (Orange, Blue, Purple and Pink), United States Rubber Company (Orange), Thompson Chemicals Corporation (Orange and Pink), Agrisect Company (Orange and Purple), Hoffman-Taft Inc. (Orange), and the Ansul Chemical Company (Blue). In April 1967, the entire American domestic production of 2,4,5-T was confiscated by the military; foreign sources were also tapped into, including the Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI). 65% of the herbicides used contained 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid that was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, a ""known human carcinogen"...by


title: "Chevy Chase (town), Maryland" content: School (3-6) (in the town of Chevy Chase), Westland Middle School (unincorporated Montgomery County) and Bethesda-Chevy Chase High School (unincorporated Montgomery County). Chevy Chase (town), Maryland Chevy Chase is an incorporated town in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. The population was 2,824 at the 2010 census. The town of Chevy Chase is located at (38.98061, -77.083822). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Chevy Chase has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,824 people, 1,003 households, and 835 families residing in the town. The population density


title: "Kingston, Massachusetts" content: individuals and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.36. In the town, the population was spread out with 26.3% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 25.5% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 65 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.08 males. The median income for a household


title: "Plymouth Center, Massachusetts" content: Plymouth Center, Massachusetts Plymouth is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Plymouth in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. It is often referred to as Downtown Plymouth or Plymouth Center. The population was 7,494 at the 2010 census. Plymouth Center is considered to be the most prominent neighborhood of Plymouth. It is the location of Plymouth's town hall and of the town harbor. In addition, Plymouth Center is home to Plymouth Rock, the Pilgrim Hall Museum, and the "Mayflower II". The geographical locations of North, South, and West Plymouth are named in relation to Plymouth Center. The post office


title: "Athol, Massachusetts" content: and Rotary clubs, Veterans of Foreign Wars and the Masonic Lodge, offer a wide range of activities for families and individuals. Chuck Stone Little League, one of the oldest Little League programs in the state, offers baseball and softball programs for Athol and Royalston youth. The Silver Lake Wiffleball League plays on Tuesday and Thursday nights between April and September at Silver Lake Park. The league is open to all adults and is free of charge. In the past, Athol has had many publicized social problems, and several local organizations are still on hand to remedy these situations. Chief among


title: "Spencer, Massachusetts" content: of the town's water treatment facilities where a hazardous amount of sodium hydroxide (lye) was released into the town's water supply. The official cause was a malfunction of the system due to operator error, that regulates the amount of lye released. According to local news reports, dozens of people received medical treatment for "burning sensations and skin rashes." According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 3.52%, is water. The town, roughly rectangular in shape, is bounded on the east by Leicester, on the south by


title: "Almond, New York" content: Almond, New York Almond is a town in Allegany County, New York, United States. The population was 1,633 at the 2010 census. The Town of Almond is on the eastern edge of the county. The town has a village also called Almond. The town is west of Hornell, New York. The first part of the town to be settled was near Karrdale in 1796. When Allegany County was established in 1806, the region now in the Town of Almond was part of the Town of Alfred. The Town of Almond was formed in 1821. After Almond was established, parts were


title: "Norwich, New York" content: and Oscar G. Bell, a drug store employee, the company grew to become a major developer and manufacturer of medicines and veterinary products, known for its Unguentine antiseptic dressing (introduced in 1893) and Pepto-Bismol, an upset-stomach and anti-diarrhea medication (introduced in 1901 under a different name). The company merged with Morton International, Inc. in 1969 and later became a subsidiary of Procter & Gamble in 1982. Under corporate restructuring, Procter & Gamble divided the company into several units, each of which was subsequently sold. This caused the loss of many jobs in Norwich, resulting in the city struggling to figure


title: "Sailor Saturn" content: by raising her hand in the air (like the other Sailor Soldiers) and shouting "Saturn Planet Power, Make up!". In the manga she eventually gains her Saturn Crystal and does transform in front of the other Soldiers, evoking "Saturn Crystal Power! Make Up!". In the anime, although she does upgrade to Super Sailor Saturn, the command "Saturn Crystal Power" is never mentioned and her transformation is again not shown on-screen. Sailor Saturn's powers are mostly based on Roman mythology, in which Saturn is the god of the harvest. In Western astrology, the planet Saturn is known as "the Greater Malefic",


title: "Wakefield, Massachusetts" content: currently named for William J. Lee, is located at 1 Lafayette Street. In 1856 the South Reading Public Library was established, which later became the Beebe Town Library. In 1923, the Lucius Beebe Memorial Library was built and established by Junius Beebe, the son of Lucius Beebe (1810–1884). The first weekly newspaper in Wakefield was established in 1858. One of the oldest and largest manufacturers of flying model airplane toys in the world, Paul K. Guillow, Inc. is located in Wakefield. The company is particularly notable for its extensive line of balsa wood model airplane kits. Route 128 was built


title: "Norwood, Massachusetts" content: Norwood, Massachusetts Norwood is a town and census-designated place in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. Norwood is part of the Greater Boston area. As of the 2010 census, the population was 30,602. The town was named after Norwood, England. Norwood is on the Neponset River, which runs all the way to Boston Harbor from Foxborough. The Town of Norwood, officially formed in 1872, was until that time part of Dedham, known as the "mother of towns", as fourteen of the present communities of eastern Massachusetts lay within its original borders. Long used as a hunting ground by Native Americans, Norwood


title: "Norwood, Massachusetts" content: line, including 6.5% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over. The Norwood Public Schools operates seven schools, and an additional school institution, The Willett Early Childhood Center (serves preschool and kindergarten children). The public elementary schools located in Norwood include: Balch, Callahan, Cleveland, Oldham, and Prescott. Norwood has one public middle school, the Dr. Philip O. Coakley Middle School (serving 6th through 8th graders) (formerly Norwood Junior High South), where all five elementary schools combine. Norwood also has a public high school, Norwood High School (NHS), (serves grades 9–12). The original Norwood High School,


