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title: Marina Aleksandrova hierarchical section title: Marina Aleksandrova caption reference description: Aleksandrova in Moscow in October 2010 caption attribution description: English: Russian actress Marina Aleksandrova, October 28, 2010 in MoscowРусский: Российская актриса Марина Андреевна Александрова 28 октября 2010 года. Показ зимней коллекции от Alberta Ferretti в ГУМе, Москва. content: Marina Andreevna Pupenina, known under her pseudonym Marina Aleksandrova is a Russian actress. She is best known for her role as Catherine the Great in the television series Ekaterina. She is an Honored Artist of the Russian Federation.


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title: City of Paris Dry Goods Co. section title: Origins hierarchical section title: City of Paris Dry Goods Co. / Origins caption reference description: The sign on the building's roof content: The City of Paris Dry Goods Company was one of San Francisco's most important department stores from 1850 to 1976, located diagonally opposite Union Square. In the mid-20th century it opened a few branches in other cities of the Bay Area. The main San Francisco store was demolished in 1980 after a lengthy preservation fight to build a new Neiman Marcus, although the store's original rotunda and glass dome were preserved and incorporated into the new design.


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title: Lindley, Free State section title: Leeuwkop and Bakenkop Monument hierarchical section title: Lindley, Free State / History / Leeuwkop and Bakenkop Monument caption reference description: Leewkop and Bakenkop Monument caption attribution description: English: Leewkop and Bakenkop munument content: Lindley is a small town situated on the banks of the Vals River in the eastern region of the Free State province of South Africa. It was named after an American missionary, Daniel Lindley, who was the first ordained minister to the Voortrekkers in Natal.
The settlement of Lindley was laid out in 1875 on the farm Brandhoek and was proclaimed a town in 1878. The main route to the town is the R707. Lindley, together with its neighbouring towns of Reitz, Petrus Steyn and Arlington form the Nketoana Local Municipality.
Lindley has reestablished their proud rugby union in 2016, after having little success since being ranked first in the Free State in 1994.


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title: La Familia Michoacana section title: Project Coronado hierarchical section title: La Familia Michoacana / Operations / Project Coronado caption reference description: Kilograms of cocaine seized caption attribution description: English: Cocaine bricks seized during Project Coronado. For La Familia Michoacana article. content: La Familia Michoacana, La Familia, or LFM is a Mexican drug cartel and organized crime syndicate based in the Mexican state of Michoacán. Formerly allied to the Gulf Cartel—as part of Los Zetas—it split off in 2006. The cartel was founded by Carlos Rosales Mendoza, a close associate of Osiel Cárdenas. The second leader, Nazario Moreno González, known as El Más Loco, preached his organization's divine right to eliminate enemies. He carried a "bible" of his own sayings and insisted that his army of traffickers and hitmen avoid using the narcotics they produce and sell. Nazario Moreno's partners were José de Jesús Méndez Vargas, Servando Gómez Martínez and Enrique Plancarte Solís, each of whom has a bounty of $2 million for his capture, and were contesting the control of the organization.
The cartel is known to produce large amounts of methamphetamine in clandestine laboratories in Michoacan.
In July 2009 and November 2010, La Familia Michoacana offered to retreat and even disband their cartel, "with the condition that both the Federal Government, and State and Federal Police commit to safeguarding the security of the state of Michoacán."


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title: Dwight H. Johnson section title: Death hierarchical section title: Dwight H. Johnson / Death caption reference description: Grave of Dwight H. Johnson at Arlington National Cemetery (2013) caption attribution description: English: U.S. Army Spc. Brock Bowers, an infantryman with the Honor Guard Company, 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard), renders honors to Medal of Honor recipient Sgt. Dwight H. Johnson after placing a flag on his grave during Flags In at Arlington National Cemetery, Va., May 23, 2013. The Old Guard has honored America's fallen heroes by placing American flags before the gravestones and niches of Service members buried in Arlington National Cemetery for the past 65 years. content: Dwight Hal Johnson a native of Detroit, Michigan, was a United States Army soldier who received the Medal of Honor for his actions in January 1968 during the Vietnam War.


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title: Demographics of North Korea hierarchical section title: Demographics of North Korea caption reference description: Scatter plot of the population of North Korea, from 1980 to 2013. The blue line represents the annual World Bank estimates, and the red dots represent the national census figures (1993 and 2008). caption attribution description: English: The population of the East Asian country of North Korea, from 1980 to 2013. The blue line represents the annual World Bank estimates, and the red dots represents the national census figures (1993 and 2008) content: The demographics of North Korea are known through national censuses and international estimates. The Central Bureau of Statistics of North Korea conducted the most recent census in 2008, where the population reached 24 million inhabitants. The population density is 199.54 inhabitants per square kilometre, and the 2014 estimated life expectancy is 69.81 years. In 1980, the population rose at a near consistent, but low, rate. Since 2000, North Korea's birth rate has exceeded its death rate; the natural growth is positive. In terms of age structure, the population is dominated by the 15–64-year-old segment. The median age of the population is 32.9 years, and the gender ratio is 0.95 males to 1.00 female. Since the early 1990s, the birth rate has been fairly stable, with an average of 2 children per woman, down from an average of 3 in the early 1980s.
According to The World Factbook, North Korea is racially homogeneous and contains a small Chinese community and a few ethnic Japanese. The 2008 census listed two nationalities: Korean and Other. Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1910, in which the Korean Peninsula was occupied by Japanese.


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title: Pennsylvania Route 24 section title: Route description hierarchical section title: Pennsylvania Route 24 / Route description caption reference description: PA 24 northbound past its southern terminus at MD 23 at the Maryland border in Hopewell Township caption attribution description: English: View north at the north end of Maryland State Route 23 (Norrisville Road) and the south end of Pennsylvania State Route 24 (Barrens Road) crossing from northern Harford County, Maryland into Hopewell Township, York County, Pennsylvania content: Pennsylvania Route 24 is a 29-mile-long state highway located within central Pennsylvania in the York County area. Its southern terminus is at the Mason–Dixon Line near Stewartstown, where PA 24 continues into Maryland as Maryland Route 23. The northern terminus is at PA 921 in Mount Wolf. The route heads north from the state line through rural areas in southern York County, intersecting PA 851 in Stewartstown and PA 216 in Winterstown. PA 24 continues north to Red Lion, where it crosses PA 74 and intersects the south end of PA 624. The route runs through suburban areas to the east of York, crossing PA 124, PA 462, and U.S. Route 30. PA 24 continues north through rural land and reaches its end in Mount Wolf.
PA 24 was designated in 1928 to run from the Maryland border south of Stewartstown north to US 111 in New Market. The route ran north to Red Lion, where it followed PA 74 northwest to York before running north along US 111 to North York and continuing north to York Haven, west to Lewisberry, and north to New Market. In the 1950s, the north end of PA 24 was cut back to Interstate 83 /US 111 southwest of New Market.


