title: "Culture of England" content: than other ales of the time such as mild, but is generally much less hopped than modern American pale ale. India pale ale was exported to India but also consumed in England. Pale ale has long been sold in bottled form and Burton Pale Ale enjoyed particular popularity. Light ale is a low-alcohol bitter, often bottled. More recently the terms golden ale and amber ale have been used by brewers. Other types of ale include strong Burton Ale, old ale, barley wine, mild ale, and brown ale. Bitter became the predominant English beer style in the 1950s, largely supplanting mild


title: Geometry content: ("On the hypotheses on which geometry is based"), published only after his death. Riemann's new idea of space proved crucial in Einstein's general relativity theory, and Riemannian geometry, that considers very general spaces in which the notion of length is defined, is a mainstay of modern geometry. Euclidean geometry has become closely connected with computational geometry, computer graphics, convex geometry, incidence geometry, finite geometry, discrete geometry, and some areas of combinatorics. Attention was given to further work on Euclidean geometry and the Euclidean groups by crystallography and the work of H. S. M. Coxeter, and can be seen in theories


title: Leaf content: Leaf A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Leaves are collectively referred to as foliage, as in "autumn foliage". A leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ, usually borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. In most leaves, the primary photosynthetic tissue, the palisade mesophyll, is located on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of "Eucalyptus", palisade mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said


title: Leaf content: to be isobilateral. Most leaves have distinct upper surface (') and lower surface (') that differ in colour, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases), the amount and structure of epicuticular wax and other features. Leaves can have many different shapes, sizes and textures. The broad, flat leaves with complex venation of flowering plants are known as "megaphylls" and the species that bear them, the majority, as broad-leaved or megaphyllous plants. In the clubmosses, with different evolutionary origins, the leaves are simple (with only a single vein) and are known as microphylls. Some leaves, such as


title: Leaf content: bulb scales, are not above ground. In many aquatic species the leaves are submerged in water. Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls and spines. Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems called phylloclades and cladodes, and flattened leaf stems called phyllodes which differ from leaves both in their structure and origin. Many structures of non-vascular plants, such as the phyllids of mosses and liverworts and even of


title: Leaf content: some foliose lichens, which are not plants at all (in the sense of being members of the kingdom Plantae), look and function much like leaves. Leaves are the most important organs of most vascular plants. Green plants are autotrophic, meaning that they do not obtain food from other living things but instead create their own by photosynthesis. They capture the energy in sunlight and use it to make simple sugars, such as glucose and sucrose, from carbon dioxide and water. The sugars are then stored as starch, further processed by chemical synthesis into more complex organic molecules such as proteins


title: Leaf content: or cellulose, the basic structural material in plant cell walls, or metabolised by cellular respiration to provide chemical energy to run cellular processes. The leaves draw water from the ground in the transpiration stream through a vascular conducting system known as xylem and obtain carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by diffusion through openings called stomata in the outer covering layer of the leaf (epidermis), while leaves are orientated to maximise their exposure to sunlight. Once sugar has been synthesized, it needs to be transported to areas of active growth such as the plant shoots and roots. Vascular plants transport sucrose


title: Leaf content: in a special tissue called the phloem. The phloem and xylem are parallel to each other but the transport of materials is usually in opposite directions. Within the leaf these vascular systems branch (ramify) to form veins which supply as much of the leaf as possible, ensuring that cells carrying out photosynthesis are close to the transportation system. Typically leaves are broad, flat and thin (dorsiventrally flattened), thereby maximising the surface area directly exposed to light and enabling the light to penetrate the tissues and reach the chloroplasts, thus promoting photosynthesis. They are arranged on the plant so as to


title: Leaf content: expose their surfaces to light as efficiently as possible without shading each other, but there are many exceptions and complications. For instance plants adapted to windy conditions may have pendent leaves, such as in many willows and eucalyptss. The flat, or laminar, shape also maximises thermal contact with the surrounding air, promoting cooling. Functionally, in addition to carrying out photosynthesis, the leaf is the principal site of transpiration, providing the energy required to draw the transpiration stream up from the roots, and guttation. Many gymnosperms have thin needle-like or scale-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates with frequent


title: Leaf content: snow and frost. These are interpreted as reduced from megaphyllous leaves of their Devonian ancestors. Some leaf forms are adapted to modulate the amount of light they absorb to avoid or mitigate excessive heat, ultraviolet damage, or desiccation, or to sacrifice light-absorption efficiency in favour of protection from herbivory. For xerophytes the major constraint is not light flux or intensity, but drought. Some window plants such as "Fenestraria" species and some "Haworthia" species such as "Haworthia tesselata" and "Haworthia truncata" are examples of xerophytes. and "Bulbine mesembryanthemoides". Leaves also function to store chemical energy and water (especially in succulents) and


title: Leaf content: may become specialised organs serving other functions, such as tendrils of peas and other legumes, the protective spines of cacti and the insect traps in carnivorous plants such as "Nepenthes" and "Sarracenia". Leaves are the fundamental structural units from which cones are constructed in gymnosperms (each cone scale is a modified megaphyll leaf known as a sporophyll) and from which flowers are constructed in flowering plants. The internal organisation of most kinds of leaves has evolved to maximise exposure of the photosynthetic organelles, the chloroplasts, to light and to increase the absorption of carbon dioxide while at the same time


title: Leaf content: controlling water loss. Their surfaces are waterproofed by the plant cuticle and gas exchange between the mesophyll cells and the atmosphere is controlled by minute (length and width measured in tens of µm) openings called stomata which open or close to regulate the rate exchange of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapour into and out of the internal intercellular space system. Stomatal opening is controlled by the turgor pressure in a pair of guard cells that surround the stomatal aperture. In any square centimeter of a plant leaf there may be from 1,000 to 100,000 stomata. The shape and structure


title: Psychiatry content: in England, no real treatment was applied. During the Enlightenment attitudes towards the mentally ill began to change. It came to be viewed as a disorder that required compassionate treatment. In 1758 English physician William Battie wrote his "Treatise on Madness" on the management of mental disorder. It was a critique aimed particularly at the Bethlem Hospital, where a conservative regime continued to use barbaric custodial treatment. Battie argued for a tailored management of patients entailing cleanliness, good food, fresh air, and distraction from friends and family. He argued that mental disorder originated from dysfunction of the material brain and


title: "Cookie Monster" content: Cookie Monster Cookie Monster is a Muppet on the long-running children's television show "Sesame Street." He is best known for his voracious appetite and his famous eating phrases, such as "Me want cookie!", "Me eat cookie!" (or simply "COOKIE!"), and "Om nom nom nom" (said through a mouth full of food). He eats almost anything, including normally inedible objects. However, as his name suggests, his preferred food is cookies. Chocolate chip cookies are his favorite kind. In a song in 2004, Cookie Monster revealed that, before he ate his first cookie, he believed his name was Sid or Sidney. Despite


title: "Cookie Monster" content: answered the Proust Questionnaire, as well as revealing some of his favorite and non-favorite things. In a June 19, 2008, appearance on "The Colbert Report", Cookie Monster again explained that "Cookies are a sometimes food." Colbert had asked agitatedly why Cookie Monster had "abandoned the pro-cookie agenda" and thus caused fruit to become the favorite snack of American children, according to a study Colbert had heard. Colbert criticized Cookie Monster for not wearing a cookie lapel pin. Cookie Monster also claimed to have "crazy times during the '70s and '80s," referring to himself as "the Robert Downey Jr. of cookies."


title: "Cookie Monster" content: After eating a cookie to prove he still likes cookies, Cookie Monster asked if the Peabody Award, a round medallion on a small pedestal, was a cookie. When Colbert returned to speak to Cookie Monster at the end of the show, the award had disappeared and Cookie Monster was wiping his mouth with a napkin. On November 24, 2010, Cookie Monster started a Facebook page as part of a campaign to host "Saturday Night Live". Though his bid to host "Saturday Night Live" failed, he was allowed to appear with Jeff Bridges when Jeff hosted the show and sang the


title: "Cookie Monster" content: Christmas song "Silver Bells". Main performers Alternate performers David Rudman officially became Cookie Monster in "Sesame Street's" 2002 season (taped 2001), but the year before that, Rudman shared the part with Eric Jacobson, Frank Oz's primary successor. Once Jacobson was cast as Grover and Bert, Sesame Workshop chose Rudman as Cookie Monster to allow for more interaction between Cookie Monster and Bert/Grover. Frank Oz still performs Cookie Monster and his other "Sesame Street" characters a couple of times per year. Various toys and other icons of the Cookie Monster have been produced over the years. The most obvious is a


title: "Cookie Monster" content: cookie jar, of which numerous types have been available. Numerous children's books featuring Cookie Monster have been published over the years: Familiar to generations of "Sesame Street" watchers, Cookie Monster is remembered for his gluttony and his distinctive voice. In 1990 U.S. Budget Director Richard Darman wrote an introduction to the federal budget with a section "Green Eyeshades and the Cookie Monster" in which he called Cookie "the quintessential consumer," and the enormous budget "the Ultimate Cookie Monster." In the Food Network program "Good Eats" episode "Three Chips for Sister Marsha" (first aired December 13, 2000), a puppet named Maj.


