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title: History of South Sudan section title: Independence referendum hierarchical section title: History of South Sudan / Republic of Sudan / Independence referendum caption reference description: A South Sudanese girl at independence festivities caption attribution description: Flag raising ceremony in Washington D.C. Jonathan Morgenstein/USAID. Learn more about USAID's work in South Sudan on our website content: The history of South Sudan comprises the history of the territory of present-day South Sudan and the peoples inhabiting the region.
South Sudan seceded from the Republic of Sudan in 2011.
Geographically, South Sudan is not part of the Sudan region at all, forming as it does part of Sub-Saharan Africa. In modern terminology, it does, however, include parts of the East Sudanian Savanna.
Its inclusion in "Sudan" is due to the southward expansion of the Ottoman Khedivate of Egypt in the 19th century, and its consequent inclusion in Mahdist Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Republic of Sudan during 1885 to 2011.
South Sudan is mostly inhabited by Nilo-Saharan speaking peoples, with Niger-Congo speaking minorities.
Historically, what is now South Sudan was dominated by Central Sudanic speaking peoples, but the presence of Nilotic peoples can be assumed from prehistoric times as well. Since about the 14th century, following the collapse of the Christian Nubian kingdoms of Makuria and Alodia, the Nilotic peoples gradually came to dominate the region.


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title: Qizil Ulduz Medal section title: Description hierarchical section title: Qizil Ulduz Medal / Description caption reference description: The medal on the stamp of Azerbaijan, 2011 caption attribution description: Azərbaycanca: Azərbaycan Respublikasının Ordenləri. content: The Qizil Ulduz Medal is an award that honors a National Hero of Azerbaijan.
The award was established by Abulfaz Elchibey on March 25, 1992. This award is conferred for bravery and courage shown in defense of the sovereignty, the territorial integrity of the Republic of Azerbaijan and for the protection of its civil population.


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title: Le Mans hierarchical section title: Le Mans caption reference description: Palais of Comtes du Maine, birth place of Henry II of England caption attribution description: Français : Façade arrière du Palais des Comtes du Maine (actuelle Mairie du Mans), escalier des Ponts-Neufs et cathédrale Saint-Julien - Cité Plantagenêt, Le Mans.English: Back facade of Palais des Comtes du Maine (now the city hall), Ponts-Neufs stairs and Saint-Julien cathedral - Cité Plantagenêt, Le Mans. This building is classé au titre des Monuments Historiques. It is indexed in the Base Mérimée, a database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, under the reference PA00109800 . беларуская (тарашкевіца) | বাংলা | brezhoneg | català | Deutsch | Ελληνικά | English | Esperanto | español | euskara | suomi | français | magyar | italiano | 日本語 | македонски | Nederlands | português | português do Brasil | română | русский | sicilianu | svenska | українська | العربيَّة | +/− This building is inscrit au titre des Monuments Historiques. It is indexed in the Base Mérimée, a database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, under the reference PA00109810 . беларуская (тарашкевіца) | বাংলা | brezhoneg | català | Deutsch | Ελληνικά | English | Esperanto | español | euskara | suomi | français | magyar | italiano | 日本語 | македонски | Nederlands | português | português do Brasil | română | русский | sicilianu | svenska | українська | العربيَّة | +/− caption alt text description: Palais of Comtes du Maine, birth place of Henry II of England content: Le Mans is a commune. It is found in the Pays de la Loire region in the Sarthe department in the west of France.
Le Mans is a city in France. It has about 143,000 inhabitants. It takes about one hour to go to Paris by TGV.

title: List of châteaux in the Pays-de-la-Loire section title: Sarthe hierarchical section title: List of châteaux in the Pays-de-la-Loire / Sarthe caption reference description: Palais des Comtes du Maine caption attribution description: Français : Façade arrière du Palais des Comtes du Maine (actuelle Mairie du Mans), escalier des Ponts-Neufs et cathédrale Saint-Julien - Cité Plantagenêt, Le Mans.English: Back facade of Palais des Comtes du Maine (now the city hall), Ponts-Neufs stairs and Saint-Julien cathedral - Cité Plantagenêt, Le Mans. This building is classé au titre des Monuments Historiques. It is indexed in the Base Mérimée, a database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, under the reference PA00109800 . беларуская (тарашкевіца) | বাংলা | brezhoneg | català | Deutsch | Ελληνικά | English | Esperanto | español | euskara | suomi | français | magyar | italiano | 日本語 | македонски | Nederlands | português | português do Brasil | română | русский | sicilianu | svenska | українська | العربيَّة | +/− This building is inscrit au titre des Monuments Historiques. It is indexed in the Base Mérimée, a database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, under the reference PA00109810 . беларуская (тарашкевіца) | বাংলা | brezhoneg | català | Deutsch | Ελληνικά | English | Esperanto | español | euskara | suomi | français | magyar | italiano | 日本語 | македонски | Nederlands | português | português do Brasil | română | русский | sicilianu | svenska | українська | العربيَّة | +/− content: None


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title: History of Bulgaria section title: Roman period hierarchical section title: History of Bulgaria / Prehistory and antiquity / Roman period caption attribution description: English: Roman-Gothic War 376-382, campaign 376 Italiano: Guerra romano-gotica 376-382, campagna 376 content: The history of Bulgaria can be traced from the first settlements on the lands of modern Bulgaria to its formation as a nation-state, and includes the history of the Bulgarian people and their origin. The earliest evidence of hominid occupation discovered in what is today Bulgaria date from at least 1.4 million years ago. Around 5000 BC, a sophisticated civilization already existed which produced some of the first pottery and jewellery in the world. After 3000 BC, the Thracians appeared on the Balkan peninsula. In the late 6th century BC, most of what is nowadays Bulgaria came under the Persian Empire. In the 470s BC, the Thracians formed the powerful Odrysian Kingdom which lasted until 46 BC, when it was finally conquered by the Roman Empire. During the centuries, some Thracian tribes fell under Ancient Macedonian and Hellenistic, and also Celtic domination. This mixture of ancient peoples was assimilated by the Slavs, who permanently settled on the peninsula after 500 AD.
Meanwhile, in 632 the Bulgars formed an independent state north of the Black sea that became known as Great Bulgaria under the leadership of Kubrat.

title: Gothic War (376–382) section title: Breakout hierarchical section title: Gothic War (376–382) / Breakout caption reference description: Movements of the Goths in 376 caption attribution description: English: Roman-Gothic War 376-382, campaign 376 Italiano: Guerra romano-gotica 376-382, campagna 376 content: Between 376 and 382 the Gothic War against the Eastern Roman Empire, and in particular the Battle of Adrianople, is commonly seen as a major turning point in the history of the Roman Empire, the first of a series of events over the next century that would see the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, although its ultimate importance to the Empire's eventual fall is still debated. It was one of the many Gothic Wars with the Roman Empire.


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title: Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues hierarchical section title: Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues caption reference description: Młodziejowski Palace in Warsaw, the seat of ODIHR caption attribution description: Polski: Pałac Młodziejowskiego przy ul. Miodowej 10 w Warszawie English: Młodziejowski Palace at 10 Miodowa Street in Warsaw content: The Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues is the main structure within the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe assisting governments in implementing their commitments relating to the rights of Roma and Sinti populations. The Contact Point is located within the Warsaw-based OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
The Contact Point was created by the participating States of the OSCE at the 1994 Budapest Summit. Its mandate was strengthened at the 1998 Ministerial Council in Oslo. The Contact Point is currently headed by Dan Pavel Doghi of Romania.
One of the Contact Point's main tasks is to assist the participating States of the OSCE to implement the OSCE Action Plan on Improving the Situation of Roma and Sinti adopted with consensus in 2003.

title: Młodziejowski Palace hierarchical section title: Młodziejowski Palace caption reference description: Młodziejowski Palace in Warsaw, the seat of ODIHR caption attribution description: Polski: Pałac Młodziejowskiego przy ul. Miodowej 10 w Warszawie English: Młodziejowski Palace at 10 Miodowa Street in Warsaw content: Młodziejowski Palace, also the Morsztyn Palace, is a palace located in Warsaw at 10 Miodowa Street, with annexes at 7 Podwale Street. The palace was erected in the Baroque style at the end of the 17th century. It is adjacent to the Branicki and Szaniawski palaces.
The palace erected at the end of the 17th century originally belonged to the Mazovian Voivode Stanislaw Morsztyn, later to the Sandomierz Voivode Stefan Bidzinski. It was built in the shape of letter E. From 14 July to 4 September 1707 it was visited by Tsar Peter I. In 1766 it was owned by the Bishop of Przemyśl, Andrzej Młodziejowski, for whom the palace was extended by Jakub Fontana before 1771. In the course of this extension, side aisles were created in the form of side wings connected by an arcade gallery supporting the terrace.
In 1782 the Old Warsaw City Council put the palace up for sale because of the debt. In 1784, the Russian Metropolis was already inscribed as the owner. In the 1890s, the palace housed the Russian ambassador Osip Igelström who during the Kosciuszko Uprising was the target of attacks led by Jan Kiliński, and was destroyed.

title: Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights hierarchical section title: Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights caption reference description: Młodziejowski Palace in Warsaw, the seat of ODIHR caption attribution description: Polski: Pałac Młodziejowskiego przy ul. Miodowej 10 w Warszawie English: Młodziejowski Palace at 10 Miodowa Street in Warsaw content: The Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights is the principal institution of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe dealing with the "human dimension" of security. The Office, originally named Office for Free Elections, was created in 1990 by the Charter of Paris and established in 1991. The name of the office was changed in 1992 to reflect the broadened mandate it received at the 1992 Helsinki Summit.
Based in Warsaw, ODIHR is active throughout the 57 participating States of the OSCE. It assists governments in meeting their commitments as participating States of the OSCE in the areas of elections, human rights, democracy, rule of law, and tolerance and non-discrimination. The Office also hosts the organization's Contact Point for Roma and Sinti Issues.
ODIHR is best known for its role in observing elections. It has observed more than elections across the OSCE region and has deployed some 75,000 observers.
The Office organizes the annual OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting in Warsaw, Europe's largest human rights conference.
ODIHR's Director is Ingibjörg Sólrún Gísladóttir. The office has a staff of some 180.


