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title: September 11 attacks section title: Casualties hierarchical section title: September 11 attacks / Attacks / Casualties caption reference description: The remains of 6, 7, and 1 WTC on September 17, 2001 caption attribution description: English: Ground Zero, New York City, N.Y. (Sept. 17, 2001) -- An aerial view shows only a small portion of the crime scene where the World Trade Center collapsed following the Sept. 11 terrorist attack. Surrounding buildings were heavily damaged by the debris and massive force of the falling twin towers. Clean-up efforts are expected to continue for months. U.S. Navy photo by Chief Photographer's Mate Eric J. Tilford. (RELEASED) content: The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001. The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage. 9/11 is the single deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed, respectively.
Four passenger airliners which had departed from airports in the northeastern United States bound for California were hijacked by 19 al-Qaeda terrorists. Two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan. Within an hour and 42 minutes, both 110-story towers collapsed.

title: World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories hierarchical section title: World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories caption reference description: Aerial view of the debris field of the North Tower, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC (upper right). The damaged Verizon Building can be seen left of WTC 7's ruins. caption attribution description: English: Ground Zero, New York City, N.Y. (Sept. 17, 2001) -- An aerial view shows only a small portion of the crime scene where the World Trade Center collapsed following the Sept. 11 terrorist attack. Surrounding buildings were heavily damaged by the debris and massive force of the falling twin towers. Clean-up efforts are expected to continue for months. U.S. Navy photo by Chief Photographer's Mate Eric J. Tilford. (RELEASED) content: Some conspiracy theories contend that the collapse of the World Trade Center was not solely caused by the airliner crash damage that occurred as part of the September 11 attacks, and the resulting fire damage, but by explosives installed in the buildings in advance. Controlled demolition theories make up a major component of 9/11 conspiracy theories.
Early advocates such as physicist Steven E. Jones, architect Richard Gage, software engineer Jim Hoffman, theologian David Ray Griffin, and Dutch demolitions expert Danny Jowenko, proposed that the aircraft impacts and resulting fires could not have weakened the buildings sufficiently to initiate a catastrophic collapse, and that the buildings would not have collapsed completely, nor at the speeds that they did, without additional energy involved to weaken their structures.
The National Institute of Standards and Technology and the magazine Popular Mechanics examined and rejected these theories. Specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering accept the model of a fire-induced, gravity-driven collapse of the World Trade Center buildings, an explanation that does not involve the use of explosives.

title: One World Trade Center section title: September 11 attacks hierarchical section title: One World Trade Center / Original building (1971–2001) / Incidents / September 11 attacks caption attribution description: English: Ground Zero, New York City, N.Y. (Sept. 17, 2001) -- An aerial view shows only a small portion of the crime scene where the World Trade Center collapsed following the Sept. 11 terrorist attack. Surrounding buildings were heavily damaged by the debris and massive force of the falling twin towers. Clean-up efforts are expected to continue for months. U.S. Navy photo by Chief Photographer's Mate Eric J. Tilford. (RELEASED) content: One World Trade Center is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. One WTC is the tallest building in the United States, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, and the seventh-tallest in the world. The supertall structure has the same name as the North Tower of the original World Trade Center, which was destroyed in the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. The new skyscraper stands on the northwest corner of the 16-acre World Trade Center site, on the site of the original 6 World Trade Center. The building is bounded by West Street to the west, Vesey Street to the north, Fulton Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east.
The building's architect is David Childs, whose firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill also designed the Burj Khalifa and the Willis Tower. The construction of below-ground utility relocations, footings, and foundations for the new building began on April 27, 2006. One World Trade Center became the tallest structure in New York City on April 30, 2012, when it surpassed the height of the Empire State Building. The tower's steel structure was topped out on August 30, 2012.

title: Verizon Building section title: Damage and restoration hierarchical section title: Verizon Building / History / 21st-century use / Damage and restoration caption attribution description: English: Ground Zero, New York City, N.Y. (Sept. 17, 2001) -- An aerial view shows only a small portion of the crime scene where the World Trade Center collapsed following the Sept. 11 terrorist attack. Surrounding buildings were heavily damaged by the debris and massive force of the falling twin towers. Clean-up efforts are expected to continue for months. U.S. Navy photo by Chief Photographer's Mate Eric J. Tilford. (RELEASED) content: The Verizon Building is a 32-story office and residential building at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The Verizon Building was designed in the Art Deco style by Ralph Walker of Voorhees, Gmelin and Walker, and was Walker's first major commission as well as one of the first Art Deco skyscrapers. It occupies the entire block bounded by West Street to the west, Barclay Street to the north, Vesey Street to the south, and Washington Street to the east, abutting the World Trade Center.
The Verizon Building was constructed from 1923 to 1927 as the Barclay–Vesey Building. It served as the longtime corporate headquarters of New York Telephone and its successor Verizon Communications. The building, being adjacent to the original World Trade Center to the south and 7 World Trade Center to the east, experienced major damage in the September 11 attacks following the collapse of the World Trade Center. Restoration of the building and damaged communications infrastructure after the attacks took three years and cost $1.4 billion. Part of the building was converted into 100 Barclay, a residential condominium development, in 2016.

title: Collapse of the World Trade Center section title: Building 7 collapse hierarchical section title: Collapse of the World Trade Center / Collapse / Building 7 collapse caption reference description: Portions of the outer shell of the North Tower lean against the remains of 6 WTC which suffered massive damage when the North Tower collapsed. The remains of 7 WTC are at upper right caption attribution description: English: Ground Zero, New York City, N.Y. (Sept. 17, 2001) -- An aerial view shows only a small portion of the crime scene where the World Trade Center collapsed following the Sept. 11 terrorist attack. Surrounding buildings were heavily damaged by the debris and massive force of the falling twin towers. Clean-up efforts are expected to continue for months. U.S. Navy photo by Chief Photographer's Mate Eric J. Tilford. (RELEASED) content: The original World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City was destroyed during the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, after being struck by two hijacked commercial airliners. One World Trade Center the "North Tower" was hit at 8:46 a.m. Eastern time and collapsed at 10:28 a.m. Two World Trade Center the "South Tower" was hit at 9:02 a.m. and collapsed at 9:59 a.m. The resulting debris severely damaged or destroyed more than a dozen other adjacent and nearby structures, ultimately leading to the collapse of Seven World Trade Center at 5:21 p.m.
A total of 2,763 people were killed in the collapses, including 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement officers as well as all the passengers and crew on the airplanes, which included 147 civilians and the ten hijackers.
In September 2005, the National Institute of Standards and Technology published the results of its investigation into the collapse. The investigators did not find anything substandard in the design of the twin towers, noting that the severity of the attacks was beyond anything experienced in buildings in the past.


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title: Muskowekwan 85-15 hierarchical section title: Muskowekwan 85-15 caption reference description: Location in Saskatchewan content: Muskowekwan 85-15 is an Indian reserve of the Muskowekwan First Nation in Saskatchewan. It is 6 kilometers north of Lestock. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 5 living in 1 of its 1 total private dwellings.


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title: Timothy Mahr hierarchical section title: Timothy Mahr caption reference description: Timothy Mahr caption alt text description: Timothy Mahr content: Timothy Mahr is a professor of music at St. Olaf College, and an American composer and conductor.


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title: Microscope section title: Electron microscopes hierarchical section title: Microscope / History / Electron microscopes caption reference description: Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933 caption attribution description: First Electron Microscope with Resolving Power Higher than that of a Light Microscope Ernst Ruska, Berlin 1933 Replica by Ernst Ruska, 1980 For the first time the apparatus had a condensor in front of the specimen and two magnifying lenses. Magnification is around 12,000 times content: A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using such an instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope.
There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. One way is to describe the way the instruments interact with a sample to create images, either by sending a beam of light or electrons to a sample in its optical path, or by scanning across, and a short distance from the surface of a sample using a probe. The most common microscope is the optical microscope, which uses light to pass through a sample to produce an image. Other major types of microscopes are the fluorescence microscope, the electron microscope and the various types of scanning probe microscopes.

title: Transmission electron microscopy section title: Initial development hierarchical section title: Transmission electron microscopy / History / Initial development caption reference description: The first practical TEM, originally installed at IG Farben-Werke and now on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany caption attribution description: First Electron Microscope with Resolving Power Higher than that of a Light Microscope Ernst Ruska, Berlin 1933 Replica by Ernst Ruska, 1980 For the first time the apparatus had a condensor in front of the specimen and two magnifying lenses. Magnification is around 12,000 times content: Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device.
Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy is a major analytical method in the physical, chemical and biological sciences.

title: Ernst Ruska hierarchical section title: Ernst Ruska caption reference description: Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933 caption attribution description: First Electron Microscope with Resolving Power Higher than that of a Light Microscope Ernst Ruska, Berlin 1933 Replica by Ernst Ruska, 1980 For the first time the apparatus had a condensor in front of the specimen and two magnifying lenses. Magnification is around 12,000 times content: Ernst August Friedrich Ruska was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics, including the design of the first electron microscope.