title: "Cookie Monster" content: On March 16, 2016, Apple released an ad titled "Timer" starring Cookie Monster, where he uses the "Hey Siri" feature in the iPhone 6S to set a timer and play an album while he waits for cookies to bake. A popular internet parody of "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", titled "Sea is for Cookie", was created for a Reddit Adobe Photoshop competition. The piece features the wave with googly eyes and cookies in the crest, resembling Cookie Monster eating cookies. This article incorporates Creative Commons license CC-BY SA 3.0 text from the Muppet Wiki article "Cookie Monster". Cookie Monster Cookie


title: "Special routes of U.S. Route 151" content: Special routes of U.S. Route 151 Eleven special routes of U.S. Route 151 exist. Three of which are located in Iowa and the other eight are in Wisconsin. U.S. Route 151 Business is designated along the former alignment of U.S. Route 151 through Cedar Rapids and Marion, Iowa. US 151 Business begins at exit 248, the intersection of US 30 / US 218 and US 151 in Cedar Rapids. US 151 Business follows Williams Boulevard northeast to 1st Avenue, which it follows for the rest of its path through Cedar Rapids. 1st Avenue becomes Marion Boulevard in Marion. US 151


title: "Special routes of U.S. Route 151" content: Business follows 7th Avenue to its northern terminus, the intersection of US 151 and Iowa Highway 13. Through Cedar Rapids, US 151 Business is officially designated as Iowa Highway 922, though it is never signed as such. U.S. Route 151 Business in Monticello was created in 2004 when US 151 was expanded and rerouted around Monticello. US 151 Business in Monticello begins at exit 68 of U.S. Route 151. It is co-signed with Jones County Route X44 until the Monticello city limits. In Monticello, US 151 Business follows Main Street. Between Oak Street and 1st Street, Iowa Highway 38 overlaps


title: "Special routes of U.S. Route 151" content: US 151 Business. The northern terminus of US 151 Business is an at-grade intersection with US 151. Business U.S. Highway 151 (Bus. US 151) is a business route of U.S. Highway 151 (US 151) in Mineral Point, Wisconsin that is long. When it starts at US 151 outside of Mineral Point, it is concurrent with County Trunk Highway O. The concurrency is very short, and ends just after it starts. Inside Mineral Point, the route becomes concurrent with Wisconsin Highway 39. After this concurrency ends, it becomes concurrent with Wisconsin Highway 23. It then heads towards US 151 and ends


title: "Special routes of U.S. Route 151" content: there, intersecting County Trunk Highway YD along the way. Special routes of U.S. Route 151 Eleven special routes of U.S. Route 151 exist. Three of which are located in Iowa and the other eight are in Wisconsin. U.S. Route 151 Business is designated along the former alignment of U.S. Route 151 through Cedar Rapids and Marion, Iowa. US 151 Business begins at exit 248, the intersection of US 30 / US 218 and US 151 in Cedar Rapids. US 151 Business follows Williams Boulevard northeast to 1st Avenue, which it follows for the rest of its path through Cedar Rapids.


title: "Diet Coke Lime" content: Diet Coke Lime Diet Lime Coke was introduced to the market in 2005 with Coca-Cola with Lime and is still sold in North America to this day. Diet Coke with Lime was discontinued in the UK as was Diet Coke with Lemon in early 2007, having been renamed Diet Coke with Citrus Zest in 2007, which is mixture of lime and lemon taste. In 2009, "Coca-Cola Freestyle" machines began carrying "Coca-Cola with Lime", along with its Diet counterpart. The regular version has since been discontinued, but the Diet version continued with steady sales until 2018. The diet version is now


title: "Diet Coke Lime" content: discontinued and replaced with Diet Coke Ginger Lime. Diet Coke Lime Diet Lime Coke was introduced to the market in 2005 with Coca-Cola with Lime and is still sold in North America to this day. Diet Coke with Lime was discontinued in the UK as was Diet Coke with Lemon in early 2007, having been renamed Diet Coke with Citrus Zest in 2007, which is mixture of lime and lemon taste. In 2009, "Coca-Cola Freestyle" machines began carrying "Coca-Cola with Lime", along with its Diet counterpart. The regular version has since been discontinued, but the Diet version continued with steady


title: "Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami" content: Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami The Bhutanatha group of temples is a cluster of sandstone shrines dedicated to the deity Bhutanatha, in Badami town of Karnataka state, India. There are two major temples here. Temple No.1, on the east side of the lake, called the Bhutanatha temple has a superstructure that resembles early South Indian style or North Indian style with its open mantapa (hall or Veranda) extending into the lake, while the smaller Temple No.2 on the north-east side of the lake, sometimes called the Mallikarjuna group of temples, has a stepped superstructure, commonly found in Kalyani Chalukya constructions.


title: "Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami" content: inside the sanctum. The Mallikarjuna group exhibits topological features popularised by the Kalyani Chalukya architects, including plain walls, angled eaves over the open "mantapa" (hall) and pyramid shaped superstructures made of closely spaced horizontal tiers. Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami The Bhutanatha group of temples is a cluster of sandstone shrines dedicated to the deity Bhutanatha, in Badami town of Karnataka state, India. There are two major temples here. Temple No.1, on the east side of the lake, called the Bhutanatha temple has a superstructure that resembles early South Indian style or North Indian style with its open mantapa (hall


title: "Pixie cut" content: Pixie cut A pixie cut is a short hairstyle generally short on the back and sides of the head and slightly longer on the top and very short bangs. It is a variant of crop. Pixie cuts were popularized first in the 1950s when Audrey Hepburn wore the style in her debut film "Roman Holiday", and later in the 1960s by actress Mia Farrow (notably in Roman Polanski’s "Rosemary's Baby"). British supermodel Twiggy, then even later by "Laugh-In" star Goldie Hawn. Jean Seberg also sported a pixie cut for Otto Preminger's "Bonjour Tristesse" and Jean-Luc Godard’s "Breathless". The crop became


title: "Pixie cut" content: fashionable again in the late 1970s and 1980s, with one of its most notable wearers being the actress Jacqueline Pearce in the British TV series "Blake's 7". The crop also was big in the mid 1990s, and Halle Berry appeared in the 2002 James Bond film "Die Another Day" wearing a crop. In 2010, Cate Blanchett and Hayden Panettiere also sported cropped hair. Depending on the style, pixies range from as short as a half inch in some places to two or three inches long in others. Pixies are very easy to maintain and can be worn casually, or dressed


title: "Pixie cut" content: up for special occasions. Pixie cut A pixie cut is a short hairstyle generally short on the back and sides of the head and slightly longer on the top and very short bangs. It is a variant of crop. Pixie cuts were popularized first in the 1950s when Audrey Hepburn wore the style in her debut film "Roman Holiday", and later in the 1960s by actress Mia Farrow (notably in Roman Polanski’s "Rosemary's Baby"). British supermodel Twiggy, then even later by "Laugh-In" star Goldie Hawn. Jean Seberg also sported a pixie cut for Otto Preminger's "Bonjour Tristesse" and Jean-Luc Godard’s


title: "Ken Carpenter (announcer)" content: Ken Carpenter (announcer) Kenneth Lee Carpenter (August 21, 1900 – October 16, 1984) was a longtime TV and radio announcer, who was best known for being the announcer for singer and actor Bing Crosby for 27 years. Born in Avon, Illinois, Carpenter was the son of Barlow Carpenter, a Universalist minister, and Clara Carpenter (1874 – 1971). He graduated from Lombard College in Galesburg, Illinois in 1921, where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. Lombard College also is where Carpenter met his future lifelong wife, Betty. They were married July 29, 1922. Carpenter moved to Hollywood


title: Solid content: Solid Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma). In solids molecules are closely packed. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary ice) or irregularly (an amorphous solid


title: Solid content: such as common window glass). Solids cannot be compressed with little pressure whereas gases can be compressed with little pressure because in gases molecules are loosely packed. The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition. The atoms, molecules or ions that make up solids may be arranged in an


title: Solid content: orderly repeating pattern, or irregularly. Materials whose constituents are arranged in a regular pattern are known as crystals. In some cases, the regular ordering can continue unbroken over a large scale, for example diamonds, where each diamond is a single crystal. Solid objects that are large enough to see and handle are rarely composed of a single crystal, but instead are made of a large number of single crystals, known as crystallites, whose size can vary from a few nanometers to several meters. Such materials are called polycrystalline. Almost all common metals, and many ceramics, are polycrystalline. In other materials,


title: Solid content: there is no long-range order in the position of the atoms. These solids are known as amorphous solids; examples include polystyrene and glass. Whether a solid is crystalline or amorphous depends on the material involved, and the conditions in which it was formed. Solids that are formed by slow cooling will tend to be crystalline, while solids that are frozen rapidly are more likely to be amorphous. Likewise, the specific crystal structure adopted by a crystalline solid depends on the material involved and on how it was formed. While many common objects, such as an ice cube or a coin,


title: Solid content: are chemically identical throughout, many other common materials comprise a number of different substances packed together. For example, a typical rock is an aggregate of several different minerals and mineraloids, with no specific chemical composition. Wood is a natural organic material consisting primarily of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of organic lignin. In materials science, composites of more than one constituent material can be designed to have desired properties. The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and


title: Solid content: chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, particularly most organic compounds, are held together with van der Waals forces resulting from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of solid result from the differences between their bonding. Metals typically are strong, dense, and good conductors of both electricity and heat. The bulk of the elements in the periodic table, those to the left of a diagonal line drawn from


title: Solid content: boron to polonium, are metals. Mixtures of two or more elements in which the major component is a metal are known as alloys. People have been using metals for a variety of purposes since prehistoric times. The strength and reliability of metals has led to their widespread use in construction of buildings and other structures, as well as in most vehicles, many appliances and tools, pipes, road signs and railroad tracks. Iron and aluminium are the two most commonly used structural metals, and they are also the most abundant metals in the Earth's crust. Iron is most commonly used in


