Instruction: What document is represented by this image?:

title: Supermarine Spitfire section title: Production dispersal hierarchical section title: Supermarine Spitfire / Development and production / Production dispersal caption reference description: This Spitfire PR Mk XI (PL965) was built at RAF Aldermaston in southern England. caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was used by the Royal Air Force and other Allied countries before, during, and after World War II. Many variants of the Spitfire were built, using several wing configurations, and it was produced in greater numbers than any other British aircraft. It was also the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war. The Spitfire continues to be popular among enthusiasts; nearly 60 remain airworthy, and many more are static exhibits in aviation museums throughout the world.
The Spitfire was designed as a short-range, high-performance interceptor aircraft by R. J. Mitchell, chief designer at Supermarine Aviation Works, which operated as a subsidiary of Vickers-Armstrong from 1928. Mitchell pushed the Spitfire's distinctive elliptical wing with cutting-edge sunken rivets to have the thinnest possible cross-section, helping give the aircraft a higher top speed than several contemporary fighters, including the Hawker Hurricane.

title: Aerial reconnaissance section title: High-speed reconnaissance aircraft hierarchical section title: Aerial reconnaissance / History / World War II / High-speed reconnaissance aircraft caption reference description: This PRU Blue Spitfire PR Mk XI (PL965) was a long range, high-altitude reconnaissance variant capable of flying from airfields in England and photographing targets in Berlin. caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: Aerial reconnaissance is reconnaissance for a military or strategic purpose that is conducted using reconnaissance aircraft. The role of reconnaissance can fulfil a variety of requirements including artillery spotting, the collection of imagery intelligence, and the observation of enemy maneuvers.

title: Air Force blue section title: Air superiority blue/PRU blue hierarchical section title: Air Force blue / Related colours / Air superiority blue/PRU blue caption reference description: A Spitfire PR Mk XI finished overall in PRU Blue/Air Superiority Blue caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: Air Force blue colours are a variety of colours that are mostly various tones of the colour azure, the purest tones of which are identified as being the colour of the sky on a clear day.
Some air force blue colours, notably the air force blue colour used by the United States Air Force and the colour used by the US Air Force Academy, may look like they are tones of blue instead of azure. However, they are actually dark tones of azure, not blue.
These air force blue colours are used by these various air forces for colour identification.

title: Supermarine Spitfire operational history section title: Late photo-reconnaissance Spitfires hierarchical section title: Supermarine Spitfire operational history / Photo-reconnaissance / Late photo-reconnaissance Spitfires caption reference description: A preserved PR Mk XI Spitfire (PL965) in PRU Blue (2008) caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: The Supermarine Spitfire, the only British fighter to be manufactured before, during and after the Second World War, was designed as a short-range fighter capable of defending Britain from bomber attack and achieved legendary status fulfilling this role during the Battle of Britain. According to fighter ace J.E. "Johnnie" Johnson it was the best conventional defensive fighter of the war.
The fighter evolved into a multi-role aircraft capable of operating in different environments. For example, the Spitfire was a pioneer in the role of the unarmed, photo reconnaissance aircraft that relied on high speed and high altitude to avoid detection and attack.
Post-war the Spitfire was to continue to serve as a front line fighter and in secondary roles for several air forces well into the 1950s. The last offensive sorties made by RAF Spitfires were flown by 60 Squadron Mk XVIIIs over Malaya on 1 January 1951.

title: Aerial reconnaissance in World War II hierarchical section title: Aerial reconnaissance in World War II caption reference description: This Spitfire PR Mk XI (PL965) was a purpose-built long-range, high-altitude reconnaissance variant that was capable of flying from airfields in England and photographing as far afield as Berlin caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: A transformational growth in air reconnaissance occurred in the years 1939–45, especially in Britain and then in the United States. It was an expansion determined mostly by trial and error, represented mostly by new tactics, new procedures, and new technology, though rarely by specialized aircraft types. The mission type branched out into many sub-types, including new electronic forms of reconnaissance. In sharp contrast with the case during the pre-war years, by 1945 air reconnaissance was widely recognized as a vital, indispensable component of air power.

title: RAF Coastal Command during World War II section title: Reconnaissance Operations hierarchical section title: RAF Coastal Command during World War II / Non-combat operations / Reconnaissance Operations caption reference description: This Spitfire PR Mk XI (PL965) was built at RAF Aldermaston. caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: RAF Coastal Command was a formation within the Royal Air Force. Founded in 1936, it was to act as the RAF maritime arm, after the Fleet Air Arm became part of the Royal Navy in 1937. Naval aviation was neglected in the inter-war period, 1919–1939, and as a consequence the service did not receive the resources it needed to develop properly or efficiently. This continued until the outbreak of the Second World War, during which it came to prominence. Owing to the Air Ministry's concentration on RAF Fighter Command and RAF Bomber Command, Coastal Command was often referred to as the "Cinderella Service", a phrase first used by the First Lord of the Admiralty at the time A V Alexander.
Its primary task was to protect convoys from the German Kriegsmarine's U-boat force. It also protected Allied shipping from the aerial threat posed by the Luftwaffe. The main operations of Coastal Command were defensive, defending supplies lines in the various theatres of war, most notably the battle of the Atlantic. A limited number of detachments served in the Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres under the Command from 1941, operating from a headquarters in Gibraltar.

title: Sound barrier section title: Early claims hierarchical section title: Sound barrier / History / Early claims caption reference description: A Spitfire PR Mk XI (PL965) of the type used in the 1944 RAE Farnborough dive tests during which a highest Mach Number of 0.92 was obtained caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: The sound barrier or sonic barrier is the sudden increase in aerodynamic drag and other undesirable effects experienced by an aircraft or other object when it approaches the speed of sound. When aircraft first approached the speed of sound, these effects were seen as constituting a barrier making faster speeds very difficult or impossible. The term sound barrier is still sometimes used today to refer to aircraft reaching supersonic flight. Breaking this sound barrier produces a Sonic Boom.
In dry air at 20 °C, the speed of sound is 343 metres per second. The term came into use during World War II when pilots of high-speed fighter aircraft experienced the effects of compressibility, a number of adverse aerodynamic effects that deterred further acceleration, seemingly impeding flight at speeds close to the speed of sound. These difficulties represented a barrier to flying at faster speeds. In 1947 it was demonstrated that safe flight at the speed of sound was achievable in purpose-designed aircraft thereby breaking the barrier. By the 1950s, new designs of fighter aircraft routinely reached the speed of sound, and faster.

title: RAF Aldermaston section title: Ministry of Aircraft Production use hierarchical section title: RAF Aldermaston / History / Ministry of Aircraft Production use caption reference description: This Spitfire P.R Mk XI (PL965) was built at RAF Aldermaston caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: Royal Air Force Aldermaston or more simply RAF Aldermaston is a former Royal Air Force station located 8 miles east of Newbury, Berkshire and 9.8 miles southwest of Reading, Berkshire, England.
Originally built as an RAF Bomber Command airfield during 1941-1942, Aldermaston was transferred to the United States Army Air Forces in August 1942. Placed under the jurisdiction of Eighth Air Force, it was home to several Douglas C-47 Skytrain Troop Carrier Groups. It was transferred to Ninth Air Force in 1943 primarily as a Troop Carrier Command base. Returned to RAF Control at the end of 1945, it was used by Technical Training Command before being placed on Care and Maintenance. In 1946, it was transferred to the Ministry of Civil Aviation and used by BOAC aircraft for training.
Also used by the Ministry of Aircraft Production for Supermarine Spitfire assembly and flight testing, the airfield closed in 1950 and the site became home of the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment from 1950.

title: List of surviving Supermarine Spitfires section title: United Kingdom hierarchical section title: List of surviving Supermarine Spitfires / United Kingdom caption reference description: PL965 taxying out for a display caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft used by the Royal Air Force along with many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War and afterwards into the 1950s as both a front line fighter and also in secondary roles.
Many developing countries purchased Spitfires as industrial countries phased out propeller-powered aircraft in favour of new jet-engined machines. As these nations started to update their air forces many Spitfires and other Second World War aircraft were sold on the open market to individuals or for scrap. The aircraft in Hong Kong serving with the UK Colonial wings are a good example of the different means of disposal where they were simply bulldozed into the sea as part of the process to reclaim land from the water in order to lengthen the runway.
Private collectors began to acquire Spitfire aircraft and a number went on to appear in movies and TV shows. These movie and TV appearances, in turn, helped to save a number of them from being scrapped. The Spitfire with probably the most movie and TV credits is a Mk.IX MH434.

title: Roberta Cowell section title: Second World War hierarchical section title: Roberta Cowell / Second World War caption reference description: A preserved, photo-reconnaissance Spitfire PR. XI (2008) caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: Roberta Elizabeth Marshall Cowell was a British racing driver and Second World War fighter pilot. She was the first known British trans woman to undergo sex reassignment surgery.

title: RAF Medmenham section title: Second World War hierarchical section title: RAF Medmenham / Second World War caption reference description: Photographic reconnaissance Spitfire PR Mk XI wearing 1944 invasion stripes. caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: RAF Medmenham was a Royal Air Force station based at Danesfield House near Medmenham, in Buckinghamshire, England. Activities there specialised in photographic intelligence, and it was once the home of the RAF Intelligence Branch. During the Second World War, RAF Medmenham was the main interpretation centre for photographic reconnaissance operations in the European and Mediterranean theatres.