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title: Clint Walker section title: Honors hierarchical section title: Clint Walker / Honors caption reference description: Walker being pinned with a Sheriff's Badge at Frontier Fiesta at the University of Houston (circa 1950s) caption attribution description: English: Pinning on a Sheriff's badge. Deutsch: Anheften eines Sheriff Sterns. content: Norman Eugene "Clint" Walker was an American actor and singer. He played cowboy Cheyenne Bodie in the ABC/Warner Bros. western series Cheyenne from 1955 to 1963.

title: Badge section title: Various uses hierarchical section title: Badge / Various uses caption reference description: Badge pinning caption attribution description: English: Pinning on a Sheriff's badge. Deutsch: Anheften eines Sheriff Sterns. content: A badge is a device or accessory, often containing the insignia of an organization, which is presented or displayed to indicate some feat of service, a special accomplishment, a symbol of authority granted by taking an oath, a sign of legitimate employment or student status, or as a simple means of identification. They are also used in advertising, publicity, and for branding purposes. Police badges date back to medieval times when knights wore a coat of arms representing their allegiances and loyalty.
Badges can be made from metal, plastic, leather, textile, rubber, etc., and they are commonly attached to clothing, bags, footwear, vehicles, home electrical equipment, etc. Textile badges or patches can be either woven or embroidered, and can be attached by gluing, ironing-on, sewing or applique.
Badges have become highly collectable: in the UK, for example, the Badge Collectors' Circle has been in existence since 1980.
In the military, badges are used to denote the unit or arm to which the wearer belongs, and also qualifications received through military training, rank, etc.


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title: Aran Islands section title: Traditional life and Irish language hierarchical section title: Aran Islands / Traditional life and Irish language caption reference description: A view over Inishmore, from Dún Eochla, with Inishmaan and Cliffs of Moher in the background. caption attribution description: English: A view over Inishmore, from Dún Eochla , with Inishmaan and clifs of Moher in the background. content: The Aran Islands or The Arans are a group of three islands located at the mouth of Galway Bay, on the west coast of Ireland, with a total area of about 46 km². They constitute the barony of Aran in County Galway, Ireland.
From west to east the islands are: Inishmore, the largest; Inishmaan, the second-largest; and Inisheer, the smallest.
The 1,200 inhabitants primarily speak Irish, the language used in local placenames. Most islanders are also fluent in English. The islands belong to the Gaeltacht.


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title: Minken Fosheim hierarchical section title: Minken Fosheim caption reference description: Fosheim in 2011 caption attribution description: Minken Fosheim content: Birte Fosheim Wienskol, better known as Minken Fosheim, was a Norwegian actress and author, best known for her children's books about famous composers, and her role as Vigdis Reverud in the 1990s sitcom Karl & Co.


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title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Randall County, Texas hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Randall County, Texas caption reference description: Location of Randall County in Texas content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Randall County, Texas.
This is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Randall County, Texas. There are one district and three individual properties listed on the National Register in the county. Two properties are also Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted August 23, 2019.

title: Randall County, Texas hierarchical section title: Randall County, Texas caption reference description: Location within the U.S. state of Texas content: Randall County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, its population was 120,725. Its county seat is Canyon. The county was created in 1876 and later organized in 1889. It is named for Horace Randal, a Confederate brigadier general killed at the Battle of Jenkins Ferry. The reason the county name differs from his is because the bill creating the county misspelled Randal's name.
Randall County is part of the Amarillo, Texas, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
At one time, the large JA Ranch, founded by Charles Goodnight and John George Adair, which reached into six counties, held acreage in Randall County.


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title: Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Castile and León section title: Group Soria hierarchical section title: Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in Castile and León / Primera Provincial / 2019–20 teams / Group Soria caption reference description: 2019–20 Primera Provincial – Group Soria teams content: The Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol in the Community of Castile and León:
Primera División Regional Aficionados
Primera División Provincial Aficionados
Segunda División Provincial Aficionados

title: List of municipalities in Soria hierarchical section title: List of municipalities in Soria caption reference description: Province of Soria content: This is a list of the municipalities in the province of Soria in the autonomous community of Castile-Leon, Spain.


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title: Pete Sessions section title: Campaigns hierarchical section title: Pete Sessions / U.S. House of Representatives / Campaigns caption reference description: Sessions at the Capitol in 1998 caption attribution description: English: Republican U.S. Representative Pete Sessions of Texas, half-length portrait, standing, facing front, outside the east front of the U.S. Capitol content: Peter Anderson Sessions is an American politician from Texas who served in the U.S. House of Representatives for 11 terms. He is a member of the Republican Party. He served as the chairman of the House Rules Committee from 2013 to 2019 and is a former chairman of the National Republican Congressional Committee. He was defeated for re-election by Democrat Colin Allred in the November 2018 election. On October 3, 2019, Sessions announced that he was running for Texas's 17th congressional district in the 2020 election.


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title: Women's suffrage in California section title: Early 20th century suffrage activity hierarchical section title: Women's suffrage in California / Early 20th century suffrage activity caption reference description: Suffragist Lydia Flood Jackson content: Women's suffrage in California refers to the political struggle for voting rights for women in the state of California. The movement began in the 19th century and was successful with the passage of Proposition 4 on October 10, 1911. Many of the women and men involved in this movement remained politically active in the national suffrage movement with organizations such as the National American Women's Suffrage Association and the National Woman's Party.

title: Lydia Flood Jackson hierarchical section title: Lydia Flood Jackson caption reference description: Lydia Flood Jackson, from a 1919 publication. content: Lydia Flood Jackson was an American businesswoman, suffragist, and clubwoman.


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title: Canada Border Services Agency section title: Intelligence hierarchical section title: Canada Border Services Agency / Operations / Enforcement & Intelligence / Intelligence caption reference description: CBSA and RCMP members share information on the survey research vessel Strait Hunter, simulating a migrant vessel, during Frontier Sentinel (2012) caption attribution description: English: Members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Border Services Agency share information on the survey research vessel Strait Hunter, simulating a migrant vessel, during Frontier Sentinel 2012 in Sydney, Canada, May 8, 2012. Frontier Sentinel is a combined U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard and Canadian Forces exercise focusing on mine countermeasures and migrant vessel scenarios off the east coast of the United States and Canada. The exercise is one of the field components of Ardent Sentry, a U.S. Northern Command exercise focusing on simulated weather, security and disaster contingencies. caption alt text description: CBSA and RCMP members share information on the survey research vessel Strait Hunter, simulating a migrant vessel, during Frontier Sentinel (2012) content: The Canada Border Services Agency is a federal law enforcement agency that is responsible for border control, immigration enforcement, and customs services in Canada. The CBSA is accountable to Parliament through the Minister of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness.
The Agency was created on December 12, 2003, by an order-in-council that amalgamated the customs function of the now-defunct Canada Customs and Revenue Agency; the enforcement function of Citizenship and Immigration Canada; and the port-of-entry examination function of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. The CBSA's creation was formalized by the Canada Border Services Agency Act, which received Royal Assent on November 3, 2005.
The CBSA oversees approximately 1,200 service locations across Canada, and 39 in other countries. It employs over 14,000 public servants and offers 24-hour service at 117 of its land border crossings and at 13 international airports.


