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title: ASG (band) hierarchical section title: ASG (band) caption reference description: ASG in Barcelona on June 17, 2015. From left to right: Jonah Citty, Scott Key, Jason Shi and Andy Ellis caption attribution description: English: ASG in Barcelona on June 17, 2015. From left to right: Jonah Citty, Scott Key, Jason Shi and Andy Ellis content: ASG is an American stoner metal band signed to Relapse Records, originating from Wilmington, North Carolina. It is a four-piece band, with Jason Shi on vocals and guitar, Andy Ellis on bass, Scott Key on drums and Jonah Citty on guitar. The band has acquired an underground following, as a number of its songs have been featured in skateboarding, surfing, and snowboarding videos.


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title: Helen Mayo section title: Early life and education hierarchical section title: Helen Mayo / Early life and education caption reference description: Helen Mayo c 1902 caption attribution description: Helen Mayo caption alt text description: Hef and shoulders of a young woman in academic dress content: Helen Mary Mayo, OBE was an Australian medical doctor and medical educator, born and raised in Adelaide. In 1896, she enrolled at the University of Adelaide, where she studied medicine. After graduating, Mayo spent two years working in infant health in England, Ireland and India. She returned to Adelaide in 1906, starting a private practice and taking up positions at the Adelaide Children's Hospital and Adelaide Hospital. In 1909, she co-founded the School for Mothers, where mothers could receive advice on infant health. This organisation, which became the Mothers' and Babies' Health Association in 1927, eventually established branches across South Australia and incorporated a training school for maternal nurses. In 1914, after unsuccessfully campaigning for the Children's Hospital to treat infants, Mayo co-founded the Mareeba Hospital for infants.
In addition to her medical achievements, Mayo participated in a number of other organisations. She was heavily involved in the University of Adelaide, serving on the university council from 1914 to 1960 and establishing a women's club and boarding college there.


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title: 1917 in the United States section title: January–March hierarchical section title: 1917 in the United States / Events / January–March caption reference description: President Wilson before Congress, announcing the break in the official relations with Germany content: Events from the year 1917 in the United States.


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title: Masisi Territory hierarchical section title: Masisi Territory caption reference description: View of Masisi caption attribution description: English: The wealth of the area is the cattle that graze the open hills. The area is a big producer of cheese that is exported through out the country. The other source of income is charcoal which is made in the hills and then carried by truck and bicycle to Goma. content: Masisi Territory is a territory located within the North Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its political headquarters are located in the town of Masisi. Masisi Territory has constantly been subjected to the conflict between the Congolese army and militias, which has plagued the eastern Congo since the ending of the Second Congo War. militias originating from the Rwandan genocide and the Congolese civil war, and Ugandan rebel groups, are involved in these episodes of conflict, which also relates to Rwandan border security and the control of eastern Congo's minerals by rebel groups and business interests. Armed groups have systematically targeted the civilian population.
Masisi Hospital, run by aid agency Médecins Sans Frontières, treats civilians and fighters from all sides of the conflict. The town is inaccessible much of the time, due to fighting, despite the presence of the United Nations peacekeeping mission known as MONUSCO.
In July 2014, an offensive in the Masisi and Walikale Territories by the Congolese army and UN forces liberated 20 rebel controlled towns, freeing the local residents.
Masisi territory has an area of 4734 km².

title: Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo section title: Road construction hierarchical section title: Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo / Causes of deforestation / Road construction caption reference description: Deforested lands in the DRC, which used to be forest. caption attribution description: English: The wealth of the area is the cattle that graze the open hills. The area is a big producer of cheese that is exported through out the country. The other source of income is charcoal which is made in the hills and then carried by truck and bicycle to Goma. content: Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a significant transnational issue. In the DRC, forests are cleared for agricultural purposes by utilizing slash and burn techniques.
Aside from the visible depletion of resources, deforestation of the DRC also leads to a lost habit for the mountain gorilla among other rare species like the okapi, resulting in decreased biodiversity, soil erosion, and contribute to climate change.
Since 1990 till 2015, the rate of deforestation in the DRC has remained constant at 0.20%, which equates to the loss of 311,000 hectares, or roughly 1,200 square miles, annually. This amounts to destroying forests the size of Delaware every two years. The fact that the rate of deforestation has remained constant over more than twenty years is misleading as one might believe that government or non-government organizations interventions have been responsible for the decline, but reports indicate otherwise.


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title: Watford (UK Parliament constituency) hierarchical section title: Watford (UK Parliament constituency) caption reference description: Boundary of Watford in Hertfordshire content: Watford is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2019 by Conservative Party representative Dean Russell.


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title: Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport hierarchical section title: Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport caption reference description: Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport from the air caption attribution description: English: Charles de Gaulle Airport viewed from an aircraft Français : Aéroport de Roissy vu d'avion content: Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport is a large airport in France. It is in the outskirts of Paris. In 2010, it handled 58,164,612 passengers.
The head of the airport is Marc Houalla.


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title: Dante Stakes hierarchical section title: Dante Stakes caption reference description: Shirley Heights, by Bob Demuyser (1920–2003) content: The Dante Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old horses. It is run over a distance of 1 mile, 2 furlongs and 56 yards at York in May.

title: Newmarket Stakes hierarchical section title: Newmarket Stakes caption reference description: Shirley Heights, by Bob Demuyser (1920-2003) content: The Newmarket Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old colts and geldings. It is run over a distance of 1 mile and 2 furlongs on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket in late April or early May.

title: Royal Lodge Stakes hierarchical section title: Royal Lodge Stakes caption reference description: Shirley Heights, by Bob Demuyser (1920-2003) content: The Royal Lodge Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old colts and geldings. It is run on the Rowley Mile at Newmarket over a distance of 1 mile, and it is scheduled to take place each year in late September.

title: Irish Derby hierarchical section title: Irish Derby caption reference description: Shirley Heights, Derby winner by Bob Demuyser (1920-2003) content: The Irish Derby is a Group 1 flat horse race in Ireland open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It is run at the Curragh over a distance of 1 mile and 4 furlongs, and it is scheduled to take place each year in late June or early July.
It is Ireland's equivalent of the Epsom Derby, and it is currently held three weeks after the English race.

title: Shirley Heights (horse) hierarchical section title: Shirley Heights (horse) caption reference description: Shirley Heights, oil on canvas
 painted by Bob Demuyser (1920-2003) content: Shirley Heights was a British-bred and British-trained Thoroughbred race horse, winner of the Derby in 1978. The colt had previously won the Royal Lodge Stakes and the Dante Stakes and went on to win the Irish Derby before his racing career was ended by injury. He went on to be a highly successful breeding stallion.

title: Epsom Derby section title: Timeline hierarchical section title: Epsom Derby / Timeline caption reference description: Shirley Heights, 1978 Derby winner by Bob Demuyser (1920–2003) content: The Derby Stakes, officially the Investec Derby, popularly known as the Derby is a Group 1 flat horse race in England open to three-year-old colts and fillies. It is run at Epsom Downs Racecourse in Surrey over a distance of one mile, four furlongs and 6 yards, usually on the first Saturday of June each year.
It is Britain's richest horse race, and the most prestigious of the five Classics. It is sometimes referred to as the "Blue Riband" of the turf. The race serves as the middle leg of the historically significant Triple Crown of British horse racing, preceded by the 2000 Guineas and followed by the St Leger, although the feat of winning all three is rarely attempted in the modern era due to changing priorities in racing and breeding, and the demands it places on horses.
The name "Derby" has become synonymous with great races all over the world, and as such has been borrowed many times, notably by the Kentucky Derby in the United States. The Derby run at Epsom is the original and in Great Britain is invariably referred to as "the Derby". It is one of Britain's great national sporting events and has a large worldwide TV audience.


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title: Solomon Kimball House (Wenham, Massachusetts) section title: Thomas and Mary (Solart) Kilham hierarchical section title: Solomon Kimball House (Wenham, Massachusetts) / Thomas and Mary (Solart) Kilham caption reference description: Wenham Town Clerk's record of the 1700 timber grant to Kilham, providing lumber for the construction of his barn[37] content: The Solomon Kimball House, probably built in 1696, is a historic First Period house at 26 Maple Street in Wenham, Massachusetts. Although named for nineteenth- and early twentieth-century owner Solomon Kimball, the house was built by Thomas and Mary Kilham—he the veteran of a pivotal battle in King Philip’s War and she the sister and aunt of defendants in the Salem Witchcraft Trials.
Eighteenth-century owners included Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Deputies William Fairfield, and American Revolutionary War veteran Capt. Matthew Fairfield.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.


