Question: What are the official languages spoken in this city?

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title: Kazan content: Kazan Kazan (; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,243,500, it is the sixth most populous city in Russia. Kazan is one of the largest religious, economic, political, scientific, educational, cultural and sports centers in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia, about east from Moscow. The Kazan Kremlin is a World Heritage Site. The millennium of Kazan was celebrated in 2005. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital"

title: Kazan content: of Russia. In 2009 it was chosen as the "sports capital of Russia" and it still is referred to as such. In 2011, the European Weightlifting Championships were held here. The city hosted the 2013 Summer Universiade, 2014 World Fencing Championships, the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and is one of the host cities for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and, for the first time in Russia, the official stage of the Red Bull Air Race World Championship under the auspices of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Kazan has also held the World Wushu Championships. In 2018, Kazan became one of

title: Kazan content: the cities where the 2018 FIFA World Cup was held. In 2015, 2.1 million tourists visited Kazan, a 20% increase in comparison with 2014. In 2015 1.5 million tourists visited the Kazan Kremlin, and one million visited the city's hotel and entertainment complex with an aquapark called "Kazan Riviera". The origin of the name Kazan is uncertain. The most accepted legends derive it from the Bulgar (and also modern Tatar) word "qazan", which means 'boiler' or 'cauldron'. Most often appeal to the version of the boiling boiler: the sorcerer advised the Bulgars to build a city where without any fire

title: Kazan content: will boil dug into the ground boiler with water. As a result, a similar place was found on the shore of lake Kaban. One legend claims that the city was named after the river Kazanka, which was named after the son of a Bulgar governor dropped a copper cauldron into it. Other local legends, including research by the Tatar scholar Shigabetdin Marjani, claim that the city was named for the resemblance of the hill on which it sits to an upturned cauldron. Qazan/Kazan was a choice name for the male Turkic/Mongol royalty, most notably that of the Ilkhanid Mongol king,

title: Kazan content: Qazan Khan. It is likely that the city was named after a Mongol/Turkic khan by that name when the city was founded or soon after. According to the official version adopted today, the city was founded more than 1000 years ago. The estimated date of the urban settlement on the site of Kazan is 1004-1005 years. The reason for this dating is found during excavations in the Kazan Kremlin Czech coin, dated by the Board of St. Wenceslaus (presumably, coinage 929-930 years) and the earliest Czech coin, the remains of masonry and wooden city fence, handicrafts and utensils (Hungarian type

title: Kazan content: lining, women's beads, etc.), as well as other artifacts with less obvious dating. According to official statements, experts from 20 cities of Russia and 22 countries of the world were involved in the study of findings related to the age of Kazan. Kazan was a border post between Volga Bulgaria and two Finnish tribes-Mari and Udmurt. Another vexatious question is where the citadel was built originally. Archaeological explorations have produced evidence of urban settlement in three parts of the modern city: in the Kremlin; in Bişbalta at the site of the modern Zilantaw monastery; and near the Qaban lake. The

title: Kazan content: oldest of these seems to be the Kremlin. After the Mongols ravaged the Bolğar and Bilär territories in the 13th century, the surviving Bulgars recovered in numbers and a small number of Kipchaks were assimilated from which they adopted their language (the so-called Bulgarism), or Kipchaks and Bulgars mixed to create a modern Kazan-Tatar population. Some Tatars also went to Lithuania, brought by Vytautas the great. Kazan became the center of the Principality, which was dependent on The Golden Horde. In the XIII—XIV centuries, Kazan was growing, becoming an important trade and political center within The Golden Horde. The growth

title: Kazan content: of the city was also promoted by the successful geographical location at the intersection of major trade routes connecting East and West. During the same period, the minting of currency began with the indication of the place of minting—"Bulgar al-Jadid", that is, a New Bulgar. In 1438, the Bulgar fortress Kazan (ISKE-Kazan) was captured by the ousted Golden Horde Khan Ulugh Muhammad, who killed the local Prince Swan and moved the fortress to a modern place (according to Russian Chronicles). The city became the capital of the Kazan Khanate. The city Bazaar, Taş Ayaq (stone foot) has become the most

title: Kazan content: important shopping center in the region, especially for furniture. Handicraft production also flourished, as the city gained a reputation for its leather and gold products, as well as the wealth of its palaces and mosques. Kazan had trade relations with Moscow, Crimea, Turkey and other regions. As a result of the Siege of Kazan in 1552, Tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered the city and massacred the majority of the population. During the subsequent governorship of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky, most of the Kazan's Tatar residents were forcibly Christianized or deported, the Kerashen Tatars. Mosques and palaces were ruined. The surviving Tatar population

title: Kazan content: was moved to a place away from the city and this place was forcibly settled by Russian farmers and soldiers. Tatars in the Russian service were settled in the Tatar Bistäse settlement near the city's wall. Later Tatar merchants and handicraft masters also settled there. During this period, Kazan was largely destroyed as a result of several great fires. After one of them in 1579, the icon "Our Lady of Kazan" was discovered in the city. In the early 17th century, at the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Tsardom of Kazan declared independence under the leadership

title: Kazan content: of voyvoda Nikanor Shulgin with the help of the Russian population, but this independence was suppressed by Kuzma Minin in 1612. In 1708, the Tsardom of Kazan was abolished, and Kazan became the seat of Kazan Governorate. After Peter the Great's visit, the city became a center of shipbuilding for the Caspian fleet. The major Russian poet Gavrila Derzhavin was born in Kazan in 1743, the son of a poor country squire of Tatar ancestry though himself having a thoroughly Russian identity. Before the building of modern dams, low-lying areas were regularly flooded in April and May. Kazan suffered major

title: Kazan content: fires in 1595, 1672, 1694, 1742, 1749, 1757 1744, 1815 and 1842. Kazan was largely destroyed in 1774 as a result of the Pugachev revolt (1774–1776), an uprising by border troops and peasants led by the Don Cossack ataman (Captain) Yemelyan Pugachev, but the city, formerly largely of timber construction, was soon afterwards rebuilt, using stone and according to a grid pattern plan, during the reign of Catherine the Great. Catherine also decreed that mosques could again be built in Kazan, the first being Marjani Mosque. At the beginning of the 19th century Kazan State University and printing press were

title: Kazan content: founded by Alexander I. It became an important center for Oriental Studies in Russia. The Qur'an was first printed in Kazan in 1801. Kazan became an industrial center and peasants migrated there to join its industrial workforce. In 1875, a horse tramway appeared; 1899 saw the installation of a tramway. After the Russian Revolution of 1905, Tatars were allowed to revive Kazan as a Tatar cultural center. The first Tatar theater and the first Tatar newspaper appeared. In 1917, Kazan became one of the revolution centers. In 1918, Kazan was the capital of the Idel-Ural State, which was suppressed by

title: Kazan content: the Bolshevist government. In the Kazan Operation of August 1918, it was briefly occupied by Czechoslovak Legions. In 1920, Kazan became the center of Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the 1920s and 1930s, most of the city's mosques and churches were destroyed, as occurred elsewhere in the USSR. After the Treaty of Rapallo (1922) until 1933, the German and the Russian army operated together the Kama tank school in Kazan. During World War II, many industrial plants and factories to the west were relocated in Kazan, making the city a center of the military industry, producing tanks and planes.

title: Kazan content: After the war Kazan consolidated as an industrial and scientific center. In 1979, the city's population reached one million. In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan again became the center of Tatar culture and identity, and separatist tendencies intensified. With the return of capitalism, Kazan became one of the most important centers of the Russian Federation. The city went from 10th to 8th position in population ranking of Russian cities. In the early 2000s, the city earned the right to host both the 2013 Summer Universiade and 2018 FIFA World Cup.

title: Kazan content: Since 2000, the city has been undergoing a total renovation. The historical center—including the Kremlin—has been rebuilt, however a large number of the city's historical districts were completely demolished in the renovation. Kazan celebrated its millennium in 2005, after a city-organized historical commission settled on 1005 as the official year of the city's founding. During the millennium celebrations, one of the largest mosque in Russia, Qolsharif, was dedicated in the Kazan Kremlin, the holiest copy of Our Lady of Kazan was returned to the city, the Millennium Bridge was inaugurated that year, and the Kazan Metro began operation. The government

title: Kazan content: of the Russian Federation released the Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan". In 2010, for the preparations to the 2013 Universiade, Kazan began even more renovation by modernizing its airport, fixing the streets, enhancing public transport, and adopting Russian, English, and Tatar languages in all transportation, large stores, and shopping centers. The historical symbol of Kazan is the mythical dragon-like creature Zilant, often mentioned in legends. For example, when numerous snakes and reptiles severely hampered the development of the city, the hunters went in search of the King of snakes and defeated him, according to another version,

title: Kazan content: the residents of the city bought off the giant snake with gold, after which all the snakes left the city. Another legend says that the giant dragon-like serpent always guarded the Khan's treasures, and that it still protects the hidden wealth before the capture of the city in the secret caves. Historically, it is true that snakes were once numerous in the Kazan region, but then their number has decreased dramatically. The first official coat of arms of Kazan was approved on 18 October 1781 and was described as "black snake under the crown of gold, Kazan, red wings, white

title: Kazan content: wealth, the crown-development, and the cap above the shield-the capital of the city. Kazan is the capital of the republic. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of republic significance of Kazan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Kazan is incorporated as Kazan Urban Okrug. Kazan is divided into seven districts: Kazan is one of the largest industrial and financial centers of Russia, and a leading city of the Volga economic region in construction and accumulated investment. City's Gross Regional

title: Kazan content: Product had reached 380 billion rubles in 2011. Total banking capital of Kazan banks is third in Russia. The main industries of the city are: mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical, light and food industries. An innovative economy is represented by the largest IT-park in Russia which is one of the largest of its kind among Eastern Europe science parks. Kazan ranks 174th (highest in Russia) in Mercer’s Worldwide Quality of Living Survey. In 2011, city organisations and businesses attracted more than 87 billion rubles for economy and social sphere development. This was 44% more than in 2010. In 2014, businesses attracted

