title: Nothing content: an absolute plenum, a space filled with matter, and there can be no motion in a plenum because it is completely full. But, there is not just one monolithic plenum, for existence consists of a multiplicity of plenums. These are the invisibly small "atoms" of Greek atomist theory, later expanded by Democritus (circa 460 BC – 370 BC), which allows the void to "exist" between them. In this scenario, macroscopic objects can "come-into-being", move through space, and pass into "not-being" by means of the coming together and moving apart of their constituent atoms. The void must exist to allow this


title: Nothing content: to happen, or else the "frozen world" of Parmenides must be accepted. Bertrand Russell points out that this does not exactly defeat the argument of Parmenides but, rather, ignores it by taking the rather modern scientific position of starting with the observed data (motion, etc.) and constructing a theory based on the data, as opposed to Parmenides' attempts to work from pure logic. Russell also observes that both sides were mistaken in believing that there can be no motion in a plenum, but arguably motion cannot "start" in a plenum. Cyril Bailey notes that Leucippus is the first to say


title: Nothing content: that a "thing" (the void) might be real without being a body and points out the irony that this comes from a materialistic atomist. Leucippus is therefore the first to say that "nothing" has a reality attached to it. Aristotle (384–322 BC) provided the classic escape from the logical problem posed by Parmenides by distinguishing things that are "matter" and things that are "space". In this scenario, space is not "nothing" but, rather, a receptacle in which objects of matter can be placed. The true void (as "nothing") is different from "space" and is removed from consideration. This characterisation of


title: Nothing content: space reached its pinnacle with Isaac Newton who asserted the existence of absolute space. René Descartes, on the other hand, returned to a Parmenides-like argument of denying the existence of space. For Descartes, there was matter, and there was extension of matter leaving no room for the existence of "nothing". The idea that space can actually be empty was generally still not accepted by philosophers who invoked arguments similar to the plenum reasoning. Although Descartes views on this were challenged by Blaise Pascal, he declined to overturn the traditional belief, "horror vacui", commonly stated as "nature abhors a vacuum". This


title: Nothing content: remained so until Evangelista Torricelli invented the barometer in 1643 and showed that an empty space appeared if the mercury tube was turned upside down. This phenomenon being known as the Torricelli vacuum and the unit of vacuum pressure, the torr, being named after him. Even Torricelli's teacher, the famous Galileo Galilei had previously been unable to adequately explain the sucking action of a pump. John the Scot, or Johannes Scotus Eriugena (c. 815–877) held many surprisingly heretical beliefs for the time he lived in for which no action appears ever to have been taken against him. His ideas mostly


title: Plywood content: Plywood Plywood is a material manufactured from thin layers or "plies" of wood veneer that are glued together with adjacent layers having their wood grain rotated up to 90 degrees to one another. It is an engineered wood from the family of manufactured boards which includes medium-density fibreboard (MDF) and particle board (chipboard). All plywoods bind resin and wood fibre sheets (cellulose cells are long, strong and thin) to form a composite material. This alternation of the grain is called "cross-graining" and has several important benefits: it reduces the tendency of wood to split when nailed in at the edges;


title: Plywood content: it reduces expansion and shrinkage, providing improved dimensional stability; and it makes the strength of the panel consistent across all directions. There is usually an odd number of plies, so that the sheet is balanced—this reduces warping. Because plywood is bonded with grains running against one another and with an odd number of composite parts, it has high stiffness perpendicular to the grain direction of the surface ply. Smaller, thinner, and lower-quality plywoods may only have their plies (layers) arranged at right angles to each other. Some better-quality plywood products will by design have five plies in steps of 45


title: Plywood content: degrees (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 degrees), giving strength in multiple axes. The word "ply" derives from the French verb , "to fold", from the Latin verb , from the ancient Greek verb . In 1797 Samuel Bentham applied for patents covering several machines to produce veneers. In his patent applications, he described the concept of laminating several layers of veneer with glue to form a thicker piece – the first description of what we now call plywood. Bentham was a British naval engineer with many shipbuilding inventions to his credit. Veneers at the time of Bentham were flat


title: Plywood content: sawn, rift sawn or quarter sawn; i.e. cut along or across the log manually in different angles to the grain and thus limited in width and length. About fifty years later Immanuel Nobel, father of Alfred Nobel, realized that several thinner layers of wood bonded together would be stronger than a single thick layer of wood. Understanding the industrial potential of laminated wood, he invented the rotary lathe. There is little record of the early implementation of the rotary lathe and the subsequent commercialization of plywood as we know it today, but in its 1870 edition, the French dictionary "Robert"


title: Plywood content: describes the process of rotary lathe veneer manufacturing in its entry "Déroulage". One can thus presume that rotary lathe plywood manufacturer was an established process in France in the 1860s. Plywood was introduced into the United States in 1865 and industrial production started shortly after. In 1928, the first standard-sized 4 ft by 8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m) plywood sheets were introduced in the United States for use as a general building material. Artists use plywood as a support for easel paintings to replace traditional canvas or cardboard. Ready-made "artist boards" for oil painting in three-layered plywood (3-ply)


title: Plywood content: were produced and sold in New York as early as 1880. A typical plywood panel has face veneers of a higher grade than the core veneers. The principal function of the core layers is to increase the separation between the outer layers where the bending stresses are highest, thus increasing the panel's resistance to bending. As a result, thicker panels can span greater distances under the same loads. In bending, the maximum stress occurs in the outermost layers, one in tension, the other in compression. Bending stress decreases from the maximum at the face layers to nearly zero at the


title: Plywood content: central layer. Shear stress, by contrast, is higher in the center of the panel, and at the outer fibres. Different varieties of plywood exist for different applications: Softwood plywood is usually made either of cedar, Douglas fir or spruce, pine, and fir (collectively known as spruce-pine-fir or SPF) or redwood and is typically used for construction and industrial purposes. The most common dimension is or the slightly larger imperial dimension of 4 feet × 8 feet. Plies vary in thickness from 1.4 mm to 4.3 mm. The number of plies—which is always odd—depends on the thickness and grade of the


title: Plywood content: sheet. Roofing can use the thinner plywood. Subfloors are at least thick, the thickness depending on the distance between floor joists. Plywood for flooring applications is often tongue and groove (T&G); This prevents one board from moving up or down relative to its neighbor, providing a solid-feeling floor when the joints do not lie over joists. T&G plywood is usually found in the range. Hardwood plywood is made out of wood from angiosperm trees and used for demanding end uses. Hardwood plywood is characterized by its excellent strength, stiffness and resistance to creep. It has a high planar shear strength


title: Plywood content: and impact resistance, which make it especially suitable for heavy-duty floor and wall structures. Oriented plywood construction has a high wheel-carrying capacity. Hardwood plywood has excellent surface hardness, and damage- and wear-resistance. Tropical plywood is made of mixed species of tropical timber. Originally from the Asian region, it is now also manufactured in African and South American countries. Tropical plywood is superior to softwood plywood due to its density, strength, evenness of layers, and high quality. It is usually sold at a premium in many markets if manufactured with high standards. Tropical plywood is widely used in the UK, Japan,


title: Plywood content: United States, Taiwan, Korea, Dubai, and other countries worldwide. It is used for construction purposes in many regions due to its low cost. However, many countries’ forests have been over-harvested, including the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, largely due to the demand for plywood production and export. High-strength plywood, also known as aircraft plywood, is made from mahogany, spruce and/or birch using adhesives with an increased resistance to heat and humidity. It was used in the construction of air assault gliders during World War II and also several fighter aircraft, most notably the multi-role British Mosquito. Nicknamed "The Wooden Wonder" plywood


title: "Peking University" content: of Peking. In 1904, the university sent 47 students to study abroad, which marked the first time for Chinese higher education institution to send students to foreign countries. Following the Xinhai Revolution, the Imperial University of Peking was renamed "Government University of Peking" in 1912 and then "National University of Peking" in 1919 (). The noted scholar Cai Yuanpei was appointed president on January 4, 1917, and helped transform the Peking University into the country's largest institution of higher learning, with 14 departments and an enrollment of more than 2,000 students. Cai, inspired by the German model of academic freedom,


title: "Peking University" content: Peking University at 1952. Peking University now has eight affiliated hospitals and 12 teaching hospitals. In 2001, Peking University established the Yuanpei Program which was formalized in 2007 as Yuanpei College, named in honor of the highly respected former university president Cai Yuanpei. The college hosts an elite undergraduate liberal program that allows students to freely choose specialisations. In same year, Peking University set up a satellite campus for graduate students in Shenzhen. The university's second business school, Peking University HSBC Business School was launched on the Shenzhen campus in 2004. In 2014, Peking University established the Yenching Academy, a


title: Blackberry content: As there is evidence from the Iron Age Haraldskær Woman that she consumed blackberries some 2,500 years ago, it is reasonable to conclude that blackberries have been eaten by humans over thousands of years. Cultivated blackberries are notable for their significant contents of dietary fiber, vitamin C, and vitamin K (table). A 100 gram serving of raw blackberries supplies 43 calories and 5 grams of dietary fiber or 25% of the recommended Daily Value (DV) (table). In 100 grams, vitamin C and vitamin K contents are 25% and 19% DV, respectively, while other essential nutrients are low in content (table).