title: Supermarine Spitfire (late Merlin-powered variants) section title: PR Mk X and PR Mk XI (types 387, 365 and 370) hierarchical section title: Supermarine Spitfire (late Merlin-powered variants) / Variants / PR Mk X and PR Mk XI (types 387, 365 and 370) caption reference description: Spitfire PR Mk XI in 2008. The PR variant can be recognised by the larger-capacity deeper oil tank under the nose made necessary by the greater duration of the long-range reconnaissance flights. caption attribution description: English: Spitfire PL965 (G-MKXI) at Royal International Air Tattoo, Fairford, Gloucestershire, England. content: The British Supermarine Spitfire was facing several challenges by mid-1942. The debut of the formidable Focke-Wulf Fw 190 in late 1941 had caused problems for RAF fighter squadrons flying the latest Spitfire Mk Vb. Rolls-Royce engineers were already working on a new version of the Merlin incorporating a two-stage supercharger; the combination of the improved Merlin and the Spitfire Mk VC airframe in a "stop-gap" design allowed the RAF to combat the Fw 190 on equal terms.
In a second stream of development Supermarine was working on an improved, reinforced, Spitfire airframe which incorporated several new features and was designed for the Merlin 60 and 70 series engines. This new airframe later formed the basis for the Rolls-Royce Griffon powered Spitfires. The Griffon powered variants are described in a separate article.


Instruction: Provide information about the document linked to this image.:

title: Kanlıca Cemetery hierarchical section title: Kanlıca Cemetery caption reference description: Kanlıca Cemetery overlooking the Bosphorus with the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in the background. caption attribution description: English: Graves at Kanlıca Cemetery in Istanbul, Turkey overlooking the Bosphorus. The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge seen in the background. content: The Kanlıca Cemetery is a burial ground located on the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey. It is administered by the Metropolitan Municipality. Many prominent figures from the world of media and music rest here.
Situated on a hillside east of Kanlıca neighborhood of Beykoz district overlooking Bosphorus, it is also known as the "Mihrimah Sultan Cemetery" after Mihrimah Sultan, the daughter of Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent.


Instruction: Describe the document that accompanies this image.:

title: Abdullah Mahmud Hendropriyono hierarchical section title: Abdullah Mahmud Hendropriyono caption attribution description: English: AM HENDROPRIYONO content: General Abdullah Mahmud Hendropriyono is a retired honorary general from Kopassus, the Indonesian Army special forces group. Hendropriyono was the first head of Indonesia's State Intelligence Agency, and was general chairman of the Indonesian Justice and Unity Party.


Instruction: Provide information about the document linked to this image.:

title: Jack Black filmography hierarchical section title: Jack Black filmography caption reference description: Black posing to promote Kung Fu Panda 3 caption attribution description: Jack Black content: Jack Black is an American actor, comedian, singer, musician, songwriter, and YouTuber. The following are his roles in film, television series and video games.


Instruction: Describe the document that accompanies this image.:

title: Shalom Meir Tower section title: History hierarchical section title: Shalom Meir Tower / History caption reference description: Shalom Tower under construction, April 1965 caption attribution description: Tel Aviv English: View of Yaffo-Tel Aviv with mosque and Shalom tower under construction. עברית: מבט על תל אביב-יפו עם מסגד ומגדל שלום תחת בנייה. العربية: نظرة على تل أبيب-يافا مع مسجد وبرج شالوم قيد الإنشاء. content: Shalom Meir Tower is an office tower in Tel Aviv, Israel. It was Israel's first skyscraper.


Instruction: Identify the document that is connected to this image.:

title: Merna, Nebraska hierarchical section title: Merna, Nebraska caption reference description: Downtown Merna: north side of Center Avenue caption attribution description: English: Downtown Merna, Nebraska: north side of Center Avenue. caption alt text description: Downtown Merna: north side of Center Avenue content: Merna is a village in Custer County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 363 at the 2010 census.


Instruction: Could you elucidate the document associated with this image?:

title: Rainy Peak hierarchical section title: Rainy Peak caption reference description: Rainy Peak seen from the North Cascades Highway near Rainy Pass caption attribution description: English: Rainy Peak 7768, North Cascades mountain range seen from Highway 20 content: Rainy Peak is a 7,768 ft summit in the Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Washington. It is located 3 kilometers south of Rainy Pass and one kilometer southeast of Frisco Mountain on the borders of the Stephen Mather Wilderness and North Cascades National Park. Its nearest higher peak is Corteo Peak, 2.33 mi to the northwest. Precipitation runoff from Rainy Peak drains into Rainy Lake and tributaries of Bridge Creek. The retreating Lyall Glacier in its north cirque contributes to waterfalls which tumble 1,000 ft into Rainy Lake.


Instruction: Provide information about the document linked to this image.:

title: Williston, Florida hierarchical section title: Williston, Florida caption reference description: Welcome sign for Williston, Florida, March 2019 caption attribution description: English: Williston, Florida Welcome Sign content: Williston is a city in Levy County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 2,768. The city was established before 1885 by J.M. Willis, who named it after himself.


Instruction: What document is represented by this image?:

title: New Berlin Township, Sangamon County, Illinois hierarchical section title: New Berlin Township, Sangamon County, Illinois caption reference description: Sangamon County's location in Illinois content: New Berlin Township is located in Sangamon County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,524 and it contained 634 housing units. New Berlin Township was formed from a portion of Island Grove Township on March 3, 1869.

title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Sangamon County, Illinois hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Sangamon County, Illinois caption reference description: Location of Sangamon County in Illinois content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Sangamon County, Illinois.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Sangamon County, Illinois, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 64 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 5 National Historic Landmarks. Another property was once listed but has been removed.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 22, 2019.

title: Divernon Township, Sangamon County, Illinois hierarchical section title: Divernon Township, Sangamon County, Illinois caption reference description: Sangamon County's location in Illinois content: Divernon Township is located in Sangamon County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,510 and it contained 677 housing units. Divernon Township formed from Pawnee Township on an unknown date, but before 1921.

title: Springfield Township, Sangamon County, Illinois hierarchical section title: Springfield Township, Sangamon County, Illinois caption reference description: Sangamon County's location in Illinois content: Springfield Township is located in Sangamon County, Illinois. It is made up of unincorporated areas bordering on the city of Springfield, which should not be confused with the township. As of the 2010 census, its population was 6,245 and it contained 3,099 housing units.

title: Sangamon County, Illinois hierarchical section title: Sangamon County, Illinois caption reference description: Location within the U.S. state of Illinois content: Sangamon County is a county located in the center of the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 197,465. Its county seat and largest city is Springfield, the state capital.
Sangamon County is included in the Springfield, IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.

title: Talkington Township, Sangamon County, Illinois hierarchical section title: Talkington Township, Sangamon County, Illinois caption reference description: Sangamon County's location in Illinois content: Talkington Township is located in Sangamon County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 189 and it contained 86 housing units.


Instruction: Please give information on the document that goes with this image.:

title: Harris County, Texas hierarchical section title: Harris County, Texas caption reference description: Location within the U.S. state of Texas content: Harris County is located in the U.S. state of Texas, located in the southeastern part of the state near Galveston Bay. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,092,459, making it the most populous county in Texas and the third most populous county in the United States. Its county seat is Houston, the largest city in Texas and fourth largest city in the United States. The county was founded in 1836 and organized in 1837. It is named for John Richardson Harris, who founded the town of Harrisburg on Buffalo Bayou in 1826. According to a July 2018 census estimate, Harris County's population had grown to 4,698,619, comprising over 16% of Texas's population. Harris County is included in the nine-county Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area, which is the fifth most populous metropolitan area in the United States.

title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Harris County, Texas hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Harris County, Texas caption reference description: Location of Harris County in Texas content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places in Harris County, Texas. It is intended to be a complete list of properties and districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Harris County, Texas, United States.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted June 19, 2020.

title: List of highways in Harris County, Texas hierarchical section title: List of highways in Harris County, Texas caption reference description: Harris County's location within the state of Texas content: The state highways in Harris County, Texas consists of approximately 1,213 miles of routes in the Texas state highway system that are located within Harris County. These highways are maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation. These highways are made up of Interstate Highways, U.S. Highways, State Highways, State Loop and Spur Highways, Farm to Market Roads, Park Highways, and Alternate and Business Routes. In addition to these highways, three independent Toll Roads and a section of Interstate 10 that is toll managed are also located in Harris County. These roads are maintained by the Harris County Toll Road Authority, and add approximately 120 miles of highways to the overall Harris County highway system.
There are four interstates located within Harris County. They consist of three major interstates and one Auxiliary Interstate. There are also three U.S. Routes located in Harris County. These highways consist of U.S. Route 59, U.S. Route 90, and U.S. Route 290.

title: National Register of Historic Places listings in inner Harris County, Texas hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in inner Harris County, Texas caption reference description: Location of Harris County in Texas content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places in inner Harris County, Texas, defined as within the I-610 loop within Harris County, Texas, but excluding those places in Downtown Houston and those in Houston Heights, which are listed separately.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted August 28, 2020.
The locations of National Register properties and districts may be seen in a map by clicking on "Map of all coordinates."


