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title: Joannes Susenbrotus hierarchical section title: Joannes Susenbrotus caption reference description: Grammaticae artis institutio, Leipzig 1539 content: Joannes Susenbrotus was a German humanist, teacher of Latin, and author of textbooks.
Susenbrotus was born in the Imperial Free City of Wangen im Allgäu and studied at the universities of Vienna and Basel. From 1506, he was a teacher in Leutkirch, and subsequently in Pfullendorf, Schaffhausen, and – from 1522 – in Ravensburg.
He wrote several books in Latin, amongst them a Latin textbook Grammaticae artis institutio and a collection of Christian poems. His rhetorics textbook Epitome troporum defines 132 tropes and figures and gives examples of their use in ancient literature as well as references in contemporary books on rhetorics.
Living in the days of the Protestant Reformation, Susenbrotus distinctly remained a Roman Catholic. Around 1542, Susenbrotus died from injuries sustained when a drunk caskmaker beat him up in Ravensburg.
Susenbrotus' textbooks spread his name to pupils all over Europe. William Shakespeare seems to have known Epitome troporum, since – as T. W. Baldwin pointed out – he uses numerous examples from Susenbrotus' book in his works.


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title: Gurigöl Lake hierarchical section title: Gurigöl Lake caption reference description: Forest next to Quri-gol Lake caption attribution description: فارسی: تالاب قوری گل تبریز English: Ghouri Gol pond near Tabriz,Iran content: Lake Quri-gol is a small fresh to brackish lake in the uplands of East Azarbaijan Province in north-western Iran. Together with the adjacent reed marshes it is an important breeding area for waterfowl. A 1.2 km² site was designated as a Ramsar Convention wetland protection site on 23 June 1975.


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title: History of Lima section title: Foundation hierarchical section title: History of Lima / Foundation caption reference description: Pachacamac was an important religious center in pre-Columbian times. caption attribution description: English: Pachacamac archeological site, Mamacona. In the Lurin valley, 31 km south of Lima, Peru. The picture was taken in 2002 by Håkan Svensson (Xauxa). content: The history of Lima, the capital of Peru, began with its foundation by Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. The city was established on the valley of the Rímac River in an area populated by the Ichma polity. It became the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru and site of a Real Audiencia in 1543. In the 17th century, the city prospered as the center of an extensive trade network despite damage from earthquakes and the threat of pirates. However, prosperity came to an end in the 18th century due to an economic downturn and the Bourbon Reforms.
The population of Lima played an ambivalent role in the 1821–1824 Peruvian War of Independence; the city suffered exactions from Royalist and Patriot armies alike. After independence, Lima became the capital of the Republic of Peru. It enjoyed a short period of prosperity in the mid-19th century until the 1879–1883 War of the Pacific when it was occupied and looted by Chilean troops. After the war, the city went through a period of demographic expansion and urban renewal. Population growth accelerated in the 1940s spurred by immigration from the Andean regions of Peru.


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title: Pekka T. Lehtinen hierarchical section title: Pekka T. Lehtinen caption reference description: Lehtinen in Papua New Guinea content: Pekka T. Lehtinen is a Finnish arachnologist and taxonomist. He is known for his works in systematics and for the many expeditions in which he has participated.


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title: Dolní Podluží hierarchical section title: Dolní Podluží caption attribution description: Čeština: Znak Dolního Podluží. English: Coat of arms of Dolní Podluží. caption alt text description: Coat of arms of Dolní Podluží content: Dolní Podluží, until 1947 Dolní Grund is a municipality and village in Děčín District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,200 inhabitants.
Dolní Podluží lies approximately 32 kilometres north-east of Děčín, 46 km north-east of Ústí nad Labem, and 89 km north of Prague.


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title: Ensemble Studio Theatre section title: Overview hierarchical section title: Ensemble Studio Theatre / Overview caption reference description: Ensemble Studio theatre at 545 West 52nd Street in Hell's Kitchen caption attribution description: English: The Ensemble Studio Theatre at 545 West 52nd Street, where it has been since the late 1960s. content: The Ensemble Studio Theatre is a non-profit membership-based developmental theatre located in Hell's Kitchen, New York City. It has a dual mission of nurturing individual theatre artists and developing new American plays.


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title: Guam Highway 1 section title: Route description hierarchical section title: Guam Highway 1 / Route description caption reference description: Marine Corps Drive on Guam caption attribution description: w:Guam Highway 1/Marine Corps Drive content: Guam Highway 1, also known as Marine Corps Drive, is one of the primary automobile routes in the United States territory of Guam. It runs in a southwest-to-northeast direction, from the main gate of Naval Base Guam in the western community of Santa Rita in a general northeasterly direction to the main gate of Andersen Air Force Base in the community of Yigo. It passes through Guam's capital, Hagåtña, as well as intersecting various other territorial highways. Along its route, the highway runs through tropical forest areas, urbanized commercial areas, and residential neighborhoods. The US Military built the road starting in 1941. Construction ceased with the Japanese invasion in December 1941 and resumed in 1944. The highway was formally dedicated to the US Marines by the territorial governor in 2004.


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title: Cooke Dam section title: Powerhouse and Substation hierarchical section title: Cooke Dam / Description / Powerhouse and Substation caption reference description: Powerhouse, with substation at left content: Cooke Dam is a hydro-electric dam on the Au Sable River in Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996 as the Cooke Hydroelectric Plant.


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title: Deepal Shaw hierarchical section title: Deepal Shaw caption reference description: Deepal  in 2012 caption attribution description: English: Deepal shaw content: Deepal Shaw is an Indian actress, singer and model who has worked in Bollywood movies.


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title: Vernon Square–Columbus Square Historic District hierarchical section title: Vernon Square–Columbus Square Historic District caption reference description: House at Green and Franklin caption attribution description: English: House at Green and Franklin, Darien, Georgia, US content: The Vernon Square–Columbus Square Historic District is a historic area on the eastern side of Darien, Georgia. It encompasses two squares of the original 1805 city plan, although Vernon Square now contains a circular street. The plan was derived from James Oglethorpe's plan for Savannah. The area of Vernon and Columbus Wards was platted in 1805. The historic buildings in the area date back to the mid-19th and early 20th centuries. The houses are mostly modest wood-framed structures with weatherboard siding and wood detail.


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title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Spartanburg County, South Carolina section title: Current listings hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Spartanburg County, South Carolina / Current listings caption attribution description: English: Pacolet Mills Cloth Room and Warehouse This is an image of a place or building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the United States of America. Its reference number is 05001571 caption alt text description: Pacolet Mills Cloth Room and Warehouse content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Spartanburg County, South Carolina.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
There are 73 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another 4 properties were once listed but have been removed.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted April 24, 2020.

title: Pacolet Mills Cloth Room and Warehouse hierarchical section title: Pacolet Mills Cloth Room and Warehouse caption reference description: Pacolet Mills Cloth Room and Warehouse, February 2012 caption attribution description: English: Pacolet Mills Cloth Room and Warehouse This is an image of a place or building that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the United States of America. Its reference number is 05001571 content: Pacolet Mills Cloth Room and Warehouse is a historic textile mill located at Pacolet, Spartanburg County, South Carolina. It was built in 1906–1907, and consists the 1 1/2-story, brick cloth building with the attached warehouse portion covered with weatherboard and metal. the building features a low-profiled roof and large rounded arch windows. The front portion of the building was used for inspecting cloth prior to shipping, and the rear portion was used as a warehouse.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.


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title: Oulu Airport section title: Terminal hierarchical section title: Oulu Airport / Terminal caption attribution description: English: Air traffic control tower at Oulu Airport, Oulunsalo, Finland Suomi: Oulun lentoaseman lennonjohtotorni Oulunsalossa content: Oulu Airport is located in Oulu, Finland, 5.7 NM south-west of the city centre. The airport is the second busiest in Finland after Helsinki-Vantaa Airport, as measured by the number of passengers. There are around twenty daily flights to Helsinki. Oulu Airport is also extensively used by the Finnish Air Force for training purposes and the managing body of the airport is Finavia. Oulu Airport has offered free wireless network access for passengers since May 2007.