title: Solid content: the form of an alloy, steel, which contains up to 2.1% carbon, making it much harder than pure iron. Because metals are good conductors of electricity, they are valuable in electrical appliances and for carrying an electric current over long distances with little energy loss or dissipation. Thus, electrical power grids rely on metal cables to distribute electricity. Home electrical systems, for example, are wired with copper for its good conducting properties and easy machinability. The high thermal conductivity of most metals also makes them useful for stovetop cooking utensils. The study of metallic elements and their alloys makes up


title: Solid content: a significant portion of the fields of solid-state chemistry, physics, materials science and engineering. Metallic solids are held together by a high density of shared, delocalized electrons, known as "metallic bonding". In a metal, atoms readily lose their outermost ("valence") electrons, forming positive ions. The free electrons are spread over the entire solid, which is held together firmly by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud. The large number of free electrons gives metals their high values of electrical and thermal conductivity. The free electrons also prevent transmission of visible light, making metals opaque, shiny and lustrous. More


title: Solid content: advanced models of metal properties consider the effect of the positive ions cores on the delocalised electrons. As most metals have crystalline structure, those ions are usually arranged into a periodic lattice. Mathematically, the potential of the ion cores can be treated by various models, the simplest being the nearly free electron model. Minerals are naturally occurring solids formed through various geological processes under high pressures. To be classified as a true mineral, a substance must have a crystal structure with uniform physical properties throughout. Minerals range in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with


title: Liquid content: Liquid A liquid is a nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. As such, it is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, gas, and plasma), and is the only state with a definite volume but no fixed shape. A liquid is made up of tiny vibrating particles of matter, such as atoms, held together by intermolecular bonds. Water is, by far, the most common liquid on Earth. Like a gas, a liquid is able to flow and take the shape of


title: Liquid content: a container. Most liquids resist compression, although others can be compressed. Unlike a gas, a liquid does not disperse to fill every space of a container, and maintains a fairly constant density. A distinctive property of the liquid state is surface tension, leading to wetting phenomena. The density of a liquid is usually close to that of a solid, and much higher than in a gas. Therefore, liquid and solid are both termed condensed matter. On the other hand, as liquids and gases share the ability to flow, they are both called fluids. Although liquid water is abundant on Earth,


title: Liquid content: this state of matter is actually the least common in the known universe, because liquids require a relatively narrow temperature/pressure range to exist. Most known matter in the universe is in gaseous form (with traces of detectable solid matter) as interstellar clouds or in plasma form within stars. Liquid is one of the four primary states of matter, with the others being solid, gas and plasma. A liquid is a fluid. Unlike a solid, the molecules in a liquid have a much greater freedom to move. The forces that bind the molecules together in a solid are only temporary in


title: Liquid content: a liquid, allowing a liquid to flow while a solid remains rigid. A liquid, like a gas, displays the properties of a fluid. A liquid can flow, assume the shape of a container, and, if placed in a sealed container, will distribute applied pressure evenly to every surface in the container. If liquid is placed in a bag, it can be squeezed into any shape. Unlike a gas, a liquid is nearly incompressible, meaning that it occupies nearly a constant volume over a wide range of pressures; it does not generally expand to fill available space in a container but


title: Gas content: Gas Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solid, liquid, and plasma). A pure gas may be made up of individual atoms (e.g. a noble gas like neon), elemental molecules made from one type of atom (e.g. oxygen), or compound molecules made from a variety of atoms (e.g. carbon dioxide). A gas mixture would contain a variety of pure gases much like the air. What distinguishes a gas from liquids and solids is the vast separation of the individual gas particles. This separation usually makes a colorless gas invisible to the human observer. The


title: Gas content: interaction of gas particles in the presence of electric and gravitational fields are considered negligible as indicated by the constant velocity vectors in the image. The gaseous state of matter is found between the liquid and plasma states, the latter of which provides the upper temperature boundary for gases. Bounding the lower end of the temperature scale lie degenerative quantum gases which are gaining increasing attention. High-density atomic gases super cooled to incredibly low temperatures are classified by their statistical behavior as either a Bose gas or a Fermi gas. For a comprehensive listing of these exotic states of matter


title: Gas content: see list of states of matter. The only chemical elements that are stable diatomic homonuclear molecules at STP are hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and two halogens: fluorine (F) and chlorine (Cl). When grouped together with the monatomic noble gases – helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn) – these gases are called "elemental gases". The word "gas" was first used by the early 17th-century Flemish chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont. He identified carbon dioxide, the first known gas other than air. Van Helmont's word appears to have been simply a phonetic transcription


title: Overweight content: Overweight Being overweight or fat is having more body fat than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is especially common where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary. , excess weight reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults being either overweight or obese. In 2013 this increased to more than 2 billion. Increases have been observed across all age groups. A healthy body requires a minimum amount of fat for proper functioning of the hormonal, reproductive, and immune systems, as thermal insulation, as shock absorption for sensitive areas, and as energy for future use. But the accumulation


title: Overweight content: of too much storage fat can impair movement, flexibility, and alter the appearance of the body. The degree to which a person is overweight is generally described by the body mass index (BMI). "Overweight" is defined as a BMI of 25 or more, thus it includes pre-obesity defined as a BMI between 25 and 30 and obesity as defined by a BMI of 30 or more. Pre-obese and overweight however are often used interchangeably, thus giving overweight a common definition of a BMI of between 25–30. There are, however, several other common ways to measure the amount of adiposity or


title: Overweight content: fat present in an individual's body. The most common method for discussing this subject and the one used primarily by researchers and advisory institutions is BMI. Definitions of what is considered overweight vary by ethnicity. The current definition proposed by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the World Health Organization (WHO) designates whites, Hispanics and blacks with a BMI of 25 or more as overweight. For Asians, overweight is a BMI between 23 and 29.9 and obesity for all groups is a BMI of 30 or more. BMI, however, does not account extremes of muscle mass, some rare


title: Overweight content: genetic factors, the very young, and a few other individual variations. Thus it is possible for an individuals with a BMI of less than 25 to have excess body fat, while others may have a BMI that is significantly higher without falling into this category. Some of the above methods for determining body fat are more accurate than BMI but come with added complexity. If an individual is overweight and has excess body fat it can create or lead to health risks. Reports are surfacing, however, that being mildly overweight to slightly obese – BMI being between 24 and 31.9


title: Overweight content: – may be actually beneficial and that people with a BMI between 24 and 31.9 could actually live longer than normal weight or underweight persons. While the negative health outcomes associated with obesity are accepted within the medical community, the health implications of the overweight category are more controversial. The generally accepted view is that being overweight causes similar health problems to obesity, but to a lesser degree. A 2016 review estimated that the risk of death increases by seven percent among overweight people with a BMI of 25 to 27.5 and 20 percent among overweight people with a BMI


title: Overweight content: of 27.5 to 30. The Framingham heart study found that being overweight at age 40 reduced life expectancy by three years. Being overweight also increases the risk of oligospermia and azoospermia in men. Katherine Flegal et al., however, found that the mortality rate for individuals who are classified as overweight (BMI 25 to 30) may actually be lower than for those with an "ideal" weight (BMI 18.5 to 25), noting that many studies show that the lowest mortality rate is at a BMI close to 25. Being overweight has been identified as a cause of cancer, and is projected to


title: Overweight content: overtake smoking as the primary cause of cancer in developed countries as cases of cancer linked to smoking dwindle. Psychological well-being is also at risk in the overweight individual due to social discrimination. However, children under the age of eight are normally not affected. Being overweight has been shown not to increase mortality in older people: in a study of 70 to 75-year old Australians, mortality was lowest for "overweight" individuals (BMI 25 to 30), while a study of Koreans found that, among those initially aged 65 or more, an increase in BMI to above 25 was not associated with


title: Overweight content: increased risk of death. Being overweight is generally caused by the intake of more calories (by eating) than are expended by the body (by exercise and everyday activity). Factors that may contribute to this imbalance include: People who have insulin dependent diabetes and chronically overdose insulin may gain weight, while people who already are overweight may develop insulin tolerance, and in the long run develop type II diabetes. The usual treatments for overweight individuals is diet and physical exercise. Dietitians generally recommend eating several balanced meals dispersed through the day, with a combination of progressive, primarily aerobic, physical exercise. Because


title: Overweight content: these general treatments help most case of obesity, they are common in all levels of overweight individuals. As much as 64% of the United States' adult population is considered either overweight or obese, and this percentage has increased over the last four decades. Overweight Being overweight or fat is having more body fat than is optimally healthy. Being overweight is especially common where food supplies are plentiful and lifestyles are sedentary. , excess weight reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults being either overweight or obese. In 2013 this increased to more than 2 billion. Increases have


title: Sand content: Sand Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser than silt. Sand can also refer to a textural class of soil or soil type; i.e., a soil containing more than 85 percent sand-sized particles by mass. The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO), usually in the form of quartz. The second most common type of sand is


title: Sand content: calcium carbonate, for example, aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past half billion years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. For example, it is the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean. Sand is a non-renewable resource over human timescales, and sand suitable for making concrete is in high demand. The exact definition of sand varies. The scientific Unified Soil Classification System used in engineering and geology corresponds to US Standard Sieves, and defines sand as particles with a diameter of between