Instruction: Please give information on the document that goes with this image.:

title: Morradoo railway station hierarchical section title: Morradoo railway station caption reference description: Station in April 2008 caption attribution description: English: Morradoo railway station, Melbourne content: Morradoo railway station is located on the Stony Point line, in Victoria, Australia. It serves the town of Crib Point, and opened on 7 November 1960 as Rail Motor Stopping Place Number 15. In 1996, the platform was extended to 52 metres in length, and a new shelter was erected. This made the platform the second shortest with a regular service in Victoria.
The station was renamed as the result of a local competition in 1996, with the winning entry being Morradoo, suggested by Bree Saunders of Crib Point Primary School. Morradoo comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "powder and shot", and was the original name for Crib Point.
In December 1973, flashing light signals were provided at the Disney Road level crossing. Boom barriers were later provided at the same crossing in 2011.


Instruction: What is the document that this image is related to?:

title: Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex section title: History hierarchical section title: Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex / History caption reference description: Front (south) elevation, 1934 content: Jacob Rutsen Van Rensselaer House and Mill Complex is a historic home and mill complex consisting of 14 interrelated buildings and located at Claverack in Columbia County, New York.


Instruction: Identify the document that this image pertains to.:

title: Talyllyn Railway section title: Original passenger line hierarchical section title: Talyllyn Railway / Route / Original passenger line caption reference description: A Talyllyn Railway train climbing eastwards along the Fathew Valley between Brynglas and Dolgoch caption attribution description: English: Talyllyn Railway train in the Fathew valley between Brynglas and Dolgoch Deutsch: Talyllyn Railway: Ein Zug der Talyllyn Railway fährt zwischen Brynglas und Dolgoch das Fathew Valley hoch content: The Talyllyn Railway is a narrow gauge preserved railway in Wales running for 7 ¹⁄₄ miles from Tywyn on the Mid-Wales coast to Nant Gwernol near the village of Abergynolwyn. The line was opened in 1865 to carry slate from the quarries at Bryn Eglwys to Tywyn, and was the first narrow gauge railway in Britain authorised by Act of Parliament to carry passengers using steam haulage. Despite severe under-investment, the line remained open, and in 1951 it became the first railway in the world to be preserved as a heritage railway by volunteers.
Since preservation, the railway has operated as a tourist attraction, expanding its rolling stock through acquisition and an engineering programme to build new locomotives and carriages. In 1976, an extension was opened along the former mineral line from Abergynolwyn to the new station at Nant Gwernol. In 2001, the preservation society celebrated its 50th anniversary, and in 2005 a major rebuilding and extension of Tywyn Wharf station took place, including a much-expanded facility for the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum.
The fictional Skarloey Railway, which formed part of The Railway Series of children's books by The Rev. W.


Instruction: Provide information about the document linked to this image.:

title: Muhammad in Islam section title: Gallery hierarchical section title: Muhammad in Islam / Gallery caption attribution description: English: Umbrellas on the Piazza of the Prophet´s Holy Mosque in Medina,SA content: Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbdul-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim, commonly known as Muhammad, is the seal of the Messengers and Prophets of God in all the main branches of Islam. Muslims believe that the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, was revealed to Muhammad by God, and that Muhammad was sent to restore Islam. The religious, social, and political tenets that Muhammad established with the Quran became the foundation of Islam and the Muslim world.
Born about 570 into a respected Qurashi family of Mecca, Muhammad earned the title "al-Amin". At the age of 40 in 610 CE, Muhammad is said to have received his first verbal revelation in the cave called Hira, which was the beginning of the descent of the Quran that continued up to the end of his life; and Muslims hold that Muhammad was asked by God to preach the oneness of God in order to stamp out idolatry, a practice overtly present in pre-Islamic Arabia. Because of persecution of the newly converted Muslims, upon the invitation of a delegation from Medina, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE, an event known as the Hijrah.

title: Tensile structure section title: Gallery of well-known tensile structures hierarchical section title: Tensile structure / Gallery of well-known tensile structures caption attribution description: English: Umbrellas on the Piazza of the Prophet´s Holy Mosque in Medina,SA content: A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending. The term tensile should not be confused with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both tension and compression elements.
Tensile structures are the most common type of thin-shell structures.
Most tensile structures are supported by some form of compression or bending elements, such as masts, compression rings or beams.
A tensile membrane structure is most often used as a roof, as they can economically and attractively span large distances. Tensile membrane structures may also be used as complete buildings, with a few common applications being sports facilities, warehousing and storage buildings, and exhibition venues.

title: Mahmoud Bodo Rasch hierarchical section title: Mahmoud Bodo Rasch caption reference description: Large Retractable Umbrellas in front of the Prophet´s Holy Mosque in Medina caption attribution description: English: Umbrellas on the Piazza of the Prophet´s Holy Mosque in Medina,SA content: Mahmoud Bodo Rasch is a German architect who specializes in the construction of large convertible umbrellas and lightweight structures. He is founder and owner of SL Rasch GmbH Special and Lightweight Structures with branches in Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Jeddah, Mecca and Medina.


Instruction: Provide information about the document linked to this image.:

title: Nuremberg Rally hierarchical section title: Nuremberg Rally caption reference description: The Totenehrung (honoring of the dead) at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. SS leader Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler and SA leader Viktor Lutze (from L to R) on the stone terrace in front of the Ehrenhalle (Hall of Honor) in the Luitpoldarena. In the background is the crescent-shaped Ehrentribüne (the Tribune of Honor). caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: The Nuremberg Rally was the annual rally of the Nazi Party in Germany, held from 1923 to 1938. They were large Nazi propaganda events, especially after Adolf Hitler's rise to power in 1933. These events were held at the Nazi party rally grounds in Nuremberg from 1933 to 1938 and are usually referred to in English as the "Nuremberg Rallies". Many films were made to commemorate them, including Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will and The Victory of Faith.

title: Triumph of the Will section title: Hitler's speeches hierarchical section title: Triumph of the Will / Hitler's speeches caption reference description: The Totenehrung (honouring of dead) at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. SS leader Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler, and SA leader Viktor Lutze (from L to R) on the stone terrace in front of the Ehrenhalle (Hall of Honour) in the Luitpoldarena. In the background is the crescent-shaped Ehrentribüne (literally: tribune of honour). caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: Triumph of the Will is a 1935 Nazi propaganda film directed, produced, edited, and co-written by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg, which was attended by more than 700,000 Nazi supporters. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by Nazi leaders at the Congress, including Adolf Hitler, Rudolf Hess and Julius Streicher, interspersed with footage of massed Sturmabteilung and Schutzstaffel troops and public reaction. Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer; his name appears in the opening titles. The film's overriding theme is the return of Germany as a great power, with Hitler as the leader who will bring glory to the nation. Because the film was made after the 1934 Night of the Long Knives, many prominent Sturmabteilung members are absent—they were murdered in that Party purge, organised and orchestrated by Hitler to replace the SA with the Schutzstaffel as his main paramilitary force.
Triumph of the Will was released in 1935 and became a major example of film used as propaganda.

title: Viktor Lutze section title: Purge of Röhm hierarchical section title: Viktor Lutze / Nazi Party and SA / Purge of Röhm caption reference description: Hitler (centre, in front of the wreath), Lutze (on Hitler's left), and Himmler (on Hitler's right), giving a Nazi salute in front of the First World War cenotaph in the 1934 Nuremberg rally. caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: Viktor Lutze was a German Nazi Party functionary and the commander of the Sturmabteilung succeeding Ernst Röhm as Stabschef and Reichsleiter. He died from injuries received in a car accident. Lutze was given an elaborate state funeral in Berlin on 7 May 1943.

title: World War II section title: Background hierarchical section title: World War II / Background caption reference description: Nazi rally at Nuremberg, 1934 caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: World War II, in the Soviet Union, the Great Patriotic War, and in Japan, the Second Sino-Japanese War, was a global war involving fighting in most of the world and most countries. Most countries fought in the years 1939–1945 but some started fighting in 1937. Most of the world's countries, including all the great powers, fought as part of two military alliances: the Allies and the Axis Powers. World War II was the largest and deadliest conflict in all of history. It involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war in history. Between 50 to 85 million people died. The majority were civilians. It included massacres, the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, starvation, disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons against civilians in history.
The two sides were the Allies and the Axis. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war began in Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. France and Britain reacted by declaring war on Germany. By 1941, much of Europe was under German control, including France.

title: Propaganda in Nazi Germany section title: Films hierarchical section title: Propaganda in Nazi Germany / Media / Films caption reference description: The Totenehrung (honouring of dead) at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. SS leader Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler and SA leader Viktor Lutze (from L to R) on the stone terrace in front of the Ehrenhalle (Hall of Honour) in the Luitpoldarena. In the background is the crescent-shaped Ehrentribüne (literally: tribune of honour). caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: The propaganda used by the German Nazi Party in the years leading up to and during Adolf Hitler's leadership of Germany was a crucial instrument for acquiring and maintaining power, and for the implementation of Nazi policies. The pervasive use of propaganda by the Nazis is largely responsible for the word propaganda itself acquiring its present negative connotations.