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title: Zagreb section title: Cityscape hierarchical section title: Zagreb / Geography / Cityscape caption attribution description: Hrvatski: Panorama Save content: Zagreb is the capital and the largest city of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m above sea level. The estimated population of the city in 2018 was 820,678. The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is 1,086,528, approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia.
Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from Roman times. The oldest settlement in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia, in today's Ščitarjevo. The name "Zagreb" is recorded in 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a free royal town in 1242. In 1851 Zagreb had its first mayor, Janko Kamauf.
Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division and is a consolidated city-county, and is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts. Most of them are at a low elevation along the river Sava valley, whereas northern and northeastern city districts, such as Podsljeme and Sesvete districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain, making the city's geographical image rather diverse.


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title: Australia's big things section title: South Australia hierarchical section title: Australia's big things / List of big things (by state or territory) / South Australia caption attribution description: Giant rocking horse (18.?m high) at Gumeracha near Adelaide South Australia. Chose one with some people in for size perspective. content: The big things of Australia are a loosely related set of large structures, some of which are novelty architecture and some are sculptures. There are estimated to be over 150 such objects around the country. There are big things in every state and territory in continental Australia.
Most big things began as tourist traps found along major roads between destinations.
The big things have become something of a cult phenomenon, and are sometimes used as an excuse for a road trip, where many or all big things are visited and used as a backdrop to a group photograph. Many of the big things are considered works of folk art and have been heritage-listed, though others have come under threat of demolition.

title: Gumeracha, South Australia section title: Facilities hierarchical section title: Gumeracha, South Australia / Facilities caption reference description: Giant rocking horse outside the toy factory caption attribution description: Giant rocking horse (18.?m high) at Gumeracha near Adelaide South Australia. Chose one with some people in for size perspective. content: Gumeracha is a town in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia, located on the Adelaide-Mannum Road. It is located in the Adelaide Hills Council local government area on the south bank of the upper River Torrens. At the 2006 census, Gumeracha had a population of 731.
The region relies heavily on grazing, dairying, grape growing, orchards and market gardening.

title: Big Rocking Horse section title: Design and construction hierarchical section title: Big Rocking Horse / Design and construction caption reference description: Another view of the giant rocking horse outside the toy factory caption attribution description: Giant rocking horse (18.?m high) at Gumeracha near Adelaide South Australia. Chose one with some people in for size perspective. content: The Big Rocking Horse is a tourist attraction located in the town of Gumeracha, South Australia. Designed by David McIntosh, the structure weighs 25 tonnes and stands at over 18 metres tall, and is one of a number of Big Things in Australia designed to attract the attention of passing motorists. It is part of a larger complex that includes a wooden toy factory, wildlife park and café. Owned by the Wilkinson family since the early 1970s, the complex was sold in 2004 and continues to operate today.


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title: Rachid Taha section title: Carte de Séjour hierarchical section title: Rachid Taha / Career / Carte de Séjour caption reference description: Taha performing in Belgium caption attribution description: English: Rachid Taha performing at Couleur Café in Belgium in 2007. content: Rachid Taha was an Algerian singer and activist based in France described as "sonically adventurous". His music was influenced by many different styles including rock, electronic, punk and raï.


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title: Howard Chandler Christy hierarchical section title: Howard Chandler Christy caption reference description: Self portrait caption attribution description: English: Howard Chandler Christy. content: Howard Chandler Christy was an American artist and illustrator. Famous for the "Christy Girl" – a colorful and illustrious successor to the "Gibson Girl" – Christy is also widely known for his iconic WWI military recruitment and Liberty loan posters, along with his 1940 masterpiece titled, Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, which is installed along the east stairwell of the United States Capitol.
From the 1920s until the early 1950s, Christy was active as a portrait painter whose sitters included presidents, senators, industrialists, movies stars, and socialites. He painted Lt. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, and Presidents Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Harry Truman. Other famous people he painted include William Randolph Hearst, the Prince of Wales, Eddie Rickenbacker, Benito Mussolini, Prince Umberto, and Amelia Earhart. By 1938, Time magazine proclaimed Christy "the most commercially successful U.S. artist."


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title: Germ theory of disease section title: John Snow hierarchical section title: Germ theory of disease / Development / John Snow caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. It states that microorganisms known as pathogens or "germs" can lead to disease. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. Their growth and reproduction within their hosts can cause disease. "Germ" may refer to not just a bacterium but to any type of microorganism or even non-living pathogens that can cause disease, such as protists, fungi, viruses, prions, or viroids. Diseases caused by pathogens are called infectious diseases. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease, and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen.
Basic forms of germ theory were proposed in the late Middle Ages by physicians including Ibn Sina in 1025, Ibn Khatima and Ibn al-Khatib in the 14th century, Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546, and expanded upon by Marcus von Plenciz in 1762. However, such views were held in disdain in Europe, where Galen's miasma theory remained dominant among scientists and doctors.

title: Experiment section title: Controlled experiments hierarchical section title: Experiment / Types of experiment / Controlled experiments caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis. Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exists natural experimental studies.
A child may carry out basic experiments to understand gravity, while teams of scientists may take years of systematic investigation to advance their understanding of a phenomenon. Experiments and other types of hands-on activities are very important to student learning in the science classroom. Experiments can raise test scores and help a student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning, especially when used over time. Experiments can vary from personal and informal natural comparisons, to highly controlled. Uses of experiments vary considerably between the natural and human sciences.
Experiments typically include controls, which are designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable.

title: Thematic map hierarchical section title: Thematic map caption reference description: John Snow's cholera map about the cholera deaths in London in the 1840s, published 1854 caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: A thematic map is a kind of map. Different from normal maps, a thematic map is designed to show the distribution of human or natural features or data. The information may or may not be related to geography. For example, a map which shows population is a thematic map.
Thematic maps are called so because they show features relating to a particular theme or aspect of geography.

title: Water purification section title: Sand filter hierarchical section title: Water purification / History / Sand filter caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids, and gases from water. The goal is to produce water fit for specific purposes. Most water is purified and disinfected for human consumption, but water purification may also be carried out for a variety of other purposes, including medical, pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications. The methods used include physical processes such as filtration, sedimentation, and distillation; biological processes such as slow sand filters or biologically active carbon; chemical processes such as flocculation and chlorination; and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light.
Water purification may reduce the concentration of particulate matter including suspended particles, parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi as well as reduce the concentration of a range of dissolved and particulate matter.
The standards for drinking water quality are typically set by governments or by international standards. These standards usually include minimum and maximum concentrations of contaminants, depending on the intended use of the water.

title: Human geography hierarchical section title: Human geography caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the places where cholera cases occurred in the London epidemic of 1854 - This is a classical case of human geography caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Human geography is a branch of geography. It studies how people and environment have an effect on each other.
The study of people includes their communities, cultures, economies. The environment studied is mostly about locations. Locations include where people live, when people move, where they move to, what customs they have, what recreations they have.
Human societies develop in relation to the environment they are in. The relationship between people and the environment can change over time and across different locations. Human geography studies these changes.
The field of geography can be divided into physical geography and human geography. Human geography is also closely associated with social sciences and philosophy.

title: Voronoi diagram section title: Health hierarchical section title: Voronoi diagram / Applications / Health caption reference description: John Snow's original diagram caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram is a partition of a plane into regions close to each of a given set of objects. In the simplest case, these objects are just finitely many points in the plane. For each seed there is a corresponding region consisting of all points of the plane closer to that seed than to any other. These regions are called Voronoi cells. The Voronoi diagram of a set of points is dual to its Delaunay triangulation.
The Voronoi diagram is named after Georgy Voronoy, and is also called a Voronoi tessellation, a Voronoi decomposition, a Voronoi partition, or a Dirichlet tessellation. Voronoi cells are also known as Thiessen polygons. Voronoi diagrams have practical and theoretical applications in many fields, mainly in science and technology, but also in visual art.

