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title: Metropolitan Railway section title: Opening hierarchical section title: Metropolitan Railway / History / Paddington to the City, 1853–63 / Opening caption reference description: The railway as it opened in 1863 content: The Metropolitan Railway was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its main line heading north-west from the capital's financial heart in the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs. Its first line connected the main-line railway termini at Paddington, Euston, and King's Cross to the City. The first section was built beneath the New Road using cut-and-cover between Paddington and King's Cross and in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road from King's Cross to near Smithfield, near the City. It opened to the public on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the world's first passenger-carrying designated underground railway.
The line was soon extended from both ends, and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. Southern branches, directly served, reached Hammersmith in 1864, Richmond in 1877 and the original completed the Inner Circle in 1884. The most important route was northwest into the Middlesex countryside, stimulating the development of new suburbs.

title: Clerkenwell tube station section title: History hierarchical section title: Clerkenwell tube station / History caption reference description: The route of the Metropolitan Railway, 1863 content: Clerkenwell was an authorised underground railway station planned by the Metropolitan Railway but never built. It was to be located on Farringdon Road at Mount Pleasant in Clerkenwell, London.


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title: Pettit Memorial Chapel section title: Significance hierarchical section title: Pettit Memorial Chapel / Significance caption reference description: Pettit Chapel is the only structure Frank Lloyd Wright designed for a cemetery setting. caption attribution description: Pettit Memorial Chapel, designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. Belvidere Cemetery, Belvidere, Illinois. National Register of Historic Places. content: Pettit Memorial Chapel or simply, Pettit Chapel, is one of the few chapels designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The Pettit Chapel is located in the Belvidere Cemetery in Belvidere, Illinois, United States, which is in Boone County. It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on December 1, 1978. The chapel is an early example of Frank Lloyd Wright's famed Prairie style. It is one of only two structures meant for a cemetery setting that Wright ever created.


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title: UC San Diego School of Medicine section title: Curriculum hierarchical section title: UC San Diego School of Medicine / Curriculum caption reference description: The south expansion of the Biomedical Library caption attribution description: English: The southern wing of the Biomedical Library on the School of Medicine campus at the University of California, San Diego content: The University of California San Diego School of Medicine is the graduate medical school of the University of California San Diego in La Jolla, California. It was the third medical school in the University of California system, after those established at UCSF and UCLA, and is the only medical school in the San Diego metropolitan area. It is closely affiliated with the medical centers that are part of UC San Diego Health.

title: Geisel Library section title: Other library buildings hierarchical section title: Geisel Library / Other library buildings caption reference description: The southwest corner of the biomedical library caption attribution description: English: The southern wing of the Biomedical Library on the School of Medicine campus at the University of California, San Diego content: Geisel Library is the main library building of the University of California San Diego Library. It is named in honor of Audrey and Theodor Seuss Geisel. Theodor is better known as children's author Dr. Seuss. The building's distinctive architecture, described as occupying "a fascinating nexus between brutalism and futurism", has resulted in its being featured in the UC San Diego logo and becoming the most recognizable building on campus.
The library was designed by William Pereira and opened in 1970 as the Central Library. It was renovated in 1993 and rededicated as the University Library Building, and renamed Geisel Library in 1995. The UC San Diego Library consists of Geisel Library and the Biomedical Library Building, with off-campus locations at Scripps Archives and Library Annex, the Trade Street Storage Annex, and the UC Southern Regional Library Facility.
Geisel Library is located in the center of the UC San Diego campus. It houses over 7 million volumes to support the educational and research objectives of the university. It also contains the Mandeville Special Collections and Archives, which houses the Dr.


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title: White Creek (Chattahoochee River tributary) section title: Course hierarchical section title: White Creek (Chattahoochee River tributary) / Course caption reference description: Map showing White Creek and its sub-watershed (outlined in pink), and the Chattahoochee River content: White Creek is a stream in White County, Georgia, and is a tributary of the Chattahoochee River. The creek is approximately 8.07 miles long.


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title: Castle Fraser section title: Ownership hierarchical section title: Castle Fraser / Ownership caption reference description: Portrait of Theodora Mackenzie Fraser. caption attribution description: English: A Lady, half-length, seated with a cat. content: Castle Fraser is the most elaborate Z-plan castle in Scotland and one of the grandest 'Castles of Mar'. It is located near Kemnay in the Aberdeenshire region of Scotland. The castle stands in over 300 acres of landscaped grounds, woodland and farmland which includes a walled kitchen garden of the 19th century. There is archaeological evidence of an older square tower dating from around 1400 or 1500 within the current construction. The castle is a Category A listed building and the grounds are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland.


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title: Chinese Garden, Singapore section title: Pagoda hierarchical section title: Chinese Garden, Singapore / Features / Pagoda caption reference description: The 7-storey pagoda with some of the Eight Heroes in the foreground. caption attribution description: English: 7-storey pagoda in Singapore's Chinese Garden in Jurong East, with some of the 8 Heros statues in the front. Deutsch: 7-stöckige Pagode in Singapurs Chinese Garden in Jurong East, im Vordergrund einige der 8 Helden Statuen content: Chinese Garden is a park in Jurong East, Singapore. Built in 1975 by the JTC Corporation and designed by Prof. Yuen-chen Yu, an architect from Taiwan, the Chinese Garden’s concept is based on Chinese gardening art. The main characteristic is the integration of architectural features with the natural environment. The Chinese Garden is modeled along the northern Chinese imperial style of architecture and landscaping. It is located next to Chinese Garden MRT station and connected to the adjacent Japanese Garden by a bridge. Along with Japanese Garden, the two gardens are collectively known as the Jurong Gardens.


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title: Montijo (parish) hierarchical section title: Montijo (parish) caption reference description: The main square of Montijo by twilight caption attribution description: The very center of my town, Montijo, In Portugal. caption alt text description: The main square of Montijo by twilight content: Montijo is a former civil parish in the municipality of Montijo, central Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Montijo e Afonsoeiro. The population in 2011 was 29,908, in an area of 27.25 square kilometres km².


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title: 2nd Canadian Parliament hierarchical section title: 2nd Canadian Parliament caption reference description: Alexander Mackenzie and his Liberal Party briefly took power at the end of the 2nd Parliament. caption attribution description: Rt. Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, w:Member of Parliament (Lambton, Ont.) (future Prime Minister of Canada) content: The 2nd Canadian Parliament was in session from March 5, 1873, until January 2, 1874. The membership was set by the 1872 federal election from July 20 to October 12, 1872, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1874 election.
It was first controlled by a Conservative/Liberal-Conservative majority under Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald and the 1st Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Liberal Party, led by Alexander Mackenzie. After a scandal in the Conservative Party, the Liberals took power, forming the 2nd Canadian Ministry. Alexander Mackenzie, now Prime Minister, immediately called an election.
The Speaker was James Cockburn. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1872-1873 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.
The unusual case of a new party taking control of the government between elections has only happened in the federal government twice; the other occasion was in the 15th Canadian parliament.
There were 2 sessions of the 2nd Parliament:

title: 2nd Canadian Ministry section title: Ministries hierarchical section title: 2nd Canadian Ministry / Ministries caption reference description: Photograph taken in 1874 of Alexander Mackenzie, the prime minister who led the 2nd Canadian Ministry. caption attribution description: Rt. Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, w:Member of Parliament (Lambton, Ont.) (future Prime Minister of Canada) content: The Second Canadian Ministry was the cabinet chaired by Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie. It governed Canada from 7 November 1873 to 8 October 1878, including the last two months of the 2nd Canadian Parliament as well as all of the 3rd. The government was formed by the Liberal Party of Canada.

title: List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria section title: Post-Confederation 1867-1901 hierarchical section title: List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria / Canada / Post-Confederation 1867-1901 caption attribution description: Rt. Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, w:Member of Parliament (Lambton, Ont.) (future Prime Minister of Canada) content: Queen Victoria was the monarch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Empire from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. At the start of her reign, responsible government outside of the United Kingdom itself was unknown, but starting in the 1840s this would change.
During her reign Victoria was served by well over 33 Prime Ministers: 15 from New Zealand, 10 from the United Kingdom, 7 from the Dominion of Canada and 1 from Australia.


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title: Fletcher Benton section title: Public Collections hierarchical section title: Fletcher Benton / Public Collections caption reference description: Steel-Watercolor-Triangle-Ring, Cologne/Germany, 1993 caption attribution description: English: Cologne Barbarossaplatz, Steel-Watercolor-Triangle-Ring. Painted Steell 1993 Fletcher C. Benton 1931 U.S.A. Deutsch: Köln Barbarossaplatz, Steel-Watercolor-Triangle-Ring. Bemalter Stahl 1993 Fletcher C. Benton geb. 1931 U.S.A. content: Fletcher C. Benton was an American sculptor and painter from San Francisco, California. Benton was widely known for his kinetic art as well as his large-scale steel abstract geometric sculptures.