title: Adolf Hitler section title: Economy and culture hierarchical section title: Adolf Hitler / Nazi Germany / Economy and culture caption reference description: Ceremony honouring the dead (Totenehrung) on the terrace in front of the Hall of Honour (Ehrenhalle) at the Nazi party rally grounds, Nuremberg, September 1934 caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: Adolf Hitler was a German politician and leader of the Nazi Party. He rose to power as the chancellor of Germany in 1933 and then as Führer in 1934. During his dictatorship from 1933 to 1945, he initiated World War II in Europe by invading Poland on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of the Holocaust.
Hitler was born in Austria—then part of Austria-Hungary—and was raised near Linz. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I. In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party, the precursor of the NSDAP, and was appointed leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned. In jail, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto Mein Kampf. After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-semitism and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. He frequently denounced international capitalism and communism as part of a Jewish conspiracy.

title: History of propaganda section title: World War II hierarchical section title: History of propaganda / Propaganda films / World War II caption reference description: The Totenehrung (honouring of dead) at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. SS leader Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler and SA leader Viktor Lutze (from L to R) on the stone terrace. From Triumph of the Will by Leni Riefenstahl caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: Propaganda is information that is not impartial and used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis, or using loaded messages to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information presented. The term propaganda has acquired a strongly negative connotation by association with its most manipulative and jingoistic examples.

title: Nazi party rally grounds section title: Luitpoldarena hierarchical section title: Nazi party rally grounds / Buildings / Luitpoldarena caption reference description: Reichsparteitag 1934, Luitpoldarena, "Totenehrung" (honouring of dead): SS leader Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler and SA leader Viktor Lutze on the terrace in front of the "Ehrenhalle" (Hall of Honour); in the background: the crescent-shaped "Ehrentribüne" (literally: tribune of honour) caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: The Nazi party rally grounds covered about 11 square kilometres in the southeast of Nuremberg, Germany. Six Nazi party rallies were held there between 1933 and 1938.

title: Nazism and cinema section title: Measures of the Nazi film policy hierarchical section title: Nazism and cinema / Measures of the Nazi film policy caption reference description: The Totenehrung (honouring of dead) at the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. SS leader Heinrich Himmler, Adolf Hitler and SA leader Viktor Lutze (from L to R) on the stone terrace; from Triumph of the Will directed by Leni Riefenstahl. caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: Nazism created an elaborate system of propaganda, which made use of the new technologies of the 20th century, including cinema. Nazism courted the masses by the means of slogans that were aimed directly at the instincts and emotions of the people. The Nazis valued film as a propaganda instrument of enormous power. The interest that Adolf Hitler and his propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels took in film was not only the result of a personal fascination. The use of film for propaganda had been planned by the National Socialist German Workers Party as early as 1930, when the party first established a film department.

title: Nazi Germany section title: Politics hierarchical section title: Nazi Germany / Politics caption reference description: Heinrich Himmler, Hitler and Viktor Lutze perform the Nazi salute at the Nuremberg Rally, September 1934 caption attribution description: For documentary purposes the German Federal Archive often retained the original image captions, which may be erroneous, biased, obsolete or politically extreme. Parteitag der NSDAP in Nürnberg 1934. Heldenehrung in der Luitbold Arena während eines Appells der S.A. und S.S. In der Mitte der Führer, der Chef des Stabes der S.A. Lutze und Reichsführer der S.S. Himmler content: Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich until 1943 and Greater German Reich in 1943–45, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country which they transformed into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich – meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire" – alluded to the Nazis' conceit that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire and German Empire. The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years, when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe.
On 30 January 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany, the head of government, by the President of the Weimar Republic, Paul von Hindenburg, the head of State. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all political opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934 and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the offices and powers of the Chancellery and Presidency.


Instruction: What document is represented by this image?:

title: Theatre section title: Musical theatre hierarchical section title: Theatre / Types / Musical theatre caption reference description: Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy. Mosaic, Roman artwork, 2nd century CE. Capitoline Museums, Rome caption attribution description: English: Mosaic with two masks leaning on a socle projecting out from two walls that meet at an angle, seen in perspective. content: Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of performing art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place, often a stage. The performers may communicate this experience to the audience through combinations of gesture, speech, song, music, and dance. Elements of art, such as painted scenery and stagecraft such as lighting are used to enhance the physicality, presence and immediacy of the experience. The specific place of the performance is also named by the word "theatre" as derived from the Ancient Greek θέατρον, itself from θεάομαι.
Modern Western theatre comes, in large measure, from the theatre of ancient Greece, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its themes, stock characters, and plot elements. Theatre artist Patrice Pavis defines theatricality, theatrical language, stage writing and the specificity of theatre as synonymous expressions that differentiate theatre from the other performing arts, literature and the arts in general.
Modern theatre includes performances of plays and musical theatre.

title: Mask hierarchical section title: Mask caption reference description: Roman masks caption attribution description: English: Mosaic with two masks leaning on a socle projecting out from two walls that meet at an angle, seen in perspective. content: A mask is a type of clothing which covers the face. It is similar to a veil, but more close-fitting.

title: Outline of ancient Rome section title: Culture of ancient Rome hierarchical section title: Outline of ancient Rome / Culture of ancient Rome caption reference description: Theatrical masks of Tragedy and Comedy, Roman mosaic, 2nd century AD caption attribution description: English: Mosaic with two masks leaning on a socle projecting out from two walls that meet at an angle, seen in perspective. content: The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to ancient Rome:
Ancient Rome – former civilization that thrived on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 8th century BC. Located along the Mediterranean Sea and centered on the city of Rome, it expanded to become one of the largest empires in the ancient world.


Instruction: Provide information about the document linked to this image.:

title: 2009 Summer Universiade section title: Mascot hierarchical section title: 2009 Summer Universiade / Mascot caption reference description: Srba – 2009 Summer Universiade mascot caption attribution description: Српски / srpski: Promotivni plakat Univerzijade na zgradi "Albanija" na beogradskim Terazijama content: The 2009 Summer Universiade, officially known as the XXV Summer Universiade, was celebrated in Belgrade, Serbia from July 1 to 12, 2009. The event has also been organised by a range of co-host cities mostly in Vojvodina, close to Belgrade. It was the largest sporting event ever to be organised by the city. At this Universiade the biggest star was the Russian rhythmic gymnast Evgeniya Kanaeva, who won 5 gold medals. Russia was the leading nation in the medal table, with the most gold medals and most medals.


Instruction: Identify the document that this image pertains to.:

title: 1952 Kern County earthquake section title: Damage hierarchical section title: 1952 Kern County earthquake / Earthquake / Damage caption reference description: A collapsed school in Kern County, California content: The 1952 Kern County earthquake occurred on July 21 in the southern San Joaquin Valley and measured 7.3 on the moment magnitude scale. The main shock occurred at 4:52 am Pacific Daylight Time, killed 12 people and injured hundreds, and caused an estimated $60 million in property damage. A small sector of damage near Bealville corresponded to a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI, though this intensity rating was not representative of the majority of damage. The earthquake occurred on the White Wolf Fault near the community of Wheeler Ridge and was the strongest to occur in California since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
The town of Tehachapi suffered the greatest damage and loss of life from the earthquake, though other locations in Kern County experienced significant damage as well, but its effects were widely felt throughout central and southern California. The July mainshock had a significant aftershock sequence that persisted into July and August with many magnitude 5+ events with intensities of V to VII.


Instruction: What is the document that this image is related to?:

title: 1988 Pacific typhoon season section title: Severe Tropical Storm Fabian hierarchical section title: 1988 Pacific typhoon season / Systems / Severe Tropical Storm Fabian caption attribution description: English: Typhoon Fabian on September 1, 1988 content: The 1988 Pacific typhoon season has no official bounds; it ran year-round in 1988, but most tropical cyclones tend to form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean between May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin were assigned a name by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA. This can often result in the same storm having two names.
A total of 26 tropical cyclones formed this year in the Western Pacific, of which all became tropical storms. Of the 26, 10 storms reached typhoon intensity, of which 1 reached supertyphoon strength. Nine tropical cyclones moved through the Philippines this season, making this season the most active for the archipelago so far this decade.


Instruction: Provide information about the document linked to this image.:

title: List of Grand Tour general classification winners section title: By cyclist hierarchical section title: List of Grand Tour general classification winners / Winners / By cyclist caption reference description: Luis Herrera was the first South American to win a Grand Tour. caption attribution description: Luis Alberto Herrera, exciclista colombiano en Fusagasuga (2009) caption alt text description: A man wearing a black cap in an orange top content: The Grand Tours are the three most prestigious multi-week stage races in professional road bicycle racing. The competitions are the Giro d'Italia, Tour de France and Vuelta a España, contested annually in that order. They are the only stage races permitted to last longer than 14 days. No cyclist has won all three Grand Tours in the same calendar year, but Eddy Merckx, Bernard Hinault and Chris Froome have won all three in succession. The only other cyclists to win all three Grand Tours at some point in their career are Jacques Anquetil, Felice Gimondi, Alberto Contador, and Vincenzo Nibali. Contador is the youngest, at 25 years, to win every Tour. It is rare for cyclists to ride all Grand Tours in the same year; in 2004, for example, 474 cyclists started in one of the Grand Tours, 68 rode two and only two cyclists started all three.
Cyclists are ranked on the basis of their total wins in the three Grand Tours. When there is a tie between cyclists they are listed alphabetically by the Grand Tour they won. The majority of winners have come from Europe, however there have been a few notable victories for cyclists from other continents.

title: Luis Herrera (cyclist) hierarchical section title: Luis Herrera (cyclist) caption attribution description: Luis Alberto Herrera, exciclista colombiano en Fusagasuga (2009) content: Luis Alberto "Lucho" Herrera Herrera, known as "El jardinerito", is a retired Colombian road racing cyclist. Herrera was a professional from 1985 to 1992 but had a successful amateur career before that in Colombia.
He entered his first Vuelta a Colombia in 1981 where he finished 16th overall and 3rd in the New Rider competition. Although he abandoned his second Vuelta a Colombia in 1982, he won Colombia's second major stage-race the Clásico RCN. In 1983 Herrera won Clásico RCN again as well as two stages and finishing second overall to Alfonso Florez Ortiz in the 1983 Vuelta a Colombia. In 1984 he would win the Vuelta a Colombia, the Clásico RCN as well as winning stage 17 to Alpe d'Huez in the 1984 Tour de France, becoming the first Colombian to win a stage of the race, and the first amateur cyclist to win a stage in the history of the Tour de France. He would win the Vuelta a Colombia and the Clásico RCN four times each but his greatest achievement was in 1987, when he won the Vuelta a España, the first South American to win a Grand Tour. Herrera also won the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré in 1988 and 1991 and five "King of the Mountains" jerseys from the three Grand Tours.