title: "Metro Manila" content: Manila (Capital District), Quezon City (Eastern Manila), Caloocan (Northern Manila, also informally known as "CAMANAVA"), and Pasay (Southern Manila). The districts serve mainly to organize the region's local government units for fiscal and statistical purposes. There is a high clamor for the inclusion of San Pedro City, Laguna in Metro Manila. Support groups from the local government and non-government organizations are striving to incorporate San Pedro into Metro Manila. San Pedro City eyed as 18th member of Metro Manila. Former Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) Chairman Francis Tolentino is pushing for the inclusion of San Pedro City in the National


title: "Ibero-Caucasian languages" content: between South Caucasian and the northern languages, which are two unrelated phyla even in Greenberg's deep classification of the world's languages. "Ibero-Caucasian" therefore remains at best a convenient geographical designation. The "Iberian" in the family name refers to Caucasian Iberia — a kingdom centered in Eastern Georgia which lasted from the 4th century BC to the 5th century AD, and is not related to the Iberian Peninsula. Ibero-Caucasian languages The term Ibero-Caucasian (or Iberian-Caucasian) was proposed by Georgian linguist Arnold Chikobava for the union of the three language families that are specific to the Caucasus, namely The Ibero-Caucasian phylum would


title: "Northwest Caucasian languages" content: few linguists have proposed even broader relationships, of which the Dene–Caucasian hypothesis is perhaps the most popular. Dene–Caucasian links the North Caucasian (including Northwest Caucasian), Basque, Burushaski, Yeniseian, Sino-Tibetan, and Na–Dene families. However, this is an even more tentative hypothesis than Nostratic, which attempts to relate Kartvelian, Indo-European, Uralic, and Altaic, etc., and which is widely considered to be undemonstrated. Northwest Caucasian languages The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called West Caucasian, Abkhazo-Adyghean, Circassic, or sometimes Pontic (as opposed to "Caspian" for the Northeast Caucasian languages), are a group of languages spoken in the northwestern Caucasus region, chiefly in three Russian


title: Polyomino content: is concatenation of polyominoes. Define the upper-right square to be the rightmost square in the uppermost row of the polyomino. Define the bottom-left square similarly. Then, the upper-right square of any polyomino of size "n" can be attached to the bottom-left square of any polyomino of size "m" to produce a unique ("n"+"m")-omino. This proves . Using this equation, one can show for all "n". Refinements of this procedure combined with data for "A" produce the lower bound given above. The upper bound is attained by generalizing the inductive method of enumerating polyominoes. Instead of adding one square at a


title: "Flintheart Glomgold" content: to participate in an auction for an old South African gold mine. It is considered exhausted but Scrooge's mechanics believe that the main vein of gold hasn't even been reached. While Scrooge is piloting his private plane over South Africa, with Donald, Huey, Dewey and Louie as passengers, Flintheart appears piloting his own private plane. It is equipped with machine guns and he proceeds to shoot down Scrooge. While Scrooge is still trying to reach the auction Flintheart repeatedly tries to get rid of him. When Scrooge manages to reach the Kalahari Desert, Flintheart's plane is revealed to be a


title: Goofy content: Goofy Goofy is a funny-animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog with a Southern drawl, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney's most recognizable characters. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and dimwitted, yet this interpretation is not always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive, and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way. Goofy debuted in


title: Goofy content: feature all three characters as a team. Goofy next starred at his first solo cartoon "Goofy and Wilbur" directed by Dick Huemer, first released on March 17, 1939. The short featured Goofy fishing with the help of Wilbur, his pet grasshopper. In 1938, one year after his last session as the character, Colvig had a fallout with Disney and left the studio, leaving Goofy without a voice. According to Leonard Maltin, this is what caused the "How to..." cartoons of the 1940s in which Goofy had little dialogue, and a narrator (often John McLeish) was used (they would also reuse


title: Goofy content: Colvig's voice in recording or hire a voice actor to imitate it). In the cartoons, Goofy would demonstrate clumsily but always determined and never frustrated, how to do everything from snow ski to sleeping, to football, to riding a horse. The Goofy "How to..." cartoons worked so well they that they became a staple format, and are still used in current Goofy shorts, the most recent being the "How to Hook Up Your Home Theater", released theatrically in 2007. Later, starting with "How to Play Baseball" (1942), Goofy starred in a series of cartoons where "every" single character in the


title: Goofy content: cartoon was a different version of Goofy. This took Goofy out of the role of just being a clumsy cartoon character and into an Everyman figure. Colvig returned to Disney in 1940 and resumed the voice of Goofy three years later. Many of the Goofy cartoons were directed by Jack Kinney. During World War II Goofy was drafted and became the mascot emblem of the 602nd Bombardment Squadron and the 756 Bombardment Squadron U.S. Air Corps. The 1950s saw Goofy transformed into a family man going through the trials of everyday life, such as dieting, giving up smoking, and the


title: Goofy content: problems of raising children. Walt Disney himself came up with this idea, hoping it would put personality back into the character that he felt was lost when Goofy was merely a crowd of extras. Goofy is never called "Goofy" during this period. While every cartoon continued with the opening, ""Walt Disney presents Goofy"" before each cartoon's title, he was usually called "George Geef" in the cartoons' dialogue. When the stories featured Goofy as multiple characters, then he had numerous other names as well. In addition, the 1950s Goofy shorts gave Goofy a makeover. He was more intelligent, had smaller eyes


title: Goofy content: Roger Rabbit says of Goofy: "Nobody takes a whollup like Goofy! What timing! What finesse! What a genius!". However, he made a comeback in Mickey's Christmas Carol as the ghost of Jacob Marley. After that, he appeared in "Sport Goofy in Soccermania" which was originally intended to be released theatrically in 1984 but was aired as a 1987 TV special instead, his popularity then rose again. With Colvig dead, Goofy was then voiced with different voice actors until Bill Farmer became the official voice. In the 1990s, Goofy got his own TV series called "Goof Troop". In the show, Goofy


title: Goofy content: lives with his son Max and his cat Waffles, and they live next door to Pete and his family. "Goof Troop" eventually led to Goofy and Max starring in their own movies: "A Goofy Movie" (in 1995) and "An Extremely Goofy Movie" (in 2000); as well as starring in their own segments of "Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas" (in 1999) and "Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas" (in 2004). While Goofy is clearly depicted as a single custodial parent in all of these appearances, by the end of "An Extremely Goofy Movie" he begins a romance with the character Sylvia Marpole.


title: Goofy content: the Disney Studios for unknown reasons and voiced Goofy in 1951 for a brief time. Jimmy MacDonald voiced Goofy in the 1960s Disney album, "Donald Duck and his Friends". Jack Bailey also voiced Goofy in several Donald Duck cartoons. Bill Lee provided the singing voice for Goofy on the 1964 record, "Children's Riddles and Game Songs." Hal Smith began voicing Goofy in 1967 after Pinto Colvig's death and voiced him until "Mickey's Christmas Carol" in 1983. Will Ryan did the voice for "DTV Valentine" in 1986 and "Down and Out with Donald Duck" in 1987. Tony Pope voiced Goofy in


title: Goofy content: 9/11. The term "Goofy Holler" was first created by a user of the Internet Movie Database and originated on the trivia page for "A Goofy Movie". It is now generally considered the name for the sound effect. In "", however, it is referenced as "Goofy Yell". Goofy Goofy is a funny-animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog with a Southern drawl, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey


title: "Jefferson Airplane" content: Steelwind who contributed to the Kantner/Slick solo albums beginning with "Sunfighter". They appropriated the name from Kantner's "Blows Against the Empire", with Bill Thompson convincing the group that maintaining the connection was prudent from a business standpoint. Reflecting the transition, the album "Dragon Fly", released in September 1974, was credited to Slick, Kantner and Jefferson Starship. After the acrimonious events that resulted in Jefferson Starship's 1984 evolution into Starship, Kantner reunited with Balin (who joined Jefferson Starship in January 1975 following a guest appearance on "Dragon Fly" before leaving once more in 1978) and Jack Casady in 1985 to form


title: "Miami Heat" content: the 2017–18 season) Other statistics (regular season) (as of July 20, 2018) NBA Most Valuable Player NBA Finals MVP NBA Scoring Champion NBA Defensive Player of the Year NBA Most Improved Player Award Best NBA Player ESPY Award NBA Coach of the Year NBA Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year Award NBA Community Assist Award All-NBA First Team All-NBA Second Team All-NBA Third Team NBA All-Defensive First Team NBA All-Defensive Second Team NBA All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team Season-long NBA Community Assist Award NBA All-Star selections NBA All-Star Game head


title: "New York Knicks" content: Owners Bold denotes still active with team. "Italic" denotes still active, but not with team. Points scored (regular season) as of the end of the 2017–18 season Other statistics (regular season) as of the end of the 2017–18 season NBA MVP NBA Finals MVP NBA Rookie of the Year NBA Sixth Man of the Year NBA Defensive Player of the Year NBA Coach of the Year NBA Sportsmanship Award J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award NBA scoring champion NBA All-Star Game head coaches All-NBA First Team All-NBA Second Team All-NBA Third Team NBA All-Defensive First Team NBA All-Defensive Second Team NBA


title: "Philadelphia 76ers" content: games of a round robin tournament involving the three playoff teams from the East. In the Eastern Finals the Nationals would stay hot beating the Celtics in 2 straight games. However, in the NBA Finals the Nationals would lose to the Lakers in a hard fought 7-game series where the 2 teams alternated wins throughout. With the NBA struggling financially and down to just 8 teams Nationals owner during the 1954–55 season, Biasone suggested the league limit the amount of time taken for a shot thus speeding up a game that often ended with long periods of teams just holding


title: "Cleveland Cavaliers" content: NBA Most Valuable Player NBA Rookie of the Year NBA Coach of the Year NBA Executive of the Year NBA Sportsmanship Award J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award NBA Finals Most Valuable Player NBA All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team All-NBA First Team All-NBA Second Team All-NBA Third Team NBA All-Defensive First Team NBA All-Defensive Second Team NBA All-Star Game <nowiki>*</nowiki> Starter NBA All-Star Game head coaches NBA All-Star Game MVP Three-point Shootout Slam Dunk Contest Skills Challenge Rookie/Rising Stars Challenge Rookie/Rising Stars Challenge MVP Two Ball Contest WTAM (1100 AM) and WMMS (100.7 FM) currently serve as the flagship


title: "Houston Rockets" content: Upon moving to Houston in 1971, the Rockets replaced green with red. They kept the same design from their San Diego days, save for the change of color and city name. The logo used is of a player with a spinning basketball launching upward, with boosters on his back, leaving a trail of red and gold flames and the words "Houston Rockets" below it. For the 1972–73 season, the Rockets introduced the famous "mustard and ketchup" logo, so dubbed by fans, featuring a gold basketball surrounded by two red trails, with "Houston" atop the first red trail and "Rockets" (all


title: "Houston Rockets" content: Rockets beat in both championship seasons but were defeated by Utah in five other occasions. NBA Most Valuable Player Award NBA Finals MVP NBA Scoring Champions NBA Defensive Player of the Year NBA Rookie of the Year NBA Sixth Man of the Year NBA Most Improved Player NBA Coach of the Year NBA Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award NBA All-Defensive First Team NBA All-Defensive Second Team NBA All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team All-NBA First Team All-NBA Second Team All-NBA Third Team All-Star All-Star head coach All-Star Game MVP Bold denotes still active with team.