title: Sand content: 0.074 and 4.75 millimeters. By another definition, in terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 mm (or mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in this range size is termed a "sand grain". Sand grains are between gravel (with particles ranging from 2 mm up to 64 mm by the latter system, and from 4.75 mm up to 75 mm in the former) and silt (particles smaller than 0.0625 mm down to 0.004 mm). The size specification between sand and gravel has remained constant for more than a century, but particle diameters


title: Sand content: as small as 0.02 mm were considered sand under the Albert Atterberg standard in use during the early 20th century. The grains of sand in Archimedes Sand Reckoner written around 240 BCE, were 0.02 mm in diameter. A 1953 engineering standard published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials set the minimum sand size at 0.074 mm. A 1938 specification of the United States Department of Agriculture was 0.05 mm. Sand feels gritty when rubbed between the fingers. Silt, by comparison, feels like flour). ISO 14688 grades sands as fine, medium, and coarse with ranges 0.063 mm


title: Sand content: to 0.2 mm to 0.63 mm to 2.0 mm. In the United States, sand is commonly divided into five sub-categories based on size: very fine sand ( – mm diameter), fine sand ( mm – mm), medium sand ( mm – mm), coarse sand ( mm – 1 mm), and very coarse sand (1 mm – 2 mm). These sizes are based on the Krumbein phi scale, where size in Φ = -logD; D being the particle size in mm. On this scale, for sand the value of Φ varies from −1 to +4, with the divisions between sub-categories at


title: Sand content: whole numbers. The most common constituent of sand, in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal settings, is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO), usually in the form of quartz, which, because of its chemical inertness and considerable hardness, is the most common mineral resistant to weathering. The composition of mineral sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions. The bright white sands found in tropical and subtropical coastal settings are eroded limestone and may contain coral and shell fragments in addition to other organic or organically derived fragmental material, suggesting sand formation depends on living organisms, too.


title: Sand content: The gypsum sand dunes of the White Sands National Monument in New Mexico are famous for their bright, white color. Arkose is a sand or sandstone with considerable feldspar content, derived from weathering and erosion of a (usually nearby) granitic rock outcrop. Some sands contain magnetite, chlorite, glauconite or gypsum. Sands rich in magnetite are dark to black in color, as are sands derived from volcanic basalts and obsidian. Chlorite-glauconite bearing sands are typically green in color, as are sands derived from basaltic lava with a high olivine content. Many sands, especially those found extensively in Southern Europe, have iron


title: Sand content: impurities within the quartz crystals of the sand, giving a deep yellow color. Sand deposits in some areas contain garnets and other resistant minerals, including some small gemstones. The study of individual grains can reveal much historical information as to the origin and kind of transport of the grain. Quartz sand that is recently weathered from granite or gneiss quartz crystals will be angular. It is called grus in geology or "sharp sand" in the building trade where it is preferred for concrete, and in gardening where it is used as a soil amendment to loosen clay soils. Sand that


title: Sand content: is transported long distances by water or wind will be rounded, with characteristic abrasion patterns on the grain surface. Desert sand is typically rounded. People who collect sand as a hobby are known as arenophiles. Organisms that thrive in sandy environments are psammophiles. Only some sands are suitable for the construction industry, for example for making concrete. Because of the growth of population and of cities and the consequent construction activity there is a huge demand for these special kinds of sand, and natural sources are running low. In 2012 French director Denis Delestrac made a documentary called "Sand Wars"


title: Sand content: about the impact of the lack of construction sand. It shows the ecological and economic effects of both legal and illegal trade in construction sand. Sand's many uses require a significant dredging industry, raising environmental concerns over fish depletion, landslides, and flooding. Countries such as China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Cambodia ban sand exports, citing these issues as a major factor. It is estimated that the annual consumption of sand and gravel is 40 billion tons and sand is a US$70 billion global industry. While sand is generally non-toxic, sand-using activities such as sandblasting require precautions. Bags of silica sand used


title: "Craig D. Button" content: throw fragments more than a mile (1.6 km), and the crash site was less than 4000 feet (1.2 km) from a deep alpine lake. The story of Craig Button was the inspiration for the story of an Air Force pilot in The West Wing Season Two Episode Ten, Noël. Craig D. Button Craig David Button (24 November 1964 – 2 April 1997) was a United States Air Force pilot who died when he crashed an A-10 Thunderbolt II aircraft under mysterious circumstances on 2 April 1997. During the incident, Captain Button inexplicably flew hundreds of miles off-course without radio contact,


title: Sound content: Sound In physics, sound is a vibration that typically propagates as an audible wave of pressure, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. In human physiology and psychology, sound is the "reception" of such waves and their "perception" by the brain. Humans can only hear sound waves as distinct pitches when the frequency lies between about 20 Hz and 20 kHz. Sound waves above 20 kHz are known as ultrasound and is not perceptible by humans. Sound waves below 20 Hz are known as infrasound. Different animal species have varying hearing ranges. Acoustics is the interdisciplinary


title: Sound content: science that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including vibration, sound, ultrasound, and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an "acoustician", while someone working in the field of acoustical engineering may be called an "acoustical engineer". An audio engineer, on the other hand, is concerned with the recording, manipulation, mixing, and reproduction of sound. Applications of acoustics are found in almost all aspects of modern society, subdisciplines include aeroacoustics, audio signal processing, architectural acoustics, bioacoustics, electro-acoustics, environmental noise, musical acoustics, noise control, psychoacoustics, speech, ultrasound, underwater acoustics, and vibration.


title: Sound content: Sound is defined as "(a) Oscillation in pressure, stress, particle displacement, particle velocity, etc., propagated in a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or the superposition of such propagated oscillation. (b) Auditory sensation evoked by the oscillation described in (a)." Sound can be viewed as a wave motion in air or other elastic media. In this case, sound is a stimulus. Sound can also be viewed as an excitation of the hearing mechanism that results in the perception of sound. In this case, sound is a sensation. Sound can propagate through a medium such as air, water and


title: Sound content: solids as longitudinal waves and also as a transverse wave in solids (see Longitudinal and transverse waves, below). The sound waves are generated by a sound source, such as the vibrating diaphragm of a stereo speaker. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus forming the sound wave. At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure, velocity, and displacement of the medium vary in time. At an instant in time, the pressure, velocity, and displacement vary in


title: Sound content: space. Note that the particles of the medium do not travel with the sound wave. This is intuitively obvious for a solid, and the same is true for liquids and gases (that is, the vibrations of particles in the gas or liquid transport the vibrations, while the "average" position of the particles over time does not change). During propagation, waves can be reflected, refracted, or attenuated by the medium. The behavior of sound propagation is generally affected by three things: When sound is moving through a medium that does not have constant physical properties, it may be refracted (either dispersed


title: Sound content: or focused). The mechanical vibrations that can be interpreted as sound can travel through all forms of matter: gases, liquids, solids, and plasmas. The matter that supports the sound is called the medium. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum. Sound is transmitted through gases, plasma, and liquids as longitudinal waves, also called compression waves. It requires a medium to propagate. Through solids, however, it can be transmitted as both longitudinal waves and transverse waves. Longitudinal sound waves are waves of alternating pressure deviations from the equilibrium pressure, causing local regions of compression and rarefaction, while transverse waves (in solids) are


title: Sound content: waves of alternating shear stress at right angle to the direction of propagation. Sound waves may be "viewed" using parabolic mirrors and objects that produce sound. The energy carried by an oscillating sound wave converts back and forth between the potential energy of the extra compression (in case of longitudinal waves) or lateral displacement strain (in case of transverse waves) of the matter, and the kinetic energy of the displacement velocity of particles of the medium. Although there are many complexities relating to the transmission of sounds, at the point of reception (i.e. the ears), sound is readily dividable into


title: Sound content: two simple elements: pressure and time. These fundamental elements form the basis of all sound waves. They can be used to describe, in absolute terms, every sound we hear. In order to understand the sound more fully, a complex wave such as the one shown in a blue background on the right of this text, is usually separated into its component parts, which are a combination of various sound wave frequencies (and noise). Sound waves are often simplified to a description in terms of sinusoidal plane waves, which are characterized by these generic properties: Sound that is perceptible by humans


title: Sound content: has frequencies from about 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. In air at standard temperature and pressure, the corresponding wavelengths of sound waves range from 17 m to 17 mm. Sometimes speed and direction are combined as a velocity vector; wave number and direction are combined as a wave vector. Transverse waves, also known as shear waves, have the additional property, "polarization", and are not a characteristic of sound waves. The speed of sound depends on the medium the waves pass through, and is a fundamental property of the material. The first significant effort towards measurement of the speed of sound


title: Sound content: was made by Isaac Newton. He believed the speed of sound in a particular substance was equal to the square root of the pressure acting on it divided by its density: This was later proven wrong when found to incorrectly derive the speed. The French mathematician Laplace corrected the formula by deducing that the phenomenon of sound travelling is not isothermal, as believed by Newton, but adiabatic. He added another factor to the equation—"gamma"—and multiplied formula_2 by formula_3, thus coming up with the equation formula_4. Since formula_5, the final equation came up to be formula_6, which is also known as


title: Sound content: by one of the major senses, sound is used by many species for detecting danger, navigation, predation, and communication. Earth's atmosphere, water, and virtually any physical phenomenon, such as fire, rain, wind, surf, or earthquake, produces (and is characterized by) its unique sounds. Many species, such as frogs, birds, marine and terrestrial mammals, have also developed special organs to produce sound. In some species, these produce song and speech. Furthermore, humans have developed culture and technology (such as music, telephone and radio) that allows them to generate, record, transmit, and broadcast sound. Noise is a term often used to refer