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title: LGBT rights in the Turks and Caicos Islands section title: Recognition of same-sex relationships hierarchical section title: LGBT rights in the Turks and Caicos Islands / Recognition of same-sex relationships caption reference description: Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.   Same-sex marriage   Other type of partnership   Unregistered cohabitation   Country subject to IACHR ruling   No recognition of same-sex couples   Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples   Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced   vte content: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons in the British Overseas Territory of the Turks and Caicos Islands face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Same-sex sexual activity has been legal in the Turks and Caicos Islands since 2001, and discrimination based on sexual orientation is constitutionally banned. Nevertheless, same-sex marriage is constitutionally banned.

title: LGBT rights in Haiti section title: Legality of same-sex sexual activity hierarchical section title: LGBT rights in Haiti / Legality of same-sex sexual activity caption reference description: Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.   Same-sex marriage   Other type of partnership   Unregistered cohabitation   Country subject to IACHR ruling   No recognition of same-sex couples   Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples   Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced   vte content: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons in Haiti may face social and legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Adult, noncommercial and consensual same-sex sexuality is not a criminal offense, but transgender people can be fined for violating a broadly written vagrancy law. Public opinion tends to be opposed to LGBT rights, which is why LGBT people are not protected from discrimination, are not included in hate crimes laws and households headed by same-sex couples do not have any of the legal rights given to married couples.

title: LGBT rights in Panama section title: Recognition of same-sex relationships hierarchical section title: LGBT rights in Panama / Recognition of same-sex relationships caption reference description: Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.   Same-sex marriage   Other type of partnership   Unregistered cohabitation   Country subject to IACHR ruling   No recognition of same-sex couples   Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples   Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced   vte content: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender persons in Panama may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Panama, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal benefits and protections available to opposite-sex married couples.
In March 2017, a lawsuit seeking to legalise same-sex marriage was filed before the Supreme Court. The lawsuit provoked a lot of discussion in Panamanian society, prompting many public figures to announce their support for LGBT rights and/or civil same-sex marriage, including the Vice President, the First Lady and the Attorney General.
Same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples are likely to soon become legal in Panama, per a 2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling. A constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage was approved by the Panamanian National Assembly on 29 October 2019, but requires a second vote in 2020 and ratification by referendum.

title: LGBT rights in the Bahamas section title: Legality of same-sex sexual activity hierarchical section title: LGBT rights in the Bahamas / Legality of same-sex sexual activity caption reference description: Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.   Same-sex marriage   Other type of partnership   Unregistered cohabitation   Country subject to IACHR ruling   No recognition of same-sex couples   Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples   Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced   vte content: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in the Bahamas may face challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. While same-sex sexual activity is legal in the Bahamas, there are no laws that address discrimination or harassment on the account of sexual orientation or gender identity, nor does it recognize same sex unions in any form, whether it be marriage or partnerships. Households headed by same-sex couples are also not eligible for any of the same rights given to opposite-sex married couples.


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title: Lake Lemon section title: Parks and other facilities hierarchical section title: Lake Lemon / Parks and other facilities caption reference description: Flying Juniors compete in a collegiate regatta on Lake Lemon caption attribution description: English: Image of Lake Lemon, Indiana with Flying Junior sailboats competing in a collegiate regatta. Photograph taken in 2002. content: Lake Lemon is a reservoir located in southern Indiana approximately 10 miles northeast of Bloomington, Indiana. It is bounded by private and public property in Monroe County and Brown County, with the eastern end of the lake in Brown County. The surface area of the lake is 1,650 acres, making it the 11th largest lake in Indiana. There are 24 miles of shoreline. The lake has an average depth of 9.7 feet at full pool level. The greatest depth is somewhat in excess of 20 feet, matching with the original Bean Blossom Creek bed.


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title: Manastash Ridge hierarchical section title: Manastash Ridge caption reference description: View from Manastash Ridge facing towards Ellensburg, Washington with Cascade Range in the background. caption attribution description: English: Viewpoint from Manastash Ridge facing towards Ellensburg, WA with Cascade range in view. Taken Friday June 8th, 2007 with Kodak z650 content: Manastash Ridge is a long anticline mountain ridge located in central Washington state in the United States. Manastash Ridge runs mostly west-to-east in Kittitas and Yakima counties, for approximately 50 miles. The ridge is part of the Yakima Fold Belt of east-tending long ridges formed by the folding of Miocene Columbia River basalt flows.
The highest point in Manastash Ridge is Manastash Peak at 6,335 feet, located 22.4 miles west of Ellensburg, Washington. Interstate 82 crosses through the eastern portion of the ridge; the Manastash Ridge Summit is located at milepost 7 of the interstate or about 24 miles north of Yakima, Washington at an elevation of 2,672 feet.
In addition to Manastash Peak, Manastash Ridge includes the peaks of Quartz Mountain, Mount Clifty, and Lookout Mountain. The astronomy department of the University of Washington maintains the Manastash Ridge Observatory, located about 9 miles west-southwest of Ellensburg.


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title: Kilgore, Nebraska hierarchical section title: Kilgore, Nebraska caption reference description: Downtown Kilgore: west side of Main Street north of Hunt Street caption attribution description: English: Kilgore, Nebraska: west side of Main Street, looking northwest from about Hunt Street. caption alt text description: Downtown Kilgore: west side of Main Street north of Hunt Street content: Kilgore is a village in Cherry County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 77 at the 2010 census.


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title: Eldorado at Santa Fe, New Mexico hierarchical section title: Eldorado at Santa Fe, New Mexico caption reference description: Eldorado at Santa Fe, 2013 caption attribution description: English: View facing north of a portion of Eldorado at Santa Fe, New Mexico caption alt text description: Eldorado at Santa Fe, 2013 content: Eldorado at Santa Fe is a census-designated place in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It is part of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 6,130 at the 2010 census.
This upper middle class community is locally known as Eldorado. Eldorado's attractive physical setting, large areas of protected open space, protective covenants, excellent elementary school, and convenience to Santa Fe have made it a popular place to live in the Santa Fe area.


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title: Farah Pahlavi section title: As queen and empress hierarchical section title: Farah Pahlavi / As queen and empress caption reference description: U.S. First Lady Betty Ford (left) with Farah Pahlavi, 1975 content: Farah Pahlavi is the widow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and was the Shahbanu of Iran.
Farah was born into a prosperous family, whose fortunes were diminished after her father's early death. While studying architecture in Paris, she was introduced to the Shah at the Iranian Embassy, and they were married in December 1959. The Shah's first two marriages had not produced a son, necessary for the succession, so there was great rejoicing at the birth of Crown Prince Reza the following October. Farah was then free to pursue interests other than domestic duties, though she was not allowed a political role. She worked for many charities, and founded Iran's first American-style university, enabling more women to become students. She also facilitated the buying-back of Iranian antiquities from museums abroad.
By 1978, there were clear signs of impending revolution, and the Imperial couple left the country in January 1979 under a death sentence. For this reason, most countries were reluctant to harbour them, President Sadat’s Egypt being an exception. But the Shah's health was failing, and he died in July 1980.


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title: Orleans Hotel hierarchical section title: Orleans Hotel caption reference description: 1857 sketch of Orleans Hotel with its neighboring buildings caption attribution description: English: 1960 picture of an 1857 sketch of the Orleans Hotel now located in Old Sacramento This is a photo of a place or building that is listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in the United States. Its reference number is 608. content: The Orleans Hotel is a building listed as a California Historical Landmark. Formerly a prominent hotel in Sacramento, California, it now serves as upscale apartments in Old Sacramento.

title: Old Sacramento State Historic Park section title: Architecture hierarchical section title: Old Sacramento State Historic Park / Architecture caption reference description: The Union Hotel, Birch Building, and Orleans Hotel (recently reconstructed). caption attribution description: English: 1960 picture of an 1857 sketch of the Orleans Hotel now located in Old Sacramento This is a photo of a place or building that is listed on the California Historical Landmark listing in the United States. Its reference number is 608. caption alt text description: Historical drawing of Orleans Hotel. content: Old Sacramento State Historic Park occupies around one third of the property within the Old Sacramento Historic District of Sacramento, California. The Old Sacramento Historic District is a U.S. National Historic Landmark District. The Historic District is sometimes abbreviated as Old Sacramento, or Old Sac, and since the 1960s has been restored and developed as a significant tourist attraction.


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title: Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach hierarchical section title: Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach caption reference description: Portrait by Andreas Brünniche, c. 1740 caption attribution description: Français : Sophie-Madeleine de Brandebourg-Culmbach (1700-1770), reine de Danemark-Norvège content: Sophie Magdalene of Brandenburg-Kulmbach was queen-consort of Denmark and Norway by marriage to King Christian VI of Denmark and Norway.


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title: Spire section title: Notable spires hierarchical section title: Spire / Notable spires caption attribution description: Ulm Minster (2005) content: A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spires are typically built of stonework or brickwork, or else of timber structure with metal cladding, ceramic tiling, shingles, or slates on the exterior.
Since towers supporting spires are usually square, square-plan spires emerge directly from the tower's walls, but octagonal spires either called for a pyramidal transition section called a broach at the spire's base, or else freed spaces around the tower's summit for decorative elements like pinnacles. The former solution is known as a broach spire. Small or short spires are known as spikes, spirelets, or flèches.
This sense of the word spire is attested in English since the 1590s, spir having been used in Middle Low German since the 14th century, a form related to the Old English word spir, meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass.

title: Spire hierarchical section title: Spire caption reference description: The Gothic spire of Ulm Cathedral caption attribution description: Ulm Minster (2005) content: A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, particularly a church tower. Etymologically, the word comes from the Old English word spir, meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass.
Symbolically, spires have two effects. One is to show strength and power. A spire, with its spear point, gives the impression of strength. The other is to reach up toward the skies as a religious gesture. This is one reason for its association with religious buildings, and a similar reason has been given for the large pyramids in Egypt and early American civilisations. However, the tallest spires today are secular places of business or hotels, such as The Shard.
As an architectural ornament, spires are most often found on Christian churches.