title: John Snow section title: Cholera hierarchical section title: John Snow / Cholera caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854, drawn and lithographed by Charles Cheffins. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: John Snow was an English physician and a leader in the development of anaesthesia and medical hygiene. He is considered one of the founders of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854, which he curtailed by removing the handle of a water pump. Snow's findings inspired the adoption of anaesthesia as well as fundamental changes in the water and waste systems of London, which led to similar changes in other cities, and a significant improvement in general public health around the world.

title: Dot distribution map section title: John Snow's cholera map hierarchical section title: Dot distribution map / Historical examples of dot distribution maps / John Snow's cholera map caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854. The pump is located at the intersection of Broad Street and Little Windmill Street. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: A dot distribution map, or dot density map, is a map type that uses a dot symbol to show the presence of a feature or a phenomenon. Dot maps rely on a visual scatter to show spatial pattern.

title: Environmental epidemiology section title: History hierarchical section title: Environmental epidemiology / History caption reference description: John Snow's map of the London cholera outbreak. Cases of cholera are designated by black rectangles, and water pumps are also marked. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Environmental epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology concerned with determining how environmental exposures impact human health. This field seeks to understand how various external risk factors may predispose to or protect against disease, illness, injury, developmental abnormalities, or death. These factors may be naturally occurring or may be introduced into environments where people live, work, and play.

title: History of water filters section title: Sand filter hierarchical section title: History of water filters / Modern history / Sand filter caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: The history of water filters can be traced to the earliest civilisations with written records. Water filters have been used throughout history to improve the safety and aesthetics of water intended to be used for drinking or bathing. In modern times, they are also widely used in industry and commerce. The history of water filtration is closely linked with the broader history of improvements in public health.

title: GIS and public health section title: History hierarchical section title: GIS and public health / History caption reference description: Dr. Snow's map showing cholera cases in London during the epidemic of 1854. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Geographic information systems and geographic information science combine computer-mapping capabilities with additional database management and data analysis tools. Commercial GIS systems are very powerful and have touched many applications and industries, including environmental science, urban planning, agricultural applications, and others.
Public health is another focus area that has made increasing use of GIS techniques. A strict definition of public health is difficult to pin down, as it is used in different ways by different groups. In general, public health differs from personal health in that it is focused on the health of populations rather than of individuals, focused more on prevention than on treatment, and operates in a mainly governmental context. These efforts fall naturally within the domain of problems requiring use of spatial analysis as part of the solution, and GIS and other spatial analysis tools are therefore recognized as providing potentially transformational capabilities for public health efforts.

title: Thematic map section title: History hierarchical section title: Thematic map / History caption reference description: John Snow's cholera map about the cholera deaths in London in the 1840s, published 1854. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: A thematic map is a type of map specifically designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area, such as temperature variation, rainfall distribution or population density.

title: Germ theory of disease section title: Sanitation hierarchical section title: Germ theory of disease / Sanitation caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing where people lived that got sick from cholera during the London 1854 epidemic. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: The Germ theory of disease is a theory in biology. It says that small organisms, also known as microbes, cause some diseases. These diseases are called infectious diseases. The germ theory states that small organisms cause a reaction in the body of those who are infected. The body's reaction to infection is called a disease.
Many scientists and doctors in history figured out that diseases are caused by microscopic organisms. Even after the microscope was invented, people still didn't know that germs caused diseases. People long believed that "bad air" from stinky trash dumps and from rotting meat was the cause of diseases. So people thought that covering their mouth and nose with a cloth would help filter out the "bad air." Scientists and doctors would use garlic and perfumes to ward off the bad air. But people still got sick and even died, so this theory was wrong. Polluted air is not the cause of disease.
One problem with the old theories of disease was that people believed that living things were spontaneously generated. Spontaneous generation is when something like a fly grows from a small speck of smelly meat. That old theory is called abiogenesis.

title: Statistical graphics section title: Examples hierarchical section title: Statistical graphics / Examples caption reference description: John Snow's Cholera map in dot style, 1854. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Statistical graphics, also known as graphical techniques, are graphics in the field of statistics used to visualize quantitative data.

title: Natural experiment section title: History hierarchical section title: Natural experiment / History caption reference description: John Snow's map showing the clustering of cholera cases in Soho during the London epidemic of 1854 caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: A natural experiment is an empirical study in which individuals are exposed to the experimental and control conditions that are determined by nature or by other factors outside the control of the investigators. The process governing the exposures arguably resembles random assignment. Thus, natural experiments are observational studies and are not controlled in the traditional sense of a randomized experiment. Natural experiments are most useful when there has been a clearly defined exposure involving a well defined subpopulation such that changes in outcomes may be plausibly attributed to the exposure. In this sense, the difference between a natural experiment and a non-experimental observational study is that the former includes a comparison of conditions that pave the way for causal inference, but the latter does not.
Natural experiments are employed as study designs when controlled experimentation is extremely difficult to implement or unethical, such as in several research areas addressed by epidemiology and economics.

title: Slow sand filter section title: History hierarchical section title: Slow sand filter / History caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Slow sand filters are used in water purification for treating raw water to produce a potable product. They are typically 1 to 2 metres deep, can be rectangular or cylindrical in cross section and are used primarily to treat surface water. The length and breadth of the tanks are determined by the flow rate desired by the filters, which typically have a loading rate of 200 to 400 litres per hour per square metre.
Slow sand filters differ from all other filters used to treat drinking water in that they work by using a complex biological film that grows naturally on the surface of the sand. The sand itself does not perform any filtration function but simply acts as a substrate, unlike its counterparts for UV and pressurized treatments. Although they are often preferred technology in many developing countries because of their low energy requirements and robust performance, they are also used to treat water in some developed countries, such as the UK, where they are used to treat water supplied to London. Slow sand filters now are also being tested for pathogen control of nutrient solutions in hydroponic systems.

title: Public health section title: Epidemiology hierarchical section title: Public health / History / Modern public health / Epidemiology caption reference description: John Snow's dot map, showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Public health has been defined as "the science and art of preventing disease”, prolonging life and improving quality of life through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals. Analyzing the determinants of health of a population and the threats it faces is the basis for public health. The public can be as small as a handful of people or as large as a village or an entire city; in the case of a pandemic it may encompass several continents. The concept of health takes into account physical, psychological, and social well-being. As such, according to the World Health Organization, it is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity and more recently, a resource for everyday living.
Public health is an interdisciplinary field. For example, epidemiology, biostatistics, social sciences and management of health services are all relevant. Other important subfields include environmental health, community health, behavioral health, health economics, public policy, mental health, health education, occupational safety, disability, gender issues in health, and sexual and reproductive health.

title: Charles Cheffins section title: Other lithographic work hierarchical section title: Charles Cheffins / Work / Other lithographic work caption reference description: Map of 1854 cholera outbreak by John Snow, drawn and printed by C.F. Cheffins. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Charles Frederick Cheffins was a British mechanical draughtsman, cartographer, consulting engineer, assistant to John Ericsson and George Stephenson, and surveyor for many British railroad companies in the mid-19th century. He is also known for the 1850 Cheffins's Map of English & Scotch Railways and other maps.

title: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak section title: Investigation by John Snow hierarchical section title: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak / Investigation by John Snow caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases (indicated by stacked rectangles) in the London epidemic of 1854. The contaminated pump is located at the intersection of Broad Street and Cambridge Street (now Lexington Street), running into Little Windmill Street. caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred in 1854 near Broad Street in the Soho district of the City of Westminster, London, England, and occurred during the 1846–1860 cholera pandemic happening worldwide. This outbreak, which killed 616 people, is best known for the physician John Snow's study of its causes and his hypothesis that germ-contaminated water was the source of cholera, rather than particles in the air. This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the mid-19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" started to be used to describe sites, such as the Broad Street pump, in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. Snow's endeavour to find the cause of the transmission of cholera caused him to unknowingly create a double-blind experiment.

title: Edward Tufte section title: Information design hierarchical section title: Edward Tufte / Work / Information design caption reference description: John Snow's map of the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Edward Rolf Tufte is an American statistician and professor emeritus of political science, statistics, and computer science at Yale University. He is noted for his writings on information design and as a pioneer in the field of data visualization.

title: Human geography hierarchical section title: Human geography caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854, which is a classical case of using human geography caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Human geography or anthropogeography is the branch of geography that deals with humans and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across locations. It analyzes patterns of human social interaction, their interactions with the environment, and their spatial interdependencies by application of qualitative and quantitative research methods.

title: Water supply section title: Water treatment hierarchical section title: Water supply / History / Water treatment caption reference description: Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854 caption attribution description: Original map made by John Snow in 1854. Cholera cases are highlighted in black. content: Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial organisations, community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes. Irrigation is covered separately.