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title: Jake Zim hierarchical section title: Jake Zim caption reference description: Jake Zim in 2008. caption attribution description: headshot for jake Zim content: Jake Zim is the Senior Vice President of Virtual Reality for Sony Pictures Entertainment. Zim oversees global virtual reality production and strategy for the motion picture group and he has produced a wide variety of interactive projects across the spectrum of distribution channels including location-based, mobile and in-home. Zim has been instrumental in the development of virtual reality experiences such as the Emmy® nominated Spider-Man: Homecoming VR, Ghostbusters: Dimensions, The Emoji Movie VR Experience, Can You Walk The Walk and Jumanji: The VR Adventure, and Hotel Transylvania Popstic VR. The L.A. Times called Zim's appointment "the first VR czar at a major studio." Jake Zim joined Sony Pictures Entertainment Worldwide Marketing and Distribution as Senior Vice President of Digital Marketing in 2011. Before joining Sony, he was Vice President, Digital Marketing at Twentieth Century Fox.


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title: Chériennes hierarchical section title: Chériennes caption reference description: coat of arms content: Chériennes is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.


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title: List of crossings of the Schuylkill River section title: Philadelphia hierarchical section title: List of crossings of the Schuylkill River / Crossings / Philadelphia caption attribution description: English: FALLS BRIDGE, Spanning Schuylkill River, connecting East & West River Drives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1894-95), George S. Webster, chief engineer, City of Philadelphia and James H. Windrim, director of Public Works, City of Philadelphia. content: This is a list of bridges and other crossings of the Schuylkill River, from the Delaware River upstream to the source. All locations are in Pennsylvania.

title: East Falls, Philadelphia hierarchical section title: East Falls, Philadelphia caption reference description: Falls Bridge caption attribution description: English: FALLS BRIDGE, Spanning Schuylkill River, connecting East & West River Drives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1894-95), George S. Webster, chief engineer, City of Philadelphia and James H. Windrim, director of Public Works, City of Philadelphia. content: East Falls is a neighborhood in the Northwest section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States on the east or left bank side of the now submerged Schuylkill River cataracts, the 'Falls of the Schuylkill' that became submerged as the Schuylkill Canal and Fairmount Water Works projects were completed in 1822. The East Falls community is located adjacent to Germantown, Roxborough, Allegheny West, and Nicetown-Tioga neighborhoods. East Falls is also adjacent to Wissahickon Valley Park. The neighborhood runs along a stretch of Ridge Avenue that is only a few miles long, along the banks of the Schuylkill River then extends northeast to Wissahickon Avenue. East Falls overlooks the multi-use recreational path of Fairmount Park along Kelly Drive, and is desirable for its central location, an easy commute to Center City, with easy access to several major roadways and public transportation. East Falls continues to develop, with new housing, retail space and recreation centers in production.

title: Falls Bridge hierarchical section title: Falls Bridge caption attribution description: English: FALLS BRIDGE, Spanning Schuylkill River, connecting East & West River Drives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (1894-95), George S. Webster, chief engineer, City of Philadelphia and James H. Windrim, director of Public Works, City of Philadelphia. content: The Falls Bridge is a steel Pratt truss bridge that spans the Schuylkill River in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It connects Kelly Drive at Calumet Street with Martin Luther King, Jr. Drive at Neill Drive. It replaced a wooden covered bridge at the same site.
The 556-foot-long bridge, with stonemasonry abutments and two stonemasonry piers, with three Pratt-type pin-connected trusses, was built in 1894–1895 at a cost of $262,000 by Filbert Porter & Co. under the direction of Chief Engineer George Smedley Webster of the Philadelphia Department of Public Works and James H. Windrim, director of the Department of Public Works. The bridge was designed as a double-decker bridge, but the upper deck was never built for lack of funds. The bridge carries two lanes of vehicular traffic on a 26-foot-wide roadway, with 7-foot sidewalks on either side, for a total width of 40 feet.
In 2007, blue LED lights were added to highlight the bridge at night.


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title: Milltown Reservoir Superfund Site section title: Remediation hierarchical section title: Milltown Reservoir Superfund Site / Three Rs of the Superfund project / Remediation caption reference description: Sediment removal as part of the remediation in the fall of 2008 caption attribution description: English: Remediation work at the Milltown Reservoir Superfund Site, Montana. content: The Milltown Reservoir Sediments Superfund Site is a major Superfund site in Missoula County, Montana, seven miles east of Missoula. It was added to the National Priorities List in 1983 when arsenic groundwater contamination was found in the Milltown area. The contamination resulted from a massive flood three years after its construction in 1905, which washed millions of tons of mine waste into the Clark Fork River, ultimately ending up behind the Milltown Dam.
Since 1992, the site has been a part of the Clark Fork River Superfund Complex, consisting of three major sites along a 120-mile stretch of the Clark Fork River. The Complex is the largest and most expensive Superfund site in the United States.


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title: List of cities and towns in Romania section title: Complete list hierarchical section title: List of cities and towns in Romania / Complete list caption attribution description: Română: Colegiul Național "Tudor Vladimirescu", Târgu Jiu This is a photo of a historic monument in județul Gorj, classified with number GJ-II-m-B-09187 content: This is a list of cities and towns in Romania, ordered by population according to the 2002 and 2011 censuses. For the major cities, average altitude is also given. Cities in bold are county capitals. The list includes major cities with the status of municipiu, as well as towns with the status of oraș.
Romania has 1 city with more than 1 million residents, 19 cities with more than 100,000 residents, and 178 towns with more than 10,000 residents.

title: Târgu Jiu hierarchical section title: Târgu Jiu caption reference description: Downtown caption attribution description: Română: Colegiul Național "Tudor Vladimirescu", Târgu Jiu This is a photo of a historic monument in județul Gorj, classified with number GJ-II-m-B-09187 caption alt text description: Downtown content: Târgu Jiu is the capital of Gorj County, Oltenia, Romania. It is found on the shores of the Jiu River. It has a population of 101,562 people as of the year 2002.

title: Târgu Jiu hierarchical section title: Târgu Jiu caption reference description: Downtown caption attribution description: Română: Colegiul Național "Tudor Vladimirescu", Târgu Jiu This is a photo of a historic monument in județul Gorj, classified with number GJ-II-m-B-09187 caption alt text description: Downtown content: Târgu Jiu is the capital of Gorj County in the Oltenia region of Romania. It is situated on the Southern Sub-Carpathians, on the banks of the river Jiu. Eight localities are administered by the city: Bârsești, Drăgoieni, Iezureni, Polata, Preajba Mare, Romanești, Slobozia and Ursați.


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title: 2009 Queensland state election section title: Results hierarchical section title: 2009 Queensland state election / Results caption reference description: The Gallagher Index result: 12.47 caption attribution description: English: Gallagher Index image for Queensland state election, 2009 content: The Queensland state election was held to elect members to the unicameral Parliament of Queensland on 21 March 2009. The election saw the incumbent Labor government led by Premier Anna Bligh defeat the Liberal National Party of Queensland led by Opposition Leader Lawrence Springborg, and gain a fifth consecutive term in office for her party. Bligh thus became the first female Premier of any Australian State elected in her own right.
The 2009 election also marked the eighth consecutive victory of the ALP in a general election since 1989 although it was out of office between 1996 and 1998 as a direct result of the 1996 Mundingburra by-election.