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title: Havana Hopewell culture section title: Havana Hopewell sites hierarchical section title: Havana Hopewell culture / Havana Hopewell sites caption reference description: Rockwell Mound, a major site at Havana caption attribution description: English: Southern side of the Rockwell Mound, located in a park on the northern side of Franklin Street in Havana, Illinois, United States. As a significant archaeological site, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. content: The Havana Hopewell culture were a Hopewellian people who lived in the Illinois River and Mississippi River valleys in Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri from 200 BCE to 400 CE.

title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois section title: Mason County hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois / Mason County caption attribution description: English: Southern side of the Rockwell Mound, located in a park on the northern side of Franklin Street in Havana, Illinois, United States. As a significant archaeological site, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. caption alt text description: Rockwell Mound content: This is a list of properties and districts in Illinois that are on the National Register of Historic Places. There are over 1,800 in total. Of these, 85 are National Historic Landmarks. There are listings in all of the state's 102 counties.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted July 17, 2020.

title: Rockwell Mound hierarchical section title: Rockwell Mound caption reference description: Looking toward the mound from the south caption attribution description: English: Southern side of the Rockwell Mound, located in a park on the northern side of Franklin Street in Havana, Illinois, United States. As a significant archaeological site, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. content: Rockwell Mound has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1987. The mound is located in Rockwell Park, on North Orange Street in the Illinois River city of Havana in Mason County.
Rockwell Mound is one of the site that the Register has denoted as being "address restricted" because of its special sensitivity. Despite this designation by the Register the mound is operated as a park as of 2007.


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title: Paris section title: Literature hierarchical section title: Paris / Culture / Literature caption reference description: Victor Hugo caption attribution description: English: Portrait photograph of Victor Hugo published in the widely distributed serial publication entitled Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique. Issued in parts from 1876 to 1884 by the firm of Goupil & Cie, the series contained 241 portraits of leading figures from the worlds of art, literature, music, science, and politics by a host of Parisian photographers. The illustrations were printed as woodburytypes–a photomechanical process that reproduced the continuous tones of photography but did so with pigmented gelatin molded to a varying thickness. The speed and economy with which woodburytypes could be printed, as well as their permanence (unlike traditional photographic processes that were subject to fading), made them a highly practical substitute for albumen silver prints in book publication or other situations where mass production was desirable. Français : Portrait photographique de Victor Hugo publié dans la revue illustrée Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique qui faisait partie d'une série publiée par Goupil & Cie. Parue entre 1876 et 1884, la série comprend 241 portraits de personnalités dans les domaines de l'art visuel, de la littérature, de la musique, de la science et de la politique. Les portraits, de photographes parisiens, étaient imprimés par photoglyptie, procédé opto-mécanique qui dégagait les parties claires des parties sombres, grâce à une gradation de tons continus. Sa vitesse et son faible prix, ainsi que la longévité des reproductions (les procédés concurrents produisaient des copies dont le contraste diminuait avec le temps), en ont fait un procédé prisé pour l'impression en grande quantité. content: Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,148,271 residents as of 2020, in an area of 105 square kilometres. Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, science and arts. The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the Île-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an estimated official 2020 population of 12,278,210, or about 18 percent of the population of France. The Paris Region had a GDP of €709 billion in 2017. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018, Paris was the second most expensive city in the world, after Singapore, and ahead of Zürich, Hong Kong, Oslo and Geneva. Another source ranked Paris as most expensive, on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong, in 2018.
The city is a major railway, highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Paris–Charles de Gaulle and Paris–Orly. Opened in 1900, the city's subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily; it is the second busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow Metro.

title: Paris in the Belle Époque section title: Literature hierarchical section title: Paris in the Belle Époque / The arts / Literature caption reference description: Victor Hugo (1876) caption attribution description: English: Portrait photograph of Victor Hugo published in the widely distributed serial publication entitled Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique. Issued in parts from 1876 to 1884 by the firm of Goupil & Cie, the series contained 241 portraits of leading figures from the worlds of art, literature, music, science, and politics by a host of Parisian photographers. The illustrations were printed as woodburytypes–a photomechanical process that reproduced the continuous tones of photography but did so with pigmented gelatin molded to a varying thickness. The speed and economy with which woodburytypes could be printed, as well as their permanence (unlike traditional photographic processes that were subject to fading), made them a highly practical substitute for albumen silver prints in book publication or other situations where mass production was desirable. Français : Portrait photographique de Victor Hugo publié dans la revue illustrée Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique qui faisait partie d'une série publiée par Goupil & Cie. Parue entre 1876 et 1884, la série comprend 241 portraits de personnalités dans les domaines de l'art visuel, de la littérature, de la musique, de la science et de la politique. Les portraits, de photographes parisiens, étaient imprimés par photoglyptie, procédé opto-mécanique qui dégagait les parties claires des parties sombres, grâce à une gradation de tons continus. Sa vitesse et son faible prix, ainsi que la longévité des reproductions (les procédés concurrents produisaient des copies dont le contraste diminuait avec le temps), en ont fait un procédé prisé pour l'impression en grande quantité. content: Paris in the Belle Époque was a period in the history of the city between the years 1871 to 1914, from the beginning of the Third French Republic until the First World War. It saw the construction of the Eiffel Tower, the Paris Métro, the completion of the Paris Opera, and the beginning of the Basilica of Sacré-Cœur on Montmartre. Three lavish "universal expositions" in 1878, 1889 and 1900 brought millions of visitors to Paris to sample the latest innovations in commerce, art and technology. Paris was the scene of the first public projection of a motion picture, and the birthplace of the Ballets Russes, Impressionism and Modern Art.
The expression Belle Époque came into use after the First World War; it was a nostalgic term for what seemed a simpler time of optimism, elegance and progress.

title: Poet hierarchical section title: Poet caption reference description: Victor Hugo was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist. Hugo is renowned for works such as Les Contemplations (The Contemplations) and La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Ages). caption attribution description: English: Portrait photograph of Victor Hugo published in the widely distributed serial publication entitled Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique. Issued in parts from 1876 to 1884 by the firm of Goupil & Cie, the series contained 241 portraits of leading figures from the worlds of art, literature, music, science, and politics by a host of Parisian photographers. The illustrations were printed as woodburytypes–a photomechanical process that reproduced the continuous tones of photography but did so with pigmented gelatin molded to a varying thickness. The speed and economy with which woodburytypes could be printed, as well as their permanence (unlike traditional photographic processes that were subject to fading), made them a highly practical substitute for albumen silver prints in book publication or other situations where mass production was desirable. Français : Portrait photographique de Victor Hugo publié dans la revue illustrée Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique qui faisait partie d'une série publiée par Goupil & Cie. Parue entre 1876 et 1884, la série comprend 241 portraits de personnalités dans les domaines de l'art visuel, de la littérature, de la musique, de la science et de la politique. Les portraits, de photographes parisiens, étaient imprimés par photoglyptie, procédé opto-mécanique qui dégagait les parties claires des parties sombres, grâce à une gradation de tons continus. Sa vitesse et son faible prix, ainsi que la longévité des reproductions (les procédés concurrents produisaient des copies dont le contraste diminuait avec le temps), en ont fait un procédé prisé pour l'impression en grande quantité. content: A poet is a person who creates poetry. Poets may describe themselves as such or be described as such by others. A poet may simply be a writer of poetry, or may perform their art to an audience.
The work of a poet is essentially one of communication, either expressing ideas in a literal sense, such as writing about a specific event or place, or metaphorically. Poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary greatly in different cultures and periods. Throughout each civilization and language, poets have used various styles that have changed through the course of literary history, resulting in a history of poets as diverse as the literature they have produced.

title: Writers in Paris hierarchical section title: Writers in Paris caption attribution description: English: Portrait photograph of Victor Hugo published in the widely distributed serial publication entitled Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique. Issued in parts from 1876 to 1884 by the firm of Goupil & Cie, the series contained 241 portraits of leading figures from the worlds of art, literature, music, science, and politics by a host of Parisian photographers. The illustrations were printed as woodburytypes–a photomechanical process that reproduced the continuous tones of photography but did so with pigmented gelatin molded to a varying thickness. The speed and economy with which woodburytypes could be printed, as well as their permanence (unlike traditional photographic processes that were subject to fading), made them a highly practical substitute for albumen silver prints in book publication or other situations where mass production was desirable. Français : Portrait photographique de Victor Hugo publié dans la revue illustrée Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique qui faisait partie d'une série publiée par Goupil & Cie. Parue entre 1876 et 1884, la série comprend 241 portraits de personnalités dans les domaines de l'art visuel, de la littérature, de la musique, de la science et de la politique. Les portraits, de photographes parisiens, étaient imprimés par photoglyptie, procédé opto-mécanique qui dégagait les parties claires des parties sombres, grâce à une gradation de tons continus. Sa vitesse et son faible prix, ainsi que la longévité des reproductions (les procédés concurrents produisaient des copies dont le contraste diminuait avec le temps), en ont fait un procédé prisé pour l'impression en grande quantité. content: For centuries Paris has been the home and frequently the subject matter of the most important novelists, poets, and playwrights in French literature, including Moliere, Voltaire, Balzac, Victor Hugo and Zola and Proust. Paris also was home to major expatriate writers from around the world, including Henry James, Ivan Turgenev, Oscar Wilde, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Leopold Senghor, James Baldwin, Richard Wright, and Milan Kundera. Few of the writers of Paris were actually born in Paris; they were attracted to the city first because of its university, then because it was the center of the French publishing industry, home of the major French newspapers and journals, of its important literary salons, and the company of the other writers, poets, and artists.