title: Timeline of quantum mechanics section title: 1930–1939 hierarchical section title: Timeline of quantum mechanics / 20th century / 1930–1939 caption reference description: Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933. caption attribution description: First Electron Microscope with Resolving Power Higher than that of a Light Microscope Ernst Ruska, Berlin 1933 Replica by Ernst Ruska, 1980 For the first time the apparatus had a condensor in front of the specimen and two magnifying lenses. Magnification is around 12,000 times content: The timeline of quantum mechanics is a list of key events in the history of quantum mechanics, quantum field theories and quantum chemistry.

title: Electron microscope hierarchical section title: Electron microscope caption reference description: Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933 caption attribution description: First Electron Microscope with Resolving Power Higher than that of a Light Microscope Ernst Ruska, Berlin 1933 Replica by Ernst Ruska, 1980 For the first time the apparatus had a condensor in front of the specimen and two magnifying lenses. Magnification is around 12,000 times content: An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. A scanning transmission electron microscope has achieved better than 50 pm resolution in annular dark-field imaging mode and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000× whereas most light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000×.
Electron microscopes use shaped magnetic fields to form electron optical lens systems that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope.
Electron microscopes are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, electron microscopes are often used for quality control and failure analysis.

title: List of German inventions and discoveries section title: Physics and scientific instruments hierarchical section title: List of German inventions and discoveries / Physics and scientific instruments caption reference description: Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933; two years after his first prototype caption attribution description: First Electron Microscope with Resolving Power Higher than that of a Light Microscope Ernst Ruska, Berlin 1933 Replica by Ernst Ruska, 1980 For the first time the apparatus had a condensor in front of the specimen and two magnifying lenses. Magnification is around 12,000 times content: German inventions and discoveries are ideas, objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in Germany or abroad by a person from Germany. Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two.
Germany has been the home of many famous inventors, discoverers and engineers, including Carl von Linde, who developed the modern refrigerator; Paul Nipkow, who laid the foundation of the television with his Nipkow disk; Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first fully automatic digital computer and the first commercial digital computer. Such German inventors, engineers and industrialists as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology. Aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket at Peenemünde and later on was a prominent member of NASA and developed the Saturn V Moon rocket.


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title: Joe Morrison hierarchical section title: Joe Morrison caption reference description: Morrison with the NY Giants caption attribution description: English: Joe Morrison, a former NY Giants player. content: Joseph R. Morrison was an American football player and coach. He played professionally in the National Football League for the New York Giants from 1959 to 1972. Morrison served as the head football coach at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga from 1973 to 1979, at the University of New Mexico from 1980 to 1982, and at the University of South Carolina from 1983 to 1988, compiling a career college football coach record of 101–72–7.


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title: Polish State Railways section title: History hierarchical section title: Polish State Railways / History caption reference description: PKP headquarters in Wrocław caption attribution description: Gmach Dyrekcji Okręgowej Kolei Państwowych we Wrocławiu This image was uploaded as part of Wiki Loves Monuments 2014. Afrikaans | Alemannisch | العربية | جازايرية | azərbaycanca | Bikol Central | беларуская | беларуская (тарашкевіца) | български | বাংলা | brezhoneg | català | čeština | Cymraeg | dansk | Deutsch | Zazaki | Ελληνικά | English | Esperanto | español | eesti | euskara | فارسی | suomi | français | Frysk | Gaeilge | galego | עברית | हिन्दी | hrvatski | magyar | հայերեն | Bahasa Indonesia | Ido | italiano | 日本語 | ქართული | 한국어 | Кыргызча | Lëtzebuergesch | latviešu | Malagasy | македонски | മലയാളം | Bahasa Melayu | Malti | norsk bokmål | नेपाली | Nederlands | norsk nynorsk | norsk | polski | português | português do Brasil | română | русский | sicilianu | davvisámegiella | slovenčina | slovenščina | shqip | српски / srpski | svenska | ไทย | Tagalog | Türkçe | українська | اردو | 中文 | 中文（中国大陆） | 中文（简体） | 中文（繁體） | 中文（香港） | 中文（台灣） | +/− , This is a photo of a monument in Poland identified by the ID 728891 This photo was taken during Railway Wikiexpedition 2014 set up by Wikimedia Polska Association in cooperation with Fundacja Grupy PKP.You can see all photographs in category Wikiekspedycja kolejowa 2014. English | Nederlands | polski | +/− content: Polskie Koleje Państwowe SA is the dominant railway operator in Poland.
The company was founded when the former Polskie Koleje Państwowe state-owned operator was divided into several units based on the requirements laid down by the European Union. PKP SA is the dominant company in PKP Group collective that resulted from the split, and maintains in 100% share control, being fully responsible for the management of all of the other PKP Group component companies. The group's organisations are dependent upon PKP SA, but proposals for privatisation have been made.
In Poland there are 18,513 kilometres of railway tracks managed by PKP SA and owned by the state.


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title: History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia section title: Hindu-Buddhist kingdom (? - ~1511) hierarchical section title: History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia / Singapore / Hindu-Buddhist kingdom (? - ~1511) caption reference description: The Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi which is based on the early 15th century maps of Zheng He showing Temasek (淡馬錫) at the top left, and Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the right panel. caption attribution description: English: A Mao Kun map showing Singapore and part of the east coast of the Malay peninsula. Temasek (early Singapore; "淡馬錫) is marked at the top left corner, others identified by Wheatley are Pulau Brani (琵琶嶼), Blakang Mati (長腰嶼, Sentosa), Pedra Branca (白礁), Pulau Tinggi (將軍帽), Pulau Aur (東竹山 and 西竹山), Pahang River estuary (彭杭港), and Pulau Tioman (苧麻山). Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the map is said to mark the entrance to Keppel Harbour. Note that different sources may identify the islands differently, especially the islands of Singapore. J. V. G. Mills for example identified 長腰嶼 as Pulau Satumu and 琵琶嶼 as Pulau Sakijang Pelepah. content: Southeast Asia was under Indian sphere of cultural influence starting around 290 BC until around the 15th century, when Hindu-Buddhist influence was absorbed by local politics. Kingdoms in the southeast coast of the Indian Subcontinent had established trade, cultural and political relations with Southeast Asian kingdoms in Burma, Thailand, Indonesia, Malay Peninsula, Philippines, Cambodia and Champa. This led to Indianisation and Sanskritisation of Southeast Asia within Indosphere, Southeast Asian polities were the Indianised Hindu-Buddhist Mandala.
Unlike the Hindu kingdoms within the Indian subcontinent, the Pallava empire of the southeastern coast of the India peninsula did not have culture restrictions on crossing the sea. Chola empire also had profound impact on Southeast Asia, who executed South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I and Chola invasion of Srivijaya. This led to more exchanges through the sea routes into Southeast Asia. Whereas Buddhism thrived and became the main religion in many countries of the Southeast Asia, it died off on the Indian subcontinent.

title: Early history of Singapore section title: Temasek hierarchical section title: Early history of Singapore / Temasek caption reference description: Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi  based on the early 15th century navigation maps of Zheng He, showing Temasek (淡馬錫) at the top left, and Longyamen (龍牙門) in the right panel. Temasek was described as having two different settlements by Wang Dayuan, Longyamen and Banzu. caption attribution description: English: A Mao Kun map showing Singapore and part of the east coast of the Malay peninsula. Temasek (early Singapore; "淡馬錫) is marked at the top left corner, others identified by Wheatley are Pulau Brani (琵琶嶼), Blakang Mati (長腰嶼, Sentosa), Pedra Branca (白礁), Pulau Tinggi (將軍帽), Pulau Aur (東竹山 and 西竹山), Pahang River estuary (彭杭港), and Pulau Tioman (苧麻山). Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the map is said to mark the entrance to Keppel Harbour. Note that different sources may identify the islands differently, especially the islands of Singapore. J. V. G. Mills for example identified 長腰嶼 as Pulau Satumu and 琵琶嶼 as Pulau Sakijang Pelepah. content: The early history of Singapore refers to its pre-colonial era before 1819, when the British East India Company was led by Sir Stamford Raffles established a trading settlement on the island and set in motion the history of Singapore.
Prior to 1819, the island was known by several names; an early reference may be in the 2nd century work by Ptolemy which identified a coastal port at the southernmost tip of the Malayan peninsula, called Sabana. However, historians generally attribute a 3rd-century Chinese traveller's record describing an island at the same location called Pu Luo Chung, a transcription of Singapura's early Malay name Pulau Ujong, as the first recording of its existence.
Singapore was known in the 13th to 14th century as Temasek, a name also recorded in Chinese sources as Dan Ma Xi, a country recorded as having two distinct settlements – Long Ya Men and Ban Zu. It changed its name to Singapura perhaps towards the end of 14th century. The island was alternately claimed by the Siamese and the Javanese in the 14th century. The last ruler of Singapura Parameswara fled to Malacca after an attack by either the Javanese or Siamese, and established the state of Malacca.

