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title: List of Sri Lanka national cricket captains section title: Test match captains hierarchical section title: List of Sri Lanka national cricket captains / Men's cricket / Test match captains caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 content: This is a list of all men, boys and women who have captained a Sri Lankan national cricket team at official international level. Sri Lanka became a full member of the International Cricket Council on 21 July 1981. Previously they were an associate member of the ICC from 1965, which made them eligible to compete in the ICC Trophy, the leading one-day tournament for associate members. Just after Sri Lanka gained Test status in 1981 a team of rebel players toured apartheid South Africa under the banner "Arosa Sri Lanka". All players who toured Sri Lanka were banned from official cricket matches for life, thereby setting Sri Lanka's development back. Sri Lanka's greatest success in One Day Internationals was when they won the Cricket World Cup in 1996 under the captaincy of Arjuna Ranatunga.

title: Kandurata cricket team section title: Players hierarchical section title: Kandurata cricket team / Players caption reference description: Kumar Sangakkara of Kandurata Elevens. caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 content: Kandurata cricket team was a Sri Lankan first class cricket team based in Kandy, that represented Central Province of Sri Lanka. Kandurata competed in all three provincial tournaments:the first class cricket competition known as the Inter-Provincial First Class Tournament, the List A cricket competition known as the Inter-Provincial Limited Over Tournament and the Twenty20 competition known as the Inter-Provincial Twenty20.
Kandurata is the current champion of Inter-Provincial Limited Over Tournament, and has won title in 2010–11, 2009–10, and the joint title in 2007–08 series. In 2007/08 Inter-provincial Limited overs tournament, Kandurata reached the finals by winning all their round robin matches, but the game was washed out due to rain.

title: Kumar Sangakkara section title: International career hierarchical section title: Kumar Sangakkara / International career caption reference description: Sangakkara in 2009 caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 content: Kumar Chokshanada Sangakkara is a Sri Lankan cricket commentator, cricketer and former player and captain of the Sri Lanka national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest batsmen of all time. Sangakkara scored 28,016 runs in international cricket across all formats in a career that spanned 15 years. At retirement, he was the second-highest run-scorer in ODI cricket and sixth-highest run scorer in Test cricket.
Sangakkara is a left-handed top-order batsman and was wicket-keeper for many years in his career. Sangakkara holds many test records, having been the fastest to various run milestones in test cricket. Sangakkara's partnership with Mahela Jayawardene holds the current batting partnership record in Test cricket. and the most wicket keeping dismissals in ODI cricket
Sangakkara won the ICC Cricketer of the Year in 2012 and featured in many awards and Word Test & ODI XIs during his career. He was selected as Leading Cricketer in the World in the 2012 and 2015 editions of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, becoming the second player to have won this award twice. Sangakkara was rated as the Greatest ODI player of all time in a public poll conducted by Cricket Australia in 2016.

title: List of Deccan Chargers cricketers hierarchical section title: List of Deccan Chargers cricketers caption reference description: Kumar Sangakkara was the captain of the Deccan Chargers during their last season. caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 caption alt text description: A side view of Kumar Sangakkara in blue clothes, holding a bat against the background of green grass and light yellow pitch. content: The Deccan Chargers was a franchise cricket team based in Hyderabad, Telangana, that competed in the Indian Premier League from 2008 to 2012. The team was owned by Deccan Chronicle Holdings Limited who won the bid for the Hyderabad franchise at US$107 million. VVS Laxman and Robin Singh were appointed as the captain and the coach for their first season in 2008. After finishing last in that season, the DC sacked their coach and removed their captain and replaced them with Darren Lehmann and Adam Gilchrist under whom they won their only IPL title in 2009, when they defeated the Royal Challengers Bangalore by six runs in the final. They reached the semi-finals again in 2010 but failed to reach past the group stages before the team was folded in 2012. They qualified for the Champions League Twenty20 only once, for the 2009 season, but failed to advance past the group stage. Lehmann remained as the coach for the DC but they were forced to replace Gilchrist with Kumar Sangakkara in 2011 after they lost former to the Kings XI Punjab in the 2011 auction.

title: List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket section title: Players with 10,000 or more ODI runs hierarchical section title: List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket / Players with 10,000 or more ODI runs caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 caption alt text description: Kumar Sangakkara content: Scoring over 10,000 runs across a playing career in any format of cricket is considered a significant achievement. In the chase for achieving top scores, West Indian Desmond Haynes retired as the most prolific run scorer in One Day Internationals, with a total of 8,648 runs in 1994. The record stood for four years until it was broken by India's Mohammed Azharuddin, who remained the top scorer in the format until his compatriot Tendulkar surpassed his tally in October 2000. In 2001, Tendulkar became the first player to cross the 10,000 run mark in ODIs during the third match of the bi-lateral series against Australia at home. As of October 2019, fourteen players—from six teams that are Full Members of the International Cricket Council —have scored 10,000 runs in ODIs. Out of these, five are from India, four are from Sri Lanka while two are from the West Indies. One player each from Pakistan, Australia and South Africa form the rest. No player from Bangladesh, England, New Zealand, Afghanistan, Ireland or Zimbabwe has passed the 10,000 run mark in ODIs yet.

title: List of international cricket centuries at Bellerive Oval section title: Test centuries hierarchical section title: List of international cricket centuries at Bellerive Oval / Test centuries caption reference description: Sri Lanka's Kumar Sangakkara is the highest scoring opposition batsman at Bellerive Oval in Test matches with a score of 192.[1] caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 caption alt text description: A side on shot of Kumar Sangakkara batting. content: Bellerive Oval, also known by its sponsored name Blundstone Arena, is a cricket ground in Hobart, Australia. It is the home of the Tasmania cricket team and the Hobart Hurricanes, as well as being a Test, One Day International and Twenty20 International venue. It has a capacity of 16,000 spectators. As of December 2015, the ground has hosted 12 Test matches, the first in 1989 when Australia hosted Sri Lanka. It has also staged 34 ODI matches, the first of which was in 1988 when New Zealand lost to Sri Lanka by four wickets. As of October 2014, two T20Is have been played at the ground. The first was in 2010 when Australia beat the West Indies by 38 runs; the second was in 2014, when Australia defeated England by 13 runs.
The first Test century scored at the ground was by Australian Mark Taylor in the third innings of the first Test match against Sri Lanka in 1989. In the same innings Dean Jones and Steve Waugh also scored centuries. As of December 2015, 31 Test centuries have been scored at the ground in 12 Test matches.

title: List of international cricket centuries by Kumar Sangakkara hierarchical section title: List of international cricket centuries by Kumar Sangakkara caption reference description: Kumar Sangakkara has scored 63 international centuries. caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 caption alt text description: A Sri Lankan cricketer, side on, in his batting stance. He is wearing the blue uniform of the Sri Lanka national cricket team. A few spectators are seen in the background. content: Kumar Sangakkara is a retired Sri Lankan cricketer and a former captain of the Sri Lanka national cricket team. He is a left-handed top-order batsman and plays as the wicket-keeper in One Day International format of the game. Described by the English cricket writer Peter Roebuck as "among the most polished and prudent of batsmen", Sangakkara has made centuries on 38 and 25 occasions in Test and ODI matches respectively, as of 24 August 2015. He has at times been top of the International Cricket Council rankings for Test batsmen. His awards include ODI Cricketer of the Year, captain of the ICC World XI Test team, and the 2011 ICC People's Choice Award, and being named one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 2012.
Sangakkara made his Test debut against South Africa in July 2000. He scored his maiden Test century in 2001, against India, and his first double-century during the 2002 Asian Test Championship final against Pakistan. Sangakkara's highest score in Test cricket is 319, which he scored against Bangladesh in 2014.

title: List of Kings XI Punjab cricketers section title: Players hierarchical section title: List of Kings XI Punjab cricketers / Players caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 caption alt text description: A man wearing a dark blue cap, not clean shaven, wearing a blue shirt and blue trousers, holding a cricket bat. content: Kings XI Punjab is a franchise cricket team based in Mohali, Punjab in India, and is one of the teams participating in the Indian Premier League. KXIP was founded in 2008. The franchise is owned by actress Preity Zinta, Ness Wadia of Bombay Dyeing, Karan Paul of the Apeejay Surendera Group and Mohit Burman of Dabur. The group paid US$76 million to acquire the franchise. It is owned by a consortium, along with the Rajasthan Royals. Along with the Rajasthan Royals, KXIP's franchise agreement was terminated by the Board of Control for Cricket in India in October 2010, because the teams had been signed by people who were not members of the consortium which owned the team. A petition of arbitration was filed to the Bombay High Court in November 2010, challenging the decision, which was accepted a month later.
KXIP played their first Twenty20 match in 2008 during the first season of the IPL, where they reached the semi-final. They lost the 2008 semi-final to Chennai Super Kings on 31 May 2008, after playing fourteen matches in the league, winning ten matches and losing four.