title: Philhellenism section title: Modern times hierarchical section title: Philhellenism / Modern times caption reference description: Victor Hugo, a well known philhellene caption attribution description: English: Portrait photograph of Victor Hugo published in the widely distributed serial publication entitled Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique. Issued in parts from 1876 to 1884 by the firm of Goupil & Cie, the series contained 241 portraits of leading figures from the worlds of art, literature, music, science, and politics by a host of Parisian photographers. The illustrations were printed as woodburytypes–a photomechanical process that reproduced the continuous tones of photography but did so with pigmented gelatin molded to a varying thickness. The speed and economy with which woodburytypes could be printed, as well as their permanence (unlike traditional photographic processes that were subject to fading), made them a highly practical substitute for albumen silver prints in book publication or other situations where mass production was desirable. Français : Portrait photographique de Victor Hugo publié dans la revue illustrée Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique qui faisait partie d'une série publiée par Goupil & Cie. Parue entre 1876 et 1884, la série comprend 241 portraits de personnalités dans les domaines de l'art visuel, de la littérature, de la musique, de la science et de la politique. Les portraits, de photographes parisiens, étaient imprimés par photoglyptie, procédé opto-mécanique qui dégagait les parties claires des parties sombres, grâce à une gradation de tons continus. Sa vitesse et son faible prix, ainsi que la longévité des reproductions (les procédés concurrents produisaient des copies dont le contraste diminuait avec le temps), en ont fait un procédé prisé pour l'impression en grande quantité. content: Philhellenism and philhellene, from the Greek φίλος philos "friend, lover" and ἑλληνισμός hellênismos "Greek", was an intellectual movement prominent mostly at the turn of the 19th century. It contributed to the sentiments that led Europeans such as Lord Byron or Charles Nicolas Fabvier to advocate for Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire.
The later 19th-century European philhellenism was largely to be found among the Classicists.

title: 1802 section title: January–June hierarchical section title: 1802 / Births / January–June caption reference description: Victor Hugo caption attribution description: English: Portrait photograph of Victor Hugo published in the widely distributed serial publication entitled Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique. Issued in parts from 1876 to 1884 by the firm of Goupil & Cie, the series contained 241 portraits of leading figures from the worlds of art, literature, music, science, and politics by a host of Parisian photographers. The illustrations were printed as woodburytypes–a photomechanical process that reproduced the continuous tones of photography but did so with pigmented gelatin molded to a varying thickness. The speed and economy with which woodburytypes could be printed, as well as their permanence (unlike traditional photographic processes that were subject to fading), made them a highly practical substitute for albumen silver prints in book publication or other situations where mass production was desirable. Français : Portrait photographique de Victor Hugo publié dans la revue illustrée Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique qui faisait partie d'une série publiée par Goupil & Cie. Parue entre 1876 et 1884, la série comprend 241 portraits de personnalités dans les domaines de l'art visuel, de la littérature, de la musique, de la science et de la politique. Les portraits, de photographes parisiens, étaient imprimés par photoglyptie, procédé opto-mécanique qui dégagait les parties claires des parties sombres, grâce à une gradation de tons continus. Sa vitesse et son faible prix, ainsi que la longévité des reproductions (les procédés concurrents produisaient des copies dont le contraste diminuait avec le temps), en ont fait un procédé prisé pour l'impression en grande quantité. content: 1802 was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1802nd year of the Common Era and Anno Domini designations, the 802nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 2nd year of the 19th century, and the 3rd year of the 1800s decade. As of the start of 1802, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

title: Fauré Mélodies (Frederica von Stade recording) section title: Reviews hierarchical section title: Fauré Mélodies (Frederica von Stade recording) / Critical reception / Reviews caption reference description: Victor Hugo in 1876, photographed by Étienne Carjat caption attribution description: English: Portrait photograph of Victor Hugo published in the widely distributed serial publication entitled Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique. Issued in parts from 1876 to 1884 by the firm of Goupil & Cie, the series contained 241 portraits of leading figures from the worlds of art, literature, music, science, and politics by a host of Parisian photographers. The illustrations were printed as woodburytypes–a photomechanical process that reproduced the continuous tones of photography but did so with pigmented gelatin molded to a varying thickness. The speed and economy with which woodburytypes could be printed, as well as their permanence (unlike traditional photographic processes that were subject to fading), made them a highly practical substitute for albumen silver prints in book publication or other situations where mass production was desirable. Français : Portrait photographique de Victor Hugo publié dans la revue illustrée Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique qui faisait partie d'une série publiée par Goupil & Cie. Parue entre 1876 et 1884, la série comprend 241 portraits de personnalités dans les domaines de l'art visuel, de la littérature, de la musique, de la science et de la politique. Les portraits, de photographes parisiens, étaient imprimés par photoglyptie, procédé opto-mécanique qui dégagait les parties claires des parties sombres, grâce à une gradation de tons continus. Sa vitesse et son faible prix, ainsi que la longévité des reproductions (les procédés concurrents produisaient des copies dont le contraste diminuait avec le temps), en ont fait un procédé prisé pour l'impression en grande quantité. content: Gabriel Fauré: Mélodies is a 54-minute studio album of eighteen of Fauré's art songs performed by the mezzo-soprano Frederica von Stade with piano accompaniment by Jean-Philippe Collard. It was released in 1983. A second, 57-minute version of the album, released in 2011, includes a bonus track in which von Stade sings the Chanson de Mélisande from Fauré's incidental music for Maurice Maeterlinck's play Pelléas et Mélisande, accompanied by the Orchestre national du Capitole de Toulouse under the direction of Michel Plasson.

title: Victor Hugo hierarchical section title: Victor Hugo caption reference description: Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat, 1876 caption attribution description: English: Portrait photograph of Victor Hugo published in the widely distributed serial publication entitled Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique. Issued in parts from 1876 to 1884 by the firm of Goupil & Cie, the series contained 241 portraits of leading figures from the worlds of art, literature, music, science, and politics by a host of Parisian photographers. The illustrations were printed as woodburytypes–a photomechanical process that reproduced the continuous tones of photography but did so with pigmented gelatin molded to a varying thickness. The speed and economy with which woodburytypes could be printed, as well as their permanence (unlike traditional photographic processes that were subject to fading), made them a highly practical substitute for albumen silver prints in book publication or other situations where mass production was desirable. Français : Portrait photographique de Victor Hugo publié dans la revue illustrée Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique qui faisait partie d'une série publiée par Goupil & Cie. Parue entre 1876 et 1884, la série comprend 241 portraits de personnalités dans les domaines de l'art visuel, de la littérature, de la musique, de la science et de la politique. Les portraits, de photographes parisiens, étaient imprimés par photoglyptie, procédé opto-mécanique qui dégagait les parties claires des parties sombres, grâce à une gradation de tons continus. Sa vitesse et son faible prix, ainsi que la longévité des reproductions (les procédés concurrents produisaient des copies dont le contraste diminuait avec le temps), en ont fait un procédé prisé pour l'impression en grande quantité. caption alt text description: Victor Hugo by Étienne Carjat, 1876 content: Victor Marie Hugo was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote abundantly in an exceptional variety of genres: lyrics, satires, epics, philosophical poems, epigrams, novels, history, critical essays, political speeches, funeral orations, diaries, letters public and private, and dramas in verse and prose.
Hugo is considered to be one of the greatest and best-known French writers. Outside France, his most famous works are the novels Les Misérables, 1862, and The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (French: Notre-Dame de Paris), 1831. In France, Hugo is renowned for his poetry collections, such as Les Contemplations (The Contemplations) and La Légende des siècles (The Legend of the Ages). Hugo was at the forefront of the Romantic literary movement with his play Cromwell and drama Hernani. Many of his works have inspired music, both during his lifetime and after his death, including the musicals Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris. He produced more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime, and campaigned for social causes such as the abolition of capital punishment.

title: 1885 section title: January–June hierarchical section title: 1885 / Deaths / January–June caption reference description: Victor Hugo caption attribution description: English: Portrait photograph of Victor Hugo published in the widely distributed serial publication entitled Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique. Issued in parts from 1876 to 1884 by the firm of Goupil & Cie, the series contained 241 portraits of leading figures from the worlds of art, literature, music, science, and politics by a host of Parisian photographers. The illustrations were printed as woodburytypes–a photomechanical process that reproduced the continuous tones of photography but did so with pigmented gelatin molded to a varying thickness. The speed and economy with which woodburytypes could be printed, as well as their permanence (unlike traditional photographic processes that were subject to fading), made them a highly practical substitute for albumen silver prints in book publication or other situations where mass production was desirable. Français : Portrait photographique de Victor Hugo publié dans la revue illustrée Galerie contemporaine, littéraire, artistique qui faisait partie d'une série publiée par Goupil & Cie. Parue entre 1876 et 1884, la série comprend 241 portraits de personnalités dans les domaines de l'art visuel, de la littérature, de la musique, de la science et de la politique. Les portraits, de photographes parisiens, étaient imprimés par photoglyptie, procédé opto-mécanique qui dégagait les parties claires des parties sombres, grâce à une gradation de tons continus. Sa vitesse et son faible prix, ainsi que la longévité des reproductions (les procédés concurrents produisaient des copies dont le contraste diminuait avec le temps), en ont fait un procédé prisé pour l'impression en grande quantité. content: 1885 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1885th year of the Common Era and Anno Domini designations, the 885th year of the 2nd millennium, the 85th year of the 19th century, and the 6th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1885, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.