title: Hospital content: Hospital A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire and accident victims to a heart attack. A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with a large number of beds for intensive care and additional beds for patients who need long-term care. Specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical


title: Hospital content: needs such as psychiatric treatment (see psychiatric hospital) and certain disease categories. Specialized hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals. Hospitals are classified as general, specialty, or government depending on the sources of income received. A teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching to medical students and nurses. The medical facility smaller than a hospital is generally called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments (e.g. surgery and urgent care) and specialist units such as cardiology. Some hospitals have outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units include a pharmacy, pathology,


title: Hospital content: and radiology. Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, health organisations (for profit or nonprofit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders, or by charitable individuals and leaders. Currently, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, nurses, and allied health practitioners, whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the members of founding religious orders or by volunteers. However, there are various Catholic religious orders, such as the Alexians and the Bon Secours Sisters that still focus on hospital ministry in the late 1990s,


title: Hospital content: as well as several other Christian denominations, including the Methodists and Lutherans, which run hospitals. In accordance with the original meaning of the word, hospitals were originally "places of hospitality", and this meaning is still preserved in the names of some institutions such as the Royal Hospital Chelsea, established in 1681 as a retirement and nursing home for veteran soldiers. During the Middle Ages, hospitals served different functions from modern institutions. Middle Ages hospitals were almshouses for the poor, hostels for pilgrims, or hospital schools. The word "hospital" comes from the Latin "hospes", signifying a stranger or foreigner, hence a


title: Hospital content: guest. Another noun derived from this, "hospitium" came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, and hospitable reception. By metonymy the Latin word then came to mean a guest-chamber, guest's lodging, an inn. "Hospes" is thus the root for the English words "host" (where the "p" was dropped for convenience of pronunciation) "hospitality", "hospice", "hostel" and "hotel". The latter modern word derives from Latin via the ancient French romance word "hostel", which developed a silent "s", which letter was eventually removed from the word, the loss of which is signified by a circumflex in


title: Hospital content: the modern French word "hôtel". The German word 'Spital' shares similar roots. The grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. In the United States, "hospital" usually requires an article; in the United Kingdom and elsewhere, the word normally is used without an article when it is the object of a preposition and when referring to a patient ("in/to the hospital" vs. "in/to hospital"); in Canada, both uses are found. Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave ("outpatients") without staying overnight; while others are "admitted" and stay overnight or for


title: Hospital content: several days or weeks or months ("inpatients"). Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of medical facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others, which are smaller, are often described as clinics. The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, also known as an acute-care hospital. These facilities handle many kinds of disease and injury, and normally have an emergency department (sometimes known as "accident & emergency") or trauma center to deal with immediate and urgent threats to health. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities. Some hospitals, especially in


title: Hospital content: the United States and Canada, have their own ambulance service. A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care, critical care, and long-term care. In California, "district hospital" refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly after World War II to address a shortage of hospital beds in many local communities. Even today, district hospitals are the sole public hospitals in 19 of California's counties, and are the sole locally-accessible hospital within 9 additional counties in which one or more other hospitals are present at substantial


title: Hospital content: distance from a local community. Twenty-eight of California's rural hospitals and 20 of its critical-access hospitals are district hospitals. They are formed by local municipalities, have boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local needs. They are a particularly important provider of healthcare to uninsured patients and patients with Medi-Cal (which is California's Medicaid program, serving low-income persons, some senior citizens, persons with disabilities, children in foster care, and pregnant women). In 2012, District hospitals provided $54 million in uncompensated care in California. Types of specialised hospitals include rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric)


title: Hospital content: hospitals, long-term acute care facilities and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric problems (see psychiatric hospital), certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic problems, and so forth. In Germany specialised hospitals are called "Fachkrankenhaus"; an example is Fachkrankenhaus Coswig (thoracic surgery). A hospital may be a single building or a number of buildings on a campus. Many hospitals with pre-twentieth-century origins began as one building and evolved into campuses. Some hospitals are affiliated with universities for medical research and the training of medical personnel such as physicians and nurses, often called teaching hospitals. Worldwide,


title: R.E.M. content: group's lawyer Bertis Downs assumed managerial duties. In April 1997, the band convened at Buck's Kauai vacation home to record demos of material intended for the next album. The band sought to reinvent its sound and intended to incorporate drum loops and percussion experiments. Just as the sessions were due to begin in October, Berry decided, after months of contemplation and discussions with Downs and Mills, to tell the rest of the band that he was quitting. Berry told his bandmates that he would not quit if they would break up as a result, so Stipe, Buck, and Mills agreed


title: R.E.M. content: "Rock's Backpages", The Rev. Al Friston described the album as "loaded with golden loveliness at every twist and turn", in comparison to the group's "essentially unconvincing work on "New Adventures in Hi-Fi" and "Up"." Similarly, Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" called "Reveal" "a spiritual renewal rooted in a musical one" and praised its "ceaselessly astonishing beauty." In 2003, Warner Bros. released the compilation album and DVD "" and "", which featured two new songs, "Bad Day" and "Animal". At a 2003 concert in Raleigh, North Carolina, Berry made a surprise appearance, performing backing vocals on "Radio Free Europe". He then


title: "Lifting gas" content: hydrogen in air at sea level, equal to the density difference between hydrogen and air, is: and the buoyant force for one m of hydrogen in air at sea level is: Therefore, the amount of mass that can be lifted by helium in air at sea level is: and the buoyant force for one m of helium in air at sea level is: Thus hydrogen's additional buoyancy compared to helium is: This calculation is at sea level at 0 °C. For higher altitudes, or higher temperatures, the amount of lift will decrease proportionally to the air density, but the ratio


title: Bihunkot content: Bihunkot Bihunkot is a Village Development Committee in Baglung District in the Dhaulagiri Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5,575 and had 1071 houses in the town. It is approximately 17 kilometers from the Baglung Bazzar (city). The lifestyle here is rural. The majority of people here are Brahmins, Kshetri, Magar, Dalit and other castes. Means of transportation for the people here is on foot and due to the construction of highway along the path, people are using buses and jeeps when it comes to long distance travel. But


title: "Croatia–Kosovo relations" content: Kosovo has opened an embassy in Zagreb, capital of Croatia. Current Kosovo Ambassador to Croatia is Valdet Sadiku. Croatia currently has 20 troops serving in Kosovo as peacekeepers in the NATO led Kosovo Force. Croatia supported Kosovo at the International Court of Justice's oral debate on the legality of Kosovo's independence. Croatia–Kosovo relations Croatia–Kosovo relations refer to the bilateral relations of Croatia and Kosovo. Diplomatic relations among two countries were established on June 30, 2008 following Kosovo's declaration of independence. Croatia has an embassy in Pristina, and Kosovo has an embassy in Zagreb. Both, Croatia and Kosovo were part of


title: "Beer in the Philippines" content: Red Horse, an extra-strong beer, and Gold Eagle, a low-cost beer. Asia Brewery responded with by Max Beer, another extra strong beer, Manila Beer, a low-cost beer, and Carlsberg, (under licensed), marketed as a premium beer. San Miguel Brewery responded with a low-cost, smaller-sized variants of Red Horse, called "Colt", and San Miguel Beer, called "Miguelito", San Miguel NAB, a non-alcoholic version of San Miguel Beer, now discontinued, and San Miguel Super Dry, marketed against Carlsberg. Asia Brewery responded with the controversial Beer Pale Pilsen, now known as Beer Na Beer. It looks like the competitor's flagship brew, San Miguel


title: "Nike, Inc." content: valuable brand among sports businesses. As of 2017, the Nike brand is valued at $29.6 billion. Nike ranked No. 89 in the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. The company was founded on January 25, 1964, as Blue Ribbon Sports, by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight, and officially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1971. The company takes its name from Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, Nike Blazers, Air Force 1, Nike Dunk, Air


title: "Spine apparatus" content: a spine apparatus. The SA is believed to play a critical role in learning and memory, but the exact function of the spine apparatus is still considered relatively enigmatic. The spine apparatus consists of membranous saccules and tubules along with wispy filamentous material and is usually associated with a large mushroom-shaped dendritic spine. The wispy filamentous material is a cytoskeletal network which is responsible for the maintenance and alteration of spine shape and controls effectiveness of axospinous synapses. The morphology of the spine apparatus is highly indicative of and similar to the morphology and structure of the smooth surfaced endoplasmic


title: "Matthew Westhoff" content: Matthew Westhoff Matthew Westhoff (born 5 June 1988) is an Australian rules footballer who briefly played for Port Adelaide in the Australian Football League. He is the brother of veteran Port Adelaide player, Justin Westhoff. Westhoff made his AFL debut in Round 20, 2008 at AAMI Stadium against Collingwood. Port Adelaide lost the game by 31 points, with Westhoff kicking one goal on his debut. The following week, Port Adelaide convincingly beat Melbourne at home, with Westhoff booting two goals in the rout. He then played in the final game of the season, but went goalless. Westhoff didn't return to


title: "Matthew Westhoff" content: Districts in the SANFL, and Port again delisted him at the end of 2011. Matthew Westhoff Matthew Westhoff (born 5 June 1988) is an Australian rules footballer who briefly played for Port Adelaide in the Australian Football League. He is the brother of veteran Port Adelaide player, Justin Westhoff. Westhoff made his AFL debut in Round 20, 2008 at AAMI Stadium against Collingwood. Port Adelaide lost the game by 31 points, with Westhoff kicking one goal on his debut. The following week, Port Adelaide convincingly beat Melbourne at home, with Westhoff booting two goals in the rout. He then played