title: 2011 ICC Awards section title: ICC World XI Teams hierarchical section title: 2011 ICC Awards / ICC World XI Teams caption reference description: Kumar Sangakkara was selected as both the captain and the wicket-keeper of the ICC Test Team of the Year. caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 content: The 2011 ICC Awards were held on 12 September 2011 in London, England. They were presented at a grand ceremony in association with the Federation of International Cricketers' Associations.
The ICC had been hosting ICC Awards since 2004, which were now into their eighth year. Previous events were held in London, Sydney, Mumbai, Johannesburg, Dubai and Bangalore.
The ICC awards the Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy to the Cricketer of the Year, which is considered to be the most prestigious award in world cricket.

title: List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records section title: Batting records hierarchical section title: List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records / Individual records / Batting records caption reference description: Sangakkara holds several Sri Lanka Test cricket records in batting caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 content: Test cricket is the oldest form of cricket played at international level. A Test match takes place over a period of five days, and is played by teams representing Full Member nations of the International Cricket Council. Sri Lanka obtained Full Member status of the ICC in 1981, becoming the eighth nation eligible to play Test cricket. The Sri Lanka national cricket team played their first Test match on 17 February 1982, against England, and recorded their first victory on 6 September 1985, in a match against India. Since then, they have played nearly 200 matches, against every other Test-playing nation. Sri Lanka holds the world record for the highest team score, which was established against India in 1997. The highest partnership in Test cricket was also established by two Sri Lankan batsmen; Mahela Jayawardene and Kumar Sangakkara. Sri Lankan players also hold the highest partnership scores for the second and third wickets.
Top order batsman and former captain Kumar Sangakkara holds several Sri Lankan batting records as he has scored the most runs for Sri Lanka in Test cricket.

title: 2009 ICC Champions Trophy squads section title: Sri Lanka hierarchical section title: 2009 ICC Champions Trophy squads / Sri Lanka caption reference description: Kumar Sangakkara, Sri Lanka's captain for the tournament. caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 content: This is a list of the squads picked for the men's 2009 ICC Champions Trophy. This was the sixth edition of the ICC Champions Trophy tournament and took place in South Africa between 24 September and 5 October.

title: 2015 Cricket World Cup statistics section title: Batting hierarchical section title: 2015 Cricket World Cup statistics / Individual statistics / Batting caption reference description: Kumar Sangakkara was the first player in ODI history to score 4 consecutive centuries, a feat achieved in this world cup where he finished among the top run scorers. caption attribution description: English: Kumar Sangakkara during a practice session, Sri Lanka vs West Indies ( 2nd Semi-final), Twenty-20 World Cup 2009 content: This is a list of statistics for the 2015 Cricket World Cup. Each list contains the top five records except for the partnership records.


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title: Glynn Lunney section title: Gemini hierarchical section title: Glynn Lunney / NASA career / Gemini caption reference description: Lunney (top left) with John Hodge and Jones Roach during Gemini 3 caption attribution description: English: Glynn Lunney (top left) with John Hodge and James Beach during Gemini III content: Glynn Stephen Lunney is a retired NASA engineer. An employee of NASA since its creation in 1958, Lunney was a flight director during the Gemini and Apollo programs, and was on duty during historic events such as the Apollo 11 lunar ascent and the pivotal hours of the Apollo 13 crisis. At the end of the Apollo program, he became manager of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the first collaboration in spaceflight between the United States and the Soviet Union. Later, he served as manager of the Space Shuttle program before leaving NASA in 1985 and later becoming a vice president of the United Space Alliance.
Lunney was a key figure in the US manned space program from Project Mercury through the coming of the Space Shuttle. He has received numerous awards for his work, including the National Space Trophy, which he was given by the Rotary Club in 2005. Chris Kraft, NASA's first flight director, described Lunney as "a true hero of the space age", saying that he was "one of the outstanding contributors to the exploration of space of the last four decades".

title: John Hodge (engineer) section title: NASA career hierarchical section title: John Hodge (engineer) / NASA career caption reference description: John Hodge (bottom left) with Glynn Lunney and James Beach during Gemini 3. caption attribution description: English: Glynn Lunney (top left) with John Hodge and James Beach during Gemini III content: John Dennis Hodge is a British-born aerospace engineer. He worked for the CF-105 Avro Arrow jet interceptor project in Canada. When it was cancelled in 1959, he became a member of NASA's Space Task Group, which later became the Johnson Space Center. During his NASA career, he worked as a flight director and planner. When he returned to NASA in the 1980s, he worked as a manager on the Space Station Freedom project, which later became the International Space Station. He also served as an administrator at the United States Department of Transportation.


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title: Kenneth City, Florida hierarchical section title: Kenneth City, Florida caption reference description: Location in Pinellas County and the state of Florida content: Kenneth City is a town in southern Pinellas County, Florida, between St. Petersburg and Pinellas Park, United States. The population was 4,980 at the 2010 US Census.


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title: Valley section title: Valleys made by glaciers hierarchical section title: Valley / Types of valleys / Valleys made by glaciers caption attribution description: Glacier du Tour, Chamonix, France content: A valley is a type of landform. A valley is a lower part in the land, between two higher parts which might be hills or mountains. Valleys often start as a downward fold between two upward folds in the surface of the Earth, and sometimes as a rift valley. A valley is made deeper by a stream of water or a river as it flows from the high land to the lower land, and into a lake or sea. Some valleys are made by glaciers which are slow-moving rivers of ice. When water or ice make a valley deeper or wider, this is called erosion. Wind can also make valleys larger by erosion.
A valley has a "head" where it begins in the mountains or hills, "sides" where it rises up on either side, a "floor" which is where the valley is most flat. Some valleys have an "entrance" where the valley opening can be seen between two hills or mountains or cliffs. A place where a valley is very narrow and has high walls is sometimes called a "gorge".
Many of the people of the world live in valleys because there is often a river or stream in a valley for fresh water, and there is often good soil in a valley to grow crops.


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title: Albert J. Zabriskie Farmhouse hierarchical section title: Albert J. Zabriskie Farmhouse caption reference description: First floor plan (1936) content: The Albert J. Zabriskie Farmhouse is located at the current address of 7 East Ridgewood Avenue in Paramus, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States, just east of New Jersey Route 17. This is one of several Zabriskie historic sites associated with the descendants of prominent settler Albrycht Zaborowski. This stone house was built in 1805 by Albert Jacob Zabriskie in the New Jersey Dutch style, owned by four generations of the family until 1924, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 7, 1977. Due to confusion from the street name and handwritten notes on one page of the NRHP nomination, the building is sometimes mistakenly listed as being in Ridgewood, New Jersey.


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title: Siuda Baba section title: The ritual hierarchical section title: Siuda Baba / The ritual caption reference description: A procession of Krakowiacy, Siuda Baba and the Gypsy visiting residents caption attribution description: Polski: Siuda Baba, zwyczaj ludowy obchodzony w Poniedziałek Wielkanocny, 6 kwietnia 2015 r., Lednica Górna, Polska. Siuda Baba z Czarnym Cyganem czekają a Krakowiacy śpiewają przyśpiewkę gospodyni. English: Siuda Baba, Polish folk tradition on Easter Monday, 6th April 2015, Lednica Górna, Poland. The titual participants dressed up as Siuda Baba and Black Gypsy wait and the group of men dressed in folk costumes from Kraków sing a song to the house resident. content: Siuda Baba is an old Polish folk custom, celebrated on Easter Monday and surviving today in only a handful of villages surrounding Kraków. The character of Siuda Baba is performed by a local man who dresses up as a shabbily clothed woman whose face is blackened with soot. Siuda Baba walks from house to house, accompanied by other characters – a Gypsy and Krakowiacy. The group visits houses, collecting donations and smearing girls' faces with soot.