title: Temasek hierarchical section title: Temasek caption reference description: Part of Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi which is based on the early 15th century navigation maps of Zheng He showing Temasek (淡馬錫) at the top left. caption attribution description: English: A Mao Kun map showing Singapore and part of the east coast of the Malay peninsula. Temasek (early Singapore; "淡馬錫) is marked at the top left corner, others identified by Wheatley are Pulau Brani (琵琶嶼), Blakang Mati (長腰嶼, Sentosa), Pedra Branca (白礁), Pulau Tinggi (將軍帽), Pulau Aur (東竹山 and 西竹山), Pahang River estuary (彭杭港), and Pulau Tioman (苧麻山). Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the map is said to mark the entrance to Keppel Harbour. Note that different sources may identify the islands differently, especially the islands of Singapore. J. V. G. Mills for example identified 長腰嶼 as Pulau Satumu and 琵琶嶼 as Pulau Sakijang Pelepah. content: Temasek is an early recorded name of a settlement on the site of modern Singapore. The name appears in early Malay and Javanese literature, and it is also recorded in Yuan and Ming Chinese documents as Danmaxi. Two distinct settlements were recorded in Temasek – Long Ya Men and Ban Zu. The name is used in modern-day Singapore for national honours as well as institutions and corporations.

title: History of Singapore section title: Ancient Singapore hierarchical section title: History of Singapore / Ancient Singapore caption reference description: The Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi which is based on the early 15th century maps of Zheng He showing Temasek (淡馬錫) at the top left, and Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the right panel. caption attribution description: English: A Mao Kun map showing Singapore and part of the east coast of the Malay peninsula. Temasek (early Singapore; "淡馬錫) is marked at the top left corner, others identified by Wheatley are Pulau Brani (琵琶嶼), Blakang Mati (長腰嶼, Sentosa), Pedra Branca (白礁), Pulau Tinggi (將軍帽), Pulau Aur (東竹山 and 西竹山), Pahang River estuary (彭杭港), and Pulau Tioman (苧麻山). Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the map is said to mark the entrance to Keppel Harbour. Note that different sources may identify the islands differently, especially the islands of Singapore. J. V. G. Mills for example identified 長腰嶼 as Pulau Satumu and 琵琶嶼 as Pulau Sakijang Pelepah. content: The history of the modern state of Singapore dates back to its founding in the early nineteenth century, but evidence suggests that a significant trading settlement existed in the Island of Singapore in the 14th century. At the time, the Kingdom of Singapura was under the rule of Parameswara, who killed the previous ruler before he was expelled by the Majapahit or the Siamese. It then came under the Malacca Sultanate and then the Johor Sultanate. In 1819, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles negotiated a treaty whereby Johor allowed the British to locate a trading port on the island, leading to the establishment of the British crown colony of Singapore in 1819.
During World War II, Singapore was conquered and occupied by the Japanese Empire from 1942 to 1945. When the war ended, Singapore reverted to British control, with increasing levels of self-government being granted, culminating in Singapore's merger with the Federation of Malaya to form Malaysia in 1963. However, social unrest and disputes between Singapore's ruling People's Action Party and Malaysia's Alliance Party resulted in Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia. Singapore became an independent republic on 9 August 1965.

title: Names of Singapore section title: Early records hierarchical section title: Names of Singapore / Historical names / Early records caption reference description: Mao Kun map from Wubei Zhi, which is based on the early 15th century navigation maps of Zheng He, showing Temasek (淡馬錫) at the top left, and Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the right panel. caption attribution description: English: A Mao Kun map showing Singapore and part of the east coast of the Malay peninsula. Temasek (early Singapore; "淡馬錫) is marked at the top left corner, others identified by Wheatley are Pulau Brani (琵琶嶼), Blakang Mati (長腰嶼, Sentosa), Pedra Branca (白礁), Pulau Tinggi (將軍帽), Pulau Aur (東竹山 and 西竹山), Pahang River estuary (彭杭港), and Pulau Tioman (苧麻山). Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the map is said to mark the entrance to Keppel Harbour. Note that different sources may identify the islands differently, especially the islands of Singapore. J. V. G. Mills for example identified 長腰嶼 as Pulau Satumu and 琵琶嶼 as Pulau Sakijang Pelepah. content: The names of Singapore include the various historical appellations as well as contemporary names and nicknames in different languages used to describe the island, city or country of Singapore. A number of different names have been given to the settlement or the island of Singapore all through history, the earliest record may have been from the 2nd century AD. Possible mentions of Pulau Ujong, the name for the island of Singapore, may be found in Chinese works, and it was also referred to as Temasek in Malay and Javanese literature. Sometime in the 14th century the name was changed to Singapura, which is now rendered as Singapore in English. Singapura means "Lion City" in Sanskrit, and Sang Nila Utama is usually credited with naming the city, although its actual origin is uncertain.

title: Long Ya Men section title: History hierarchical section title: Long Ya Men / History caption reference description: The famous historical maritime annals,  Wubei Zhi depicting Long Ya Men, shown just right of centre on the map, caption attribution description: English: A Mao Kun map showing Singapore and part of the east coast of the Malay peninsula. Temasek (early Singapore; "淡馬錫) is marked at the top left corner, others identified by Wheatley are Pulau Brani (琵琶嶼), Blakang Mati (長腰嶼, Sentosa), Pedra Branca (白礁), Pulau Tinggi (將軍帽), Pulau Aur (東竹山 and 西竹山), Pahang River estuary (彭杭港), and Pulau Tioman (苧麻山). Long Ya Men (龍牙門) on the map is said to mark the entrance to Keppel Harbour. Note that different sources may identify the islands differently, especially the islands of Singapore. J. V. G. Mills for example identified 長腰嶼 as Pulau Satumu and 琵琶嶼 as Pulau Sakijang Pelepah. content: Long Ya Men or Dragon's Teeth Gate, is the name Chinese explorer Wang Dayuan recorded for Batu Belayar, a craggy granite outcrop that formerly stood at the gateway to Keppel Harbour in Singapore. In his description, “The strait runs between the two hills of the Danmaxi natives which looked like dragon’s teeth.” From there, the name Long Ya Men or Dragon Teeth’s Gate was born.
The rocky outcrop served as navigational aids to ancient mariners sailing through the swift waters of the narrow channel between them, but was subsequently destroyed by the British in 1848 to widen the channel for larger vessels to sail through. In 2005, a symbolic replica was erected by the Singapore government near its original site to mark the role it played in Singapore's maritime history.
Long Ya Men was documented in Wang Dayuan's travelogue Daoyi Zhilüe as one of the two settlements of Temasek. It was marked in the Mao Kun navigational map historical maritime annal Wubei Zhi said to date from the voyages of Ming dynasty's Admiral Zheng he.


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title: Avalanche Studios Group section title: 2003–2010 hierarchical section title: Avalanche Studios Group / History / 2003–2010 caption reference description: Linus Blomberg, co-founder of Avalanche Studios caption attribution description: English: Linus Blomberg at the opening of Different Distances at Aperture. content: Avalanche Studios Group is a Swedish video game developer and publisher based in Stockholm. It is a parent company that includes Avalanche Studios, Expansive Worlds, and Systemic Reaction. Founded by Linus Blomberg and Christofer Sundberg in March 2003, Avalanche Studios focuses on developing open world projects and bases them on their proprietary Apex game engine. The company is best known for developing the Just Cause game series.
Formed after the collapse of Rock Solid Games, the studio gained early success with the first Just Cause title. The team then began Just Cause 2's development, but the company suffered from financial problems due to the cancellations of two contracted projects. Despite missing the release window twice, Just Cause 2 was both a critical and financial success for Avalanche Studios. The company then opened a studio in New York City to work on Just Cause 3, while the Stockholm team began working on Mad Max in collaboration with Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The company announced three titles in 2017, Rage 2 with id Software, Just Cause 4, and a self-published title named Generation Zero. Nordisk Film also acquired the company in the same year.


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title: Richard Park section title: International hierarchical section title: Richard Park / Career statistics / International caption reference description: Richard Park on the Nassau Coliseum ice, playing for the New York Islanders. caption attribution description: English: Richard Park on the ice at Nassau Coliseum, during an Islanders game. content: Richard Park is a Korean-born American former professional ice hockey forward who played 14 National Hockey League seasons with six different teams. He was formerly a player development coach for the Minnesota Wild organization. Park is currently the assistant coach of the South Korea men's national ice hockey team under head coach Jim Paek.


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title: Mount Peace Cemetery hierarchical section title: Mount Peace Cemetery caption reference description: Aerial View of Mount Peace Cemetery content: Mount Peace Cemetery is a cemetery in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that is owned and operated by the Odd Fellows organization. It was established in 1865 and is located at 3111 West Lehigh Avenue, near the Laurel Hill Cemetery.
The cemetery property was originally part of the colonial estate of Robert Ralston and kept the estate name of Mount Peace.
Another portion of the estate was used for the creation of Mount Vernon Cemetery.
In May 1913, a statue of John Bartram Nicholson was erected in Mount Peace Cemetery in dedication to his service as Grand Sire of Sovereign Grand Lodge and as Grand Master and Grand Secretary of Grand Lodge of 1.O.O.F. of Pennsylvania.
In 1951, the Oddfellows Cemetery on 22nd street in Philadelphia was closed and the bodies reinterred to other cemeteries operated by the Oddfellows including Lawnview Memorial Park and Mount Peace Cemetery.
The burial records for Mount Peace Cemetery are kept at Lawnview Memorial Park in Rockledge, Pennsylvania.