title: Prison content: Prison A prison, also known as a correctional facility, jail, gaol (dated, British and Australian English), penitentiary (American English), detention center (American English), remand center, or internment facility (commonly used term in military theatres of war/involvement) is a facility in which inmates are forcibly confined and denied a variety of freedoms under the authority of the state. Prisons are most commonly used within a criminal justice system: people charged with crimes may be imprisoned until their trial; those pleading or being found guilty of crimes at trial may be sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment. Prisons can also be


title: Prison content: used as a tool of political repression by authoritarian regimes. Their perceived opponents may be imprisoned for political crimes, often without trial or other legal due process; this use is illegal under most forms of international law governing fair administration of justice. In times of war, prisoners of war or detainees may be detained in military prisons or prisoner of war camps, and large groups of civilians might be imprisoned in internment camps. In American English, "prison" and "jail" are usually treated as having separate definitions. The term "prison" or "penitentiary" tends to describe institutions that incarcerate people for longer


title: Prison content: periods of time, such as many years, and are operated by the state or federal governments. The term "jail" tends to describe institutions for confining people for shorter periods of time (e.g. for shorter sentences or pre-trial detention) and are usually operated by local governments. Outside of North America, "prison" and "jail" have the same meaning. Common slang terms for a prison include: "the pokey", "the slammer", "the clink", "the joint", "the calaboose", "the hoosegow" and "the big house". Slang terms for imprisonment include: "behind bars", "in stir" and "up the river" (a possible reference to Sing Sing). The use


title: Prison content: of prisons can be traced back to the rise of the state as a form of social organization. Corresponding with the advent of the state was the development of written language, which enabled the creation of formalized legal codes as official guidelines for society. The best known of these early legal codes is the Code of Hammurabi, written in Babylon around 1750 BC. The penalties for violations of the laws in Hammurabi's Code were almost exclusively centered on the concept of "lex talionis" ("the law of retaliation"), whereby people were punished as a form of vengeance, often by the victims


title: Prison content: themselves. This notion of punishment as vengeance or retaliation can also be found in many other legal codes from early civilizations, including the ancient Sumerian codes, the Indian "Manama Dharma Astra", the "Hermes Trismegistus" of Egypt, and the Israelite Mosaic Law. Some Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato, began to develop ideas of using punishment to reform offenders instead of simply using it as retribution. Imprisonment as a penalty was used initially for those who could not afford to pay their fines. Eventually, since impoverished Athenians could not pay their fines, leading to indefinite periods of imprisonment, time limits were


title: Prison content: set instead. The prison in Ancient Athens was known as the "desmoterion" ("place of chains"). The Romans were among the first to use prisons as a form of punishment, rather than simply for detention. A variety of existing structures were used to house prisoners, such as metal cages, basements of public buildings, and quarries. One of the most notable Roman prisons was the Mamertine Prison, established around 640 B.C. by Ancus Marcius. The Mamertine Prison was located within a sewer system beneath ancient Rome and contained a large network of dungeons where prisoners were held in squalid conditions, contaminated with


title: Prison content: human waste. Forced labor on public works projects was also a common form of punishment. In many cases, citizens were sentenced to slavery, often in ergastula (a primitive form of prison where unruly slaves were chained to workbenches and performed hard labor). During the Middle Ages in Europe, castles, fortresses, and the basements of public buildings were often used as makeshift prisons. The possession of the right and the capability to imprison citizens, however, granted an air of legitimacy to officials at all levels of government, from kings to regional courts to city councils; and the ability to have someone


title: Prison content: imprisoned or killed served as a signifier of who in society possessed power or authority over others. Another common punishment was sentencing people to galley slavery, which involved chaining prisoners together in the bottoms of ships and forcing them to row on naval or merchant vessels. From the late 17th century and during the 18th century, popular resistance to public execution and torture became more widespread both in Europe and in the United States. Particularly under the Bloody Code, with few sentencing alternatives, imposition of the death penalty for petty crimes, such as theft, was proving increasingly unpopular with the


title: Prison content: public; many jurors were refusing to convict defendants of petty crimes when they knew the defendants would be sentenced to death. Rulers began looking for means to punish and control their subjects in a way that did not cause people to associate them with spectacles of tyrannical and sadistic violence. They developed systems of mass incarceration, often with hard labor, as a solution. The prison reform movement that arose at this time was heavily influenced by two somewhat contradictory philosophies. The first was based in Enlightenment ideas of utilitarianism and rationalism, and suggested that prisons should simply be used as


title: Prison content: a more effective substitute for public corporal punishments such as whipping, hanging, etc. This theory, referred to as "deterrence", claims that the primary purpose of prisons is to be so harsh and terrifying that they deter people from committing crimes out of fear of going to prison. The second theory, which saw prisons as a form of "rehabilitation" or "moral reform", was based on religious ideas that equated crime with sin, and saw prisons as a place to instruct prisoners in Christian morality, obedience and proper behavior. These later reformers believed that prisons could be constructed as humane institutions of


title: Fur content: this is not typical in humans. Sheep have not become hairless; however, their pelage is usually referred to as "wool" rather than fur. At times, when a hairless domesticated animal is discovered, usually owing to a naturally occurring genetic mutation, humans may intentionally inbreed those hairless individuals and, after multiple generations, artificially create breeds that are hairless. There are several breeds of hairless cats, perhaps the most commonly known being the Sphynx cat. Similarly, there are several breeds of hairless dogs. Other examples of artificially selected hairless animals include the hairless guinea-pig, nude mouse, and the hairless rat. Fur has


title: Rain content: Rain Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then become heavy enough to fall under gravity. Rain is a major component of the water cycle and is responsible for depositing most of the fresh water on the Earth. It provides suitable conditions for many types of ecosystems, as well as water for hydroelectric power plants and crop irrigation. The major cause of rain production is moisture moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture contrasts known as weather fronts. If enough moisture and upward motion is present, precipitation falls from


title: Rain content: convective clouds (those with strong upward vertical motion) such as cumulonimbus (thunder clouds) which can organize into narrow rainbands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation which forces moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall along the sides of mountains. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by downslope flow which causes heating and drying of the air mass. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes. The


title: Rain content: urban heat island effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities. Global warming is also causing changes in the precipitation pattern globally, including wetter conditions across eastern North America and drier conditions in the tropics. Antarctica is the driest continent. The globally averaged annual precipitation over land is , but over the whole Earth it is much higher at . Climate classification systems such as the Köppen classification system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Rainfall is measured using rain gauges. Rainfall amounts can be estimated by weather radar. Rain


title: Rain content: is also known or suspected on other planets, where it may be composed of methane, neon, sulfuric acid, or even iron rather than water. Air contains water vapor, and the amount of water in a given mass of dry air, known as the "mixing ratio", is measured in grams of water per kilogram of dry air (g/kg). The amount of moisture in air is also commonly reported as relative humidity; which is the percentage of the total water vapor air can hold at a particular air temperature. How much water vapor a parcel of air can contain before it becomes


title: Rain content: saturated (100% relative humidity) and forms into a cloud (a group of visible and tiny water and ice particles suspended above the Earth's surface) depends on its temperature. Warmer air can contain more water vapor than cooler air before becoming saturated. Therefore, one way to saturate a parcel of air is to cool it. The dew point is the temperature to which a parcel must be cooled in order to become saturated. There are four main mechanisms for cooling the air to its dew point: adiabatic cooling, conductive cooling, radiational cooling, and evaporative cooling. Adiabatic cooling occurs when air rises


title: Rain content: and expands. The air can rise due to convection, large-scale atmospheric motions, or a physical barrier such as a mountain (orographic lift). Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contact with a colder surface, usually by being blown from one surface to another, for example from a liquid water surface to colder land. Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of infrared radiation, either by the air or by the surface underneath. Evaporative cooling occurs when moisture is added to the air through evaporation, which forces the air temperature to cool to its wet-bulb temperature, or until it reaches


title: Rain content: saturation. The main ways water vapor is added to the air are: wind convergence into areas of upward motion, precipitation or virga falling from above, daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans, water bodies or wet land, transpiration from plants, cool or dry air moving over warmer water, and lifting air over mountains. Water vapor normally begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust, ice, and salt in order to form clouds. Elevated portions of weather fronts (which are three-dimensional in nature) force broad areas of upward motion within the Earth's atmosphere which form clouds decks such


title: Rain content: as altostratus or cirrostratus. Stratus is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass. It can also form due to the lifting of advection fog during breezy conditions. Coalescence occurs when water droplets fuse to create larger water droplets. Air resistance typically causes the water droplets in a cloud to remain stationary. When air turbulence occurs, water droplets collide, producing larger droplets. As these larger water droplets descend, coalescence continues, so that drops become heavy enough to overcome air resistance and fall as rain. Coalescence generally happens


title: Rain content: most often in clouds above freezing, and is also known as the warm rain process. In clouds below freezing, when ice crystals gain enough mass they begin to fall. This generally requires more mass than coalescence when occurring between the crystal and neighboring water droplets. This process is temperature dependent, as supercooled water droplets only exist in a cloud that is below freezing. In addition, because of the great temperature difference between cloud and ground level, these ice crystals may melt as they fall and become rain. Raindrops have sizes ranging from mean diameter, above which they tend to break