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title: Saskatchewan section title: 20th century hierarchical section title: Saskatchewan / History / 20th century caption reference description: Farmers at work in 1907. The introduction of Marquis wheat saw wheat output soar in the province. caption attribution description: English: In the fields of Saskatchewan, from Maury's New Elements of Geography for Primary and Intermediate Classes. content: Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada, the only province without a natural border. It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres, nearly 10 percent of which is fresh water, composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs, and the province's 100,000 lakes.
Saskatchewan is bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, to the northeast by Nunavut, and on the south by the U.S. states of Montana and North Dakota. As of Q1 2020, Saskatchewan's population was estimated at 1,181,987. Residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province, while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated. Of the total population, roughly half live in the province's largest city Saskatoon, or the provincial capital Regina. Other notable cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current, North Battleford, Melfort, and the border city Lloydminster.
Saskatchewan is a landlocked province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters. As a result, its climate is extremely continental, rendering severe winters throughout the province. Southern areas have very warm or hot summers.


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title: Ivo Mahlknecht hierarchical section title: Ivo Mahlknecht caption reference description: Ivo Mahlknecht after the 1966 World Championships caption attribution description: Ivo Mahlknecht after returning from the Alpine World Ski Championships of Portillo in Chile. Selva di Val Gardena, August 1966 content: Ivo Mahlknecht was an Italian alpine skier. He competed at the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics in the downhill, slalom and giant slalom events with the best result of sixth place in the downhill in 1968.
He died from COVID-19 on March 30, 2020.

title: Ivo Mahlknecht hierarchical section title: Ivo Mahlknecht caption reference description: Mahlknechtin 1966 caption attribution description: Ivo Mahlknecht after returning from the Alpine World Ski Championships of Portillo in Chile. Selva di Val Gardena, August 1966 content: Ivo Oswald Mahlknecht was an Italian alpine skier. He competed at the 1964 and 1968 Winter Olympics in the downhill, slalom and giant slalom events. He was born in Urtijëi.
On 31 March 2020, Mahlknecht died in Brixen at the age of 80.


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title: Johannes Maccovius hierarchical section title: Johannes Maccovius caption attribution description: English: Portrait of Johannes Maccovius content: Johannes Maccovius, also known as Jan Makowski, was a Polish Reformed theologian.


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title: Shankill Road section title: Lower Shankill hierarchical section title: Shankill Road / Areas of the Shankill Road / Lower Shankill caption reference description: The "Diamond Jubilee Bar", a popular UDA haunt. caption attribution description: English: Diamond Jubilee bar, Shankill Road, Belfast content: The Shankill Road is one of the main roads leading through west Belfast, in Northern Ireland. It runs through the working-class, predominantly loyalist, area known as the Shankill.
The road stretches westwards for about 2.4 km from central Belfast and is lined, to an extent, by shops. The residents live in the many streets which branch off the main road. The area along the Shankill Road forms part of the Court district electoral area.
It is known as Auld Kirk Gate in Ulster-Scots and as "Bóthar na Seanchille" in Irish.

title: Donald Hodgen section title: Ulster Defence Association C Company hierarchical section title: Donald Hodgen / Ulster Defence Association C Company caption reference description: The "Diamond Jubilee", UDA C Company's favourite bar on the Shankill Road caption attribution description: English: Diamond Jubilee bar, Shankill Road, Belfast content: Donald Hodgen is a Northern Irish loyalist and a former member of the Ulster Defence Association. He was best known as the commander and chief enforcer of West Belfast Brigade leader Johnny Adair's notorious C Company which operated on the Shankill Road.

title: Johnny Adair section title: 2000 hierarchical section title: Johnny Adair / Loyalist feuds / 2000 caption reference description: The "Diamond Jubilee" pub on the lower Shankill Road was the favourite meeting place for Adair and his C Company caption attribution description: English: Diamond Jubilee bar, Shankill Road, Belfast content: Jonathan Adair, better known as Johnny Adair or Mad Dog Adair, is an Ulster loyalist and the former leader of the "C Company", 2nd Battalion Shankill Road, West Belfast Brigade of the Ulster Freedom Fighters. This was a cover name used by the Ulster Defence Association, a loyalist paramilitary organisation. In 2002 Adair was expelled from the organisation following a violent internal power struggle. Since 2003, he, his family and a number of supporters have been forced to leave Northern Ireland by the mainstream UDA.


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title: Kōnan, Aichi hierarchical section title: Kōnan, Aichi caption reference description: Hotei Town caption attribution description: 布袋 content: Kōnan is a city located in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 October 2019, the city had an estimated population of 97,903 in 41,363 households, and a population density of 3,242 persons per km². The total area of the city is 30.20 square kilometres.


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title: Goo Goo Dolls discography hierarchical section title: Goo Goo Dolls discography caption reference description: The Goo Goo Dolls performing in 2010 caption attribution description: English: Goo Goo Dolls performing at the Brixton O2 Academy in London November 2010 content: The following article documents the album, single, video and multimedia releases by the American rock band the Goo Goo Dolls.


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title: Ewe music section title: The standard pattern hierarchical section title: Ewe music / Instruments / The standard pattern caption reference description: Standard bell pattern (top) with accompanying axatse part (bottom). The axatse begins on the second stroke (in parenthesis) content: Ewe music is the music of the Ewe people of Togo, Ghana, and Benin, West Africa. Instrumentation is primarily percussive and rhythmically the music features great metrical complexity. Its highest form is in dance music including a drum orchestra, but there are also work, play, and other songs. Ewe music is featured in A. M. Jones's Studies in African Music.

title: Ewe drumming section title: Standard bell pattern and accompanying axatse part hierarchical section title: Ewe drumming / Standard bell pattern and accompanying axatse part caption reference description: Standard bell pattern (top) with accompanying axatse part (bottom). The axatse begins on the second stroke (in parenthesis) content: Ewe drumming refers to the drumming ensembles of the Ewe people of Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The Ewe are known for their experience in drumming throughout West Africa. The sophisticated cross rhythms and polyrhythms in Ewe drumming are similar to those in Afro-Caribbean music and late jazz. The original purpose of Ewe drumming were sung or performed by warriors. Now the songs and performed to celebrate or for recreational use. For example, Agbadza was originally used as a warrior dance but is now used to celebrate events.

title: Bell pattern section title: Standard pattern hierarchical section title: Bell pattern / Sub-Saharan African music / Standard pattern caption reference description: Standard bell pattern (top) with accompanying axatse part (bottom). The axatse begins on the second stroke (in parenthesis) content: A bell pattern is a rhythmic pattern of striking a hand-held bell or other instrument of the idiophone family, to make it emit a sound at desired intervals. It is often a key pattern, in most cases it is a metal bell, such as an agogô, gankoqui, or cowbell, or a hollowed piece of wood, or wooden claves. In band music, bell patterns are also played on the metal shell of the timbales, and drum kit cymbals.


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title: Shangri-La Dialogue section title: Recent dialogues hierarchical section title: Shangri-La Dialogue / History / Recent dialogues caption reference description: Timothy J. Keating and Jerry Mateparae discussing mutual defense issues at the Shangri-La Dialogue in 2009 caption attribution description: English: U.S. Navy Adm. Timothy J. Keating, left, the commander of U.S. Pacific Command, and Chief of New Zealand Defense Force Army Lt. Gen. Jerry Mateparae discuss mutual defense issues May 29, 2009, during the 8th International Institute for Strategic Studies Shangri-La Dialogue in Singapore. The dialogue provides a forum for defense ministers, chiefs of staff and other senior security policymakers from the Asia-Pacific region to engage in open communication aimed at building confidence and fostering practical security cooperation. (DoD photo by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Elisia V. Gonzales, U.S. Navy/Released) Photographer's Name: MC2 Elisia Gonzales Location: unknown Date Shot: 5/29/2009 Date Posted: 5/29/2009 VIRIN: 090529-N-HP196-001 content: The IISS Asia Security Summit: The Shangri-La Dialogue is a "Track One" inter-governmental security forum held annually by an independent think tank, the International Institute for Strategic Studies which is attended by defense ministers, permanent heads of ministries and military chiefs of 28 Asia-Pacific states. The forum gets its name from the Shangri-La Hotel in Singapore where it has been held since 2002.
The summit serves to cultivate a sense of community among the most important policymakers in the defence and security community in the region. Government delegations have made the best out of the meeting by holding bilateral meetings with other delegations on the sidelines of the conference. While primarily an inter-governmental meeting, the summit is also attended by legislators, academic experts, distinguished journalists and business delegates.
The participants have included Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, East Timor, United Kingdom, United States and Vietnam.