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title: Santo Domingo section title: History hierarchical section title: Santo Domingo / History caption reference description: Marines landing under fire at Santo Domingo. Copy of illustration by Dickson., ca. 1916 content: Santo Domingo, officially Santo Domingo de Guzmán, is the capital and largest city of the Dominican Republic and the largest metropolitan area in the Caribbean by population. As of 2010, the city had a total population of 2,908,607, when including the metropolitan area. The city is coterminous with the boundaries of the Distrito Nacional, itself bordered on three sides by Santo Domingo Province.
Founded by the Spanish in 1496, on the east bank of the Ozama River and then moved by Nicolás de Ovando in 1502 to the west bank of the river, the city is the oldest continuously inhabited European settlement in the Americas, and was the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World. Santo Domingo is the site of the first university, cathedral, castle, monastery, and fortress in the New World. The city's Colonial Zone was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Santo Domingo was called Ciudad Trujillo, from 1936 to 1961, after the Dominican Republic's dictator, Rafael Trujillo, named the capital after himself. Following his assassination, the city resumed its original designation.


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title: Abelardo L. Rodríguez section title: Infrastructure hierarchical section title: Abelardo L. Rodríguez / Presidency / Infrastructure caption reference description: 1933 map of the Mexican portion of the Pan-American Highway. caption attribution description: October 1933 map of the Inter-American Highway from page 524 of America's Highways 1776-1976 by the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. content: Abelardo Rodríguez Luján, commonly known as Abelardo L. Rodríguez was the substitute president of Mexico from 1932 to 1934. He completed the term of Pascual Ortiz Rubio after his resignation, during the period known as the Maximato. Former President Plutarco Elías Calles then held considerable de facto political power, without being president himself. However, Rodríguez was more successful than Ortiz Rubio had been in asserting presidential power against Calles's influence.

title: Pan-American Highway (North America) section title: Mexico hierarchical section title: Pan-American Highway (North America) / Mexico caption reference description: 1933 map of the Inter-American Highway portion of the Pan-American Highway. caption attribution description: October 1933 map of the Inter-American Highway from page 524 of America's Highways 1776-1976 by the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. content: The Pan-American Highway route in North America is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 kilometres in length which travels through the mainland nations of the Americas. No definitive length of the Pan American Highway exists because the Canadian government has never officially defined any specific route as being part of the Pan-American Highway, while in the United States, the Federal Highway Administration has designated the entire Interstate Highway System part of the Pan-American Highway System, although this has not yet been reinforced by any official highway signage. Mexico officially has many branches connecting to various interstate highways at the U.S. border.

title: Pan-American Highway section title: Mexico hierarchical section title: Pan-American Highway / Northern section / Mexico caption reference description: 1933 map of the Inter-American Highway portion of the Pan-American Highway. caption attribution description: October 1933 map of the Inter-American Highway from page 524 of America's Highways 1776-1976 by the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. content: The Pan-American Highway is a network of roads stretching across the American continents and measuring about 30,000 kilometres in total length. Except for a rainforest break of approximately 106 km in northwest Colombia, called the Darién Gap, the roads link almost all of the Pacific coastal countries of the Americas in a connected highway system. According to Guinness World Records, the Pan-American Highway is the world's longest "motorable road". However, because of the Darién Gap, it is not possible to cross between South America and Central America with conventional highway vehicles. Without an all-terrain vehicle, the only way to safely navigate this terrestrial stretch is by sea.
The Pan-American Highway passes through many diverse climates and ecological types – ranging from dense jungles to arid deserts and barren tundra. Some areas are fully passable only during the dry season, and in many regions driving is occasionally hazardous. The Pan-American Highway system is physically mostly complete and extends in de facto terms from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, in North America to the lower reaches of South America.

title: Inter-American Highway hierarchical section title: Inter-American Highway caption reference description: Scheme of the Inter-American Highway from 1933. caption attribution description: October 1933 map of the Inter-American Highway from page 524 of America's Highways 1776-1976 by the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. content: The Inter-American Highway is the Central American section of the Pan-American Highway and spans 5,470 kilometers between Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, and Panama City, Panama.

title: Plutarco Elías Calles section title: Infrastructure hierarchical section title: Plutarco Elías Calles / Presidency, 1924–1928 / Infrastructure caption reference description: 1933 map of the Mexican portion of the Pan-American Highway. caption attribution description: October 1933 map of the Inter-American Highway from page 524 of America's Highways 1776-1976 by the U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration. content: Plutarco Elías Calles was a Mexican military general and politician. He was the powerful interior minister under President Álvaro Obregón, who chose Calles as his successor. The 1924 Calles presidential campaign was the first populist presidential campaign in Mexico's history, as he called for land redistribution and promised equal justice, more education, additional labour rights, and democratic governance.
After Calles' populist phase he ushered in a state atheism phase. After leaving office he continued to be the dominant leader from 1928 to 1935, a period known as the Maximato, after a title Calles awarded to himself, Jefe Máximo of the Revolution.
Calles is most noted for his implementation of anti-Catholic laws in the Mexican constitution. This led to the Cristero War, a civil war involving Catholics opposed to the administration. Calles also founded the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1929. The party had ensured political stability in the wake of the assassination of president-elect Alvaro Obregón in 1928. In its two subsequent incarnations, it held power continuously from 1929 to 2000.


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title: Ryan Zimmerman section title: Amateur career hierarchical section title: Ryan Zimmerman / Amateur career caption reference description: Zimmerman (right) and David Wright were AAU teammates before playing for division rivals for more than a decade. caption attribution description: English: David Wright of the New York Mets and Ryan Zimmerman of the Washington Nationals during spring training in 2016. content: Ryan Wallace Zimmerman is an American professional baseball first baseman for the Washington Nationals of Major League Baseball. Zimmerman graduated from Kellam High School in Virginia Beach, Virginia and played college baseball at the University of Virginia. He is nicknamed Mr. National as he has been a member of the Washington Nationals since his debut on September 1, 2005, and was the team's first ever draft pick when the Major League Baseball franchise moved from Montreal. Zimmerman was drafted in the first round as the fourth overall pick by the Nationals in the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft. He is well known for his clutch hitting and walkoff hits. Formerly a third baseman, Zimmerman transitioned to first base in 2015.


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title: Cassius Marcellus Clay (politician) section title: Civil War and Minister to Russia hierarchical section title: Cassius Marcellus Clay (politician) / Civil War and Minister to Russia caption reference description: Clay's Battalion in front of the White House, April 1861 content: Cassius Marcellus Clay, nicknamed the "Lion of White Hall," was a Kentucky planter, politician, and emancipationist who worked for the abolition of slavery. He freed the slaves that were handed down as his inheritance from his father. He was a founding member of the Republican Party in Kentucky, and was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as the United States minister to Russia. Clay is credited with gaining Russian support for the Union during the American Civil War.


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title: Bristol, Florida section title: Demographics hierarchical section title: Bristol, Florida / Demographics caption reference description: Looking east at Bristol on State Road 20 caption attribution description: English: Looking east at Bristol, Florida on State Road 20 content: Bristol is a city in and the county seat of Liberty County, Florida, United States. It is the only incorporated city in Liberty County. The population was 996 at the 2010 census, up from 845 at the 2000 census. Two schools are based in Bristol: Liberty County High School and W. R. Tolar Elementary and Middle School.