title: Rain content: up. Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical. As a raindrop increases in size, its shape becomes more oblate, with its largest cross-section facing the oncoming airflow. Large rain drops become increasingly flattened on the bottom, like hamburger buns; very large ones are shaped like parachutes. Contrary to popular belief, their shape does not resemble a teardrop. The biggest raindrops on Earth were recorded over Brazil and the Marshall Islands in 2004 — some of them were as large as . The large size is explained by condensation on large smoke particles or by collisions between


title: Rain content: and a long frozen winter. Ice caps see no rain at all, making Antarctica the world's driest continent. Rainforests are areas of the world with very high rainfall. Both tropical and temperate rainforests exist. Tropical rainforests occupy a large band of the planet mostly along the equator. Most temperate rainforests are located on mountainous west coasts between 45 and 55 degrees latitude, but they are often found in other areas. Around 40–75% of all biotic life is found in rainforests. Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the world's oxygen turnover. The equatorial region near the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ),


title: Toast content: stating "bread's already been baked; I don't get why we have to cook it again." Anton, one of Gumball's classmates from "The Amazing World of Gumball" is also a piece of toast. Drawing the process of making toast has been featured in a 2013 TED talk by Tom Wujec entitled "Got a wicked problem? First, tell me how you make toast." Cheese and marshmallows are also toasted by exposure to dry radiant heat. A toasted cheese sandwich features toasted cheese and toasted bread. Bagels, English muffins, and Pop Tart pastries are foods that can be toasted, too. Toast Toast is


title: "Halfpenny Marvel" content: Halfpenny Marvel The Halfpenny Marvel was a story paper of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. For the American comic company, see Marvel comics "The Halfpenny Marvel" was the first of Alfred Harmsworth's storypapers aimed at putting the "penny dreadfuls" out of business by producing "pure, healthy literature" at a cheaper price. Begun in 1893, the magazine was named "The Halfpenny Marvel Library". The magazine was renamed "the Halfpenny Marvel" after three issues. Early issues contained a long, complete tale and as many as three or four shorter ones (of very short length). These short stories would later be


title: "Windows Live Messenger" content: The application also supports the "Messenger social" feed on Windows Live Profile, allowing users to view and comment on the social updates and activities of their contacts on Windows Live, as well as those on Facebook, MySpace and LinkedIn once these social networks have been connected to Windows Live as a "Service". The Windows Live Messenger Mobile client comes as a Java ME mobile application pre-loaded on devices such as Nokia 7610, Nokia 7510, Nokia 7210, Nokia 6700c, Nokia 6600s, Nokia 6303c, Nokia 6260s, Nokia 5220, Nokia 5130XM, Nokia 3720c, Nokia 3710f, Nokia, 3600s, Nokia 2730c, Nokia 2700c, Nokia 5530,


title: "Seasick Steve discography" content: Seasick Steve discography This is the discography of American blues musician Seasick Steve. He has released nine studio albums, two compilation albums, one Extended play and ten singles. He made his first UK television appearance on Jools Holland's annual "Hootenanny" BBC TV show on New Year's Eve 2006. "Cheap", Steve's debut studio album, was released in 2004. It consists of songs by him and his Swedish/Norwegian band The Level Devils, and also two stories from his life as a hobo. The Level Devils consisted at this time of Kai Christoffersen playing the drums and Jo Husmo bass. Dan Magnusson subsequently


title: "Seasick Steve discography" content: on the acoustic guitar. "Sonic Soul Surfer", Steve's seventh studio album, was released in March 2015. It was promoted with 4 singles : "Bring It On", "Summertime Boy", "Roy's Gang", and "Barracuda '68". His eighth studio album was released on October 7 2016. Seasick Steve discography This is the discography of American blues musician Seasick Steve. He has released nine studio albums, two compilation albums, one Extended play and ten singles. He made his first UK television appearance on Jools Holland's annual "Hootenanny" BBC TV show on New Year's Eve 2006. "Cheap", Steve's debut studio album, was released in 2004.


title: Neptune content: The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated. Neptune has a number of known trojan objects occupying both the Sun–Neptune and Lagrangian points—gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing Neptune in its orbit, respectively. Neptune trojans can be viewed as being in a 1:1 resonance with Neptune. Some Neptune trojans are remarkably stable in their orbits, and are likely to have formed alongside Neptune rather than being captured. The first object identified as associated with Neptune's trailing Lagrangian point was . Neptune also has a temporary quasi-satellite, . The object has been a quasi-satellite of Neptune for about 12,500


title: "Charles Andrew Bruce" content: Charles Andrew Bruce Charles Andrew Bruce (1768–1810) was briefly Governor of Prince of Wales Island (now called Penang) from March 24, 1810, until his death in office in December 1810. Bruce was one of the sons of Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin and Martha Bruce, Countess of Elgin and Kincardine (1739–1810) and a brother of the collector Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, known for bringing the Elgin Marbles from Athens. The "Prince of Wales Island Gazette Extra" of 21 March 1810 recorded the appointment and arrival of Charles Andrew Bruce as Governor and the appointment of Colonel Norman


title: "Charles Andrew Bruce" content: Macalister and William Edward Phillips as members of Council. Charles Andrew Bruce Charles Andrew Bruce (1768–1810) was briefly Governor of Prince of Wales Island (now called Penang) from March 24, 1810, until his death in office in December 1810. Bruce was one of the sons of Charles Bruce, 5th Earl of Elgin and Martha Bruce, Countess of Elgin and Kincardine (1739–1810) and a brother of the collector Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, known for bringing the Elgin Marbles from Athens. The "Prince of Wales Island Gazette Extra" of 21 March 1810 recorded the appointment and arrival of Charles Andrew


title: Macintosh content: part, to the success of the iPod and the iPhone, a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod or iPhone owners purchase more Apple products, and Apple has since capitalized on that with the iCloud cloud service that allows users to seamlessly sync data between these devices and Macs. Nonetheless, like other personal computer manufacturers, the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers (particularly Apple's own iPhone and iPad, respectively) as the computing devices of choice among consumers. Although the PC market declined, Apple still managed to ship 2.8 million MacBooks in Q2 2012 (the majority


title: Macintosh content: 2010s, Macintosh computers still enjoy high margins on a per unit basis, with the majority being their MacBooks that are focused on the ultraportable niche that is the most profitable and only growing segment of PCs. It also helped that the Macintosh lineup is simple, updated on a yearly schedule, and consistent across both Apple retail stores, and authorized resellers where they have a special "store within a store" section to distinguish them from Windows PCs. In contrast, Windows PC manufacturers generally have a wide range of offerings, selling only a portion through retail with a full selection on the


title: "Cuisine of the Maritimes" content: dulse; dulse is seaweed of a certain type and grows along the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia coasts. Some Maritimers crunch on dried dulse, a reddish-purple-to-black salty-tasting snack, rather as others would munch potato chips and one usually sees a small dish on a side table somewhere near where family members are sitting. The popular Dulse, Lettuce and Tomato (DLT) sandwich is a local favorite found at the historic Saint John City Market. Potatoes being a mainstay crop in New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, are also a staple in Maritime cruisine. Hash Brown Casserole made with potato, cheese and


title: "Lajos Markos" content: The building took a little more than year to build after being designed by famed architects Alfred Finn (San Jacinto Monument), Kenneth Franzheim (Foley's downtown) and J.E.R. Carpenter of New York. Polished nickel plating admonishes entryways, mailboxes, vaults and bank tables. The lobby was built to tell the public that the bank was stable and prosperous as deposits weren't insured in 1929. An $80 million restoration of the building's exterior and interior in 1989 by then-owner Texas Commerce Bank ensured that history would live on. The more recent restoration of the terrazzo floor in the bank lobby has generated a


title: "Sebastiaan Bremer" content: UK 2006
 "Sebastiaan Bremer", Roebling Hall, NY, NY, USA 2005
 "Sub Neblina Use Luz Baixa", Gemeente Museum,The Hague, NLD 2005
 Galica, Milan, ITA 2004
 "Seething, Lying And Other Work", Satellite, NY, NY, USA 2004
 "Monkey", Air de Paris, Paris, FR 2003
 "Sebastiaan Bremer", 303 Gallery at White Box, Mari Spirito curator, NY, NY, USA 2003
 "Vanishing Point", Roebling Hall, Brooklyn, NY, USA 2003
 "You’ve Made Your Mother Cry", Galerie Barbara Thumm, Berlin, DEU 2002
 "Janus", Schaper Sundberg Gallery, Stockholm, SWE 2002
 "Sebastiaan Bremer", Ybakatu Gallery, Curitiba, BRA 2001
 "Veronica", Roebling Hall, Brooklyn, NY,USA 2001
 Hotel Lydmar, curated by Thomas Nordanstad,


title: "Hein Verbruggen" content: did not test positive and confirmed that it didn’t find any indication of a financial agreement or corruption. In July 2010, an email correspondence between Landis and Verbruggen was leaked to The New York Daily News, in which Verbruggen attacked Landis in the wake of accusations Landis made about the UCI and Lance Armstrong. The e-mails were later reproduced at Cyclingnews.com. USADA's "reasoned decision" on Lance Armstrong quotes Verbruggen as saying in May 2011: "There is nothing. I repeat again: Lance Armstrong has never used doping. Never, never, never. I say this not because I am a friend of his,