title: "San Antonio Spurs" content: record in November. The Spurs would stay hot through December as they established a 25–6 record entering the New Year. With the later additions of center Nazr Mohammed from New York (acquired in a midseason trade of Malik Rose), and veteran forward Glenn Robinson from free agency, alongside regulars Bruce Bowen, Robert Horry, Tony Parker, Manu Ginóbili, and Tim Duncan, the Spurs would be near the top in the Western Conference all season, battling the Phoenix Suns for the best record in the NBA. Just as it appeared the Spurs would cruise toward the playoffs their season suddenly hit a


title: "San Antonio Spurs" content: Year NBA Sixth Man of the Year NBA Most Improved Player Award NBA Coach of the Year NBA Executive of the Year NBA Sportsmanship Award J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Twyman–Stokes Teammate of the Year Award NBA scoring champion NBA rebounding leader NBA assists leader NBA blocks leader NBA steals leader All-NBA First Team All-NBA Second Team All-NBA Third Team NBA All-Defensive First Team NBA All-Defensive Second Team NBA All-Rookie First Team NBA All-Rookie Second Team ABA Rookie of the Year Award ABA Coach of the Year Award ABA Executive of the Year award ABA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player


title: "Zero-coupon bond" content: Zero-coupon bond A zero-coupon bond (also discount bond or deep discount bond) is a bond where the face value is repaid at the time of maturity. Note that this definition assumes a positive time value of money. It does not make periodic interest payments, or have so-called coupons, hence the term zero-coupon bond. When the bond reaches maturity, its investor receives its par (or face) value. Examples of zero-coupon bonds include U.S. Treasury bills, U.S. savings bonds, long-term zero-coupon bonds, and any type of coupon bond that has been stripped of its coupons. In contrast, an investor who has a


title: "Zero-coupon bond" content: regular bond receives income from coupon payments, which are made semi-annually or annually. The investor also receives the principal or face value of the investment when the bond matures. Some zero coupon bonds are inflation indexed, so the amount of money that will be paid to the bond holder is calculated to have a set amount of purchasing power rather than a set amount of money, but the majority of zero coupon bonds pay a set amount of money known as the face value of the bond. Zero coupon bonds may be long or short term investments. Long-term zero coupon


title: "Zero-coupon bond" content: is as per CBDT circular No 2 of 2002 dated 15 February 2002. Zero-coupon bond A zero-coupon bond (also discount bond or deep discount bond) is a bond where the face value is repaid at the time of maturity. Note that this definition assumes a positive time value of money. It does not make periodic interest payments, or have so-called coupons, hence the term zero-coupon bond. When the bond reaches maturity, its investor receives its par (or face) value. Examples of zero-coupon bonds include U.S. Treasury bills, U.S. savings bonds, long-term zero-coupon bonds, and any type of coupon bond that


title: Canvas content: Canvas Canvas is an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is required. It is also popularly used by artists as a painting surface, typically stretched across a wooden frame. It is also used in such fashion objects as handbags, electronic device cases, and shoes. Modern canvas is usually made of cotton or linen, along with polyvinyl chloride, although historically it was made from hemp. It differs from other heavy cotton fabrics, such as denim, in being plain weave rather than twill weave. Canvas comes in two basic types: plain


title: Canvas content: and duck. The threads in duck canvas are more tightly woven. The term "duck" comes from the Dutch word for cloth, "doek". In the United States, canvas is classified in two ways: by weight (ounces per square yard) and by a graded number system. The numbers run in reverse of the weight so a number 10 canvas is lighter than number 4. The word "canvas" is derived from the 13th century Anglo-French "canevaz" and the Old French "canevas". Both may be derivatives of the Vulgar Latin "cannapaceus" for "made of hemp," originating from the Greek (cannabis). Canvas has become the


title: Canvas content: most common support medium for oil painting, replacing wooden panels. It was used from the 14th century in Italy, but only rarely. One of the earliest surviving oils on canvas is a French "Madonna with angels" from around 1410 in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin. Its use in "Saint George and the Dragon" by Paolo Uccello in about 1470, and Sandro Botticelli's "Birth of Venus" in the 1480s was still unusual for the period. Large paintings for country houses were apparently more likely to be on canvas, and are perhaps less likely to have survived. It was a good deal cheaper than


title: Canvas content: a panel painting, and may sometime indicate a painting regarded as less important. In the Uccello, the armour does not use silver leaf, as other of his paintings do (and the colour therefore remains undegraded). Another common category of paintings on lighter cloth such as linen was in distemper or glue, often used for banners to be carried in procession. This is a less durable medium, and surviving examples such as Dirk Bouts' "Entombment", in distemper on linen (1450s, National Gallery) are rare, and often rather faded in appearance. Panel painting remained more common until the 16th century in Italy


title: Canvas content: and the 17th century in Northern Europe. Mantegna and Venetian artists were among those leading the change; Venetian sail canvas was readily available and regarded as the best quality. Canvas is typically stretched across a wooden frame called a stretcher and may be coated with gesso before it is to be used; this is to prevent oil paint from coming into direct contact with the canvas fibres, which will eventually cause the canvas to decay. A traditional and flexible chalk gesso is composed of lead carbonate and linseed oil, applied over a rabbit skin glue ground; a variation using titanium


title: Canvas content: white pigment and calcium carbonate is rather brittle and susceptible to cracking. As lead-based paint is poisonous, care has to be taken in using it. Various alternative and more flexible canvas primers are commercially available, the most popular being a synthetic latex paint composed of titanium dioxide and calcium carbonate, bound with a thermo-plastic emulsion. Many artists have painted onto unprimed canvas, such as Jackson Pollock, Kenneth Noland, Francis Bacon, Helen Frankenthaler, Dan Christensen, Larry Zox, Ronnie Landfield, Color Field painters, Lyrical Abstractionists and others. Staining acrylic paint into the fabric of cotton duck canvas was more benign and less


title: Canvas content: damaging to the fabric of the canvas than the use of oil paint. In 1970 artist Helen Frankenthaler commented about her use of staining: "When I first started doing the stain paintings, I left large areas of canvas unpainted, I think, because the canvas itself acted as forcefully and as positively as paint or line or color. In other words, the very ground was part of the medium, so that instead of thinking of it as background or negative space or an empty spot, that area did not need paint because it had paint next to it. The thing was


title: Canvas content: to decide where to leave it and where to fill it and where to say this doesn't need another line or another pail of colors. Its saying it in space." Early canvas was made of linen, a sturdy brownish fabric of considerable strength. Linen is particularly suitable for the use of oil paint. In the early 20th century, cotton canvas, often referred to as "cotton duck," came into use. Linen is composed of higher quality material, and remains popular with many professional artists, especially those who work with oil paint. Cotton duck, which stretches more fully and has an even,


title: Canvas content: mechanical weave, offers a more economical alternative. The advent of acrylic paint has greatly increased the popularity and use of cotton duck canvas. Linen and cotton derive from two entirely different plants, the flax plant and the cotton plant, respectively. Gessoed canvases on stretchers are also available. They are available in a variety of weights: light-weight is about or ; medium-weight is about or ; heavy-weight is about or . They are prepared with two or three coats of gesso and are ready for use straight away. Artists desiring greater control of their painting surface may add a coat or


title: Canvas content: two of their preferred gesso. Professional artists who wish to work on canvas may prepare their own canvas in the traditional manner. One of the most outstanding differences between modern painting techniques and those of the Flemish and Dutch Masters is in the preparation of the canvas. "Modern" techniques take advantage of both the canvas texture as well as those of the paint itself. Renaissance masters took extreme measures to ensure that none of the texture of the canvas came through. This required a painstaking, months-long process of layering the raw canvas with (usually) lead-white paint, then polishing the surface,


title: Cinderella content: sartorial impracticalities, have suggested that Perrault's "glass slipper" ("pantoufle de verre") had been a "squirrel fur slipper" ("pantoufle de vair") in some unidentified earlier version of the tale, and that Perrault or one of his sources confused the words; however, most scholars believe the glass slipper was a deliberate piece of poetic invention on Perrault's part. The 1950 Disney adaptation takes advantage of the slipper being made of glass to add a twist whereby the slipper is shattered just before Cinderella has the chance to try it on, leaving her with only the matching slipper with which to prove her


title: "Lake Saint-Louis" content: to the south. The West Island shore is mostly built-up with private houses, but includes some parks and clubs such as the Pointe-Claire Canoe Club, and the Pointe-Claire Yacht Club. Islands in the lake include Dorval and Dowker Islands. Lake St. Louis is the second of three fluvial lakes on the St. Lawrence River. Upstream of it is Lake St. Francis, and downstream is Lake Saint Pierre. Its average flow is . Many species of fish are present in the lake, including yellow perch. A small map by Samuel Champlain of 1611 names the lake. The same year, Champlain reported


title: "T–V distinction" content: verbs had identical second- and third-person singular forms, so that this difference was not apparent for the most part. It remains today in the use of ("you (formal) have", like "he has"), compared to ("you (informal) have"). However, is now also common. Around the same time, it became more common to clarify when multiple people were being spoken to, by adding , ("people"), or a shortened variety, to the end of the pronoun. Thus, when speaking to multiple people, one would use or . This combination was contracted and fused over time, eventually resulting in , the informal plural pronoun


title: Slayer content: record their fourth studio album. To contrast the speed of "Reign in Blood", the band consciously decided to slow down the tempos, and incorporate more melodic singing. According to Hanneman, "We knew we couldn't top "Reign in Blood", so we had to slow down. We knew whatever we did was gonna be compared to that album, and I remember we actually discussed slowing down. It was weird—we've never done that on an album, before or since." Released in July 1988, "South of Heaven" received mixed responses from both fans and critics, although it was Slayer's most commercially successful release at