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title: Frank Weston Benson section title: Wildlife hierarchical section title: Frank Weston Benson / Works / Wildlife caption reference description: 1935 U.S. migratory bird hunting stamp based on Benson's work caption attribution description: English: 1935 United States Department of Agriculture migratory bird hunting stamp depicting canvasbacks by Frank Weston Benson content: Frank Weston Benson, frequently referred to as Frank W. Benson, was an American artist from Salem, Massachusetts known for his Realistic portraits, American Impressionist paintings, watercolors and etchings. He began his career painting portraits of distinguished families and murals for the Library of Congress. Some of his best known paintings depict his daughters outdoors at Benson's summer home, Wooster Farm, on the island of North Haven, Maine. He also produced numerous oil, wash and watercolor paintings and etchings of wildfowl and landscapes.
In 1880, Benson began to study at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston under both Otto Grundmann and Frederic Crowninshield. In 1883 he travelled to Paris to study at the Académie Julian. He enjoyed a distinguished career as an instructor and department head at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He was a founding member of the Ten American Painters, American Academy of Arts and Letters and The Guild of Boston Artists.


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title: Grand River Transit section title: Facilities hierarchical section title: Grand River Transit / Facilities caption reference description: Kitchener customer service centre, at King and Benton streets caption attribution description: English: Grand River Transit Customer Service Centre, 105 King Street East, Kitchener, Ontario content: Grand River Transit is the public transport operator for the Region of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. It operates daily bus services in the region, primarily in the cities of Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge, alongside the Ion rapid transit light rail system which began service on June 21, 2019.
It was named for the Grand River, which flows through the Region; the naming also echoes the Grand River Railway, a former electric railway which served the area in the early twentieth century. GRT is a member of the Canadian Urban Transit Association.

title: Charles Street Transit Terminal section title: Future hierarchical section title: Charles Street Transit Terminal / Future caption reference description: The replacement customer service centre, at King and Benton streets caption attribution description: English: Grand River Transit Customer Service Centre, 105 King Street East, Kitchener, Ontario content: The Charles Street Transit Terminal is a bus terminal in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. It is the former downtown hub for local Grand River Transit bus services for Kitchener and Waterloo, although the terminal now sits vacant and mostly abandoned.
It was the largest public service facility run by GRT, with the Cambridge Ainslie Street terminal being the only other staffed bus station, as well as serving a number of commuter and intercity bus routes with Greyhound, GO Transit, and Coach Canada.

title: Frederick station (Kitchener) hierarchical section title: Frederick station (Kitchener) caption reference description: GRT customer service centre caption attribution description: English: Grand River Transit Customer Service Centre, 105 King Street East, Kitchener, Ontario content: Frederick is a stop on the Region of Waterloo's Ion rapid transit system. It is located in the median of Frederick Street, just east of King Street, in downtown Kitchener. It opened in 2019.
The station serves northbound trains only; the nearest southbound platform is at Queen station, about 150 metres away down Benton and Charles streets.
The station's feature wall consists of solid green glass tiles; this mimics the coloration of the exterior of Market Square.
The primary access to the platform is from the crosswalk at King Street; a secondary access at the north end of the platform, crossing the southbound lanes of Frederick Street, is marked as an emergency exit only.
Destinations served include the Market Square shopping and office complex, the regional courthouse, and TheMuseum. To the north of the station is the proposed 'Duke Tower Kitchener' condominium development. Across King, at Benton, is a Grand River Transit customer service office.


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title: Hughes STEM High School hierarchical section title: Hughes STEM High School caption reference description: Hughes High School in 2017 caption attribution description: English: Hughes STEM High School in Cincinnati, Ohio in 2017 content: Hughes STEM High School is a public high school located in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is part of the Cincinnati Public Schools.


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title: Suchdol nad Odrou section title: History hierarchical section title: Suchdol nad Odrou / History caption reference description: Austrian KK stamp, cancelled at the station in 1899 caption attribution description: English: Austrian KK 30 kreuzer stamp, issue 1891, cancelled in 1899 at ZAUCHTL, Moravia content: Suchdol nad Odrou is a market town in Moravian-Silesian Region, Czech Republic. Many of the first religious refugees that came to the estate of Count von Zinzendorf to begin the building of Herrnhut originated from Suchdol/Zauchtenthal. These refugees were instrumental in renewing the Unitas Fratrum of their ancestors, today called the Moravian Church, the Jednota Bratrská, or Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine.


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title: Tallinn–Tapa railway section title: Route hierarchical section title: Tallinn–Tapa railway / Route caption reference description: End of the electrified section in Aegviidu caption attribution description: English: End of the electrified section of Tallinn-Tapa railway in Aegviidu, Estonia. Eesti: Tallinn-Tapa raudtee Aegviidus (jaama Tapa poolne ots). content: The Tallinn–Tapa railway is a 77.8-kilometre long double track partly electrified railway line in Estonia, connecting the cities of Tallinn and Tapa.


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title: Acton, Ontario section title: Early transportation hierarchical section title: Acton, Ontario / History / Early transportation caption reference description: The former Acton train station caption attribution description: English: The Grand Trunk Railway station in Acton. Note the roof of the Beardmore Warehouse in the background. The train station shown was erected in 1908 and the Beardmore Warehouse was erected in 1899. Inscription on the front reads: G.T.R STN. ACTON NO 5 content: Acton is a community located in the town of Halton Hills, in Halton Region, Ontario, Canada. At the northern end of the Region, it is on the outer edge of the Greater Toronto Area and is one of two of the primary population centres of the Town; the other is Georgetown. From 1842 until 1986, the town was a major centre for the tanning and leather goods industry. In the early years, it was often referred to as "Leathertown".

title: Acton GO Station section title: History hierarchical section title: Acton GO Station / History caption reference description: The 1908 station, now demolished caption attribution description: English: The Grand Trunk Railway station in Acton. Note the roof of the Beardmore Warehouse in the background. The train station shown was erected in 1908 and the Beardmore Warehouse was erected in 1899. Inscription on the front reads: G.T.R STN. ACTON NO 5 content: Acton GO Station is a railway station served by GO Transit's Kitchener line. It is located at the intersection of Mill St East and Eastern Avenue in Acton, Ontario, Canada, adjacent to the Old Hide House. A previous Acton station formerly stood on the Grand Trunk Railway and, later, the Canadian National Railway.


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title: Joseph A. Califano Jr. section title: Non-military career hierarchical section title: Joseph A. Califano Jr. / Non-military career caption reference description: Califano was sworn in as Secretary of HEW. content: Joseph Anthony Califano Jr. is a former United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and the founder and chairman of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, an evidence-based research organization. He is one of two living former Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare.
He has been Adjunct Professor of Public Health at Columbia University Medical School and School of Public Health and is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.


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title: Al Kaline section title: Early days hierarchical section title: Al Kaline / MLB career / Early days caption reference description: Kaline in 1957 caption attribution description: English: Major League Baseball Hall of Fame player Al Kaline in his official 1957 Detroit Tigers photo. content: Albert William Kaline, nicknamed "Mr. Tiger", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Detroit Tigers. For most of his career, Kaline played in the outfield, mainly as a right fielder where he won ten Gold Glove Awards and was known for his strong throwing arm. He was selected to 18 All-Star Games, including selections each year between 1955 and 1967. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1980.
Near the end of his career, Kaline also played as first baseman and, in his last season, was the Tigers' designated hitter. He retired soon after reaching the 3,000 hit milestone. Immediately after retiring from playing, he became the Tigers' TV color commentator, a position he held until 2002. Kaline worked for the Tigers as a front office official until his death in 2020.

title: List of athletes from Maryland A – M hierarchical section title: List of athletes from Maryland A – M caption reference description: Al Kaline, native of Baltimore, Maryland and member of Baseball Hall of Fame caption attribution description: English: Major League Baseball Hall of Fame player Al Kaline in his official 1957 Detroit Tigers photo. content: Maryland has a long history concerning sports and a number of major and minor professional sport figures have hailed from the state. Maryland enjoys considerable historical repute for the talented sports players of its past, including Cal Ripken Jr, Michael Phelps and Babe Ruth.
NameSportProfessional YearsHometownNotesRef


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title: Buena Vista, Colorado hierarchical section title: Buena Vista, Colorado caption reference description: Location of Buena Vista in Chaffee County, Colorado. content: The Town of Buena Vista is a Statutory Town in Chaffee County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 2,617 at the 2010 United States Census.


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title: 2007 French legislative election section title: Results hierarchical section title: 2007 French legislative election / Results caption reference description: Composition of the Assembly following the 2007 elections caption attribution description: Estimations de la nouvelle composition de l'Assemblée Nationale le soir du second tour des élections législatives françaises de 2007. content: The French legislative elections took place on 10 June and 17 June 2007 to elect the 13th National Assembly of the Fifth Republic, a few weeks after the French presidential election run-off on 6 May. 7,639 candidates stood for 577 seats, including France's overseas possessions. Early first-round results projected a large majority for President Nicolas Sarkozy's UMP and its allies; however, second-round results showed a closer race and a stronger left. Nevertheless, the right retained its majority from 2002 despite losing some 40 seats to the Socialists.
Taking place so shortly after the presidential poll, these elections provided the newly elected president with a legislative majority in line with his political objectives – as was the case in 2002, when presidential victor Jacques Chirac's UMP party received a large majority in the legislative elections. It is the first time since the 1978 elections that the governing coalition has been returned after a second consecutive election. The majority, however, was slimmer than the "blue wave" predicted by opinion polls.