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title: List of Top Pops number-one singles section title: Number-one singles hierarchical section title: List of Top Pops number-one singles / Number-one singles caption reference description: Hard rock band Deep Purple reached number one on the Top Pops chart with "Black Night", but have never achieved an officially-recognised UK number one hit. caption attribution description: English: Deep Purple, December 1, 1970 Niedersachsenhalle, Hannover, Germany, The Touring Band 1970: Ian Gillan - Vocals, Ritchie Blackmore - Guitar, Jon Lord - Organ, Roger Glover - Bass Guitar, Ian Paice - Percussion content: Top Pops is a former British weekly pop music newspaper. It was founded as a monthly publication by Woodrow Wyatt in May 1967, becoming fortnightly in November 1967. On 25 May 1968, editor Colin Bostock-Smith began compiling a singles sales chart using a telephone sample of approximately twelve W H Smith & Son stores – the first single to reach number one on the Top Pops chart was "Young Girl" by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap. The charts and paper were published weekly with effect from 22 June 1968. On 20 September 1969 the paper was rebranded Top Pops & Music Now, and subsequently became Music Now from 21 March 1970 – at this point the chart was sampling between 30 and 40 stores. From 27 February 1971 the chart was no longer published and in May 1971 the newspaper ceased publication. During the publication of the chart, 55 different singles reached number one. The only one to be knocked off number one and then regain the top spot was "Mony Mony" by Tommy James and the Shondells. The final chart-topper was "My Sweet Lord" by George Harrison.

title: Roger Glover section title: Deep Purple and solo hierarchical section title: Roger Glover / Deep Purple and solo caption reference description: Deep Purple, Roger Glover 1970 caption attribution description: English: Deep Purple, December 1, 1970 Niedersachsenhalle, Hannover, Germany, The Touring Band 1970: Ian Gillan - Vocals, Ritchie Blackmore - Guitar, Jon Lord - Organ, Roger Glover - Bass Guitar, Ian Paice - Percussion content: Roger David Glover is a British bassist, songwriter, and record producer. He is best known as the bassist for hard rock bands Deep Purple and Rainbow. As a member of Deep Purple, Glover was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in April 2016.


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title: Womack, Missouri hierarchical section title: Womack, Missouri caption attribution description: Modified from a map on Wikipedia. content: Womack is an unincorporated community in Saline Township in the extreme southern part of Sainte Genevieve County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately twenty miles southwest of Sainte Genevieve. Womack's post office is closed, with mail now delivered from Fredericktown.
The community was founded in 1895 and is named for R. M. Womack, the first postmaster.


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title: Meliton Kantaria section title: Biography hierarchical section title: Meliton Kantaria / Biography caption reference description: Meliton Kantaria House in Ochamchire, destroyed during the fighting caption attribution description: ქართული: რუსი ოკუპანტების მიერ დანგრეული მელიტონ ქანთარიას სახლი ოჩამჩირეში, აფხაზეთში English: Meliton Kantaria House in Ochamchire, Abkhazia, Destroyed by Russian Occupants content: Meliton Varlamis dze Kantaria or Kantariya, Hero of the Soviet Union, was a Georgian sergeant of the Soviet Army credited to have hoisted a Soviet flag over the Reichstag on 30 April 1945, together with Mikhail Yegorov and Alexei Berest.


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title: Climate of south-west England section title: Rainfall hierarchical section title: Climate of south-west England / Rainfall caption reference description: A topographical map looks very similar to a map of rainfall with more rain over higher ground and less at the coast.[4] caption attribution description: English: Topographic map of south-west England content: The climate of south-west England is classed as oceanic according to the Köppen climate classification. The oceanic climate is typified by cool winters with warmer summers and precipitation all year round, with more experienced in winter. Annual rainfall is about 1,000 millimetres and up to 2,000 millimetres on higher ground. Summer maxima averages range from 18 °C to 22 °C and winter minima averages range from 1 °C to 4 °C across the south-west. It is the second windiest area of the United Kingdom, the majority of winds coming from the south-west and north-east. Government organisations predict the area will experience a rise in temperature and become the hottest region in the United Kingdom.
Inland areas of low altitude experience the least amount of precipitation. They have the highest summer maxima temperatures, but winter minima are lower than those of the coast. Snowfalls are more frequent in comparison to the coast, but less so in comparison to higher ground. They experience the lowest wind speeds and the total sunshine hours are between those of the coast and the moors. This typical climate of inland areas is more noticeable the further north-east into the region.


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title: List of Portugal Davis Cup team representatives section title: Players hierarchical section title: List of Portugal Davis Cup team representatives / Players caption reference description: João Sousa caption attribution description: Sousa RG15 (1) content: This is a list of tennis players who have represented the Portugal Davis Cup team in an official Davis Cup match. Portugal has taken part in the Davis Cup since 1925.


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title: Gal Costa section title: Studio albums hierarchical section title: Gal Costa / Discography / Studio albums caption reference description: Gal Costa, 1971. content: Gal Costa is a Brazilian singer of popular music.


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title: The Atlantic section title: Literary history hierarchical section title: The Atlantic / Literary history caption reference description: Atlantic Monthly office, Ticknor & Fields, 124 Tremont Street, Boston, c. 1868[16] caption attribution description: English: Publishing office of Atlantic Monthly, etc. Tremont St., Boston, 1873 content: The Atlantic is an American lifestyle magazine and multi-platform publisher. It was founded in 1857 in Boston, Massachusetts, as The Atlantic Monthly, a literary and cultural commentary magazine that published leading writers' commentary on the abolition of slavery, education, and other major issues in contemporary political affairs. Its founders included Francis H. Underwood and prominent writers Ralph Waldo Emerson, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and John Greenleaf Whittier. James Russell Lowell was its first editor. It is known for publishing literary pieces by leading writers.
After experiencing financial hardship and undergoing several ownership changes in the late 20th century, the magazine was purchased by businessman David G. Bradley, who refashioned it as a general editorial magazine primarily aimed at a target audience of serious national readers and "thought leaders". In 2010, The Atlantic posted its first profit in a decade. In 2016 the periodical was named Magazine of the Year by the American Society of Magazine Editors.

title: Ticknor and Fields section title: After Ticknor hierarchical section title: Ticknor and Fields / Company history / After Ticknor caption reference description: Ticknor & Fields office, 124 Tremont Street, Boston, ca.1868; located across from the Park Street Church[2] caption attribution description: English: Publishing office of Atlantic Monthly, etc. Tremont St., Boston, 1873 content: Ticknor and Fields was an American publishing company based in Boston, Massachusetts.


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title: Tidewater and Western Railroad hierarchical section title: Tidewater and Western Railroad caption reference description: Tidewater and Western Railroad at Bermuda Hundred caption attribution description: English: Tidewater and Western Railroad Engine at Bermuda Hundred, Virginia content: The Farmville and Powhatan Railroad went bankrupt in 1905 and became the Tidewater and Western Railroad. The line survived until 1917 when it was pulled up and sent to France for the World War I effort. The Tidewater and Western Railroad carried freight and passengers along a route from Farmville, Virginia to Bermuda Hundred. The Tidewater and Western Railroad continued to have Western Union Telegraphs run along the rails. These connected to telegraphs on the Atlantic Coast Line along the East Coast of the US and to Europe.


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title: Battle of Ruovesi hierarchical section title: Battle of Ruovesi caption reference description: White soldiers in trench caption attribution description: English: 1918 Finnish Civil War: White soldiers in Ruovesi. Suomi: Valkoisia sotilaita Ruovedellä 1918. content: The Battle of Ruovesi was a major battle during the Finnish Civil War and on the Eastern Front of World War I fought in Ruovesi, Finland from 5 February to 19 March 1918 between the Whites and the Reds with support from Russian volunteers.
The fighting took mostly place in the villages of Pekkala, Jäminkipohja ja Pihlajalahti in the southern part of the Ruovesi municipality. The Ruovesi village itself, and the northern parts, were held by the Whites. The Reds were aiming from the south to the Tampere–Haapamäki railway, in order to the reach the vital junction of Haapamäki, located 40 kilometres northeast of Ruovesi. Major fighting also occurred in the eastern village of Väärinmaja, but it was connected to the Battle of Vilppula.
The battle is known for the participation of a group of Soviet anarchist sailors, who sided the Reds on at least one occasion.

title: White Guard (Finland) section title: The White Guards in the Civil War hierarchical section title: White Guard (Finland) / The White Guards in the Civil War caption reference description: Whites in trench at battle of Ruovesi, March 1918. caption attribution description: English: 1918 Finnish Civil War: White soldiers in Ruovesi. Suomi: Valkoisia sotilaita Ruovedellä 1918. content: The White Guard or Civil Guard was a voluntary militia that emerged victorious over the socialist Red Guards as a part of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War of 1918. They were generally known as the White Guard in the West due to their opposition to the communist Red Guards. In the White Army of Finland many participants were recruits, draftees and German-trained Jägers and not part of the paramilitary. The central organization was named the White Guard Organization, and the organization consisted of local chapters in municipalities.
The Russian revolution of 1905 led to social and political unrest and a breakdown of security in Finland, which was then a Grand Duchy under the sovereignty of the Russian Tsar. Citizen militias were formed as a response, but soon these would be transformed along political lines. The Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent independence of Finland also caused conflicts in the country. On January 27, 1918, the Finnish government ordered the disarmament of all remaining Russian garrisons with the forces of the White Guard, and on the same day the Reds proclaimed revolution, leading to a bloody civil war. White Guards, led by Gen. C.G.E.