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title: Sarah Kaufman section title: After losing Championship hierarchical section title: Sarah Kaufman / Mixed martial arts career / Strikeforce / After losing Championship caption reference description: Kaufman (right) versus Megumi Yabushita at Armageddon Fighting Championship 5: Judgment Day caption attribution description: English: Sarah Kaufman (right) versus Megumi Yabushita at Armageddon Fighting Championship 5: Judgment Day content: Sarah Kaufman is a Canadian mixed martial artist. She competes in the women's bantamweight division where she is the Invicta FC Bantamweight Champion. Kaufman was the first Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Champion and was also the first and only Hardcore Championship Fighting Women's Bantamweight Champion.
Kaufman is the #8-ranked pound-for-pound female MMA fighter in the world by MMARising.com and the #4-ranked 135-pound female fighter according to the Unified Women's MMA Rankings.


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title: Kurata Morishima hierarchical section title: Kurata Morishima caption reference description: Kurata Morishima, in his study at home, circa 1937. caption attribution description: English: Kurata Morishima, a pharmacologist and a professor in Kyoto Imperial University. Digitized from 70th anniversary photo album of Morishima dated on Nov. 3, 1937. content: Kurata Morishima was a Japanese medical scientist and a professor of Kyoto Imperial University Faculty of Medicine.


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title: Algerian People's National Armed Forces section title: History hierarchical section title: Algerian People's National Armed Forces / History caption reference description: Salute the flag caption attribution description: English: SP ESAIR2016 1 content: The Algerian People's National Armed Forces is the military forces of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria. Algeria has a large military to counter foreign and domestic threats. It is the direct successor of the Armée de Libération Nationale, the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front, which fought French colonial rule during the Algerian War of Independence.
The People's National Army include ground forces, the Algerian Air Force, the Navy, and the Algerian Air Defence Force. The antecedents of the army were the conventional military units formed in Morocco and Tunisia during the war of independence from France. Except for clashes with Morocco in 1963 and 1976, the armed forces have not been involved in hostilities against a foreign power. Their combat capabilities in defence of the country has thus remained untested, however the Algerian military is arguably recognized to be one of the most professional and well-trained militaries in both Africa and the Arab world.


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title: Davey Boy Smith Jr. section title: Championships and accomplishments hierarchical section title: Davey Boy Smith Jr. / Championships and accomplishments caption reference description: Smith with the WWE Tag Team Championship caption attribution description: David Hart Smith with tag team championship content: Harry Francis Smith is a Canadian professional wrestler who is currently working for Major League Wrestling as Davey Boy Smith Jr. He is also most well known for appearing in the WWE under the name David Hart Smith. Smith is a former three-time IWGP Tag Team Champion, two-time GHC Tag Team Champion, two-time NWA World Tag Team Champion and one-time MLW World Tag Team Champion. He is also appearing for World of Sport Wrestling using the name British Bulldog Jr. He is also known for his tenure in New Japan Pro-Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Noah, regularly teaming with Lance Archer as the Killer Elite Squad.
He is the son of the late wrestler "The British Bulldog" Davey Boy Smith and Diana Hart, the youngest daughter of promoters Stu and Helen Hart. He is also known for his tenure in WWE under the ring name David Hart Smith, where he won the Unified Tag Team Championship along with Tyson Kidd before being released from his contract on August 5, 2011. He previously wrestled under the name DH Smith for WWE and their developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling.


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title: John Banvard hierarchical section title: John Banvard caption reference description: John Banvard, ca.1855 caption attribution description: Portrait of John Banvard, ca.1855 content: John Banvard was a panorama and portrait painter known for his panoramic views of the Mississippi River Valley. He was a pioneer in moving panoramic paintings.


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title: Nigeria section title: Services and tourism hierarchical section title: Nigeria / Economy / Services and tourism caption reference description: Lekki Beach in Lagos caption attribution description: English: Waves crashing in on the Lekki beach in Lagos content: Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a sovereign country located in West Africa bordering Niger in the north, Chad in the northeast, Cameroon in the east, and Benin in the west. Its southern coast is on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean. Nigeria is a federal republic comprising 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory, where the capital, Abuja, is located.
Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous pre-colonial states and kingdoms over the millennia. The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century, and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Frederick Lugard. The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms; Nigeria became a formally independent federation on October 1, 1960. It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970.

title: Lagos section title: Tourism hierarchical section title: Lagos / Tourism caption reference description: Lekki Beach in Lagos caption attribution description: English: Waves crashing in on the Lekki beach in Lagos content: Lagos is the most populous city in Nigeria and the African continent. Lagos is a major financial centre for all of Africa and is the economic hub of Lagos State. The megacity has the fourth-highest GDP in Africa and houses one of the largest and busiest seaports on the continent. It is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.
Lagos initially emerged as a home to the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba of West Africa and later emerged as a port city that originated on a collection of islands, which are contained in the present day Local Government Areas of Lagos Island, Eti-Osa, Amuwo-Odofin and Apapa. The islands are separated by creeks, fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon, while being protected from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands and long sand spits such as Bar Beach, which stretch up to 100 km east and west of the mouth. Due to rapid urbanization, the city expanded to the west of the lagoon to include areas in the present day Lagos Mainland, Ajeromi-Ifelodun and Surulere. This led to the classification of Lagos into two main areas: the Island, which was the initial city of Lagos, before it expanded into the area known as the Mainland.


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title: Franklin Booth section title: Career hierarchical section title: Franklin Booth / Career caption reference description: Franklin Booth, Nicholson Bookplate, by 1910 content: Franklin Booth, was an American artist known for his detailed pen-and-ink illustrations. He had a unique illustration style based upon his early recreation of wood engraving illustrations with pen and ink. His skill as a draftsman and style made him a popular magazine illustrator in the early 20th-century. He was one of the first modern ex libris designers in the United States.
Using watercolor, Booth created book illustrations, such as James Whitcomb Riley's The Flying Islands of the Night. During World War I, he created posters for recruitment, fundraising, and other efforts. As Art Deco style illustrations became popular, his work in latter years was found in commercial publications and catalogs. Although he "believe[d] in schools to a certain extent" at one point in his career, he co-founded the Phoenix Art Institute and was an educator for 21 years. He was inducted into the Society of Illustrators Hall of Fame.


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title: Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon section title: The Petit-Bourbon on old maps of Paris hierarchical section title: Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon / The Petit-Bourbon on old maps of Paris caption attribution description: English: The Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon of Paris as depicted on the 1652 map of Gomboust (Plate V) content: The Hôtel du Petit-Bourbon, a former Parisian town house of the royal family of Bourbon, was located on the right bank of the Seine on the rue d'Autriche, between the Louvre to the west and the Church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois to the east. It was constructed in the 14th century, not long after the Capetian Kings of France enlarged the fortress of the Louvre in order to use it as a royal residence. On two 1550 maps it is shown simply as the Hôtel de Bourbon, but by 1652, as the Petit-Bourbon on the map of Gomboust. The Bourbons took control of France in 1589, at which time they also acquired the Louvre.
The Great Hall, the Grande Salle du Petit-Bourbon, was larger than any room in the Louvre, and served as the first theatre of the troupe of Molière upon their arrival in Paris in 1658; but by 1660 Molière and his actors were evicted, and the Petit-Bourbon was pulled down to make space for the construction of the Louvre Colonnade.