title: Kazan content: 86 billion rubles. Most of them have been implemented in the real economy sector. Because of the unstable economic situation within the country, there was a decrease of investment rates in 2015 and—according to the statistics of the first part of the year—it composed 51684.2 million rubles. There are head offices of six companies that are in the top 500 in terms of revenues in Russia. The total area of city business centres is 330 thousand square metres. Innovative economy in Kazan is represented by the biggest IT-park in Russia and also the biggest technical park in Europe. The only

title: Kazan content: online platform for governmental trade except the Moscow one is operated in Kazan. During the post-Soviet period Kazan was the leader in terms of house construction in the Volga region, and now it holds the position and implements the Republican program of liquidation of dilapidated housing which was unique for Russia. According to "Forbes", Kazan was ranked 15th among the "Best cities for business in Russia" of 2010. In 2012, Kazan ranked 6th in the quality of city environment rating, which was made by the Russian Federation Ministry of Regional Development, Russian Alliance of Engineers, Federal Construction Agency, Federal Service

title: Kazan content: of Supervision of Consumer Protection and Welfare and Moscow Federal University. On 1 July 2013, the Veli'k bicycle sharing system was launched in Kazan. The system includes seven self-service bicycle docking stations, and a total of 100 bikes, distributed throughout the centre of Kazan, near the most popular city destinations. The service is open to everyone from 16 years of age. To access the service, riders have to complete a simple sign-up procedure at www.Veli-k.ru, and buy a subscription for a suitable period of time. The first 30 minutes of every journey is free of charge. After the first half-hour,

title: Kazan content: a service charge applies. Travel cards that work within the metropolitan area reduce the cost of travel to 15 rub on trolley buses and buses, and offer considerable discounts on the metro line. These travel cards can be purchased from the post office. The was totally renovated in 2007. 91 routes have an aggregate length of . All 1,444 buses are colored red, as in London. A single trip costs 25 rub. Unlike in most Western cities, public bus routes are not municipal, but are operated by private companies. Half of the buses are imported, produced by Golden Dragon, Higer,

title: Kazan content: MAZ, Yutong, and Hyundai. Other buses are mostly Russian made NefAZ. The system was founded in 1899. Six routes use of tracks and 197 tramcars. All trams are dark red. A single trip costs 25 rub. Rolling stock: LM-99, 71-608, 71-605. The electric bus system was founded in 1948. of lines are used for 14 routes. All trolleybuses are green Single trip costs 25 rub. Vehicles: ZIU-682, Trolza-5275-05 "Optima", VMZ-5298.01-50 "Avangard". A single-line Kazan Metro (running north to south-east), opened on 27 August 2005, the first and only metro system built in a post-soviet state after the collapse of the

title: Kazan content: and commuter boats. Pneumocushion boats are used in winter. Daily passenger turnover reaches six thousand. There are federal highway connections to Moscow and Ufa (E-22), Orenburg (R-239), Ul'yanovsk (R-241) and Igra (R-242). There are also the R-175 federal highway and "Northern Europe – Western China" (in construction) route near the city. There are five bridges across the Kazanka (Qazansu) river in the city, and one bridge connecting Kazan with the opposite bank of the Volga. There are two bus stations in Kazan—Central and Southern. Bus routes connect Kazan with all districts of Tatarstan, Samara, Ufa, Tolyatti, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, Sterlitamak,

title: Kazan content: Buzuluk, Baki, and Aktobe. It is planned to build new stations in the East, West and North districts instead of Central for relieving city centre. Kazan International Airport is located from the city center. It is a hub for Tatarstan Airlines and Kazan Air Enterprise and hosts eleven air companies. The airport is connected with the city by bus route #97 and by a suburban train line. There is also the Kazan Borisoglebskoye airfield, home to Kazan Aircraft Production Association, a major aircraft factory, famous in the past as "Aircraft Plant 22" ("22nd Zavod"). Adjacent to it lies a huge

title: Kazan content: aircraft engines plant ("16th Zavod"). It produces versions of Tupolev 204 and 214 aircraft. In the past an Ilyushin-62, four-engine Russian mainliner, Tupolev-160 "Black Jack" supersonic strategic bomber and Tu-22M tactic bomber were also produced here. Both these plants and adjacent workers' housing make a whole city district known as "Aviastroitelny" ("Aircraft Builders"). Population: Kazan metropolitan area's population is 1.65 million. The city's population consists mostly of ethnic Tatars (48.3%) and ethnic Russians (47.9%). The other ethnicities are Chuvash, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis, Vietnamese, and Jews. Predominant faiths of Kazan city are Sunni Islam and Orthodox Christianity, with Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism

title: Kazan content: and the Bahá'í Faith also represented. The Tatar language is widely spoken in the city mainly by Tatars. Russian language is also widely spoken, mainly by Russians. Kazan has a humid continental climate (Köppen: "Dfb") with long, cold winters (colder than Moscow), and warm, often dry summers. As a result of its far inland position, summers are extremely warm for its latitude and winters are quite cold compared to areas further west in Europe. The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near , and the coldest month is January, with a daily mean of . The city set

title: Kazan content: its two hottest days on record during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Temperatures reached in the hottest days during that time. The city has a citadel (Russian: кремль, tr. kreml', or sometimes Tatar: "kirman"), which was declared a World Heritage Site in 2000. Major monuments in the Kremlin are the five-domed, six-columned Annunciation Cathedral (1561–62) and the mysterious, formerly leaning Söyembikä Tower, named after the last queen of Kazan and regarded as the city's most conspicuous landmark. Also of interest are the towers and walls, erected in the 16th and 17th centuries but later reconstructed; the Qol-Şarif Mosque,

title: Kazan content: which has been rebuilt inside the citadel; remains of the Saviour Monastery (a 16th-century cathedral demolished by the Bolsheviks) with the Spasskaya Tower; and the Governor's House (1843–53), designed by Konstantin Thon, now the Palace of the President of Tatarstan. Next door, the ornate baroque Sts-Peter-and-Paul's Cathedral on Qawi Nacmi Street and Marcani Mosque on Qayum Nasiri Street date back to the 18th century. The Spasskaya Tower was built in two floors by 16th century Pskov architects Ivan Shiryai and Postnik Yakovlev. From the inside, the northern side of the fortress to the Spasskaya Tower adjoined the gate to Spasskaya

title: Kazan content: Church, which has now merged with the tower. The typical Pskovian architectural elements of the facade face the main street of the Kremlin. At the end of the 17th century, instead of three tiers, the tower was built with two brick eight-sided tiers with a brick roof, getting its present, familiar appearance. Until 1917, the tower was crowned with the double-headed coat of arms of the Russian state. In the 18th century, a ringing clock was installed in the upper tier, and even earlier a large bell was moved from a small belfry (now lost, located on the castle wall

title: Kazan content: on the left side of the tower). Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a moat with a stone bridge in front of the tower. The South-Western Tower was built simultaneously with the Spasskaya tower by Pskov masters and is a classic example of the Pskov style of defensive structures. The name of the Transfiguration Tower comes from the Transfiguration Monastery of the Savior, which was fenced from the north-west. The tower was also built by Pskov architects Postnik and Barma, but it was significantly rebuilt later, as it has strong traces of the architectural influence of the

title: Kazan content: Nur Ali (in Russian transcription Muraleeva). The 22-year-old Tsar Ivan the Terrible entered the conquered city through the Nur Ali tower. The North-Eastern Round Tower was demolished after the Pugachev's assault. The Consistor Tower was built in brick by Moscow architects in the 17th century, its name was given in the 18th century from the Spiritual Consistory located near the tower in the Kremlin. Near the tower, archaeological excavations revealed the so-called Tezitsky (Arabic for "merchant") Moat, which went from the Consistor Tower to the Transfiguration. Archaeologist N. Kalinin and a number of scientists believed that the moat was the

title: Kazan content: southern border of the Khan's fortress. The Southeast Round Tower is an example of Pskov architecture of the 16th century. Central Kazan is divided into two districts by the Bolaq canal and Lake Qaban. The first district (Qazan Bistäse or Kazanskiy Posad), historically Russian, is situated on the hill, the second (İske Tatar Bistäse or Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda), historically Tatar, is situated between the Bolaq and the Volga. Mosques, such as "Nurullah", "Soltan", "Bornay", "Apanay", "Äcem", "Märcani", "İske Taş", "Zäñgär" are in the Tatar district. Churches, such as "Blagoveschenskaya", "Varvarinskaya", "Nikol'skaya", "Tikhvinskaya", are mostly in the Russian part of the city.

title: Kazan content: The main city-centre streets are "Bauman", "Kremlyovskaya", "Dzerzhinsky", "Tuqay", "Puşkin", "Butlerov", "Gorkiy", "Karl Marx" and "Märcani". An old legend says that in 1552, before the Russian invasion, wealthy Tatars ("baylar") hid gold and silver in Lake Qaban. In the beginning of the 1900s most of Central Kazan was covered by wooden buildings, usually consisting of two floors. There was a historical environment of Kazan citizens, but not the best place to live in. During the Republican program "The liquidation of ramshackle apartments" most of them (unlike other Russian cities), especially in Central Kazan, where the land is not cheap, were

title: Kazan content: destroyed and their population was moved to new areas at the suburb of the city (Azino, Azino-2, Quartal 39). Nearly 100,000 citizens resettled by this programme. Another significant building in central Kazan is the former "Smolentzev and Shmelev" tea house and hotel, now the Shalyapin Palace Hotel. It is located at 7/80 Universitetskaya Street, at the corner of Universitetskaya and Bauman. A major landmark of late-19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, it consists of two portions. The original portion, built for a merchant named Usmanov in the 1860s, was bought by the inter-related families of Efim Smolentzev and Pavel and

title: Kazan content: Nikolai Shmelev in 1899. They operated a store selling, among other things, tea. In 1910, the Smolentevs and Shmelevs constructed another portion, designed by architect Vasili Trifonov, and operated a hotel there. After the Russian Revolution, the building eventually became the Hotel Soviet and after 2000 it was heavily renovated to reopen as the Shalyapin Palace Hotel. Primary and secondary education system of Kazan includes: There are also 49 music schools, 43 sports school, and 10 fine-arts schools, including the Kazan Art School founded in 1895. There are 44 institutes of higher education in Kazan, including 19 branches of universities