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title: Collingsworth County, Texas hierarchical section title: Collingsworth County, Texas caption reference description: Location within the U.S. state of Texas content: Collingsworth County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,057. Its county seat is Wellington. The county was created in 1876 and later organized in 1890. It is named for James Collinsworth, a signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence and first chief justice of the Republic of Texas. Collingsworth County was one of 30 prohibition, or entirely dry, counties in Texas, but a vote in 2017 changed this law.
Republican Drew Springer, Jr., a businessman from Muenster in Cooke County, has since January 2013 represented Collingsworth County in the Texas House of Representatives.

title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Collingsworth County, Texas hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Collingsworth County, Texas caption reference description: Location of Collingsworth County in Texas content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Collingsworth County, Texas.
This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Collingsworth County, Texas. There are two properties listed on the National Register in the county.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted August 23, 2019.


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title: Novita Children's Services hierarchical section title: Novita Children's Services caption reference description: Ashford House in Adelaide, South Australia caption attribution description: English: Ashford House in Adelaide, South Australia content: Novita is a South Australian disability organisation, providing support, services and equipment to children, teens and young adults living with disability, their families and carers. In August 2019, it was announced that scosa was to merge into Novita.

title: List of historic houses in South Australia section title: Historic houses hierarchical section title: List of historic houses in South Australia / Historic houses caption attribution description: English: Ashford House in Adelaide, South Australia content: This is an incomplete list of Historic houses in South Australia

title: Charles George Everard hierarchical section title: Charles George Everard caption reference description: Ashford House in 2013 caption attribution description: English: Ashford House in Adelaide, South Australia content: Dr Charles George Everard MD was a physician, pioneer farmer and Member of the Legislative Council, in the early days of South Australia.

title: Ashford, South Australia hierarchical section title: Ashford, South Australia caption reference description: Ashford House, now part of the Ashford Special School caption attribution description: English: Ashford House in Adelaide, South Australia content: Ashford is an inner southwestern suburb of Adelaide, in the City of West Torrens. It is triangular in shape and bordered by South Road, Anzac Highway and Everard Avenue. Two of the main features of the suburb are Ashford Hospital and Ashford Special School.
Brownhill Creek flows through Ashford in a cement channel behind the school.
The name commemorates the property and residence of Dr. Charles George Everard, who settled in the area in 1838, and named it for Ashford in Kent.


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title: Friedrich Accum hierarchical section title: Friedrich Accum caption reference description: From the European Magazine (1820) engraving by James Thomson. content: Friedrich Christian Accum or Frederick Accum was a German chemist, whose most important achievements included advances in the field of gas lighting, efforts to keep processed foods free from dangerous additives, and the promotion of interest in the science of chemistry to the general populace. From 1793 to 1821 Accum lived in London. Following an apprenticeship as an apothecary, he opened his own commercial laboratory enterprise. His business manufactured and sold a variety of chemicals and laboratory equipment. Accum, himself, gave fee-based public lectures in practical chemistry and collaborated with research efforts at numerous other institutes of science.
Intrigued by the work of Frederick Winsor, who had been championing the introduction of gas lighting in London, Accum too, became fascinated by this innovation. At the request of the Gas Light and Coke Company, he carried out many experiments in this novel field of inquiry. After a time of close working association with this company, he became a member of its board of directors in 1812. The company was charged with founding the first gasworks in London to supply gas lighting to both private and public areas.


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title: Peter Fossett section title: Early life hierarchical section title: Peter Fossett / Early life caption reference description: Monticello, showing the row of service rooms content: Peter Fossett was an enslaved laborer at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's plantation, who after he attained his freedom in the mid-1800s, settled in Cincinnati where he established himself as a minister and caterer. He was a captain in the Black Brigade of Cincinnati during the Civil War. Fossett was an activist for education and prison reform. He was a conductor on the Underground Railroad. His remembrances, Once the slave of Thomas Jefferson, were published in 1898.
His wife, Sarah M. Fossett, was active in the church and Underground Railroad as well, but she was also noteworthy in her own right. Trained by a French specialist in New Orleans, she was a hairdresser to the elite women of Cincinnati's society. She was brought to Cincinnati by Abraham Evan Gwynne, the father of Alice Claypoole Vanderbilt. In 1860, she filed a suit after being denied passage on a streetcar, which resulted in the segregation of streetcars in the city for African-American women. For twenty-five years, she was the manager of the Colored Orphans Asylum in Cincinnati.


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title: Khanom chin section title: Eating khanom chin hierarchical section title: Khanom chin / Eating khanom chin caption reference description: Khanom chin nam ngiao caption attribution description: English: Khanom chin nam ngiao supoe (Thai script: ขนมจีนน้ำเงี้ยวซูเปอร์). This particular version also contains chicken feet, hence the suffix supoe (the Thai pronunciation of the English "super"). The very dark brown sliver at the top of the image is the dried core of the Bombax ceiba flower, used as a flavouring in this soup. content: Khanom chin are fresh, thin rice noodles in Thai cuisine which are made from rice sometimes fermented for three days, boiled, and then made into noodles by extruding the resulting dough through a sieve into boiling water. Khanom chin is served in many kinds of stock: coconut milk, fish curry, and chilli. Although chin means "Chinese" in Thai, this type of noodle originated from the Mon people who inhabited the region which is now central Thailand The word khanom chin is probably derived from the Mon words hanom cin, or "boiled noodles."
These noodles are used as a staple food in a variety of Thai dishes. Some popular dishes are:
Khanom chin nam ya, served with a hot and spicy fish-based sauce
Khanom chin nam phrik, served with a sweet peanut-based sauce
Khanom chin kaeng kiao wan kai, served with green chicken curry
Khanom chin nam ngiao, a northern Thai speciality, the sauce contains pork blood
Khanom chin sao nam, a salad with coconut milk, ground sun-dried prawns, and fresh pineapple
Khanom chin tai pla, a southern Thai spicy soup
Another popular combination is to serve Thai papaya salad together with this noodle.
There are two types of khanom chin noodles:

title: List of Thai dishes section title: Noodle dishes hierarchical section title: List of Thai dishes / Individual dishes / Noodle dishes caption attribution description: English: Khanom chin nam ngiao supoe (Thai script: ขนมจีนน้ำเงี้ยวซูเปอร์). This particular version also contains chicken feet, hence the suffix supoe (the Thai pronunciation of the English "super"). The very dark brown sliver at the top of the image is the dried core of the Bombax ceiba flower, used as a flavouring in this soup. content: This is a list of dishes found in Thai cuisine.

title: Nam ngiao hierarchical section title: Nam ngiao caption reference description: Nam ngiao with khanom chin caption attribution description: English: Khanom chin nam ngiao supoe (Thai script: ขนมจีนน้ำเงี้ยวซูเปอร์). This particular version also contains chicken feet, hence the suffix supoe (the Thai pronunciation of the English "super"). The very dark brown sliver at the top of the image is the dried core of the Bombax ceiba flower, used as a flavouring in this soup. content: Nam ngiao or nam ngio is a noodle soup or curry of the cuisine of the Tai Yai people who live in the northeast of Burma, the southwest of Yunnan province, China, and in northern Thailand, mainly in Mae Hong Son Province. The dish has become famous through the northern Thai cuisine. Nam ngiao has a characteristic spicy and tangy flavor.


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title: Vincent Jansz van der Vinne hierarchical section title: Vincent Jansz van der Vinne caption reference description: Self portrait caption attribution description: Self-portrait Vincent Jansz van der Vinne 1736-1811 content: Vincent Jansz. van der Vinne, was a Dutch 18th century painter and the great-grandson of Vincent van der Vinne.


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title: 1906 Alabama gubernatorial election hierarchical section title: 1906 Alabama gubernatorial election caption reference description: County results
Comer:     50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      >90%
Stratton:      50–60%
Unknown/No Vote:       content: The 1906 Alabama gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 1906, in order to elect the Governor of Alabama. Democratic incumbent William D. Jelks was term-limited, and could not seek a second consecutive term.


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title: Jessie Busley hierarchical section title: Jessie Busley caption reference description: Jessie Busley, from a 1909 publication. content: Jessie Busley was an American actress and comedian who performed on stage, screen, and radio for over six decades.