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title: Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat District hierarchical section title: Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat District caption reference description: District location in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province content: Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat District is the capital district of Nakhon Si Thammarat Province in southern Thailand.


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title: Microbial art hierarchical section title: Microbial art caption reference description: Beach scene with bacterial strains expressing different kinds of fluorescent protein, from the laboratory of the Nobel prize-winning biochemist Roger Tsien caption attribution description: A San Diego beach scene drawn with an eight color palette of bacterial colonies expressing fluorescent proteins derived from GFP and the red-fluorescent coral protein dsRed. The colors include BFP, mTFP1, Emerald, Citrine, mOrange, mApple, mCherry and mGrape. Artwork by Nathan Shaner, photography by Paul Steinbach, created in the lab of Roger Tsien in 2006. content: Microbial art, agar art, or germ art is artwork created by culturing microorganisms in certain patterns. The microbes used can be bacteria, yeast fungi, or less commonly, protists. The microbes can be chosen for their natural colours, or can be engineered to express fluorescent proteins and viewed under ultraviolet light to make them fluoresce in colour.

title: Genetically modified bacteria section title: Agriculture hierarchical section title: Genetically modified bacteria / Agriculture caption reference description: This artwork is made with bacteria modified to express 8 different colours of fluorescent proteins. caption attribution description: A San Diego beach scene drawn with an eight color palette of bacterial colonies expressing fluorescent proteins derived from GFP and the red-fluorescent coral protein dsRed. The colors include BFP, mTFP1, Emerald, Citrine, mOrange, mApple, mCherry and mGrape. Artwork by Nathan Shaner, photography by Paul Steinbach, created in the lab of Roger Tsien in 2006. content: Genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine.

title: Genetically modified organism section title: Bacteria hierarchical section title: Genetically modified organism / Bacteria caption reference description: This artwork is made with bacteria modified to express 8 different colors of fluorescent proteins. caption attribution description: A San Diego beach scene drawn with an eight color palette of bacterial colonies expressing fluorescent proteins derived from GFP and the red-fluorescent coral protein dsRed. The colors include BFP, mTFP1, Emerald, Citrine, mOrange, mApple, mCherry and mGrape. Artwork by Nathan Shaner, photography by Paul Steinbach, created in the lab of Roger Tsien in 2006. content: A genetically modified organism is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified, from animals to plants and microorganisms. Genes have been transferred within the same species, across species and even across kingdoms. New genes can be introduced, or endogenous genes can be enhanced, altered or knocked out.
Creating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. A number of techniques are available for inserting the isolated gene into the host genome. Recent advancements using genome editing techniques, notably CRISPR, have made the production of GMO's much simpler.

title: Green fluorescent protein section title: GFP derivatives hierarchical section title: Green fluorescent protein / History / GFP derivatives caption reference description: The diversity of genetic mutations is illustrated by this San Diego beach scene drawn with living bacteria expressing 8 different colors of fluorescent proteins (derived from GFP and dsRed). caption attribution description: A San Diego beach scene drawn with an eight color palette of bacterial colonies expressing fluorescent proteins derived from GFP and the red-fluorescent coral protein dsRed. The colors include BFP, mTFP1, Emerald, Citrine, mOrange, mApple, mCherry and mGrape. Artwork by Nathan Shaner, photography by Paul Steinbach, created in the lab of Roger Tsien in 2006. content: The green fluorescent protein is a protein composed of 238 amino acid residues that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range. Similar proteins that also fluoresce green are found in many marine organisms, but the label GFP traditionally refers to this particular protein, which was first isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria and is sometimes called—when such precision is required—avGFP.
The GFP from A. victoria has a major excitation peak at a wavelength of 395 nm and a minor one at 475 nm. Its emission peak is at 509 nm, which is in the lower green portion of the visible spectrum. The fluorescence quantum yield of GFP is 0.79. The GFP from the sea pansy has a single major excitation peak at 498 nm. GFP makes for an excellent tool in many forms of biology due to its ability to form internal chromophore without requiring any accessory cofactors, gene products, or enzymes / substrates other than molecular oxygen.
In cell and molecular biology, the GFP gene is frequently used as a reporter of expression.

title: BioArt section title: Art addressing topics in biology and society hierarchical section title: BioArt / Art addressing topics in biology and society caption reference description: It is debated whether BioArt must, like this work of microbial art, be made with actual organisms. Artwork made with bacteria expressing 8 different colors of fluorescent proteins caption attribution description: A San Diego beach scene drawn with an eight color palette of bacterial colonies expressing fluorescent proteins derived from GFP and the red-fluorescent coral protein dsRed. The colors include BFP, mTFP1, Emerald, Citrine, mOrange, mApple, mCherry and mGrape. Artwork by Nathan Shaner, photography by Paul Steinbach, created in the lab of Roger Tsien in 2006. content: BioArt is an art practice where humans work with live tissues, bacteria, living organisms, and life processes. Using scientific processes such as biotechnology the artworks are produced in laboratories, galleries, or artists' studios. The scope of BioArt is considered by some artists to be strictly limited to "living forms", while other artists would include art that uses the imagery of contemporary medicine and biological research, or require that it address a controversy or blind spot posed by the very character of the life sciences.
Although BioArtists work with living matter, there is some debate as to the stages at which matter can be considered to be alive or living. Creating living beings and practicing in the life sciences brings about ethical, social, and aesthetic inquiry. The phrase "BioArt" was coined by Eduardo Kac in 1997 in relation to his artwork Time Capsule. Although it originated at the end of the 20th century, through the works of pioneers like Suzanne Anker, Joe Davis, and the artists hosted by Symbiotica, BioArt is more widely practiced now.


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title: USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) section title: Gallery hierarchical section title: USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) / Gallery caption attribution description: English: The U.S. Navy aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) underway in the Western Pacific on 21 December 2004. Abraham Lincoln, with assigned Carrier Air Wing 2 (CVW-2), was deployed to the Western Pacific 15 October 2004 to 4 May 2005. content: USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) is the fifth Nimitz-class aircraft carrier in the United States Navy. She is the second Navy ship to have been named after the former President Abraham Lincoln. Her home port is NAS North Island, and she is a member of the United States Pacific Fleet. She is administratively responsible to Commander, Naval Air Forces Pacific, and operationally served as the flagship of Carrier Strike Group Nine and host to Carrier Air Wing Two until 2012. She was returned to the fleet on 12 May 2017, marking the successful completion of her refueling and complex overhaul carried out at Newport News Shipyard. On 5 May 2019 USS Abraham Lincoln was deployed to the Middle East as the flagship for Carrier Strike Group 12 and Carrier Air Wing Seven assigned to her.