title: "Pittsford, New York" content: passenger service than the canal. This line soon became part of the New York Central operation and was in use until 1960. The enlarged Erie Canal continued to provide cheap transportation to the mills of Rochester though. By 1918, the modern barge canal was in service, following the same route as older canals, but widened and deepened. The Adsit Cobblestone Farmhouse, Cole Cobblestone Farmhouse, Gates-Livermore Cobblestone Farmhouse, Mendon Cobblestone Academy, Mendon Presbyterian Church, Miller–Horton–Barben Farm, Sheldon Cobblestone House, Stewart Cobblestone Farmhouse, and Whitcomb Cobblestone Farmhouse are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. As of the census of 2000,


title: "Puppy mill" content: "Puppy Mill Capital of the East" due to its high volume of puppy mills. Missouri has been labeled the "Puppy Mill Capital of the U.S." by animal welfare and consumer protection groups. A study by the Better Business Bureau concluded that the southwest corner of Missouri is the hub of the nation's puppy mill industry, and termed it the "national hot spot of the puppy industry." The term "puppy mill" has been widely used by animal rights groups in protests against breeders who have substandard breeding conditions. Critics in the breeder community claim that emotional rhetoric, sensationalism and pictures of


title: "Strong Bad" content: humor likewise combines the innocence of slapstick with sharp satire of American popular culture. ... At one point, tired of being asked how he types with boxing gloves on, Strong Bad attaches fake fingers: a shrimp, a lit birthday candle, and an action-figure toy." Johnny Dee, a reviewer from "The Guardian" of the United Kingdom, described the humor of Strong Bad. He wrote: "Like South Park and Modern Toss, Strong Bad isn't exactly beautiful to look at but he's relentlessly funny," and added, "Strong Bad is an animated Mexican wrestler ... and the undoubted star of surreal cartoon site Homestar


title: "Red-breasted merganser" content: Red-breasted merganser The red-breasted merganser ("Mergus serrator") is a diving duck, one of the sawbills. The genus name is a Latin word used by Pliny and other Roman authors to refer to an unspecified waterbird, and "serrator" is a sawyer from Latin "serra", "saw". The red-breasted merganser was one of the many bird species originally described by Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his "Systema Naturae", where it was given the binomial name of "Mergus serrator". The adult red-breasted merganser is long with a wingspan. It has a spiky crest and long thin red bill with serrated edges.


title: "Red-breasted merganser" content: Greenland, Europe, and Asia. It nests in sheltered locations on the ground near water. It is migratory and many northern breeders winter in coastal waters further south. The fastest duck ever recorded was a red-breasted merganser that attained a top airspeed of 100 mph while being pursued by an airplane. This eclipsed the previous speed record held by a canvasback clocked at 72 mph. The red-breasted merganser is one of the species to which the "Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds" (AEWA) applies. Red-breasted merganser The red-breasted merganser ("Mergus serrator") is a diving duck, one of the sawbills.


title: "Balanced audio" content: must be fed into an unbalanced connection, the electronic design used for the balanced output stage must be known. In most cases the negative output can be tied to ground, but in certain cases the negative output should be left disconnected. Rick Chinn: "A Simple Implementation of the Impedance Balanced Output" Balanced audio Balanced audio is a method of interconnecting audio equipment using balanced lines. This type of connection is very important in sound recording and production because it allows the use of long cables while reducing susceptibility to external noise caused by electromagnetic interference. Balanced connections typically use shielded


title: "Phone connector (audio)" content: connectors). Where they differ is in the placement of the microphone and return contacts. The first, which places the ground return on the second ring and the microphone on the sleeve, is used by Apple's iPhone line (through the iPhone 6), HTC devices, recent Samsung, Nokia, and Sony phones, among others. The second, which reverses these contacts, is used by older Nokia mobiles, older Samsung smartphones, and some Sony Ericsson phones. Some adapters switch the last two conductors to allow a device made to one standard to be used with a headset made to the other. Some computers now include


title: Malnutrition content: lack money to buy food. A basic income has been proposed as a way to ensure that everyone has enough money to buy food and other basic needs; it is a form of social security in which all citizens or residents of a country regularly receive an unconditional sum of money, either from a government or some other public institution, in addition to any income received from elsewhere. Ethiopia has been pioneering a program that has now become part of the World Bank's prescribed method for coping with a food crisis and had been seen by aid organizations as a


title: Malnutrition content: model of how to best help hungry nations. Through the country's main food assistance program, the Productive Safety Net Program, Ethiopia has been giving rural residents who are chronically short of food, a chance to work for food or cash. Foreign aid organizations like the World Food Program were then able to buy food locally from surplus areas to distribute in areas with a shortage of food. Ethiopia been pioneering a program, and Brazil has established a recycling program for organic waste that benefits farmers, urban poor, and the city in general. City residents separate organic waste from their garbage,


title: Malnutrition content: "...achieve sustained and inclusive agricultural growth and raise 50 million people out of poverty over the next 10 years." The UK's prime minister David Cameron held a hunger summit on 12 August, the last day of the 2012 Summer Olympics. The fight against hunger has also been joined by an increased number of regular people. While folk throughout the world had long contributed to efforts to alleviate hunger in the developing world, there has recently been a rapid increase in the numbers involved in tackling domestic hunger even within the economically advanced nations of the Global North. This had happened


title: "Naples (village), New York" content: Naples (village), New York Naples is a village in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 1,041 at the 2010 census. The Village of Naples is in the Town of Naples. Naples is in the center of an important grape-growing region. The village, one of the first places populated by pioneers, was first settled around 1790. The Naples Academy was founded in 1860. The village was incorporated in 1894. The Village of Naples has had votes on three different occasions in reference to dissolving the village into the Town of Naples, with all three results going against the


title: "Hannibal (village), New York" content: 20.9% of those age 65 or over. Public K-12 education is provided by the Hannibal Central School District. Hannibal (village), New York Hannibal is a village in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 555 at the 2010 census. The village is named after Hannibal, the hero of ancient Carthage. The Village of Hannibal is located in the western part of the Town of Hannibal on New York State Routes 3 and 104, and Oswego County Route 34. The first settlement came around 1808 with a structure made of logs on the site of a former Indian encampment.