title: Kazan content: from other cities. More than 140,000 students are educated in the city. Kazan Federal University (founded in 1804) is third oldest university in Russia after Saint Petersburg State University (1724) and Moscow State University (1755). In 2009 KFU got Federal status as main university of Volga Region. Some other prominent universities are: Kazan is a major scientific centre in Russia. Kazan formed a big number of scientific areas and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). Scientific discoveries are a subject of special pride, including: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (Nikolai Lobachevsky), the discovery of the chemical element ruthenium

title: Kazan content: (Karl Ernst Claus), the theory about the structure of organic compounds (Aleksandr Butlerov), the discovery of the electron paramagnetic resonance (Yevgeny Zavoisky) and acoustic paramagnetic resonance (Altshuler) and many others. The city hosts: 1814 year is considered to be an official year of the beginning of scientific medicine in Kazan. Exactly at that time University Hospital was open. In 1930 Faculty of Medicine is separated from the Kazan Federal University and holds a lot of specialized hospitals under its patronage. Nowadays Kazan becomes the largest public health center in Russia. 120 medical organisations are operated in the city. Kazan Interregional

title: Kazan content: clinical-diagnostic center is the largest in Volga region in cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The largest hospital in Kazan is Republican Clinical Hospital. Kazan City Duma is a representative body of the city, elected every four years and holds its sessions in Kazan City Hall. Executive committee is a municipal body of the executive organs . The committee's head is Denis Kalinkin. Kazan hosts Tatarstan President's residence and administration (in Kremlin), Tatarstan's Cabinet of Ministers and Council of State (on Freedom square). Agency works 84 post offices belonging to the branch of "Russian Post", UFPS "Tatarstan pochtasy". The official opening of

title: Kazan content: the Kazan city telephone network took place on 27 (15) November 1888. At the moment, there are four operators of wired telephone in Kazan. The total capacity of the telephone network in Kazan is about 456,000 numbers. Services of IP-telephony operators in addition to the basic wired connection is also supported by the five companies. The city has six mobile operators (Beeline, MegaFon, MTS, Tele2 Russia, Letai, Yota, and also operates virtual mobile operator "Mobile public communication"). By the number of Internet users—428 thousand people—Kazan takes the 4th place in Russia. According to the General Director of Google Russia Vladimir

title: Kazan content: Dolgov, Kazan is the largest center of information technology development, the level of Internet penetration is 75%, which is a record figure for Russia. Access to the world wide web in Kazan is provided by 15 operators. The most popular forms of Internet access are cable networks and ADSL. Previously popular Dial-up has almost lost its position, at the same time actively developing wireless technology Wi-Fi and Wi-Max. Scartel launched the first LTE network in Russia. On 30 August 2012 in Kazan, IT Park was held a launch ceremonyfor the fourth generation network (4G, LTE). LTE network in Kazan was

title: Kazan content: launched by three operators - Scartel LLC (Yota trademark), MegaFon OJSC and MTS OJSC. On 27 June 2014, the LTE network of mobile operator Fly was launched. Kazan now is one of the most developed cities in Russia in terms of sport. The city has hosted two Bandy World Championships, in 2005 and 2011, the World Summer Universiade 2013, the World Championship in fencing in 2014, the Aquatics Championship FINA 2015, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and other international competitions of various levels. In the future the city will hold the 2018 FIFA World Cup. The city of Kazan is a

title: Kazan content: leader in terms of winnings in various sports including its most popular sports teams. Men's teams: Kazan is actively engaged in international activities. The city has foreign diplomatic, trade and cultural representations, the Kazan Kremlin and the Institute of culture of peace are under the auspices of UNESCO, the city participates in partner movements, is a member of the world organizations of cities. The summit of the CIS heads, the Summit of the world security services and other important forums, conferences and events of the world level were held in Kazan. The head of China, the us Secretary of state,

Answer: Russian

Answer: Tatar

Answer: Russian

Answer: Russian language

Answer: Qazan Tatar language

Answer: ru

Answer: Tatar

Answer: Tartarian

Answer: Tatar language

Answer: Kazan Tatar language

Answer: tt


Question: Which continent does this city belong to?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

title: Kazan content: Kazan Kazan (; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1,243,500, it is the sixth most populous city in Russia. Kazan is one of the largest religious, economic, political, scientific, educational, cultural and sports centers in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia, about east from Moscow. The Kazan Kremlin is a World Heritage Site. The millennium of Kazan was celebrated in 2005. In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital"

title: Kazan content: of Russia. In 2009 it was chosen as the "sports capital of Russia" and it still is referred to as such. In 2011, the European Weightlifting Championships were held here. The city hosted the 2013 Summer Universiade, 2014 World Fencing Championships, the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and is one of the host cities for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and, for the first time in Russia, the official stage of the Red Bull Air Race World Championship under the auspices of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Kazan has also held the World Wushu Championships. In 2018, Kazan became one of

title: Kazan content: Product had reached 380 billion rubles in 2011. Total banking capital of Kazan banks is third in Russia. The main industries of the city are: mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical, light and food industries. An innovative economy is represented by the largest IT-park in Russia which is one of the largest of its kind among Eastern Europe science parks. Kazan ranks 174th (highest in Russia) in Mercer’s Worldwide Quality of Living Survey. In 2011, city organisations and businesses attracted more than 87 billion rubles for economy and social sphere development. This was 44% more than in 2010. In 2014, businesses attracted

title: Kazan content: 86 billion rubles. Most of them have been implemented in the real economy sector. Because of the unstable economic situation within the country, there was a decrease of investment rates in 2015 and—according to the statistics of the first part of the year—it composed 51684.2 million rubles. There are head offices of six companies that are in the top 500 in terms of revenues in Russia. The total area of city business centres is 330 thousand square metres. Innovative economy in Kazan is represented by the biggest IT-park in Russia and also the biggest technical park in Europe. The only

title: Kazan content: and commuter boats. Pneumocushion boats are used in winter. Daily passenger turnover reaches six thousand. There are federal highway connections to Moscow and Ufa (E-22), Orenburg (R-239), Ul'yanovsk (R-241) and Igra (R-242). There are also the R-175 federal highway and "Northern Europe – Western China" (in construction) route near the city. There are five bridges across the Kazanka (Qazansu) river in the city, and one bridge connecting Kazan with the opposite bank of the Volga. There are two bus stations in Kazan—Central and Southern. Bus routes connect Kazan with all districts of Tatarstan, Samara, Ufa, Tolyatti, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, Sterlitamak,

title: Kazan content: and the Bahá'í Faith also represented. The Tatar language is widely spoken in the city mainly by Tatars. Russian language is also widely spoken, mainly by Russians. Kazan has a humid continental climate (Köppen: "Dfb") with long, cold winters (colder than Moscow), and warm, often dry summers. As a result of its far inland position, summers are extremely warm for its latitude and winters are quite cold compared to areas further west in Europe. The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near , and the coldest month is January, with a daily mean of . The city set

Answer: Europe

Answer: European continent

Answer: Europe

Answer: Old Continent


Question: What is this organization named after?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

title: Boeing content: Boeing The Boeing Company () is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and missiles worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support services. Boeing is among the largest global aircraft manufacturers; it is the fifth-largest defense contractor in the world based on 2017 revenue, and is the largest exporter in the United States by dollar value. Boeing stock is included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Boeing was founded by William Boeing on July 15, 1916, in Seattle, Washington. The present corporation is the result of merger of Boeing with McDonnell Douglas

title: Boeing content: on the "Fortune" magazine "Fortune 500" list (2018), ranked 64th on the "Fortune Global 500" list (2018), and ranked 25th on the "World's Most Admired Companies" list (2018). In March 1910, William E. Boeing bought Heath's shipyard in Seattle on the Duwamish River, which later became his first airplane factory. Boeing was incorporated in Seattle by William Boeing, on July 15, 1916, as "Pacific Aero Products Co". Boeing was later incorporated in Delaware; the original Certificate of Incorporation was filed with the Secretary of State of Delaware on July 19, 1934. Boeing, who studied at Yale University, worked initially in

title: Boeing content: Boeing retained the Stearman facilities in Wichita, Kansas. Following the breakup of United Aircraft, William Boeing sold off his shares and left Boeing. Clairmont "Claire" L. Egtvedt, who had become Boeing's president in 1933, became the chairman as well. He believed the company's future was in building bigger planes. Work began in 1936 on Boeing Plant 2 to accommodate the production of larger modern aircraft. From 1934 to 1937, Boeing was developing an experimental long range bomber, the XB-15. At its introduction in 1937 it was the largest heavier-than-air craft built to date. Trials revealed that its speed was unsatisfactory,

Answer: William Boeing

Answer: William Edward Boeing

Answer: Bill Boeing

Answer: William Boeing

Answer: William E. Boeing


Question: Which location has this animal invaded?

Instruction: Utilizing the given image, obtain documents that respond to the following question:

title: "Wild boar" content: respectively. It has a long history of association with humans, having been the ancestor of most domestic pig breeds and a big-game animal for millennia. Boars have also re-hybridized in recent decades with feral pigs; these boar–pig hybrids have become a serious pest animal in Australia, Canada, and the United States. As true wild boars became extinct in Great Britain before the development of Modern English, the same terms are often used for both true wild boar and pigs, especially large or semi-wild ones. The English 'boar' stems from the Old English , which is thought to be derived from

Answer: Australia

Answer: Australia

Answer: Australinea

Answer: Australia (continent)

Answer: Sahul

Answer: Meganesia


Question: Which city or region does this diocese locate in?