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title: Kaman SH-2 Seasprite section title: Origins hierarchical section title: Kaman SH-2 Seasprite / Design and development / Origins caption reference description: A YUH-2A during ditching trials, 1963 caption attribution description: The third Kaman YUH-2A Seasprite prototype (BuNo 147204) after ditiching during trials in 1963. content: The Kaman SH-2 Seasprite is a ship-based helicopter originally developed and produced by American manufacturer Kaman Aircraft Corporation. It has been typically used as a compact and fast-moving rotorcraft for utility and anti-submarine warfare missions.
Development of the Seasprite had been initiated during the late 1950s in response to a request from the United States Navy, calling for a suitably fast and compact naval helicopter for utility missions. Kaman's submission, internally designated as the K-20, was favourably evaluated, leading to the issuing of a contract for the construction of four prototypes and an initial batch of 12 production helicopters, designated as the HU2K-1. Under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system, the HU2K was redesignated H-2, the HU2K-1 becoming the UH-2A. Beyond the U.S. Navy, the company had also made efforts to acquire other customers for export sales, in particular the Royal Canadian Navy; however, the initial interest of the Canadians was quelled as a result of Kaman's demand for price increases and the Seasprite performing below company projections during its sea trials.


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title: 2015 Punta del Este ePrix hierarchical section title: 2015 Punta del Este ePrix caption reference description: North hairpin at the 2015 Punta del Este ePrix caption attribution description: English: 2015 Punta del Este ePrix race Español: carrera del ePrix de Punta del Este 2015 content: The 2015 Punta del Este ePrix was a Formula E motor race held on 19 December 2015 at the Punta del Este Street Circuit in Punta del Este, Uruguay. It was the second Punta del Este ePrix and the third championship race of the 2015–16 Formula E season, the second season of the single-seater, electrically powered racing car series. The race was won by Swiss driver Sébastien Buemi from team Renault e.Dams.


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title: California's 48th congressional district hierarchical section title: California's 48th congressional district caption reference description: California's 48th congressional district since January 3, 2013. content: California's 48th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California based in Orange County in Southern California. It is currently represented by Democrat Harley Rouda.
The district includes Costa Mesa, Fountain Valley, Huntington Beach, Laguna Beach, Laguna Niguel, Newport Beach, Seal Beach and parts of Garden Grove, Midway City, Aliso Viejo, Santa Ana and Westminster.
From 2003 to 2013, the district included the cities of Aliso Viejo, Dana Point, Irvine, Laguna Beach, Laguna Hills, Laguna Niguel, Laguna Woods, Lake Forest, Tustin, parts of Irvine and parts of Newport Beach and San Juan Capistrano.
Following the 2018 US General Election, Democrat Harley Rouda became the district's representative, declaring victory after amassing a 3.6% and growing lead in the results, defeating incumbent Republican Dana Rohrabacher.


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title: Western Collegiate Hockey Association men's individual awards section title: Goaltending leaders hierarchical section title: Western Collegiate Hockey Association men's individual awards / Statistical leaders / Goaltending leaders caption reference description: Bernd Brückler, top goaltender in 2003–04 caption attribution description: English: Bernd Brückler after the Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod vs SKA St-Petersburg Dec 12 2010 game Русский: Бернд Брюклер после игры «Торпедо» — СКА 12 декабря 2010 content: The Western Collegiate Hockey Association gives awards at the conclusion of each season. The current awards include Player of the Year, Outstanding Student-Athlete of the Year, Defensive Player of the Year, Rookie of the Year, and Coach of the Year, as well as the league leaders in points scoring and goaltending. In addition, several WCHA players have won the Hobey Baker Award for the nation's best college hockey player.
Past winners have included numerous National Hockey League players, players in European professional leagues, NHL All-Stars, Olympic gold medalists, Stanley Cup champions, and Hockey Hall of Famers. Minnesota and North Dakota are the most successful teams, with 55 award winners and statistical leaders each. All current and former members of the conference are represented, with the exception of Bowling Green.
No player has been selected for the same award more than twice. Murray McLachlan of Minnesota was named Rookie of the Year and twice named Player of the Year, the only player to be selected for three awards. Minnesota's John Mayasich and Michigan Tech's Tony Esposito are the only players to lead the conference statistically in three seasons.


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title: Gandzasar monastery section title: Description hierarchical section title: Gandzasar monastery / Description caption reference description: Aerial view of the monastery complex in 2018 caption attribution description: English: Gandzasar monastery This is a photo of a monument in Armenia identified by the ID NK1/336 content: Gandzasar is a 13th-century Armenian Apostolic cathedral near the village of Vank in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. It has historically been the region's most important church. One of the best pieces of Armenian architecture of the mid-1200s, the building is best known among scholars for its richly decorated dome.


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title: Pat McMahon (soccer, born 1986) hierarchical section title: Pat McMahon (soccer, born 1986) caption reference description: McMahon making a throw-in while playing for FC Cincinnati in 2016 caption attribution description: English: Pat McMahon, a defender for FC Cincinnati, making a throw-in during a match between FC Cincinnati and New York Red Bulls II at Nippert Stadium in Cincinnati, USA on July 20, 2016. content: Pat McMahon is an American soccer player who plays for Louisville City FC in the USL Championship.


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title: North Fork Umatilla Wilderness hierarchical section title: North Fork Umatilla Wilderness caption reference description: View to the west from the Coyote Ridge trail. The North Fork of the Umatilla River lies at the bottom of this canyon. caption attribution description: English: View to the west from the Coyote Ridge trail in the North Fork Umatilla Wilderness, Umatilla National Forest, Oregon, United States. content: The North Fork Umatilla Wilderness is a wilderness area located inside the Umatilla National Forest, in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon. It is the smallest wilderness in northeast Oregon, encompassing only 20,144 acres in Umatilla and Union counties.


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title: Donetsk section title: Soviet Union hierarchical section title: Donetsk / History / Soviet Union caption reference description: A German map of the city in 1943, note that all the streets have been given German names. caption attribution description: English: "Stand: 1. 1943." Also shows numbered administrative wards (Bezirke). Unidentified grid. Former security restriction in upper margin: Nicht für die Öffentlichkeit bestimmt! Printed in western/eastern segments. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. Includes note. LC copy imperfect: Use-worn, fold-lined, rubber-stamped. content: Donetsk, formerly known as Aleksandrovka, Hughesovka, Yuzovka, Stalin and Stalino, is an industrial city in eastern Ukraine located on the Kalmius River in the disputed Donetsk region. While internationally recognized as in Ukraine, the city is under the de facto administration of the unrecognized Donetsk People's Republic, which claims it as its capital city. The population was estimated at 929,063 in the city core, with over 2,000,000 in the metropolitan area. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, Donetsk was the fifth-largest city in Ukraine.
Administratively, Donetsk has been the centre of Donetsk Oblast, while historically, it is the unofficial capital and largest city of the larger economic and cultural Donets Basin region. Donetsk is adjacent to another major city, Makiivka, and along with other surrounding cities forms a major urban sprawl and conurbation in the region. Donetsk has been a major economic, industrial and scientific centre of Ukraine with a high concentration of heavy industries and a skilled workforce. The density of heavy industries determined the city's challenging ecological situation.


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title: Spencer Reiss hierarchical section title: Spencer Reiss caption reference description: Spencer Reiss at Monaco Media Forum 2008 caption attribution description: English: Spencer Reiss at Monaco Media Forum 2008 content: Spencer Reiss is a former Newsweek foreign correspondent in Asia, Africa, Middle East and Latin America, now a contributing editor at Wired magazine. He began working for Wired as a senior editor in San Francisco in 1996. He is responsible for covering energy issues, new media, commercial space travel, and the impact technology is having on humans. He is also a frequent contributor to The Wall Street Journal and MIT Technology Review. Reiss also directed the program for the annual Monaco Media Forum held in Monte Carlo.
In 1995, as managing editor of the pioneering Internet project "24 Hours in Cyberspace," Reiss commissioned John Perry Barlow to write the celebrated Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. More recently he directs the program for Business Insider's annual IGNITION conference in New York City. He is also master of ceremonies at Viva Technology, a global startup & innovation conference held annually in June in Paris.