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title: Joe English (painter) hierarchical section title: Joe English (painter) caption reference description: Joe English caption attribution description: Nederlands: De Belgische schilder en tekenaar Joe English (Brugge 1882 - Vinkem 1918). Portret door een onbekend fotograaf, verschenen in het gedenkboekje Uit het werk van Joe English (Uitgeverij De Vlaamsche Boekenhalle, Leuven-Gent-Leiden 1920). English: Belgian painter and draughtsman Joe English (Bruges 1882 - Vinkem 1918) by an unknown photographer Français : Portrait du peintre et dessinateur belge Joe English (Bruges 1882 - Vinkem 1918) par un photographe inconnu content: Joseph Alphonse Marie "Joe" English was a Flemish draughtsman and painter.


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title: Channel Dash section title: Morning hierarchical section title: Channel Dash / Battle / 12 February / Morning caption reference description: Satellite image of the English Channel, 2002 content: The Channel Dash or Unternehmen Zerberus was a German naval operation during the Second World War. A Kriegsmarine squadron comprising the two Scharnhorst-class battleships, the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen and their escorts ran a British blockade from Brest in Brittany to German ports. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau had arrived in Brest on 22 March 1941 after the success of Operation Berlin in the Atlantic. More raids were planned and the ships were refitted at Brest. The ships were threat to Allied trans-Atlantic convoys and RAF Bomber Command attacked them from 30 March 1941. Gneisenau was hit on 6 April 1941 and Scharnhorst on 24 July 1941, after dispersal to La Pallice. In late 1941, Adolf Hitler ordered the Oberkommando der Marine to plan an operation to return the ships to German bases against a British invasion of Norway. The short route up the English Channel was preferred to a detour around the British Isles for surprise and air cover by the Luftwaffe and on 12 January 1942, Hitler gave orders for the operation.


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title: Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey hierarchical section title: Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey caption reference description: Census Bureau map of Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey caption attribution description: English: Census Bureau map of Lawrence Township content: Lawrence Township is a township in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. The township is part of the New York Metropolitan area as defined by the United States Census Bureau, but directly borders the Philadelphia metropolitan area and is part of the Federal Communications Commission's Philadelphia Designated Market Area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 33,472, reflecting an increase of 4,313 from the 29,159 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 3,372 from the 25,787 counted in the 1990 Census.


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title: 2014 Oregon Ballot Measure 86 hierarchical section title: 2014 Oregon Ballot Measure 86 caption reference description: Results by county   Yes   No content: Oregon Ballot Measure 86 was a ballot measure in the U.S. state of Oregon to determine whether or not to enact a "constitutional amendment allowing the state to create a fund, using bonds or other debt, to aid students in post-secondary education". Measure 86 failed.


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title: Hopkins County, Texas hierarchical section title: Hopkins County, Texas caption reference description: Location within the U.S. state of Texas content: Hopkins County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 35,161. Its county seat is Sulphur Springs. Hopkins County is named for the family of David Hopkins, an early settler in the area. Hopkins County comprises the Sulphur Springs, TX Micropolitan Statistical Area. Hopkins County was once known as the Dairy Capital of Texas. Although Dairy Farms declined in the area in the late 1990s there are still a number of dairy farms located there today. The Southwest Dairy Museum is located in Sulphur Springs.

title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Hopkins County, Texas hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Hopkins County, Texas caption reference description: Location of Hopkins County in Texas content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Hopkins County, Texas.
This is intended to be a complete list of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Hopkins County, Texas. There is one property listed on the National Register in the county. This property is also a State Antiquities Landmark and a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted August 23, 2019.


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title: Statue of Erasmus section title: Later developments hierarchical section title: Statue of Erasmus / History / Later developments caption reference description: The statue in the 17th Century caption attribution description: Français : Lithographie représentant la statue du philosophe Desiderius Erasmus, à Rotterdam, au XVIIe siècle. content: The Statue of Erasmus is a public monument by Hendrick de Keyser in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.


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title: Eugène Tisserant hierarchical section title: Eugène Tisserant caption reference description: Cardinal Tisserant in 1958 caption attribution description: English: picture of Eugène Tisserant Español: imagen de Eugène Tisserant content: Eugène-Gabriel-Gervais-Laurent Tisserant was a French prelate and Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. Elevated to the cardinalate in 1936, Tisserant was a prominent and long-time member of the Roman Curia.

title: Cardinals created by Pius XI section title: 15 June 1936 hierarchical section title: Cardinals created by Pius XI / 15 June 1936 caption reference description: Eugène Tisserant (1884–1972), made a cardinal on 15 June 1936. caption attribution description: English: picture of Eugène Tisserant Español: imagen de Eugène Tisserant content: In sixteen years, Pope Pius XI created 76 cardinals in 17 consistories. Though he created 18 cardinals at a consistory in 1935, he typically created very few cardinals at one time, holding small, frequent consistories, some of them less than six months apart. He held a consistory in 1929 to create just one cardinal, and created just two on eight occasions.
Of his appointments to the College of Cardinals, 43 were Italians. He appeared to strive to maintain an equilibrium between Italians and non-Italians and two of his consistories produced an equal division between the two groups, in March 1924 and December 1927. Non-Italians formed a majority of the College for several months in 1925 and again from 1928 to 1933. This balance reflected concerns about the independence of the Holy See and Italy during Benedict's papacy, and their new relationship established with the Lateran Treaty in 1929.
At its largest during his papacy, in December 1935, the College had 68 members, two short of the maximum size of 70 set by Pope Sixtus V in 1586. In 1927 he accepted a cardinal's resignation, the only one to occur in the 20th century.


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title: A. H. Lightstone hierarchical section title: A. H. Lightstone caption reference description: A.H. Lightstone at chess content: Albert Harold Lightstone was a Canadian mathematician. He was one of the pioneers of non-standard analysis, a doctoral student of Abraham Robinson, and later a co-author with Robinson of the book Nonarchimedean Fields and Asymptotic Expansions.


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title: List of aircraft engines section title: Anzani hierarchical section title: List of aircraft engines / A / Anzani caption reference description: Anzani 6 caption attribution description: English: An Anzani 45 HP Aero Engine at the South African National Museum of Military History content: This is an alphabetical list of aircraft engines by manufacturer.

title: Anzani 6-cylinder hierarchical section title: Anzani 6-cylinder caption attribution description: English: An Anzani 45 HP Aero Engine at the South African National Museum of Military History content: Alessandro Anzani developed the first two-row radial from his earlier 3- cylinder Y engine by merging two onto the same crankshaft with a common crankweb.


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title: Everest (short story) hierarchical section title: Everest (short story) caption reference description: "Everest" was published in the December 1953 issue of Universe Science Fiction. caption attribution description: English: Cover of Universe Science Fiction, December 1953 content: "Everest" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was first published in the December 1953 issue of Universe Science Fiction and reprinted in the 1975 collection Buy Jupiter and Other Stories. Asimov wrote the story in one sitting while visiting the Chicago, Illinois editorial offices of Universe on 7 April 1953.
In the summary of Buy Jupiter and Other Stories, Asimov claims he frequently used this story to show how poor he was at predicting the future: Everest was successfully climbed in May 1953, and the story did not appear in print until December of that year, meaning Asimov predicted Everest would never be conquered seven months after it was.

title: Mel Hunter section title: Science Fiction Illustration hierarchical section title: Mel Hunter / Biography / Science Fiction Illustration caption reference description: "Sunbathing in Space", 1953 caption attribution description: English: Cover of Universe Science Fiction, December 1953 content: Milford "Mel" Joseph Hunter was a 20th-century American illustrator. He enjoyed a successful career as a science fiction illustrator, producing illustrations for famous science fiction authors such as Isaac Asimov and Robert A. Heinlein, as well as a technical and scientific illustrator for clients such as The Pentagon, Hayden Planetarium, and the Massachusetts Audubon Society.