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title: "Shrine Mont" content: Shrine Mont Shrine Mont is a retreat and conference center owned by the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia in the town of Orkney Springs, Virginia which is located at the foot of Great North Mountain in the Shenandoah Valley and at the edge of the George Washington National Forest. It includes about 1,100 acres of forest. The church at Shrine Mont is the Cathedral Shrine of the Transfiguration, an open-air sanctuary consecrated in 1925. Each of its stones was pulled by horse or rolled by local people from the mountain that embraces it. The baptismal font was originally a dugout stone

title: "Shrine Mont" content: used by Indians to grind corn. It also includes The Virginia House (formerly known as the Orkney Springs Hotel) which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and was purchased by Shrine Mont in 1979. With its white clapboard structure and tall, green-shuttered windows, The Virginia House is four stories high. The 96,000 square-foot structure was built in 1873 and restored in 1987. A short distance from Shrine Mont are seven springs where discovered relics indicate an Indian settlement was once located. The spring waters were said to have healing powers and visitors started to come to the

title: "Shrine Mont" content: area in the mid 1800s. Several hotels were built including the Orkney Springs Hotel which was started in the 1850s. In the late 1800s, Episcopal church services were held in the hotel, often by the Sixth Bishop of Virginia, Robert Atkinson Gibson. In 1902, the Bishop purchased a cottage called Tanglewood for his summer residence and soon decided to establish year-round worship at Orkney Springs. Bishop Gibson died in 1919 and shortly after his death the Shrine of the Transfiguration was built on part of what had been his land and next to it, the Shelter Chapel. Eventually Tanglewood, with

title: "Shrine Mont" content: all its buildings, became the heart of Shrine Mont. The Shrine was built by his son-in-law, the Rev. Edmund Lee Woodward. He and his wife purchased land at Orkney Springs and spent their vacations there each year. He cut down 100 trees to clear the area and built a log cabin (named Gibson Cottage), which was finished in 1928 when they took up permanent residence. The Shrine was built from 1924 to 1925 in the space of a natural amphitheater. It includes a bell tower, a sacristy, a shrine crossing, choir and clergy stalls, a pulpit, a font and a

title: "Shrine Mont" content: lectern. At the consecration in 1925, a Deed of Donation was presented by the Woodwards which conveyed the land on which the cabin and shrine were built to the Diocese of Virginia. Henry St. George Tucker (bishop) then appointed Woodward rector of the shrine for life or until he resigned. In 1928, after Woodward took up permanent residence, he planned a retreat which could accommodate 120 guests. Bishop Tucker approved the plan provided that it was not included in the diocesan budget. Woodward would construct various buildings and a swimming pool. He also purchased houses and buildings built by others

title: "Shrine Mont" content: improved and renovated the entire property, adding new facilities and increasing the number of people attending, and thus broadening the scope of its operation. Shrine Mont Shrine Mont is a retreat and conference center owned by the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia in the town of Orkney Springs, Virginia which is located at the foot of Great North Mountain in the Shenandoah Valley and at the edge of the George Washington National Forest. It includes about 1,100 acres of forest. The church at Shrine Mont is the Cathedral Shrine of the Transfiguration, an open-air sanctuary consecrated in 1925. Each of its

Answer: Virginia

Answer: Virginia, United States

Answer: Virginia

Answer: Commonwealth of Virginia

Answer: Va.

Answer: State of Virginia

Answer: Old Dominion

Answer: VA


Question: Who led the archaeological investigation at this place?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

title: "Tel Hazor" content: deported, and the city was burnt to the ground. The site of Hazor is around in area, with an upper city making up about 1/8 of that. The upper mound has a height of about 40 meters. Initial soundings were carried out by John Garstang in 1926. Major excavations were conducted for 4 seasons from 1955 to 1958 by a Hebrew University team led by Yigael Yadin. Yadin returned to Hazor for a final season of excavation in 1968. The excavations were supported by James A. de Rothschild, and were published in a dedicated five volume set of books by

Answer: John Garstang

Answer: John Garstang

Answer: J. Garstang


Question: Who found this building?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

title: "Nezu Shrine" content: Nezu shrine was founded in Sendagi, just north of the current location, in the 1st century by Yamato Takeru (also known as Prince Ōsu), the son of Emperor Keikō. The chief deity of the shrine was Susanoo-no-Mikoto, the kami of the sea and storms. In 1705 the shrine was relocated to Nezu by Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1646–1709), the fifth "shōgun" of the Tokugawa dynasty, on the occasion of him choosing his successor, Tokugawa Ienobu (1662–1712). In turn, Ienobu chose it as the guardian deity. Nothing is left from the structures prior to the relocation, but it still is one of the

Answer: Yamato Takeru

Answer: Prince Ōsu

Answer: Osu

Answer: Yamato Takeru

Answer: Yamato-takeru-no-mikoto

Answer: Prince Osu

Answer: Yamatotakeru

Answer: Ōsu-no-mikoto


Question: What is the immediately prior item that this organization follows in a series?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

title: "British Aerospace" content: British Aerospace British Aerospace plc (BAe) was a British aircraft, munitions and defence-systems manufacturer. Its head office was at Warwick House in the Farnborough Aerospace Centre in Farnborough, Hampshire. Formed in 1977, in 1999 it purchased Marconi Electronic Systems, the defence electronics and naval shipbuilding subsidiary of the General Electric Company plc, to form BAE Systems. The company was formed in the United Kingdom as a statutory corporation on 29 April 1977 as a result of the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act. This called for the nationalisation and merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics

title: "British Aerospace" content: reduced to 5%. The Orange shareholding was a legacy of the 30% stake in Hutchison Telecommunications (UK) Ltd when Hutchison exchanged its own shares for a mobile phone company (Microtel Communications Ltd) from BAe. BAeSEMA, Siemens Plessey and GEC-Marconi formed UKAMS Ltd in 1994 as part of the Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) consortium. UKAMS would become a wholly owned subsidiary of BAe Dynamics in 1998. In 1995 Saab Military Aircraft and BAe signed an agreement for the joint development and marketing of the export version of the JAS 39 Gripen. In 1996 BAe and Matra Defense agreed to merge

title: "British Aerospace" content: their missile businesses into a joint venture called Matra BAe Dynamics. In 1997 BAe joined the Lockheed Martin X-35 Joint Strike Fighter team. The company acquired the UK operations of Siemens Plessey Systems (SPS) in 1998 from Siemens AG. DASA purchased SPS' German assets. Defence consolidation became a major issue in 1998, with numerous reports linking various European defence groups – mainly with each other but also with American defence contractors. It was widely anticipated that BAe would merge with Germany's DASA to form a pan-European aerospace giant. A merger deal was negotiated between Richard Evans and DASA CEO Jürgen

Answer: Hawker Siddeley

Answer: Siemens Plessey

Answer: British Aircraft Corporation

Answer: Hawker Siddeley

Answer: Siemens Plessey

Answer: Hawker Siddeley Group Limited

Answer: British Aircraft Corporation

Answer: BAC

Answer: Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Co.


Question: In which year did this equipment come into service?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

title: "Bren light machine gun" content: automatic rifle, and from standing or kneeling positions. Using the sling, Australian soldiers regularly fired the Bren from the hip, for instance in the marching fire tactic, a form of suppressive fire moving forward in assault. A Victoria Cross was awarded to Private Bruce Kingsbury for such use at Isurava, New Guinea in 1942, during the Australians' fighting retreat from Kokoda. Each British soldier's equipment normally included two magazines for his section's Bren gun. The large ammunition pouches on the 1937 Pattern Web Equipment were designed around the Bren magazine. Every soldier would be trained to fire the Bren in

title: "Bren light machine gun" content: outside of Britain as well. In Canada, the John Inglis plant in Toronto began tooling its facilities for production in 1938; the first of 186,000 examples was completed in Mar 1940. Some of the Inglis-built Bren guns were chambered for the 7.92-millimeter Mauser ammunition; these were destined for export to Nationalist Chinese forces rather than for British and Commonwealth forces. In Australia, the Lithgow Small Arms Factory in New South Wales began building Bren guns in 1940; a total of 17,249 were built. In India, the factory at Ishapore began building Bren guns in 1942 (it had produced Vickers-Berthier machine

title: "Bren light machine gun" content: Defence Force deployed Bren guns during the South African Border War alongside the more contemporary FN MAG as late as 1978. Introduced September 1937; the original Bren, based on the Czechoslovak gun. Features: Introduced 1941. A simpler version of the Mk1. Produced by Inglis of Canada and the Monotype Group through a number of component manufacturing factories. Sometimes known as the "Garage hands" model. Features: The Bren Mk2 was much simplified in the body, which although still being milled from a solid billet of steel, required significantly fewer milling operations than the Mk1, resulting in a much cleaner appearance. The

Answer: 1938

Answer: 1939

Answer: 1938

Answer: 1937


Question: What country does this organization belong to?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

title: "British Aerospace" content: British Aerospace British Aerospace plc (BAe) was a British aircraft, munitions and defence-systems manufacturer. Its head office was at Warwick House in the Farnborough Aerospace Centre in Farnborough, Hampshire. Formed in 1977, in 1999 it purchased Marconi Electronic Systems, the defence electronics and naval shipbuilding subsidiary of the General Electric Company plc, to form BAE Systems. The company was formed in the United Kingdom as a statutory corporation on 29 April 1977 as a result of the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act. This called for the nationalisation and merger of the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, Hawker Siddeley Dynamics

title: "British Aerospace" content: and Scottish Aviation. In 1979 BAe officially joined Airbus, the UK having previously withdrawn support for the consortium in April 1969. In accordance with the provisions of the British Aerospace Act 1980 on 1 January the statutory corporation was transferred to a limited company, which then re-registered as a public limited company (plc), under the name British Aerospace Public Limited Company, on 2 January 1981. On 4 February 1981 the government sold 51.57% of its shares. The British government sold its remaining shares in 1985, maintaining a £1 golden share which allows it to veto foreign control of the board