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title: Decaturville, Tennessee section title: Demographics hierarchical section title: Decaturville, Tennessee / Demographics caption reference description: A high school in Decaturville in 1940. content: Decaturville is a town in and the county seat of Decatur County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 867 at the 2010 census. It is named for war hero Stephen Decatur, Jr.


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title: California's 25th congressional district hierarchical section title: California's 25th congressional district caption reference description: California's 25th congressional district since January 3, 2013 content: California's 25th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California that currently covers most of northern Los Angeles County and part of eastern Ventura County. It includes the cities of Palmdale and Santa Clarita, most of Lancaster and Simi Valley, and the northern part of San Fernando Valley.
The district is represented by Republican Mike Garcia, as incumbent Democratic Representative Katie Hill resigned November 3, 2019, over sexual misconduct allegations and after intimate photos of her were published online. Garcia won the special election on May 12, 2020, against Christy Smith.
Prior to redistricting in 2011, the district included Mono and Inyo counties as well as part of San Bernardino and Los Angeles counties. Cities in the district included Santa Clarita, Palmdale, Barstow, and Bishop.


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title: Haggerston Castle section title: Haggerston Castle Gallery hierarchical section title: Haggerston Castle / Haggerston Castle Gallery caption attribution description: English: Haggerston Castle, N facade of Stable Block 1908 content: Haggerston Castle was a castle located in the county of Northumberland, England at Haggerston about 5 miles south of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Only the tower, rotunda and stable block remain. Today it is best known as a caravan park owned by Haven Holidays.


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title: Francesco Corteccia section title: Music hierarchical section title: Francesco Corteccia / Music caption reference description: Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici by Angelo Bronzino. Cosimo was a patron of the arts and music, and Corteccia's lifelong employer content: Francesco Corteccia was an Italian composer, organist, and teacher of the Renaissance. Not only was he one of the best known of the early composers of madrigals, and an important native Italian composer during a period of domination by composers from the Low Countries, but he was the most prominent musician in Florence for several decades during the reign of Cosimo I de' Medici.


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title: Ferdinand, Indiana section title: History hierarchical section title: Ferdinand, Indiana / History caption reference description: Photo from Small Town Indiana photo survey. caption attribution description: English: Photo from Small Town Indiana photo survey. content: Ferdinand is a town in Ferdinand Township, Dubois County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The population was 2,157 at the 2010 census.
Ferdinand is part of the Jasper Micropolitan Statistical Area.


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title: William Brewster (Mayflower passenger) section title: In Plymouth Colony hierarchical section title: William Brewster (Mayflower passenger) / In Plymouth Colony caption reference description: Brewster Gardens, Plymouth, Massachusetts.  The park covers the original garden plot that was granted to William Brewster in 1620. content: William Brewster was an English official and Mayflower passenger in 1620. In Plymouth Colony, by virtue of his education and existing stature with those immigrating from the Netherlands, Brewster, a Brownist, became senior elder and the leader of the community.

title: Brewster Gardens hierarchical section title: Brewster Gardens caption reference description: Brewster Gardens, Plymouth, Massachusetts content: Brewster Gardens is a park located in the center of Plymouth, Massachusetts. The park runs along both sides of Town Brook from the nature trail at the headwaters of the brook, past Jenney Grist Mill, underneath the Market Street and Main Street Extension bridges to Water Street, across the street from the mouth of the brook, south of Plymouth Rock. Created in the early 1920s, the park covers the original garden plot that was granted to Elder William Brewster in 1620. Located in the park are a bronze statue, The Pilgrim Maiden by Henry Hudson Kitson and a stainless steel sculpture honoring Plymouth's immigrant settlers from 1700 to 2000.


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title: Galerie Buchholz section title: History hierarchical section title: Galerie Buchholz / History caption reference description: Outside view of the Berlin Dependence, Fasanenstraße, Berlin caption attribution description: English: Gallery View, Fasanenstrasse, Berlin, 2010English: Galerie Ansicht, Fasanenstrasse, Berlin, 2010 content: Galerie Buchholz is an art gallery specializing in international contemporary art with exhibition spaces in Cologne, Berlin and New York City. The gallery was founded in Cologne in 1986 by Daniel Buchholz, and today is run jointly with Christopher Müller.


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title: Michigan Wolverines football section title: Bo Schembechler (1969–1989) hierarchical section title: Michigan Wolverines football / History / Bo Schembechler (1969–1989) caption reference description: Rick Leach, who played quarterback for Michigan from 1975 through 1978. caption attribution description: English: Photograph of Rick Leach playing quarterback for the 1975 Michigan Wolverines football team. content: The Michigan Wolverines football team represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Michigan has the most all-time wins in college football history. The team is known for its distinctive winged helmet, its fight song, its record-breaking attendance figures at Michigan Stadium, and its many rivalries, particularly its annual, regular-season-ending game against Ohio State, known simply as “The Game, ” once voted as ESPN's best sports rivalry.
Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879. The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896, and other than a hiatus from 1907 to 1916, have been members since. Michigan has won or shared 42 league titles, and, since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936, has finished in the top 10 a total of 38 times. The Wolverines claim 11 national championships, most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll.
From 1900 to 1989, Michigan was led by a series of nine head coaches, each of whom has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame either as a player or as a coach. Fielding H.

title: 1977 All-Big Ten Conference football team section title: Quarterbacks hierarchical section title: 1977 All-Big Ten Conference football team / Offensive selections / Quarterbacks caption reference description: Quarterback Rick Leach caption attribution description: English: Photograph of Rick Leach playing quarterback for the 1975 Michigan Wolverines football team. content: The 1977 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Ten Conference teams for the 1977 Big Ten Conference football season. Conference co-champions Ohio State and Michigan led with eight and six first-team selections, respectively. Ohio State's first-team selections included running back Ron Springs and linebacker Tom Cousineau. Michigan's first-team selections included quarterback Rick Leach and offensive guard Mark Donahue.

title: 1976 Michigan Wolverines football team section title: Week 1: Wisconsin hierarchical section title: 1976 Michigan Wolverines football team / Season summary / Week 1: Wisconsin caption reference description: Rick Leach caption attribution description: English: Photograph of Rick Leach playing quarterback for the 1975 Michigan Wolverines football team. content: The 1976 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1976 Big Ten Conference football season. In their eighth year under head coach Bo Schembechler, the Wolverines finished the season with a 10–2 record, won the Big Ten Conference championship, and played in the 1977 Rose Bowl. The Wolverines outscored their opponents 432 to 95 and ranked first in the country in total offense, scoring offense, and scoring defense. In the final AP and UPI Polls, Michigan was ranked #3.
Highlights of the season included a 51–0 victory over Stanford in which three Michigan running backs rushed for over 100 yards. Michigan's 70–14 victory over Navy was the worst defeat in the history of the Naval Academy's football program. Michigan spent most of the season ranked #1 in the polls, but a 16–14 loss to Purdue in the ninth game of the season dropped the Wolverines out of the top spot. In the final game of the regular season, Michigan defeated Ohio State, 22–0, to win the Big Ten championship. The game marked the first time the Buckeyes had been held scoreless since 1964.

title: Rick Leach (baseball) hierarchical section title: Rick Leach (baseball) caption reference description: Leach from 1976 Michiganensian caption attribution description: English: Photograph of Rick Leach playing quarterback for the 1975 Michigan Wolverines football team. content: Richard Max Leach is a former college football player and professional baseball player.
Leach was an all-state quarterback at Flint Southwestern High School in 1974 before enrolling at the University of Michigan in 1975. He was Michigan's starting quarterback for four consecutive years from 1975 to 1978, leading the Wolverines to three consecutive Big Ten Conference championships and three appearances in the Rose Bowl. As a senior in 1978, he won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the most valuable player in the Big Ten, was selected as a first-team All-American, and finished third in balloting for the Heisman Trophy.
After being drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the first round of the 1979 Major League Baseball Draft, Leach opted to play professional baseball. He played, primarily as a backup outfielder and first baseman for the Tigers and Toronto Blue Jays, from 1981 to 1990. He compiled a .268 batting average and .335 on-base percentage in 1,719 major league at bats.

title: 1978 All-Big Ten Conference football team section title: Quarterbacks hierarchical section title: 1978 All-Big Ten Conference football team / Offensive selections / Quarterbacks caption reference description: Quarterback Rick Leach caption attribution description: English: Photograph of Rick Leach playing quarterback for the 1975 Michigan Wolverines football team. content: The 1978 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Ten Conference teams for the 1978 Big Ten Conference football season. The only player unanimously selected by the conference coaches as a first-team player was Michigan fullback Russell Davis. Michigan State flanker Kirk Gibson fell one point short of unanimity, and running back Marion Barber, Jr., fell two points short.