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title: Napa County, California hierarchical section title: Napa County, California caption reference description: Location in the state of California content: Napa County is a county north of San Pablo Bay in the northern portion of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2010 census, the population was 136,484. The county seat is the City of Napa. Napa County was one of the original counties of California, created in 1850 at the time of statehood. Parts of the county's territory were given to Lake County in 1861.
Napa County comprises the Napa, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area. It is one of four North Bay counties.
Napa County, once the producer of many different crops, is known today for its regional wine industry, rising to the first rank of wine regions with France by local wineries Stag's Leap Wine Cellars and Chateau Montelena winning the "Judgment of Paris" in 1976.

title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Napa County, California hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Napa County, California caption reference description: Location of Napa County in California content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Napa County, California.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Napa County, California, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.
There are 87 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted May 15, 2020.


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title: History of Saudi Arabia section title: The spread of Islam hierarchical section title: History of Saudi Arabia / The spread of Islam caption reference description: The tribes of Arabia at the time of the spread of Islam (expandable map) caption attribution description: English: Major tribes of Arabia at the dawn of Islam. content: The history of Saudi Arabia in its current form as a state began with its foundation in 1744, although the history of the region extends as far as 20,000 years ago. The region has had a global impact twice in world history. In the 7th century it became the cradle of Islam and the capital of the Islamic Rashidun Caliphate. From the mid-20th century the discovery of vast oil deposits propelled it into a key economic and geo-political role.
At other times, the region existed in relative obscurity and isolation, although from the 7th century the cities of Mecca and Medina had the highest spiritual significance for the Muslim world, with Mecca becoming the destination for the Hajj pilgrimage, an obligation, at least once in a believer's lifetime, if at all possible.
For much of the region's history a patchwork of tribal rulers controlled most of the area. The Al Saud emerged as minor tribal rulers in Najd in central Arabia. Over the following 150 years, the extent of the Al Saud territory fluctuated. However, between 1902 and 1927, the Al Saud leader, Abdulaziz, carried out a series of wars of conquest which resulted in his establishing the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1930.

title: Military career of Muhammad section title: Events before the Hijra hierarchical section title: Military career of Muhammad / Background / Events before the Hijra caption reference description: Arabia at the time of Muhammad caption attribution description: English: Major tribes of Arabia at the dawn of Islam. content: The military career of Muhammad, the final prophet of Islam, encompasses several expeditions and battles throughout the Hejaz region in the western Arabian Peninsula which took place in the final ten years of his life, from 622 to 632. His primary campaign was against his own tribe in Mecca, the Quraysh. Muhammad proclaimed prophethood around 610 and later migrated to Medina after being persecuted by the Quraysh in 622. After several battles against the Quraysh, Muhammad conquered Mecca in 629, ending his campaign against the tribe.
Alongside his campaign against the Quraysh, Muhammad led campaigns against several other tribes of Arabia, most notably the three Arabian Jewish tribes of Medina and the Jewish fortress at Khaybar. He expelled the Banu Qaynuqa tribe for violating the Constitution of Medina in 624, followed by the Banu Nadir who were expelled in May 625 after being accused of plotting to assassinate him. In early 627, he ordered the execution of all men and one woman of the Banu Qurayza tribe, who secretly made agreements with the Quraysh and their allies as they laid siege to Medina in the Battle of the Trench, violating the Constitution of Medina.

title: Muhammad section title: Pre-Islamic Arabia hierarchical section title: Muhammad / Pre-Islamic Arabia caption reference description: Main tribes and settlements of Arabia in Muhammad's lifetime caption attribution description: English: Major tribes of Arabia at the dawn of Islam. content: Muhammad was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though some modern denominations diverge from this belief. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief.
Born approximately 570 CE in the Arabian city of Mecca, Muhammad was orphaned at the age of six. He was raised under the care of his paternal grandfather Abd al-Muttalib, and upon his death, by his uncle Abu Talib. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. When he was 40, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God.

title: Banu Najjar hierarchical section title: Banu Najjar caption reference description: Several Historical Tribes of Arabia caption attribution description: English: Major tribes of Arabia at the dawn of Islam. content: Banu Najjar or Banu al-Naggar is the name of several unrelated historical and modern-day tribes throughout the Arab world. The individual tribes vary in religious composition.


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title: Brazil nut section title: Description hierarchical section title: Brazil nut / Description caption reference description: Tree branch content: The Brazil nut is a South American tree in the family Lecythidaceae, and is also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible seeds. It is one of the largest and longest-lived trees in the Amazon rainforest. The fruit and its nutshell – containing the edible Brazil nut – are relatively large, possibly weighing as much as 2 kilograms in total weight. As food, Brazil nuts are notable for diverse content of micronutrients, especially a high amount of selenium. The wood of the Brazil nut tree is prized for its quality in carpentry, flooring, and heavy construction.


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title: Kahkewistahaw 72 hierarchical section title: Kahkewistahaw 72 caption reference description: Location in Saskatchewan content: Kahkewistahaw 72 is an Indian reserve of the Kahkewistahaw First Nation in Saskatchewan. It is 13 kilometers north of Broadview. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 502 living in 146 of its 184 total private dwellings. In the same year, its Community Well-Being index was calculated at 58 of 100, compared to 58.4 for the average First Nations community and 77.5 for the average non-Indigenous community.


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title: Landon Pigg hierarchical section title: Landon Pigg caption reference description: Pigg in 2008 caption attribution description: English: Landon Pigg in 2008 content: Landon Pigg is an American actor and singer-songwriter.


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title: Operation Focus section title: June 5, 1967 hierarchical section title: Operation Focus / Timeline / June 5, 1967 caption reference description: Egyptian aircraft destroyed on the ground caption attribution description: English: Six Day War. Egyptian planes destroyed on the ground planes attacking Egyptian air bases.. עברית: מלחמת ששת הימים. בסיס חיל אוויר מצרי שהותקף. שני מטוסי תובלה מדגם איליושין 14 מצריים שהושמדו על הקרקע. content: Operation Focus was the opening airstrike by Israel at the start of the Six-Day War in 1967. It is sometimes referred to as the "Sinai Air Strike". At 07:45 on June 5, 1967, the Israeli Air Force under Maj. Gen. Mordechai Hod launched a massive airstrike that destroyed the majority of the Egyptian Air Force on the ground. Following Syrian, Jordanian, and Iraqi attacks in retaliation, the Israeli Air Force proceeded to bomb air bases in those countries. By noon, the Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian Air Forces, with about 450 aircraft, were destroyed. It was also very successful in disabling 18 airfields in Egypt, hindering Egyptian Air Force operations for the duration of the war, and remains one of the most successful air attack campaigns in military history.


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title: Jeunesses Musicales International section title: Music against Child Labour hierarchical section title: Jeunesses Musicales International / International Programmes / Music against Child Labour caption reference description: Music against Child Labour caption attribution description: English: JMI Music against Child Labour Project content: Jeunesses Musicales International is the largest youth music NGO in the world, created in Brussels, Belgium in 1945, with the mission to “enable young people to develop through music across all boundaries”. JMI has established four priority activity fields: Young Musicians, Young Audiences, Youth Empowerment and Youth Orchestras & Ensembles.
With member organisations currently in almost 40 countries, JMI is a “global” network with over 36,000 diverse musical events annually. The events embrace all styles of music, reaching almost 5 million young people up to the age of 30. The work of JMI is supported by the Federal Government of Belgium - Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, ACTIRIS and the Creative Europe Programme of the EU.


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title: Margaret Sanger section title: Early life hierarchical section title: Margaret Sanger / Life / Early life caption reference description: With sons Grant and Stuart, c. 1919 content: Margaret Higgins Sanger was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.
Sanger used her writings and speeches primarily to promote her way of thinking. She was prosecuted for her book Family Limitation under the Comstock Act in 1914. She was afraid of what would happen, so she fled to Britain until she knew it was safe to return to the US. Sanger's efforts contributed to several judicial cases that helped legalize contraception in the United States. Due to her connection with Planned Parenthood, Sanger is a frequent target of criticism by opponents of abortion. However, Sanger drew a sharp distinction between birth control and abortion and was opposed to abortion through the bulk of her career. Sanger remains an admired figure in the American reproductive rights movement. She has been criticized for supporting eugenics.

title: Agnes Smedley section title: Background hierarchical section title: Agnes Smedley / Background caption reference description: Smedley's friend Margaret Sanger with sons Grant and Stuart, c. 1919 content: Agnes Smedley was an American journalist and writer, well known for her semi-autobiographical novel Daughter of Earth as well as for her sympathetic chronicling of the Communist forces in the Chinese Civil War. During World War I, she worked in the United States for the independence of India from the United Kingdom, receiving financial support from the government of Germany. Subsequently, she went to China, where she is suspected of acting as a spy for the Comintern. As the lover of Soviet spy Richard Sorge in Shanghai in the early 1930s, she helped get him established for his final and greatest work as spymaster in Tokyo. She also worked on behalf of various causes including women's rights, birth control, and children's welfare. Smedley wrote six books, including a novel, reportage, and a biography of the Chinese general Zhu De, reported for newspapers such as New York Call, Frankfurter Zeitung and Manchester Guardian, and wrote for periodicals such as the Modern Review, New Masses, Asia, New Republic, and Nation.