title: "British Aerospace" content: or company. On 26 September 1985, the UK and Saudi Arabian governments signed the Al-Yamamah arms deal with BAe as prime contractor. The contracts, extended in the 1990s and never fully detailed, involved the supply of Panavia Tornado strike and air defence aircraft, Hawk trainer jets, Rapier missile systems, infrastructure works and naval vessels. The Al Yamamah deals are valued at anything up to £20 billion and still continue to provide a large percentage of BAE Systems' profits. In 1986, With Alenia Aeronautica, CASA and DASA, BAe formed Eurofighter GmbH for the development of the Eurofighter Typhoon. On 22 April

title: "British Aerospace" content: to produce the Avro RJ series, an evolution of the BAe 146. In mid-1992 BAe wrote off £1 billion of assets, largely as part of redundancies and restructuring of its regional aircraft division. This was largest asset write-off in UK corporate history. The General Electric Company (GEC), later to sell its defence interests to BAe, came close to acquiring BAe at this time. BAe cut 47% of its workforce (60,000 out of 127,000), 40,000 of which were from the regional aircraft division. Evans decided to sell non-core business activities which included The Rover Group, Arlington Securities, BAe Corporate Jets, BAe

title: "British Aerospace" content: reduced to 5%. The Orange shareholding was a legacy of the 30% stake in Hutchison Telecommunications (UK) Ltd when Hutchison exchanged its own shares for a mobile phone company (Microtel Communications Ltd) from BAe. BAeSEMA, Siemens Plessey and GEC-Marconi formed UKAMS Ltd in 1994 as part of the Principal Anti-Air Missile System (PAAMS) consortium. UKAMS would become a wholly owned subsidiary of BAe Dynamics in 1998. In 1995 Saab Military Aircraft and BAe signed an agreement for the joint development and marketing of the export version of the JAS 39 Gripen. In 1996 BAe and Matra Defense agreed to merge

title: "British Aerospace" content: their missile businesses into a joint venture called Matra BAe Dynamics. In 1997 BAe joined the Lockheed Martin X-35 Joint Strike Fighter team. The company acquired the UK operations of Siemens Plessey Systems (SPS) in 1998 from Siemens AG. DASA purchased SPS' German assets. Defence consolidation became a major issue in 1998, with numerous reports linking various European defence groups – mainly with each other but also with American defence contractors. It was widely anticipated that BAe would merge with Germany's DASA to form a pan-European aerospace giant. A merger deal was negotiated between Richard Evans and DASA CEO Jürgen

title: "British Aerospace" content: Schrempp. However, when it became clear that GEC was selling its defence electronics business Marconi Electronic Systems, Evans put the DASA merger on hold in favour of purchasing Marconi. Evans stated in 2004 that his fear was that an American defence contractor would acquire Marconi and challenge both BAe and DASA. Schrempp was angered by Evans' actions and chose instead to merge DASA with Aerospatiale to create the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS). This group was joined by Spain's CASA following an agreement in December 1999. The GEC merger to create a UK company compared to what would

title: "British Aerospace" content: have been an Anglo-German firm, made the possibility of further penetration of the United States (US) defence market more likely. The company, initially called "New British Aerospace", was officially formed on 30 November 1999 and known as BAE Systems. BAe was the UK's largest exporter, a Competition Commission report gives a ten-year aggregate figure of £45 billion, with defence sales accounting for approximately 80%. There have been allegations that the Al Yamamah contracts were a result of bribes ("douceurs") to members of the Saudi royal family and government officials. Some allegations suggested that the former Prime Minister's son Mark Thatcher

title: "British Aerospace" content: may have been involved; he has strongly denied receiving payments or exploiting his mother's connections in his business dealings. The UK National Audit Office investigated the contracts and has so far never released its conclusions – the only NAO report ever to be withheld. The BBC's "Newsnight" observed that it is ironic that the once classified report analysing the construction of MI5's Thames House and MI6's Vauxhall Cross headquarters has been released, but the Al Yamamah report is still deemed too sensitive. The 2007 documentary film Welcome Aboard Toxic Airlines contained evidence that vital data was withheld from a 1999-2000

Answer: United Kingdom

Answer: U K

Answer: Great Britain

Answer: Britain

Answer: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Answer: Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Answer: Unitit Kinrick o Greet Britain an Norlin Airlann

Answer: G.B.

Answer: U. K.

Answer: Rìoghachd Aonaichte

Answer: U.K.

Answer: G. B.

Answer: G B

Answer: Unitit Kinrick

Answer: GBR

Answer: The UK

Answer: Rìoghachd Aonaichte na Breatainn Mhòr agus Eirinn a Tuath

Answer: GB

Answer: United Kingdom

Answer: G.B.R.

Answer: G B R

Answer: An Ríocht Aontaithe

Answer: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Answer: UK


Question: Who are the structure engineers of this building?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

title: "Lloyd's building" content: attracted designs from practices such as Foster Associates, Arup and I.M. Pei. Lloyd's commissioned Richard Rogers to redevelop the site, and the original 1928 building on the western corner of Lime and Leadenhall Streets was demolished to make way for the present one which was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 18 November 1986. The 1928 building's entrance at 12 Leadenhall Street was preserved and forms a rather incongruous attachment to the 1986 structure. Demolition of the 1958 building commenced in 2004 to make way for the 26-storey Willis Building. The current Lloyd's building (address 1 Lime Street) was

Answer: Arup

Answer: Arup

Answer: Ove Arup & Partners

Answer: Arup Group Limited

Answer: Arup Group


Question: What country does this building belong to?

Instruction: Using the given image, access documents that provide insights into the following question:

title: "Azadi Tower" content: Azadi Tower The Azadi Tower (, ; "Freedom Tower"), formerly known as the Shahyad Tower (, ; "Shah's Memorial Tower"), is a monument located on Azadi Square in Tehran, Iran. It is one of the landmarks of Tehran, marking the west entrance to the city, and is part of the Azadi Cultural Complex, which also includes a museum underground. The tower is about tall and is completely clad in cut marble. It was commissioned by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, to mark the 2,500th year of the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran. After winning a

title: "Azadi Tower" content: competition, architect Hossein Amanat was tasked to design the tower. His ideas were based upon classical and post-classical Iranian architecture, popular influences on art in the 1960s following the White Revolution. Iran's increasing wealth sparked modernization programs and sent the art industry into a renaissance-like period. The first name associated with this monument was "Darvāze-ye Kuroš" ("Gate of Cyrus"), and at the time of the Centenary Celebrations, Asadollah Alam, who chaired the Council of Celebrations, referred to the monument as "Darvāze-ye Šāhanšāhi" ("Imperial Gate"). The monument's ultimate official name was decided before the announcement of the competition for the monument's

title: "Azadi Tower" content: design in September 1966. Bahram Farahvashi, a scholar and professor of ancient Iranian languages who worked with the Council of Celebrations, came up with the officially designated name of the structure, "Šahyād Āryāmehr". Built in 1971 in commemoration of the 2,500th year of the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran, this "gateway into Tehran" was named the "Šahyād" ("Shah's Memorial") in honor of the Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi), but was later renamed "Āzādi" ("Freedom") following the 1979 Revolution. During the 1960s, Iran became a major oil-exporting country, and using the newly-found wealth, the shah launched programs to modernize and

title: "Azadi Tower" content: industrialize the country. This followed a cultural growth that architect Hossein Amanat describes as "a mini renaissance". In 1966, Amanat won a competition to design the building. Due to governmental concerns, Amanat was required to sign underneath contracts "on condition of the approval of the Council of Celebrations", which would serve as the client. Amanat planned to contract the British company of Arup to assist in the structural design of the tower, as he was impressed by their contributions towards the design and construction of the Sydney Opera House. He initially faced opposition from the head of the council, as

title: "Azadi Tower" content: well as several conservative and nationalistic Iranian engineers, as he was turning to a foreign engineer for assistance. Despite that, the shah supported Amanat, sending a letter to the council which would leave the decision to the architect. Shahbanu Farah Pahlavi was also supportive of Amanat's decisions. Amanat told the BBC World News in an interview that "overall, the building starts from the base and moves up towards the sky." He states that he was inspired to design the tower in this way because he felt that Iran "should be moving towards a higher level." According to him, the main

title: "Azadi Tower" content: vault is a Sassanian arch representing the classical era, while the broken arch above it is a popular medieval form of arch representing the post-classical era. The "network of ribs", which connects the arches together, would represent the connection between classical and post-classical Iran. Built with white marble from Isfahan Province, the monument includes 8,000 blocks of stone. The stones were all located and supplied by Ghanbar Rahimi, who was well known for his extensive knowledge of quarries, often known as the "Soltān-e Sang-e Irān" ("Iran's Sultan of Stone"). Computers were used to "define its complex woven surfaces," which, at

title: "Azadi Tower" content: the time, was a new technological technique. The main contractor for the construction of the tower was the MAP Company, supervised by Ghaffar Davarpanah Varnosfaderani, a renowned Iranian stonemason. The project was mainly funded by a group of five hundred Iranian industrialists. According to a report by MEED, the construction costed about six million dollars. On October 16, 1971, the inauguration of the tower took place. However, it was not until January 14, 1972 that the tower was open to the public. The iconic Martyrs' Memorial in Algiers, which was built in 1982, shows a strong influence by this monument.