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title: List of Indian IT companies hierarchical section title: List of Indian IT companies caption reference description: Infosys Media Centre in Electronic City, Bangalore. caption attribution description: The Infy hallmark architecture. Its the multimedia studio in Infosys Bangalore content: This is a list of notable companies in the information technology sector based in India. Top 10 companies are listed in descending order of their market capitalization, and other companies are listed alphabetically, grouped by the cities in which they are headquartered. Certain companies have main offices in more than one city, in which case they are listed under each, but minor offices and resources are not listed. Foreign companies are only listed if they have one of their main offices in India.

title: Science and technology in India section title: 1987–present hierarchical section title: Science and technology in India / History / 1987–present caption reference description: Infosys Media Centre in Bangalore caption attribution description: The Infy hallmark architecture. Its the multimedia studio in Infosys Bangalore content: After independence, Jawaharlal Nehru initiated reforms to promote higher education and science and technology in India. The Indian Institute of Technology —conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs in order to promote technical education—was inaugurated on 18 August 1951 at Kharagpur in West Bengal by the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. More IITs were soon opened in Bombay, Madras, Kanpur and Delhi as well in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Beginning in the 1960s, close ties with the Soviet Union enabled the Indian Space Research Organisation to rapidly develop the Indian space program and advance nuclear power in India even after the first nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran.
India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on research and development in Asia and the number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the five years to 2007. However, according to former Indian science and technology minister Kapil Sibal, India is lagging in science and technology compared to developed countries. India has only 140 researchers per 1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States.

title: Bangalore hierarchical section title: Bangalore caption attribution description: The Infy hallmark architecture. Its the multimedia studio in Infosys Bangalore content: Bangalore, officially known as Bengaluru, is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than 8 million and a metropolitan population of around 11 million, making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India. Located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau, at a height of over 900 m above sea level, Bangalore is known for its pleasant climate throughout the year. Its elevation is the highest among the major cities of India.
The city's history dates back to around 890 AD, in a stone inscription found at the Nageshwara Temple in Begur, Bangalore. The Begur inscription is written in Halegannada, mentions 'Bengaluru Kalaga'. It was a significant turning point in the history of Bangalore as it bears the earliest reference to the name 'Bengaluru'. In 1537 CE, Kempé Gowdā – a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire – established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bengaluru and its oldest areas, or petes, which exist to the present day.

title: Economy of India section title: Information technology hierarchical section title: Economy of India / Services / Information technology caption reference description: Infosys Media Centre in Bangalore, India. Infosys is one of the largest Indian IT companies. caption attribution description: The Infy hallmark architecture. Its the multimedia studio in Infosys Bangalore content: The economy of India is characterised as a developing market economy. It is the world's fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the third-largest by purchasing power parity. According to the IMF, on a per capita income basis, India ranked 139th by GDP and 118th by GDP in 2018. From independence in 1947 until 1991, successive governments promoted protectionist economic policies with extensive state intervention and regulation; the end of the Cold War and an acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 led to the adoption of a broad program of economic liberalisation. Since the start of the 21st century, annual average GDP growth has been 6% to 7%, and from 2014 to 2018, India was the world's fastest growing major economy, surpassing China. Historically, India was the largest economy in the world for most of the two millennia from the 1st until 19th century.
The long-term growth perspective of the Indian economy remains positive due to its young population and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy savings and investment rates, and is increasing integration into the global economy.

title: Economy of Bangalore hierarchical section title: Economy of Bangalore caption reference description: The headquarters of Infosys, India's second largest IT company, is located in Bangalore caption attribution description: The Infy hallmark architecture. Its the multimedia studio in Infosys Bangalore content: The Economy of Bengaluru is an important part of the economy of India as a whole and contributes over 87% to the Economy of the State of Karnataka, accounting for 98% of the Software Exports of the State.
The establishment and success of high technology firms in Bangalore has led to the growth of Information Technology in India. As of 2017, IT firms in Bengaluru employ about 1.5 million employees in the IT and IT-enabled services sectors, out of nearly 4.36 million employees across India and account for the highest IT-related exports in the country. In 2014, Bangalore contributed US$ 45 billion, or 38 per cent of India’s total IT exports.
Estimated Metro GDP of the city is around US$210 billion, and it has been ranked as third most productive metro area of India.
One of the important factors spurring Bangalore's growth was heavy state government investment in Bangalore's public sector industries, mainly because it is geographically out-of-reach from India's rivals Pakistan and China.

title: Information technology in India hierarchical section title: Information technology in India caption reference description: Infosys Media Centre in Bangalore, India. Infosys is one of the largest Indian IT companies. caption attribution description: The Infy hallmark architecture. Its the multimedia studio in Infosys Bangalore content: Information Technology in India is an industry consisting of two major components: IT services and business process outsourcing. The sector has increased its contribution to India's GDP from 1.2% in 1998 to 7.7% in 2017. According to NASSCOM, the sector aggregated revenues of US$180 billion in 2019, with export revenue standing at US$99 billion and domestic revenue at US$48 billion, growing by over 13%. As of 2020, India's IT workforce accounts for 4.36 million employees. The United States accounts for two-thirds of India's IT services exports.


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title: Clover Forest section title: B. Pembertons of Goochland hierarchical section title: Clover Forest / Captain Thomas Pemberton: (1792-1828) / B. Pembertons of Goochland caption reference description: Batteaux at Cartersville landing opposite Pemberton with the third and fourth Cartersville Bridge in the background. caption attribution description: English: Batteaux at Cartersville landing opposite Pemberton with the third and fourth Cartersville Bridge in the background. (James River Batteau Festival 2012) content: Clover Forest, located in Goochland, Virginia between Richmond and Charlottesville, is an authentically restored Federal home on the upper James River, in the Piedmont. It has a Federal-style mansion, with portions dating to pre-Revolutionary America; terraced landscaped grounds, and a private lake. The property lies in a large bend of the James River.
With the neighboring farmsteads, it is part of what has been called the Golden Horsehoe, from East to West: Blythewood, Orapax, Bolling Hall, Pocahontas, Dungeness 1931, Rock Castle, Deer Lodge, Mannsville, Bolling Island, Snowden, Clover Forest, Howard's Neck, Harrison's Elk Hill, and Jefferson's Elk Hill. Since 2003, Clover Forest has been operated as a bed & breakfast. It is also a venue for special events such as weddings and receptions, and operates a catering business.


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title: Sergio Busquets hierarchical section title: Sergio Busquets caption reference description: Busquets playing for Spain in 2018 caption attribution description: Русский: Хет-трик Роналду приносит Португалии ничью в пиренейском дерби content: Sergio Busquets Burgos is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Barcelona and the Spain national team. Busquets is widely regarded as one of the best defensive midfielders of his generation due to his composure on the ball, vision and passing ability.
A one-club man, he arrived in Barcelona's first team in July 2008, and made over 550 total appearances. He was part of their squads that won a treble of La Liga, Copa del Rey and the UEFA Champions League in 2008–09 and 2014–15.
Busquets made his senior international debut for Spain in April 2009, and won over 100 caps. He helped the country win the 2010 World Cup and the Euro 2012 tournaments, and also featured at two other World Cups and Euro 2016.


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title: Niagara Falls station (New York, 1978–2016) section title: Early stations hierarchical section title: Niagara Falls station (New York, 1978–2016) / History / Early stations caption reference description: General view of station – Erie Railway, Niagara Falls station content: Niagara Falls station is a former Amtrak railroad station in Niagara Falls, New York. Operating from 1978 to 2016, it was replaced by the current Niagara Falls station. During its time, it was the western end of the Empire Corridor and served the Empire Service, Maple Leaf, and Niagara Rainbow lines.
The building was originally a freight warehouse for Lehigh Valley Railroad, built in 1959. The station opened for Amtrak on October 29, 1978, marking the return of the first passenger rail service to Niagara Falls since 1964. After its replacement as a station on December 6, 2016 it now serves as a train servicing and crew facility. It is located at Willard Avenue and 27th Street on the outskirts of town, about three miles from Niagara Falls and the city's downtown.


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title: Tanegashima section title: Geography hierarchical section title: Tanegashima / Geography caption attribution description: 日本語: 中種子町（旭町・伏之前方向） 撮影者:20nana75 撮影日:2006年12月23日 English: Town area of Nakatane (中種子町), Kagoshima, Japan. content: Tanegashima is one of the Ōsumi Islands belonging to Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan. The island, 444.99 km² in area, is the second largest of the Ōsumi Islands, and has a population of 33,000 people. Access to the island is by ferry, or by air to New Tanegashima Airport. Administratively, the island is divided into the city, Nishinoomote, and the two towns, Nakatane and Minamitane. The towns belong to Kumage District.


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title: Rikken Kokumintō hierarchical section title: Rikken Kokumintō caption reference description: Inukai Tsuyoshi, founder of the Rikken Kokumintō caption attribution description: Portrait of Inukai Tsuyoshi (犬養毅, 1855 – 1932) content: The Rikken Kokumintō was a minor political party in the Empire of Japan. It was also known as simply the Kokumintō.
The 国民党Kokumintō was founded in March 1910, by a merger of the Kensei Hontō with a number of minor political parties and groups within the Lower House of the Japanese Diet, and was dominated by Inukai Tsuyoshi. It advocated a constitution, an electoral franchise based on universal adult male suffrage and increased spending for the Imperial Japanese Navy. It took a strong stand against the power and influence of the genrō and Meiji oligarchy. In the 1912 General Election, the new party secured 95 seats, making it the single largest opposition party in the Lower House.
In January 1913, about half of the party defected to join the Rikken Dōshikai founded by Katsura Tarō. In the 1915 General Election, the 国民党Kokumintō managed to retain only 27 seats. It was able to recover to 35 seats in the 1917 General Election, but in the 1920 General Election, dropped back to only 29 seats.
In September 1922, the 国民党Kokumintō disbanded, and many of its former members formed the core of the new Kakushin Club, also led by Inukai Tsuyoshi.