Instruction: Identify the document that this image pertains to.:

title: Maynard Lyndon section title: Career hierarchical section title: Maynard Lyndon / Career caption reference description: Bunche Hall on the UCLA campus from a distance, 2008. caption attribution description: English: Bunche Hall at UCLA content: Maynard Lyndon was an American architect. He designed over 40 school buildings in Michigan and California, including the Northville School, known as "the first modern public school in North America". He also designed Bunche Hall on the UCLA campus.


Instruction: Describe the document that accompanies this image.:

title: Silent Sam section title: Campaign hierarchical section title: Silent Sam / Early history, 1909–1913 / Campaign caption reference description: The statue in John A. Wilson's Waban Hill Road Studio, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts content: The Confederate Monument, University of North Carolina, commonly known as Silent Sam, is a bronze statue of a Confederate soldier by Canadian sculptor John A. Wilson, which stood on the historic McCorkle Place of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1913 until it was pulled down by protestors in 2018. Its former location has been described as "the front door" of the university and "a position of honor".
Establishing a Confederate monument at a Southern university became a goal of the North Carolina chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy in 1907. UNC approved the group's request in 1908 and, with funding from UNC alumni, the UDC and the university, Wilson designed the statue, using a young Boston man as his model. At the unveiling on June 2, 1913, local industrialist and UNC Trustee Julian Carr gave a speech espousing white supremacy, while Governor Locke Craig, UNC President Francis Venable and members of the UDC praised the sacrifices made by students who volunteered to fight for the Confederacy.


Instruction: Please give information on the document that goes with this image.:

title: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 1 Reactor) section title: Cooling problems and first radioactivity release hierarchical section title: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster (Unit 1 Reactor) / Unit 1 Reactor / Cooling problems and first radioactivity release caption reference description: Unit 1 water levels and reactor pressures from 11 to 14 March content: The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster was a series of equipment failures, nuclear meltdowns, and releases of radioactive materials at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami on 11 March 2011. It is the largest nuclear disaster since the Chernobyl disaster of 1986.
The plant comprises six separate boiling water reactors originally designed by General Electric, and maintained by the Tokyo Electric Power Company. At the time of the quake, Reactor 4 had been de-fueled while 5 and 6 were in cold shutdown for planned maintenance. Immediately after the earthquake, the remaining reactors 1-3 shut down automatically, and emergency generators came online to control electronics and coolant systems. However, the tsunami following the earthquake quickly flooded the low-lying rooms in which the emergency generators were housed. The flooded generators failed, cutting power to the critical pumps that must continuously circulate coolant water through the reactor core. With the pumps stopped, the reactor cores began to overheat.


Instruction: Identify the document that is connected to this image.:

title: Earl Young (architect) hierarchical section title: Earl Young (architect) caption reference description: "Half House", a stone house built by Young in Charlevoix. caption attribution description: Try a walking tour of the mushroom houses of the late Charlevoix real estate developer Earl Young. The best way to describe them: Think about the digs of Hansel and Gretel. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Little Red Riding Hood's grandma. Buyers snap up these unusual homes as soon as they go on the market. They have a distinctive charm that have made them a sought-after commodity and a special tourist attraction. Young, at 5-feet-4, loved the cozy cottages in the rural areas of Great Britain. From the 1920s-1970s, he transferred these images to Charlevoix and built, without plans, many homes and several commercial buildings, including the Weathervane Terrace Hotel. The Ice Age boulders of the Great Lakes region were his favorite building material. They became his signature, along with the wavy, overhanging shingled roofs he used. These give the smaller homes a mushroom-like shape. "My name for them is 'Early Mother Goose," says Charlevoix architect Jack Begrow, a friend of Young's who sometimes remodels and enlarges the homes for present-day owners. "Earl used to bury certain boulders he found so no one would take them before he could use them," Begrow says. "He'd create the houses as he went along, just pacing off the rooms to the builder." Young died in 1975. The largest concentration of his work is Boulder Park, a development of vacation homes near Lake Michigan. Some of his most imaginative houses are on Park Street, and his own, a spacious multilevel structure is on Clinton Street. caption alt text description: Irregular stone house in Charlevoix, Michigan content: Earl A. Young was an American architectural designer, realtor, and insurance agent. Over a span of 52 years, he designed and built 31 structures in Charlevoix, Michigan, but was never a registered architect. He worked mostly in stone, using limestone, fieldstone, and boulders he found throughout Northern Michigan. The homes are commonly referred to as gnome homes, mushroom houses, or Hobbit houses. His door, window, roof, and fireplace designs were distinct because of his use of curved lines. Young's goal was to show that a small stone house could be as impressive as a castle. Young also helped make Charlevoix the busy summer-resort town that it is today.


Instruction: What document is represented by this image?:

title: Māori King Movement section title: Background hierarchical section title: Māori King Movement / History / Background caption reference description: An early Māori King Movement flag used during the reign of Potatau Te Wherowhero caption attribution description: English: Flag used by Potatau te Wherowhero, the first Maori King. content: The Māori King Movement, called the Kīngitanga or Kiingitanga in Māori, is a movement that arose among some of the Māori tribes of New Zealand in the central North Island in the 1850s, to establish a role similar in status to that of the monarch of the British colonists, as a way of halting the alienation of Māori land. The Māori monarch operates in a non-constitutional capacity with no legal or judicial power within the New Zealand government. Reigning monarchs retain the position of paramount chief of several tribes and wield some power over these, especially within Tainui.
The current Māori monarch, Tūheitia Paki, was elected in 2006 and his official residence is Tūrongo House at Tūrangawaewae marae in the town of Ngāruawāhia. Tūheitia is the seventh monarch since the position was created and is the continuation of a dynasty that reaches back to the inaugural king, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero.
The movement arose among a group of central North Island iwi in the 1850s as a means of attaining Māori unity to halt the alienation of land at a time of rapid population growth by European colonists.

title: Te Kauhanganui section title: Background hierarchical section title: Te Kauhanganui / Background caption reference description: A flag used during the reign of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, the first Maori king. caption attribution description: English: Flag used by Potatau te Wherowhero, the first Maori King. content: The Kauhanganui is a Māori parliament established by King Tāwhiao of the Kīngitanga in 1889 or 1890.


Instruction: What is the document that this image is related to?:

title: American Idol (season 6) section title: Finalists hierarchical section title: American Idol (season 6) / Finals / Finalists caption reference description: Chris Sligh caption attribution description: English: Chris Sligh and his wife. content: The sixth season of American Idol premiered on the Fox Broadcasting Company as a two-night, four-hour premiere special on January 16 and January 17, and ran until May 23, 2007. Simon Cowell, Paula Abdul, and Randy Jackson returned to judge once again, and Ryan Seacrest returned as host. A new record of 74 million votes were cast in the finale round, and a new record of 609 million votes were cast in the entire season. Jordin Sparks won the competition with Blake Lewis as the first runner-up and Melinda Doolittle finishing third. Jordin Sparks is also the youngest winner of the competition, winning at age 17, as well as the first winner from outside the Southern United States. Sparks remained the last female winner until the twelfth season.

title: Chris Sligh hierarchical section title: Chris Sligh caption reference description: Sligh and his wife caption attribution description: English: Chris Sligh and his wife. caption alt text description: Sligh and his wife content: Charles Christopher Sligh is an American singer, songwriter, producer and pastor who was a finalist on the sixth season of American Idol, finishing in tenth place. He has released 14 albums since 2001 as a solo artist, with his band Half Past Forever or with his former church's musical entity, Shoreline Music. He also starred in October Baby.