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title: Friedensfeld Midlands Moravian Church and Manse hierarchical section title: Friedensfeld Midlands Moravian Church and Manse caption reference description: Moravian Church, Friedensfeld, St. Croix content: The Friedensfeld Midlands Moravian Church and Manse are historic buildings in Christiansted, Saint Croix, Virgin Islands which are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
The present church building was built in 1854, replacing an 1819 structure. The 4 acres property, with its two contributing buildings, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
The two-story church, with its central section about 55 by 77 feet in plan, was one of the largest wood frame structures in the U.S. Virgin Islands, and was deemed to be "significant for its unusual combination of combination of Carpenter's Gothic and Classical Revival elements.
The church may have been prefabricated in Germany and assembled by German craftsmen plus local builders.
The manse building is about 70 by 42 feet in plan, and is connected to the church by a stone pathway. It was built in c.1810.


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title: List of Asian cuisines section title: West Asian cuisine hierarchical section title: List of Asian cuisines / West Asian cuisine caption attribution description: English: The famous Yemeni dish, Fahsa, prepared in stony pot (Madara). العربية: الطبق اليمني الشهير؛ الفحسة، في قدر حجري (مدرة). content: This is a list of Asian cuisines, by region. A cuisine is a characteristic style of cooking practices and traditions, usually associated with a specific culture or region. Asia, being the largest and most populous continent, has many great cuisines.

title: List of stews section title: Stews hierarchical section title: List of stews / Stews caption attribution description: English: The famous Yemeni dish, Fahsa, prepared in stony pot (Madara). العربية: الطبق اليمني الشهير؛ الفحسة، في قدر حجري (مدرة). content: This is a list of notable stews. A stew is a combination of solid food ingredients that have been cooked in liquid and served in the resultant gravy. Ingredients in a stew can include any combination of vegetables, plus meat, especially tougher meats suitable for slow-cooking, such as beef. Poultry, pork, lamb or mutton, sausages, and seafood are also used.


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title: Bob Richards hierarchical section title: Bob Richards caption reference description: Richards at the 1952 Summer Olympics caption attribution description: Bob Richards content: Robert Eugene "Bob" Richards, nicknamed the "Vaulting Vicar" or the "Pole Vaulting Parson" in his competitive days, was an American athlete who was known for pole vaulting in the Olympics. He competed in the 1948, 1952, and 1956 Summer Olympics as a pole vaulter, and as a decathlete in 1956.
Richards was born in Champaign, Illinois. He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

title: 1926 section title: February hierarchical section title: 1926 / Births / February caption reference description: Bob Richards caption attribution description: Bob Richards content: 1926 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1926th year of the Common Era and Anno Domini designations, the 926th year of the 2nd millennium, the 26th year of the 20th century, and the 7th year of the 1920s decade.


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title: Juan Luis Sanfuentes hierarchical section title: Juan Luis Sanfuentes caption reference description: Arms as knight of Charles III content: Juan Luis Sanfuentes Andonaegui, GCTE was President of Chile between 1915 and 1920.
Sanfuentes was the son of writer and politician Salvador Sanfuentes Torres and Matilde Andonaegui. Orphaned at an early age and raised by his older brother, Enrique Salvador Sanfuentes, he trained as a lawyer at the University of Chile. He graduated with a Doctor of Law in 1879. He married Ana Echazarreta in 1885, and the couple had five children.
Rising to the position of Minister of Finance under Federico Errázuriz Echaurren in 1901, Sanfuentes served as President of the Senate of Chile from 1906 through 1909.
The Chilean presidential election of 1915 developed into a bitterly contest between Sanfuentes —a coalition candidate of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Conservative Party— and Javier Ángel Figueroa —supported by the Liberal Alliance parties. Sanfuentes beat Figueroa by a single vote, among allegations of fraud and electoral intervention. The National Congress was called to confirm the result.
Through World War I Chile remained neutral. While the conflict lasted, domestic industry had one of its biggest booms, with the national industry growing 53% in those four years.


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title: List of protected heritage sites in Tellin hierarchical section title: List of protected heritage sites in Tellin caption attribution description: Français : Grupont (Belgique) : la « maison espagnole » (XVIe siècle). English: Grupont (Belgium): the Spanish house (16th century). Nederlands: Grupont (België): het Spaans huis (XVIde eeuw). Walon: Grûpont (Bèljike): li môjon Èspagnole (XVIinme sièke). This is a photo of a monument in Wallonia, number: 84068-CLT-0002-01 caption alt text description: Het dak en de vier gevels en topgevels van het Spaans huis Grupont en het interieur lay-out, met uitzondering van de bijgebouw maar inclusief aangrenzende trottoirs en de stoepranden gelegen op de openbare weg en is een beschermingszone content: This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Tellin. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage.


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title: Michele Carey hierarchical section title: Michele Carey caption reference description: Michele Carey caption attribution description: English: Michele Carey in trailer for "El Dorado" (1966) content: Michele Carey was an American actress. She was known for her role as Josephine "Joey" MacDonald in the 1966 movie El Dorado. She appeared in movies in the 1960s and 1970s. She was born in Annapolis, Maryland. He also starred in Live a Little, Love a Little, The Sweet Ride, and Dirty Dingus Magee.
Carey died in Newport Beach, California on November 21, 2018 at the age of 75.

title: Michele Carey hierarchical section title: Michele Carey caption reference description: Carey in trailer for "El Dorado" (1966) caption attribution description: English: Michele Carey in trailer for "El Dorado" (1966) content: Michele Carey was an American actress who was best known for her role as Josephine "Joey" MacDonald in the 1966 film El Dorado. She appeared in movies in the 1960s and 1970s, and guest-starred in episodes of several television series.


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title: Complutense University of Madrid section title: Maths and sciences hierarchical section title: Complutense University of Madrid / Famous alumni / Maths and sciences caption reference description: Antonio Luna caption attribution description: English: Antonio Luna y Novicio content: The Complutense University of Madrid or Complutensian University of Madrid is a public research university located in Madrid. Founded in Alcalá in 1293, it is one of the oldest universities in the world. It enrolls over 86,000 students, being the 3rd largest non-distance European university by enrollment, and consistently ranking among the top universities in Spain, together with the University of Barcelona, UAM and UAB. It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid, with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighboring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón. It is named after the ancient Roman settlement of Complutum, now an archeological site in Alcalá de Henares, just east of Madrid.
In recent years, the roster of alumni comprises recipients of the Nobel Prize, Prince of Asturias Awards, Miguel de Cervantes Prize, as well as European Commissioners, Presidents of the EU Parliament, European Council Secretary General, ECB Executive Board members, NATO Secretary General, UNESCO Director General, IMF Managing Director, and Heads of State.

title: Antonio Luna hierarchical section title: Antonio Luna caption attribution description: English: Antonio Luna y Novicio content: Antonio Narciso Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta was a Filipino army general who fought in the Philippine–American War.
Regarded as one of the fiercest generals of his time, he succeeded Artemio Ricarte as the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. He sought to apply his background in military science to the fledgling army. A sharpshooter himself, he organized professional guerrilla soldiers later called the "Luna Sharpshooters" and the "Black Guard". His three-tier defense, now known as the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a hard campaign in the provinces north of Manila. This defense line culminated in the creation of a military base in the Cordillera.
Despite his commitment to discipline the army and serve the Republic which attracted the admiration of people, his temper caused some to abhor him, including people from Aguinaldo's Cabinet. Nevertheless, Luna's efforts were not without recognition during his time, for he was awarded the Philippine Republic Medal in 1899. He was also a member of the Malolos Congress. Besides his military studies, Luna also studied pharmacy, literature and chemistry.

title: List of Ateneo de Manila University alumni section title: Military hierarchical section title: List of Ateneo de Manila University alumni / Government and politics / Military caption reference description: Antonio Luna caption attribution description: English: Antonio Luna y Novicio content: This table lists notable alumni affiliated with the Ateneo de Manila University, from grade school through graduate and professional schools, during its long history dating back to 1859. The list includes actors, artists, athletes, businesspeople, musicians, politicians, and writers who have attended the university, as well as those who have received honorary degrees.

title: 1899 section title: January–February hierarchical section title: 1899 / Deaths / January–February caption reference description: Antonio Luna caption attribution description: English: Antonio Luna y Novicio content: 1899 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1899th year of the Common Era and Anno Domini designations, the 899th year of the 2nd millennium, the 99th year of the 19th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1899, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

title: Timeline of Philippine history section title: 1890s hierarchical section title: Timeline of Philippine history / 19th century / 1890s caption attribution description: English: Antonio Luna y Novicio content: This is a timeline of Philippine history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in the Philippines and their predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of the Philippines. See also the list of Presidents of the Philippines.


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title: Anton Sturm section title: Selected works hierarchical section title: Anton Sturm / Selected works caption attribution description: Deutsch: Statue der hl. Barbara von Anton Sturm in der Pfarrkirche in Bernbeuren content: Anton Sturm was a Tyrolean sculptor who worked in the Baroque and Rococo styles. His works are primarily located in the Allgäu region and the adjacent parts of Upper Bavaria.