title: "Azadi Tower" content: The Azadi Museum is located on the basement floor. Inside the floor, there are black austere walls and proportions, and a concrete mesh forms the ceiling. Heavy doors open onto a crypt with subdued lighting issuing from showcases, each containing an object. The museum houses a number of gold and enamel pieces, painted pottery, marble and paintings. Approximately fifty pieces have been selected, each representing a particular period in Iran's history. Among the earliest items on display were square flagstones, gold sheeting, and terracotta tablets from Susa covered with cuneiform characters. Before the 1979 Revolution, the main display was occupied

title: "Azadi Tower" content: highlighted milestones in the country's history up to the 19th century, which were represented by two painted panels from Empress and the structure was to represent Farah Pahlavi as in is stated in some ancient texts. The original show, devised in 1971, was replaced in 1975 by a new one which invited visitors to discover Iran's geographic and natural diversity along with its fundamental historical elements. It exhibited a number of national achievements, technical undertakings, calligraphed poems, and miniature paintings. The project, devised by a Czechoslovak company, required 12,000 metres of film, 20,000 color slides, 20 movie projectors, and 120

title: "Azadi Tower" content: slide projectors. The audiovisual programmes were directed by professor Jaroslav Frič (1928–2000). Five computers operated the entire system. German artist Philipp Geist organized a projection mapping installation named "Gate of Words" at the Azadi Tower, on the occasion of the German Unity Day. The show was held from October 3 to 5, 2015. In this project, the artist visualized the topics of freedom, peace, space and time in a poetical manner. Geist developed a light installation made of colored words and concepts in different languages, and abstract painterly compositions of images. The glowing words were in English, German and Persian,

title: "Azadi Tower" content: moving in sync with live music on the walls of the tower. Azadi Tower The Azadi Tower (, ; "Freedom Tower"), formerly known as the Shahyad Tower (, ; "Shah's Memorial Tower"), is a monument located on Azadi Square in Tehran, Iran. It is one of the landmarks of Tehran, marking the west entrance to the city, and is part of the Azadi Cultural Complex, which also includes a museum underground. The tower is about tall and is completely clad in cut marble. It was commissioned by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, to mark the 2,500th year

Answer: Iran

Answer: Persia

Answer: Islamic Republic of Iran

Answer: Islamic Rep. Iran

Answer: ir

Answer: Iran


Question: Who found this aircraft?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

title: Beechcraft content: Beechcraft Beechcraft is a brand of Textron Aviation since 2014. Originally, it was a brand of Beech Aircraft Corporation, an American manufacturer of general aviation, commercial, and military aircraft, ranging from light single-engined aircraft to twin-engined turboprop transports, business jets, and military trainers. Beech later became a division of Raytheon and later Hawker Beechcraft before a bankruptcy sale turned its assets over to Textron (parent company of Beech's cross-town Wichita rival, Cessna Aircraft Company). Beech Aircraft Company was founded in Wichita, Kansas, in 1932 by Walter Beech as president, his wife Olive Ann Beech as secretary, Ted A. Wells as

title: Beechcraft content: vice president of engineering, K.K. Shaul as treasurer, and investor C.G. Yankey as vice president. The company began operations in an idle Cessna factory. With designer Ted Wells, they developed the first aircraft under the Beechcraft name, the classic Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing, which first flew in November 1932. Over 750 Staggerwings were built, with 270 manufactured for the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. Beechcraft was not Beech's first company, as he had previously formed Travel Air in 1924 and the design numbers used at Beechcraft followed the sequence started at Travel Air, and were then

title: Beechcraft content: purchased by Raytheon Company on February 8, 1980. Ted Wells had been replaced as chief engineer by Herbert Rawdon, who remained at the post until his retirement in the early 1960s. In 1994, Raytheon merged Beechcraft with the Hawker product line it had acquired in 1993 from British Aerospace, forming Raytheon Aircraft Company. In 2002, the Beechcraft brand was revived to again designate the Wichita-produced aircraft. In 2006, Raytheon sold Raytheon Aircraft to Goldman Sachs creating Hawker Beechcraft. Since its inception Beechcraft has resided in Wichita, Kansas, also the home of chief competitor Cessna, the birthplace of Learjet and of

Answer: Ted A. Wells

Answer: T. A. Wells

Answer: Ted A. Wells

Answer: T. Arthur Wells

Answer: Ted Wells

Answer: Theodore Arthur Wells

Answer: Theodore Wells


Question: What is the height of this building in metre?

Instruction: Obtain documents that correspond to the inquiry alongside the provided image:

title: "Amrum lighthouse" content: Amrum lighthouse The Amrum lighthouse is located in the southern part of the German island of Amrum, approximately 2 kilometres west of the village of Wittdün, yet still adhering to the municipality of Nebel. Its designation in German is "Seefeuer Amrum". It is one of the island's landmarks, being open to the public during the summer season. The focal plane height of the lightsource measures 63 metres above mean sea level and thereby it is one of the highest lights along the German North Sea shore. The tower itself is 41.8 metres tall, which makes its top reach 67.4 metres

Answer: 41


Question: Which city or region does this mountain locate in?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

title: Monserrate content: Monserrate Monserrate (after Catalan homonym mountain "Montserrat)" is a mountain that dominates the city center of Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia. It rises to above the sea level, where there is a church (built in the 17th century) with a shrine, devoted to "El Señor Caído" ("The Fallen Lord"). The hill, already considered sacred in pre-Columbian times when the area was inhabited by the indigenous Muisca, is a pilgrim destination, as well as a major tourist attraction. In addition to the church, the summit contains restaurants, cafeteria, souvenir shops and many smaller tourist facilities. Monserrate can be accessed by

title: Monserrate content: aerial tramway, a funicular or by climbing, the preferred way of pilgrims. The climbing route, however, had been indefinitely closed due to drought, and the associated wildfires and landslides. It was reopened in 2017. All downtown Bogotá, south Bogotá and some sections of the north of the city are visible facing west, making it a popular destination to watch the sunset over the city. Every year, Monserrate and its neighbour Guadalupe attract many tourists. The history of Monserrate goes back to the pre-Columbian era. Before the Spanish conquest, the Bogotá savanna was inhabited by the Muisca, who were organised in

title: Monserrate content: their loose Muisca Confederation. The indigenous people, who had a thorough understanding of astronomy, called Monserrate "quijicha caca"; "grandmother's foot". At the solstice of June, the Sun, represented in their religion by the solar god Sué, rises exactly from behind Monserrate, as seen from Bolívar Square. The Spanish conquistadors in the early colonial period replaced the Muisca temples by catholic buildings. The first primitive cathedral of Bogotá was constructed on the northeastern corner of Bolívar Square in 1539, a year after the foundation of the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada. In the 1620s, the "Cofradia de la Vera

title: Monserrate content: Cruz" ("Brotherhood of Vera Cruz") began using the Monserrate's hill top for religious celebrations. As time passed, many devoted residents of Bogotá began participating in the climb to the hill top. In 1650, four gentlemen met with the Archbishop as well as Juan de Borja, the head of the Tribunal of Santafe de Bogotá, in order to secure permission to build a small religious retreat on the top of Monserrate. The founders decided to establish the hermitage retreat in the name of Monserrat's Morena Virgin. Her sanctuary was located in Catalonia, near Barcelona, giving the mountain the name Monserrate. Some

title: Monserrate content: its neighbor Guadalupe Hill are icons of Bogota's cityscape. The hill is a touristic attraction with a funicular, cable car, or pilgrimage climbing trail access. Monserrate Monserrate (after Catalan homonym mountain "Montserrat)" is a mountain that dominates the city center of Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia. It rises to above the sea level, where there is a church (built in the 17th century) with a shrine, devoted to "El Señor Caído" ("The Fallen Lord"). The hill, already considered sacred in pre-Columbian times when the area was inhabited by the indigenous Muisca, is a pilgrim destination, as well as a

Answer: Bogotá

Answer: Bogotá

Answer: Santa Fe de Bogotá

Answer: Santafé de Bogotá

Answer: Bogota

Answer: Bogota, Colombia


Question: Which significant event was held in this park?

Instruction: Extract documents linked to the question provided in conjunction with the image:

title: "Manassas National Battlefield Park" content: Manassas National Battlefield Park Manassas National Battlefield Park, located north of Manassas, in Prince William County, Virginia, preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles: the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30, 1862 (also known as the "First Battle of Manassas" and the "Second Battle of Manassas", respectively). The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy), and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his

title: "Manassas National Battlefield Park" content: war era uniforms, weapons, field gear and an electronic battle map. The center offers the orientation film "Manassas: End of Innocence", as well as a bookstore. Manassas National Battlefield Park Manassas National Battlefield Park, located north of Manassas, in Prince William County, Virginia, preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles: the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30, 1862 (also known as the "First Battle of Manassas" and the "Second Battle of Manassas", respectively). The peaceful Virginia countryside bore

Answer: Second Battle of Bull Run

Answer: Battle of Second Manassas

Answer: Second Battle of Manassas

Answer: Second Battle of Bull Run


Question: What country does this building belong to?

Instruction: With the provided image, gather documents that offer a solution to the question:

title: "National Flag Memorial (Argentina)" content: National Flag Memorial (Argentina) The National Flag Memorial (Spanish, "Monumento Nacional a la Bandera") in Rosario, Argentina, is a monumental complex built near the shore of the Paraná River. It was inaugurated on June 20, 1957, the anniversary of the death of Manuel Belgrano, creator of the Argentine flag, who raised it for the first time on an island on the opposite shore of the river on February 27, 1812. The complex has a total area of about 10,000 square metres, and was built mostly using stone from the Andes, under the direction of architects Ángel Guido and Alejandro Bustillo,

title: "National Flag Memorial (Argentina)" content: and the sculptors José Fioravanti, Alfredo Bigatti and Eduardo Barnes. The "Monumento" has three parts: the Tower ("Torre") or mast, 70 metres high, which commemorates the Revolution of May 1810 and houses Manuel Belgrano's crypt in its base; the Civic Courtyard ("Patio Cívico"), which symbolizes the effort of the organization of the state (the Courtyard is used for massive open-air shows), and the Triumphal Propylaeum ("Propileo Triunfal"), representing the Nation as organized after the 1853 Constitution. Under the Propylaeum there is the Honour Room for the Flags of America (where the flags of all American nations are displayed). The complex

title: "National Flag Memorial (Argentina)" content: faces Belgrano Avenue, and is delimited by Córdoba St. and Santa Fe St., which slope down towards the river at this point. The Propylaeum can be accessed from the pedestrian passage called "Pasaje Juramento" ("Oath Passage"), which starts at Buenos Aires St. between the municipal building ("Palacio de los Leones") and the Cathedral, in front of Plaza 25 de Mayo (May 25th Square). The passage is flanked by statues by famous sculptor Lola Mora. The Memorial and the National Flag Park located in front of it are the seat of the main celebrations of Flag Day on June 20. The

title: "National Flag Memorial (Argentina)" content: 50th anniversary of the inauguration of the complex, in 2007, was marked by a special celebration and by the unveiling of a new lighting system. National Flag Memorial (Argentina) The National Flag Memorial (Spanish, "Monumento Nacional a la Bandera") in Rosario, Argentina, is a monumental complex built near the shore of the Paraná River. It was inaugurated on June 20, 1957, the anniversary of the death of Manuel Belgrano, creator of the Argentine flag, who raised it for the first time on an island on the opposite shore of the river on February 27, 1812. The complex has a total

Answer: Argentina

Answer: Argentina

Answer: Cộng hòa Argentina

Answer: ARG

Answer: Với

Answer: VỚI


Question: On what date did this building officially open?