title: "Sandy Creek (village), New York" content: Sandy Creek (village), New York Sandy Creek is a village in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 771 at the 2010 census. The Village of Sandy Creek in the central part of the Town of Sandy Creek. The village is located by U.S. Route 11. The historic core of the village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 as the Sandy Creek Historic District. Also listed are the Methodist Church, First Baptist Church, Samuel Sadler House, and Newton M. Pitt House. Sandy Creek is located at (43.647037, -76.086305). A stream called "Little Sandy


title: "Bath (village), New York" content: Bath (village), New York Bath is a village in Steuben County, New York, United States. The population was 5,641 at the 2000 census. Bath is the county seat of Steuben County. The community was named either for the English city of Bath, Somerset, or for Lady Laura Pulteney, 1st Countess of Bath and daughter of Sir William Pulteney, one of the original landowners. The Village of Bath is in the Town of Bath and is northwest of Elmira, New York and is west of Tyrone, New York. Bath is the location of the Bath VA Medical Center (former old soldiers'


title: "Arcade, New York" content: Arcade, New York Arcade is a town in Wyoming County, New York. The population was 4205 at the 2010 census. The Town of Arcade has within its borders a village also called Arcade. Arcade is in the southwest corner of Wyoming County. The Town of Arcade was established in 1807 as the "Town of China." The name changed to Arcade in 1866. Arcade was previously part of the Town of Sheldon. The Arcade and Attica Railroad provides freight service along its right-of-way and excursions in passenger trains powered by steam locomotives. The Arcade Center Farm was listed on the National


title: "New Holstein, Wisconsin" content: Holstein Municipal Airport (8D1) serves the city and surrounding communities. The city is served by the School District of New Holstein, which includes New Holstein High School, New Holstein Middle School and New Holstein Elementary School. The city is also home to a private Roman Catholic elementary school that it shares with neighboring city Kiel. New Holstein, Wisconsin New Holstein is a city in Calumet County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 3,236 at the 2010 census. The city is located within the Town of New Holstein. New Holstein is named after the Schleswig-Holstein region in Germany


title: "Oregon, Wisconsin" content: the area. Schools in the district include Brooklyn Elementary, Netherwood Knoll Elementary, Prairie View Elementary, Rome Corners Intermediate, Oregon Middle School and Oregon High School. The Oregon Police Department and the Oregon Area Fire/EMS District serve the area. In 2011, Oregon was named one of the "100 Best Small Places to Live" by CNN Money. Oregon, Wisconsin Oregon is a village in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the census of 2010, the population was 9,231. Oregon is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area. The village is located mostly within the Town of Oregon. Oregon was settled in


title: "Beaver Dam, Wisconsin" content: Beaver Dam, Wisconsin Beaver Dam is a city in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States, along Beaver Dam Lake and the Beaver Dam River. The estimated population was 16,564 in 2016, making it the largest city primarily located in Dodge County. It is the principal city of the Beaver Dam Micropolitan Statistical area. The city is adjacent to the Town of Beaver Dam. Beaver Dam was first settled by Thomas Mackie and Joseph Goetschius in 1841, and by 1843 had a population of almost 100. The city was named for an old beaver dam located in a stream flowing into Beaver


title: "Elk Mound, Wisconsin" content: Elk Mound, Wisconsin Elk Mound is a village in Dunn County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 878 at the 2010 census. The village is surrounded by the Town of Elk Mound. A post office called Elk Mound has been in operation since 1870. Elk Mound was laid out in 1871. The village was named for nearby Elk Mound. Elk Mound is located at (44.873216, -91.689885). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all of it land. The village of Elk Mound is located in the Chippewa Valley, between the cities of


title: "Mishicot, Wisconsin" content: village was legally incorporated with the State of Wisconsin. In the Menominee language, the town is known as "Mēqsekatāēw", meaning "Hairy Leg", likely the Menominee translation of Chief Meshigaud's name. The early setters of the village and the surrounding rural farmlands came from a number of countries, but most prominently from Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland and Canada. In 1852, the name of the township and unincorporated village was changed to Saxonburg, but the name was reverted about 18 months later. By the beginning of the 20th century, the village would have six hotels, three general stores, a movie theater, a grist


title: "Roger Sherman" content: representative for every one delegate. In the upper house each state was guaranteed two senators, regardless of its size. Sherman is also memorable for his stance against paper money with his authoring of and his later opposition to James Madison over the "Bill of Rights" amendments to the U.S. Constitution in his belief that these amendments would diminish the role and power of the states over the people. Mr. Wilson & Mr. Sherman moved to insert after the words "coin money" the words "nor emit bills of credit, nor make any thing but gold & silver coin a tender in


title: Riverboarding content: down rapids. Soon, riders adapted a personal submarine shell for their molds, and the plastic version of the riverboard was born. Sometime in the late 1980s, Robert Carlson began running rivers in California using an ocean bodyboard and ended up making his own board that was bigger and thicker and had handles. In 1986, Ged Hay began taking his body board down the Kawarau River near Queenstown in New Zealand while on his days off as a rafting guide. European riders also developed a foam version (called a hydrospeed) of the plastic board to reduce weight and avoid injuring each


title: "Traffic sign" content: and pavement markings are legally defined in the Federal Highway Administration's "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" as the standard. A rather informal distinction among the directional signs is the one between advance directional signs, interchange directional signs, and reassurance signs. Advance directional signs appear at a certain distance from the interchange, giving information for each direction. A number of countries do not give information for the road ahead (so-called "pull-through" signs), and only for the directions left and right. Advance directional signs enable drivers to take precautions for the exit (e.g., switch lanes, double check whether this is the