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title: List of heads of state of Afghanistan section title: Monarchs hierarchical section title: List of heads of state of Afghanistan / List of heads of state / Monarchs caption attribution description: H.H. Amir Shere Ali Khan. Photograph of Sher Ali (1825-1879) Amir of Afghanistan, 1863–79, the son of Dost Muhammad, taken in 1869 by John Burke, from the album 'The Afghan War, Attock to Jellalabad, Gandamak and Surkhab.' John Burke accompanied the Peshawar Valley Field Force, one of three British Anglo-Indian army columns deployed in the Second Afghan War (1878-80), despite being rejected for the role of official photographer. He financed his trip by advance sales of his photographs 'illustrating the advance from Attock to Jellalabad'. Coming to India as apothecary with the Royal Engineers, Burke turned professional photographer, assisting William Baker. Travelling widely in India, they were the main rivals to the better-known Bourne and Shepherd. Burke's two-year Afghan expedition produced an important visual document of the region where strategies of the Great Game were played out. The Anglo-Russian rivalry (called the Great Game) precipitated the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Afghanistan was of strategic importance to the British in the defence of their Indian Empire, and the prevention of the spreading influence of Russia. They favoured a Forward Policy of extending India's frontiers to the Hindu Kush and gaining control over Afghanistan. In 1878 Sher Ali, who for the majority of his reign kept good terms with the British, was devastated by the death of his favourite son and his court was in disarray. The British were trying to establish a permanent mission at Kabul which Sher Ali, trying to keep a balance between the Russians and British, would not permit. The arrival of a Russian diplomatic mission in Kabul increased British suspicions of Russian influence and ultimately led to the Second Afghan War. The British undertook a three-pronged drive into Afghanistan, held the Khyber Pass and defeated the Amir's forces. Appointing his son Yakub Khan as regent, Sher Ali fled from his capital to take refuge in Russian Turkestan but died at Mazhar-e-Sharif on 21 February 1879. Yakub had to agree to the Treaty of Gandamak, whereby Afghanistan ceded to the British control of its foreign affairs, and the Khyber and Michni Passes, and allowed British representatives in Kabul and other locations. This photograph of the Amir actually dates from 1869 from the Ambala Durbar when he first entered into negotiations with the British. Burke reused it as part of the introduction to his Afghan War catalogue. content: The Hotak Empire was formed after a successful uprising led by Mirwais Hotak and other Afghan tribal chiefs from Kandahar against Mughal and Persian rule.
After a long series of wars, the Hotak Empire was eventually replaced by the Durrani Afghan Empire that was founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747.
After the collapse of the Durrani Empire in 1823, the Barakzai dynasty founded the Emirate of Afghanistan, transformed it into the Kingdom of Afghanistan in 1926, and ruled the country until the last King Mohammed Zahir Shah was deposed in the 1973 coup d'état, led by his first cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan. Despite being part of the Barakzai dynasty, Daoud Khan departed from tradition and did not proclaim himself Shah, instead abolished the monarchy and established the Republic of Afghanistan, with himself as President. The Republic lasted until the Saur Revolution in 1978.
Since 1978, Afghanistan has been in a state of continuous internal conflict and foreign interventions.
The former president Hamid Karzai became the first ever democratically elected head of state of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004. The current president is Ashraf Ghani, since 29 September 2014.

title: Sher Ali Khan hierarchical section title: Sher Ali Khan caption reference description: Amir Sher Ali Khan in 1869 caption attribution description: H.H. Amir Shere Ali Khan. Photograph of Sher Ali (1825-1879) Amir of Afghanistan, 1863–79, the son of Dost Muhammad, taken in 1869 by John Burke, from the album 'The Afghan War, Attock to Jellalabad, Gandamak and Surkhab.' John Burke accompanied the Peshawar Valley Field Force, one of three British Anglo-Indian army columns deployed in the Second Afghan War (1878-80), despite being rejected for the role of official photographer. He financed his trip by advance sales of his photographs 'illustrating the advance from Attock to Jellalabad'. Coming to India as apothecary with the Royal Engineers, Burke turned professional photographer, assisting William Baker. Travelling widely in India, they were the main rivals to the better-known Bourne and Shepherd. Burke's two-year Afghan expedition produced an important visual document of the region where strategies of the Great Game were played out. The Anglo-Russian rivalry (called the Great Game) precipitated the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Afghanistan was of strategic importance to the British in the defence of their Indian Empire, and the prevention of the spreading influence of Russia. They favoured a Forward Policy of extending India's frontiers to the Hindu Kush and gaining control over Afghanistan. In 1878 Sher Ali, who for the majority of his reign kept good terms with the British, was devastated by the death of his favourite son and his court was in disarray. The British were trying to establish a permanent mission at Kabul which Sher Ali, trying to keep a balance between the Russians and British, would not permit. The arrival of a Russian diplomatic mission in Kabul increased British suspicions of Russian influence and ultimately led to the Second Afghan War. The British undertook a three-pronged drive into Afghanistan, held the Khyber Pass and defeated the Amir's forces. Appointing his son Yakub Khan as regent, Sher Ali fled from his capital to take refuge in Russian Turkestan but died at Mazhar-e-Sharif on 21 February 1879. Yakub had to agree to the Treaty of Gandamak, whereby Afghanistan ceded to the British control of its foreign affairs, and the Khyber and Michni Passes, and allowed British representatives in Kabul and other locations. This photograph of the Amir actually dates from 1869 from the Ambala Durbar when he first entered into negotiations with the British. Burke reused it as part of the introduction to his Afghan War catalogue. content: Sher Ali Khan was Amir of Afghanistan from 1863 to 1866 and from 1868 until his death in 1879. He was one of the sons of Dost Mohammed Khan, founder of the Barakzai Dynasty in Afghanistan.
Sher Ali Khan initially seized power when his father died, but was quickly ousted by his older brother, Mohammad Afzal Khan. Internecine warfare followed until Sher Ali defeated his brother and regained the title of Emir. His rule was hindered by pressure from both Britain and Russia, though Sher Ali attempted to keep Afghanistan neutral during their conflict. In 1878, the neutrality fell apart and the Second Anglo-Afghan War erupted. As British forces marched on Kabul, Sher Ali Khan decided to leave Kabul in order to seek political and military aid from Czarist Russia. He passed away in Mazar-e Sharif, leaving the throne to his son Mohammad Yaqub Khan.
Sher Ali was closely affiliated to the modern-day region of the Pothohar Plateau in Pakistan. He married off one of his daughters to a prominent tribal chief of the Gakhars, Khan Bahadur Raja Jahandad Khan. After independence, the Gakhars tribe became part of Pakistan.

title: Emir hierarchical section title: Emir caption reference description: Sher Ali Khan, Emir of Afghanistan, posing for a portrait in 1869 caption attribution description: H.H. Amir Shere Ali Khan. Photograph of Sher Ali (1825-1879) Amir of Afghanistan, 1863–79, the son of Dost Muhammad, taken in 1869 by John Burke, from the album 'The Afghan War, Attock to Jellalabad, Gandamak and Surkhab.' John Burke accompanied the Peshawar Valley Field Force, one of three British Anglo-Indian army columns deployed in the Second Afghan War (1878-80), despite being rejected for the role of official photographer. He financed his trip by advance sales of his photographs 'illustrating the advance from Attock to Jellalabad'. Coming to India as apothecary with the Royal Engineers, Burke turned professional photographer, assisting William Baker. Travelling widely in India, they were the main rivals to the better-known Bourne and Shepherd. Burke's two-year Afghan expedition produced an important visual document of the region where strategies of the Great Game were played out. The Anglo-Russian rivalry (called the Great Game) precipitated the Second Anglo-Afghan War. Afghanistan was of strategic importance to the British in the defence of their Indian Empire, and the prevention of the spreading influence of Russia. They favoured a Forward Policy of extending India's frontiers to the Hindu Kush and gaining control over Afghanistan. In 1878 Sher Ali, who for the majority of his reign kept good terms with the British, was devastated by the death of his favourite son and his court was in disarray. The British were trying to establish a permanent mission at Kabul which Sher Ali, trying to keep a balance between the Russians and British, would not permit. The arrival of a Russian diplomatic mission in Kabul increased British suspicions of Russian influence and ultimately led to the Second Afghan War. The British undertook a three-pronged drive into Afghanistan, held the Khyber Pass and defeated the Amir's forces. Appointing his son Yakub Khan as regent, Sher Ali fled from his capital to take refuge in Russian Turkestan but died at Mazhar-e-Sharif on 21 February 1879. Yakub had to agree to the Treaty of Gandamak, whereby Afghanistan ceded to the British control of its foreign affairs, and the Khyber and Michni Passes, and allowed British representatives in Kabul and other locations. This photograph of the Amir actually dates from 1869 from the Ambala Durbar when he first entered into negotiations with the British. Burke reused it as part of the introduction to his Afghan War catalogue. content: Emir is a high title of nobility or office. It is used throughout the Arab world and historically in some Turkic states and Afghanistan. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheiks, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes; then "emirate" means more or less the same as principality in this context.
Emir is used also as a name in Turkey like Emir Niego and Emir Sevinc.
Emir is the most common spelling in English and many other languages. The spelling amir, that is closer to the original Arabic, is more common for its compounds and in individual names.