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title: Bangladesh Military Academy section title: Training hierarchical section title: Bangladesh Military Academy / Training caption reference description: Assault course caption attribution description: English: Crawl trench of assault course ground. content: Bangladesh Military Academy is the training institute for the officer cadets of Bangladesh Army. It is located in Bhatiary, near Chittagong Hill Tracts, in the Chittagong District of south-east Bangladesh, about 13 kilometres north of Chittagong. The Academy is situated on the slopes of the Sitakunda hill ranges and the shore of the Bay of Bengal. Major General Anwarul Momen is the current commandant of the Academy.


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title: Poquoson, Virginia hierarchical section title: Poquoson, Virginia caption reference description: Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia content: Poquoson, informally known as Bull Island, is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,150. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Poquoson with surrounding York County for statistical purposes.
Poquoson is located on the Virginia Peninsula, in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area.
Poquoson, which was formerly part of York County, became an incorporated town in 1952 and an independent city in 1975. However, the ties remain close. Over 30 years after Poquoson became a politically independent entity, some constitutional services such as the courts, sheriff and jail continue to be shared with neighboring York County.
Poquoson is one of the oldest continuously named cities in Virginia. It is also one of the few to retain a name which derived from the Native Americans who inhabited the area before colonization by the English began in the 17th century.


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title: Sacramento City College section title: History hierarchical section title: Sacramento City College / History caption reference description: Sacramento City College Library, east facade (1996 HABS image) content: Sacramento City College is a public community college in Sacramento, California. SCC is part of the Los Rios Community College District and had an enrollment of 25,307 in 2009. Sacramento City College is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges, offering Associate in Science and Associate in Art degrees.


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title: Fredericksburg Baptist Church hierarchical section title: Fredericksburg Baptist Church caption reference description: Fredericksburg Baptist Church during the American Civil War caption attribution description: English: Fredericksburg Baptist Church in Virginia during the American Civil War, 1019 Princess Anne Street, Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401 content: Fredericksburg Baptist Church is a historic church founded in 1804 and located in the historic district of downtown Fredericksburg, Virginia.


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title: Ida Tarbell section title: Women's suffrage hierarchical section title: Ida Tarbell / Women's suffrage caption reference description: Ida M. Tarbell in 1905 caption attribution description: English: Title: TARBELL, IDA M. Abstract/medium: 1 negative : glass ; 8 x 10 in. or smaller content: Ida Minerva Tarbell was an American writer, investigative journalist, biographer and lecturer. She was one of the leading muckrakers of the Progressive Era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and pioneered investigative journalism. Born in Pennsylvania at the onset of the oil boom, Tarbell is best known for her 1904 book, The History of the Standard Oil Company. The book was published as a series of articles in McClure's Magazine from 1902 to 1904. It has been called a "masterpiece of investigative journalism", by historian J. North Conway, as well as "the single most influential book on business ever published in the United States" by historian Daniel Yergin. The work would contribute to the dissolution of the Standard Oil monopoly and helped usher in the Hepburn Act of 1906, the Mann-Elkins Act, the creation of the Federal Trade Commission and the Clayton Antitrust Act.
Tarbell also wrote several biographies over the course of her career which spanned 64 years. She wrote biographies on Madame Roland and Napoleon. Tarbell believed that "the Truth and motivations of powerful human beings could be discovered."


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title: Plateliai hierarchical section title: Plateliai caption reference description: Plateliai coat of arms content: Plateliai is a town in Samogitia, Lithuania. It is situated on the west bank of Lake Plateliai, the largest lake in Samogitia. The town with the population of about 1,100 people is the center of an elderate in Plungė district municipality. It is the administrative center of the Žemaitija National Park. The town is popular resort in Samogitia and attracts many tourists.


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title: Grantwood, New Jersey section title: Motion picture industry hierarchical section title: Grantwood, New Jersey / Motion picture industry caption reference description: Movie studio-lab opened in 1915 content: Grantwood is an community straddling the boroughs of Cliffside Park and Ridgefield, just south of Fort Lee, in eastern Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.


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title: History of Scotland section title: The Wars of Independence hierarchical section title: History of Scotland / The Wars of Independence caption reference description: Edward I of England, 'Hammer of the Scots', depicted on a late-15thC woodcut. content: The recorded history of Scotland begins with the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 1st century, when the province of Britannia reached as far north as the Antonine Wall. North of this was Caledonia, inhabited by the Picti, whose uprisings forced Rome's legions back to Hadrian's Wall. As Rome finally withdrew from Britain, Gaelic raiders called the Scoti began colonising Western Scotland and Wales. Prior to Roman times, prehistoric Scotland entered the Neolithic Era about 4000 BC, the Bronze Age about 2000 BC, and the Iron Age around 700 BC.
The Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata was founded on the west coast of Scotland in the 6th century. In the following century, Irish missionaries introduced the previously pagan Picts to Celtic Christianity. Following England's Gregorian mission, the Pictish king Nechtan chose to abolish most Celtic practices in favour of the Roman rite, restricting Gaelic influence on his kingdom and avoiding war with Anglian Northumbria. Towards the end of the 8th century, the Viking invasions began, forcing the Picts and Gaels to cease their historic hostility to each other and to unite in the 9th century, forming the Kingdom of Scotland.


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title: Ansel Adams section title: Youth hierarchical section title: Ansel Adams / Early life / Youth caption reference description: Harry Best standing in front of his studio, c. 1922–1925[19] caption attribution description: English: Image of Harry Best standing in front of the photographic studio that would later become the Ansel Adams Gallery. content: Ansel Easton Adams was an American landscape photographer and environmentalist known for his black-and-white images of the American West. He helped found Group f/64, an association of photographers advocating "pure" photography which favored sharp focus and the use of the full tonal range of a photograph. He and Fred Archer developed an exacting system of image-making called the Zone System, a method of achieving a desired final print through a deeply technical understanding of how tonal range is recorded and developed in exposure, negative development, and printing. The resulting clarity and depth of such images characterized his photography.
Adams was a life-long advocate for environmental conservation, and his photographic practice was deeply entwined with this advocacy. At age 12, he was given his first camera during his first visit to Yosemite National Park. He developed his early photographic work as a member of the Sierra Club. He was later contracted with the United States Department of the Interior to make photographs of national parks.


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title: Palm, Pennsylvania hierarchical section title: Palm, Pennsylvania caption reference description: Palm. Hanna's Hanover Inn (now Palm Tavern). caption attribution description: English: Hannah's Hanover Inn. Palm, Montgomery County, PA (799 Main St, East Greenville, PA). caption alt text description: Palm. Hanna's Hanover Inn (now Palm Tavern). content: Palm is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It lies along Pennsylvania Route 29 between Hereford and East Greenville at latitude 40.4281539 longitude −75.5329608. It is located in Upper Hanover Township and the ZIP code is 18070. The Hosensack Creek flows from the northeast into the Perkiomen Creek in the village.
Palm is the site of one of the five remaining Schwenkfelder Churches in the United States. It is also the birthplace of science fiction writer, publisher and minister Lloyd Arthur Eshbach.


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title: Barbara Rubin hierarchical section title: Barbara Rubin caption reference description: Barbara Rubin, London, May 1965, by Allen Ginsberg (copyright Peter Hale) caption attribution description: English: Barbara Rubin taken in London in May 1965 by Allen Ginsberg. Owned by Peter Hale, uploaded with permission. content: Barbara Rubin was an American filmmaker and performance artist. She is best known for her landmark 1963 underground film Christmas on Earth.


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title: San Andrés Mixquic section title: Day of the Dead celebrations hierarchical section title: San Andrés Mixquic / Day of the Dead celebrations caption reference description: Illuminated sign welcoming visitors to Day of the Dead activities caption attribution description: Español: Iluminado de bienvenida en Mixquic content: San Andres Míxquic is a community located in the southeast of the Distrito Federal in the borough of Tláhuac. The community was founded by the 11th century on what was a small island in Lake Chalco. “Míxquic” means “in mesquite” but the community's culture for most of its history was based on chinampas, gardens floating on the lake's waters and tied to the island. Drainage of Lake Chalco in the 19th and 20th century eventually destroyed the chinampas but the community is still agricultural in nature, despite being officially in the territory of Mexico City.
San Andres Míxquic is best known for its Day of the Dead commemorations, which consist of both ritual and cultural events lasting from 31 October to 2 November. These events draw thousands of Mexican and international visitors, and culminate in the Alumbrada, when the cemetery that surrounds the community's main church glows with thousands of candles and smoke from incense the evening of 2 November. This community was designated as a "Barrio Mágico" by the city in 2011.