title: 1976 All-Big Ten Conference football team section title: Quarterbacks hierarchical section title: 1976 All-Big Ten Conference football team / Offensive selections / Quarterbacks caption reference description: Quarterback Rick Leach caption attribution description: English: Photograph of Rick Leach playing quarterback for the 1975 Michigan Wolverines football team. content: The 1976 All-Big Ten Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by various organizations for All-Big Ten Conference teams for the 1976 Big Ten Conference football season.
Seven players were unanimously selected as first-team players by the Associated Press: flanker Jim Smith; running backs Scott Dierking and Rob Lytle; defensive linemen Bob Brudzinski and Greg Morton; and linebackers Calvin O'Neal and Scott Studwell.
The Michigan Wolverines dominated the offensive unit, taking six of eleven places on the first team selected by the Associated Press, including Lytle, Smith, and quarterback Rick Leach. The Ohio State Buckeyes, on the other hand, dominated the defensive unit, taking five of the eleven places on the AP first team, including Brudzinski and linebacker Tom Cousineau.

title: Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry section title: 1978: The "Reunion" game hierarchical section title: Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry / Modern era / 1978: The "Reunion" game caption reference description: Rick Leach accounted for all four Michigan touchdowns in the "Reunion" game. caption attribution description: English: Photograph of Rick Leach playing quarterback for the 1975 Michigan Wolverines football team. content: The Michigan–Notre Dame football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Michigan Wolverines and Notre Dame Fighting Irish.
Michigan football and Notre Dame football are considered to be among the most elite college programs. Michigan ranks #1 in all-time win percentage and all-time wins, while Notre Dame ranks #4 in all-time win percentage and #6 in all-time wins. The rivalry is heightened by the two schools' competition for all-time win percentage, which each has held during their history, as well as national championships, with each school claiming 11 titles while the NCAA recognizes 13 Notre Dame titles and 9 Michigan titles. Moreover, both schools are renowned for their Heisman Trophy winners, consensus All-Americans, College Football Hall of Fame members, and NFL draft picks.
Michigan is a member of the Big Ten Conference while Notre Dame football is independent. In 2013, Notre Dame joined the Atlantic Coast Conference in all sports except football and hockey, though the football team has played five ACC opponents each season since 2014.


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title: Swedenborgian Church (San Francisco, California) hierarchical section title: Swedenborgian Church (San Francisco, California) caption attribution description: Main entrance to w:Swedenborgian Church (San Francisco, California), located at 3200 Washington St., San Francisco, USA. Photographed at street level from the east side of Lyon St. The entrance to the building is actually on Lyon St. as seen in this photo. content: The Swedenborgian Church is a historic church complex at 2107 Lyon Street in the Pacific Heights neighborhood of San Francisco, California. Built in 1895 for a Swedenborgian congregation, it is considered one of California's earliest pure Arts and Crafts buildings, with design contributions by A. C. Schweinfurth, A. Page Brown, Bernard Maybeck, William Keith, and Bruce Porter. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2004.

title: National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco section title: Current listings hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco / Current listings caption attribution description: Main entrance to w:Swedenborgian Church (San Francisco, California), located at 3200 Washington St., San Francisco, USA. Photographed at street level from the east side of Lyon St. The entrance to the building is actually on Lyon St. as seen in this photo. caption alt text description: Swedenborgian Church content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco, California.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco, California, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in an online map.
There are 194 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the city, including 18 National Historic Landmarks. Another two properties were once listed but have been removed.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted July 17, 2020.

title: List of National Historic Landmarks in California section title: Current NHLs hierarchical section title: List of National Historic Landmarks in California / Current NHLs caption attribution description: Main entrance to w:Swedenborgian Church (San Francisco, California), located at 3200 Washington St., San Francisco, USA. Photographed at street level from the east side of Lyon St. The entrance to the building is actually on Lyon St. as seen in this photo. caption alt text description: San Francisco Swedenborgian Church. content: This is a complete List of National Historic Landmarks in California. The United States National Historic Landmark program is operated under the auspices of the National Park Service, and recognizes structures, districts, objects, and similar resources nationwide according to a list of criteria of national significance. The listings in the state of California express the diversity of California's heritage, including pre-Columbian peoples, the Spanish and Mexican periods, maritime activity, space exploration, and many other themes.
The table below lists all 146 sites, along with added detail and description. The sites are distributed across 36 of California's 58 counties.


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title: War of succession section title: Early Modern Asia hierarchical section title: War of succession / List of wars of succession / Asia / Early Modern Asia caption reference description: Mir Jafar defected to the British during the Battle of Plassey, being made the new nawab of Bengal as a reward. content: A war of succession or succession war is a war prompted by a succession crisis in which two or more individuals claim the right of successor to a deceased or deposed monarch. The rivals are typically supported by factions within the royal court. Foreign powers sometimes intervene, allying themselves with a faction. This may widen the war into one between those powers.

title: History of the United Kingdom section title: British Empire hierarchical section title: History of the United Kingdom / 18th century / British Empire caption reference description: Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, by Francis Hayman (c. 1762). content: The core of the United Kingdom as a unified state came into being in 1707 with the political union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, into a new unitary state called Great Britain. Of this new state of Great Britain the historian Simon Schama said:
What began as a hostile merger would end in a full partnership in the most powerful going concern in the world... it was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history.
— Simon Schama,
The Act of Union 1800 added the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
The first decades were marked by Jacobite risings which ended with defeat for the Stuart cause at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. In 1763, victory in the Seven Years' War led to the growth of the First British Empire. With defeat by the United States, France and Spain in the War of American Independence, Britain lost its 13 American colonies and rebuilt a Second British Empire based in Asia and Africa. As a result British culture, and its technological, political, constitutional, and linguistic influence, became worldwide.

title: Commander-in-Chief, India hierarchical section title: Commander-in-Chief, India caption reference description: The third British Commander-in-Chief of India, Major General Robert Clive. Clive was one of the many Commanders-in-Chief who helped the British gain control of India. content: The British Commander-in-Chief in India was the chief military commander of the British administration in India. The Commander-in-Chief's staff were known as India Command and most were based at the General Headquarters India.

title: History of Western civilization section title: Rise of Western empires: 1500–1800 hierarchical section title: History of Western civilization / Rise of Western empires: 1500–1800 caption reference description: Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, became the first British Governor of Bengal and was a key figure in the establishment of British India. content: Western civilization traces its roots back to Europe and the Mediterranean. It is linked to ancient Greece, the Roman Empire and with Medieval Western Christendom which emerged from the Middle Ages to experience such transformative episodes as the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution, scientific revolution, and the development of liberal democracy. The civilizations of Classical Greece and Ancient Rome are considered seminal periods in Western history; a few cultural contributions also emerged from the pagan peoples of pre-Christian Europe, such as the Celts and Germans, as well as some significant religious contributions derived from Judaism and Hellenistic Judaism stemming back to Second Temple Judea, Galilee, and the early Jewish diaspora; and some other Middle Eastern influences. Western Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, which throughout most of its history, has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture. Western civilization has spread to produce the dominant cultures of modern Americas and Oceania, and has had immense global influence in recent centuries in many ways.

title: Western imperialism in Asia section title: Portuguese, French, and British competition in India (1600–1763) hierarchical section title: Western imperialism in Asia / British in India / Portuguese, French, and British competition in India (1600–1763) caption reference description: Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive content: Western imperialism in Asia involves the influence of people from Western Europe and associated states in Asian territories and waters. Much of this process stemmed from the 15th-century search for trade routes to China that led directly to the Age of Discovery, and the introduction of early modern warfare into what Europeans first called the East Indies and later the Far East. By the early 16th century, the Age of Sail greatly expanded Western European influence and development of the spice trade under colonialism. European-style colonial empires and imperialism operated in Asia throughout six centuries of colonialism, formally ending with the independence of the Portuguese Empire's last colony East Timor in 2002. The empires introduced Western concepts of nation and the multinational state.
The thrust of European political power, commerce, and culture in Asia gave rise to growing trade in commodities—a key development in the rise of today's modern world free market economy. In the 16th century, the Portuguese broke the monopoly of the Arabs and Italians in trade between Asia and Europe by the discovery of the sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope.

title: History of colonialism section title: European colonies in India hierarchical section title: History of colonialism / Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization / European colonies in India caption reference description: Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, painted by Francis Hayman content: The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the Phoenicians, the Greeks, and the crusaders, among others. Colonialism in the modern sense began with the "Age of Discovery", led by Portuguese, and then by the Spanish exploration of the Americas, the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India and East Asia. The Portuguese and Spanish empires were the first global empires because they were the first to stretch across different continents, covering vast territories around the globe. Between 1580 and 1640, the two empires were both ruled by the Spanish monarchs in personal union. During the late 16th and 17th centuries, England, France and the Dutch Republic also established their own overseas empires, in direct competition with each other.
The end of the 18th and early 19th century saw the first era of decolonization, when most of the European colonies in the Americas, notably those of Spain, New France and the 13 colonies, gained their independence from their metropole.