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title: USS Jeremiah Denton hierarchical section title: USS Jeremiah Denton caption reference description: Graphical depiction of USS Jeremiah Denton (DDG-129) caption attribution description: English: 190103-N-N0101-002 WASHINGTON (Jan. 03, 2019) An artist rendering of the future Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Jeremiah Denton (DDG 129). (U.S. Navy photo illustration/Released) content: USS Jeremiah Denton is a planned Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyer of the United States Navy, the 79th overall for the class. She will be named in honor of former U.S. Senator for Alabama, Admiral Jeremiah Denton, a Vietnam War veteran and prisoner of war, who was a recipient of the Navy Cross. Jeremiah Denton will be the fourth ship of the Flight III series.


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title: Categories: On the Beauty of Physics hierarchical section title: Categories: On the Beauty of Physics caption reference description: A selection from the book content: Categories: On the Beauty of Physics is a non-fiction science and art book edited, co-written, and published by American author Hilary Thayer Hamann in 2006. The book was conceived as a multidisciplinary educational tool that uses art and literature to broaden the reader's understanding of challenging material. Alan Lightman, author of Einstein's Dreams, called Categories "A beautiful synthesis of science and art, pleasing to the mind and to the eye," and Dr. Helen Caldicott, founder and president of the Nuclear Policy Research Institute, said, "This wonderful book will provoke thought in lovers of science and art alike, and with knowledge comes the inspiration to preserve the beauty of life on Earth."


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title: Stony Brook, New York section title: Notable people hierarchical section title: Stony Brook, New York / Notable people caption reference description: The Stony Brook School caption attribution description: English: Frank E. Gaebelein Hall at The Stony Brook School content: Stony Brook is a hamlet and census-designated place in the Town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. Begun in the colonial era as an agricultural enclave, the hamlet experienced growth first as a resort town and then to its current state as one of Long Island's major tourist towns and centers of education. Despite being referred to as a village by residents and tourists alike, Stony Brook has never been legally incorporated by the state. The population was 13,740 at the 2010 census.
The CDP is adjacent to the main campus of Stony Brook University, a major research center within the State University of New York, and also The Stony Brook School, a private college preparatory school. It is also home to the Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages and the Stony Brook Village Center, a privately maintained commercial center planned in the style of a traditional New England village.

title: The Stony Brook School section title: Campus facilities hierarchical section title: The Stony Brook School / Campus facilities caption reference description: Frank E. Gaebelein Hall caption attribution description: English: Frank E. Gaebelein Hall at The Stony Brook School content: The Stony Brook School is a 7–12 private, Christian, co-educational, college-preparatory boarding and day school in Stony Brook, New York, United States. It was established in 1922 by John Fleming Carson and fellow members of the Stony Brook Assembly. Its founding headmaster was Frank E. Gaebelein.


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title: Hantos hierarchical section title: Hantos caption attribution description: Coat of arms of Hantos, Hungary caption alt text description: Coat of arms of Hantos content: Hantos is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.


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title: Piero Calamandrei section title: Works hierarchical section title: Piero Calamandrei / Works caption reference description: Chiamata in garantia, 1913 content: Piero Calamandrei was an Italian author, jurist, soldier, university professor and politician. He was one of Italy's leading authorities on the law of civil procedure.
After studies in Pisa and Rome, Calamandrei assumed a professorship at the law school at the University of Messina in 1915. He fought as a volunteer in the 218th infantry regiment in World War I, rising to the rank of captain, and turning down a further promotion to resume teaching. In 1918, he resumed teaching at the University of Modena, then went on to teach at the law school in Siena, and finally, in Florence. His notable works include La cassazione civile and Studi sul processo civile. He also co-founded the journals Rivista di diritto processuale, Il foro toscano and Il Ponte, and participated in the 1942 revision of the Italian code of civil procedure.
Calamandrei was highly critical of Italian fascism; he signed, for instance, Benedetto Croce's 1925 Manifesto of Anti-Fascist Intellectuals and was linked to the Florentine journal Non mollare! published between January and October 1925. After the fall of the fascist regime in 1943, the Allies named him rector of the University of Florence.


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title: Codex Vaticanus hierarchical section title: Codex Vaticanus caption reference description: Page from Codex Vaticanus; ending of 2 Thes and beginning of Heb caption attribution description: English: Page from Codex Vaticanus B (Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; Gregory-Aland no. B or 03); Page containing Bible Texts 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg caption alt text description: Page from Codex Vaticanus; ending of 2 Thes and beginning of Heb content: The Codex Vaticanus is one of the oldest copies of the Bible, one of the four great uncial codices. The Codex is named after its place of conservation in the Vatican Library, where it has been kept since at least the 15th century. It is written on 759 leaves of vellum in uncial letters and has been dated palaeographically to the 4th century.
The manuscript became known to Western scholars as a result of correspondence between Erasmus and the prefects of the Vatican Library. Portions of the codex were collated by several scholars, but numerous errors were made during this process. The codex's relationship to the Latin Vulgate was unclear and scholars were initially unaware of its value. This changed in the 19th century when transcriptions of the full codex were completed. It was at that point that scholars realised the text differed significantly from the Textus Receptus.
Most current scholars consider the Codex Vaticanus to be one of the most important Greek witnesses to the Greek text of the New Testament, followed by the Codex Sinaiticus. Until the discovery by Tischendorf of Sinaiticus, Vaticanus was unrivaled.

title: 2 Thessalonians 3 hierarchical section title: 2 Thessalonians 3 caption reference description: A page of Codex Vaticanus containing Second Epistle to the Thessalonians 3:11–18 and Epistle to the Hebrews 1:1–2:2, from AD 325–350. caption attribution description: English: Page from Codex Vaticanus B (Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; Gregory-Aland no. B or 03); Page containing Bible Texts 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg content: 2 Thessalonians 3 is the third chapter of the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. Traditionally, it is believed to be written for the church in Thessalonica by Apostle Paul, likely in Corinth shortly after the first epistle, although there were debatable charges that it is the work of a secondary imitator after Paul's death. This chapter contains a mutual prayer, warnings against loafers and the conclusion of the epistle.

title: Religious text hierarchical section title: Religious text caption reference description: The Greek Old Testament: A page from Codex Vaticanus caption attribution description: English: Page from Codex Vaticanus B (Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; Gregory-Aland no. B or 03); Page containing Bible Texts 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg content: Religious texts are texts related to a religious tradition. They differ from literary texts by being a compilation or discussion of beliefs, mythologies, ritual practices, commandments or laws, ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and for creating or fostering a religious community. The relative authority of religious texts develops over time and is derived from the ratification, enforcement, and its use across generations. Some religious texts are accepted or categorized as canonical, some non-canonical, and others extracanonical, semi-canonical, deutero-canonical, pre-canonical or post-canonical.
A scripture is a subset of religious texts considered to be "especially authoritative", revered and "holy writ", "sacred, canonical", or of "supreme authority, special status" to a religious community.

title: Development of the Old Testament canon section title: Septuagint hierarchical section title: Development of the Old Testament canon / Septuagint caption reference description: The Septuagint (LXX): A page from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, the basis of Sir Lancelot Brenton's English translation. caption attribution description: English: Page from Codex Vaticanus B (Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; Gregory-Aland no. B or 03); Page containing Bible Texts 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg content: The Old Testament is the first section of the two-part Christian biblical canon; the second section is the New Testament. The Old Testament includes the books of the Hebrew Bible or protocanon, and in various Christian denominations also includes deuterocanonical books. Orthodox Christians, Catholics and Protestants use different canons, which differ with respect to the texts that are included in the Old Testament.
Martin Luther, holding to concurrent Jewish and some ancient precedent, excluded the deuterocanonical books from the Old Testament of his translation of the Bible, placing them in a section he labeled "Apocrypha". The Westminster Confession of Faith, published in 1647, was one of the first Reformed confessions in the English language to exclude the Apocrypha from the canon, leading to the removal of these books in later Protestant Bible publications in the English-speaking world. To counter the growing influence of the Reformers, the fourth session of the Catholic Council of Trent in 1546 confirmed that the deuterocanonical books were equally authoritative as the protocanonical in the Canon of Trent, in the year Luther died.

title: Hebrews 1 section title: Textual witnesses hierarchical section title: Hebrews 1 / Text / Textual witnesses caption reference description: Pages containing 2 Thessalonians 3:11-18 and Hebrews 1:1-2:2 in Codex Vaticanus (AD. 325-350). caption attribution description: English: Page from Codex Vaticanus B (Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; Gregory-Aland no. B or 03); Page containing Bible Texts 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg content: Hebrews 1 is the first chapter of the Epistle to the Hebrews in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author is anonymous, although the internal reference to "our brother Timothy" causes a traditional attribution to Paul, but this attribution has been disputed since the second century and there is no decisive evidence for the authorship. This chapter contains the introduction about God's final revelation through his son and how the son is superior to angels.