title: "Traffic sign" content: red slashed circumference). Directional signage is similar to current United Kingdom standards. The same colours are used for directional signs in Ireland as in the UK, and the UK Transport and Motorway fonts are used. Unlike Wales and Scotland, where Welsh and Gaelic place-names use the upright Transport face, Irish place-names are rendered in an italic face. In January 2005 Ireland adopted metric speed limits. Around 35,000 existing signs were replaced and a further 23,000 new signs erected bearing the speed limit in kilometres per hour. To avoid confusion with the old signs, each speed limit sign now has "km/h"


title: "Traffic sign" content: construction). In certain cases, the yellow colour is shifted to fluorescent yellow (in the School area sign and Chevron sign). Mandatory signs are similar to European signs. They are circular with a red border, a white background and a black symbol. Stop sign and Yield sign are as European, except the word "Stop" is changed for "Pare" and the Yield sign has no letters, it is a red triangle with white centre. Information signs have many shapes and colours. Principally they are blue with white symbols and in many cases these signs have an information letter below the symbol. Road


title: "Selma Blair" content: Katherine, Elizabeth, and Marie Beitner. Blair attended Hillel Day School, a Jewish day school in Farmington Hills; and Cranbrook Kingswood in Bloomfield Hills soon after, she spent her freshman year (1990–1991) in Kalamazoo College, where she studied photography and acted in the play "The Little Theater of the Green Goose". At that time, she wanted to be a ballerina and a horse trainer. Later, at the age of 20, Blair moved to New York City, where she lived at The Salvation Army in poor living conditions. She attended New York University (NYU), as well as acting classes at the Stella


title: "Lauren Bacall" content: of one of their sales events), and producing a jewelry line with the Weinman Brothers company. She had been a celebrity spokesperson for High Point coffee and Fancy Feast cat food. In March 2006, Bacall was seen at the 78th Annual Academy Awards introducing a film montage dedicated to film noir. She made a cameo appearance as herself on "The Sopranos", in the April 2006 episode, "Luxury Lounge", during which she was mugged by Chris Moltisanti (played by Michael Imperioli). In September 2006, Bacall was awarded the first Katharine Hepburn Medal, which recognizes "women whose lives, work and contributions embody


title: Roadkill content: Roadkill Roadkill refers to an animal or animals that have been struck and killed by motor vehicles on highways. It has increasingly become the topic of academic research to understand the causes, and how it can be mitigated. Some roadkill can also be eaten. During the early 20th century, roadkill or "flat meats" (or "highway pizza") became a common sight in most industrialized First World nations, as they adopted the internal combustion engine and the automobile. One of the earliest observers of roadkill was the naturalist Joseph Grinnell, who noted in 1920: "This [roadkill] is a relatively new source of


title: Roadkill content: with small populations. Roadkill is estimated to be responsible for 50% of deaths of Florida panthers, and is the largest cause of badger deaths in England. Roadkill is considered to significantly contribute to the population decline of many threatened species, including wolf, koala and eastern quoll. In Tasmania, Australia the most common species affected by roadkill are brushtail possums and Tasmanian pademelons. In 1993, 25 schools throughout New England, United States participated in a roadkill study involving 1,923 animal deaths. By category, the fatalities were: 81% mammals, 15% bird, 3% reptiles and amphibians, 1% indiscernible. Extrapolating these data nationwide, Merritt


title: Roadkill content: the number of roadkill animals per year. In particularly roadkill-prone areas, some scavenging birds can rely on roadkill for much of their daily nutritional requirements, and can often be seen observing the roadway from telephone poles and trees, waiting for small animals to be struck so they can swoop down and feed. However, such scavengers are at greater risk of becoming roadkill themselves, and are subject to evolutionary pressure to be alert to traffic hazards. In contrast, areas where scavengers have been driven out (such as many urban areas) often see roadkill rotting in place indefinitely on the roadways and


title: Roadkill content: being further macerated by traffic. The remains must be manually removed by dedicated disposal personnel and disposed of via sanitary cremation; this greatly increases the public nuisance inherent to roadkill, unnecessarily complicates its disposal, and consumes additional public money, time and fuel that could be spent on other roadway maintenance projects. The study of roadkill has proven highly amenable to the application of citizen science observation methods. Since 2009, statewide roadkill observation systems have been started in the US, enrolling hundreds of observers in reporting roadkill on a website. The observers, who are usually naturalists or professional scientists, provide identification,


title: Roadkill content: is reduced. Penguins, for example, are common roadkill traffic victims in Wellington, New Zealand, due to their skin color and the fact that they come ashore at dusk and leave again around dawn, making it hard for drivers to see them. Night time drivers should reduce speed and use high beam headlights when possible, to give themselves maximum time to avoid a collision. However, when headlights approach a nocturnal animal, it is hard for the creature to see the approaching car (nocturnal animals see better in low than in bright light). Furthermore, the glare of oncoming vehicle headlights can dazzle


title: Roadkill content: gap in the forest canopy that forces arboreal (tree dwelling) species to come to the ground to travel across the gap. Canopy crossings have been constructed for red squirrels in Great Britain, colobus monkeys in Kenya, and ringtail possums in Far North Queensland, Australia. The crossings have two purposes: to ensure that roads do not restrict movement of animals and also to reduce roadkill. Installation of the canopy crossings may be relatively quick and cheap. Banks, cuttings and fences that trap animals on the road are associated with roadkill. In order to increase the likelihood of escape from a main