title: Toxoplasmosis content: Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by "Toxoplasma gondii". Infections with toxoplasmosis usually cause no obvious symptoms in adults. Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph nodes. In a small number of people, eye problems may develop. In those with a weak immune system, severe symptoms such as seizures and poor coordination may occur. If infected during pregnancy, a condition known as congenital toxoplasmosis may affect the child. Toxoplasmosis is usually spread by eating poorly cooked food that contains cysts, exposure to infected cat feces, and


title: Toxoplasmosis content: or pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine and folinic acid may be used for treatment. Up to half of the world's population is infected by toxoplasmosis, but have no symptoms. In the United States, about 23% are affected and in some areas of the world this is up to 95%. About 200,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis occur a year. Charles Nicolle and Louis Manceaux first described the organism in 1908. In 1941, transmission during pregnancy from a mother to a child was confirmed. Infection has three stages: Acute toxoplasmosis is often asymptomatic in healthy adults. However, symptoms may manifest and are often influenza-like: swollen lymph


title: Toxoplasmosis content: an organ transplant, may develop severe toxoplasmosis. This can cause damage to the brain (encephalitis) or the eyes (necrotizing retinochoroiditis). Infants infected via placental transmission may be born with either of these problems, or with nasal malformations, although these complications are rare in newborns. The toxoplasmic trophozoites causing acute toxoplasmosis are referred to as tachyzoites, and are typically found in bodily fluids. Swollen lymph nodes are commonly found in the neck or under the chin, followed by the armpits and the groin. Swelling may occur at different times after the initial infection, persist, and recur for various times independently of


title: Toxoplasmosis content: symptoms later in life. Reviews of serological studies have estimated that 30–50% of the global population has been exposed to and may be chronically infected with latent toxoplasmosis, although infection rates differ significantly from country to country. This latent state of infection has recently been associated with numerous disease burdens, neural alterations, and subtle gender-dependent behavioral changes in immunocompetent humans. While rare, skin lesions may occur in the acquired form of the disease, including roseola and erythema multiforme-like eruptions, prurigo-like nodules, urticaria, and maculopapular lesions. Newborns may have punctate macules, ecchymoses, or "blueberry muffin" lesions. Diagnosis of cutaneous toxoplasmosis is


title: Toxoplasmosis content: the transplant procedure and providing treatment. Congenital toxoplasmosis is a specific form of toxoplasmosis in which an unborn fetus is infected via the placenta. Congenital toxoplasmosis is associated with fetal death and abortion, and in infants, it is associated with neurologic deficits, neurocognitive deficits, and chorioretinitis. A positive antibody titer indicates previous exposure and immunity, and largely ensures the unborn fetus' safety. A simple blood draw at the first prenatal doctor visit can determine whether or not a woman has had previous exposure and therefore whether or not she is at risk. If a woman receives her first exposure to


title: Toxoplasmosis content: "T. gondii" while pregnant, the fetus is at particular risk. Not much evidence exists around the effect of education before pregnancy to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis. However educating parents before the baby is born has been suggested to be effective because it may improve food, personal and pet hygiene. More research is needed to find whether antenatal education can reduce congenital toxoplasmosis. For pregnant women with negative antibody titers, indicating no previous exposure to "T. gondii", serology testing as frequent as monthly is advisable as treatment during pregnancy for those women exposed to "T. gondii" for the first time dramatically decreases


title: Toxoplasmosis content: is weak. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice to prevent toxoplasmosis, but not for treating active disease. A 2012 study shows a promising new way to treat the active and latent form of this disease using two endochin-like quinolones. The medications prescribed for acute toxoplasmosis are the following: (other antibiotics, such as minocycline, have seen some use as a salvage therapy). If infected during pregnancy, spiramycin is recommended in the first and early second trimesters while pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine and leucovorin is recommended in the late second and third trimesters. In people with latent toxoplasmosis, the cysts are immune to these treatments,


title: Toxoplasmosis content: as the antibiotics do not reach the bradyzoites in sufficient concentration. The medications prescribed for latent toxoplasmosis are: When a pregnant woman is diagnosed with acute toxoplasmosis, amniocentesis can be used to determine whether the fetus has been infected or not. When a pregnant woman develops acute toxoplasmosis, the tachyzoites have approximately a 30% chance of entering the placental tissue, and from there entering and infecting the fetus. As gestational age at the time of infection increases, the chance of fetal infection also increases. If the parasite has not yet reached the fetus, spiramycin can help to prevent placental transmission.


title: Toxoplasmosis content: antibody positivity was therefore considered an intermediate risk factor in relation to other known risk factors. Cautions noted include that the antibody tests do not detect toxoplasmosis directly, most people with schizophrenia do not have antibodies for toxoplasmosis, and publication bias might exist. The majority of these studies tested people already diagnosed with schizophrenia for "T. gondii" antibodies, associations between "T. gondii" and schizophrenia have been found prior to the onset of schizophrenia symptoms. Studies attempting to explain the sex differences in schizophrenia onset have suggested it can be accounted for by a second peak of "T. gondii" infection incidence


title: Toxoplasmosis content: snowmelt and precipitation can increase the amount of "T. gondii" oocysts that are transported via river flow. Shifts in bird, rodent, and insect populations and migration patterns can impact the distribution of "T. gondii" due to their role as reservoir and vector. Urbanization and natural environmental degradation are also suggested to affect "T. gondii" transmission and increase risk of infection. Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by "Toxoplasma gondii". Infections with toxoplasmosis usually cause no obvious symptoms in adults. Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph


title: Poutine content: trademark which states that "The Roy Jucep" invented poutine. In 1964, the owner of this restaurant, Jean-Paul Roy, served poutine as we know it today: "fried potatoes, cheese and sauce". According to his testimony, Roy (after the frequent requests of a few of his customers), started serving cheese with fries and sauce. In August 2007, Jean-Paul Roy died in Drummondville. The official patent, granted by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office, is posted in the restaurant. One often-cited tale is that of Warwick restaurateur Fernand Lachance of Le Café Ideal, who is said in 1957 to have exclaimed, ""ça va faire


title: Stork content: of which forage in mangroves, lagoons and estuarine mudflats. A number of species have adapted to highly modified human habitats, either for foraging or breeding. In the absence of persecution several species breed close to people, and species such as the marabou and white stork will feed at landfill sites. The storks vary in their tendency towards migration. Temperate species like the white stork, black stork and Oriental stork undertake long annual migrations in the winter. The routes taken by these species have developed to avoid long distance travel across water, and from Europe this usually means flying across the


title: "Ulmus americana" content: Dutch elm disease. In the United States, the American elm is a major member of four major forest cover types: black ash-American elm-red maple; silver maple-American elm; sugarberry-American elm-green ash; and sycamore-sweetgum-American elm, with the first two of these types also occurring in Canada. A sugar maple-ironwood-American elm cover type occurs on some hilltops near Témiscaming, Quebec. The leaves of the American elm serve as food for the larvae of various lepidopterans (butterflies & moths). The American elm is highly susceptible to Dutch elm disease and elm yellows. In North America, there are three species of elm bark beetles: one


title: "Adjective phrase" content: phrase "of wealth" modifies "a man" in a manner similar to how an adjective phrase would, and it can be reworded with an adjective, e.g. "Mr Clinton is a wealthy man". A more accurate term for such cases is "phrasal attributive" or "attributive phrase". Constituency tests can also be used to identify adjectives and adjective phrases. Here are the three constituency tests, according to X-bar theory, that prove the adjective phrase is both a constituent, and an AP. Sentence = Sam ordered a very spicy pizza. 1) Coordination tests can be used to confirm if "very spicy" is an adjective


title: "Adjective phrase" content: phrase. codice_1 Sam ordered a very spicy (and/but) "quite small pizza." (Sam ordered a AP and AP pizza) This phrase passed the coordination test because it was grammatical, and the adjective phrases were not creating ambiguous meanings when a conjunction (and/but) is used. 2) Ellipsis tests can be also be used to confirm if "very spicy" is an adjective phrase. codice_2 "Sam ordered a very spicy pizza, but the pizza Betty ordered was not very spicy." This phrase passed the Ellipsis test, because no ambiguity is created and the adjective phrase could be elided (deleted). 3) Movement test, specifically pseudoclefting,


title: "Adjective phrase" content: can be used to confirm if "very spicy" is an adjective phrase. codice_3 "Sam ordered a very spicy pizza that was very spicy." Movement tests not only prove that the constituent moved is a stand-alone constituent, but also proves that this phrase "very spicy" is an AP if drawn in a syntax tree. Thus, because this adjective phrase could be moved to the right (pseudocleft), it's sufficient proof that it is both a constituent and an adjective phrase. Although constituency tests can prove the existence of an AP in a sentence, the meanings of these AP may be ambiguous. This


title: "DuPont Manual High School" content: DuPont Manual High School duPont Manual High School is a public magnet high school located in the Old Louisville neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It serves students in grades 9–12. It is a part of the Jefferson County Public School District. DuPont Manual is recognized by the United States Department of Education as a Blue Ribbon School. Manual opened in 1892 as an all-male manual training school. It was the second public high school in Louisville. Manual merged with its rival, Male High School, into a consolidated school from 1915 to 1919. Manual permanently merged with the Louisville Girls


title: "Black Hawk County, Iowa" content: Black Hawk County, Iowa Black Hawk County is a county in the northeastern part of U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 131,090, making it Iowa's fourth-most populous county. The county seat is Waterloo. Black Hawk County is part of the Waterloo-Cedar Falls, IA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Black Hawk County was formed on February 17, 1853 from sections of Buchanan County. It was named after Black Hawk, a Sauk leader during the 1832 Black Hawk War. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of , of which is land and (1.2%)


title: Avalanche content: known as powder snow avalanches or mixed avalanches. These consist of a powder cloud, which overlies a dense avalanche. They can form from any type of snow or initiation mechanism, but usually occur with fresh dry powder. They can exceed speeds of , and masses of 10000000 tonnes; their flows can travel long distances along flat valley bottoms and even uphill for short distances. In contrast to powder snow avalanches, wet snow avalanches are a low velocity suspension of snow and water, with the flow confined to the track surface (McClung, first edition 1999, page 108). The low speed of