title: Siraj ud-Daulah section title: The Battle of Plassey hierarchical section title: Siraj ud-Daulah / Reign as Nawab / The Battle of Plassey caption reference description: Robert Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, dramatized painting by Francis Hayman content: Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah, commonly known as Siraj-ud-Daulah, was the last independent Nawab of Bengal. The end of his reign marked the start of British East India Company rule over Bengal and later almost entire South Asia.
Siraj succeeded his maternal grandfather, Alivardi Khan as the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 at the age of 23. Betrayed by Mir Jafar, then commander of Nawab's army, Siraj lost the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757. The forces of the East India Company under Robert Clive invaded and the administration of Bengal fell into the hands of the Company.

title: History of Bengal section title: British East India Company (1757–1858) hierarchical section title: History of Bengal / Colonial Bengal / British East India Company (1757–1858) caption reference description: Robert Clive conferring with Mir Jafar, the Bengali traitor who betrayed the last independent Nawab content: The history of Bengal is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent and the surrounding regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia. It includes modern-day Bangladesh and the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam's Karimganj district, located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, at the apex of the Bay of Bengal and dominated by the fertile Ganges delta. The advancement of civilisation in Bengal dates back four millennia. The region was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as Gangaridai, a powerful kingdom whose elephant forces led the withdrawal of Alexander the Great from Eastern India. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra rivers act as a geographic marker of the region, but also connects the region to the broader Indian subcontinent. Bengal, at times, has played an important role in the history of the Indian subcontinent.
The area's early history featured a succession of Indian empires, internal squabbling, and a tussle between Hinduism and Buddhism for dominance. Ancient Bengal was the site of several major Janapadas, while the earliest cities date back to the Vedic period.

title: East India Company section title: Colonial monopoly hierarchical section title: East India Company / Basis for the monopoly / Colonial monopoly caption reference description: Robert Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal after he had instated Mir Jafar as the Nawab of Bengal content: The East India Company, also known as the Honourable East India Company, East India Trading Company, the English East India Company or the British East India Company, and informally known as John Company, Company Bahadur, or simply The Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies, and later with Qing China. The company ended up seizing control of large parts of the Indian subcontinent, colonised parts of Southeast Asia and Hong Kong after the First Opium War, and maintained trading posts and colonies in the Middle Eastern Gulf called Persian Gulf Residencies.
Originally chartered as the "Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East-Indies", the company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in basic commodities including cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, spices, saltpetre, tea, and opium. The company also ruled the beginnings of the British Empire in India.

title: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad section title: Independent nawabs hierarchical section title: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad / History / Independent nawabs caption reference description: Robert Clive meets Mir Jafar at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 content: The Nawab of Bengal was the hereditary ruler of Bengal Subah in Mughal India. The Nawab of a princely state or autonomous province is comparable to the European title of Grand Duke. In the early 18th-century, the Nawab of Bengal was the de facto independent ruler of the three regions of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa which constitute the modern-day Indian states of West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa; and the sovereign state of Bangladesh. They are often referred to as the Nawab of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The Nawabs were based in Murshidabad which was centrally located within Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. Their chief deputy was the Naib Nazim of Dhaka.
Bengal Subah was one of the largest, wealthiest and most influential provinces in the Mughal Empire. In 1717, the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar replaced the imperial viceroy of Bengal with the position of a hereditary Nawab. Murshid Quli Khan, a former prime minister, became the first Nawab. The Nawabs continued to issue coins in the name of the Mughal Emperor. But for all practical purposes, the Nawabs governed as independent monarchs. Bengal continued to contribute the largest share of funds to the imperial treasury in Delhi.

title: Capitalism section title: Mercantilism hierarchical section title: Capitalism / History / Mercantilism caption reference description: Robert Clive with the Nawabs of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey which began the British rule in India content: Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include private property and the recognition of property rights, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system and competitive markets. In a capitalist market economy, decision-making and investments are determined by every owner of wealth, property or production ability in financial and capital markets whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets.
Economists, political economists, sociologists and historians have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include laissez-faire or free-market capitalism, welfare capitalism, and state capitalism. Different forms of capitalism feature varying degrees of free markets, public ownership, obstacles to free competition and state-sanctioned social policies.

title: Robert Clive section title: Plassey hierarchical section title: Robert Clive / Second journey to India (1755–1760) / War with Siraj Ud Daulah / Plassey caption reference description: Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive of Plassey, meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, by Francis Hayman. National Portrait Gallery, London. content: Major-General Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive KB, FRS, also known as Clive of India, was the first British Governor of the Bengal Presidency. He is credited along with Warren Hastings for laying the foundation of the British Empire in India. He began as a writer for the East India Company who established the military and political supremacy of the EIC by securing a decisive victory in Bengal. In return for supporting the Nawab of Bengal Mir Jafar on the throne, Clive was granted a jaghire of £30,000 per year which was the rent the EIC would otherwise pay to the Nawab for their tax farming concession, when he left India he had a fortune of £180,000 which he remitted through the Dutch East India Company. Blocking impending French mastery of India, and eventual British expulsion from the continent, Clive improvised a military expedition that ultimately enabled the EIC to adopt the French strategy of indirect rule via puppet government. Hired by the EIC to return a second time to India, Clive conspired to secure the Company's trade interests by overthrowing the ruler of Bengal, the richest state in India.

title: Kingdom of Great Britain section title: India hierarchical section title: Kingdom of Great Britain / Second British Empire / India caption reference description: Lord Clive of the East India Company meeting his ally Mir Jafar after their decisive victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 content: The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called Great Britain, was a sovereign state in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 1 January 1801. The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706, ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI of Scotland became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Elizabeth I, bringing about the "Union of the Crowns". From its inception, the kingdom was in legislative and personal union with the Kingdom of Ireland. Following the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover.
The early years of the newly-united kingdom were marked by Jacobite risings, which ended in defeat for the Stuart cause at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.

title: William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham section title: Leadership hierarchical section title: William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham / Pitt–Newcastle ministry / Leadership caption reference description: Robert Clive's victory at the Battle of Plassey established the East India Company as a military as well as a commercial power. content: William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, PC, FRS was a British statesman of the Whig group who served as Prime Minister of Great Britain in the middle of the 18th century. Historians call him Pitt of Chatham, or William Pitt the Elder, to distinguish him from his son, William Pitt the Younger, who also was a prime minister. Pitt was also known as the Great Commoner, because of his long-standing refusal to accept a title until 1766.
Pitt was a member of the British cabinet and its informal leader from 1756 to 1761, during the Seven Years' War. He again led the ministry, holding the official title of Lord Privy Seal, between 1766 and 1768. Much of his power came from his brilliant oratory. He was out of power for most of his career and became well known for his attacks on the government, such as those on Walpole's corruption in the 1730s, Hanoverian subsidies in the 1740s, peace with France in the 1760s, and the uncompromising policy towards the American colonies in the 1770s.

title: Early modern Britain section title: British Empire hierarchical section title: Early modern Britain / 18th century / British Empire caption reference description: Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, by Francis Hayman (c. 1762) content: Early modern Britain is the history of the island of Great Britain roughly corresponding to the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. Major historical events in Early Modern British history include numerous wars, especially with France, along with the English Renaissance, the English Reformation and Scottish Reformation, the English Civil War, the Restoration of Charles II, the Glorious Revolution, the Treaty of Union, the Scottish Enlightenment and the formation and collapse of the First British Empire.

title: 1762 in Great Britain section title: Events hierarchical section title: 1762 in Great Britain / Events caption reference description: British East India Company seizes Manila. content: Events from the year 1762 in Great Britain.

title: Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood section title: Old Merchant Taylors (OMTs) hierarchical section title: Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood / Old Merchant Taylors (OMTs) caption reference description: Robert Clive of Plassey, meeting with Mir Jafar after battle of Plassey, by Francis Hayman. content: Merchant Taylors' School is a British independent day school for boys. Since 1933 it has been on 285 acres of grounds at Sandy Lodge in the Three Rivers district of Hertfordshire.
Founded in 1561 by Sir Thomas White, Sir Richard Hilles, Emanuel Lucar and Stephen Hales, it was one of the nine English public schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission set up in 1861, but successfully argued that it should be omitted from the Public Schools Act 1868, as did St Paul's School, London, the other day school investigated by the Clarendon Commission.
The school caters for 1100 students between the ages of 11 and 18. The school is now an all-through school from age 3 to 18 after merger with Northwood Prep School in 2015.
The school's old boys, called OMTs, include naturalists, poets, academics, politicians, authors, sportsmen, actors, and military figures, including three winners of the Victoria Cross award. OMTs include Lancelot Andrewes, the translator of the King James’ Bible; John Walter, founding editor of The Times; John Sulston, Nobel laureate in Physiology and Medicine; E. H.

title: Bengal section title: Colonial era (1757–1947) hierarchical section title: Bengal / History / Colonial era (1757–1947) caption reference description: The Battle of Plassey in 1757 ushered British rule content: Bengal is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. Geographically, it is made up by the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta system, the largest such formation in the world; along with mountains in its north bordering the Himalayan states of Nepal and Bhutan and east bordering Burma.
Politically, Bengal is currently divided between Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. In 2011, the population of Bengal was estimated to be 250 million, making it one of the most densely populated regions in the world. Among them, an estimated 160 million people live in Bangladesh and 91.3 million people live in West Bengal. The predominant ethnolinguistic group is the Bengali people, who speak the Indo-Aryan Bengali language. Bengali Muslims are the majority in Bangladesh and Bengali Hindus are the majority in West Bengal. Outside this region, Indian states of Tripura and Assam's Barak Valley has a Bengali majority population with significant presence in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Delhi, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Uttarakhand.