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title: Khatt Shebib section title: Construction hierarchical section title: Khatt Shebib / History / Construction caption reference description: Artistic representation of a group of Bedouin men content: The Khatt Shebib is an ancient wall in Southern Jordan. The remains of the wall are 150 km long, making it the longest linear archaeological site in Jordan. The archaeological ruins were first identified by British diplomat Sir Alec Kirkbride in 1948. Ever since, a range of disciplines, including archaeologists, scientists and anthropologists, have studied the wall. The date of the Khatt Shebib's construction is still unknown, however, it has been widely debated by archaeologists. This is evident as some archaeologists argue that the wall was built in the Iron Age, whilst others argue it was constructed in the Nabataean period.
The Khatt Shebib was built and used by the semi-nomadic Bedouin people, whose livelihoods consisted of herding and farming in the harsh, arid environment of the Jordan desert. The Khatt Shebib was not used for military purposes rather the ancient wall served as a border. At the time of its construction, the wall was approximately no taller than a meter and a half high. Due to various threats to the integrity of the wall, including climatic issues and growing population pressures, the wall is significantly smaller.


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title: British Latin section title: Lowland zone hierarchical section title: British Latin / Extinction as a vernacular / Lowland zone caption reference description: Rubbing of a 6th-century stone inscription in Latin found in West Wales in 1895: "Monument of Voteporigis the Protector".[33] According to Thomas Charles-Edwards, the inscription provides "decisive evidence" of how long Vulgar Latin was spoken in this part of Britain.[34] caption attribution description: English: Monument stone of Vortiporius with Latin inscription content: British Latin or British Vulgar Latin was the Vulgar Latin spoken in Great Britain in the Roman and sub-Roman periods. While Britain formed part of the Roman Empire, Latin became the principal language of the elite, especially in the more Romanised south and east of the island. However, in the less Romanised north and west it never substantially replaced the Brittonic language of the indigenous Britons. In recent years, scholars have debated the extent to which British Latin was distinguishable from its continental counterparts, which developed into the Romance languages.
After the end of Roman rule, Latin was displaced as a spoken language by Old English in most of what became England during the Anglo-Saxon settlement of the fifth and sixth centuries. It survived in the remaining Celtic regions of western Britain and had died out by about 700, when it was replaced by the local Brittonic languages.

title: Vortiporius section title: Possible monument stone hierarchical section title: Vortiporius / Possible monument stone caption reference description: The Latin inscription on the 'Monument of Voteporigis the Protector', from a rubbing of the stone. caption attribution description: English: Monument stone of Vortiporius with Latin inscription content: Vortiporius or Vortipor was a king of Dyfed in the early to mid-6th century. He ruled over an area approximately corresponding to modern Pembrokeshire, Wales. Records from this era are scant, and virtually nothing is known of him or his kingdom. The only contemporary information about Vortiporius comes from the Welsh ecclesiastic Gildas, in a highly allegorical condemnation from his De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae. At the time the work was written, Gildas says that Vortiporius was king of Dyfed, that he was grey with age, that his wife had died, and that he had at least one daughter.
As a legendary king in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th-century treatment of the Matter of Britain, the Historia Regum Britanniae, Vortiporius was the successor of Aurelius Conanus and was succeeded by Malgo. He is not mentioned in the 9th-century Historia Brittonum attributed to Nennius. Vortiporius appears in the Irish genealogy given in the 8th-century work The Expulsion of the Déisi, in which his name is given as Gartbuir. The pedigree given in the Harleian MS. 5389, written c. 1100, is nearly identical, with his name given as Guortepir. In the Jesus College MS. 20, he is called Gwrdeber.


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title: Nai (pan flute) section title: Structure hierarchical section title: Nai (pan flute) / Structure caption reference description: Gheorghe Zamfir holding a nai caption attribution description: English: Gheorghe Zamfir, 10-th Crossroad Festival, Main Squere in Cracow, 2008 Polski: Gheorghe Zamfir, X Festiwal Rozstaje, Rynek Główny w Krakowie, 2008 content: The nai is a Romanian diatonic pan flute used since the 17th century and used in lăutari bands.


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title: Western Idaho Fair section title: Events hierarchical section title: Western Idaho Fair / Events caption reference description: A young girl takes care of dairy cattle. caption attribution description: English: Brown Swiss cows on straw, dairy cow exhibit at the 2009 Western Idaho Fair. content: The Western Idaho Fair is the one of the annual state fairs of Idaho. It has been held in the capital city of Boise virtually every late summer/early fall since 1897, and annually in the contiguous city of Garden City on the grounds of the Expo Idaho since 1967. It is usually held from the third Friday of August, until the fourth Sunday of August. The corresponding Eastern Idaho Fair is held in Blackfoot, Idaho.


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title: 1917 Canadian federal election hierarchical section title: 1917 Canadian federal election caption reference description: The Canadian parliament after the 1917 election caption attribution description: English: Canadian House of Commons composition in 1917. Each square represents one member. Français : Composition de la Chambre des communes du Canada en 1917. Chaque carré représente un député. content: The 1917 Canadian federal election was held on December 17, 1917, to elect members of the House of Commons of Canada of the 13th Parliament of Canada. Described by historian Michael Bliss as the "most bitter election in Canadian history", it was fought mainly over the issue of conscription. The election resulted in Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden's Unionist government elected with a strong majority and the largest percentage of the popular vote for any party in Canadian history.
The previous election had been held in 1911 and was won by Borden's Conservatives. Normally, there is a constitutional requirement that Parliament last no longer than five years, which would have resulted in an election in 1916. However, citing the emergency of the Great War, the Parliament of Canada approved a one-year extension, which was implemented by the British Parliament. The Borden government hoped that the delay would allow the formation of a coalition government, as existed in Britain.
Sir Wilfrid Laurier, head of the Liberal Party of Canada, refused to join the coalition over the issue of conscription, which was strongly opposed in the Liberal heartland of Quebec.

title: List of Canadian federal parliaments section title: Parliaments hierarchical section title: List of Canadian federal parliaments / Parliaments caption attribution description: English: Canadian House of Commons composition in 1917. Each square represents one member. Français : Composition de la Chambre des communes du Canada en 1917. Chaque carré représente un député. content: The Parliament of Canada is the legislative body of the Government of Canada. The Parliament is composed of the House of Commons, the Senate, and the Sovereign, represented by the Governor General. Most major legislation originates from the House, as it is the only body that is directly elected. A new parliament begins after an election of the House of Commons and can sit for up to five years. The number of seats in parliament has varied as new provinces joined the country and as population distribution between the provinces changed; there are currently 338 House MPs and 105 Senators.
Canada uses a Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister, even if he or she is not an elected member of parliament. The leader of the party with the second-most seats in the House becomes the Leader of the Official Opposition, and debate between the parties is presided over by the Speaker of the House. When the party with the most seats has less than half of the total number of seats, it forms a minority government, which can be voted out of power by the other parties.

title: 13th Canadian Parliament hierarchical section title: 13th Canadian Parliament caption reference description: The initial seat distribution of the 13th Canadian Parliament caption attribution description: English: Canadian House of Commons composition in 1917. Each square represents one member. Français : Composition de la Chambre des communes du Canada en 1917. Chaque carré représente un député. content: The 13th Canadian Parliament was in session from March 18, 1918, until October 4, 1921. The membership was set by the 1917 federal election on December 17, 1917, and it changed only somewhat due to resignations and by-elections until it was dissolved prior to the 1921 election.
It was controlled by a Unionist Party majority first under Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden and the 10th Canadian Ministry, and after July 10, 1920, by Prime Minister Arthur Meighen and the 11th Canadian Ministry. The Official Opposition was the Laurier Liberal Party, led first by Wilfrid Laurier, and then by Daniel McKenzie and William Lyon Mackenzie King consecutively.
The Speaker was Edgar Nelson Rhodes. See also List of Canadian electoral districts 1914-1924 for a list of the ridings in this parliament.
There were five sessions of the 13th Parliament; the third was opened by the Prince of Wales:


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title: Basketball (ball) section title: History hierarchical section title: Basketball (ball) / History caption reference description: A historic basketball. content: A basketball is a spherical ball used in basketball games. Basketballs usually range in size from very small promotional items only a few inches in diameter to extra large balls nearly 2 feet in diameter used in training exercises. For example, a youth basketball could be 27 inches in circumference, while a National Collegiate Athletic Association men's ball would be a maximum of 30 inches and an NCAA women's ball would be a maximum of 29 inches. The standard for a basketball in the National Basketball Association is 29.5 inches in circumference and for the Women's National Basketball Association, a maximum circumference of 29 inches. High school and junior leagues normally use NCAA, NBA or WNBA sized balls.
Aside from the court and the baskets, the basketball is the only piece of equipment necessary to play the game of basketball. During the game, the ball must be bounced continuously, thrown through the air to other players or thrown towards the basket. Therefore, the ball must be very durable and easy to hold on to.

title: Basketball section title: Creation hierarchical section title: Basketball / History / Creation caption reference description: Old style basketball with laces content: Basketball, colloquially referred to as hoops, is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball through the defender's hoop while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop. A field goal is worth two points, unless made from behind the three-point line, when it is worth three. After a foul, timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins, but if regulation play expires with the score tied, an additional period of play is mandated.
Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running or by passing it to a teammate, both of which require considerable skill. On offense, players may use a variety of shots—the lay-up, the jump shot, or a dunk; on defense, they may steal the ball from a dribbler, intercept passes, or block shots; either offense or defense may collect a rebound, that is, a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard.