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title: English trust law section title: History hierarchical section title: English trust law / History caption reference description: In his book Bleak House (1853), Charles Dickens pilloried the Court of Chancery's arcane and tedious practices, exemplified in his fictional case of Jarndyce v Jarndyce. Within two decades, Parliament abolished the court, and merged equity with the common law through the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873, and its successor Judicature Acts. caption attribution description: English: An engraving in The Writings of Charles Dickens content: English trust law concerns the creation and protection of asset funds, which are usually held by one party for another's benefit. Trusts were a creation of the English law of property and obligations, but also share a history with countries across the Commonwealth and the United States. Trusts developed when claimants in property disputes were dissatisfied with the common law courts and petitioned the King for a just and equitable result. On the King's behalf, the Lord Chancellor developed a parallel justice system in the Court of Chancery, commonly referred as equity. Historically, trusts were mostly used where people left money in a will, created family settlements, created charities, or some types of business venture. After the Judicature Act 1873, England's courts of equity and common law were merged, and equitable principles took precedence. Today, trusts play an important role in financial investments, especially in unit trusts and pension trusts, where trustees and fund managers usually invest assets for people who wish to save for retirement.

title: Bleak House section title: Synopsis hierarchical section title: Bleak House / Synopsis caption reference description: Bleak House caption attribution description: English: An engraving in The Writings of Charles Dickens content: Bleak House is a novel by Charles Dickens, first published as a 20-episode serial between March 1852 and September 1853. The novel has many characters and several sub-plots, and is told partly by the novel's heroine, Esther Summerson, and partly by an omniscient narrator. At the centre of Bleak House is a long-running legal case in the Court of Chancery, Jarndyce and Jarndyce, which comes about because a testator has written several conflicting wills. In a preface to the 1853 first edition, Dickens claimed there were many actual precedents for his fictional case. One such was probably the Thellusson v Woodford case in which a will read in 1797 was contested and not determined until 1859. Though the legal profession criticised Dickens's satire as exaggerated, this novel helped support a judicial reform movement which culminated in the enactment of legal reform in the 1870s.
There is some debate among scholars as to when Bleak House is set. The English legal historian Sir William Holdsworth sets the action in 1827; however, reference to preparation for the building of a railway in Chapter LV suggests the 1830s.


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title: Barton Fink section title: Setting hierarchical section title: Barton Fink / Production / Setting caption reference description: The Coens chose to set Barton Fink at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor to indicate that "the world outside the hotel was finding itself on the eve of the apocalypse".[5] caption attribution description: English: A navy photographer snapped this photograph of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, just as the USS Shaw exploded. (80-G-16871) content: Barton Fink is a 1991 American period psychological thriller film written, produced, edited and directed by the Coen brothers. Set in 1941, it stars John Turturro in the title role as a young New York City playwright who is hired to write scripts for a film studio in Hollywood, and John Goodman as Charlie Meadows, the insurance salesman who lives next door at the run-down Hotel Earle.
The Coens wrote the screenplay for Barton Fink in three weeks while experiencing difficulty during the writing of Miller's Crossing. They began filming the former soon after Miller's Crossing was finished. The film is influenced by works of several earlier directors, particularly Roman Polanski's Repulsion and The Tenant.
Barton Fink had its premiere at the Cannes Film Festival in May 1991. In a rare sweep, it won the Palme d'Or, as well as awards for Best Director and Best Actor. Although the film was a box office bomb, only grossing $6 million against its $9 million budget, it received positive reviews and was nominated for three Academy Awards.

title: USS Sotoyomo (YTM-9) section title: Attack on Pearl Harbor hierarchical section title: USS Sotoyomo (YTM-9) / History / Attack on Pearl Harbor caption reference description: USS Sotoyomo was in the same floating dry dock when the USS Shaw exploded: December 7, 1941 caption attribution description: English: A navy photographer snapped this photograph of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, just as the USS Shaw exploded. (80-G-16871) content: USS Sotoyomo was a harbor tug built at the turn of the twentieth century. She saw service in both World War I and World War II and was heavily damaged by the Attack on Pearl Harbor. The name Sotoyomo commemorates a part of the war-like Sioux tribe of Indians. Sotoyomo was the oldest vessel at Pearl Harbor in service at the time of the attack.

title: USS Shaw (DD-373) section title: Attack on Pearl Harbor hierarchical section title: USS Shaw (DD-373) / History / Attack on Pearl Harbor caption reference description: USS Shaw exploding after her forward magazine was detonated by the raging fire caption attribution description: English: A navy photographer snapped this photograph of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, just as the USS Shaw exploded. (80-G-16871) content: USS Shaw (DD-373) was a Mahan-class destroyer and the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for Captain John Shaw, a naval officer. Commissioned in 1936, Shaw was plagued by construction deficiencies and was not fully operational until 1938. After training in the Atlantic, she was transferred to the Pacific and in dry dock in Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941.
Shaw sustained major damage from several bomb hits by Japanese forces during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The spectacular explosion of her forward magazine provided one of the most iconic photographs of the attack. She was repaired within a few months of the attack, and served in the Pacific through the rest of World War II, earning 11 battle stars.
Shaw was decommissioned in October 1945 and sold for scrap in July 1946.

title: Causes of World War II hierarchical section title: Causes of World War II caption reference description: Destroyer USS Shaw exploding during the attack on Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941 caption attribution description: English: A navy photographer snapped this photograph of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, just as the USS Shaw exploded. (80-G-16871) content: Historians from many countries have given considerable attention to studying and understanding the causes of World War II, a global war from 1939 to 1945 that was the deadliest conflict in human history. The immediate precipitating event was the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany on September 1, 1939, and the subsequent declarations of war on Germany made by Britain and France, but many other prior events have been suggested as ultimate causes. Primary themes in historical analysis of the war's origins include the political takeover of Germany in 1933 by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party; Japanese militarism against China; Italian aggression against Ethiopia; and Germany's initial success in negotiating a neutrality pact with the Soviet Union to divide territorial control of Eastern Europe between them.
During the interwar period, deep anger arose in Weimar Germany regarding the conditions of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, which punished Germany for its role in the First World War with severe conditions and heavy financial reparations in order to prevent it from ever becoming a military power again.

title: History of the United States Navy section title: World War II (1941–1945) hierarchical section title: History of the United States Navy / Worldwide expansion / World War II (1941–1945) caption reference description: USS Shaw explodes during the attack on Pearl Harbor. caption attribution description: English: A navy photographer snapped this photograph of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, just as the USS Shaw exploded. (80-G-16871) content: The history of the United States Navy divides into two major periods: the "Old Navy", a small but respected force of sailing ships that was notable for innovation in the use of ironclads during the American Civil War, and the "New Navy", the result of a modernization effort that began in the 1880s and made it the largest in the world by 1945.
The United States Navy claims October 13, 1775 as the date of its official establishment, when the Second Continental Congress passed a resolution creating the Continental Navy. With the end of the American Revolutionary War, the Continental Navy was disbanded. Under first President George Washington, threats to American merchant shipping by Barbary pirates from four North African Muslim States in the Mediterranean led to the Naval Act of 1794, which created a permanent standing U.S. Navy. The original six frigates were authorized as part of the Act. Over the next 20 years, the Navy fought the French Republic Navy in the Quasi-War, Barbary states in the First and Second Barbary Wars, and the British in the War of 1812. After the War of 1812, the U.S.

title: YFD-2 section title: Image gallery hierarchical section title: YFD-2 / Image gallery caption attribution description: English: A navy photographer snapped this photograph of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, just as the USS Shaw exploded. (80-G-16871) content: YFD-2 was an auxiliary floating drydock built for the United States Navy in 1901. The first parts were laid down in early 1901 at Maryland Steel Co. of Sparrows Point, Maryland. YFD-2 was the first of its kind, steel movable auxiliary floating drydock, used to raise large ships out the water for repair below the ship's waterline. YFD-2 had a 18,000 tons lifting capacity,

title: Hawaii section title: Annexation—Territory of Hawaiʻi (1898–1959) hierarchical section title: Hawaii / History / Annexation—Territory of Hawaiʻi (1898–1959) caption reference description: The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 was the primary event that caused the United States to enter World War II. caption attribution description: English: A navy photographer snapped this photograph of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, just as the USS Shaw exploded. (80-G-16871) caption alt text description: The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. content: Hawaii is a state of the United States of America located in the Pacific Ocean. It is the only U.S. state located outside North America, the only island state, and the only state in the tropics.
The state encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago, 137 islands spread over 1,500 miles. The volcanic archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are, in order from northwest to southeast: Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the largest, Hawaiʻi, which the state is named after. It is often called the "Big Island" or "Hawaii Island" to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago.
Hawaii is the 8th-smallest geographically and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 states. It is the only state with an Asian American plurality. Hawaii has more than 1.4 million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. The state capital and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.