Instruction: What is the document that this image is related to?:

title: Buck Island Reef National Monument hierarchical section title: Buck Island Reef National Monument caption reference description: Buck Island Reef National Monument (Note that the photograph is taken from an unusual perspective. The beach is in fact to the west end of Buck Island and in this photograph north is facing downward). content: Buck Island Reef National Monument, or just Buck Island is a small, uninhabited, 176 acre island about 1.5 miles north of the northeast coast of Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The monument also includes 18,839 acres of submerged lands totaling 19,015 acres. It was first established as a protected area by the U.S. Government in 1948, with the intention of preserving “one of the finest marine gardens in the Caribbean Sea.” The U.S. National Monument was created in 1961 by John F. Kennedy and greatly expanded in 2001 by Bill Clinton, over the bitter opposition of local fishermen. Buck Island National Monument is one of few places in the Virgin Islands where brown pelicans and threatened least terns nest.
Most of the Monument area, which is administered by the National Park Service, is underwater and attracts around 50,000 visitors a year. With its 4,554-acre long reef there is plenty to explore and experience in the water. Snorkelers can follow an underwater marked trail on the eastern tip. It is one of only three underwater trails in the United States. Along the trail are plaques denoting information about marine flora and fauna commonly found in the area.


Instruction: Could you elucidate the document associated with this image?:

title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik section title: Legacy and influence hierarchical section title: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik / Legacy and influence caption reference description: The album reflected on urban life in Atlanta and was a part of the city's music scene at the time (Atlanta skyline pictured in 1982). caption attribution description: English: Skyline of Atlanta in 1982. Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/tandemracer/30596388/ By: tandemracer content: Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik is the 1994 debut album of American hip hop duo OutKast. After befriending each other in 1992, rappers André 3000 and Big Boi pursued recording music as a duo and worked with production team Organized Noize, which led to their signing to LaFace Records. The album was produced by the team and recorded at the Dungeon, D.A.R.P. Studios, Purple Dragon, Bosstown, and Doppler Studios in Atlanta.
A Southern hip hop record, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik features live instrumentation in its hip hop production and musical elements from funk and soul genres. Wanting to make a statement about urban life as an African American in the South, OutKast wrote and recorded the album as teenagers and addressed coming of age themes with the album's songs. They also incorporated repetitive hooks and Southern slang in their lyrics.
Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik was released by LaFace on April 26, 1994, and peaked at number 20 on the Billboard 200, eventually being certified platinum in the United States.

title: ATLiens section title: Promotion hierarchical section title: ATLiens / Release / Promotion caption reference description: The album is a portmanteau of "ATL" (an abbreviation of Atlanta, Georgia) and "aliens". (Atlanta skyline pictured in 1982). caption attribution description: English: Skyline of Atlanta in 1982. Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/tandemracer/30596388/ By: tandemracer content: ATLiens is the second studio album by American hip hop duo Outkast. It was released on August 27, 1996, by LaFace Records. From 1995 to 1996, OutKast recorded ATLiens in sessions at several Atlanta studios—Bosstown Recording Studios, Doppler Recording Studios, PatchWerk Recording Studio, Purple Dragon Studios, and Studio LaCoCo—as well as Chung King Recording Studio and Sound On Sound Recording in New York City.
The record features outer space-inspired production sounds, with Outkast and producers Organized Noize incorporating elements of dub, psychedelic rock, and gospel into the compositions. Several songs feature the duo's first attempts at producing music by themselves. Lyrically, the group discusses a wide range of topics including urban life as hustlers, existential introspection, and extraterrestrial life. The album's title is a portmanteau of "ATL" and "aliens", which has been interpreted by critics as a commentary about the feeling of being isolated from American culture.
ATLiens debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, and it sold nearly 350,000 copies in its first two weeks of release.


Instruction: What document is represented by this image?:

title: María Romero Meneses hierarchical section title: María Romero Meneses caption attribution description: Español: Beata María Romero Meneses (1902-1977). Escaneada de la fotografía distribuida por la Casa de María Auxiliadora. content: María Romero Meneses was a Nicaraguan Roman Catholic religious sister and a professed member from the Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco dubbed the "Social Apostle of Costa Rica".
The beatification process started on 20 September 1988 and she was titled as a Servant of God before being named Venerable on 18 December 2000. Pope John Paul II beatified her on 14 April 2002.


Instruction: Please give information on the document that goes with this image.:

title: Jackson Hill, Jersey City section title: Claremont hierarchical section title: Jackson Hill, Jersey City / Claremont caption reference description: The Claremont section (center) was laid out as early as 1860 and roughly corresponds with Jackson HIll. content: Jackson Hill is a neighborhood in the Bergen-Lafayette and Greenville sections of Jersey City, New Jersey. It is part of the city's Ward F. The neighborhood is situated on Bergen Hill which also lends its name to the Bergen Hill Historic District just north of Communipaw Avenue.
The district has long been the heart of the African American community in Jersey City. Its name is in part inspired by Thomas and John Vreeland Jackson, brothers born in 1800 and 1803, who were freed slaves who bought land in current day Greenville in 1831 and in 1857 laid out Jackson Lane between their houses. In 1900, the former Jackson Lane became Winfield Avenue, the name it bears today. During the Civil War the Jackson property became a safe house and critical link of the Underground Railroad.
Martin Luther King Drive was once called Jackson Avenue. with a short block not included in a street realignment still bearing the name. In 1976 it was renamed in honor of the slain civil right leader Martin Luther King, Jr., who had twice spoken in the city. At the time of the renaming there was discussion whether the street had originally been named for the Jackson brothers or for US President Andrew Jackson.


Instruction: Identify the document that is connected to this image.:

title: Bermondsey section title: 17th century hierarchical section title: Bermondsey / History / 17th century caption reference description: Former Alaska factory in Bermondsey caption attribution description: Alaska Buildings, Bermondsey, Southwark. Converted factory. Taken by C Ford, 6th March 04. content: Bermondsey is a district in South East London in the London Borough of Southwark, England, 2.5 miles southeast of Charing Cross. To the west of Bermondsey lies Southwark, to the east Rotherhithe and Deptford, to the south Walworth and Peckham, and to the north is Wapping. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Surrey.


Instruction: Describe the document that accompanies this image.:

title: Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico section title: Migration waves, 1500–1898 hierarchical section title: Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico / Migration waves, 1500–1898 caption reference description: Bronze statue of explorer Juan Ponce de León in Plaza de San José, San Juan.[6] caption attribution description: Ponce de León statue in the Plaza de San José, Old San Juan, Puerto Rico. The origin of this statue is obscure; various Internet searches give hints that the sculptor might be Cristina Carreño of Asturias, Spain, and it might have been cast in New York in 1882. (See http://www.ocholeguas.com/2008/09/01/america/1220262646.html and "Sobre la estatua de Ponce de León" in the Boletin Mercantil, San Juan, July 9, 1882.) It is clearly old enough to be in the public domain. content: Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico began in the early 1500s shortly after the formation of the Spanish state in 1493 and continues to the present day. On 25 September 1493, Christopher Columbus set sail on his second voyage with 17 ships and 1,200–1,500 men from Cádiz, Spain. On 19 November 1493 he landed on the island, naming it San Juan Bautista in honor of Saint John the Baptist.
There are two recognized Spanish immigration waves to Puerto Rico: the first arrived during the colonial period, and the second after the Spanish Civil War. There is a continuing but small number of Spanish-born residents on the island.
The Spanish heritage in Puerto Rico is palpable today in its customs and many traditions, language, and in the old and new architectural designs.


Instruction: Identify the document that is connected to this image.:

title: Pakistan International Airlines cricket team section title: Honours hierarchical section title: Pakistan International Airlines cricket team / Honours caption reference description: PIA cricketer Shoaib Akhtar caption attribution description: Pakistani cricketer en:Shoaib Akhtar in action. content: Pakistan International Airlines cricket team was a first-class cricket side sponsored by the national flag carrier, Pakistan International Airlines, and based in Karachi. They have won the Qaid-i-Azam Trophy more times than anyone else.
They played their first first-class match in 1960-61, under the captaincy of Hanif Mohammad. As of late 2013, they have played 387 first-class matches, with 149 wins, 64 losses and 174 draws.

title: Bowling (cricket) section title: History hierarchical section title: Bowling (cricket) / History caption reference description: Pakistani Shoaib Akhtar holds the world record for delivering the fastest ball (161.3 km/h (100.2 mph)).[4] caption attribution description: Pakistani cricketer en:Shoaib Akhtar in action. content: Bowling, in cricket, is the action of propelling the ball toward the wicket defended by a batter. A player skilled at bowling is called a bowler; a bowler who is also a competent batter is known as an all-rounder. Bowling the ball is distinguished from throwing the ball by a strictly specified biomechanical definition, which restricts the angle of extension of the elbow. A single act of bowling the ball towards the batsman is called a ball or a delivery. Bowlers bowl deliveries in sets of six, called an over. Once a bowler has bowled an over, a teammate will bowl an over from the other end of the pitch. The Laws of Cricket govern how a ball must be bowled. If a ball is bowled illegally, an umpire will rule it a no-ball. If a ball is bowled too wide of the striker for the batsman to be able to play at it with a proper cricket shot, the bowler's end umpire will rule it a wide.
There are different types of bowlers, from fast bowlers, whose primary weapon is pace, through swing and seam bowlers who try to make the ball deviate in its course through the air or when it bounces, to slow bowlers, who will attempt to deceive the batter with a variety of flight and spin.