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title: Sebastiaen Vrancx section title: Life hierarchical section title: Sebastiaen Vrancx / Life caption reference description: An outdoor banquet content: Sebastiaen Vrancx, Sebastiaan Vrancx or Sebastian Vranckx was a Flemish Baroque painter and draughtsman who is mainly known for his battle scenes, a genre that he pioneered in Netherlandish painting. He also created landscapes with mythological and allegorical scenes, scenes with robbers, village scenes and celebrations in cities. He was a gifted figure painter who was regularly invited to paint the staffage in compositions of fellow painters.


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title: General Custer at the Little Big Horn hierarchical section title: General Custer at the Little Big Horn caption reference description: Film poster caption attribution description: English: Poster for the 1926 film General Custer at the Little Big Horn. The poster appears to have no copyright marks, but a larger, uncropped copy has not been located. A renewal search was done in both films and artwork for the years 1953 and 1954. There were no listings for the film's title. Checking artwork, there were no listings for Sunset Productions, Aywon Films or Acme (seen at lower right), the printer of the poster. There's no evidence of continuing copyright for either the film or its related material. content: General Custer at the Little Big Horn is a 1926 silent film historical Western and drama, directed by Harry L. Fraser and starring Roy Stewart. It depicts the Battle of the Little Bighorn.


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title: Operation Olive Branch section title: Encirclement of Afrin city hierarchical section title: Operation Olive Branch / Afrin offensive / Encirclement of Afrin city caption reference description: Situation in Afrin canton, early-March 2018 content: Operation Olive Branch was a cross-border military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces and Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army in the majority-Kurdish Afrin District of northwest Syria. The air war and use of major artillery ended as the Arab and Turkmen militias of the TFSA entered the city of Afrin on 18 March 2018, and the insurgency phase began.
By March 2018, pro-Shia news reported that the United Nations had counted 167,000 refugees in nearby camps; the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights later estimated that a total of 300,000 Kurdish people had been displaced. In the aftermath of the conflict, Turkish forces implemented a resettlement policy by moving refugees from Eastern Ghouta into the newly-empty homes. Many houses, farms, and other private property belonging to those that fled the conflict have been seized or looted by the TFSA. In a study of 24 key informants from Afrin, all reported loss of housing, land or property following Operation Olive Branch.


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title: List of crossings of the Upper Passaic River section title: Crossings hierarchical section title: List of crossings of the Upper Passaic River / Crossings caption reference description: 1903 Bridge content: The Upper Passaic River in New Jersey is the section of the Passaic River above the Dundee Dam, including the Great Falls. The entire river flows for 81 miles from its river's source in Mendham to the river mouth at Newark Bay in the northeastern part of the state. The Passaic traverses 45 municipalities, and its watershed provides drinking water for more than 3.5 million people in the region. The midpoint of the upper river generally delineates the Passaic-Bergen, Passaic-Essex, Essex-Morris, Morris-Union and sections of the Morris-Somerset county lines.
There are over 110 crossings along the lower and upper river including vehicular and rail bridges. The upper reaches are also crossed by footbridges, dams, culverts, and a pre-colonial weir. In the colonial era the first bridge along the lower reaches was at Bridge Street in Newark and the first over the upper river was Totowa Bridge, constructed before 1737. The creation of Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures in 1791 began a period of development of cities and industries along the river. The emergence of the early railroads in the state led to further industrialization and urbanization and many rail bridges.

title: New Jersey Route 4 section title: History hierarchical section title: New Jersey Route 4 / History caption reference description: Broadway Bridge over Passaic River content: Route 4 is a state highway in Bergen County and Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. The highway stretches 10.83 mi from Route 20 in Paterson east to an interchange with Interstate 95, U.S. Route 1/9, US 46, and US 9W at the George Washington Bridge approach in Fort Lee.
The route is a four- to six-lane 40 to 50 mph divided highway its entire length, with the portion east of the Route 208 interchange in Fair Lawn a limited-access road consisting of interchanges and right-in/right-out intersections with many businesses along the road, particularly in Paramus, where the route passes through a major shopping area consisting of numerous malls, Hackensack, Englewood, and Fort Lee. West of Route 208, the route is a surface arterial that runs through commercial areas. Route 4 intersects many important roads, including Route 208 in Fair Lawn and the Garden State Parkway and Route 17 in Paramus. The highway is officially named the Mackay Highway, but is rarely referred to as such.
Originally legislated to traverse the state from Cape May to the George Washington Bridge, Route 4 was reduced to its current alignment in 1953.


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title: Carron Company section title: Carronades hierarchical section title: Carron Company / Carronades caption reference description: A pair of preserved carronades in King Street, Stenhousemuir caption attribution description: English: A pair of carronades on display in King Street, Stenhousemuir. content: The Carron Company was an ironworks established in 1759 on the banks of the River Carron near Falkirk, in Stirlingshire, Scotland. After initial problems, the company was at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom. The company prospered through its development and production of a new short-range and short-barrelled naval cannon, the carronade. The company was one of the largest iron works in Europe through the 19th century. After 223 years, the company became insolvent in 1982 and was later acquired by the Franke Corporation, being rebranded Carron Phoenix.


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title: Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point hierarchical section title: Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point caption reference description: KC-130J Hercules of VMG-252 on the flight-line MCAS Cherry Point. caption attribution description: English: A U.S. Marine with Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron (VMGR) 252 and his family share a final moment together while walking toward a KC-130J Hercules aircraft at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point in North Carolina July 17, 2013, before departing for Afghanistan. The Marines filled critical roles as 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (Forward) neared the halfway mark of its one-year deployment. content: Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point or MCAS Cherry Point is a United States Marine Corps airfield located in Havelock, North Carolina, USA, in the eastern part of the state. It was built in 1941, and was commissioned in 1942 and is currently home to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing.


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title: The Olde Bell, Rye hierarchical section title: The Olde Bell, Rye caption attribution description: English: The Old Bell Inn, Rye, East Sussex. content: The Olde Bell inn, also known as Ye Olde Bell, is a Grade II listed historical inn in Rye, East Sussex. It was built in 1390. It has a turbulent history and was once used for smuggling, connected by a secret tunnel with the nearby Mermaid Inn to the south. It was used by the infamous Hawkhurst Gang in the 1730s and 1740s who moved goods along the tunnel from the Mermaid to a revolving cupboard in the Old Bell for a quick getaway. The inn has two separate bar areas with original oak beams and a terrace with an 80-year-old Wysteria tree.


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title: List of 4-H alumni hierarchical section title: List of 4-H alumni caption reference description: Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis raised a calf while a member[1] caption attribution description: Jacqueline Kennedy at Kennedys' trip to Mexico. Reception in honor of the President and First Lady. Mrs. Kennedy at Foreign Ministry Reception, Mexico City. content: 4-H alumni have participated in many fields. One out of every seven adults in the U.S. is a former 4-H member. Participation in 4-H events and activities, the value of projects completed and the challenges and responsibilities experienced in 4-H have contributed to the personal and leadership development of 4-H alumni. A majority of alumni feel that 4-H experiences have also significantly contributed to their success in the workforce and that the knowledge and skills gained through 4-H continue to benefit them in their adult lives.
Many notable entertainers, athletes, business individuals and educators got their first start in 4-H.


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title: Oksana Prodan hierarchical section title: Oksana Prodan caption reference description: Oksana Prodan caption attribution description: Українська: Oksana Prodan content: Oksana Prodan is a Ukrainian politician, public figure, head of the Ukrainian Association for Small and Medium Enterprises “Fortetsya”, member of the Verkhovna Rada. She is one of the initiators and leaders of the Tax Code Maidan, a leading economic expert of the Reanimation Package of Reforms, and a lawyer.