title: Avalanche content: size of avalanches by disrupting the structure of the snowpack, while passive measures reinforce and stabilize the snowpack "in situ". The simplest active measure is repeatedly traveling on a snowpack as snow accumulates; this can be by means of boot-packing, ski-cutting, or machine grooming. Explosives are used extensively to prevent avalanches, by triggering smaller avalanches that break down instabilities in the snowpack, and removing overburden that can result in larger avalanches. Explosive charges are delivered by a number of methods including hand-tossed charges, helicopter-dropped bombs, Gazex concussion lines, and ballistic projectiles launched by air cannons and artillery. Passive preventive systems


title: "Pioneer Venus project" content: Pioneer Venus project The Pioneer Venus project was part of the Pioneer program consisting of two spacecraft, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe, launched to Venus in 1978. The program was managed by NASA's Ames Research Center. An official Ames documentary film titled "Venus Pioneers" is visible on George Van Valkenburg's YouTube Channel. The Pioneer Venus Orbiter entered orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978, and performed observations to characterize the atmosphere and surface of Venus. It continued to transmit data until October 1992. The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe deployed four small probes into the Venusian atmosphere on


title: "Pioneer Venus project" content: bus made measurements only to about 110 km altitude before burning up. Pioneer Venus project The Pioneer Venus project was part of the Pioneer program consisting of two spacecraft, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe, launched to Venus in 1978. The program was managed by NASA's Ames Research Center. An official Ames documentary film titled "Venus Pioneers" is visible on George Van Valkenburg's YouTube Channel. The Pioneer Venus Orbiter entered orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978, and performed observations to characterize the atmosphere and surface of Venus. It continued to transmit data until October 1992. The


title: "Bride of Frankenstein" content: The foreground film plate was rotoscoped and matted onto the rear plate. Diminutive actor Billy Barty is briefly visible from the back in the finished film as a homunculus infant in a high chair, but Whale cut the infant's reveal before the film's release. Whale met Franz Waxman at a party and asked him to score the picture. "Nothing will be resolved in this picture except the end destruction scene. Would you write an unresolved score for it?" asked Whale. Waxman created three distinctive themes: one for the Monster; one for the Bride; and one for Pretorius. The score closes,


title: "North by Northwest" content: plane was piloted by Bob Coe, a crop-duster from Wasco. Hitchcock placed replicas of square Indiana highway signs in the scene. The British film magazine "Empire" ranked the crop-duster scene as the "greatest movie moment" of all time in its August 2009 issue. The house near the end of the film was not real. Hitchcock asked the set designers to make the set resemble a house by Frank Lloyd Wright, the most popular architect in America at the time, using the materials, form and interiors associated with him. The set was built in Culver City, California, where MGM's studios were


title: "Czechoslovakia 1968" content: Czechoslovakia 1968 Czechoslovakia 1968 (also known as "Czechoslovakia 1918-1968") is a 1969 short documentary film about the "Prague Spring", the Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia. The film was produced by the United States Information Agency (USIA) under the direction of Robert M. Fresco and Denis Sanders and features the graphic design of Norman Gollin. It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Subject and in 1997, was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress having been identified as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 1972, Senator James L. Buckley obtained a copy


title: "Czechoslovakia 1968" content: of "Czechoslovakia 1968" to show on New York television stations. The chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, J. William Fulbright, objected to the broadcast based on an interpretation of the Smith-Mundt Act, which would prohibit the domestic dissemination of material produced by the USIA. Fulbright complained to the Attorney General, but the Justice Department refused to intervene based on the interpretation of existing US law. In 1972, Congress amended the Smith-Mundt Act, based on this event, to explicitly prohibit the domestic dissemination of materials produced by the USIA. The USIA was abolished in 1999. Czechoslovakia 1968 Czechoslovakia 1968 (also


title: Lilium content: "flower". Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Greeks also used the word κρῖνον, "krīnon", albeit for non-white lilies. The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including water lily, fire lily, lily of the Nile, calla lily, trout lily, kaffir lily, cobra lily, lily of the valley, daylily, ginger lily, Amazon lily, leek lily, Peruvian lily, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew "shūshan", "shōshan",


title: "Iris (plant)" content: natural waterways. The Iris is one of the flowers listed as birth flower for February. The Iris croatica is the unoffical National Flower of Croatia . "Iris nigricans", the Black Iris is the national flower of Jordan. Iris bismarckiana, the Nazareth Iris, is the symbol of the city of Upper Nazareth. In 1998, "Iris lacustris", the Dwarf Lake Iris was designated the state wildflower of Michigan, where the vast majority of populations exist. In 1990, the Louisiana iris was voted the state wildflower of Louisiana, though the state flower is the magnolia blossom. In Iran and Kashmir, "Iris kashmiriana" and


title: "Double Indemnity (film)" content: the car. Only then do they speed away from the crime scene. The result was one of the most suspenseful scenes in the film, but was not in the original script. MacMurray was surprised when he first saw it onscreen: "... When I ... turned the key I remember I was doing it fast and Billy kept saying, 'Make it longer, make it longer,' and finally I yelled, 'For Chrissake Billy, it's not going to hold that long,' and he said, 'Make it longer,' and he was right." Wilder managed to bring the whole production in under budget at $927,262


title: "Easy Rider" content: Easy Rider Easy Rider is a 1969 American independent road drama film written by Peter Fonda, Dennis Hopper, and Terry Southern, produced by Fonda, and directed by Hopper. Fonda and Hopper played two bikers who travel through the American Southwest and South carrying the proceeds from a cocaine deal. The success of "Easy Rider" helped spark the New Hollywood era of filmmaking during the early 1970s. A landmark counterculture film, and a "touchstone for a generation" that "captured the national imagination", "Easy Rider" explores the societal landscape, issues, and tensions in the United States during the 1960s, such as the


title: "Easy Rider" content: rise of the hippie movement, drug use, and communal lifestyle. Real drugs were used in scenes showing the use of marijuana and other substances. "Easy Rider" was released by Columbia Pictures on July 14, 1969, grossing $60 million worldwide from a filming budget of no more than $400,000. Critics have praised the performances, directing, writing, soundtrack, visuals, and atmosphere. The film was added to the Library of Congress National Film Registry in 1998. Wyatt (Peter Fonda) and Billy (Dennis Hopper) are freewheeling motorcyclists. After smuggling cocaine from Mexico to Los Angeles, they sell their haul and receive a large sum.


title: "Easy Rider" content: With the money stuffed into a plastic tube hidden inside the Stars & Stripes-painted fuel tank of Wyatt's California-style chopper, they ride eastward aiming to reach New Orleans, Louisiana, in time for the Mardi Gras festival. During their trip, Wyatt and Billy stop to repair one of the bikes at a farmstead in Arizona and have a meal with the farmer and his family. Later, Wyatt picks up a hippie hitch-hiker, and he invites them to visit his commune, where they stay for the rest of the day. The notion of "free love" appears to be practiced, with two of


title: "Easy Rider" content: the women, Lisa and Sarah, seemingly sharing the affections of the hitch-hiking commune member before turning their attention to Wyatt and Billy. As the bikers leave, the hitch-hiker gives Wyatt some LSD for him to share with "the right people". Later, while riding along with a parade in New Mexico, the pair are arrested for "parading without a permit" and thrown in jail. There, they befriend ACLU lawyer George Hanson (Jack Nicholson), who has spent the night in jail after overindulging in alcohol. George helps them get out of jail and decides to travel with Wyatt and Billy to New


title: Rybnik content: for skiing, are within a 1–2 hour drive. Sights worth visiting: In 2006, the 8th European Glider Aerobatic Championships took place in Rybnik. The aeroclub of Rybnik is very successful in national and international glider aerobatic competitions: Jerzy Makula won the European Glider Aerobatic Championships two times and the World Glider Aerobatic Championships six times. Other current or former members of the Polish national glider aerobatics team from are Małgorzata Margańska, Krzysztof Brzikalik, Lucjan Fizia, Stanisław Makula and Ireneusz Boczkowski. Rybnik is twinned with: Rybnik Rybnik (, ) is a city in southwestern Poland, in the Silesian Voivodeship. The city


title: "La Jonquera" content: La Jonquera La Jonquera () is a municipality in the "comarca" of l'Alt Empordà, in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated next to the border with France, opposite the municipality of Le Perthus. The area has always been an important pass through the Pyrenees. A contemporary motorway runs not far from the ancient Roman road, the "Via Augusta". Not far from there is an altar erected by Pompey at the Coll de Panissars. La Jonquera was the site of a conflict involving the retreating French crusaders in 1285 that ended in their defeat. La Jonquera (2,888 inhabitants in the village) has


title: "La Jonquera" content: northern Catalonia in July 2012. La Jonquera La Jonquera () is a municipality in the "comarca" of l'Alt Empordà, in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated next to the border with France, opposite the municipality of Le Perthus. The area has always been an important pass through the Pyrenees. A contemporary motorway runs not far from the ancient Roman road, the "Via Augusta". Not far from there is an altar erected by Pompey at the Coll de Panissars. La Jonquera was the site of a conflict involving the retreating French crusaders in 1285 that ended in their defeat. La Jonquera (2,888


title: Veto content: Veto A veto – Latin for "I forbid" – is the power (used by an officer of the state, for example) to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the enactment of legislation. A veto can be absolute, as for instance in the United Nations Security Council, whose permanent members (China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States of America) can block any resolution, or it can be limited, as in the legislative process of the United States, where a two-thirds vote in both the House and Senate may override a Presidential veto of legislation. A veto may give power


title: Equestrianism content: Equestrianism Equestrianism (from Latin equester, equestr-, equus, "horseman", "horse"), more often known as horse riding (British English) or horseback riding (American English), refers to the skill of riding, driving, steeplechasing or vaulting with horses. This broad description includes the use of horses for practical working purposes, transportation, recreational activities, artistic or cultural exercises, and competitive sport. Horses are trained and ridden for practical working purposes, such as in police work or for controlling herd animals on a ranch. They are also used in competitive sports including, but not limited to, dressage, endurance riding, eventing, reining, show jumping, tent pegging, vaulting,