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title: Criticism of the Space Shuttle program section title: Accidents hierarchical section title: Criticism of the Space Shuttle program / Accidents caption reference description: SRB O-ring "blow by" is what caused the Challenger accident caption attribution description: English: Camera E-207 shows a plume near the aft strut that attaches the right solid rocket booster (RSRB) to the external tank. Photo courtesy NASA Slovenčina: Štart raketoplánu Challenger STS-51-L. Kamera zaznamenala plameň šľahajúci z motora SRB content: Criticism of the Space Shuttle program stemmed from claims that NASA's Shuttle program failed to achieve its promised cost and utility goals, as well as design, cost, management, and safety issues. Fundamentally, it failed in the goal of reducing the cost of space access. Space Shuttle incremental per-pound launch costs ultimately turned out to be considerably higher than those of expendable launchers.
By 2011, the incremental cost per flight of the Space Shuttle was estimated at $450 million, or $18,000 per kilogram to low Earth orbit. By comparison, the comparable Proton launch vehicle is said to cost as little as $110 million, or around $5,000/kg to LEO, despite not being reusable.
When all design and maintenance costs are taken into account, the final cost of the Space Shuttle program, averaged over all missions and adjusted for inflation, was estimated to come out to $1.5 billion per launch, or $60,000/kg to LEO. This should be contrasted with the originally envisioned costs of $118 per pound of payload in 1972 dollars.
It failed in the goal of achieving reliable access to space, partly due to multi-year interruptions in launches following Shuttle failures.

title: Timeline of STS-51-L section title: Summary timeline hierarchical section title: Timeline of STS-51-L / Summary timeline caption reference description: Cameras capture the plume of flame on Challenger's right-hand SRB. caption attribution description: English: Camera E-207 shows a plume near the aft strut that attaches the right solid rocket booster (RSRB) to the external tank. Photo courtesy NASA Slovenčina: Štart raketoplánu Challenger STS-51-L. Kamera zaznamenala plameň šľahajúci z motora SRB content: STS-51-L Mission timeline is a detailed timeline of events from the ignition of Challenger's main engines to the remote destruction of the two solid rocket boosters, and includes a transcript of crew conversations from the cockpit voice recorder on board the orbiter.
STS-51-L was the twenty-fifth flight in the American Space Shuttle program, and marked the first time a civilian had flown aboard the Space Shuttle. The mission used Space Shuttle Challenger, which lifted off from launch pad 39B on January 28, 1986, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mission ended in disaster following the destruction of Challenger 73 seconds after lift-off, because of the failure of an O-ring seal on Challenger's right solid rocket booster, which led to the rapid disintegration of the shuttle stack from overwhelming aerodynamic pressures. The seven-member crew was killed when the crew compartment hit the Atlantic Ocean at 207 miles per hour, after two and a half minutes of freefall.


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title: Cheeseburger section title: Gallery hierarchical section title: Cheeseburger / Gallery caption attribution description: This is what the Quad Stacker from Burger King looks like before it is wrapped up to give to the customer. It gets 4 jr. meat patties, 4 slices of cheese, 8 pieces of bacon, and a special sauce that resembles 1,000 Island Dressing. content: A cheeseburger is a hamburger topped with cheese. Traditionally, the slice of cheese is placed on top of the meat patty, but the burger can include variations in structure, ingredients and composition. The cheese is usually added to the cooking hamburger patty shortly before serving, which allows the cheese to melt. As with other hamburgers, a cheeseburger may include toppings, such as lettuce, tomato, onion, pickles, bacon, mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard or other toppings.
In fast food restaurants, the cheese used is usually processed cheese, but any other meltable cheeses may be used. Common examples include cheddar, Swiss, mozzarella, blue Cheese, and pepper jack.


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title: Penns Valley section title: Demographics hierarchical section title: Penns Valley / Demographics caption reference description: 2010 Demographics caption attribution description: English: A map created through the US Census Beaureu of the Demographics of Gregg, Haines, Penn, Potter, and Miles Townships and Centre Hall and Millheim boroughs. U.S. Census Bureau; Census 2010, Summary File 1, Matrix P1; using American FactFinder; <http://factfinder2.census.gov>; (10 June 2012). content: Penns Valley is an eroded anticlinal valley of the Pennsylvania ridge and valley geologic region of the Appalachian Mountain range. The valley is located in southern Centre County, Pennsylvania. Along with the Nittany Valley to the north and east, it is part of the larger Nittany Anticlinorium. It is bordered by Nittany Mountain to the north, the Seven Mountains range to the south, and connects to the larger Nittany Valley to the west. There are two smaller subordinate valleys typically associated with the greater valley; Georges Valley in the south, separated by Egg Hill, and Brush Valley in the north, separated by Brush Mountain.


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title: LGM-25C Titan II section title: Launch history and development hierarchical section title: LGM-25C Titan II / Titan II missile / Launch history and development caption reference description: 1965 graph of Titan II launches (middle), cumulative by month with failures highlighted (pink) along with USAF SM-65 Atlas and NASA use of ICBM boosters for Projects Mercury and Gemini (blue). Apollo-Saturn history and projections shown as well. caption attribution description: English: A 1965 graph showing by month, the cumulative number of USAF ICBM and NASA launch vehicle flight tests, marking successes and failures, along with future scheduled launches planned by NASA. Launches of boosters with less than intercontinental range (ie, Redstone IRBMs) are not shown. Failures are highlighted in Pink. NASA use of Atlas and Titan ICBM boosters for Projects Mercury and Gemini is highlighted in Blue. The human spaceflight program was a highly visible means of demonstrating ICBM booster reliability, translating directly to national defense implications, during a period when the new developing technology had an extremely high failure rate. At the time of the first Mercury-Atlas orbital astronaut flight by John Glenn, more than 100 Atlas's had been launched with a track record of nearly half failures (48). Exactly half of the first 22 Titan missile launches failed (11). NASA acquired their boosters straight from the same manufacturing source that the Air Force procured their nuclear weapon boosters from, with the NASA rockets even being delivered with Air Force serial numbers. (See Serial Number list from 1958 and 1961/62 for Atlas and Titan procurement, respectively.) By the time of the NASA Gemini-Titan astronaut launches, reliability had been firmly established with an unbroken string of successful launches that carried through Apollo-Saturn dominance and the Moon landings (projected on this 1965 chart). content: The Titan II was an intercontinental ballistic missile and space launcher developed by the Glenn L. Martin Company from the earlier Titan I missile. Titan II was originally designed and used as an ICBM, but was later adapted as a medium-lift space launch vehicle to carry payloads to Earth orbit for the United States Air Force, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Those payloads included the USAF Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, NOAA weather satellites, and NASA's Gemini crewed space capsules. The modified Titan II SLVs were launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, up until 2003.

title: SM-65 Atlas section title: Atlas-A to -C launch history hierarchical section title: SM-65 Atlas / Atlas-A to -C launch history caption reference description: 1965 graph of Atlas launches, cumulative by month with failures highlighted (pink) along with USAF Titan II and NASA use of ICBM boosters for Projects Mercury and Gemini (blue). Apollo–Saturn history and projections shown as well. caption attribution description: English: A 1965 graph showing by month, the cumulative number of USAF ICBM and NASA launch vehicle flight tests, marking successes and failures, along with future scheduled launches planned by NASA. Launches of boosters with less than intercontinental range (ie, Redstone IRBMs) are not shown. Failures are highlighted in Pink. NASA use of Atlas and Titan ICBM boosters for Projects Mercury and Gemini is highlighted in Blue. The human spaceflight program was a highly visible means of demonstrating ICBM booster reliability, translating directly to national defense implications, during a period when the new developing technology had an extremely high failure rate. At the time of the first Mercury-Atlas orbital astronaut flight by John Glenn, more than 100 Atlas's had been launched with a track record of nearly half failures (48). Exactly half of the first 22 Titan missile launches failed (11). NASA acquired their boosters straight from the same manufacturing source that the Air Force procured their nuclear weapon boosters from, with the NASA rockets even being delivered with Air Force serial numbers. (See Serial Number list from 1958 and 1961/62 for Atlas and Titan procurement, respectively.) By the time of the NASA Gemini-Titan astronaut launches, reliability had been firmly established with an unbroken string of successful launches that carried through Apollo-Saturn dominance and the Moon landings (projected on this 1965 chart). content: The SM-65 Atlas was the first operational intercontinental ballistic missile developed by the United States and the first member of the Atlas rocket family. It was built for the U.S. Air Force by the Convair Division of General Dynamics at an assembly plant located in Kearny Mesa, San Diego. Atlas became operational in October 1959, but was soon made obsolete as an ICBM by new development, and was retired from this role by 1965.
Atlas required long preparation times which made it unsuitable for a quick launch ICBM. However, this was not a requirement for planned space launches, and so Atlas-derived launch vehicles served a long history as space launchers. Even before its ICBM use ended in 1965, Atlas had placed four Project Mercury astronauts in orbit and was becoming the foundation for a family of successful space launch vehicles, most notably Atlas Agena and Atlas Centaur. Mergers led to the acquisition of the Atlas Centaur line by the United Launch Alliance. Today ULA supports the larger Atlas V, which combines the Centaur upper stage with a new booster. Until 2001, many retired Atlas ICBMs were refurbished and combined with upper stages to launch satellites.