title: Palaeography section title: Uncial hand hierarchical section title: Palaeography / Greek palaeography / Vellum and paper manuscripts / Uncial hand caption attribution description: English: Page from Codex Vaticanus B (Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; Gregory-Aland no. B or 03); Page containing Bible Texts 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg content: Palaeography or paleography is the study of ancient and historical handwriting. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of scriptoria.
The discipline is one of the auxiliary sciences of history. It is important for understanding, authenticating, and dating ancient texts. However, it generally cannot be used to pinpoint dates with high precision.

title: Hebrews 2 section title: Textual witnesses hierarchical section title: Hebrews 2 / Text / Textual witnesses caption reference description: Pages containing 2 Thessalonians 3:11-18 and Hebrews 1:1-2:2 in Codex Vaticanus (AD. 325-350). caption attribution description: English: Page from Codex Vaticanus B (Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; Gregory-Aland no. B or 03); Page containing Bible Texts 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg content: Hebrews 2 is the second chapter of the Epistle to the Hebrews in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The author is anonymous, although the internal reference to "our brother Timothy" causes a traditional attribution to Paul, but this attribution has been disputed since the second century and there is no decisive evidence for the authorship. This chapter contains the implications for responding to God's Son, the Son's subjection and glorification, to the believers' benefits.

title: Textual criticism section title: Copy-text editing hierarchical section title: Textual criticism / Copy-text editing caption reference description: A page from Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 shows a medieval scribe (the marginal note between columns one and two) criticizing a predecessor for changing the text: "Fool and knave, leave the old reading, don't change it!"[42] caption attribution description: English: Page from Codex Vaticanus B (Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209; Gregory-Aland no. B or 03); Page containing Bible Texts 2Thess. 3,11-18, Hebr. 1,1-2,2.jpg content: Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts or of printed books. Such texts may range in dates from the earliest writing in cuneiform, impressed on clay, for example, to multiple unpublished versions of a 21st-century author's work. Historically, scribes who were paid to copy documents may have been literate, but many were simply copyists, mimicking the shapes of letters without necessarily understanding what they meant. This means that unintentional alterations were common when copying manuscripts by hand. Intentional alterations may have been made as well, for example the censoring of printed work for political, religious or cultural reasons.
The objective of the textual critic's work is to provide a better understanding of the creation and historical transmission of the text and its variants. This understanding may lead to the production of a "critical edition" containing a scholarly curated text.


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title: Statue of Liberty section title: Construction in France hierarchical section title: Statue of Liberty / Design and construction process / Construction in France caption reference description: The statue's head on exhibit at the Paris World's Fair, 1878 caption attribution description: Digital ID: 1161045. [Head of the Statue of Liberty on display in a park in Paris.]. Fernique, Albert -- Photographer. 1883 Source: Album de la construction de la Statue de la Liberte. (more info) Repository: The New York Public Library. Photography Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. See more information about this image and others at NYPL Digital Gallery. Persistent URL: digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?1161045 Rights Info: No known copyright restrictions; may be subject to third party rights (for more information, click here) content: The Statue of Liberty is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor within New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal framework was built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.
The statue is a figure of Libertas, a robed Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed JULY IV MDCCLXXVI, the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken shackle and chain lie at her feet as she walks forward, commemorating the recent national abolition of slavery. After its dedication, the statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, seen as a symbol of welcome to immigrants arriving by sea.
Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples.


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title: National Humanities Medal hierarchical section title: National Humanities Medal caption reference description: Stephen H. Balch receives the National Humanities Medal from President George W. Bush caption attribution description: English: Stephen Balch receiving National Humanities Medal content: The National Humanities Medal is an American award that annually recognizes several individuals, groups, or institutions for work that has "deepened the nation's understanding of the humanities, broadened our citizens' engagement with the humanities, or helped preserve and expand Americans' access to important resources in the humanities."
The annual Charles Frankel Prize in the Humanities was established in 1988 and succeeded by the National Humanities Medal in 1997. The token is a bronze medal designed by a 1995 Frankel Prize winner, David Macaulay.
Medals are conferred once annually, usually by the U.S. President, to as many as twelve living candidates and existing organizations nominated early in the calendar year. The President selects the winners in consultation with the National Endowment for the Humanities.
NEH asks that nominators consult the list of previous winners and consider the National Medal of Arts to recognize contributions in "the creative or performing arts".

title: Stephen Balch hierarchical section title: Stephen Balch caption reference description: Balch receiving National Humanities Medal from President George W. Bush caption attribution description: English: Stephen Balch receiving National Humanities Medal content: Stephen H. Balch is an American conservative scholar and higher education reformer. He was the founding president of the National Association of Scholars from 1987 to 2009.


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title: Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance (Serbia) section title: Cultural monuments of Great Importance hierarchical section title: Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance (Serbia) / List of Cultural Heritage of Great Importance / Cultural monuments of Great Importance caption attribution description: This is a photo of Cultural Heritage site of Serbia number СК 1280 content: Immovable Cultural Heritage of Great Importance are those objects of Immovable cultural heritage that enjoy the second-highest level of state protection in the Republic of Serbia, behind the Immovable Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance. Immovable Cultural Heritage is classified as being of Great Importance upon decision by the National Assembly of Serbia. They are inscribed in the Central Register of Immovable cultural property maintained by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Serbia. Objects of Immovable cultural heritage have to fulfill one or more of those criteria defined in the Law on Cultural Heritage of 1994 in order to be categorized as being "of great importance":
importance for a certain area or time-span;
evidence of social or natural development, or the socio-economic and cultural-historic development conditions during a certain time-span;
evidence about important historic events or persons from the national history.
According to the Law, there are four classes of Immovable Cultural Heritage: Cultural Monuments, Archaeological Sites, Historic Landmarks and Spatial Cultural-Historical Units.


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title: Eltham hierarchical section title: Eltham caption reference description: Map 1. The three current Eltham electoral wards (green), in the Eltham constituency (yellow) within the Royal Borough of Greenwich (light grey) caption attribution description: English: The three Eltham wards (green), in the Eltham constituency (yellow) within the London Borough of Greenwich (light grey). Eltham wards. Svenska: Överiktskarta över Eltham inom London Borough of Greenwich. content: Eltham is a district of southeast London, England, within the Royal Borough of Greenwich. It is 8.7 miles east-southeast of Charing Cross, and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. It is within the historic county of Kent. The three wards of Eltham North, South and West have a total population of 35,459.


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title: Space Station Processing Facility section title: Events hierarchical section title: Space Station Processing Facility / Events caption reference description: Main ballroom of the SSPF, typically used for NASA lectures and sometimes special dinner events caption attribution description: English: The main ballroom and conference area of the KSC Space Station Processing Facility. Typically, lectures on NASA and sponsored programs are held here, and on rare occasions a prom event or dinner service. content: The Space Station Processing Facility is a three-story, 42,500 m² industrial building
located in the Kennedy Space Center industrial area, just east of the Operations and Checkout Building.
It was constructed in 1992 for the manufacture and processing of International Space Station modules, flight hardware, equipment, structural components and solar arrays.
The SSPF includes two processing bays, an airlock, operational control rooms, laboratories, logistics areas, office space, a ballroom and conference halls, and a cafeteria.
The processing areas, airlock, and laboratories were designed to support non-hazardous Station and Space Shuttle payloads in 100,000 class clean work areas.


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title: Minsk Tractor Works section title: History hierarchical section title: Minsk Tractor Works / History caption reference description: MTZ-80 (since 1974) caption attribution description: English: MTZ-80 tractor. Ukraine, Vinnitsa. Русский: Трактор МТЗ-80. Украина, Винница. content: Minsk Tractor Works may refer to two entities: a plant in Minsk, Belarus and a plant association in Belarus.
Minsk Tractor Works is a major industrial enterprise in Minsk, Belarus. It is a part of the association "Производственное объединение 'Минский тракторный завод'", or Proizvodotvennoe Obiedinenie Minskiy Traktorniy Zavod, or Industrial Association "Minsk Tractor Works". In addition to the main plant in Minsk, the association includes a number of plants that produce parts and attachable tools for tractors and other vehicles produced by MTZ.