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title: Kraftwerk section title: Technological innovations hierarchical section title: Kraftwerk / Music and artistry / Technological innovations caption reference description: Early 1970s vocoder, custom built for Kraftwerk caption attribution description: English: Early 1970's transistor vocoder custom built and used by the pop duo Kraftwerk for the album Ralf und Florian - Now in posession of Daniel Miller (music producer) content: Kraftwerk is a German band formed in Düsseldorf in 1970 by Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider. Widely considered as innovators and pioneers of electronic music, they were among the first successful acts to popularize the genre. The group began as part of West Germany's experimental krautrock scene in the early 1970s before fully embracing electronic instrumentation, including synthesizers, drum machines, and vocoders.
On commercially successful albums such as Autobahn, Trans-Europe Express, The Man-Machine, and Computer World, Kraftwerk developed a self-described "robot pop" style that combined electronic music with pop melodies, sparse arrangements, and repetitive rhythms, while adopting a stylized image including matching suits. Following the release of Electric Café, Wolfgang Flür left the group in 1987, followed by percussionist Karl Bartos in 1990. Founding member Schneider left in 2008.
The band's work has influenced a diverse range of artists and many genres of modern music, including synth-pop, hip hop, post-punk, techno, ambient, and club music. In 2014, the Recording Academy honoured Kraftwerk with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

title: Vocoder hierarchical section title: Vocoder caption reference description: Early 1970s vocoder, custom built for electronic music band Kraftwerk caption attribution description: English: Early 1970's transistor vocoder custom built and used by the pop duo Kraftwerk for the album Ralf und Florian - Now in posession of Daniel Miller (music producer) content: A vocoder is a category of voice codec that analyzes and synthesizes the human voice signal for audio data compression, multiplexing, voice encryption or voice transformation.
The vocoder was invented in 1938 by Homer Dudley at Bell Labs as a means of synthesizing human speech. This work was developed into the channel vocoder which was used as a voice codec for telecommunications for coding speech to conserve bandwidth in transmission.
By encrypting the control signals, voice transmission can be secured against interception. Its primary use in this fashion is for secure radio communication. The advantage of this method of encryption is that none of the original signal is sent, only envelopes of the bandpass filters. The receiving unit needs to be set up in the same filter configuration to re-synthesize a version of the original signal spectrum.
The vocoder has also been used extensively as an electronic musical instrument. The decoder portion of the vocoder, called a voder, can be used independently for speech synthesis.

title: Daniel Miller (music producer) section title: Introduction hierarchical section title: Daniel Miller (music producer) / Biography / Introduction caption reference description: Early 1970's transistor vocoder custom built for and used by Kraftwerk for the album Ralf und Florian, now in the possession of Daniel Miller caption attribution description: English: Early 1970's transistor vocoder custom built and used by the pop duo Kraftwerk for the album Ralf und Florian - Now in posession of Daniel Miller (music producer) content: Daniel Otto Joachim Miller is a British music producer and founder of Mute Records.


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title: Nannie C. Dunsmoor hierarchical section title: Nannie C. Dunsmoor caption reference description: Nannie C. Dunsmoor, from a 1910 publication. content: Nannie C. Straus Dunsmoor was an American doctor and one of the first woman physicians in California.
She continued to practice into her 80s. She was the oldest active member in the United States of the Soroptimist Club.


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title: Second Battle of Passchendaele section title: Second stage hierarchical section title: Second Battle of Passchendaele / Battle / Second stage caption reference description: German prisoners help to carry casualties away from the front caption attribution description: English: German prisoners help to carry wounded Canadians away from the front, while Canadians bring forward duckboards or "trench mats," made of wood overlaid with wire mesh. content: The Second Battle of Passchendaele was the culminating attack during the Third Battle of Ypres of the First World War. The battle took place in the Ypres Salient area of the Western Front, in and around the Belgian village of Passchendaele, between 26 October and 10 November 1917. The Canadian Corps relieved the exhausted II Anzac Corps, continuing the advance started with the First Battle of Passchendaele and ultimately capturing the village. Beyond gaining favourable observation positions, the battle was intended to gain drier winter positions on higher ground.
The assault position was directly south of the boundary between the British Fifth and Second Armies. The Canadian Corps was to attack with support of formations from the British Fifth Army to the north and the I Anzac Corps and X Corps to the south. The offensive was executed in a series of attacks with limited objectives, delivered at intervals of three or more days. The dates of the phases were tentatively given as 26 October, 30 October and 6 November with a final smaller action on 10 November.


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title: Procession of the Holy Blood hierarchical section title: Procession of the Holy Blood caption reference description: The conopeum caption attribution description: conopeum Blood Bruges content: The Procession of the Holy Blood is a large religious Catholic procession, dating back to the Middle Ages, which takes place each Ascension Day in Bruges, Belgium. In 2009, it was included in the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.


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title: Strasbourg section title: Architecture hierarchical section title: Strasbourg / Main sights / Architecture caption reference description: Place du Marché aux Cochons de Lait. caption attribution description: La place du marché aux cochons de lait. Stasboug, France, Europe. content: Strasbourg is the capital and largest city of the Grand Est region of France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin department.
In 2017, the city proper had 280,966 inhabitants and both the Eurométropole de Strasbourg and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 494,089 inhabitants. Strasbourg's metropolitan area had a population of 785,839 in 2016, making it the ninth-largest metro area in France and home to 13% of the Grand Est region's inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 958,421 inhabitants.
Strasbourg is one of the de facto four main capitals of the European Union, as it is the seat of several European institutions, such as the European Parliament, the Eurocorps and the European Ombudsman of the European Union. An organization separate from the European Union, the Council of Europe is also located in the city.
Together with Basel, Geneva, The Hague and New York City, Strasbourg is among the few cities in the world that is not a state capital that hosts international organisations of the first order.


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title: Canon of Friesland hierarchical section title: Canon of Friesland caption attribution description: Veerbootterminal Lauwersoog. Veerboot naar Schiermonnikoog. content: The Canon of Friesland or Canon of Frisian History is a list of 41 topics offering a chronological summary of significant events and individuals in Frisian history.
Following the example of the Canon of Groningen, the Canon of Friesland is a provincial supplement to the Canon of Dutch History. The canon was composed by an independent commission led by Prof. Dr. Goffe Jensma and presented in print on 11 November 2008 to Jannewietske de Vries, deputy of the provincial-executive of Friesland. The website 11en30.nu was launched thereafter, produced by Tresoar and Omrop Fryslân. In the years since, the Canon of Frisian history has become a common tool for educators.
Note that the life and work of Eise Eisinga is the only topic included in both Frisian and Dutch histories.


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title: Yellow Creek (Chestatee River tributary) section title: Course hierarchical section title: Yellow Creek (Chestatee River tributary) / Course caption reference description: Map showing Yellow Creek and its sub-watershed (outlined in pink), and the Chestatee River arm of Lake Lanier content: Yellow Creek is a stream in Georgia, and is a tributary of the Chestatee River. The creek is approximately 5.66 miles long.


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title: Oxford Road, Hong Kong hierarchical section title: Oxford Road, Hong Kong caption reference description: Oxford Road, south end caption attribution description: English: Oxford Road in Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong. content: Oxford Road is a two-way street in Kowloon Tsai, Kowloon City District, Hong Kong.


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title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Bandera County, Texas hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Bandera County, Texas caption reference description: Location of Bandera County in Texas content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Bandera County, Texas.
This is intended to be a complete list of properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Bandera County, Texas. There are four properties listed on the National Register in the county. One property is a State Antiquities Landmark and holds two Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. The remaining properties are also designated as Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted August 23, 2019.

title: Bandera County, Texas hierarchical section title: Bandera County, Texas caption reference description: Location within the U.S. state of Texas content: Bandera County is a county located on the Edwards Plateau in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population is 20,485. Its county seat is Bandera. The county was formed in 1856 from Bexar and Uvalde counties. The county and its seat are named for Bandera Pass, which in turn uses the Spanish word for flag.
Bandera County is part of the San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is officially recognized as the "Cowboy Capital of the World" by the Texas Legislature.


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title: Current Swell hierarchical section title: Current Swell caption reference description: Current Swell on stage at The Saint in Asbury Park, NJ April, 2018 caption attribution description: English: Current Swell performing at the Saint in Asbury Park, NJ on 04072018. photo by L. H. Collins. content: Current Swell is a Canadian indie rock band from Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. To date, the band has released a total of seven albums; So I Say, Trust Us Now, Protect Your Own, Long Time Ago, Ulysses, When to Talk and When to Listen and Buffalo.