title: List of Punjabi people section title: Pakistan hierarchical section title: List of Punjabi people / Sportspersons / Cricket / Pakistan caption reference description: Pakistani cricketer Shoaib Akhtar is one of the fastest bowlers in the world. caption attribution description: Pakistani cricketer en:Shoaib Akhtar in action. content: None

title: List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Shoaib Akhtar hierarchical section title: List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Shoaib Akhtar caption reference description: Shoaib Akhtar took four five-wicket hauls in One Day International cricket. caption attribution description: Pakistani cricketer en:Shoaib Akhtar in action. caption alt text description: A man, in Pakistani national cricket team ODI uniform, just after delivering the ball. content: Shoaib Akhtar, a Pakistani former cricketer, took 16 five-wicket hauls during his career in international cricket. A five-wicket haul refers to a bowler taking five or more wickets in a single innings. This is regarded as a notable achievement, and as of 2014 only 41 bowlers have taken more than 15 five-wicket hauls at international level in their cricketing careers. A fast bowler who represented his country from 1997 to 2011, BBC described Shoaib as "one of the fastest bowlers ever to play the game".
Shoaib made his Test debut in 1997 against the West Indies at the Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, where he took two wickets in the first innings. His first Test five-wicket haul came the following year against South Africa, a match Pakistan won at the Kingsmead Cricket Ground, Durban. Shoaib took a pair of five-wicket hauls against New Zealand at the Basin Reserve, Wellington in December 2003. His career-best figures for an innings were 6 wickets for 11 runs against New Zealand at the Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, in May 2002. Shoaib took twelve five-wicket hauls in Test cricket and ten or more wickets per match twice in the format.

title: Shoaib Akhtar section title: International career hierarchical section title: Shoaib Akhtar / International career caption reference description: Shoaib Akhtar bowling in 2006 caption attribution description: Pakistani cricketer en:Shoaib Akhtar in action. content: Shoaib Akhtar is a Pakistani cricket commentator, YouTuber, and former cricketer who played all formats of the game over a fourteen year career. He is recognized as the fastest bowler in the history of cricket, delivering a world record top speed of 161.3 km/h in a pool match against England during the 2003 Cricket World Cup. Akhtar was nicknamed "Rawalpindi Express" and "Tiger" as a tribute to his hometown and fast bowling. He is also the first bowler to break the 100 mph barrier, doing so twice in his career.
Akhtar made his Test debut in November 1997 as an opening fast bowler and played his first One Day International three months later. Akhtar has been involved in several controversies during his career, often accused of unsportsmanlike conduct, despite his commendations for significantly impacting games in Pakistan's favour. Akhtar was sent home during a Test match series in Australia in 2005 for alleged poor attitude. A year later, he was embroiled in a drug scandal after testing positive for the performance-enhancing substance nandrolone. However, the ban imposed on him was lifted on appeal. To add to his controversies, in 2004-2005 he was wrongfully accused of rape.


Instruction: Provide information about the document linked to this image.:

title: Cardiff Metropolitan University section title: Campus hierarchical section title: Cardiff Metropolitan University / Campus caption reference description: Cardiff Met's Llandaff campus caption attribution description: English: The Llandaff campus of UWIC in Cardiff content: Cardiff Metropolitan University, formerly University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, Prifysgol Athrofâu Cymru, Caerdydd is a university which is one of three non-Russell group universities located in the city of Cardiff.
In the 2016/17 academic year, the university has just under 11,000 students. The university offers degree courses in a variety of disciplines. Study is available at undergraduate and postgraduate levels, full-time and part-time, and research opportunities are offered. Cardiff Metropolitan University has a number of research and enterprise centres, including the Food Industry Centre, the Welsh Centre for Tourism Research, and the National Centre for Product Design and Development Research.


Instruction: What document is represented by this image?:

title: Thesis hierarchical section title: Thesis caption reference description: Doctoral ceremony at Leiden University (7 July 1721). caption attribution description: English: Picture of a PhD Ceremony at Leiden University (The Netherlands), around 1715. On both the left and right, the symbols of the Leiden faculties can be seen: theology, philosophy, law and medicine. And of course the symbols of the city of Leiden itself, namely the keys of St Peter. More informationNederlands: Uitbeelding van een promotieplechtigheid aan de Universiteit Leiden, rond 1715. (Proefschrift van Willem van Irhoven.) Op deze opzet voor een titelpagina is in een gegraveerde omlijsting een promotieplechtigheid te zien die daarmee als het ware naar zichzelf verwijst. Links en rechts zijn afbeeldingen van de Leidse faculteiten te zien: theologie, filosofie, rechten en medicijnen — en daaronder het teken van de stad Leiden: de sleutels van St. Pieter. Drie afbeeldingen van de promotie zijn te herleiden tot de Leidse situatie. Rechts: het geheime examen in de Faculteitskamer (Explorant vires). Links: de verdediging van het proefschrift in het Groot-Auditorium (Pugnat). Midden: de uitreiking van de bul in de Senaatszaal (Dant praemia digno). Meer informatie content: A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings. In some contexts, the word "thesis" or a cognate is used for part of a bachelor's or master's course, while "dissertation" is normally applied to a doctorate, while in other contexts, the reverse is true. The term graduate thesis is sometimes used to refer to both master's theses and doctoral dissertations.
The required complexity or quality of research of a thesis or dissertation can vary by country, university, or program, and the required minimum study period may thus vary significantly in duration.
The word "dissertation" can at times be used to describe a treatise without relation to obtaining an academic degree. The term "thesis" is also used to refer to the general claim of an essay or similar work.


Instruction: Could you elucidate the document associated with this image?:

title: Royal Welsh Ladies' Choir section title: Early years hierarchical section title: Royal Welsh Ladies' Choir / Early years caption reference description: Clara Novello Davies c. 1896 content: Royal Welsh Ladies' Choir was a performing group of women singers based in Cardiff, active from the 1880s until World War II.

title: Clara Novello Davies hierarchical section title: Clara Novello Davies caption reference description: Clara Novello Davies content: Clara Novello Davies was a well-known Welsh singer, teacher and conductor. She used the pen name Pencerddes Morgannwg.


Instruction: Describe the document that accompanies this image.:

title: Blue Star Mothers of America section title: Founding of the Blue Star Mothers hierarchical section title: Blue Star Mothers of America / Founding of the Blue Star Mothers caption reference description: Blue Star Mothers, wives, and visiting soldiers, Granada Relocation Center, Colorado, June 1943 content: Blue Star Mothers of America, Inc., is a private nonprofit organization in the United States that provides support for mothers who have sons or daughters in active service in the U.S. Armed Forces. It was originally formed during World War II. The name came from the custom of families of servicemen hanging a banner called a Service Flag in a window of their homes. The Service Flag had a star for each family member in the military. Living servicemen were represented by a Blue Star and those who had lost their lives were represented by a Gold Star. Until 2011, membership in the Blue Star Mothers was open to any woman living in America who has a son or daughter in the United States Armed Forces, or who has had a son or daughter in the U.S. Armed Forces who has been honorably discharged.
At the National Convention held August 2010 in Grand Junction, Colorado under the leadership of National President Wendy Hoffman, a resolution was passed that would forever change membership eligibility. The resolution was taken to congress in August 2011 and was signed into law December 13, 2011.


Instruction: Describe the document that accompanies this image.:

title: Gideon Ariel hierarchical section title: Gideon Ariel caption reference description: Gideon Ariel (1960) caption attribution description: English: Gideon Ariel-MEMBER OF ISRAEL TRACK AND FIELD TEAM TO THE OLYMPIC GAMES, IN TRAINING GIDEON ARIEL , 20, DISCUS AND SHOTPUT. content: Gideon Ariel is an Israeli authority in biomechanics, as well as a former Olympic track and field athlete who competed in the shot put and discus throw.

title: Israel at the 1960 Summer Olympics section title: Athletics hierarchical section title: Israel at the 1960 Summer Olympics / Results by event / Athletics caption reference description: Gideon Ariel caption attribution description: English: Gideon Ariel-MEMBER OF ISRAEL TRACK AND FIELD TEAM TO THE OLYMPIC GAMES, IN TRAINING GIDEON ARIEL , 20, DISCUS AND SHOTPUT. content: Israel competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. 23 competitors, 17 men and 6 women, took part in 28 events in 7 sports.

title: Israel at the 1964 Summer Olympics section title: Athletics hierarchical section title: Israel at the 1964 Summer Olympics / Results by event / Athletics caption reference description: Gideon Ariel caption attribution description: English: Gideon Ariel-MEMBER OF ISRAEL TRACK AND FIELD TEAM TO THE OLYMPIC GAMES, IN TRAINING GIDEON ARIEL , 20, DISCUS AND SHOTPUT. content: Israel competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.


Instruction: What is the document that this image is related to?:

title: Lidgerwood, North Dakota hierarchical section title: Lidgerwood, North Dakota caption reference description: Lidgerwood City Hall caption attribution description: City hall in w:Lidgerwood, North Dakota. From everydot.com caption alt text description: Lidgerwood City Hall content: Lidgerwood is a city in Richland County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 652 at the 2010 census. Lidgerwood was founded in 1886. It is part of the Wahpeton, ND–MN Micropolitan Statistical Area.


Instruction: Identify the document that is connected to this image.:

title: Arnold Orville Beckman hierarchical section title: Arnold Orville Beckman caption reference description: Arnold Beckman, ca. 1921 content: Arnold Orville Beckman was an American chemist, inventor, investor, and philanthropist. While a professor at California Institute of Technology, he founded Beckman Instruments based on his 1934 invention of the pH meter, a device for measuring acidity, later considered to have "revolutionized the study of chemistry and biology". He also developed the DU spectrophotometer, "probably the most important instrument ever developed towards the advancement of bioscience". Beckman funded the first transistor company, thus giving rise to Silicon Valley. After retirement, he and his wife Mabel were numbered among the top philanthropists in the United States.