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title: Greece in the 5th century BC section title: The Delian League and Athenian dominance hierarchical section title: Greece in the 5th century BC / The Delian League and Athenian dominance caption reference description: The western side of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. caption attribution description: English: Parthenon, the former temple on the Acropolis of Athens, Greece. content: The period of the 5th century BC in classical Greece is generally considered as beginning in 500 and ending in 404, though this is debated. This century is essentially studied from the Athenian viewpoint, since Athens has left more narratives, plays and other written works than the other Greek states. If one looks at Athens, our principal source, one might consider that this century begins in 510, with the fall of the Athenian tyrant and Cleisthenes's reforms. If one looks at the whole Greek world, however, we might place its beginning at the Ionian revolt in 500, that provoked the Persian invasion of 492. The Persians were finally defeated in 490. A second Persian attempt failed in 481-479. The Delian League then formed, under Athenian hegemony and as Athens' instrument. Athens' excesses caused several revolts among the allied cities, which were all put down by force, but Athenian dynamism finally awoke Sparta and brought about the Peloponnesian War in 431. After both sides were exhausted, a brief peace occurred, and then the war resumed to Sparta's advantage. Athens was definitively defeated in 404, and some internal Athenian agitations ended the 5th century in Greece.

title: New7Wonders of the World section title: Other finalists hierarchical section title: New7Wonders of the World / Other finalists caption attribution description: English: Parthenon, the former temple on the Acropolis of Athens, Greece. content: New7Wonders of the World was a campaign started in 2000 to choose Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments. The popularity poll via free Web-based voting and small amounts of telephone voting was led by Canadian-Swiss Bernard Weber and organized by the New7Wonders Foundation based in Zurich, Switzerland, with winners announced on 7 July 2007 in Lisbon, at Estádio da Luz. The poll was considered unscientific partly because it was possible for people to cast multiple votes. According to John Zogby, founder and current President/CEO of the Utica, New York-based polling organization Zogby International, New7Wonders Foundation drove "the largest poll on record".
The program drew a wide range of official reactions. Some countries touted their finalist and tried to get more votes cast for it, while others downplayed or criticized the contest.

title: Cradle of civilization section title: Cradle of Western civilization hierarchical section title: Cradle of civilization / Cradle of Western civilization caption attribution description: English: Parthenon, the former temple on the Acropolis of Athens, Greece. content: A cradle of civilization is a location where civilization is understood to have emerged. Current thinking is that there was no single "cradle", but several civilizations that developed independently, with the Fertile Crescent, Ancient India, and Ancient China understood to be the earliest. The extent to which there was significant influence between the early civilizations of the Near East and those of East Asia is disputed. Scholars accept that the civilizations of Mesoamerica, mainly in modern Mexico, and Norte Chico, in the north-central coastal region of Peru, emerged independently from those in Eurasia.
Scholars have defined civilization using various criteria such as the use of writing, cities, a class-based society, agriculture, animal husbandry, public buildings, metallurgy, and monumental architecture. The term cradle of civilization has frequently been applied to a variety of cultures and areas, in particular the Ancient Near Eastern Chalcolithic and Fertile Crescent, Ancient India and Ancient China.


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title: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson section title: 1967 and the Tet Offensive hierarchical section title: Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson / Foreign affairs / Vietnam / 1967 and the Tet Offensive caption reference description: Johnson meets with a group of foreign policy advisors, collectively called "the Wise Men," discuss the Vietnam War effort. content: The presidency of Lyndon Baines Johnson began on November 22, 1963, when Johnson became the 36th President of the United States upon the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and ended on January 20, 1969. He had been Vice President of the United States for 1,036 days when he succeeded to the presidency. A Democrat from Texas, he ran for and won a full four-year term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater. Johnson did not run for a second full term in the 1968 presidential election, he was succeeded by Republican Richard Nixon. His presidency marked the high tide of modern liberalism in the United States.
Johnson expanded upon the New Deal with the Great Society, a series of domestic legislative programs to help the poor and downtrodden. After taking office, he won passage of a major tax cut, the Clean Air Act, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. After the 1964 election, Johnson passed even more sweeping reforms. The Social Security Amendments of 1965 created two government-run healthcare programs, Medicare and Medicaid.

title: Foreign policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration section title: 1967 and the Tet Offensive hierarchical section title: Foreign policy of the Lyndon B. Johnson administration / Vietnam / 1967 and the Tet Offensive caption reference description: Johnson meets with a group of foreign policy advisors, collectively called "the Wise Men," discuss the Vietnam War effort. content: The foreign policy of the Lyndon Johnson administration was the foreign policy of the United States from 1963 to 1969, when Lyndon B. Johnson served as President of the United States. Johnson held office during the Cold War, a period of sustained geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union.
In foreign affairs, Johnson's presidency was dominated by the Vietnam War. The U.S. had stationed military personnel in South Vietnam since the 1950s, but Johnson presided over a major escalation of the U.S. role in the Vietnam War. After the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident, he obtained congressional approval to use military force to repel future attacks by North Vietnam. The number of U.S. soldiers increased from 16,700 soldiers when Johnson took office to over 500,000 in 1968, but North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces continued fighting despite losses. Domestic resistance to the war grew throughout Johnson's presidency, and especially after the 1968 Tet Offensive. Johnson was unsuccessful in his efforts to reach a peace agreement during his final days in office, and the war continued during the presidency of Richard Nixon.


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title: Mezarkabul hierarchical section title: Mezarkabul caption reference description: Pentagram's performance on stage before Metallica Istanbul concert in 2008. caption attribution description: Türkçe: Pentagram grubunun 2008'deki Metallica İstanbul konseri öncesinde sahnedeki performansı. caption alt text description: Pentagram's performance on stage before Metallica Istanbul concert in 2008. content: Mezarkabul is a Turkish metal band formed by Hakan Utangaç and Cenk Ünnü. Mezarkabul is known for integrating Anatolian elements into their music. Mezarkabul means 'accepting the grave', 'accepted by the grave' or literally 'grave accept' in Turkish.


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title: CAR-15 hierarchical section title: CAR-15 caption reference description: U.S. Navy SEAL with Colt Commando. Note: large flash hider caption attribution description: English: Boatswain's Mate 1st Class Mark Blasen, foreground, and Photographer's Mate 2nd Class Peter Rogers, both members of Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) Team 4, participate in a training exercise. Blasen is armed with a 5.56 mm Colt Commando assault rifle/submarine gun. All Hands - April 1985. (cropped) content: The Colt Automatic Rifle-15 or CAR-15 was a family of M16 rifle based firearms marketed by Colt in the 1960s and early 1970s. However, the term "CAR-15" is most commonly associated with the Colt Commando; these select-fire carbines have ultrashort 10.5-inch and 11.5-inch barrels with over-sized flash suppressors.
The CAR-15 name was an attempt to re-associate the AR-15 name with Colt, since the AR initially stood for ArmaLite Rifle, the original manufacturer of the ArmaLite AR-15. Colt later abandoned the CAR-15 concept, but continued to make carbine variations, using the "M16" brand for select-fire models and the "Colt AR-15" brand for semi-automatic models. However, in present usage, "CAR-15" is the generic name for all carbine-length variants made before the M4 carbine.


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title: Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology section title: Administration hierarchical section title: Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology / Administration caption reference description: Organisational structure of SLIET caption attribution description: English: SLIET University Organisational structure content: Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology is a deemed university under Section 3 of the UGC Act 1956 for higher education and research in India. It was established by the government of India in 1989. The campus is situated on 451 acres in the Longowal, Sangrur district, Punjab, India. SLIET is fully funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, and is an autonomous body controlled by the SLIET Society. Educational opportunities include technical and practical training in the fields of engineering and technology. The students and alumni of SLIET are informally referred to as SLIETians.


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title: Trousers as women's clothing section title: 1960s and 1970s hierarchical section title: Trousers as women's clothing / Changing norms / 20th century / United States and Europe / 1960s and 1970s caption reference description: Yves Saint Laurent, Le Smoking, 1966 caption attribution description: English: Yves St. Laurent vintage designs "le smoking" suit at deYoung Museum in San Francisco. caption alt text description: Yves Saint Laurent, Le Smoking, 1966 content: Trousers or pants first appear in recorded history among nomadic steppe-people in Western Europe. Archaeological evidence suggests that men and women alike wore pants in that cultural context. However, for much of modern history, the use of trousers has been restricted to men. In many regions, this norm was enforced not only by social custom but also by law. There are, however, many historical cases of women wearing trousers in defiance of these norms, for a variety of reasons, including comfort, freedom of movement, fashion, disguise, attempts to evade the gender pay gap, and attempts to establish an empowered public identity for women. Especially in the 20th and 21st centuries, the customs and laws restricting this manner of dress have relaxed dramatically, reflecting a growing acceptance and normalization of the practice.
Various US cities, in the 19th and 20th centuries, passed legislation barring women from wearing trousers.

title: Androgyny section title: Androgyny in fashion hierarchical section title: Androgyny / Gender expression / Androgyny in fashion caption reference description: Yves Saint Laurent, the tuxedo suit "Le Smoking", created in 1966 caption attribution description: English: Yves St. Laurent vintage designs "le smoking" suit at deYoung Museum in San Francisco. content: Androgyny is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics into an ambiguous form. Androgyny may be expressed with regard to biological sex, gender identity, gender expression, or sexual identity.
When androgyny refers to mixed biological sex characteristics in humans, it often refers to intersex people. As a gender identity, androgynous individuals may refer to themselves as non-binary, genderqueer, or gender neutral. As a form of gender expression, androgyny can be achieved through personal grooming, fashion, or a certain amount of THT treatment. Androgynous gender expression has waxed and waned in popularity in different cultures and throughout history.

title: Le Smoking hierarchical section title: Le Smoking caption reference description: Examples of Le Smoking in a De Young Museum exhibit. caption attribution description: English: Yves St. Laurent vintage designs "le smoking" suit at deYoung Museum in San Francisco. content: Created in 1966 by famous couturier Yves Saint Laurent, the Le Smoking tuxedo suit for women was the first of its kind to earn attention in the fashion world and in popular culture. The tuxedo suit was designed for women. The collection created huge negative responses at first. The designer took bits and pieces from both men’s suit and women’s clothing and combined it with new ideas. As the tuxedo was designed for females, they were different from the normal male tuxedo. The collar was more feminine as the shape and curve were more subtle. The waistline of the blouse was narrowed to show the body shape and pants were adjusted to help elongate the leg.
It pioneered long, minimalist, androgynous styles for women, as well as the use of power suits and the pantsuit in modern-day society. Fashion photography echoes the influence of this suit in shoots that feature androgynous models with slicked-back hair in a mannish three-piece suit, a style that was first popularised in photographs by Helmut Newton. Saint Laurent was seen by many as having empowered women by giving them the option to wear clothes that were normally worn by men with influence and power.