title: Roadkill content: Roadkill is sometimes used as an art form. Several artists use traditional taxidermy preparation in their works whilst others explore different artforms. International artist Claudia Terstappen photographs roadkill and produces enormous prints which see the animals floating eerily in a void. American artist Gary Michael Keyes photographs and transforms them into "RoadKill Totems" in his "Resurrection Gallery". Roadkill as art is not new, American artist Stephen Paternite has been exhibiting roadkill pieces since the 1970s. Canadian writer Timothy Findley wrote about the experience of seeing killed animals on highways during travels: "The dead by the road, or on it, testify


title: Roadkill content: animal that crosses roads to avoid becoming roadkill, such as "Frogger" and "Crossy Road". Roadkill Roadkill refers to an animal or animals that have been struck and killed by motor vehicles on highways. It has increasingly become the topic of academic research to understand the causes, and how it can be mitigated. Some roadkill can also be eaten. During the early 20th century, roadkill or "flat meats" (or "highway pizza") became a common sight in most industrialized First World nations, as they adopted the internal combustion engine and the automobile. One of the earliest observers of roadkill was the naturalist


title: "Pound, Wisconsin" content: Pound, Wisconsin Pound is a village in Marinette County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 377 at the 2010 census. The village is located within the Town of Pound. Pound is part of the Marinette, WI– MI Micropolitan Statistical Area. The village and town of Pound were named for Thaddeus Coleman Pound, a Wisconsin state politician and businessman; Pound was the grandfather of the poet Ezra Pound. In 1994 the weight-loss program SlimFast used the town as a trial for its program. Residents believed that SlimFast used the town because of the name Pound; however the company said they used


title: "Sparta, Wisconsin" content: end of the Elroy-Sparta Bike Trail. Opened in 1967, this is considered to be the first rail trail, and is a 32-mile (51 km) bike trail which passes through rural scenery and three tunnels; and is part of the larger Wisconsin bike trail system operated by the state of Wisconsin. Based on this, Sparta dubs itself the "Bicycling Capital of America", and the entrance to the town is marked by an oversized figure of a cyclist on an old-fashioned penny farthing high wheel bicycle. The statue, named "Ben Bikin'," has been given the title of "World's Largest Bicyclist" and in


title: "Plymouth, Wisconsin" content: with several private, industrial and commercial lots available for development. The city provides the public water system and sewer. Wastewater is treated by the Plymouth City Utility Commission Wastewater Treatment Facility. Electricity is provided by Plymouth Utilities. Natural Gas is provided by Wisconsin Public Service Corporation (WPS). Phone service is provided by Verizon. Frontier Communications offers broadband services. Located east of the Kettle Moraine State Forest, Plymouth is a recreational destination. The city has 17 parks that offer recreational opportunities that include baseball (Plymouth Youth Athletic Association]), soccer (Plymouth Soccer Club) frisbee-golf, biking, swimming (Plymouth Aquatic Center), tennis, nature walks


title: "Spooner, Wisconsin" content: very popular robbery, western style, cowboy, and buffet style as well as more formal dinner trains. More recently, the Great Pumpkin train nearly sold out and now runs annually around the time of Halloween. The old CNW Spooner Railroad Depot now serves as the town's Railroad Memories Museum. Spooner is located at (45.825941, -91.891116). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water. Spooner has a Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb), typical of northern Wisconsin with warm, humid summers and relatively long, cold winters. As


title: "Arpin (town), Wisconsin" content: was 2.94 and the average family size was 3.31. In the town, the population was spread out with 30.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 7.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.6 males. The median income for a household in the town was $42,115, and the median income for a family was $45,313. Males had a median income


title: BoA content: music. "The Face" was influenced by electropop and included "happy spring" songs ("Sweet Impact" and "Bad Drive"), a guitar-driven "groovy dance" song ("Lose Your Mind"), and ballads. Because the composition and writing of BoA's songs is handled mostly by her staff, BoA has been criticized as being a "manufactured pop star". In response to such criticism, BoA said that "if one person were to force their own will on something, then things that should have gone right could easily go wrong" and that she is "not all that unhappy with the expression that [she is] a manufactured star. In a


title: "Francis Lightfoot Lee" content: at Mount Airy Plantation, near Warsaw, Virginia. Lee was the grandson of Col. Richard Lee II and a great-grandson of Col. Richard Lee I. Senator Richard Henry Lee and diplomats William Lee and Dr. Arthur Lee were his brothers. Another brother, Thomas Ludwell Lee, was appointed to a committee, along with Thomas Jefferson, to re-write the laws of Virginia. Francis Lightfoot Lee had no children; his namesake Francis Lightfoot Lee II was the son of his brother Richard Henry Lee, and further men of the same name descend from him. Francis Lightfoot Lee Francis Lightfoot Lee (October 14, 1734 –


title: Craft content: Craft A craft or trade is a pastime or a profession that requires particular skills and knowledge of skilled work. In a historical sense, particularly the Middle Ages and earlier, the term is usually applied to people occupied in small-scale production of goods, or their maintenance, for example by tinkers. The traditional term "craftsman" is nowadays often replaced by "artisan" and rarely by "craftsperson" (craftspeople). Historically, the more specialized crafts with high value products tended to concentrate in urban centers and formed guilds. The skill required by their professions and the need to be permanently involved in the exchange of


title: Craft content: goods often demanded a generally higher level of education, and craftsmen were usually in a more privileged position than the peasantry in societal hierarchy. The households of craftsmen were not as self-sufficient as those of people engaged in agricultural work and therefore had to rely on the exchange of goods. Some crafts, especially in areas such as pottery, woodworking, and the various stages of textile production, could be practiced on a part-time basis by those also working in agriculture, and often formed part of village life. Once an apprentice of a craft had finished his apprenticeship, he would become a


title: Craft content: journeyman searching for a place to set up his own shop and make a living. After he set up his own shop, he could then call himself a master of his craft. This system of a stepwise approach to mastery of a craft, which includes the obtainment of a certain amount of education and the learning of skills, has survived in some countries of the world until today. But crafts have undergone deep structural changes during and since the end of the Industrial Revolution. The mass production of goods by large-scale industry has limited crafts to market segments in which