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title: Paris in the 18th century section title: Chronology hierarchical section title: Paris in the 18th century / Chronology caption reference description: The Encyclopédie, published in Paris by Diderot and D'Alembert between 1751 and 1772 caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: Paris in the 18th century was the second-largest city in Europe, after London, with a population of about 600,000 people. The century saw the construction of Place Vendôme, the Place de la Concorde, the Champs-Élysées, the church of Les Invalides, and the Panthéon, and the founding of the Louvre Museum. Paris witnessed the end of the reign of Louis XIV, was the center stage of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, saw the first manned flight, and was the birthplace of high fashion and the modern restaurant.

title: Denis Diderot section title: Genesis hierarchical section title: Denis Diderot / Encyclopédie / Genesis caption reference description: Title page of the Encyclopédie caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: Denis Diderot was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. He was a prominent figure during the Age of Enlightenment.
Diderot initially studied philosophy at a Jesuit college, then considered working in the church clergy before briefly studying law. When he decided to become a writer in 1734, his father disowned him. He lived a bohemian existence for the next decade. In the 1740s he wrote many of his best-known works in both fiction and non-fiction, including the 1748 novel The Indiscreet Jewels.
In 1751, Diderot co-created the Encyclopédie with Jean le Rond d'Alembert. It was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors and the first to describe the mechanical arts. Its secular tone, which included articles skeptical about Biblical miracles, angered both religious and government authorities; in 1758 it was banned by the Catholic Church and in 1759 the French government banned it as well, although this ban was not strictly enforced.

title: 18th century section title: 1751–1800 hierarchical section title: 18th century / Events / 1751–1800 caption reference description: Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: The 18th century lasted from January 1, 1701 to December 31, 1800. During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the American, French, and Haitian revolutions. The age saw violent slave trading and human trafficking on a global scale. The reactions against monarchical and aristocratic power helped fuel the revolutionary responses against it throughout the century.
The period is also known as the "century of lights" or the "century of reason". In continental Europe, philosophers dreamed of a brighter age. For some, this dream turned into a reality with the French Revolution of 1789, though this was later compromised by the excesses of the Reign of Terror. At first, many monarchies of Europe embraced Enlightenment ideals, but in the wake of the French Revolution they feared loss of power and formed broad coalitions for counter-revolution. The Ottoman Empire experienced an unprecedented period of peace and economic expansion, taking part in no European wars from 1740 to 1768.

title: Encyclopédie hierarchical section title: Encyclopédie caption reference description: The title page of the Encyclopédie caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, better known as Encyclopédie, was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It had many writers, known as the Encyclopédistes. It was edited by Denis Diderot and, until 1759, co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie's aim was "to change the way people think" and for people to be able to inform themselves and to know things. He and the other contributors advocated for the secularization of learning away from the Jesuits. Diderot wanted to incorporate all of the world's knowledge into the Encyclopédie and hoped that the text could disseminate all this information to the public and future generations.
It was also the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many named contributors, and it was the first general encyclopedia to describe the mechanical arts. In the first publication, seventeen folio volumes were accompanied by detailed engravings.

title: History of encyclopedias section title: Rise of printed encyclopedias hierarchical section title: History of encyclopedias / Traditional encyclopedias / Rise of printed encyclopedias caption reference description: Encyclopédie, 1773 caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: Encyclopedias have progressed from the beginning of history in written form, through medieval and modern times in print, and most recently, displayed on computer and distributed via computer networks.

title: Michel-Antoine David hierarchical section title: Michel-Antoine David caption reference description: Frontispiece of the first volume of the Encyclopédie published in 1751. Among the printers "David l'aîné, rue Saint-Jacques", à la Plume d'Or (Michel-Antoine David called David l'aîné) caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: Michel-Antoine David also David l'aîné was an 18th-century French printer, publisher and Encyclopédiste during the Age of Enlightenment. He was one of the four printers of the Encyclopédie.

title: Timeline of the 18th century section title: 1770s hierarchical section title: Timeline of the 18th century / 1770s caption reference description: Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: This is a timeline of the 18th century.

title: Spanish Enlightenment literature section title: The Enlightenment in Europe hierarchical section title: Spanish Enlightenment literature / The Enlightenment in Europe caption reference description: Cover of L'Encyclopédie (1751) caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: Spanish Enlightenment literature is the literature of Spain written during the Age of Enlightenment.
During the 18th century a new spirit was born which swept away the older values of the Baroque and which receives the name of "Enlightenment". This movement laid its foundations in a critical spirit, in the predominance of reason and experience, philosophy and science were the most valued sources of knowledge. The period is also known as the "century of lights" or the "century of reason". In short, human happiness was pursued by means of culture and progress. The new winds that caused that art and literature were oriented towards a new classicism. The expression of feeling was avoided, norms and academic rules were followed, and balance and harmony were valued. At the end of century a reaction against so much rigidity arose, a return to the world of the feelings taking its place; this movement is known as "Pre-romanticism".

title: Timeline of Paris section title: 18th century hierarchical section title: Timeline of Paris / 18th century caption reference description: The Encyclopédie, published in Paris by Diderot and D'Alembert between 1751 and 1772 caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Paris, France.

title: 18th-century French literature section title: The Philosophes and the literature of ideas hierarchical section title: 18th-century French literature / The Philosophes and the literature of ideas caption reference description: L'Encyclopédie caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: 18th-century French literature is French literature written between 1715, the year of the death of King Louis XIV of France, and 1798, the year of the coup d'État of Bonaparte which brought the Consulate to power, concluded the French Revolution, and began the modern era of French history. This century of enormous economic, social, intellectual and political transformation produced two important literary and philosophical movements: during what became known as the Age of Enlightenment, the Philosophes questioned all existing institutions, including the church and state, and applied rationalism and scientific analysis to society; and a very different movement, which emerged in reaction to the first movement; the beginnings of Romanticism, which exalted the role of emotion in art and life.
In common with a similar movement in England at the same time, the writers of 18th century France were critical, skeptical and innovative. Their lasting contributions were the ideas of liberty, toleration, humanitarianism, equality, and progress, which became the ideals of modern western democracy.

title: 1751 hierarchical section title: 1751 caption reference description: The Encyclopédie is first published. caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: 1751 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1751st year of the Common Era and Anno Domini designations, the 751st year of the 2nd millennium, the 51st year of the 18th century, and the 2nd year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1751, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
In Britain and its colonies, 1751 only had 282 days due to the Calendar Act of 1750.