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title: Trinity, Texas section title: Texas Long Leaf Lumber Company hierarchical section title: Trinity, Texas / History / Texas Long Leaf Lumber Company caption reference description: Texas Long Leaf Lumber Company Historical Marker caption attribution description: English: Texas Long Leaf Lumber Company In 1907, Thompson Brothers' Lumber Company built a mill and 37 acre pond at Trinity. Texas Long Leaf Lumber Company, which started at Willard in 1912, bought Thompson Brothers' Trinity mill in 1922. Under management of Paul Sanderson for 22 years, the company was one of the nation's most successful manufacturers of Yellow Pine and Southern Hardwoods. Working with forest landowners in Texas, Sanderson promoted selected cutting, reforestation, fire protection and removal of defective trees. By 1937 the mill was producing 3.5 million board feet monthly. The commercial species of lumber cut were Long Leaf, Short Leaf, and Loblolly Pine, Oak, Gum, Ash, Magnolia, and various other woods. The main office of Texas Long Leaf Lumber Company was the 205 acre mill site in Trinity, with additional sales offices in Houston and St. Louis. The company was one of Trinity's largest employers, with as many as 450 employees. During World War II, production reached 140,000 board feet daily, resulting in lumber flown to Europe and Africa and the awarding of the Army-Navy "E" Award in a March 17, 1944, ceremony in Trinity. Sanderson turned to a widespread public campaign for postwar planning and perpetuation of the timber industry in Texas with emphasis on timber as a renewable natural resource. At the time of his untimely death in October 1944, Sanderson held many Civic and Lumber Industry Offices, including President of the Southern Pine Association, President of the Texas Forest Association and Chairman of the Texas Prison Board. In 1953, Texas Long Leaf Timber interests totaled 252,230 acres in six East Texas counties. The closing of the mill in 1955 had a devastating impact on the local economy and ended a long chapter in the history of the community. The base of the Historical Marker includes bricks from "The Old Mill". content: Trinity is a city in Trinity County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,697 at the 2010 census.


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title: Urlați hierarchical section title: Urlați caption reference description: Location in Prahova County caption attribution description: ro:Categorie:Hărţi ale judeţului Prahova caption alt text description: Location in Prahova County content: Urlați is a town in Prahova county, Muntenia, Romania. In 2011, it had a population of 10,064. Sixteen villages are administered by the town: Arioneștii Noi, Arioneștii Vechi, Cherba, Jercălăi, Mărunțiș, Orzoaia de Jos, Orzoaia de Sus, Schiau, Ulmi, Valea Bobului, Valea Crângului, Valea Mieilor, Valea Nucetului, Valea Pietrei, Valea Seman and Valea Urloii.


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title: Giles W. Hotchkiss hierarchical section title: Giles W. Hotchkiss caption reference description: Giles W. Hotchkiss content: Giles Waldo Hotchkiss was a U.S. Representative from New York during the American Civil War.


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title: Rand School of Social Science section title: Noted lecturer and teachers (1919) hierarchical section title: Rand School of Social Science / Noted lecturer and teachers (1919) caption reference description: Jack London between 1906 and 1916 caption attribution description: English: Title Portrait photograph of Jack London Contributor Names Genthe, Arnold, 1869-1942, photographer Created / Published between 1906 and 1942; from a negative taken between 1906 and 1916. Subject Headings - London, Jack,--1876-1916. Format Headings Lantern slides. Portrait photographs. Notes - Title devised. - Purchase; Genthe Estate; 1942 or 1943. - ID: LC-G3999-0049-C (related image); between 1906 and 1916 Medium 1 slide : lantern ; 4 x 5 in. or smaller. Call Number/Physical Location LC-G4085- 0411 [P&P] content: The Rand School of Social Science was formed in 1906 in New York City by adherents of the Socialist Party of America. The school aimed to provide a broad education to workers, imparting a politicizing class-consciousness, and additionally served as a research bureau, a publisher, and the operator of a summer camp for socialist and trade union activists.
The school changed its name to the "Tamiment Institute and Library" in 1935 and it was closely linked to the Social Democratic Federation after the 1936 split of the Socialist Party. Its collection became a key component of today's Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives at New York University in 1963.
The Rand School of Social Science had no connection to the RAND Corporation, a non-profit global-policy think tank.

title: List of atheist authors section title: L–M hierarchical section title: List of atheist authors / Authors / L–M caption reference description: London caption attribution description: English: Title Portrait photograph of Jack London Contributor Names Genthe, Arnold, 1869-1942, photographer Created / Published between 1906 and 1942; from a negative taken between 1906 and 1916. Subject Headings - London, Jack,--1876-1916. Format Headings Lantern slides. Portrait photographs. Notes - Title devised. - Purchase; Genthe Estate; 1942 or 1943. - ID: LC-G3999-0049-C (related image); between 1906 and 1916 Medium 1 slide : lantern ; 4 x 5 in. or smaller. Call Number/Physical Location LC-G4085- 0411 [P&P] content: This is a list of atheist authors. Mentioned in this list are people whose atheism is relevant to their notable activities or public life, and who have publicly identified themselves as atheists.

title: Jack London section title: Beauty Ranch (1905–1916) hierarchical section title: Jack London / Beauty Ranch (1905–1916) caption reference description: London in 1914 caption attribution description: English: Title Portrait photograph of Jack London Contributor Names Genthe, Arnold, 1869-1942, photographer Created / Published between 1906 and 1942; from a negative taken between 1906 and 1916. Subject Headings - London, Jack,--1876-1916. Format Headings Lantern slides. Portrait photographs. Notes - Title devised. - Purchase; Genthe Estate; 1942 or 1943. - ID: LC-G3999-0049-C (related image); between 1906 and 1916 Medium 1 slide : lantern ; 4 x 5 in. or smaller. Call Number/Physical Location LC-G4085- 0411 [P&P] content: John Griffith London was an American novelist, journalist, and social activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors to become an international celebrity and earn a large fortune from writing. He was also an innovator in the genre that would later become known as science fiction.
His most famous works include The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life". He also wrote about the South Pacific in stories such as "The Pearls of Parlay", and "The Heathen".
London was part of the radical literary group "The Crowd" in San Francisco and a passionate advocate of unionization, workers' rights, socialism, and eugenics. He wrote several works dealing with these topics, such as his dystopian novel The Iron Heel, his non-fiction exposé The People of the Abyss, War of the Classes, and Before Adam.

title: List of authors banned in Nazi Germany section title: L hierarchical section title: List of authors banned in Nazi Germany / L caption reference description: Portrait of Jack London, taken between 1906 and 1916 caption attribution description: English: Title Portrait photograph of Jack London Contributor Names Genthe, Arnold, 1869-1942, photographer Created / Published between 1906 and 1942; from a negative taken between 1906 and 1916. Subject Headings - London, Jack,--1876-1916. Format Headings Lantern slides. Portrait photographs. Notes - Title devised. - Purchase; Genthe Estate; 1942 or 1943. - ID: LC-G3999-0049-C (related image); between 1906 and 1916 Medium 1 slide : lantern ; 4 x 5 in. or smaller. Call Number/Physical Location LC-G4085- 0411 [P&P] content: This list includes both authors whose entire literary production was officially banned in Nazi Germany and authors who were only partially banned. These authors are from the prohibitions lists in Nazi Germany and come from the following lists and others:
List of damaging and undesirable writing, Liste des schädlichen und unerwünschten Schrifttums, December 31, 1938
Jahreslisten 1939-1941. Unchanged new printing of the Leipzig edition, 1938-1941, Vaduz 1979
The official list was published by the Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Authors, living and dead, were placed on the list because of Jewish descent, or because of pacifist or communist sympathies or suspicion thereof.
In May and June 1933, in the first year of the Nazi government, there were book burnings. These book bans compose a part of the history of censorship and a subset of the list of banned books.
After World War II started, Germans created indexes of prohibited books in countries they occupied, of works in languages other than German. For example, in occupied Poland, an index of 1,500 prohibited authors was created.


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title: Vietnamese boat people section title: Background hierarchical section title: Vietnamese boat people / Background caption reference description: A family of Vietnamese refugees rescued by a US Navy ship. content: Vietnamese boat people, also known simply as boat people, refers to the refugees who fled Vietnam by boat and ship following the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. This migration and humanitarian crisis was at its highest in 1978 and 1979, but continued through the early 1990s. The term is also often used generically to refer to the Vietnamese people who left their country in mass exodus between 1975 and 1995.
The number of boat people leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in another country totalled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. The boat people's first destinations were the Southeast Asian locations of Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. External tensions stemming from Vietnam's dispute with Cambodia and China in 1978 and 1979 caused an exodus of the majority of the Hoa people from Vietnam, many of whom fled by boat to China.