title: Craft content: industry's modes of functioning or its mass-produced goods would not or cannot satisfy the preferences of potential buyers. Moreover, as an outcome of these changes, craftspeople today increasingly make use of semi-finished components or materials and adapt these to their customers' requirements or demands and, if necessary, to the environments of their customers. Thus, they participate in a certain division of labour between industry and craft. There are three aspects to human creativity - Art, Crafts, and Science. Roughly determined, art relies upon intuitive sensing, vision and expression, crafts upon sophisticated technique and science upon knowledge. Handicraft is the "traditional"


title: Craft content: main sector of the crafts, it is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools. Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods. The individual artisanship of the items is a paramount criterion, such items often have cultural and/or religious significance. Items made by mass production or machines are not handicraft goods. Handicraft goods are made with craft production processes. The beginning of crafts in areas like the Ottoman Empire involved the governing bodies requiring members of the city who were skilled at creating goods


title: Craft content: to open shops in the center of town. These people slowly stopped acting as subsistence farmers (who created goods in their own homes to trade with neighbors) and began to represent what we think of a "craftsman" today. In recent years, crafts and craftspeople have slowly been gaining momentum as a subject of academic study. Stephanie Bunn was an artist before she became an anthropologist, and she went on to develop an academic interest on the process of craft - arguing that what happens to an object before it becomes a 'product' is an area worthy of study. The term


title: Craft content: "crafts" is often used to describe the family of artistic practices within the family decorative arts that traditionally are defined by their relationship to functional or utilitarian products (such as sculptural forms in the vessel tradition) or by their use of such natural media as wood, clay, ceramics, glass, textiles, and metal. Crafts practiced by independent artists working alone or in small groups are often referred to as studio craft. Studio craft includes studio pottery, metal work, weaving, wood turning, paper and other forms of wood working, glass blowing, and glass art. A craft fair is an organized event to


title: Craft content: display and sell crafts. There are craft shops where such goods are sold and craft communities, such as Craftster, where expertise is shared. A tradesperson is a skilled manual worker in a particular trade or craft. Economically and socially, a tradesperson's status is considered between a laborer and a professional, with a high degree of both practical and theoretical knowledge of their trade. In cultures where professional careers are highly prized, there can be a shortage of skilled manual workers, leading to lucrative niche markets in the trades. Craft A craft or trade is a pastime or a profession that


title: "George Wythe" content: a university) established a law school, which it named after Wythe and Marshall. Although Wythe served as what would now be called a justice of the peace in Elizabeth City County during colonial times, his reputation as the "American Aristides" derived from Wythe's judicial service performed after Virginia became a state, as well as from his scholarship discussed above. The oath Wythe drafted for its admiralty judges indicates his judicial philosophy, "You shall swear that ... you will do equal right to all manner of people, great and small, high and low, rich and poor, according to equity and good


title: "The Gods Must Be Crazy" content: below. Convinced that he has reached the edge of the world, he throws the bottle off the cliff, and returns to his tribe. "The Gods Must Be Crazy" was released in South Africa in 1980 by Ster Kinekor Pictures; it became a box-office record breaker in that country. For the film's overseas release, the original Afrikaans dialogue was dubbed into English, and voiceover work was provided for !Kung and Tswana lines. At the time, it broke all box office records in Japan and it broke all box office records for a foreign film in the United States. In mid-November 1986,


title: "Outdoor cooking" content: which can be placed slices of bread with some form of filling — which are placed over hot coals to cook. When using meat, roasting can have the advantage over grilling in that the grease that drips from the food can be reused. This can be done by placing a fireproof container under the food. Grills are simple to use and food being grilled tends to pick up flavors from the smoke. Grills over a campfire are used in the same way as ordinary charcoal barbecues. If the food is simply placed on the grill, it may catch fire so


title: "Outdoor cooking" content: alternative is the use of a metal thread or mesh fire basket. This allows continued airflow through the fire while providing optimal heat. The one down side to this form of cooking is that the pots will become blackened with soot and ash, which can be difficult to scrub off. The ash and soot build up can be easily avoided by applying a thin layer of dish soap (preferably biodegradable) to the outside of the pot before cooking. The ash and soot will stick to the soap which is then easily rinsed off later. Steaming is possible with plants such


title: "Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology" content: Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology The Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology (BFIT) in Boston, Massachusetts, is a non-profit private college of engineering and industrial technologies established in 1908 with funds bequeathed in Benjamin Franklin's will. The Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology owes its existence to the vision of Benjamin Franklin. In a codicil to his will, dated 1789, Franklin established a 200-year plan for a sum totaling £1,000 (about $4,400 at the time, or about $112,000 in 2010 dollars) that he gave to the city of Boston, where he was born. For the first hundred years, the money was to


title: "Joint European Torus" content: the ultimate goal of reaching "scientific breakeven", the point where the energy created by the fusion reactions is greater than the energy being fed into it to keep it hot. JET began operation in 1983 and spent most of the next decade increasing its performance in a lengthy series of experiments and upgrades. In 1991 the first experiments including tritium were made, making JET the first reactor in the world to run on the production fuel of a 50-50 mix of tritium and deuterium. In 1997, using this fuel, JET set the current world record for fusion output at 16


title: Tanager content: tanager family, are now treated as members of Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise, the genera "Piranga" (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), "Chlorothraupis", and "Habia" appear to be members of the cardinal family, and have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society. Tanagers are small to medium-sized birds. The shortest-bodied species, the white-eared conebill, is long and weighs , barely smaller than the short-billed honeycreeper. The longest, the magpie tanager is and weighs . The heaviest is the white-capped tanager which weighs and measures about . Both sexes are usually the