title: Découvertes Gallimard section title: History hierarchical section title: Découvertes Gallimard / History caption reference description: Encyclopédie is the first French encyclopaedia, a work edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert and many other contributors. It was one of the first encyclopaedias to realise the form we would recognise today, also the first one to include contributions from many named contributors, and perhaps the most famous early encyclopaedia. The 100th title Le Roman vrai de l'Encyclopédie ('True Novel of the Encyclopaedia') is dedicated to this work. caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: Découvertes Gallimard is an encyclopaedic collection of illustrated monographic books aimed at adults and teenagers, made in the style of livre d'art and printed in a pocket format. It was created by Pierre Marchand and published by Éditions Gallimard. The first volume À la recherche de l'Égypte oubliée appeared in November 1986, written by French Egyptologist Jean Vercoutter. These scholarly little books then released in successive volumes, without a systematic plan, each of which is structured like a separate book. The collection currently contains 588 volumes, with more than 150 volumes of spin-offs and catalogues.

title: Age of Enlightenment section title: Encyclopedias and dictionaries hierarchical section title: Age of Enlightenment / Dissemination of ideas / Encyclopedias and dictionaries caption reference description: First page of the Encyclopedie, published between 1751 and 1766 caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.
The Enlightenment emerged out of a European intellectual and scholarly movement known as Renaissance humanism and was also preceded by the Scientific Revolution and the work of Francis Bacon, among others. Some date the beginning of the Enlightenment to René Descartes' 1637 philosophy of Cogito, ergo sum, while others cite the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution and the beginning of the Enlightenment. French historians traditionally date its beginning to the death of Louis XIV of France in 1715 until the 1789 outbreak of the French Revolution. Most end it with the beginning of the 19th century.
Philosophers and scientists of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons, coffeehouses and in printed books, journals, and pamphlets.

title: History of France section title: French Enlightenment hierarchical section title: History of France / Early Modern France (1453–1789) / French Enlightenment caption reference description: Cover of the Encyclopédie caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age. What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul. Greek writers noted the presence of three main ethno-linguistic groups in the area: the Gauls, the Aquitani, and the Belgae. The Gauls, the largest and best attested group, were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language.
Over the course of the first millennium BC the Greeks, Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands. The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC, and Roman Legions under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58–51 BC. Afterwards a Gallo-Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman Empire.
In the later stages of the Roman Empire, Gaul was subject to barbarian raids and migration, most importantly by the Germanic Franks. The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century, setting the stage for Frankish dominance in the region for hundreds of years.

title: Encyclopédie hierarchical section title: Encyclopédie caption reference description: The title page of the Encyclopédie caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772. The full title was Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, par une société de gens de lettres, mis en ordre par M. Diderot de l'Académie des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Prusse, et quant à la partie mathématique, par M. d'Alembert de l'Académie royale des Sciences de Paris, de celle de Prusse et de la Société royale de Londres.
The Encyclopédie was the first encyclopedia to include contributions from many people, and it was the first to include applied science and engineering. Still, the Encyclopédie is famous above all for representing the thought of the Enlightenment. According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédie's aim was "to change the way people think."
The Encyclopédie was conceived as a translation of Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopaedia. In 1743, the translation was given by the Parisian book publisher André Le Breton to John Mills, an Englishman living in France. In May 1745, Le Breton announced the work as available for sale, but Mills had not done the work.

title: Encyclopedia section title: Traditional encyclopedias hierarchical section title: Encyclopedia / History / Traditional encyclopedias caption reference description: Encyclopédie, 1773 caption attribution description: English: Cover of the "Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" (Encyclopaedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert (retouched version: annoying minor dark spots removed; two greater luminous spots (top + bottom right) removed; little perspective transformation of the whole page; little retouching of surrounding borders; extra perspective transformation for the whole block below "Tome Premier") Deutsch: Titelseite der "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Herausgegeben von Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond D'Alembert (Enzyklopädie oder erklärendes Wörterbuch der Wissenschaft, der Kunst und des Handwerks) Ursprüngliche WP-Dateien: fr:WP-Image ENC_1-NA5_600px.jpeg - Première page de l'Encyclopédie de D'Alembert et Diderot (grand format) fr:WP-Image:Encyclopedie_cover_page.jpg - Couverture de lEncyclopédie de Diderot et D'Alembert - L'ouvrage est sous-titré : Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers - Il fut publié entre 1751 et 1772 Français : Page de titre de l' "Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers" Éditée sous la direction de Denis Diderot et Jean le Rond D’Alembert Русский: Титульный лист издания «Энциклопедия, или толковый словарь наук, искусств и ремёсел» Энциклопедии Дидро и д'Аламбера content: An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a reference work or compendium providing summaries of knowledge either from all branches or from a particular field or discipline.
Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are often arranged alphabetically by article name and sometimes by thematic categories. Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Generally speaking, unlike dictionary entries—which focus on linguistic information about words, such as their etymology, meaning, pronunciation, use, and grammatical forms—encyclopedia articles focus on factual information concerning the subject named in the article's title.
Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years and have evolved considerably during that time as regards to language, size, intent, cultural perspective, authorship, readership, and the technologies available for their production and distribution. As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed versions found a prominent place in libraries, schools and other educational institutions.


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title: Greek dances section title: Aegean Islands hierarchical section title: Greek dances / Modern and regional dances / Aegean Islands caption reference description: Dancers from Patmos island caption attribution description: English: Folk dancers, Patmos island content: Greek dance is a very old tradition, being referred to by authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch and Lucian. There are different styles and interpretations from all of the islands and surrounding mainland areas. Each region formed its own choreography and style to fit in with their own ways. For example, island dances have more of a different smooth flow to them, while Pontic dancing closer to Black Sea, is very sharp. There are over 10,000 traditional dances that come from all regions of Greece. There are also pan-hellenic dances, which have been adopted throughout the Greek world. These include specifically the syrtos, kalamatianos, ballos and hasapiko.
Traditional Greek dancing has a primarily social function. It brings the community together at key points of the year, such as Easter, the grape harvest or patronal festivals; and at key points in the lives of individuals and families, such as weddings. For this reason, tradition frequently dictates a strict order in the arrangement of the dancers, for example, by age.
Greek dances are performed also in diaspora Greek communities among international folk dance groups.


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title: Rock 'n' Roll Las Vegas Marathon section title: History hierarchical section title: Rock 'n' Roll Las Vegas Marathon / History caption reference description: Las Vegas Marathon & Half Marathon loop courses - 2005 to 2008 caption attribution description: English: City map of the marathon & half marathon courses content: The Rock 'n' Roll Las Vegas Marathon & 1/2 Marathon is an annual marathon foot-race run on the Las Vegas Strip and in parts of the Las Vegas Valley, Nevada. The 26.2-mile race is one of the oldest marathons in the United States, having been run since 1967.


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title: Marine Aircraft Group 24 section title: Mindanao Campaign, Philippines (April – September 1945) hierarchical section title: Marine Aircraft Group 24 / History / World War II / Mindanao Campaign, Philippines (April – September 1945) caption reference description: The end of the SBD was marked with ceremonies at Malabang, Mindanao on 28 July by members of Marine Air Group 24 of the First Marine Air Wing.  Squadrons of that group were the last Marine units to use the Douglas Dauntless dive bomber in the Philippines campaign.  Location: Malabang Philippines. content: Marine Aircraft Group 24 is a United States Marine Corps aviation unit based at Marine Corps Air Facility Kaneohe Bay. MAG-24 is subordinate to the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing and the III Marine Expeditionary Force.