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title: History of the Jews in Gibraltar hierarchical section title: History of the Jews in Gibraltar caption attribution description: English: Solomon Levy, Mayor of Gibraltar caption alt text description: Solomon Levy, MBE JP content: The history of the Jews in Gibraltar dates back more than 650 years. There have been periods of persecution, but for the most part the Jews of Gibraltar have prospered and been one of the largest religious minorities in the city, where they have made contributions to the culture, defence, and Government of Gibraltar.
Significantly, the Jews of Gibraltar have faced almost no official anti-Semitism during their time in the city. During Gibraltar's tercentenary celebration, Jonathan Sacks, the Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Commonwealth, was quoted as saying, "In the dark times of expulsion and inquisition, Gibraltar lit the beacon of tolerance," and that Gibraltar "is probably the community where Jews have been the most integrated."

title: Gibraltarians section title: Notable Gibraltarians hierarchical section title: Gibraltarians / Notable Gibraltarians caption attribution description: English: Solomon Levy, Mayor of Gibraltar content: The Gibraltarians are a cultural group native to Gibraltar, a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea.

title: Solomon Levy hierarchical section title: Solomon Levy caption reference description: Solomon Levy at the Mayor's Parlour, City Hall caption attribution description: English: Solomon Levy, Mayor of Gibraltar content: Solomon "Momy" Levy MBE JP, was a Gibraltarian estate agent and the Mayor of Gibraltar. He held office from 1 August 2008 to 31 July 2009.
A member of the Gibraltarian Jewish community, Levy was the nephew of Sir Joshua Hassan and was an estate agent before he took office. He founded Solomon Levy FRICS in 1960. Levy served 18 years with the Gibraltar Defence Force and was the unit's first Jewish officer.
The city of Funchal, Madiera, and Gibraltar were twinned on 13 May 2009 by their then mayors, Miguel Albuquerque and Solomon, who had been an evacuee during the evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II from Gibraltar to Madeira. Solomon then had a meeting with the then President of Madeira Alberto João Jardim.
Levy died in St Bernard's Hospital in Gibraltar on 22 December 2016. He was 80.


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title: Emancipator (musician) hierarchical section title: Emancipator (musician) caption reference description: Emancipator in Istanbul. (October 26, 2013) caption attribution description: English: Emancipator in Istanbul. caption alt text description: Emancipator in Istanbul. (October 26, 2013) content: Douglas Appling, better known by his stage name Emancipator, is an American producer and DJ based in Portland, Oregon. He launched his music career by self-releasing his debut album Soon It Will Be Cold Enough in 2006 while he was a college student. He has released five studio albums, two EPs, two remix collections, and one live album. He has also founded his own record label, and formed a live band, called the Emancipator Ensemble.


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title: Ilya Prigogine hierarchical section title: Ilya Prigogine caption reference description: Prigogine in 1977 caption attribution description: 1977 Press Photo Professor Ilya Prigogine Of Belgium ,Nobel Prize For Chemistry content: Viscount Ilya Romanovich Prigogine was a physical chemist and Nobel laureate noted for his work on dissipative structures, complex systems, and irreversibility.

title: Abiogenesis section title: Selforganization by dissipative structures hierarchical section title: Abiogenesis / Thermodynamics, self-organization, and information: Physics / Self-organization / Selforganization by dissipative structures caption reference description: Ilya Prigogine 1977c caption attribution description: 1977 Press Photo Professor Ilya Prigogine Of Belgium ,Nobel Prize For Chemistry content: In evolutionary biology, abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life, is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. While the details of this process are still unknown, the prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities was not a single event, but an evolutionary process of increasing complexity that involved molecular self-replication, self-assembly, autocatalysis, and the emergence of cell membranes. Although the occurrence of abiogenesis is uncontroversial among scientists, its possible mechanisms are poorly understood. There are several principles and hypotheses for how abiogenesis could have occurred.
The study of abiogenesis aims to determine how pre-life chemical reactions gave rise to life under conditions strikingly different from those on Earth today. It primarily uses tools from biology, chemistry, and geophysics, with more recent approaches attempting a synthesis of all three: more specifically, astrobiology, biochemistry, biophysics, geochemistry, molecular biology, oceanography and paleontology.

title: List of Jewish Nobel laureates section title: Chemistry hierarchical section title: List of Jewish Nobel laureates / Chemistry caption attribution description: 1977 Press Photo Professor Ilya Prigogine Of Belgium ,Nobel Prize For Chemistry content: Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 900 individuals, of whom at least 20% were Jews although the Jewish population comprises less than 0.2% of the world's population. Various theories have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, which has received considerable attention. Israeli academics Dr. Elay Ben-Gal and Professor Yeshayahu Leibowitz, curious about the phenomenon, started to form an encyclopedia of Jewish Nobel laureates and interview as many as possible about their life and work.
Jews have been recipients of all six awards. The first Jewish recipient, Adolf von Baeyer, was awarded the prize in Chemistry in 1905. As of 2019, the most recent Jewish recipient was economics laureate Michael Kremer.
Jewish laureates Elie Wiesel and Imre Kertész survived the extermination camps during the Holocaust, while François Englert survived by being hidden in orphanages and children's homes. Others, such as Walter Kohn, Otto Stern, Albert Einstein, Hans Krebs and Martin Karplus had to flee Nazi Germany to avoid persecution.


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title: Darzab District hierarchical section title: Darzab District caption reference description: People in Darzab District caption attribution description: English: Elders from the Darzad and Qush Teppa districts attend a shura, or meeting, at the Darzab district headquarters in Afghanistan June 5, 2012. content: Darzab District is the southwesternmost district in Jowzjan Province, Afghanistan. It borders Sheberghan District to northeast, Sar-e Pol Province to the west and Faryab Province to the south and west. The population is 52,800. The district center is Darzab.


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title: Home Moravian Church hierarchical section title: Home Moravian Church caption reference description: Moravian Home Church, Winston-Salem, North Carolina from a pre-1907 postcard content: Home Moravian Church is a Moravian church located in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The church was founded on November 13, 1771.
Located in Old Salem, the church is visited by tourists and historians. It conducts weekly services.


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title: Survival skills section title: Water hierarchical section title: Survival skills / Water caption reference description: Hydration pack manufactured by Camelbak caption attribution description: Hydration pack manufactured by CamelBak content: Survival skills are techniques that a person may use in order to sustain life in any type of natural environment or built environment. These techniques are meant to provide basic necessities for human life which include water, food, and shelter. The skills also support proper knowledge and interactions with animals and plants to promote the sustaining of life over a period of time. Survival skills are often associated with the need to survive in a disaster situation. Survival skills are often basic ideas and abilities that ancients invented and used themselves for thousands of years. Outdoor activities such as hiking, backpacking, horseback riding, fishing, and hunting all require basic wilderness survival skills, especially in handling emergency situations. Bushcraft and primitive living are most often self-implemented, but require many of the same skills.

title: CamelBak section title: Hydration packs hierarchical section title: CamelBak / Products / Hydration packs caption reference description: An example of a civilian CamelBak pack. The blue tube coming off the top enables the wearer to drink from the internal water bladder without removing the pack. caption attribution description: Hydration pack manufactured by CamelBak content: CamelBak Products, LLC is an outdoors equipment company based in Petaluma, California, best known for its hydration products, such as hydration packs and water bottles. CamelBak is also a supplier of hydration packs, protective gear, and other products to the U.S. military and law enforcement agencies around the world.

title: Hydration pack hierarchical section title: Hydration pack caption reference description: Hydration backpack caption attribution description: Hydration pack manufactured by CamelBak content: A hydration pack is a type of hydration system built as a backpack or waistpack containing a reservoir or "bladder" commonly made of rubber or flexible plastic. The reservoir contains a capped mouth for filling with liquid and a hose that allows the wearer to drink hands-free. Most hoses end with a "bite valve" that opens when the user bites down on it; the valve may be protected by a dust cover. Some hydration packs are insulated to keep water from freezing or becoming warm.