title: "George Saintsbury" content: George Saintsbury George Edward Bateman Saintsbury, FBA (23 October 1845 – 28 January 1933), was an English writer, literary historian, scholar, critic and wine connoisseur. Born in Lottery Hall, Southampton, he was educated at King's College School, London, and at Merton College, Oxford where he achieved a first class BA degree in Classical Mods, (1865), and a second class in "literae humaniores" (1867). He left Oxford in 1868 having failed to obtain a fellowship, and briefly became a master at the Manchester Grammar School, before spending six years in Guernsey as senior classical master of Elizabeth College, where he began


title: "George Saintsbury" content: a dinner in his honour. Although Saintsbury did not attend, this was the start of the Saintsbury Club, men of letters and members of the wine trade who continue to have dinners to this day. George Saintsbury George Edward Bateman Saintsbury, FBA (23 October 1845 – 28 January 1933), was an English writer, literary historian, scholar, critic and wine connoisseur. Born in Lottery Hall, Southampton, he was educated at King's College School, London, and at Merton College, Oxford where he achieved a first class BA degree in Classical Mods, (1865), and a second class in "literae humaniores" (1867). He left


title: Quipu content: answered, "some of them are, and you can't touch them – they would break or turn into dust. Many are quite well preserved, and you can actually study them without doing them any harm. Of course, any time you touch an ancient fabric like that, you're doing some damage, but these strings are generally quite durable." Ruth Shady, a Peruvian archeologist, has discovered a "quipu" or perhaps "proto-quipu" believed to be around 5,000 years old in the coastal city of Caral. It was in quite good condition, with "brown cotton strings wound around thin sticks", along with "a series of


title: "Inline speed skating" content: Inline speed skating Inline speed skating is the roller sport of racing on inline skates, or as they are commonly called, rollerblades. It is often called "inline racing" by participants. Although it primarily evolved from racing on traditional roller skates, the sport is similar enough to ice speed skating that many competitors are now known to switch between inline and ice speed skating according to the season. An inline speed skate is a specialized shoe version of the inline skate. The boot or shoe is close-fitting, without much padding and usually made of leather and carbon fiber and/or fiberglass composites.


title: "Inline speed skating" content: sevens and golf instead. Notably, roller speed or in-line speed skating has been an included sport at the World Games since their inception in 1981. Inline speed skating Inline speed skating is the roller sport of racing on inline skates, or as they are commonly called, rollerblades. It is often called "inline racing" by participants. Although it primarily evolved from racing on traditional roller skates, the sport is similar enough to ice speed skating that many competitors are now known to switch between inline and ice speed skating according to the season. An inline speed skate is a specialized shoe


title: "Skin effect" content: in the inner conductor, there is no magnetic field beneath the surface of the inner conductor. Since the current in the inner conductor is balanced by the opposite current flowing on the inside of the outer conductor, there is no remaining magnetic field in the outer conductor itself where formula_60. Only formula_67 contributes to the electrical inductance at these higher frequencies. Although the geometry is different, a twisted pair used in telephone lines is similarly affected: at higher frequencies the inductance decreases by more than 20% as can be seen in the following table. Representative parameter data for 24 gauge


title: "Breast pump" content: the parts that generate the suction and come in contact with breast milk stay with the mother. The parts that generate the suction are external to the pump, and can be removed, preventing cross contamination. These pumps are considered "hospital grade" and virtually eliminate the chance of cross contamination of the pump from user to user. However, it is important to clean the diaphragm as condensation or milk reaching this part can cause bacterial contamination. A disadvantage of the diaphragm is that it may limit the amount of air/suction available to extract milk from the breast. It may also not


title: "IBM System/36" content: released the AS/400 Advanced/36. Priced as low as $7995, it was a machine that allowed System/36 users to get faster and more modern hardware while "staying 36." Based on standard AS/400 hardware, the Advanced/36 could run SSP, the operating system of the System/36, alone, or within AS/400's OS/400 as a "virtual machine" so that it could be upgraded to a full-blown AS/400 for just extra licensing costs. The A/36 was slightly larger than a common PC cabinet and could easily be mistaken for a 1990s-era tower PC. System/36 cabinets were white (actually "off-white") and the Advanced/36 was black. The Advanced/36


title: "Double push" content: to his success in connection with the DP, has had his form widely commented on since he moved to ice. The DP has not been widely adopted on ice. Whether this is because it makes little practical difference or for other reasons is at present difficult to say. The main reason why DP does not work on ice, it is proposed, is that ice skates can move only on a straight line or on a big radius, while DP requires carving movements. Perhaps some technical developments could enable creating an ice speed skate that can carve, but it may have


title: "Midwest Conference" content: Midwest Conference The Midwest Conference (MWC) is a college athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA's Division III. Member institutions are located in the Midwestern United States in the states of Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. The Midwest Conference was created in 1994 with the merger of the Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference, which had been sponsoring men's sports since 1921, and the Midwest Athletic Conference for Women, which was formed in 1977. The organization of the Midwest Collegiate Athletic Conference (MCAC) was conceived at a meeting at Coe College on May 12, 1921. Charter members were Beloit College, Carleton College, Coe College,


title: "Occidental Mindoro" content: specially, along the river mouths. The province is also home to one of the more popular coral reefs in the Philippines, Apo Reef. Occidental Mindoro has two distinct weather types: rainy season and dry season. Rains begin to fall in the province in late May, intensifying through June, July, August, September and October, then gradually subsides in November. The months of August and September are the wettest period, with storms directly passing through the area. On the other hand, dry season starts in November, with rainfall subsiding in intensity, and altogether ceasing in January, February, March and April. March and


title: Monochrome content: Monochrome A monochromic image is one composed of one color (or values of one color). The term monochrome comes from the . A monochromatic object or image reflects colors in shades of limited colors or hues. Images using only shades of grey (with or without black or white) are called grayscale or black-and-white. However, scientifically speaking, monochromatic light refers to visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths ("see spectral color"). Of an image, the term monochrome is usually taken to mean the same as black and white or, more likely, grayscale, but may also be used to refer to