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title: "Azadi Tower" content: design in September 1966. Bahram Farahvashi, a scholar and professor of ancient Iranian languages who worked with the Council of Celebrations, came up with the officially designated name of the structure, "Šahyād Āryāmehr". Built in 1971 in commemoration of the 2,500th year of the foundation of the Imperial State of Iran, this "gateway into Tehran" was named the "Šahyād" ("Shah's Memorial") in honor of the Shah (Mohammad Reza Pahlavi), but was later renamed "Āzādi" ("Freedom") following the 1979 Revolution. During the 1960s, Iran became a major oil-exporting country, and using the newly-found wealth, the shah launched programs to modernize and

title: "Azadi Tower" content: the time, was a new technological technique. The main contractor for the construction of the tower was the MAP Company, supervised by Ghaffar Davarpanah Varnosfaderani, a renowned Iranian stonemason. The project was mainly funded by a group of five hundred Iranian industrialists. According to a report by MEED, the construction costed about six million dollars. On October 16, 1971, the inauguration of the tower took place. However, it was not until January 14, 1972 that the tower was open to the public. The iconic Martyrs' Memorial in Algiers, which was built in 1982, shows a strong influence by this monument.

title: "Azadi Tower" content: highlighted milestones in the country's history up to the 19th century, which were represented by two painted panels from Empress and the structure was to represent Farah Pahlavi as in is stated in some ancient texts. The original show, devised in 1971, was replaced in 1975 by a new one which invited visitors to discover Iran's geographic and natural diversity along with its fundamental historical elements. It exhibited a number of national achievements, technical undertakings, calligraphed poems, and miniature paintings. The project, devised by a Czechoslovak company, required 12,000 metres of film, 20,000 color slides, 20 movie projectors, and 120

Answer: 1971 10 16

Answer: October 16 1972

Answer: 1971 October 16

Answer: 1970

Answer: October 16 1971

Answer: 1972 10 16

Answer: 1972 October 16

Answer: 16 10 1970

Answer: October 16 1970

Answer: 16 October 1971

Answer: 16 October 1970

Answer: 16 10 1972

Answer: 16 October 1972

Answer: 1971

Answer: 10 16 1971

Answer: 1972

Answer: 1970 October 16

Answer: 10 16 1970

Answer: 16 10 1971

Answer: 10 16 1972

Answer: 1971 10 16

Answer: 1970 10 16


Question: What is the source that produces this food?

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title: "Sunflower seed" content: Sunflower seed The sunflower seed is the fruit of the sunflower ("Helianthus annuus"). There are three types of commonly used sunflower seeds: linoleic (most common), high oleic, and NuSun developed for sunflower oil. Each variety has its own unique levels of monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats. The information in this article refers mainly to the linoleic variety. For commercial purposes, sunflower seeds are usually classified by the pattern on their husks. If the husk is solid black, the seeds are called black oil sunflower seeds. The crops may be referred to as oilseed sunflower crops. These seeds are usually pressed

title: "Sunflower seed" content: to extract their oil. Striped sunflower seeds are primarily used for food; as a result, they may be called confectionery sunflower seeds. The term "sunflower seed" is actually a misnomer when applied to the seed in its pericarp (hull). Botanically speaking, it is a cypsela. When dehulled, the edible remainder is called the sunflower kernel or heart. In 2014, global production of sunflower seeds was 41.4 million tonnes, led by Ukraine with 24% and Russia with 21% of the world total (table). China, Romania, and Argentina also contributed significant volumes. Sunflower seeds are more commonly eaten as a snack than

title: "Sunflower seed" content: as part of a meal. They can also be used as garnishes or ingredients in various recipes. The seeds may be sold as in-shell seeds or dehulled kernels. The seeds can also be sprouted and eaten in salads. When in-shell seeds are processed, they are first dried. Afterwards, they may also be roasted or dusted with salt or flour for preservation of flavor. Sunflower seeds sold by the bag are either eaten "plain" (salted only) or with a variety of flavorings added by the maker including barbecue, pickle, hot sauce, bacon, ranch, and nacho cheese as well as others. In-shell,

title: "Sunflower seed" content: sunflower seeds are particularly popular in Mediterranean, Eastern European, and Asian countries where they can be bought freshly roasted and are commonly consumed as street food, the hull being cracked open with the teeth and spit out, while in many countries, they can be bought freshly packed in various roasted flavors. In the United States, they are commonly eaten by baseball players as an alternative to chewing tobacco. Mechanically dehulled kernels may be sold raw or roasted and are sometimes added to bread and other baked goods for their flavor. There is also sunflower butter, similar to peanut butter, but

title: "Sunflower seed" content: using sunflower seeds instead of peanuts, which is a common substitute in schools for children with nut allergies. Apart from human consumption, sunflower seeds are also used as food for pets and wild birds in boxes and small bags. In a 100-gram serving, dried whole sunflower seeds provide 584 calories and are composed of 5% water, 20% carbohydrates, 51% total fat and 21% protein (table). The seeds are a rich source (20% or higher of the Daily Value, DV) of protein (42% DV), dietary fiber (36% DV), many B vitamins (23–129% DV) and vitamin E (234% DV). The seeds also

title: "Sunflower seed" content: contain high levels of dietary minerals, including magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, iron and zinc (40–94% DV). Half of a 100-gram serving is fat, mainly monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, principally linoleic acid. Additionally, the seeds contain phytosterols which may contribute toward lower levels of blood cholesterol. Over the past decades sunflower oil has become popular worldwide. The oil may be used as is, or may be processed into polyunsaturated margarines. The oil is typically extracted by applying great pressure to the sunflower seeds and collecting the oil. The protein-rich cake remaining after the seeds have been processed for oil is used as

title: "Sunflower seed" content: a livestock feed. The original sunflower oil (linoleic sunflower oil) is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (about 68% linoleic acid) and low in saturated fats, such as palmitic acid and stearic acid. However, various hybrids have been developed to alter the fatty acid profile of the crop for various purposes. The hulls, or shells, mostly composed of cellulose, decomposes slowly and may be burned as biomass fuel. Sunflower hulls of the cultivated sunflower ("Helianthus annuus") contain allelopathic compounds which are toxic to grasses and the vast majority of cultivated garden plants. Only a small number of garden plants, such as

title: "Sunflower seed" content: day lilies, are unaffected by the allelopathic compounds found in sunflower hulls. Sunflower seed The sunflower seed is the fruit of the sunflower ("Helianthus annuus"). There are three types of commonly used sunflower seeds: linoleic (most common), high oleic, and NuSun developed for sunflower oil. Each variety has its own unique levels of monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats. The information in this article refers mainly to the linoleic variety. For commercial purposes, sunflower seeds are usually classified by the pattern on their husks. If the husk is solid black, the seeds are called black oil sunflower seeds. The crops may

Answer: common sunflower

Answer: Helianthus annuus

Answer: Sunflower

Answer: common sunflower


Question: What is the length of the incubation period (in day) of this bird's egg?

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title: "Great kiskadee" content: 1970. The great kiskadee was described and illustrated in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in the "Historia Naturalis Brasiliae". He used the name "Pitangua-guacu", the word for a large flycatcher in the Tupi language. In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the species in his "Ornithologie" based on a specimen collected in Cayenne, French Guiana. He used the French name "La Pie-Griesche jaune de Cayenne" and the Latin name "Lanius Cayanensis Luteus". Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission

title: "Great kiskadee" content: the nest while she leaves the nest to feed. The eggs hatch after 16–17 days. The chicks are fed by both parents and fledge after 17–18 days. This alert and aggressive bird has a strong and maneuverable flight, which it uses to good effect when it feels annoyed by raptors. Even much larger birds are attacked by the great kiskadee, usually by diving down or zooming straight at them while they are in mid-air. Harsh calls are also often given during these attacks, alerting all potential prey in the area of the predator's presence. If not very hungry, any raptor

Answer: 16


Question: who/what operates this park?

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title: "National Mall" content: National Mall The National Mall is a landscaped park within the National Mall and Memorial Parks, an official unit of the United States National Park System. It is located near the downtown area of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States, and is administered by the National Park Service (NPS) of the United States Department of the Interior. The term "National Mall" commonly includes areas that are also officially part of neighboring West Potomac Park and Constitution Gardens to the southwest. The term is often taken to refer to the entire area between the Lincoln Memorial on the

title: "National Mall" content: without charge. National Mall The National Mall is a landscaped park within the National Mall and Memorial Parks, an official unit of the United States National Park System. It is located near the downtown area of Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States, and is administered by the National Park Service (NPS) of the United States Department of the Interior. The term "National Mall" commonly includes areas that are also officially part of neighboring West Potomac Park and Constitution Gardens to the southwest. The term is often taken to refer to the entire area between the Lincoln Memorial

Answer: National Mall and Memorial Parks

Answer: National Mall & Memorial Parks

Answer: National Capital Parks-Central

Answer: National Capital Parks - Central

Answer: National Mall and Memorial Parks


Question: What is the brand of this vehicle?