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title: Ørstedsparken section title: History hierarchical section title: Ørstedsparken / History caption reference description: Aerial of the park from between 1894 and 1934 content: Ørstedsparken is a public park in central Copenhagen, Denmark. One in a series of parks which were laid out on the grounds of the old fortification ring after it was decommissioned in the 1870s, the park still retains elements from the old fortifications in its topography—a section of the moat now serve as an elongated lake and former bastions appear in the landscape as small hills. The park is named for the brothers Ørsted, the politician and jurist Anders Sandøe Ørsted, and the physicist Hans Christian Ørsted, who both are commemorated with monuments in the park.


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title: Hove, Belgium hierarchical section title: Hove, Belgium caption reference description: Town hall caption attribution description: Nederlands: Kasteel Weyninckhoven, nu gemeentehuis This is a photo of onroerend erfgoed number 13183 caption alt text description: Town hall content: Hove is a municipality located in the Belgian province of Antwerp. The municipality only comprises the town of Hove proper. On January 1, 2006, Hove had a total population of 8,307. The total area is 5.99 km² which gives a population density of 1,388 inhabitants per km².
The municipality lies approximately 9 kilometres from the city of Antwerp, the capital of the province. It is a small community, and is said to be one of the most expensive areas in Belgium. Many people pay large sums of money to live there because it is one of the safest places in Belgium. As a consequence Hove ranks 5th on the list of Belgian municipalities by average annual income per capita in 2019.


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title: Solander Point section title: Map showing journey of MER-B near Solander Point hierarchical section title: Solander Point / Map showing journey of MER-B near Solander Point caption reference description: A different view of its path towards Solander content: Solander Point is at the north end of the west-southwestern ridgeline of Endeavour crater on the planet Mars. It is named after the Swedish scientist Daniel Solander, who was the first university-educated scientist to set foot on Australian soil at Botany Bay in 1770.
Solander Point was visited in 2013 by the Mars Exploration Rover-B Opportunity, a robotic rover that has been active on Mars since 2004.
By early July 2013 Opportunity was approaching it from the North, after previously examining outcrops on the northwest edge of the crater, north of Solander. The rover drove south from Cape York through Botany Bay to travel to Solander. By July 2, 2013, it was about half-way there. The area was imaged from Martian orbit by HiRISE on July 8, 2013, data which aids the rover team in understanding the terrain and planning rover traverses. The rover has been making good time on its approach to Solander, giving the opportunity to investigate a curious area of terrain in the crater. At the start of August, the rover was less than 100 meters from Solander, and arrived at its base in the following days.

title: Endeavour (crater) section title: Solander point hierarchical section title: Endeavour (crater) / Solander point caption reference description: Looking west in this topographic view overlaid photo, Solander is to the left, then moving right Botany Bay, and Cape York content: Endeavour is an impact crater located in the Meridiani Planum extraterrestrial plain within the Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle region of the planet Mars. Endeavour is about 22 kilometers in diameter. Using Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter data, phyllosilicate-bearing outcrops have been detected along its rim. These minerals may have formed under wet conditions in a low-acidic environment during the early history of Mars. There are raised rim segments to the north, east, and southwest. The rim has become worn, rounded and degraded, with infilling of plains material in a manner similar to the Victoria crater.
When compared to the surrounding plains, the crater floor shows an enhanced spectral signature of basalt and hematite. The interior contains two groups of dune fields. Images taken since 2008 show evidence of changes in some of the associated formations, which may be evidence of active erosion by the martian wind over a period of two to three years. The plains surrounding the rim show evidence of polyhydrated sulfate.

title: Timeline of Opportunity (rover) section title: Leaving Cape York hierarchical section title: Timeline of Opportunity (rover) / Mission timeline / 2013 / Leaving Cape York caption reference description: The rover on its way to Solander point, with a traverse line up to July 2013 content: Opportunity is a robotic rover that was active on the planet Mars from 2004 to 2018. Launched on July 7, 2003, Opportunity landed on Mars' Meridiani Planum on January 25, 2004 at 05:05 Ground UTC, three weeks after its twin Spirit, also part of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission, touched down on the other side of the planet. While Spirit became immobile in 2009 and ceased communications in 2010, Opportunity exceeded its planned 90 sol duration of activity by 16 years, 91 days. Opportunity continued to move, gather scientific observations, and report back to Earth until 2018. What follows is a summary of events during its continuing mission.
Opportunity started in Eagle crater in 2004, literally landing inside on the crater basin, then it travelled outward making its way to Endurance crater. After this it went to Victoria crater, all the way making many panoramas, measurements, studying rocks and smaller craters, even what are thought to be meteorites. It then traveled to Endeavour crater, where it has been making its way south along the Western rim.


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title: Treaty of Versailles section title: Historical assessments hierarchical section title: Treaty of Versailles / Historical assessments caption reference description: American political cartoon depicting the contemporary view of German reparations, 1921 caption attribution description: English: American contemporary view of unreasonable German World War I war reparations. Political cartoon 1921. content: The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which had directly led to the war. The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919.
Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war. This article, Article 231, later became known as the War Guilt clause. The treaty required Germany to disarm, make ample territorial concessions, and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion gold marks.


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title: 1996 New Hampshire gubernatorial election hierarchical section title: 1996 New Hampshire gubernatorial election caption reference description: County results
Shaheen:      50–60%      60–70% content: The 1996 New Hampshire gubernatorial election took place on November 5, 1996. State Senator Jeanne Shaheen won the election, marking the first time since 1980 that a Democrat was elected Governor of New Hampshire.


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title: Mount Alvernia Hospital section title: Hospital Development hierarchical section title: Mount Alvernia Hospital / Hospital Development caption reference description: The late Mr Lee Kuan Yew opened the new hospital wing content: Mount Alvernia Hospital is a 319-bed general acute care hospital with tertiary medical capabilities and two multi-disciplinary medical specialist centres in Thomson Road, Singapore.
It is the only not-for-profit, private Catholic missionary hospital. Fiscal surplus accumulated is channelled back into supporting the Assisi Hospice, hospital development, local community outreach activities and the Franciscan Missionaries of the Divine Motherhood global mission activities to reach out to the sick, poor and marginalized through education, nursing, pastoral care, counselling, prison and parish ministry.


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title: Pšata, Domžale section title: Church hierarchical section title: Pšata, Domžale / Church caption reference description: Saint Peter's Church caption attribution description: English: Saint Peter's Church in Pšata, Municipality of Domžale, Slovenia content: Pšata is a small village south of Domžale in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.


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title: Outline of Croatia section title: Culture of Croatia hierarchical section title: Outline of Croatia / Culture of Croatia caption reference description: Cathedral of St. James in Šibenik from 1555, a World Heritage site caption attribution description: Saint Jacob's cathedral content: The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Croatia:
Croatia – unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. The country's population is 4.45 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism. Croatia is a member of the European Union.

title: Architecture of Croatia section title: Renaissance hierarchical section title: Architecture of Croatia / Renaissance caption attribution description: Saint Jacob's cathedral content: The architecture of Croatia has roots in a long history: the Croats have inhabited the area for fourteen centuries, but there are important remnants of earlier periods still preserved in the country.


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title: Worthington Creek hierarchical section title: Worthington Creek caption reference description: Worthington Creek and its watershed in Wood County, West Virginia caption attribution description: English: A map of Worthington Creek and its watershed (USGS HUC 050302031305) in Wood County, West Virginia. content: Worthington Creek is a tributary of the Little Kanawha River, 15.4 miles long, in western West Virginia in the United States. Via the Little Kanawha and Ohio rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, draining an area of 35 square miles in the city of Parkersburg and its vicinity.
Worthington Creek flows for its entire length in northern Wood County. It rises approximately 1 mile south of Waverly and flows generally southwestward to Parkersburg, where it flows into the Little Kanawha River from the north, approximately 1.9 miles upstream of the Little Kanawha River's mouth.
According to the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection, approximately 68% of the Worthington Creek watershed is forested, mostly deciduous. Approximately 23% is used for pasture and agriculture, and approximately 9% is developed.
According to the Geographic Names Information System, Worthington Creek has also been known by the name "Worthingtons Creek."