title: Equestrianism content: polo, horse racing, driving, and rodeo (see additional equestrian sports listed later in this article for more examples). Some popular forms of competition are grouped together at horse shows where horses perform in a wide variety of disciplines. Horses (and other equids such as mules) are used for non-competitive recreational riding such as fox hunting, trail riding, or hacking. There is public access to horse trails in almost every part of the world; many parks, ranches, and public stables offer both guided and independent riding. Horses are also used for therapeutic purposes both in specialized para-equestrian competition as well as


title: Equestrianism content: non-competitive riding to improve human health and emotional development. Horses are also driven in harness racing, at horse shows, and in other types of exhibition such as historical reenactment or ceremony, often pulling carriages. In some parts of the world, they are still used for practical purposes such as farming. Horses continue to be used in public service: in traditional ceremonies (parades, funerals), police and volunteer mounted patrols and for mounted search and rescue. Riding halls enable the training of horse and rider in all weathers as well as indoor competition riding. Though there is controversy over the exact date


title: Equestrianism content: horses were domesticated and when they were first ridden, the best estimate is that horses first were ridden approximately 3500 BC. Indirect evidence suggests that horses were ridden long before they were driven. There is some evidence that about 3,000 BC, near the Dnieper River and the Don River, people were using bits on horses, as a stallion that was buried there shows teeth wear consistent with using a bit. However, the most unequivocal early archaeological evidence of equines put to working use was of horses being driven. Chariot burials about 2500 BC present the most direct hard evidence of


title: Equestrianism content: horses used as working animals. In ancient times chariot warfare was followed by the use of war horses as light and heavy cavalry. The horse played an important role throughout human history all over the world, both in warfare and in peaceful pursuits such as transportation, trade and agriculture. Horses lived in North America, but died out at the end of the Ice Age. Horses were brought back to North America by European explorers, beginning with the second voyage of Columbus in 1493. Humans appear to have long expressed a desire to know which horse or horses were the fastest,


title: Equestrianism content: and horse racing has ancient roots. Gambling on horse races appears to go hand-in hand with racing and has a long history as well. Thoroughbreds have the pre-eminent reputation as a racing breed, but other breeds also race. Under saddle Show jumping: In harness: Equestrian events were first included in the modern Olympic Games in 1900. By 1912, all three Olympic disciplines still seen today were part of the games. The following forms of competition are recognized worldwide and are a part of the equestrian events at the Olympics. They are governed by the rules of the International Federation for


title: Equestrianism content: Equestrian Sports (FEI). The additional internationally sanctioned but non-Olympic disciplines governed by the FEI are: combined driving; endurance; reining; and vaulting. These disciplines are part of the FEI World Equestrian Games every four years and may hold their own individual World Championships in other years. The FEI also recognizes horseball and tent pegging as its two regional disciplines. Para-equestrian competition at the international level, including the Paralympics, are also governed by the FEI and offer the following competition events: The "haute école" (F. "high school"), an advanced component of Classical dressage, is a highly refined set of skills seldom used


title: Equestrianism content: in competition but often seen in demonstration performances. Leading haute ecole demonstration teams include: Horse shows are held throughout the world with a tremendous variety of possible events, equipment, attire and judging standards used. However, most forms of horse show competition can be broken into the following broad categories: In addition to the classical Olympic events, the following forms of competition are seen. In North America they are referred to as "English riding" in contrast with western riding; elsewhere in the world, if a distinction is necessary, they are usually described as "classic riding": Western riding evolved from the cattle-working


title: "Horse racing" content: Standardbreds. The exception to this is in Quarter Horse racing, where an Appendix Quarter Horse may be considered eligible to race against (standard) Quarter Horses. The designation of "Appendix" refers to the addendum section, or Appendix, of the Official Quarter Horse registry. An Appendix Quarter Horse is a horse that has either one Quarter Horse parent and one parent of any other eligible breed (such as Thoroughbred, the most common Appendix cross), two parents that are registered Appendix Quarter Horses, or one parent that is a Quarter Horse and one parent that is an Appendix Quarter Horse. AQHA also issues


title: Doughnut content: volume which included doughnuts in an appendix of American recipes. He also traces its origins to the "oliekoek" that arrived in America with the Dutch settlers in the early 18th century. By the mid-19th century, the doughnut looked and tasted like today's doughnut, and was viewed as a thoroughly American food. Hanson Gregory, an American, claimed to have invented the ring-shaped doughnut in 1847 aboard a lime-trading ship when he was 16 years old. Gregory was dissatisfied with the greasiness of doughnuts twisted into various shapes and with the raw center of regular doughnuts. He claimed to have punched a


title: Doughnut content: of the Cambodian genocide who transformed the local doughnut shop industry. They proved so adept at the business and in training fellow Chinese Cambodian refugees to follow suit that these local doughnut shops soon dominated native franchises such as Winchell's Donuts. Initially desiring boxes of a lucky red color rather than the standard white, Ngoy and Yen settled on a cheaper, leftover pink stock. Owing to the success of their business, the color soon became a recognizable standard. Due to the locality of Hollywood, the pink boxes frequently appeared as film and television props and were thus transmitted into popular


title: Doughnut content: is a spheroid pastry similar to doughnuts called "sata andagi". "Kuih keria" is a hole doughnut made from boiled sweet potato that is mashed. The sweet potato mash is shaped into rings and fried. The hot doughnut is then rolled in granulated sugar. The result is a doughnut with a sugar-crusted skin. "Sel roti" is a Nepali homemade, ring-shaped, rice doughnut prepared during Tihar, the widely celebrated Hindu festival in Nepal. A semiliquid dough is usually prepared by adding milk, water, sugar, butter, cardamom, and mashed banana to rice flour, which is often left to ferment for up to 24


title: Doughnut content: Finland, a sweet doughnut is called a "munkki" (the word also means "monk") and are commonly eaten in cafés and cafeteria restaurants. It is sold cold and sometimes filled with jam (like U.S. jelly donuts) or a vanilla sauce. A ring doughnut is also known as "donitsi". A savory form of doughnut is the meat doughnut (in Finnish "lihapiirakka", or literally "meat pie"). Made from a doughnut mixture and deep fried, the end product is more akin to a savory doughnut than any pie known in the English-speaking world. The French "beignet", literally "bump", is the French and New Orleans


title: Doughnut content: states, cider doughnuts are a harvest season specialty, especially at orchards open to tourists, where they can be served fresh. Cider doughnuts are a cake doughnut with apple cider in the batter. The use of cider affects both the texture and flavor, resulting in a denser, moister product. They are often coated with either granulated or powdered sugar or cinnamon sugar. In Southern Louisiana, a popular variety of the doughnut is the beignet, a fried, square doughnut served traditionally with powdered sugar. Perhaps the most famous purveyor of beignets is New Orleans restaurant Cafe Du Monde. In Quebec, homemade doughnuts


title: Doughnut content: of sweet molasses-based sauce. The doughnut has made an appearance in popular culture, particularly in the United States and Australia. References extend to objects or actions that are doughnut-shaped. Donut King is Australia's largest retailer of doughnuts. A Guinness Book of Records largest doughnut made up of 90,000 individual doughnuts was set in Sydney in 2007 as part of a celebration for the release of "The Simpsons Movie". Per capita, Canadians consume the most doughnuts, and Canada has the most doughnut stores per capita. Tim Hortons is the most popular Canadian doughnut and coffee franchise, and one of the most


title: Doughnut content: closing of the vast majority of city businesses. Cops & Doughnuts, a doughnut shop in Clare, Michigan, is notable for being owned and operated by current and former members of the city's police precinct. Doughnut A doughnut (American and British English) or donut (American English) (both: or ; see etymology section) is a type of fried dough confection or dessert food. The doughnut is popular in many countries and prepared in various forms as a sweet snack that can be homemade or purchased in bakeries, supermarkets, food stalls, and franchised specialty vendors. Doughnuts are usually deep fried from a flour


title: "Demographics of the Czech Republic" content: structure and sex ratio are from the CIA World Factbook. 2017
"0–14 years:" 15.2% (male 821,275 ; female 778,267 )
"15–64 years:" 65.7% (male ; female )
"65 years and over:" 19.1% (male 845,112 ; female 1,174,704 ) 2010
"0–14 years:" 14.2% (male ; female )
"15–64 years:" 70.6% (male ; female )
"65 years and over:" 15.2% (male ; female ) 2007
"0–14 years:" 14.2% (male 758,305; female 718,619)
"15–64 years:" 71.2% (male 3,726,148; female 3,665,225)
"65 years and over:" 14.6% (male 598,481; female 914,353) 2006
"0–14 years:" 14.4% (male 760,065; female 719,449)
"15–64 years:" 71.2% (male 3,683,215; female


title: "The Hitch-Hiker" content: The Hitch-Hiker The Hitch-Hiker is a 1953 film noir directed by Ida Lupino, about two fishing buddies who pick up a mysterious hitchhiker during a trip to Mexico. Inspired by the crime spree of the psychopathic murderer Billy Cook (1928–1952), the screenplay was written by Robert L. Joseph, Lupino, and her former husband Collier Young, based on a story by blacklisted "Out of the Past" screenwriter Daniel Mainwaring (who did not receive screen credit). "The Hitch-Hiker" is regarded as the first American mainstream film noir directed by a woman and was selected in 1998 for preservation in the United States


title: "The Hitch-Hiker" content: gem, with first-class performances from its three protagonists, deftly characterised without resort to cliché. In January 2014, a restored 35mm print was premiered by the Film Noir Foundation at Noir City 12 at the Castro Theatre in San Francisco. On April 6, 2014 "The Hitch-Hiker" was shown again at the Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. Mary Ann Anderson author of "The Making of The Hitch-Hiker" appeared at this event. While most "films noir" were filmed in claustrophobic cities, "The Hitch-Hiker" was filmed in the desert southwestern United States (territory similar to that of Baja California, where most of the story takes


title: "The Hitch-Hiker" content: place), mostly in wilderness and small villages. Critics Bob Porfiero and Alain Silver, in a review and analysis of the film, praised Lupino's use of shooting locations. They wrote, ""The Hitch-Hiker"'s desert locale, although not so graphically dark as a cityscape at night, isolates the protagonists in a milieu as uninviting and potentially deadly as any in film noir." The Hitch-Hiker The Hitch-Hiker is a 1953 film noir directed by Ida Lupino, about two fishing buddies who pick up a mysterious hitchhiker during a trip to Mexico. Inspired by the crime spree of the psychopathic murderer Billy Cook (1928–1952), the