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title: John Bill Ricketts section title: Gilbert Stuart portrait hierarchical section title: John Bill Ricketts / Gilbert Stuart portrait caption reference description: John Bill Ricketts, aka, Breschard, the Circus Rider, by Gilbert Stuart caption attribution description: English: Portrait of John Bill Ricketts or Breschard, the Circus Rider content: John Bill Ricketts was an English equestrian who brought the first modern circus to the United States.

title: Jean Baptiste Casmiere Breschard section title: Gilbert Stuart portrait hierarchical section title: Jean Baptiste Casmiere Breschard / Gilbert Stuart portrait caption reference description: Gilbert Stuart, John Bill Ricketts, National Gallery of Art, 1795–1799.[5] The painting was previously identified as a portrait of Breschard, the Circus Rider caption attribution description: English: Portrait of John Bill Ricketts or Breschard, the Circus Rider content: Jean Baptiste Casmiere Breschard was a circus owner and equestrian performer in the Circus of Pepin and Breschard.
Along with his partner, Victor Pepin he had been managing a circus in Madrid, Spain. Pepin and Breschard were encouraged by the Spanish consul to Philadelphia, Don Luis de Onis, to relocate to the United States and build amphitheaters there, in the manner of John Bill Ricketts, who had previously run a circus amphitheater on Broad Street in Philadelphia. Pepin and Breschard traveled to America in 1807, and performed in Boston and New York before opening in Philadelphia on February 2, 1809.
According to the book "America's Longest Run: A History of the Walnut Street Theatre" by Andrew Davis, Breschard specialized in what is called "Roman Standing" riding – balancing on the back of two horses. He also doubled as the comedian of the troupe.
Charles Durang, in his history "Philadelphia Stage", stated that "Breschard was a model of a performer. He looked like a genteel comedian attired for a polished drawing-room.

title: Circus of Pepin and Breschard hierarchical section title: Circus of Pepin and Breschard caption reference description: John Bill Ricketts, earliest identification, Breschard, the Circus Rider, by Gilbert Stuart caption attribution description: English: Portrait of John Bill Ricketts or Breschard, the Circus Rider content: The equestrian theatre company of Pépin and Breschard, American Victor Pépin and Frenchman Jean Baptiste Casmiere Breschard, arrived in the United States of America from Madrid, Spain, in November 1807. They toured that new country until 1815. From their arrival until the present day, what is now known as the traditional circus has had a presence in North America.
Invited to perform in the United States by Spanish Ambassador Luis de Onís, the company landed in Plymouth, Massachusetts from Spain. They performed their first season in Charlestown, Massachusetts, after being refused a permit to perform in neighboring Boston.
In the following years Pépin and Breschard's troupes built circus theatres in cities across the United States, including New York, New York; New Orleans; Charlestown, Massachusetts; Baltimore, Maryland; Richmond, Virginia; Alexandria, Virginia; Charleston, South Carolina; Pittsburgh and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They also built a theatre in Lower Canada in Montreal.

title: List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Philadelphia County section title: Historical markers hierarchical section title: List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Philadelphia County / Historical markers caption attribution description: English: Portrait of John Bill Ricketts or Breschard, the Circus Rider content: This is intended to be a complete list of the Pennsylvania state historical markers in Philadelphia County, as placed by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.
As of 2010, there were 244 combined Roadside and City markers affixed on posts and Plaque markers affixed to buildings or structures in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, which is coterminous with the city of Philadelphia.
Latitude and longitude coordinates are given as provided by the PHMC's database.


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title: Piz Nair (Sesvenna Alps) hierarchical section title: Piz Nair (Sesvenna Alps) caption reference description: View from the south side content: Piz Nair is a mountain in the Sesvenna Alps, located north of the Fuorn Pass in the canton of Graubünden.
The mountain is part of the Swiss National Park.


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title: Didymoteicho section title: Municipality hierarchical section title: Didymoteicho / Municipality caption reference description: Panoramic view of the town from the fortress walls (taken in 2012). caption attribution description: English: Panoramic view of Didymoteixo from the castles, Evros, Greece. Ελληνικά: Πανοραμική εικόνα Διδυμότειχου από τα κάστρα, Έβρος, Ελλάδα. content: Didymoteicho is a town located on the eastern edge of the Evros regional unit of East Macedonia and Thrace, in northeastern Greece. It is the seat of the municipality of the same name. The town sits on a plain and located south east of Svilengrad, south of Edirne, Turkey and Orestiada, west of Uzunköprü, Turkey, about 20 km north of Soufli and about 90 km north of Alexandroupoli. The municipality of Didymóteicho has a land area of 565.4 km² and a population of 19,493 inhabitants.


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title: Ivo Kerdić hierarchical section title: Ivo Kerdić caption reference description: Dora Krupićeva Kamenita vrata caption attribution description: Statue of Dora Krupić, main character of the novel "Goldsmith's Gold" (written by August Šenoa, Croatian writer), in Zagreb, Croatia, made by sculptor Ivo Kerdić Opis: Dora Krupićeva, Šenoino "Zlatarevo zlato" u Kamenitim vratima, djelo Ive Kerdića, Zagreb, Hrvatska content: Ivo Kerdić was a Croatian sculptor, best known for his metalwork and medallions.


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title: Paris Motor Show hierarchical section title: Paris Motor Show caption reference description: Salon de l'Automobile de Paris 1946 caption attribution description: Français : Salon de l'Automobile de Paris. content: The Paris Motor Show is a biennial auto show in Paris. Held during October, it is one of the most important auto shows, often with many new production automobile and concept car debuts. The show presently takes place in Paris expo Porte de Versailles. The Mondial is scheduled by the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, which considers it a major international auto show.
In 2016, the Paris Motor Show welcomed 1,253,513 visitors, making it the most visited auto show in the world, ahead of Tokyo and Frankfurt.
The key figures of the show are: 125,000 m² of exhibition, 8 pavilions, 260 brands from 18 countries, 65 world premieres, more than 10 000 test drives for electric and hybrid cars, more than 10 000 journalists from 103 countries. Until 1986, it was called the Salon de l'Automobile; it took the name Mondial de l'Automobile in 1988 and Mondial Paris Motor Show in 2018.
The show was held annually through 1976; since, it has been biennial.

title: History of Paris (1946–2000) section title: Paris during the Fourth Republic (1946–1958) hierarchical section title: History of Paris (1946–2000) / Paris during the Fourth Republic (1946–1958) caption reference description: Recovering from the war. Paris automobile show in 1946. caption attribution description: Français : Salon de l'Automobile de Paris. content: At the end of the Second World War, most Parisians were living in misery. Industry was ruined, housing was in short supply, and food was rationed. The population of Paris did not return to its 1936 level until 1946, and grew to 2,850,000 by 1954, including 135,000 immigrants, mostly from Algeria, Morocco, Italy and Spain. The exodus of middle-class Parisians to the suburbs continued. The population of the city declined during the 1960s and 1970s before finally stabilizing in the 1980s.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the city underwent a massive reconstruction, with the addition of new highways, skyscrapers, and thousands of new apartment blocks. Beginning in the 1970s, French Presidents took a personal interest leaving a legacy of new museums and buildings: President François Mitterrand had the most ambitious program of any President since Napoleon III. His Grands Travaux included the Arab World Institute, a new national library called the Bibliothèque François Mitterrand; a new opera house, the Opéra Bastille, a new Ministry of Finance, Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances, in Bercy. The Grande Arche in La Défense and the Grand Louvre, with the addition of the glass pyramid by I. M.

title: Carrosserie Pourtout section title: After World War II hierarchical section title: Carrosserie Pourtout / After World War II caption reference description: 1946 Salon de L'Automobile caption attribution description: Français : Salon de l'Automobile de Paris. content: Carrosserie Pourtout was a French coachbuilding company. Founded by Marcel Pourtout in 1925, the firm is best known for its work in the decades prior to World War II, when it created distinctive and prestigious bodies for cars from numerous European manufacturers. Pre-war Pourtout bodies were mainly one-off, bespoke creations, typically aerodynamic and sporting in character. Among the company's customers was Georges Clemenceau, the physician and journalist who served as the prime minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and 1917 to 1920.
The firm later turned to designs for industry and public transport.
Carrosserie Pourtout ceased its creative operations in 1994 but survives to the present day as a vehicle body repair shop.

title: Timeline of Paris section title: 1946–1967 hierarchical section title: Timeline of Paris / 20th century / 1946–1967 caption reference description: Recovering from the war. Paris automobile show in 1946. caption attribution description: Français : Salon de l'Automobile de Paris. content: The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Paris, France.