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title: List of movie theaters section title: Canada hierarchical section title: List of movie theaters / Canada caption attribution description: Français : La Cinémathèque québécoise, boulevard de Maisonneuve Est, à Montréal content: This is a list of movie theaters notable enough for Wikipedia articles. See also the list of movie theatre chains from across the world.

title: Saucier + Perrotte section title: Jardin des Premières Nations (First Nations Garden-Pavilion) hierarchical section title: Saucier + Perrotte / Projects / Jardin des Premières Nations (First Nations Garden-Pavilion) caption reference description: Cinémathèque Québécoise, 1997, Montreal, Canada caption attribution description: Français : La Cinémathèque québécoise, boulevard de Maisonneuve Est, à Montréal caption alt text description: Cinémathèque Québécoise, 1997, Montreal, Canada content: Saucier + Perrotte Architectes is an architectural firm based in Montreal, Quebec. The firm was founded in 1988 by architects Gilles Saucier and André Perrotte, and is known for designing institutional, cultural and residential projects.
The firm's portfolio ranges from single family homes, such as Résidence dans les Laurentides, to major institutional buildings, such as the UBC Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, and the Communication, Culture and Technology Building at University of Toronto Mississauga.
Saucier + Perrotte represented Canada at the Venice Biennale of Architecture in 2004. It has received more than 100 awards for their work, including the RAIC Gold Medal in 2018, and nine Governor General's Medals in Architecture. The firm believes in the symbolic and physical aspect of the architectural setting; merging architecture, landscape, and geology together.
As of March 2020, the firm comprises a small team of fewer than 20, with Gilles Saucier as the Design Partner and André Perrotte as the Project Architect.

title: Cinémathèque québécoise hierarchical section title: Cinémathèque québécoise caption reference description: The Cinémathèque québécoise. caption attribution description: Français : La Cinémathèque québécoise, boulevard de Maisonneuve Est, à Montréal content: The Cinémathèque québécoise is a film conservatory in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Its purpose is to preserve and document film and television footage and related documents and artifacts for future use by the public. The Cinémathèque's collections include over 35,000 films from all eras and countries, 25,000 television programmes, 28,000 posters, 600,000 photos, 2,000 pieces of historical equipment, 15,000 scripts and production documents, 45,000 books, 3,000 magazine titles, thousands of files as well as objects, props and costumes. The conservatory also includes a film theatre which screens rarely seen film and video.
It is located at 355 De Maisonneuve Boulevard East, in the city's Quartier Latin, which is also part of the new Quartier des Spectacles cultural district. The Institut national de l'image et du son is located next door.

title: Cinematheque section title: America hierarchical section title: Cinematheque / America caption reference description: The Cinémathèque québécoise, Montreal caption attribution description: Français : La Cinémathèque québécoise, boulevard de Maisonneuve Est, à Montréal content: A cinematheque is a typically small motion-picture theater that specializes in historically important, experimental, avant-garde, or art-house films. Often part of a university or private archive, a cinematheque may have only one screen, but larger ones have multiple screens.


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title: Johan Henrik Scheffel hierarchical section title: Johan Henrik Scheffel caption reference description: Christopher Polhem content: Johan Henrik Scheffel was a Swedish artist. He became known for his portraits of Carl von Linné, Christopher Polhem and Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht.

title: 1661 section title: Births hierarchical section title: 1661 / Births caption reference description: Christopher Polhem content: 1661 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1661st year of the Common Era and Anno Domini designations, the 661st year of the 2nd millennium, the 61st year of the 17th century, and the 2nd year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1661, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

title: Christopher Polhem hierarchical section title: Christopher Polhem caption reference description: Christopher Polhem  Johan Henrik Scheffel, 1741. content: Christopher Polhammar better known as Christopher Polhem, which he took after his ennoblement in 1716, was a Swedish scientist, inventor and industrialist. He made significant contributions to the economic and industrial development of Sweden, particularly mining. He was ennobled by King Charles XII of Sweden for his contributions to Swedish technological development.


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title: Wingtip vortices section title: Hazards hierarchical section title: Wingtip vortices / Hazards caption reference description: A NASA study on wingtip vortices, illustrating the size of the vortices produced. caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: Wingtip vortices are circular patterns of rotating air left behind a wing as it generates lift. One wingtip vortex trails from the tip of each wing. Wingtip vortices are sometimes named trailing or lift-induced vortices because they also occur at points other than at the wing tips. Indeed, vorticity is trailed at any point on the wing where the lift varies span-wise; it eventually rolls up into large vortices near the wingtip, at the edge of flap devices, or at other abrupt changes in wing planform.
Wingtip vortices are associated with induced drag, the imparting of downwash, and are a fundamental consequence of three-dimensional lift generation. Careful selection of wing geometry, as well as of cruise conditions, are design and operational methods to minimize induced drag.
Wingtip vortices form the primary component of wake turbulence. Depending on ambient atmospheric humidity as well as the geometry and wing loading of aircraft, water may condense or freeze in the core of the vortices, making the vortices visible.

title: Vortex lift hierarchical section title: Vortex lift caption reference description: A cloud of smoke shows the roll-up of the vortex sheet shed from the whole trailing edge of a wing producing lift from attached flow, with its core aligned with the wing tip. Vortex lift has an additional vortex close to the body when shed by a leading edge root extension or closer to the tip when shed by a sweptback leading edge. caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: Vortex lift is that portion of lift due to the action of leading edge vortices. It is generated by wings with highly sweptback, sharp, leading edges or highly-swept wing-root extensions added to a wing of moderate sweep. It is sometimes known as non-linear lift due to its rapid increase with angle of attack. and controlled separation lift, to distinguish it from conventional lift which occurs with attached flow.

title: Wide-body aircraft section title: Wake turbulence and separation hierarchical section title: Wide-body aircraft / Wake turbulence and separation caption reference description: A NASA study on wingtip vortices, which illustrates wake turbulence caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast. The typical fuselage diameter is 5 to 6 m. In the typical wide-body economy cabin, passengers are seated seven to ten abreast, allowing a total capacity of 200 to 850 passengers. The largest wide-body aircraft are over 6 m wide, and can accommodate up to eleven passengers abreast in high-density configurations.
By comparison, a typical narrow-body airliner has a diameter of 3 to 4 m, with a single aisle, and seats between two and six people abreast.
Wide-body aircraft were originally designed for a combination of efficiency and passenger comfort and to increase the amount of cargo space. However, airlines quickly gave in to economic factors, and reduced the extra passenger space in order to maximize revenue and profits.
Wide-body aircraft are also used for the transport of commercial freight and cargo and other special uses, described further below.
The biggest wide-body aircraft are known as jumbo jets due to their very large size; examples include the Boeing 747, Airbus A380, and Boeing 777X.

title: Aerodynamics hierarchical section title: Aerodynamics caption reference description: A NASA wake turbulence study at Wallops Island in 1990. A vortex is created by passage of an aircraft wing, revealed by smoke. Vortices are one of the many phenomena associated with the study of aerodynamics. caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: Aerodynamics, from Greek ἀήρ aero + δυναμική, is the study of motion of air, particularly as interaction with a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It is a sub-field of fluid dynamics and gas dynamics, and many aspects of aerodynamics theory are common to these fields. The term aerodynamics is often used synonymously with gas dynamics, the difference being that "gas dynamics" applies to the study of the motion of all gases, and is not limited to air.
The formal study of aerodynamics began in the modern sense in the eighteenth century, although observations of fundamental concepts such as aerodynamic drag were recorded much earlier. Most of the early efforts in aerodynamics were directed toward achieving heavier-than-air flight, which was first demonstrated by Otto Lilienthal in 1891. Since then, the use of aerodynamics through mathematical analysis, empirical approximations, wind tunnel experimentation, and computer simulations has formed a rational basis for the development of heavier-than-air flight and a number of other technologies.

title: Vortex hierarchical section title: Vortex caption reference description: Vortex created by the passage of an aircraft wing, revealed by colored smoke. caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: In fluid dynamics, a vortex is a region in a fluid in which the flow revolves around an axis line, which may be straight or curved. Vortices form in stirred fluids, and may be observed in smoke rings, whirlpools in the wake of a boat, and the winds surrounding a tropical cyclone, tornado or dust devil.
Vortices are a major component of turbulent flow. The distribution of velocity, vorticity, as well as the concept of circulation are used to characterize vortices. In most vortices, the fluid flow velocity is greatest next to its axis and decreases in inverse proportion to the distance from the axis.
In the absence of external forces, viscous friction within the fluid tends to organize the flow into a collection of irrotational vortices, possibly superimposed to larger-scale flows, including larger-scale vortices. Once formed, vortices can move, stretch, twist, and interact in complex ways. A moving vortex carries with it some angular and linear momentum, energy, and mass.