title: Intercontinental ballistic missile section title: Cold War hierarchical section title: Intercontinental ballistic missile / History / Cold War caption reference description: 1965 graph of USAF Atlas and Titan ICBM launches, cumulative by month with failures highlighted (pink), showing how NASA's use of ICBM boosters for Projects Mercury and Gemini (blue) served as a visible demonstration of reliability at a time when failure rates had been substantial. caption attribution description: English: A 1965 graph showing by month, the cumulative number of USAF ICBM and NASA launch vehicle flight tests, marking successes and failures, along with future scheduled launches planned by NASA. Launches of boosters with less than intercontinental range (ie, Redstone IRBMs) are not shown. Failures are highlighted in Pink. NASA use of Atlas and Titan ICBM boosters for Projects Mercury and Gemini is highlighted in Blue. The human spaceflight program was a highly visible means of demonstrating ICBM booster reliability, translating directly to national defense implications, during a period when the new developing technology had an extremely high failure rate. At the time of the first Mercury-Atlas orbital astronaut flight by John Glenn, more than 100 Atlas's had been launched with a track record of nearly half failures (48). Exactly half of the first 22 Titan missile launches failed (11). NASA acquired their boosters straight from the same manufacturing source that the Air Force procured their nuclear weapon boosters from, with the NASA rockets even being delivered with Air Force serial numbers. (See Serial Number list from 1958 and 1961/62 for Atlas and Titan procurement, respectively.) By the time of the NASA Gemini-Titan astronaut launches, reliability had been firmly established with an unbroken string of successful launches that carried through Apollo-Saturn dominance and the Moon landings (projected on this 1965 chart). content: An intercontinental ballistic missile is a guided ballistic missile with a minimum range of 5,500 kilometres primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery. Similarly, conventional, chemical, and biological weapons can also be delivered with varying effectiveness, but have never been deployed on ICBMs. Most modern designs support multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, allowing a single missile to carry several warheads, each of which can strike a different target. Russia, United States, China, France, India, United Kingdom, and North Korea are the only countries that have operational ICBMs.
Early ICBMs had limited precision, which made them suitable for use only against the largest targets, such as cities. They were seen as a "safe" basing option, one that would keep the deterrent force close to home where it would be difficult to attack. Attacks against military targets still demanded the use of a more precise, manned bomber. Second- and third-generation designs dramatically improved accuracy to the point where even the smallest point targets can be successfully attacked.


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title: Arbignieu hierarchical section title: Arbignieu caption reference description: coat of arms content: Arbignieu is a former commune in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Arboys-en-Bugey.
471 people lived in the commune. The inhabitants are the Arbignolans. The local economy is mostly based around agriculture and wine. The most important monuments in the commune are the Boule de Gargantua, a block of sandstone moved there by the giant Gargantua, the Peyzieu church and the ruins of the Château de Longecombe, a castle from the 12th century. Famous people from Arbignieu include Césaire Nivière, an agronomist from the 19th century.


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title: Evan Jenkins (politician) section title: 2016 hierarchical section title: Evan Jenkins (politician) / U.S. House of Representatives / 2016 caption reference description: Map showing the results of the 2016 election in West Virginia's third congressional district by county caption attribution description: English: Map showing the results of the 2016 election in West Virginia's third congressional district by County. content: Evan Hollin Jenkins is an American politician serving as Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia since 2018. He served as a U.S. Representative from West Virginia from 2015 to 2018. He is a Republican, having switched his party affiliation from Democratic in 2013.
Jenkins was a member of the West Virginia Senate from the 5th district, which contains Cabell County and a small portion of Wayne County. He served in both chambers of the West Virginia Legislature in Charleston over the course of 20 years, having been elected as a member of the House in 1994, and elected to the Senate in 2002. He gave up his seat to run in the 2014 congressional election, defeating incumbent Democrat Nick Rahall.
Jenkins was a candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2018, losing to West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey in the primary election.
On September 30, 2018, Jenkins resigned from Congress after having been appointed Justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia by West Virginia Governor Jim Justice.

title: 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia section title: Results hierarchical section title: 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia / District 3 / Republican primary / Results caption reference description: Map showing the results of the 2016 election in West Virginia's third congressional district by County. caption attribution description: English: Map showing the results of the 2016 election in West Virginia's third congressional district by County. content: The 2016 United States House of Representatives elections in West Virginia were held on November 8, 2016, to elect the three U.S. Representatives from the state of West Virginia, one from each of the state's three congressional districts. The elections coincided with the 2016 U.S. presidential election, as well as other elections to the House of Representatives, elections to the United States Senate and various state and local elections.
The primaries were held on May 10.


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title: SEPTA City Transit Division surface routes hierarchical section title: SEPTA City Transit Division surface routes caption reference description: SEPTA NovaBus LFSA #8648 waits at 12th & Vine Streets in Center City Philadelphia caption attribution description: English: A SEPTA Nova Bus content: The City Transit Division of the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority operates almost all of Philadelphia's public transit, including all 6 trolley, 3 trackless trolley and 70 bus lines within city limits. Some of the bordering municipalities are served by the City Transit division, despite not being part of the city. For example, Cheltenham Township has 13 city division routes and no Suburban Division ones. The City Transit division also operates the 400 Series routes which are designed to serve students attending schools in the city of Philadelphia.
The City Transit Division is broken down into seven districts and Contract Operations.

title: SEPTA section title: Buses hierarchical section title: SEPTA / Equipment / Buses caption reference description: A SEPTA Nova Bus caption attribution description: English: A SEPTA Nova Bus content: The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority is a regional public transportation authority that operates bus, rapid transit, commuter rail, light rail, and electric trolleybus services for nearly 4 million people in five counties in and around Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It also manages projects that maintain, replace and expand its infrastructure, facilities and vehicles.
SEPTA is the major transit provider for Philadelphia and the counties of Delaware, Montgomery, Bucks and Chester. It is a state-created authority, with the majority of its board appointed by the five Pennsylvania counties it serves. While several SEPTA commuter rail lines terminate in the nearby states of Delaware and New Jersey, additional service to Philadelphia from those states is provided by other agencies: the PATCO Speedline from Camden County, New Jersey is run by the Delaware River Port Authority, a bi-state agency; NJ Transit operates many bus lines and a commuter rail line to Philadelphia's Center City; and DART First State runs feeder bus lines to SEPTA stations in the state of Delaware.


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title: Duncan MacIntyre (New Zealand politician) section title: Member of Parliament hierarchical section title: Duncan MacIntyre (New Zealand politician) / Member of Parliament caption reference description: MacIntyre at Raukawa Marae in Ōtaki, 1971 caption attribution description: English: Duncan MacIntyre at Raukawa Marae, Otaki, 1971 caption alt text description: Duncan MacIntyre standing in the foregound at Raukawa Marae in Ōtaki 1971 at a gathering with rows of people sitting in the background and a carved post to one side. content: Brigadier Duncan MacIntyre CMG DSO OBE ED PC was a New Zealand politician of the National Party. He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1981 to 1984 under Prime Minister Robert Muldoon.


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title: Sunken lane hierarchical section title: Sunken lane caption reference description: A hollow way (chemin creux) at La Meauffe, Manche, France caption attribution description: Français : Chemin creux du coté de La Meauffe, témoin de la bataille des haies en 1944. content: A sunken lane is a road or track that is significantly lower than the land on either side, not formed by the engineering of a road cutting but possibly of much greater age.
Various mechanisms have been proposed for how holloways may have been formed, including erosion by water or traffic; the digging of embankments to assist with the herding of livestock; and the digging of double banks to mark the boundaries of estates. These mechanisms are all possible and could apply in different cases.

title: Types of road section title: Primitive roads hierarchical section title: Types of road / Types of roads / Lower capacity roads / Primitive roads caption reference description: Hollow way on the side of La Meauffe, witness of the battle of the hedges in 1944) caption attribution description: Français : Chemin creux du coté de La Meauffe, témoin de la bataille des haies en 1944. content: A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been surfaced or otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse. Roads have been adapted to a large range of structures and types in order to achieve a common goal of transportation under a large and wide range of conditions. The specific purpose, mode of transport, material and location of a road determine the characteristics it must have in order to maximize its usefulness. Following is one classification scheme.


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title: FIRST Robotics Competition section title: Gallery hierarchical section title: FIRST Robotics Competition / Gallery caption attribution description: A picture of the 2008 FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) regionals, located in Hawaii (at the Stan Sheriff center in the University of Hawaii). The robot on the left belongs to Team #2454 of Radford High School (winners of the regional along with two other FIRST FRC teams). content: The FIRST Robotics Competition is an international high school robotics competition. Each year, teams of high school students, coaches, and mentors work during a six-week period to build robots capable of competing in that year's game that weigh up to 125 pounds. Robots complete tasks such as scoring balls into goals, placing inner tubes onto racks, hanging on bars, and balancing robots on balance beams. The game, along with the required set of tasks, changes annually. While teams are given a kit of standard set of parts during the annual Kickoff, they are also allowed and are encouraged to buy or make specialized parts. The FIRST Robotics Competition is one of four robotics competition programs organized by FIRST, the other three being FIRST Lego League Explore, FIRST Lego League Challenge, and the FIRST Tech Challenge.
FIRST Robotics Competition has a unique culture that is built around two values. "Gracious Professionalism" embraces the competition inherent in the program, but rejects trash talk and chest-thumping, instead embracing empathy and respect for other teams. "Coopertition" emphasizes that teams can cooperate and compete at the same time.