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title: Pompaples hierarchical section title: Pompaples caption reference description: Pompaples caption attribution description: Deutsch: Pompaples, Luftaufnahme English: Pompaples, aerial photo Français : Pompaples, vue aérienne content: Pompaples is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

title: Pompaples hierarchical section title: Pompaples caption attribution description: Deutsch: Pompaples, Luftaufnahme English: Pompaples, aerial photo Français : Pompaples, vue aérienne content: Pompaples is a municipality in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Morges.


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title: List of trucks section title: Currently in production hierarchical section title: List of trucks / Currently in production caption attribution description: Русский: КрАЗ-6505 content: This is an incomplete list of trucks currently in production and discontinued trucks. This list doesn't include pickup trucks, nor trucks used only in militaries. Some images provided below may show the outdated model.

title: KrAZ section title: Civil Vehicles hierarchical section title: KrAZ / Products / Civil Vehicles caption reference description: KrAZ-6505 caption attribution description: Русский: КрАЗ-6505 content: KrAZ is a Ukrainian factory that produces trucks and other special-purpose vehicles in Kremenchuk, Ukraine; particularly heavy-duty off-road models. The factory was incorporated as a holding company combining several other factories nationwide and becoming the industrial wing of the finance-industrial group "Finance and Credit" that also holds the Bank Finance and Credit.


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title: Alfredo Ceschiatti hierarchical section title: Alfredo Ceschiatti caption reference description: Alfredo Ceschiatti (right), with Oscar Niemeyer, 1956. content: Alfredo Ceschiatti was a Brazilian sculptor.


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title: Seedorf, Bern section title: History hierarchical section title: Seedorf, Bern / History caption reference description: Frienisberg Abbey in 1670 content: Seedorf is a municipality in the Seeland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

title: Frienisberg Abbey hierarchical section title: Frienisberg Abbey caption reference description: Frienisberg Abbey in 1670 content: Frienisberg Abbey is a former Cistercian religious house in the Swiss municipality of Seedorf in the Canton of Bern.


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title: Elizete Cardoso hierarchical section title: Elizete Cardoso caption reference description: Elizeth Cardoso, 1960 content: Elizeth Moreira Cardoso, was a singer and actress of great renown in Brazil.
She was born in Rio de Janeiro; her father was a serenader who played guitar, and her mother was an amateur singer. Elizete began working at an early age and between 1930 and 1935 was a store clerk and hairdresser among other things. She was discovered by Jacob do Bandolim at her 16th birthday party, to which he was brought by her cousin Pedro, a popular figure among the musicians of the day. Jacó took her to Rádio Guanabara where, in spite of her father's initial opposition, she appeared on the Programa Suburbano with Vicente Celestino, Araci de Almeida, Moreira da Silva, Noel Rosa and Marília Batista on August 18, 1936. The week after she was hired by the station to appear on a weekly program. Following this, she continued to perform on various shows with multiple radio stations. In the 1960s she had her own radio show.
Due to her low pay, in 1939 she began to perform at clubs, movie theaters and other venues. She met with considerable success and her popularity increased significantly.


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title: Namma Metro section title: Green Line hierarchical section title: Namma Metro / Current Network / Namma Metro Lines / Green Line caption reference description: Bangalore City Railway Map (as of August 2017) caption attribution description: English: Bangalore City Railway Map including the operational Metro lines (as of August 2017) content: Namma Metro, also known as Bangalore Metro or Bengaluru Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Bangalore, India. It is the fourth longest operational metro network in India after the Delhi Metro, Hyderabad Metro and Chennai Metro. It is the first metro rail service started in Southern India, and also it also contains the first underground metro line in Southern India. The metro network consists of two colour-coded lines with a total length of 42.3 kilometres serving 40 stations. The system has a mix of underground, street level, and elevated stations using standard-gauge tracks. As of February 2020, the metro has an average daily ridership of 415,000 passengers. By 2023, the system is expected to complete its phase 2 network and provide connectivity to the city's important tech hubs of Electronic City and Whitefield.
The Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited, a joint venture of Government of India and the State Government of Karnataka, built and operates the Namma Metro. Services operate daily between 05:00 and 23:00 running with a headway varying between 4–20 minutes. The trains are composed of six cars.

title: Bengaluru Commuter Rail hierarchical section title: Bengaluru Commuter Rail caption reference description: Bangalore City Railway Map with functioning metro lines caption attribution description: English: Bangalore City Railway Map including the operational Metro lines (as of August 2017) content: Bengaluru Commuter Rail is a proposed suburban rail network for Bangalore which was first approved in the 2019 Railway Budget. On 1st February 2020, finance minister, Nirmala Sitharaman mentioned in her budget that the project would be implemented at cost of Rs 18,600 crores. While the central government would provide 20% of the equity and facilitate external assistance up to 60 percent of the project cost.


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title: John Killough Stewart section title: Hobbies hierarchical section title: John Killough Stewart / Hobbies caption reference description: John Killough Stewart wins Best Turned Out Car for his Humber touring car at the Brisbane Cricket Ground Brisbane, 1908 content: John Killough Stewart was a businessman and philanthropist in Queensland, Australia.


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title: Serra de Tramuntana hierarchical section title: Serra de Tramuntana caption reference description: Municipalities of the Serra de Tramuntana, Majorca content: The Serra de Tramuntana is a mountain range running southwest–northeast which forms the northern backbone of the Spanish island of Mallorca. It is also the name given to the comarca of the same area. On 27 June 2011, the Tramuntana Range was awarded World Heritage Status by UNESCO as an area of great physical and cultural significance.


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title: Mariel, Cuba hierarchical section title: Mariel, Cuba caption reference description: Mariel municipality (red) within
 Artemisa Province (yellow) and Cuba caption attribution description: English: A map of the municipality of Mariel (shown in red) within the Province of Artemisa (yellow) and Cuba. caption alt text description: Mariel municipality (red) within Artemisa Province (yellow) and Cuba content: Mariel is a municipality and town in the Artemisa Province of Cuba. It is located approximately 40 kilometres west of the city of Havana.


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title: Greenstone Ridge Trail hierarchical section title: Greenstone Ridge Trail caption reference description: Greenstone Ridge Trail, on map of Isle Royale National Park. content: The Greenstone Ridge Trail is a 40-mile-long hiking trail on Isle Royale, in Lake Superior, northern Michigan. The island is within Isle Royale National Park.
There are no roads on the island, a wilderness area and national park, so the trail doubles as the primary means of land transportation across the island.


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title: List of museums in Leicestershire hierarchical section title: List of museums in Leicestershire caption attribution description: English: New Walk Museum, Leicester content: This list of museums in Leicestershire, England contains museums which are defined for this context as institutions that collect and care for objects of cultural, artistic, scientific, or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing. Also included are non-profit art galleries and university art galleries. Museums that exist only in cyberspace are not included.

title: Leicester section title: Museums hierarchical section title: Leicester / Culture / Museums caption attribution description: English: New Walk Museum, Leicester content: Leicester is a city and unitary authority area in the East Midlands of England, and the county town of Leicestershire. The city lies on the River Soar and close to the eastern end of the National Forest. It is to the north-east of Birmingham and Coventry, south of Nottingham, and west of Peterborough.
The 2016 mid year estimate of the population of the City of Leicester unitary authority was 348,300, an increase of approximately 18,500 from the 2011 census figure of 329,839, making it the most populous municipality in the East Midlands region. The associated urban area is also the 11th most populous in England and the 13th most populous in the United Kingdom.
Leicester is at the intersection of two major railway lines—the north–south Midland Main Line and the east/west Birmingham to London Stansted CrossCountry line; as well as the confluence of the M1/M69 motorways and the A6/A46 trunk routes. Leicester is the home to football club Leicester City and rugby club Leicester Tigers.