title: Monochrome content: other combinations containing only tones of a single color, such as green-and-white or green-and-red. It may also refer to sepia displaying tones from light tan to dark brown or cyanotype ("blueprint") images, and early photographic methods such as daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes, each of which may be used to produce a monochromatic image. In computing, monochrome has two meanings: A monochrome computer display is able to display only a single color, often green, amber, red or white, and often also shades of that color. In film photography, monochrome is typically the use of black-and-white film. Originally, all photography was done


title: Monochrome content: in monochrome. Although color photography was possible even in the late 19th century, easily used color films, such as Kodachrome, were not available until the mid-1930s. In digital photography, monochrome is the capture of only shades of black by the sensor, or by post-processing a color image to present only the perceived brightness by combining the values of multiple channels (usually red, blue, and green). The weighting of individual channels may be selected to achieve a desired artistic effect; if only the red channel is selected by the weighting then the effect will be similar to that of using a


title: Monochrome content: red filter on panchromatic film. If the red channel is eliminated and the green and blue combined then the effect will be similar to that of orthochromatic film or the use of a cyan filter on panchromatic film. The selection of weighting thus allows a wide range of artistic expression in the final monochromatic image. For production of an anaglyph image the original color stereogram source may first be reduced to monochrome in order to simplify the rendering of the image. This is sometimes required in cases where a color image would render in a confusing manner given the colors


title: Monochrome content: and patterns present in the source image and the selection filters used (typically red and its complement, cyan). In physics, monochromatic light is electromagnetic radiation of a single frequency. In the physical sense, no source of electromagnetic radiation is purely monochromatic, since that would require a wave of infinite duration as a consequence of the Fourier transform's localization property (cf. spectral coherence). Even very controlled sources such as lasers operate in a range of frequencies (known as the spectral linewidth). In practice, filtered light, diffraction grating separated light and laser light are all routinely referred to as monochromatic. Often light


title: Monochrome content: sources can be compared and one be labeled as “more monochromatic” (in a similar usage as "monodispersity"). A device which isolates a narrow band of frequencies from a broader-bandwidth source is called a monochromator, even though the bandwidth is often explicitly specified, and thus a collection of frequencies is understood. Monochrome A monochromic image is one composed of one color (or values of one color). The term monochrome comes from the . A monochromatic object or image reflects colors in shades of limited colors or hues. Images using only shades of grey (with or without black or white) are called


title: Superplasticity content: that leads to fracture. Also, the formation of microvoids, which is another cause of early fracture, is inhibited. In metals and ceramics, requirements for it being superplastic include a fine grain size (less than approximately 20 micrometres) and a fine dispersion of thermally stable particles, which act to pin the grain boundaries and maintain the fine grain structure at the high temperatures and existence of two phases required for superplastic deformation. Those materials that meet these parameters must still have a strain rate sensitivity (a measurement of the way the stress on a material reacts to changes in strain rate)


title: Superplasticity content: microscopy. Tensile tests were performed at 700–900 °C under a strain rate range of about 10−10/s. The maximum strain rate sensitivity index m was found to be 0.5 and the largest elongation reached 620%. In Fe3Al and Fe Al alloys with grain sizes of 100–600μm. The large-grained Fe3Al and Fe Al alloys exhibit all deformation characteristics of conventional fine grain size super plastic alloys. However, super plastic behaviour was found in large-grained iron aluminides without the usual prerequisites for the super plasticity of a fine grain size and grain boundary sliding. The metallographic examinations have shown that the average grain


title: Superplasticity content: Here we show that a composite ceramic material consisting of tetragonal zirconium oxide, magnesium aluminates spinal and alpha-alumina phase exhibit superplasticity at strain rates up to 1.0 s. The composite also exhibits a large tensile elongation, exceeding 1050% or a strain rate of 0.4 s. Superplastic metals and ceramics have the ability to deform over 100% without fracturing, permitting net-shape forming at high temperatures. These intriguing materials deform primarily by grain boundary sliding, a process accelerated with a fine grain size. However, most ceramics that start with a fine grain size experience rapid grain growth during high temperature deformation, rendering


title: Superplasticity content: fine-grain AlO .Demonstrated that the grain size of AlO containing 500-ppm MgO can be further refined by adding various dopants, such as CrO, YO, and TiO. A grain size of about 0.66 µm was obtained in a 500-ppm Y-doped AlO. As a result of this fine grain size, the AlO exhibits a rupture elongation of 65% at 1450 °C under an applied stress of 20 MPa. Superplasticity In materials science, superplasticity is a state in which solid crystalline material is deformed well beyond its usual breaking point, usually over about 200% during tensile deformation. Such a state is usually achieved


title: "Amy Rose" content: with Sonic in other games, including "Sonic Unleashed", "Sonic Generations" and the Nintendo DS version of "Sonic Colors". In "", her playable character pretends to have a boyfriend to make Sonic jealous; her success depends on player input. In "Sonic and the Black Knight" Sonic agrees to a date with Amy before he is whisked into the world of King Arthur, with an alternate version of Amy as the Lady of the Lake. She is a playable character in a number of "Sonic" spinoffs in several genres, including the fighting games "Sonic the Fighters" and "Sonic Battle"; the racers "Sonic


title: "Lake Sammamish" content: approximately north of Lake Sammamish, found that extensive loss of beaver ponds resulted in an 89% reduction in coho salmon smolt summer production and an almost equally detrimental 86% reduction in critical winter habitat carrying capacity. Lake Sammamish is bordered by Marymoor Park at the lake's north end, Lake Sammamish State Park at its south end and East Lake Sammamish Trail. The main leisure activities include rowing, waterskiing, wakeboarding, wakesurfing, tubing, and jet skiing. There is a public slalom course for waterskiing at the far north end of the lake, running from the west to the east. In the mid-1980s,