Instruction: Using the provided image, obtain documents that address the subsequent question:

title: "Range Rover" content: Range Rover The Land Rover Range Rover (generally known simply as a Range Rover) is a full-sized luxury sport utility vehicle (SUV) from Land Rover, a marque of Jaguar Land Rover. The Range Rover was launched in 1970 by British Leyland. This flagship model is now in its fourth generation. Jaguar Land Rover has also extended the use of the Land Rover Range Rover sub-brand with the introduction of Range Rover Evoque, the Range Rover Velar and the Range Rover Sport. The Rover Company (originator of the Land Rover marque) was experimenting with a larger model than the Land Rover

title: "Range Rover" content: Range Rover was launched in 1970. In the early 1970s, the Musée du Louvre in Paris exhibited a Range Rover as an "exemplary work of industrial design". In 1972, the British Trans-Americas Expedition became the first vehicle-based expedition to traverse the Americas from north-to-south, including traversing the roadless Darién Gap. The specially modified Range Rovers used for this expedition are now on display in the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust collection at Gaydon, Warwickshire. Between 1974 and 1987, Land Rover vehicles were only sold in the United States through the grey market. The Land Rover company began selling the Range

title: "Range Rover" content: Rover officially in the U.S. on 16 March 1987. From that time until 1993, the U.S. marketing was all in the name of Range Rover, because it was the only model offered in the American market. In 1993, with the arrival of the Defender 110 and the imminent arrival of the Land Rover Discovery, the company's U.S. sales were under the name "Land Rover North America". In 2004, Land Rover launched another model under the Range Rover brand – the Range Rover Sport, which was based on the Land Rover Discovery platform, but the new Range Rover Sport has the

title: "Range Rover" content: latest Range Rover platform. In 2011, the Range Rover Evoque was launched. The first-generation Range Rover was produced between 1970 and 1996. It was available only in a 2-door body until 1981, though prior to this 4-door models were produced by specialist firms. Unlike other 4x4s such as the Jeep Wagoneer, the original Range Rover was not designed as a luxury-type vehicle. While certainly up-market compared to preceding Land Rover models, the early Range Rovers had fairly basic, utilitarian interiors with vinyl seats and plastic dashboards that were designed to be washed down with a hose. Convenience features such as

title: "Range Rover" content: power steering, carpeted floors, air conditioning, cloth/leather seats, and wooden interior trim were fitted later. The Range Rover was a body-on-frame design with a box section ladder type chassis, like the contemporary Series Land Rovers. The Range Rover used coil springs as opposed to leaf springs, permanent four-wheel drive, and four-wheel disc brakes. The Range Rover was originally powered by various Rover V8 engines and diesel engines. Originally, the Range Rover was fitted with a detuned version of the Buick-derived Rover V8 engine. In 1984, the engine was fitted with Lucas fuel injection, boosting power to . The 3.5-litre (3,528

title: "Range Rover" content: in the Rover SD1 passenger car. The diesel project was codenamed project Beaver. During the project, 12 world records were broken, including the fastest diesel SUV to reach , and the furthest a diesel SUV has travelled in 24 hours. In 1990 project Otter was unveiled. This was a mildly tuned 2.5-litre, version of the 'Beaver' 2.4. In 1992, Land Rover finally introduced their own diesel engines in the Range Rover, beginning with the 200TDi, first released in the Land Rover Discovery and following in 1994, the 300 TDi, again with 111 bhp. The Range Rover with chassis no. 1

title: "Range Rover" content: was a green model with the registration "YVB 151H", and is now on exhibition at Huddersfield Land Rover Centre, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire. The first generation model was known as the Range Rover until almost the end of its run, when Land Rover introduced the name Range Rover Classic to distinguish it from its successors. Jaguar-Rover-Australia began assembly of the Range Rover from CKD kits at its Enfield plant, in New South Wales, Australia in 1979. Government increases in the tariff on parts led to Australian assembly being discontinued in 1983. The first-generation Range Rover served as the base for specialist

title: "Range Rover" content: converted into a full 6x6 by linking a drive-through unit to the two rear axles' differentials. 25 years from the introduction of the first-generation Range Rover, the second-generation Range Rover—model-designation P38A—was introduced for the 1995 model year, with an updated version of the Rover V8 engine. There was also the option of a 2.5-litre BMW six-cylinder turbo-diesel with a Bosch injection pump. This was the first diesel injection with electronic controls in a Land Rover, before common rails were introduced. This was a result of BMW's subsequent ownership of Rover Group and hence the Land Rover brand. The new model

title: "Range Rover" content: offered more equipment and premium trims, positioning the vehicle above the Land Rover Discovery to face the increased competition in the SUV marketplace. This model was the last to feature the Rover V8 and interior leather supplied by Connolly who went out of business in 2002. It was the first model to feature Satellite Navigation as an option. In 2002, the third-generation model was introduced, which saw the model move further up-market. Planned and developed under BMW ownership the third generation was to share components and systems (electronics, core power units etc.) with the BMW 7 Series (E38). It was

title: "Range Rover" content: In 2010 Land Rover fitted the newly designed 5.0 N/A and Supercharged engine with ZF 6HP-26 until the 2012 model year, which saw the end of the L322 production. This list does not give diesel options. From 2002-2004 the L322 saw a standard BMW E39 electrics system. From 2005-2009 the L322 saw an updated Jaguar derived electrics system with fibre optics and Bluetooth. From 2010-2012 the L322 saw an updated (different from 05-09) Jaguar derived electrics, the first "modern feeling" system. In MY06 the first exterior update was applied with a slight face-lift of front fascia, tail lamps. Some other

title: "Range Rover" content: ordering process began in September 2013, and retail deliveries in Europe were slated to start in early 2014. The success of Jaguar Land Rover since its formation in 2008 is reflected largely in the rising sales of the Range Rover. In 2009, as a severe recession took hold, just over 22,000 were sold. Four years later, it sold more than twice as many units, with more than 45,000 being sold. By 2015, Range Rover sales worldwide exceeded 60,000. This table excludes Range Rover Sport and Evoque. The total figure is from 2009, excluding those sold prior to that year. A

title: "Range Rover" content: Range Rover was used to win the 1979 inaugural and 1981 Paris–Dakar Rally, completing a race distance in each case of approx 10,000 km. Range Rovers also competed in the East African Safari Rally throughout the 1980s. On 26 November 2004, Land Rover released the first photographs of the Range Rover Sport, a new model it planned to show to the public for the first time at the 2004 North American International Auto Show. The Range Rover Sport is a production car development of the Range Stormer concept vehicle the company showcased in the 2004 North American International Auto Show.

title: "Range Rover" content: Though called the Range Rover Sport "L320", it was not merely a new specification within the Range Rover line-up, but rather an adapted Discovery "L319", or T5 Platform Discovery/LR3 with Range Rover exterior styling and Range Rover interior seating and dash forms, a shortened wheelbase, smaller luggage capacity and a single rather than split tailgate which was angled back for styling improvements. With entry model pricing close to upper Discovery models, the Sport became the biggest seller of all the Land Rover products. This model was released for sale in late 2004 as a 2004 model. In 2013 a redesigned

title: "Range Rover" content: version was released for sale as a 2014 model year "L494". Unlike the original and current Discovery, it does not have a steel chassis rails but is based on the new D7u alloy Platform, which much more resembles current flagship Range Rover with closer equipment levels and capabilities in a smaller body style. Hence the L494 Range Rover Sport is around 400 kg lighter than the previous generation and benefits in performance due to its weight reduction. The Range Rover Evoque, which went into production in July 2011, has its roots in the Land Rover LRX concept car; with which

title: "Range Rover" content: it bears an almost identical resemblance. It is available with either a three-door or five-door hatchback body, front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive and with a 2-litre turbocharged petrol engine or one of two different power output 2.0-litre turbo-diesel engines. In 2012, at the Geneva Motor Show, Land Rover unveiled a convertible concept, which featured four seats and a drop-down tailgate. Land Rover unveiled a mid-size crossover using the Range Rover name in March 2017. Named the Range Rover Velar, it has a roof line running away on its bodywork and uses the same platform as the Jaguar F-Pace, which serves

title: "Range Rover" content: as the basis for its design. The Range Rover brand has attracted some controversy, particularly from those concerned with the potential negative environmental impact of large, luxury vehicles. In 2005, members of Greenpeace temporarily disrupted Range Rover production at the Land Rover plant in Solihull. In 2004, Spen King criticised SUV owners who drove their vehicles in urban areas, saying that vehicles like the Range Rover he created were "never intended as a status symbol but later incarnations of my design seem to be intended for that purpose." In 2014 it was reported that Range Rovers could be opened and

title: "Range Rover" content: started using hand-held equipment readily available from eBay. High levels of theft rendered Range Rovers not insurable. Range Rovers, according to AutoTrader, "can be complicated, costly vehicles, and are loaded with very expensive parts." Reliability issues are common complaints. J.D. Power rankings for the Land Rover are in the lowest category - known as "The Rest" - for quality overall, dependability, sales satisfaction, and customer service, with the cars only earning a "Better than Most" rank in the performance and design overall category. The Land Rover brand has "a legacy of quality problems" and ranks "at the bottom of the

title: "Range Rover" content: J.D. Power reliability ratings for three-year-old vehicles". The JD Power 2014 U.S. Customer Service Index (CSI) study ranked Land Rover last in overall customer satisfaction. However, one "Motor Trend" review of a 2014 Range Rover after turned up only two things that went wrong with the car. According to an automotive journalist, "Land Rover doesn't care about JD Power ratings because it doesn't need to care" since people "still line up for months to pay full sticker." Range Rover The Land Rover Range Rover (generally known simply as a Range Rover) is a full-sized luxury sport utility vehicle (SUV) from

Answer: Land Rover

Answer: Land Rover


Question: What is the location of this building?

Instruction: Retrieve documents that provide an answer to the question alongside the image:

title: "Fontaine Louvois" content: Fontaine Louvois The Fontaine Louvois is a monumental public fountain in Square Louvois on the rue Richelieu in the Second Arrondissement of Paris, near the entrance of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. It was built between 1836 and 1839 during the reign of King Louis-Philippe. Square Louvois was created in 1830, on the site of the former Théâtre National de la rue de la Loi which had been built in 1792 and demolished in 1820. The fountain was designed by Louis Visconti, and the sculpture is by It was restored in 1859, 1874, and 1974. It also features in Episode

Answer: square Louvois

Answer: square Louvois