Instruction: Could you elucidate the document associated with this image?:

title: Michael Marmot hierarchical section title: Michael Marmot caption attribution description: Sir Michael Marmot, NHS Confederation annual conference and exhibition 2010 - Liverpool ACC content: Sir Michael Gideon Marmot, FBA, FMedSci, FRCP is Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health at University College London. He is currently the Director of The UCL Institute of Health Equity.


Instruction: Describe the document that accompanies this image.:

title: Texas's 30th congressional district hierarchical section title: Texas's 30th congressional district caption reference description: Texas's 30th congressional district since January 3, 2013 content: Texas's 30th congressional district of the United States House of Representatives covers much of the city of Dallas and other parts of Dallas County. The current Representative from the 30th district is Democrat Eddie Bernice Johnson, who has represented the district since its creation in 1993. Her 2010 challenger was Republican Stephen Broden.


Instruction: Provide information about the document linked to this image.:

title: Foveaux Strait hierarchical section title: Foveaux Strait caption reference description: Sketch of a strait dividing the southern island of New Zealand by Owen Folger Smith, 1804. content: Foveaux Strait separates Stewart Island, New Zealand's third largest island, from the South Island. According to a Maori legend, the strait was created by Kewa the obedient whale when traditional Maori ancestor Kiwa summoned the whale to create a waterway. Three large bays, Te Waewae Bay, Oreti Beach and Toetoes Bay, sweep along the strait's northern coast, which also hosts Bluff township and harbour. Across the strait lie the Solander Islands, Stewart Island, Dog Island and Ruapuke Island. The strait is about 130 km long (from Ruapuke Island to Little Solander Island), and it widens (from 14 km at Ruapuke Island to 50 km at Te Waewae Bay) and deepens (from 20 to 120 m) from east to west. The strait lies within the continental shelf area of New Zealand, and was probably dry land during the Pleistocene epoch.
Captain Cook sighted Foveaux Strait during his circumnavigation of the South Island in March 1770, but decided to depict it as a bay instead of a strait. Cook was operating during the period of intense Anglo-French rivalry that filled the twelve years between Britain's success in the Seven Years' War and France's revanche in the American Revolutionary War.


Instruction: Identify the document that is connected to this image.:

title: Talyllyn Railway section title: Operation hierarchical section title: Talyllyn Railway / Operation caption reference description: Dolgoch at Brynglas level crossing caption attribution description: Bryn-glas level crossing, Talyllyn Railway. A train bound for Abergynolwyn crosses the level crossing at Pandy. content: The Talyllyn Railway is a narrow gauge preserved railway in Wales running for 7 ¹⁄₄ miles from Tywyn on the Mid-Wales coast to Nant Gwernol near the village of Abergynolwyn. The line was opened in 1865 to carry slate from the quarries at Bryn Eglwys to Tywyn, and was the first narrow gauge railway in Britain authorised by Act of Parliament to carry passengers using steam haulage. Despite severe under-investment, the line remained open, and in 1951 it became the first railway in the world to be preserved as a heritage railway by volunteers.
Since preservation, the railway has operated as a tourist attraction, expanding its rolling stock through acquisition and an engineering programme to build new locomotives and carriages. In 1976, an extension was opened along the former mineral line from Abergynolwyn to the new station at Nant Gwernol. In 2001, the preservation society celebrated its 50th anniversary, and in 2005 a major rebuilding and extension of Tywyn Wharf station took place, including a much-expanded facility for the Narrow Gauge Railway Museum.
The fictional Skarloey Railway, which formed part of The Railway Series of children's books by The Rev. W.

title: Brynglas railway station section title: Gallery hierarchical section title: Brynglas railway station / Gallery caption attribution description: Bryn-glas level crossing, Talyllyn Railway. A train bound for Abergynolwyn crosses the level crossing at Pandy. content: Brynglas railway station is a request stop on the Talyllyn Railway, serving the hamlet of Pandy near Bryn-crug, in Gwynedd, Mid-Wales. It is 3.17 miles from Tywyn Wharf. A station building and platform are provided on the north side of the track, as the railway's carriages have been modified to have doors only on this side for safety reasons. The station building is a Grade II listed structure.
The name 'Brynglas' was taken from a local farm, and means 'Blue hill'.
There are level crossings on both sides of the station: one to the east, for a farm track, and on to the west, for the public road to Pandy. The road crossing was originally a brick arch bridge, which now serves as a cattle creep. There is also a bridge over the Afon Cwm-Pandy.
The station was originally situated between the two bridges, but the platform has since been extended in both directions such that it now stretches between both level crossings. The river bridge was rebuilt to carry the extended platform.


Instruction: Identify the document that this image pertains to.:

title: Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara section title: Marketing hierarchical section title: Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara / Marketing caption reference description: A Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara press conference at Chandigarh. caption attribution description: English: Press conference of 'Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara' at Chandigarh content: Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara is a 2011 Indian Hindi-language buddy road film directed by Zoya Akhtar and produced by Farhan Akhtar and Ritesh Sidhwani of Excel Entertainment. The film features an ensemble cast consisting of Hrithik Roshan, Abhay Deol, Farhan Akhtar, Katrina Kaif, and Kalki Koechlin. It was filmed in Spain, India, Egypt, and the United Kingdom on a budget of ₹550 million. The music and score were composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy with lyrics by Javed Akhtar.
The film's story follows three childhood friends, Arjun, Kabir, and Imraan, who reunite for a three-week road trip. They set off to Spain and meet Laila, who falls in love with Arjun and helps him overcome his compulsion to work. Kabir and his fiancée Natasha experience significant misunderstandings. During their trip, each friend chooses a dangerous sport for the group to partake in.
The release of Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara was initially planned for 27 May 2011 but technical problems with post-production work led to the release being postponed to 24 June and again to 15 July that year.


Instruction: Identify the document that this image pertains to.:

title: Kevin Juergensen hierarchical section title: Kevin Juergensen caption reference description: Kevin Juergensen in 2007 content: Kevin Juergensen is a filmmaker, diver, and inventor best known for being the founder and CEO of Juergensen Marine. As a diver, he was one of the very first rebreather divers in the modern rebreather era and has logged hundreds of dives using the Mark 16 Rebreather which his company Juergensen Marine makes. He has produced over 27 underwater wildlife documentaries for the Discovery Channel. Juergensen was the President of Pacific Media Associates.
Juergensen is the recipient of the International Wildlife Film Festival lifetime achievement award, and was also selected as one of the Wyland Foundation "Who's Who".


Instruction: Please give information on the document that goes with this image.:

title: Trude Feldman section title: Middle East writings hierarchical section title: Trude Feldman / Middle East writings caption reference description: Anwar Sadat interviewed by Trude B. Feldman, 1981 caption attribution description: English: President Anwar Sadat, shortly before he was assassinated in 1981, during one of several exclusive interviews with White House correspondent Trude B. Feldman, at Blair House, the presidential guest house across from the White House. When asked how he wanted to be remembered, he replied – as he leaned forward, puffing on his ever-present pipe: "For my efforts to bring peace, and as one who lived for peace, and would die for peace. Nothing ranks higher, and I will go to lengths to achieve it." content: Trude Feldman is an American reporter, columnist, and former member of the White House Press Corps and State Department Press Corps. She regularly wrote for McCall's magazine and has written for The New York Times Syndicate, The Washington Post, as well as numerous other media, especially publications for the Jewish community. Feldman has interviewed every U.S. president since Lyndon B. Johnson; and every U.S. vice president from Hubert Humphrey to Al Gore, with the exception of Dick Cheney. She has been a contributing editor for World Tribune.com.


Instruction: Identify the document that this image pertains to.:

title: The Liverpool Herald section title: Index hierarchical section title: The Liverpool Herald / Accessibility / Index caption reference description: Letter to the State Reference Librarian of NSW in 1979 from Town Clerk R. T. Findley requesting for the newspaper to be microfilmed. content: The Liverpool Herald, earlier published as The Liverpool Mercury and The Liverpool Times, was a weekly English language newspaper published in Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia from 1897 to 1907 and is an important resource to the history of the local area of Liverpool. The issues of the ten-year period covered the daily events of the then country-town Liverpool as well as providing commentaries on events overseas at the time. They also represent the only existing detailed record of any type from that period.


Instruction: Identify the document that is connected to this image.:

title: Sainte-Adèle, Quebec section title: History hierarchical section title: Sainte-Adèle, Quebec / History caption reference description: Mont Gabriel ski resort caption attribution description: Mont Gabriel, Quebec, Canada content: Sainte-Adèle is a municipality in Quebec, Canada, and is part of the Les Pays-d'en-Haut Regional County Municipality. It lies on Route 117 about 70 kilometres north-west of Montreal. Its tourism-based economy centres on its skiing and hotel industry. Sainte-Adèle had a population of 12,137 as of 2011.


Instruction: Could you elucidate the document associated with this image?:

title: George Floyd protests in Pennsylvania hierarchical section title: George Floyd protests in Pennsylvania caption reference description: Protesters in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on May 30 caption attribution description: English: Protest in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, against the killing of George Floyd content: This is a list of George Floyd protests in Pennsylvania.