title: Sundial content: horizontal sundial correctly, one has to find true North or South. The same process can be used to do both. The gnomon, set to the correct latitude, has to point to the true South in the Southern hemisphere as in the Northern Hemisphere it has to point to the true North. Sundials which are designed to be used with their plates horizontal in one hemisphere can be used with their plates vertical at the complementary latitude in the other hemisphere. For example, the illustrated sundial in Perth, Australia, which is at latitude 32 degrees South, would function properly if it


title: Sundial content: tell time only in the morning hours; in the afternoon, the sun does not shine on its face. Vertical dials that face due East or West are "polar dials", which will be described below. Vertical dials that face North are uncommon, because they tell time only during the spring and summer, and do not show the midday hours except in tropical latitudes (and even there, only around midsummer). For non-direct vertical dials — those that face in non-cardinal directions — the mathematics of arranging the style and the hour-lines becomes more complicated; it may be easier to mark the hour


title: "Hardcore punk" content: an episode of "The Daily Show", voicing support for George W. Bush. Conservative Punk was an American website that attempted to merge right-wing politics with the punk subculture. The early 1980s hardcore punk scene developed slam dancing (also called moshing), a style of dance in which participants push or slam into each other, and stage diving. Moshing works as a vehicle for expressing anger by "represent[ing] a way of playing at violence or roughness that allowed participants to mark their difference from the banal niceties of middle-class culture." Moshing is in another way a "parody of violence," that nevertheless leaves


title: "Natalia Brasova" content: brother-in-law Aleksei Matveev, who had both made it to Kiev as well, fled to Odessa in the hope they could escape by sea. Two British naval vessels at the port, HMS "Nereide" and HMS "Skirmisher", provided them with sanctuary. Aboard HMS "Nereide" they were evacuated to Constantinople. By way of HMS "Agamemnon" to Malta, merchant ship to Marseilles, and rail to Paris, Natalia arrived in England. Johnson's widowed mother had leased a house, Snape in Wadhurst, Sussex, for Michael's family, and all the furniture and furnishings stored at Paddockhurst were moved in. George arrived from Copenhagen with his nanny in


title: "Video Graphics Array" content: modes, can be expected to work with the original late-1980s and early-1990s VGA monitors. The use of other timings may in fact damage such monitors and thus was usually avoided by software publishers. Third-party "multisync" CRT monitors were usually much more flexible, and in combination with "super EGA", VGA, and later SVGA graphics cards using extended modes, could display a much wider range of resolutions and refresh rates at wholly arbitrary sync frequencies and pixel clock rates (within a particular lower/upper range, depending on model, typically encompassing a range spanning CGA's 15.7kHz to SVGA and XGA's 36kHz at a minimum,


title: Infant content: Infant An infant (from the Latin word "infans", meaning "unable to speak" or "speechless") is the more formal or specialised synonym for "baby", the very young offspring of a human. The term may also be used to refer to juveniles of other organisms. A newborn is, in colloquial use, an infant who is only hours, days, or up to one month old. In medical contexts, newborn or neonate (from Latin, "neonatus", newborn) refers to an infant in the first 28 days after birth; the term applies to premature, full term, and postmature infants; before birth, the term "fetus" is used.


title: Infant content: The term "infant" is typically applied to young children under one year of age; however, definitions may vary and may include children up to two years of age. When a human child learns to walk, the term "toddler" may be used instead. In British English, an infant school is for children aged between four and seven. As a legal term, "infancy" continues from birth until age 18. A newborn's shoulders and hips are wide, the abdomen protrudes slightly, and the arms and legs are relatively long with respect to the rest of their body. The Apgar score is a measure


title: Infant content: of a newborn's transition from the uterus during the first minutes after birth. In first world nations, the average total body length of newborns are , although premature newborns may be much smaller. In developed countries, the average birth weight of a full-term newborn is approximately , and is typically in the range of . Over the first 5–7 days following birth, the body weight of a term neonate decreases by 3–7%, and is largely a result of the resorption and urination of the fluid that initially fills the lungs, in addition to a delay of often a few days


title: Infant content: before breastfeeding becomes effective. After the first week, healthy term neonates should gain 10–20 grams/day. A newborn's head is very large in proportion to the body, and the cranium is enormous relative to his or her face. While the adult human skull is about one seventh of the total body length, the newborn's is about ¼. Normal head circumference for a full-term infant is 33–36 cm at birth. At birth, many regions of the newborn's skull have not yet been converted to bone, leaving "soft spots" known as fontanels. The two largest are the diamond-shaped anterior fontanel, located at the


title: Infant content: top front portion of the head, and the smaller triangular-shaped posterior fontanel, which lies at the back of the head. Later in the child's life, these bones will fuse together in a natural process. A protein called noggin is responsible for the delay in an infant's skull fusion. During labour and birth, the infant's skull changes shape to fit through the birth canal, sometimes causing the child to be born with a misshapen or elongated head. It will usually return to normal on its own within a few days or weeks. Special exercises sometimes advised by physicians may assist the


title: Infant content: process. Some newborns have a fine, downy body hair called lanugo. It may be particularly noticeable on the back, shoulders, forehead, ears and face of premature infants. Lanugo disappears within a few weeks. Infants may be born with full heads of hair; others, particularly caucasian infants, may have very fine hair or may even be bald. Amongst fair-skinned parents, this fine hair may be blonde, even if the parents are not. The scalp may also be temporarily bruised or swollen, especially in hairless newborns, and the area around the eyes may be puffy. Immediately after birth, a newborn's skin is


title: Infant content: often grayish to dusky blue in color. As soon as the newborn begins to breathe, usually within a minute or two, the skin's color reaches its normal tone. Newborns are wet, covered in streaks of blood, and coated with a white substance known as vernix caseosa, which is hypothesised to act as an antibacterial barrier. The newborn may also have Mongolian spots, various other birthmarks, or peeling skin, particularly on the wrists, hands, ankles, and feet. A newborn's genitals are enlarged and reddened, with male infants having an unusually large scrotum. The breasts may also be enlarged, even in male


title: Infant content: infants. This is caused by naturally occurring maternal hormones and is a temporary condition. Females (and even males) may actually discharge milk from their nipples (sometimes called witch's milk), or a bloody or milky-like substance from the vagina. In either case, this is considered normal and will disappear with time. The umbilical cord of a newborn is bluish-white in color. After birth, the umbilical cord is normally cut, leaving a 1–2 inch stub. The umbilical stub will dry out, shrivel, darken, and spontaneously fall off within about 3 weeks. This will later become a belly-button after it heals. Occasionally, hospitals


title: Infant content: may apply triple dye to the umbilical stub to prevent infection, which may temporarily color the stub and surrounding skin purple. Infants cry as a form of basic instinctive communication. A crying infant may be trying to express a variety of feelings including hunger, discomfort, overstimulation, boredom, wanting something, or loneliness. Breastfeeding is the recommended method of feeding by all major infant health organizations. If breastfeeding is not possible or desired, bottle feeding is done with expressed breast-milk or with infant formula. Infants are born with a sucking reflex allowing them to extract the milk from the nipples of the


title: Infant content: breasts or the nipple of the baby bottle, as well as an instinctive behavior known as "rooting" with which they seek out the nipple. Sometimes a wet nurse is hired to feed the infant, although this is rare, especially in developed countries. Adequate food consumption at an early age is vital for an infant’s development. From birth to four months, infants should consume breast milk or an unmodified milk substitute. As an infant’s diet matures, finger foods may be introduced as well as fruit, vegetables and small amounts of meat. As infants grow, food supplements are added. Many parents choose


title: Guadalajara content: on Paseo Morelos/Paseo Hospicio from the Plaza de Armas, where the seats of ecclesiastical and secular power are, east toward the Plaza de Mariachis and the Hospicio Cabañas. The Plaza de Armas is a rectangular plaza with gardens, ironwork benches and an ironwork kiosk which was made in Paris in the 19th century. Within Guadalajara's historic downtown, there are many squares and public parks: Parque Morelos, Plaza de los Mariachis, Plaza Fundadores, Plaza Tapatia, Plaza del Agave, Parque Revolucion, Jardin del Santuario, Plaza de Armas, Plaza de la Liberacion, Plaza Guadalajara and the Rotonda de los Hombres Ilustres, the last


title: Parakeet content: Parakeet A parakeet is any one of a large number of small to medium-sized species of parrot, in multiple genera, that generally have long tail feathers. Older spellings still sometimes encountered are paroquet or paraquet. The name parakeet is derived from the French word "perroquet". It is however a pseudo-francism as "perroquet" means "parrot" in French, while the French for parakeet is "perruche". The Australian budgerigar, also known as "budgie", "Melopsittacus undulatus", is probably the most common parakeet. It was first described by zoologists in 1891. It is the most popular species of parakeet kept as a pet in North


title: "Tobacco smoking" content: policies were associated with lower likelihood of trying smoking for both middle and high school students. Behavioural research generally indicates that teenagers begin their smoking habits due to peer pressure, and cultural influence portrayed by friends. However, one study found that direct pressure to smoke cigarettes played a less significant part in adolescent smoking, with adolescents also reporting low levels of both normative and direct pressure to smoke cigarettes. Mere exposure to tobacco retailers may motivate smoking behaviour in adults. A similar study suggested that individuals may play a more active role in starting to smoke than has previously been


title: Acne content: are available in formulations that are applied to the skin and taken by mouth for the treatment of acne. However, resistance to antibiotics may develop as a result of antibiotic therapy. Several types of birth control pills help against acne in women. Isotretinoin pills are usually reserved for severe acne due to greater potential side effects. Early and aggressive treatment of acne is advocated by some in the medical community to decrease the overall long-term impact to individuals. In 2015, acne was estimated to affect 633 million people globally, making it the 8th most common disease worldwide. Acne commonly occurs


title: Acne content: of inflammatory acne. True cysts are in fact rare in those with acne and the term "severe nodular acne" is now the preferred terminology. "Acne inversa" (L. invertō, "upside down") and "acne rosacea" (rosa, "rose-colored" + -āceus, "forming") are not true forms of acne and respectively refer to the skin conditions hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) and rosacea. Although HS shares certain common features with acne vulgaris, such as a tendency to clog skin follicles with skin cell debris, the condition otherwise lacks the defining features of acne and is therefore considered a distinct skin disorder. Typical features of acne include increased