title: Nawab section title: History hierarchical section title: Nawab / History caption reference description: Robert Clive, meeting with Nawab Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, by Francis Hayman content: Nawab also spelt Nawaab, Navaab, Navab, Nowab, Nabob, Nawaabshah, Nawabshah or Nobab, is a Royal title indicating a sovereign ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the western titles of King, Grand Duke and Duke. The relationship of a Nawab to the Emperor of India has been compared to that of the Dukes, Grand Dukes, and Kings of Saxony to the German Emperor. In earlier times the title was ratified and bestowed by the reigning Mughal emperor to semi-autonomous Muslim rulers of subdivisions or princely states in the Indian subcontinent loyal to the Mughal Empire i.e. Nawabs of Bengal. The title is common among Muslim rulers of South Asia as an equivalent to the title Maharaja, however it is not exclusive to Muslims only.
"Nawab" usually refers to males and literally means Viceroy; the female equivalent is "Begum" or "Nawab Begum". The primary duty of a Nawab was to uphold the sovereignty of the Mughal emperor along with the administration of a certain province.

title: British Empire section title: "First" British Empire (1707–1783) hierarchical section title: British Empire / "First" British Empire (1707–1783) caption reference description: Robert Clive's victory at the Battle of Plassey established the East India Company as a military as well as a commercial power. content: The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23% of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000 km², 24% of the Earth's total land area. As a result, its political, legal, linguistic, and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the British Empire as its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.
During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal and Spain pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires.

title: Mir Jafar section title: Legacy hierarchical section title: Mir Jafar / Legacy caption reference description: Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, meeting with Jafar after Plassey, by Francis Hayman. content: Syed Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur was a military general who became the first dependent Nawab of Bengal of the British East India Company. His reign has been considered to be the start of British imperialism in Indian history and a key step in the eventual British domination of vast areas of the Indian subcontinent.
Mir Jafar served as the commander of Bengali forces under Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, but betrayed him during the Battle of Plassey and succeeded him after the British victory in 1757. Mir Jafar received military support from the British East India Company until 1760, but failed to satisfy various British demands. In 1758, Robert Clive discovered that Jafar had made a treaty with the Dutch at Chinsurah through his agent Khoja Wajid. Dutch ships of war were also seen in the River Hooghly. Circumstances led to the Battle of Chinsurah. British company official Henry Vansittart proposed that since Jafar was unable to cope with the difficulties, Mir Qasim, Jafar's son-in-law, should act as Deputy Subahdar. In October 1760, the company forced him to abdicate in favor of Qasim.

title: Bengal Presidency section title: Administrative changes and the Permanent Settlement hierarchical section title: Bengal Presidency / History / Administrative changes and the Permanent Settlement caption reference description: Robert Clive at the Battle of Plassey in 1757, which marked the defeat of the last independent Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud-Daulah content: The Bengal Presidency, officially the Presidency of Fort William and later Bengal Province, was a subdivision of the British Empire in India. At the height of its territorial jurisdiction, it covered large parts of what is now South Asia and Southeast Asia. Bengal proper covered the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal. Calcutta, the city which grew around Fort William, was the capital of the Bengal Presidency. For many years, the Governor of Bengal was concurrently the Viceroy of India and Calcutta was the de facto capital of India until the early 20th-century.
The Bengal Presidency emerged from trading posts established in Mughal Bengal during the reign of Emperor Jahangir in 1612. The Honourable East India Company, a British monopoly with a Royal Charter, competed with other European companies to gain influence in Bengal. After the decisive overthrow of the Nawab of Bengal in 1757 and the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the HEIC expanded its control over much of the Indian subcontinent. This marked the beginning of Company rule in India, when the HEIC emerged as the most powerful military force in the subcontinent. The British Parliament gradually withdrew the monopoly of the HEIC.

title: 103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers) section title: Formation hierarchical section title: 103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers) / History / Formation caption reference description: Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey, oil on canvas (Francis Hayman, c.1762 content: The 103rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Bombay Fusiliers) was a regiment raised in 1662. It transferred to the command of the Honourable East India Company in 1668 and to the command of the British Army in 1862. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 102nd Regiment of Foot to form the Royal Dublin Fusiliers in 1881.

title: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War section title: Plassey hierarchical section title: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War / Indian Campaign (1756–58) / Plassey caption reference description: Robert Clive, meeting with Mir Jafar after Plassey, by Francis Hayman. content: Great Britain was one of the major participants in the Seven Years' War which lasted between 1754 and 1763, although warfare in the European Theatre involving countries other than Britain and France only commenced in 1756. Britain emerged from the war as the world's leading colonial power, having gained a number of new territories at the Treaty of Paris in 1763 and established itself as the world's pre-eminent naval power.
The war started poorly for Britain, which suffered many deaths from the plague and scurvy, and at the hands of France in North America during 1754–55; and in the loss of Menorca in 1756. The same year Britain's major ally Austria switched sides and aligned itself with France; and Britain was hastily forced to conclude a new alliance with Frederick the Great's Prussia. For the next seven years these two nations were ranged against a growing number of enemy powers led by France. After a period of political instability, the rise of a government headed by the Duke of Newcastle and William Pitt the elder provided Britain with firmer leadership, enabling it to consolidate and achieve its war aims.

title: Eyre Coote (East India Company officer) section title: Career in India hierarchical section title: Eyre Coote (East India Company officer) / Career in India caption reference description: Coote served under Clive at the Battle of Plassey in 1756 where he first distinguished himself. content: Lieutenant-General Sir Eyre Coote, KB was a British soldier and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1768 to 1780. He is best known for his many years of service with the British Army in India. His victory at the Battle of Wandiwash is considered a decisive turning point in the struggle for control in India between Britain and France. He was known by his sepoy troops as Coote Bahadur.


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title: El Ángel, Ecuador section title: Economy hierarchical section title: El Ángel, Ecuador / Economy caption reference description: El Angel centre caption attribution description: Español: EL Angel centro content: El Angel is a town located in the northern Andes of Ecuador, capital of the Espejo canton in the Carchi province.


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title: Luis Fernández hierarchical section title: Luis Fernández caption reference description: Fernandez in 2009 caption attribution description: English: Luis Fernandez, football coach Français : Luis Fernandez content: Luis Miguel Fernández Toledo is a French–Spanish former footballer who played as a defender or midfielder. He retired as a player in 1993 to become a manager.
Fernández spent most of his playing career for Paris Saint-Germain. He earned 60 international caps and scored 6 goals for the France national team between 1982 and 1992, and was part of their teams that won UEFA Euro 1984 and came third at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.
Fernández managed PSG in two spells, winning several domestic and European honours. He also managed Cannes and Reims in France, and Athletic Bilbao, Espanyol and Real Betis in La Liga.
Fernández is currently a sport radio talk host with RMC; his daily show is called Luis Attaque.

title: Luis Fernández hierarchical section title: Luis Fernández caption attribution description: English: Luis Fernandez, football coach Français : Luis Fernandez content: Luis Fernández is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

title: Spanish immigration to France section title: Notable people hierarchical section title: Spanish immigration to France / Notable people caption attribution description: English: Luis Fernandez, football coach Français : Luis Fernandez content: Spaniards in France comprise people from Spain residing in France and their descendants. They may be French citizens or non-citizen immigrants or expatriates.
Spanish immigration to France began from ancient times up to the present time and the French Republic is the second largest Spanish community outside Spain. The Spanish arrived mainly attracted by the job and new lifestyles, as well due to conflicts and armed movements in Spain which prompted the Spanish to emigrate to France. Of these, according to the census of 2010 in Spain, 183,277 reside in the French Republic.


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title: Garrity Creek hierarchical section title: Garrity Creek caption reference description: An excerpt of a larger watershed map; this image shows the pathway of Garrity Creek from its source to its mouth in the San Pablo Bay[1]  Sections in red have been altered by development; engineered channels, culverted under ground, or simply moved and straightened. content: Garrity Creek is a 3.0-mile-long creek in Richmond, California's Hilltop neighborhood. It runs into San Pablo Bay. It is sometimes called Hilltop Creek.
The creek is supported by two springs, two separate legs which join into Garrity Creek in El Sobrante, California. The basin feeding this watershed was, for hundreds of years, a sacred fishing and hunting site for the Huchiun Band of the Native Ohlone at Garrity Creek & Along San Pablo Bay. Garrity Creek was a highly prized and sacred site because it provided food; acorns from tanbark, valley, coast and live oak trees, as well as buckeye trees. The Huchiun also harvested seeds, berries, greens, nuts and roots in the basin and would travel along Garrity Creek to fish for steelhead, salmon and sturgeon that swam up Garrity Creek to spawn.
Major sections of the creek have been dramatically, and perhaps irrecoverably altered by development. Much of waterway to the bay is now underground; in culverts under the Hilltop Green residential development, under highway 80, and under the Hilltop Mall. Just north of the Hilltop mall, the water is retained in "Hilltop Lake".