title: Androgyny in fashion section title: Early 1900s hierarchical section title: Androgyny in fashion / Early 1900s caption reference description: Yves Saint Laurent, the tuxedo suit "Le Smoking", created in 1966 caption attribution description: English: Yves St. Laurent vintage designs "le smoking" suit at deYoung Museum in San Francisco. content: Throughout most of twentieth century Western history, social rules have restricted people's dress according to gender. Trousers were traditionally a male form of dress, frowned upon for women. However, during the 1800s, female spies were introduced and Vivandières wore a certain uniform with a dress over trousers. Women activists during that time would also decide to wear trousers, for example Luisa Capetillo, a women's rights activist and the first woman in Puerto Rico to wear trousers in public.

title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer) section title: Conscription, illness and independence hierarchical section title: Yves Saint Laurent (designer) / Personal life and career / Conscription, illness and independence caption reference description: Examples of Saint Laurent's trend-setting Le Smoking evening trouser-suit for women. caption attribution description: English: Yves St. Laurent vintage designs "le smoking" suit at deYoung Museum in San Francisco. content: Yves Henri Donat Mathieu-Saint-Laurent, professionally known as Yves Saint-Laurent, was a French fashion designer who, in 1961, founded his eponymous fashion label. He is regarded as being among the foremost fashion designers in the twentieth century. In 1985, Caroline Rennolds Milbank wrote, "The most consistently celebrated and influential designer of the past twenty-five years, Yves Saint Laurent can be credited with both spurring the couture's rise from its 1960s ashes and with finally rendering ready-to-wear reputable." He was able to adapt his style to accommodate the changes in fashion during that period. He approached fashion in a different perspective by wanting women to look comfortable yet elegant at the same time. He is also credited with having introduced the tuxedo suit for women and was known for his use of non-European cultural references, and non-white models.


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title: Hubbard House (Illinois) section title: Significance hierarchical section title: Hubbard House (Illinois) / Significance caption reference description: Silas Hubbard house.  Birthplace of Elbert Hubbard. content: The Hubbard House is one of Hudson, Illinois', United States Registered Historic Places, the other one, located along the same street, is the Gildersleeve House. The Hubbard House is significant as the boyhood home of American writer and philosopher Elbert Hubbard. Hubbard lived in Hudson and attended school there, he stayed in the village until he was 16. The original wing of the house was built in 1857 by a doctor from Buffalo, New York, Silas Hubbard. In 1872 the two-story section of the house was constructed in a typical I-house design. The home has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1979.


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title: Lime production in Mexico hierarchical section title: Lime production in Mexico caption reference description: Mexican limes caption attribution description: Polski: Grafika podręcznika b:pl:Wikijunior:Owoce. Lima, limeta kwaśna (Citrus x aurantifolia). content: For several decades, since at least the 1950s, Mexico has been the world's largest producer and exporter of limes, and especially of lime oil.
The two popular varieties of limes grown in Mexico are the Mexican or Key lime and the Persian lime; the former is of Indo–Malayan origin introduced in Mexico by the Spaniards after the 1520s, while the latter, also called the Tahiti lime, was introduced from the United States. Persian lime production in Mexico caters specifically to the US market; a substantial increase in production has been attributed to the North American Free Trade Agreement. Lime production in Mexico has also expanded consequent to the increase in its per capita consumption in the United States and the European Union.


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title: Jang Sel-gi hierarchical section title: Jang Sel-gi caption reference description: Jang in 2019 caption attribution description: English: South Korea midfielder Jang Sel-gi (9) advances the ball towards the United States Women's National Team goal during first half in the penultimate game the United States Women's National Team's victory tour following the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. Photo by Bruce Adler content: Jang Sel-gi is a South Korean footballer who plays as a defender or a midfielder for the South Korea national team. She previously played for INAC Kobe Leonessa in the Nadeshiko League. She was named Asian Young Footballer of the Year in 2013. A popular figure with team mates and supporters, Jang revels in her unusual nickname of "The Welsh Corgi".


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title: Megastructures (architecture) section title: The Expo 67 hierarchical section title: Megastructures (architecture) / History / The Expo 67 caption reference description: Habitat '67, a housing complex built for Expo 67 caption attribution description: Deutsch: Habitat 67 content: Megastructure is an architectural and urban concept of the post-war eras which envisions a city or an urban form that could be encased in a massive single man-made structure or a relatively small number of interconnected structures. In a megastructural project, orders and hierarchies are created with large and permanent structures supporting small and transitional ones.
According to John W. Cook and Heinrich Klotz, the lexical meaning of megastructure is an over-scaled, colossal, multi-unit architectural mass. The post-war megastructure movements led by avant-garde architectural groups such as Metabolists and Archigram regarded megastructure as an instrument to solve issues of urban disorder.
Megastructure was once the dominant tendency in architecture of the 1960s, which resulted in numerous radical architectural proposals and a few built projects.

title: 1967 in architecture section title: Buildings opened hierarchical section title: 1967 in architecture / Buildings and structures / Buildings opened caption reference description: Habitat 67 in Montreal, Canada caption attribution description: Deutsch: Habitat 67 content: The year 1967 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings.

title: Habitat 67 section title: Concept and design hierarchical section title: Habitat 67 / Concept and design caption reference description: Habitat 67, southwest view caption attribution description: Deutsch: Habitat 67 content: HABITAT 67, or simply Habitat, is a model community and housing complex in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, designed by Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie. It was originally conceived as his master's thesis in architecture at McGill University and then built as a pavilion for Expo 67, the World's Fair held from April to October 1967. It is located at 2600 Avenue Pierre-Dupuy on the Marc-Drouin Quay next to the Saint Lawrence River. Habitat 67 is widely considered an architectural landmark and one of the most recognizable buildings in both Montreal and Canada.

title: Brutalist architecture section title: Designers hierarchical section title: Brutalist architecture / Designers caption reference description: Habitat 67 (1967) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, is a Brutalist building.[40] caption attribution description: Deutsch: Habitat 67 content: Brutalist architecture, or New Brutalism, is an architectural style which emerged during the 1950s in Great Britain, among the reconstruction projects of the post-war era. Brutalist buildings are characterised by minimalist constructions that showcase the bare building materials and structural elements over decorative design. The style commonly makes use of exposed concrete or brick, angular geometric shapes and a predominantly monochrome colour palette; other materials, such as steel, timber and glass, are also featured.
Descending from the modernist movement, Brutalism is said to be a reaction against the nostalgia of architecture in the 1940s. Derived from the Swedish phrase nybrutalism, the term "New Brutalism" was first used by British architects Alison and Peter Smithson for their pioneering approach to design. The style was further popularised in a 1955 essay by architectural critic Reyner Banham, who also associated the movement with the French phrases béton brut and art brut.


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title: Hatu peak hierarchical section title: Hatu peak caption reference description: Hatu Peak as seen from Narkanda, India. caption attribution description: English: Hatu Peak during winters (January 2016) as seen from Narkanda. content: Hatu peak is the second highest peak in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh, India. It is located at an elevation of 3400 m above sea level. The peak is surrounded by dense forest of conifers, oaks and maples.


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title: Watergate scandal section title: Initial cover-up hierarchical section title: Watergate scandal / Cover-up and its unraveling / Initial cover-up caption reference description: Address book of Watergate burglar Bernard Barker, discovered in a room at the Watergate Hotel, June 18, 1972 content: The Watergate scandal was a political scandal in the United States involving the administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974 that led to Nixon's resignation. The scandal stemmed from the Nixon administration's continuous attempts to cover up its involvement in the June 17, 1972 break-in of the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Washington, D.C. Watergate Office Building. After the five perpetrators were arrested, the press and the U.S. Justice Department connected the cash found on them at the time to the Nixon re-election campaign committee. Further investigations, along with revelations during subsequent trials of the burglars, led the U.S. House of Representatives to grant its judiciary committee additional investigation authority to probe into "certain matters within its jurisdiction", and the U.S. Senate to create a special investigative committee. The resulting Senate Watergate hearings were broadcast "gavel-to-gavel" nationwide by PBS and aroused public interest.


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title: Alunda Church hierarchical section title: Alunda Church caption reference description: Alunda Church, interior view caption attribution description: Svenska: Kyrkorum mot öster i Alunda kyrka. This is a photo of an ecclesiastical monument in Sweden, number 21300000003525 (sub-number: 21400000444523) in the RAÄ buildings database. content: Alunda Church is a Lutheran church at Alunda in Östhammar Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden. The church is associated with the Archdiocese of Uppsala of the Church of Sweden.