title: "Armoire (Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin)" content: Armoire (Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin) This armoire, displayed at the Great Exhibition of 1851, was designed by Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–52) and made by frequent collaborator John Gregory Crace (1809–89). The shields along the top and the carved decorative motifs were drawn from medieval sources. The motifs include Crace's initials, a plummet (carpenter's tool) as an emblem of his honesty, and a compass to indicate his ability to keep within his estimates. Many designers of the Victorian period were inspired by the art of the Middle Ages, but Pugin was probably the greatest and most ardent exponent of the


title: "Armoire (Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin)" content: its earliest acquisitions. Armoire (Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin) This armoire, displayed at the Great Exhibition of 1851, was designed by Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin (1812–52) and made by frequent collaborator John Gregory Crace (1809–89). The shields along the top and the carved decorative motifs were drawn from medieval sources. The motifs include Crace's initials, a plummet (carpenter's tool) as an emblem of his honesty, and a compass to indicate his ability to keep within his estimates. Many designers of the Victorian period were inspired by the art of the Middle Ages, but Pugin was probably the greatest and most ardent


title: "Coronation Ode" content: ye sounds of strife! Crown the King with Life! Crown the King with Might! Fearing truth and right, Crown the King with Might! Crown the King with Peace, As the years increase, Crown the King with Peace! Crown the King with Love! Loving God above, Crown the King with Love! Crown the King with Faith! Lord of Life and Death, Crown the King with Faith! God shall save the King, All that lips can sing, Crown the King with Life God shall save the King, All that lips can sing, God shall save the King! </poem> II – (a) "The


title: Victory content: Victory The term victory (from Latin "victoria") originally applied to warfare, and denotes success achieved in personal combat, after military operations in general or, by extension, in any competition. Success in a military campaign is considered a strategic victory, while the success in a military engagement is a tactical victory. In terms of human emotion, victory accompanies strong feelings of elation, and in human behaviour often exhibits movements and poses paralleling threat display preceding the combat, which are associated with the excess endorphin built up preceding and during combat. Victory dances and victory cries similarly parallel war dances and war


title: Victory content: cries performed before the outbreak of physical violence. Examples of victory behaviour reported in Roman antiquity, where the term "victoria" originated, include: the victory songs of the Batavi mercenaries serving under Gaius Julius Civilis after the victory over Quintus Petillius Cerialis in the Batavian rebellion of 69 AD (according to Tacitus); and also the "abominable song" to Wodan, sung by the Lombards at their victory celebration in 579. The sacrificial animal was a goat, around whose head the Langobards danced in a circle while singing their victory hymn. The Roman Republic and Empire celebrated victories with triumph ceremonies and with


title: Victory content: monuments such as victory columns (e.g. Trajan's Column) and arches. A trophy is a token of victory taken from the defeated party, such as the enemy's weapons ("spolia"), or body parts (as in the case of head hunters). Mythology often deifies victory, as in the cases of the Greek Nike or the Roman Victoria. The victorious agent is a hero, often portrayed as engaging in hand-to-hand combat with a monster (as Saint George slaying the dragon, Indra slaying Ahi, Thor slaying the Midgard Serpent etc.). Sol Invictus ("the Invincible Sun") of Roman mythology became an epithet of Christ in Christianity.


title: Victory content: Paul of Tarsus presents the resurrection of Christ as a victory over Death and Sin (1 Corinthians 15:55. The Latinate English-language word "victory" (from the 14th century) replaced the Old English equivalent term "sige" (cognate with Gothic "sigis", Old High German "sigu" and "Sieg" in modern German), a frequent element in Germanic names (as in Sigibert, Sigurd etc.), cognate to Celtic "sego-" and Sanskrit "sahas". Victory The term victory (from Latin "victoria") originally applied to warfare, and denotes success achieved in personal combat, after military operations in general or, by extension, in any competition. Success in a military campaign is


title: "Origins of Australian rules football" content: Ian Turner have specifically rejected any such connection. In 1843, Irish settlers celebrating Saint Patrick's Day in South Australia played some kind of football. Football, cricket and shinty were also commonly played in the early settlements of Hobart and Richmond in southern Tasmania during the 1840s and 1850s as well as part of St Patricks Day celebrations. In South Melbourne, football was also played on St Patricks Day. Since none of the modern football games had been codified at the time, these matches were a traditional gaelic form of football such as "caid". Patrick O'Farrell has pointed out that another


title: "Soft tissue disorder" content: Soft tissue disorder Soft tissue disorders are medical conditions affecting soft tissue. Often soft tissue injuries are some of the most chronically painful and difficult to treat because it is very difficult to see what is going on under the skin with the soft connective tissues, fascia, joints, muscles and tendons. Musculoskeletal specialists, manual therapists and neuromuscular physiologists and neurologists specialize in treating injuries and ailments in the soft tissue areas of the body. These specialized clinicians often develop innovative ways to manipulate the soft tissue to speed natural healing and relieve the mysterious pain that often accompanies soft tissue


title: "Soft tissue disorder" content: injuries. This area of expertise has become known as soft tissue therapy and is rapidly expanding as the technology continues to improve the ability of these specialists to identify problem areas more quickly. A promising new method of treating wounds and soft tissue injuries is via platelet growth factor (PGF). There is a close overlap between the term "soft tissue disorder" and rheumatism. Sometimes the term "soft tissue rheumatic disorders" is used to describe these conditions. Soft tissue disorder Soft tissue disorders are medical conditions affecting soft tissue. Often soft tissue injuries are some of the most chronically painful and


title: "Cobblestone Farmhouse at 1229 Birdsey Road" content: on Birdsey Road, a north-south county road, directly adjacent to the New York State Thruway, effectively on the northeast corner of that intersection. The town of Junius remains largely rural in character. The property is what remains of the original farmstead. The topography is fairly flat, and the land mostly cleared, with scattered groups of trees. There are three other cobblestone farmhouses in the same township which are also listed on the National Register: Cobblestone Farmhouse at 1027 Stone Church Road, Cobblestone Farmhouse at 1111 Stone Church Road, and John Graves Cobblestone Farmhouse. Cobblestone Farmhouse at 1229 Birdsey Road Cobblestone


title: "Tony Morgano" content: undefeated as an amateur defeating 22 fighters. He weighed 88 pounds at the age of twelve, when he fought and won the Middle Atlantic AAU flyweight title. Fighters were not allowed to weigh under 100 pounds by rule so he filled his shoes with lead and tipped the scales at 105 pounds. In the next three years he won 21 fights. In order to help his mother support his family, after winning a bout, he would be awarded "a Walton watch, and somebody at ringside would buy it from you for $2 or $3 dollars . I'd sell the watch


title: "Baron Ambrosia" content: Location: 188 Cuchifritos 13. The Legend of Van Cortlandt Park Air Date: September 26, 2008 Culinary Focus: The carrot cake and other various bake goods of Lloyd’s Carrot Cake. Location: Lloyd’s Carrot Cake 14.Night at the Bodega Air Date: October 10, 2008 Culinary Focus: The products that can be found and purchased in various Bronx bodegas Location: The Vargas Deli Special Guest: Grandmaster Melle Mel 15. Friend or Phở Air Date: October 24, 2008 Culinary Focus: Vietnamese cuisine in particular the soup known as Pho. Location: World of Taste Seafood and Deli 16. Quantum of Chimi Air Date: November 7,


title: "Madhyapur Thimi" content: walk around the country. They were exiled from the settlement and made not to return again under a promise of not giving such troubles. To remind the thing that one who does bad things for people and the country and those who distresses others will be punished in this way and dishonored in front of all and even exiled from the country, tongue boring festival was celebrated every year. Many customs support this legend. As an illustration, Yanmata , the torch carried by the Sayamese (Sayami- the oil pressers) during walk around the town after tongue boring is the emblem


title: "Spider web" content: Spider web A spider web, spiderweb, spider's web, or cobweb (from the archaic word "", meaning "spider") is a structure created by a spider out of proteinaceous spider silk extruded from its spinnerets, generally meant to catch its prey. Spider webs have existed for at least 100 million years, as witnessed in a rare find of Early Cretaceous amber from Sussex, southern England. Many spiders build webs specifically to catch insects to eat. However, not all spiders catch their prey in webs, and some do not build webs at all. ""Spider web"" is typically used to refer to a web


title: "Spider web" content: that is apparently still in use (i.e. clean), whereas ""cobweb"" refers to abandoned (i.e. dusty) webs. However, the word "cobweb" is also used by biologists to describe the tangled three-dimensional web of some spiders of the Theridiidae family. While this large family is known as the cobweb spiders, they actually have a huge range of web architectures; other names for this spider family include tangle-web spiders and comb-footed spiders. When spiders moved from the water to the land in the Early Devonian period, they started making silk to protect their bodies and their eggs. Spiders gradually started using silk for


title: "Spider web" content: hunting purposes, first as guide lines and signal lines, then as ground or bush webs, and eventually as the aerial webs that are familiar today. Spiders produce silk from their spinneret glands located at the tip of their abdomen. Each gland produces a thread for a special purpose – for example a trailed safety line, sticky silk for trapping prey or fine silk for wrapping it. Spiders use different gland types to produce different silks, and some spiders are capable of producing up to eight different silks during their lifetime. Most spiders have three pairs of spinnerets, each having its


title: "Spider web" content: own function – there are also spiders with just one pair and others with as many as four pairs. Webs allow a spider to catch prey without having to expend energy by running it down. Thus it is an efficient method of gathering food. However, constructing the web is in itself an energetically costly process because of the large amount of protein required, in the form of silk. In addition, after a time the silk will lose its stickiness and thus become inefficient at capturing prey. It is common for spiders to eat their own web daily to recoup some