title: Clear-air turbulence section title: Wake turbulence hierarchical section title: Clear-air turbulence / Effects on aircraft / Wake turbulence caption reference description: This picture from a NASA study on wingtip vortices qualitatively illustrates wake turbulence. caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: Clear-air turbulence is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual clues, such as clouds, and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet.
The atmospheric region most susceptible to CAT is the high troposphere at altitudes of around 7,000–12,000 metres as it meets the tropopause. Here CAT is most frequently encountered in the regions of jet streams. At lower altitudes it may also occur near mountain ranges. Thin cirrus clouds can also indicate high probability of CAT.
CAT can be hazardous to the comfort, and occasionally the safety, of air travelers.
CAT in the jet stream is expected to become stronger and more frequent because of climate change, with transatlantic wintertime CAT increasing by 59%, 94%, and 149% by the time of CO2 doubling.

title: Chaos theory section title: History hierarchical section title: Chaos theory / History caption reference description: Turbulence in the tip vortex from an airplane wing. Studies of the critical point beyond which a system creates turbulence were important for chaos theory, analyzed for example by the Soviet physicist Lev Landau, who developed the Landau-Hopf theory of turbulence. David Ruelle and Floris Takens later predicted, against Landau, that fluid turbulence could develop through a strange attractor, a main concept of chaos theory. caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics focusing on the study of chaos—states of dynamical systems whose apparently random states of disorder and irregularities are often governed by deterministic laws that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary theory stating that, within the apparent randomness of chaotic complex systems, there are underlying patterns, interconnectedness, constant feedback loops, repetition, self-similarity, fractals, and self-organization. The butterfly effect, an underlying principle of chaos, describes how a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state. A metaphor for this behavior is that a butterfly flapping its wings in China can cause a hurricane in Texas.
Small differences in initial conditions, such as those due to errors in measurements or due to rounding errors in numerical computation, can yield widely diverging outcomes for such dynamical systems, rendering long-term prediction of their behavior impossible in general.

title: Turbulence section title: Examples of turbulence hierarchical section title: Turbulence / Examples of turbulence caption reference description: Turbulence in the tip vortex from an airplane wing passing through coloured smoke caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to a laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between those layers.
Turbulence is commonly observed in everyday phenomena such as surf, fast flowing rivers, billowing storm clouds, or smoke from a chimney, and most fluid flows occurring in nature or created in engineering applications are turbulent. Turbulence is caused by excessive kinetic energy in parts of a fluid flow, which overcomes the damping effect of the fluid's viscosity. For this reason turbulence is commonly realized in low viscosity fluids. In general terms, in turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear of many sizes which interact with each other, consequently drag due to friction effects increases. This increases the energy needed to pump fluid through a pipe. Turbulence can be exploited, for example, by devices such as aerodynamic spoilers on aircraft that "spoil" the laminar flow to increase drag and reduce lift.

title: Wake turbulence hierarchical section title: Wake turbulence caption reference description: This picture from a NASA study on wingtip vortices qualitatively illustrates the wake turbulence. caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: Wake turbulence is a disturbance in the atmosphere that forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the air. It includes various components, the most important of which are wingtip vortices and jetwash. Jetwash refers simply to the rapidly moving gases expelled from a jet engine; it is extremely turbulent, but of short duration. Wingtip vortices, on the other hand, are much more stable and can remain in the air for up to three minutes after the passage of an aircraft. It is therefore not true turbulence in the aerodynamic sense, as true turbulence would be chaotic. Instead, it refers to the similarity to atmospheric turbulence as experienced by an aircraft flying through this region of disturbed air.
Wingtip vortices occur when a wing is generating lift. Air from below the wing is drawn around the wingtip into the region above the wing by the lower pressure above the wing, causing a vortex to trail from each wingtip. The strength of wingtip vortices is determined primarily by the weight and airspeed of the aircraft. Wingtip vortices make up the primary and most dangerous component of wake turbulence.

title: Generative science section title: Scientific and philosophical origins hierarchical section title: Generative science / Scientific and philosophical origins caption reference description: Turbulence in the tip vortex from an airplane wing. Studies of the critical point beyond which a system creates turbulence were important for chaos theory, analyzed for example by the Soviet physicist Lev Landau who developed the Landau-Hopf theory of turbulence. David Ruelle and Floris Takens later predicted, against Landau, that fluid turbulence could develop through a strange attractor, a main concept of chaos theory. caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: Generative science is an area of research that explores the natural world and its complex behaviours. It explores ways "to generate apparently unanticipated and infinite behaviour based on deterministic and finite rules and parameters reproducing or resembling the behavior of natural and social phenomena". By modelling such interactions, it can suggest that properties exist in the system that had not been noticed in the real world situation. An example field of study is how unintended consequences arise in social processes.
Generative sciences often explore natural phenomena at several levels of organization. Self-organizing natural systems are a central subject, studied both theoretically and by simulation experiments. The study of complex systems in general has been grouped under the heading of "general systems theory", particularly by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Anatol Rapoport, Ralph Gerard, and Kenneth Boulding.

title: Delta Air Lines Flight 9570 section title: Investigation hierarchical section title: Delta Air Lines Flight 9570 / Investigation caption reference description: Wake turbulence seen after an aircraft passes through colored smoke, similar to tests performed by the NTSB. caption attribution description: English: Wake Vortex Study at Wallops Island The air flow from the wing of this agricultural plane is made visible by a technique that uses colored smoke rising from the ground. The swirl at the wingtip traces the aircraft's wake vortex, which exerts a powerful influence on the flow field behind the plane. Because of wake vortex, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires aircraft to maintain set distances behind each other when they land. A joint NASA-FAA program aimed at boosting airport capacity, however, is aimed at determining conditions under which planes may fly closer together. NASA researchers are studying wake vortex with a variety of tools, from supercomputers, to wind tunnels, to actual flight tests in research aircraft. Their goal is to fully understand the phenomenon, then use that knowledge to create an automated system that could predict changing wake vortex conditions at airports. Pilots already know, for example, that they have to worry less about wake vortex in rough weather because windy conditions cause them to dissipate more rapidly. content: On May 30, 1972, Delta Air Lines Flight 9570 crashed while attempting to land at the Greater Southwest International Airport in Fort Worth, Texas during a training flight. All four occupants aboard the training flight were killed. The crash was determined to be caused by the aircraft flying through wake turbulence, and led to sweeping changes in procedures for maintaining minimum safe distance behind aircraft that generate substantial wake turbulence.


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title: First Universalist Church (Rochester, New York) section title: Congregation, beliefs, and programs hierarchical section title: First Universalist Church (Rochester, New York) / Congregation, beliefs, and programs caption reference description: The indoor Black Lives Matter Banner at First Universalist Church of Rochester, hung in March 2019. caption attribution description: English: The indoor Black Lives Matter Banner at First Universalist Church of Rochester. content: The First Universalist Church is an historic Universalist church building located at Rochester, Monroe County, New York. Construction began on 15 September 1907, with a dedication week in October 1908. The building houses one of two Unitarian Universalist congregations in Monroe County, the other being First Unitarian Church of Rochester.


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title: Diamantina Health Care Museum section title: Description hierarchical section title: Diamantina Health Care Museum / Description caption reference description: Entrance, 2016 content: The former Dispenser's House of Diamantina Hospital is now the heritage-listed Diamantina Health Care Museum at Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Thomas Pye of the Queensland Government Architect's Office and built in 1908 by W Chaplain. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 July 2007.


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title: Monastery of Saint Translators section title: History hierarchical section title: Monastery of Saint Translators / History caption reference description: The monastery in 1911. caption attribution description: English: Saint Translators armenian monastery in Dashkesan in 1911.. content: The Monastery of Saint Translators is an Armenian
monastery, founded in the 4th century. It is located north of Daşkəsən, in Azerbaijan.
The Monastery was founded by Saints Mesrop Mashtots and Sahak Partev. In 411 they translated the Bible from Syriac.


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title: Milang railway line section title: A railway to the wrong place hierarchical section title: Milang railway line / A railway to the wrong place caption reference description: The railway lines associated with the Milang line content: The Milang railway line was a branch line, now closed, of the former South Australian Railways that left the mainline to Victor Harbor at the farming locality of Sandergrove, 9 km south of Strathalbyn and 89.7 km by rail from Adelaide. From there it proceeded in a south-easterly direction for 13.1 km to the riverport of Milang on Lake Alexandrina, in the estuary of the River Murray. The line was opened on 17 December 1884; it was formally closed on 17 June 1970. The route is now a "rail trail" that is popular with hikers. The precincts of the former Milang station house a railway museum that includes an innovative locomotive driving simulator for visitors to operate. Onsite is a centre for South Australian historical light railways.