title: Acne content: secretion of oily sebum by the skin, microcomedones, comedones, papules, nodules (large papules), pustules, and often results in scarring. The appearance of acne varies with skin color. It may result in psychological and social problems. Acne scars are caused by inflammation within the dermal layer of skin and are estimated to affect 95% of people with acne vulgaris. The scar is created by abnormal healing following this dermal inflammation. Scarring is most likely to take place with severe acne, but may occur with any form of acne vulgaris. Acne scars are classified based on whether the abnormal healing response following


title: Acne content: fats, along with a low omega-3 fatty acids, with acne. Few high-quality studies have been performed which demonstrate that stress causes or worsens acne. While the connection between acne and stress has been debated, some research indicates that increased severity is associated with high stress levels in certain contexts such as hormonal changes seen in premenstrual syndrome. Mechanical obstruction of skin follicles with helmets or chinstraps can worsen pre-existing acne. Several medications can worsen pre-existing acne, with examples being lithium, hydantoin, isoniazid, glucocorticoids, iodides, bromides, and testosterone. Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disease of the pilosebaceous unit and develops


title: Acne content: may indicate a person's acne vulgaris is sensitive to hormonal influences. Historical and physical clues that may suggest hormone-sensitive acne include onset between ages 20 and 30; worsening the week before a woman's menstrual cycle; acne lesions predominantly over the jawline and chin; and inflammatory/nodular acne lesions. Several scales exist to grade the severity of acne vulgaris, but no single technique has been universally accepted as the diagnostic standard. Cook's acne grading scale uses photographs to grade severity from 0 to 8 (0 being the least severe and 8 being the most severe). This scale was the first to use


title: "Dynamic random-access memory" content: bitlines. The physical layout of the DRAM cells in an array is typically designed so that two adjacent DRAM cells in a column share a single bitline contact to reduce their area. DRAM cell area is given as "n" F, where "n" is a number derived from the DRAM cell design, and "F" is the smallest feature size of a given process technology. This scheme permits comparison of DRAM size over different process technology generations, as DRAM cell area scales at linear or near-linear rates over. The typical area for modern DRAM cells varies between 6–8 F. The horizontal wire,


title: "Dynamic random-access memory" content: process (such as an application-specific integrated circuit, microprocessor, or an entire system on a chip) is called "embedded DRAM" (eDRAM). Embedded DRAM requires DRAM cell designs that can be fabricated without preventing the fabrication of fast-switching transistors used in high-performance logic, and modification of the basic logic-optimized process technology to accommodate the process steps required to build DRAM cell structures. Since the fundamental DRAM cell and array has maintained the same basic structure for many years, the types of DRAM are mainly distinguished by the many different interfaces for communicating with DRAM chips. The original DRAM, now known by the


title: Bydgoszcz content: site of Bromberg-Ost, a women's subcamp of Stutthof concentration camp near Danzig (Gdańsk). A deportation camp was situated in Smukała village, now part of Bydgoszcz. An estimated 3,700 citizens of Bydgoszcz – Jews and non-Jews – died during the Nazi occupation. In 1945 Bydgoszcz was occupied by the advancing Red Army. The city became again part of Poland and the German population was forcibly expelled. In the same year it was made the seat of the Pomeranian Voivodship, the northern part of which was soon separated to form Gdańsk Voivodship. The remaining part of the Pomeranian Voivodship was renamed Bydgoszcz


title: Kielce content: of the defenders of Westerplatte as well as the armoured brigade of General Stanisław Maczek were either from Kielce or from its close suburbs. During the occupation that lasted for most of the Second World War, the city was an important centre of resistance. There were several resistance groups active in the town, including Armia Krajowa (AK) and Gwardia Ludowa (GL). Notable acts of resistance included theft of 2 tons of TNT from the "Społem" factory run by the Nazis, which were then used by the partisans to make hand grenades. Also, the daring escape from jail in Kielce of


title: "Rzeszów" content: 40% of them Jewish. In 1858, Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis reached Rzeszów, which resulted in further development of the town. In 1888 first telephone lines were opened, in 1900 – gas street lamps, and in 1911 – power plant and water system. The population grew to 23,000, with half of inhabitants being Jews. A number of modern building were constructed, most of them in Secession style. During World War I, several battles took place in the area of the town. Rzeszów was home to a large garrison of the Austro-Hungarian Army, and in the city of Przemyśl, located


title: Circumnavigation content: made such trips relatively common. The nautical global and fastest circumnavigation record is currently held by a wind-powered vessel, the trimaran IDEC 3. The record was established by six sailors: Francis Joyon, Alex Pella, Clément Surtel, Gwénolé Gahinet, Sébastien Audigane and Bernard Stamm; who wrote themselves into history books on 26 January 2017, by circumnavigating the globe in 40 days, 23 hours, 30 minutes and 30 seconds. The absolute speed sailing record around the world followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, North Atlantic Ocean route in an easterly direction. The map


title: Circumnavigation content: single waypoint to lengthen the calculated track. The equator must be crossed. The solo wind powered circumnavigation record of 42 days, 16 hours, 40 minutes and 35 seconds was established by François Gabart on the maxi-multihull sailing yacht MACIF and completed on 7 December 2017. The voyage followed the North Atlantic Ocean, Equator, South Atlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean, Equator, North Atlantic Ocean route in an easterly direction. Since the advent of world cruises in 1922, by Cunard's "Laconia", thousands of people have completed circumnavigations of the globe at a more leisurely pace. Typically, these voyages begin in


title: "Electrostatic discharge" content: and measures to remove static such as grounding human workers, providing antistatic devices, and controlling humidity. ESD simulators may be used to test electronic devices, for example with a human body model or a charged device model. One of the causes of ESD events is static electricity. Static electricity is often generated through tribocharging, the separation of electric charges that occurs when two materials are brought into contact and then separated. Examples of tribocharging include walking on a rug, rubbing a plastic comb against dry hair, rubbing a balloon against a sweater, ascending from a fabric car seat, or removing


title: Hummus content: Hummus Hummus (, , or ; , full Arabic name: hummus bi tahini ) is a Levantine dip or spread made from cooked, mashed chickpeas or other beans, blended with tahini, olive oil, lemon juice, salt and garlic. It is popular in the Middle East and Mediterranean, as well as in Middle Eastern cuisine around the globe. It can also be found in most grocery stores in North America and Europe. "Hummus" comes from the Arabic word meaning "chickpeas", and the complete name of the prepared spread in Arabic is "ḥummuṣ bi ṭaḥīna" which means "chickpeas with tahini". Spelling of


title: Hummus content: the Middle East, it is sometimes served with tortilla chips or crackers. "Hummus ful" (pronounced ) is topped with a paste made from fava beans boiled until soft and then crushed. "Hummus msabbaha/mashawsha" is a mixture of hummus paste, warm chickpeas and tahini. Hummus is a popular dip in Egypt where it is eaten with pita, and frequently flavored with cumin or other spices. For Palestinians and Jordanians, hummus has long been a staple food, often served warm, with bread for breakfast, lunch or dinner. All of the ingredients in hummus are easily found in Palestinian gardens, farms and markets,


title: Hummus content: thus adding to the availability and popularity of the dish. In Palestine, hummus is usually garnished, with olive oil, ""nana"" mint leaves, paprika, and parsley. A related dish popular in Palestine and Jordan is "laban ma' hummus" ("yogurt and chickpeas"), which uses yogurt in the place of tahini and butter in the place of olive oil and is topped with pieces of toasted bread. Hummus is a common part of everyday meals in Israel. It is made from ingredients that, following Kashrut (Jewish dietary laws), can be combined with both meat and dairy meals. Jewish immigrants arriving from Europe in


title: Hummus content: the late 19th and early 20th century adopted much of the local Palestinian cuisine, including hummus, though it traditionally has been part of the cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews who lived in Arabic-speaking lands. The many Mizrahi Jewish immigrants from these countries brought their own unique variations, such as hummus with fried eggplant and boiled eggs prepared by Iraqi Jews, and "Hasa Al Hummus", a chickpea soup preferred by Moroccans. The Yemenite quarter of Tel Aviv is known for its hummus with traditional "skhug" hot sauce. More recently, African immigrants have brought specialties such as Sudanese Hummus Darfur, with eggs,


title: Hummus content: tomatoes, and grated cheese. Arab Israelis and Jews alike seek out authentic hummus in Arab "hummusia", restaurants specializing in hummus, making famous such Arab villages as Abu Gosh and Kafr Yasif. Enthusiasts travel to the more remote Arab and Druze villages in the northern Galilee region in search of the perfect hummus experience. Although sometimes criticized as Jewish appropriation of Palestinian and Arab culture, hummus has been adopted as an unofficial "national dish", reflecting its huge popularity and significance among the entire population. Many restaurants run by Mizrahi Jews and Arab citizens of Israel are dedicated to warm hummus, which


title: Hummus content: may be served as chick peas softened with baking soda along with garlic, olive oil, cumin and tahini. One of the hummus versions available is "msabbaha", made with lemon-spiked tahini garnished with whole chick peas, a sprinkling of paprika and a drizzle of olive oil. One author calls hummus, "One of the most popular and best-known of all Syrian dishes" and a "must on any mezzeh table." Syrians in Canada's Arab diaspora prepare and consume hummus along with other dishes like falafel, kibbeh and tabbouleh, even among the third- and fourth-generation offspring of the original immigrants. In Cyprus, hummus is


title: Hummus content: part of the local cuisine in both Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities where it is called "humoi" (). In Turkey, hummus is considered as a meze and usually oven-dried with pastırma, which differs from the traditional serving. Chickpeas, the main ingredient of conventional hummus, have appreciable amounts of dietary fiber, protein, B vitamins, manganese and other nutrients. As hummus recipes vary, so does nutritional content, depending primarily on the relative proportions of chickpeas, tahini, and water. Hummus provides roughly 170 calories for 100 grams, and is a good to excellent (more than 10% of the Daily Value) source of