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title: Pál Harkai Schiller section title: Career hierarchical section title: Pál Harkai Schiller / Career caption reference description: Young chimpanzees are playing caption attribution description: English: Young chimpanzees from Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Picture taken the 9th of December 2006 Français : Jeunes chimpanzés du sanctuaire Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9 décembre 2006 content: Pál Harkai Schiller, also known as Paul von Schiller, was a Hungarian philosopher and psychologist. In 1936, he organized the Psychological Institute at Budapest University.

title: Tchimpounga Sanctuary hierarchical section title: Tchimpounga Sanctuary caption reference description: Young chimpanzees at Jane Goodall sanctuary inTchimpounga (2006) caption attribution description: English: Young chimpanzees from Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Picture taken the 9th of December 2006 Français : Jeunes chimpanzés du sanctuaire Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9 décembre 2006 content: The Tchimpounga Sanctuary, also known as the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center, for primates is located on a coastal plain of savanna and forest in Pointe Noire, Republic of the Congo, and was built in 1992. The site covers an area of 70 square kilometres. The sanctuary, part of the Jane Goodall Institute, is located 50 km north of Pointe-Noire in the Kouilou Department and is the largest chimpanzee sanctuary on the African continent. It has conducted research comparing food-sharing and social inhibition among chimpanzees and bonobos.
The sanctuary is a refuge in the Congo Basin for chimpanzees orphaned by bushmeat hunters; authorities deliver the young animals after confiscating them from sellers in the pet or entertainment trades.
The sanctuary is a member of the Pan African Sanctuary Alliance.

title: Big Five personality traits section title: Non-humans hierarchical section title: Big Five personality traits / Biological and developmental factors / Non-humans caption reference description: The Big 5 personality traits can be seen in chimpanzees. caption attribution description: English: Young chimpanzees from Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Picture taken the 9th of December 2006 Français : Jeunes chimpanzés du sanctuaire Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9 décembre 2006 content: In psychological trait theory, the Big Five personality traits, also known as the five-factor model and the OCEAN model, is a suggested taxonomy, or grouping, for personality traits, developed from the 1980s onwards. When factor analysis is applied to personality survey data, it reveals semantic associations: some words used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person. For example, someone described as conscientious is more likely to be described as "always prepared" rather than "messy". These associations suggest five broad dimensions used in common language to describe the human personality and psyche.
The theory identifies five factors:
openness to experience
conscientiousness
extraversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
The five factors are abbreviated in the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE. Beneath each proposed global factor, there are a number of correlated and more specific primary factors. For example, extraversion is typically associated with qualities such as gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, warmth, activity, and positive emotions.
Family life and upbringing will affect these traits.

title: Wildlife of Sierra Leone section title: Mammals hierarchical section title: Wildlife of Sierra Leone / Mammals caption reference description: Young chimpanzees caption attribution description: English: Young chimpanzees from Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Picture taken the 9th of December 2006 Français : Jeunes chimpanzés du sanctuaire Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9 décembre 2006 content: The wildlife of Sierra Leone is very diverse due to the variety of different habitats within the country. Sierra Leone is home to approximately 2090 known higher plant species, 147 known species of mammals, 172 known breeding bird species, 67 known reptile species, 35 known amphibian species and 99 known species of fish.

title: Chimpanzee hierarchical section title: Chimpanzee caption reference description: Young chimps (P. troglodytes) caption attribution description: English: Young chimpanzees from Jane Goodall sanctuary of Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Picture taken the 9th of December 2006 Français : Jeunes chimpanzés du sanctuaire Jane Goodall de Tchimpounga (Congo Brazzaville) - Photo prise le 9 décembre 2006 content: Chimpanzees are great apes. They live in Africa.


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title: 2010 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts section title: Results hierarchical section title: 2010 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts / Democratic primary / Results caption reference description: Municipal results of the Democratic primary for the United States Senate special election in Massachusetts, 2010 content: The 2010 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts was a special election held on January 19, 2010, in order to fill the Massachusetts Class I United States Senate seat for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2013. It was won by Republican candidate Scott Brown.
The vacancy that prompted the special election was created by the death of Democratic Senator Ted Kennedy on August 25, 2009. Kennedy had served as a U.S. Senator since 1962, having been elected in a special election to fill the vacancy created when his brother John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States in 1960. The seat was held until the election by an appointee, Senator Paul Kirk, a former chairman of the Democratic National Committee, who was not a candidate in the election to complete the term.
A party primary election determining the winners of party nominations was held on December 8, 2009. The Democratic Party nominated Martha Coakley, the Massachusetts Attorney General; The Republican Party nominated Scott Brown, a Massachusetts State Senator.


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title: Kathleen Wynne section title: Premiership (2013-2018) hierarchical section title: Kathleen Wynne / Premiership (2013-2018) caption reference description: Wynne with Enrique Peña Nieto in 2016 caption attribution description: Español: Visita de Estado a Canadá - Día 1English: State Visit to Canada - Day 1 content: Kathleen O'Day Wynne MPP is a Canadian politician who served as the 25th premier of Ontario from February 11, 2013 to June 29, 2018. A member of the Ontario Liberal Party, Kathleen Wynne has served as the member of provincial parliament for the Toronto riding of Don Valley West since October 3, 2003. She is the first female premier of Ontario, and first openly gay premier in Canada.
Wynne was first elected to public office as a trustee for the Toronto District School Board in 2000. She subsequently was elected to the Ontario Legislature in 2003. Under Premier Dalton McGuinty, she served in various cabinet posts, until resigning to run in the Liberal leadership race when McGuinty announced his resignation in 2012.
Wynne replaced McGuinty as premier and leader of the Liberal Party upon her victory of the leadership, and subsequently led the party to a majority government victory in the 2014 Ontario provincial election.
In the 2018 provincial election, Wynne led her party to the loss of official party status in the worst defeat of a governing party in Ontario history. Wynne subsequently resigned as Liberal leader on election night and was succeeded by interim leader John Fraser.


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title: Shi (kana) section title: Stroke order hierarchical section title: Shi (kana) / Stroke order caption reference description: Stroke order in writing し caption attribution description: English: Animation of the stroke order for writing the Hiragana character し. Español: Animación del orden de los trazos para escribir el carácter Hiragana し. content: し, in hiragana, or シ in katakana, is one of the Japanese kana, which each represent one mora. Both represent the phonemes although for phonological reasons, the actual pronunciation is. The shapes of these kana have origins in the character 之. The katakana form has become increasingly popular as an emoticon in the Western world due to its resemblance to a smiling face.
This character may be combined with a dakuten, forming じ in hiragana, ジ in katakana, and ji in Hepburn romanization; the pronunciation becomes.
The dakuten form of this character is used when transliterating "di" occasionally, as opposed to チ's dakuten form, or a de assigned to a small i; for example, Aladdin is written as アラジン Arajin, and radio is written as ラジオ.
In the Ainu language, シ is used to represent the sound. It can also be written as a small ㇱ to represent a final s sound, pronounced.


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title: Kingston, East Lothian hierarchical section title: Kingston, East Lothian caption reference description: Fenton Tower caption attribution description: English: Fenton Tower content: Kingston is a small hamlet near North Berwick in East Lothian, Scotland.
Kingston was once known as Kings Seat, historic maps of the area show this.

title: List of listed buildings in North Berwick, East Lothian section title: List hierarchical section title: List of listed buildings in North Berwick, East Lothian / List caption attribution description: English: Fenton Tower caption alt text description: Fenton Tower content: This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of North Berwick in East Lothian, Scotland.

title: List of Category A listed buildings in East Lothian section title: Listed buildings hierarchical section title: List of Category A listed buildings in East Lothian / Listed buildings caption attribution description: English: Fenton Tower caption alt text description: Fenton Tower content: This is a list of Category A listed buildings in the East Lothian council area in eastern Scotland.
In Scotland, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of "special architectural or historic interest". Category A structures are those considered to be "buildings of national or international importance, either architectural or historic, or fine little-altered examples of some particular period, style or building type." Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947, and the current legislative basis for listing is the Planning Act 1997. The authority for listing rests with Historic Scotland, an executive agency of the Scottish Government, which inherited this role from the Scottish Development Department in 1991. Once listed, severe restrictions are imposed on the modifications allowed to a building's structure or its fittings. Listed building consent must be obtained from local authorities prior to any alteration to such a structure. There are approximately 47,400 listed buildings in Scotland, of which around 8% are Category A.

title: Sir John Carmichael section title: England hierarchical section title: Sir John Carmichael / Career / England caption reference description: Fenton Tower in East Lothian caption attribution description: English: Fenton Tower content: Sir John Carmichael was a Scottish soldier, the Keeper of Liddesdale, a diplomat, and owner of Fenton Tower at Kingston, East Lothian.


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title: Akiyoshi Kitaoka hierarchical section title: Akiyoshi Kitaoka caption reference description: An optical illusion similar to Rotating Snakes content: Akiyoshi Kitaoka is a Professor of Psychology at the College of Letters, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan.
In 1984, he received a BSc from the Department of Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan, where he studied animal psychology and neuronal activity of the inferotemporal cortex in macaque monkeys.
After his 1991 PhD from the Institute of Psychology, University of Tsukuba, he specialized in visual perception and visual illusions of geometrical shape, brightness, color, in motion illusions and other visual phenomena like Gestalt completion and Perceptual transparency, based on a modern conception of Gestalt Psychology.
He became renowned through his Rotating Snakes peripheral drift illusion.
In 2006, he received the Gold Prize of the 9th L'ORÉAL Art and Science of Color contest.
In 2007, he received the Award for Original Studies from the Japanese Society of Cognitive Psychology.
In 2008, his designs were the inspiration for the critically acclaimed indie rock band Animal Collective's album Merriweather Post Pavilion, which featured a leaf covered optical illusion.