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title: Coconut candy section title: Coconut candy types hierarchical section title: Coconut candy / Coconut candy types caption attribution description: English: Mexican Alfajor - Made of sugar and coconut Español: Alfajor Mexicano - Hecho con azucar y coco Français : Alfajor Mexicain - Fait de sucre et de noix de coco Italiano: Alfajor Messicano - Fatto di zucchero e di coco content: Coconut candy refer to various candies made with coconut or coconut flavorings.
In Vietnamese cuisine, kẹo dừa coconut candy is most commonly produced in Bến Tre province, Vietnam with coconut milk and coconut cream.
In the United States, coconut candy was sometimes spelled as cocoanut candy. These included various traditional confections in the United States. Mason Pecan Cocoanut Candy was made in the 1950s in Milprint, Milwaukee. Squirrel Brand made Cocoanut Zippers. There was also a Mason Cherry Cocoanut candy produced in Mineola, New York. Welch's made Cocoanut Candy Bar from Hinde & Dauch. Welch's Cocoanut candy was also produced by the James O. Welch Company.
Sauerkraut candy is made with grated coconut. Grated coconut is often used in various chocolate confections.


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title: Canadian Centenary Series section title: Structure of the series hierarchical section title: Canadian Centenary Series / Structure of the series caption reference description: The editors conceived the Centenary Series as a contribution to Canada's Centennial in 1967 content: The Canadian Centenary Series is a nineteen-volume history of Canada published between 1963 and 1987 as an extended Canadian Centennial project. The collection resulted from the initiative of two of Canada's leading 20th century historians, W. L. Morton and D. G. Creighton. Morton served as the initial executive editor, and Creighton served as the advisory editor. The editors approached leading Canadian historians to write the individual volumes. The series was published by the Canadian publishing house, McClelland & Stewart.
One of the volumes, Lower Canada, 1791-1840: Social Change and Nationalism by Fernand Ouellette was also published in French and won the Governor General's Award for French language non-fiction. Another volume, Canada 1922–1939: Decades of Discord by John Herd Thompson and Alan Seager, was short-listed for the 1985 Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction.

title: Canadian Centennial hierarchical section title: Canadian Centennial caption reference description: Logo of Canada's 1967 Centennial celebrations, designed by Stuart Ash content: The Canadian Centennial was a yearlong celebration held in 1967 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Canadian Confederation. Celebrations in Canada occurred throughout the year but culminated on Dominion Day, July 1, 1967. Commemorative coins different from typical issues with animals on each — the cent, for instance, had a dove on its reverse. Communities and organizations across Canada were encouraged to engage in Centennial projects to celebrate the anniversary. The projects ranged from special one-time events to local improvement projects, such as the construction of municipal arenas and parks. The Centennial Flame was also added to Parliament Hill. Children born in 1967 were declared Centennial babies.

title: 1967 in Canada hierarchical section title: 1967 in Canada caption reference description: Logo of Canada's centennial celebrations in 1967 content: 1967 is remembered as one of the most notable years in Canada. It was the centenary of Canadian Confederation and celebrations were held throughout the nation. The most prominent event was Expo 67 in Montreal, the most successful World's Fair ever held up to that time, and one of the first events to win international acclaim for the country. The year saw the nation's Governor General, Georges Vanier, die in office; and two prominent federal leaders, Official Opposition Leader John Diefenbaker, and Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson announced their resignations. The year's top news-story was French President Charles de Gaulle's "Vive le Québec libre" speech in Montreal. The year also saw major changes in youth culture with the "hippies" in Toronto's Yorkville area becoming front-page news over their lifestyle choices and battles with Toronto City Council. A new honours system was announced, the Order of Canada. In sports, the Toronto Maple Leafs won their 13th and last Stanley Cup.
In mountaineering, the year saw the first ascents of the highest peak in the remote Arctic Cordillera.


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title: Margit Madarász hierarchical section title: Margit Madarász caption reference description: Margit Madarász, from a 1908 publication. content: Margit Madarász was a Hungarian tennis player, the first Hungarian woman to play tennis internationally.


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title: Leven, Fife section title: Leisure and tourism hierarchical section title: Leven, Fife / Leisure and tourism caption reference description: Silverburn Park, 2012 caption attribution description: English: A photograph I took of Silverburn Park, Leven, March, 2012. content: Leven is a seaside town in Fife, set in the east Central Lowlands of Scotland. It lies on the coast of the Firth of Forth at the mouth of the River Leven, 8.1 miles north-east of the town of Kirkcaldy and 6.4 miles east of Glenrothes.
According to an estimate taken in 2008, Leven has a population of 8,850. The town forms part of the Levenmouth conurbation, which has a total population of 37,651.


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title: Andriy Batsula hierarchical section title: Andriy Batsula caption attribution description: Русский: Андрей Бацула - украинский футболист content: Andriy Batsula is a Ukrainian defender who plays for Dinamo Minsk on loan from Kortrijk.


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title: Christiaan Brunings hierarchical section title: Christiaan Brunings caption reference description: Christiaan Brunings caption attribution description: English: Christiaan Brunings (1736-1805) content: Christiaan Brunings was a Dutch hydraulic engineer.


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title: Aleksey Ryabinin section title: Literary works hierarchical section title: Aleksey Ryabinin / Literary works caption reference description: "Riddle of the Sphinx" content: Aleksey Valerievich Ryabinin. Russian Public Ombudsman for Copyright and Intellectual Property. Russian economist, politician and writer. Member of the Moscow City Parliament, a member of Russian Journalist Union.


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title: George Richmond (painter) section title: Works hierarchical section title: George Richmond (painter) / Works caption reference description: Charlotte Brontë by George Richmond, 1850 content: George Richmond RA was an English painter and portraitist. In his youth he was a member of The Ancients, a group of followers of William Blake. Later in life he established a career as a portrait painter, which included painting the portraits of the British gentry, nobility and royalty.
He was the son of Thomas Richmond, miniature-painter, and was the father of the painter William Blake Richmond as well as the grandfather of the naval historian, Admiral Sir Herbert Richmond.
A keen follower of cricket, Richmond was noted in one obituary as having been "an habitué of Lord's since 1816"

title: Banagher section title: Charlotte Brontë hierarchical section title: Banagher / Culture / Literature and the arts / Charlotte Brontë caption reference description: Charlotte Brontë by George Richmond, 1850 content: Banagher is a town in Republic of Ireland, located in the midlands, on the western edge of County Offaly in the province of Leinster, on the banks of the River Shannon. The name Banagher comes from its Irish name, which translates to English as "the place of the pointed rocks on the Shannon".
Banagher was a town of 3,000 people at the height of its economic growth in the mid-19th century. As of 2016, the population was over 1,700. Banagher was historically an important strategic location on the River Shannon and was one of the few crossing points between the provinces of Leinster and Connacht. It thus became a natural focus for a number of historical buildings, including a 19th-century Martello Tower and a number of castles around the town, which were built in the 14th and 15th centuries.
The town used to be the focus of thriving river business and was an important stop on the Dublin to Limerick navigation. It supported a number of industries, including a maltings and distillery, which are now defunct.


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title: Sitka, Alaska section title: Russian America hierarchical section title: Sitka, Alaska / History / Russian America caption reference description: New Archangel, 1805 caption attribution description: English: New Archangel, 1805 content: The City and Borough of Sitka, formerly Novo-Arkhangelsk under Russian rule, is a unified city-borough in the southeast portion of the U.S. state of Alaska. The city is situated on the west side of Baranof Island and the south half of Chichagof Island in the Alexander Archipelago of the Pacific Ocean. As of the 2010 census, Sitka had a population of 8,881.
With a consolidated land area of 2,870.3 square miles and total area of 4,811.4 square miles, Sitka is the largest city-borough in the U.S.


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title: Tanasko Rajić section title: Life hierarchical section title: Tanasko Rajić / Life caption reference description: Serbian Orthodox Church in Ljubić. caption attribution description: English: Church of saint prince Lazar on Ljubić hill, above Čačak, Serbia. content: Atanasije Rajić, known by his nickname Tanasko, was a Serbian vojvoda and revolutionary, the barjaktar in the First Serbian Uprising led by Karađorđe against the Ottoman Empire, and the captain in Obrenović's Second Serbian Uprising, during which he died.


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title: Yellow-breasted pipit hierarchical section title: Yellow-breasted pipit caption attribution description: Anthus butleri Shelley, 1882, = Anthus chloris Lichtenstein, 1842 English: Yellow-breasted Pipit, breeding (front) and nonbreeding (behind) plumages content: The yellow-breasted pipit is a species of bird in the pipit and wagtail family Motacillidae.
It is found in Lesotho and South Africa.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, arable land, and pastureland.
It is threatened by habitat loss.