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title: New York City Subway section title: Subway flooding hierarchical section title: New York City Subway / Challenges / Subway flooding caption attribution description: New York City Transit employees are pumping water out of the Cranberry Street Tunnel, which carries the A and C trains between Brooklyn and Manhattan underneath the East River. Photo: MTA New York City Transit / Leonard Wiggins caption alt text description: A pump train is seen removing water from the Cranberry Street Tube shortly after Hurricane Sandy. The water is brown in color. content: The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system owned by the City of New York and leased to the New York City Transit Authority, a subsidiary agency of the state-run Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the world's oldest public transit systems, one of the most-used, and the one with the most stations. The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation. Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx.
The system typically operates 24/7 service every day of the year, barring emergencies and disasters, though some routes may operate only part-time. By annual ridership, the New York City Subway is the busiest rapid transit system in both the Western Hemisphere and the Western world, as well as the ninth-busiest rapid transit rail system in the world. In 2017, the subway delivered over 1.72 billion rides, averaging approximately 5.6 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.7 million rides each weekend.

title: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York section title: Ground hierarchical section title: Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York / After the storm / Transportation / Ground caption reference description: Pump train cleaning water out of the Cranberry Street Tunnel caption attribution description: New York City Transit employees are pumping water out of the Cranberry Street Tunnel, which carries the A and C trains between Brooklyn and Manhattan underneath the East River. Photo: MTA New York City Transit / Leonard Wiggins content: New York was severely affected by Hurricane Sandy in 2012, particularly New York City, its suburbs, and Long Island. Sandy's impacts included the flooding of the New York City Subway system, of many suburban communities, and of all road tunnels entering Manhattan except the Lincoln Tunnel. The New York Stock Exchange closed for two consecutive days. Numerous homes and businesses were destroyed by fire, including over 100 homes in Breezy Point, Queens. Large parts of the city and surrounding areas lost electricity for several days. Several thousand people in midtown Manhattan were evacuated for six days due to a crane collapse at Extell's One57. Bellevue Hospital Center and a few other large hospitals were closed and evacuated. Flooding at 140 West Street and another exchange disrupted voice and data communication in lower Manhattan.
At least 53 people died in New York as a result of the storm. Thousands of homes and an estimated 250,000 vehicles were destroyed during the storm, and the economic losses in New York City were estimated to be roughly $19 billion with an estimated $32.8 billion required for restoration across the state.

title: R65 (New York City Subway car) hierarchical section title: R65 (New York City Subway car) caption reference description: An R65 in the Cranberry Street Tunnel after Hurricane Sandy caption attribution description: New York City Transit employees are pumping water out of the Cranberry Street Tunnel, which carries the A and C trains between Brooklyn and Manhattan underneath the East River. Photo: MTA New York City Transit / Leonard Wiggins content: The R65s are New York City Subway work service cars built around 1989 by Kawasaki Heavy Industries in Kobe, Japan. They are similar-looking to the R62 and R62A passenger cars and built to IRT specifications, but can be found on either division. They are numbered PC01–PC03 and used to pump out water from flooded tunnels and open cut areas. Unlike their revenue service counterparts, the R65s cannot move under their own power, thus are always propelled by diesel locomotives.

title: Weather-related cancellation section title: Transport hierarchical section title: Weather-related cancellation / Settings affected / Transport caption reference description: Subway Train in a flooded tunnel after Hurricane Sandy caption attribution description: New York City Transit employees are pumping water out of the Cranberry Street Tunnel, which carries the A and C trains between Brooklyn and Manhattan underneath the East River. Photo: MTA New York City Transit / Leonard Wiggins content: A weather cancellation or delay is closure, cancellation, or delay of an institution, operation, or event as a result of inclement weather. Certain institutions, such as schools, are likely to close when bad weather, such as snow, flooding, tropical cyclones, or extreme heat or cold impairs travel, causes power outages, or otherwise impedes public safety or makes opening the facility impossible or more difficult. Depending upon the local climate, the chances of a school or school system closing may vary. While some regions may close or delay schools when there is any question of safety, others located in areas where bad weather is a regular occurrence may remain open, as local people may be accustomed to travelling under such conditions.
Many countries and sub-national jurisdictions have mandates for a minimum number of school days in a year. To meet these requirements, many schools that face a likelihood of closure build a few extra school days into their calendar. If, by the end of the year, these days are unused, some schools give students days off. If all snow days are exhausted, and inclement weather requires more closures, schools usually make the days up later in the year.


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title: Thousand Islands hierarchical section title: Thousand Islands caption reference description: Map of the Thousand Islands region content: The Thousand Islands constitute a North American archipelago of 1,864 islands that straddles the Canada–US border in the Saint Lawrence River as it emerges from the northeast corner of Lake Ontario. They stretch for about 50 miles downstream from Kingston, Ontario. The Canadian islands are in the province of Ontario and the U.S. islands in the state of New York.
The islands range in size from over 40 square miles to smaller islands occupied by a single residence, or uninhabited outcroppings of rocks. To count as one of the Thousand Islands, emergent land within the river channel must have at least one square foot of land above water level year-round, and support at least two living trees.


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title: Late Show Top Ten List section title: Presentation hierarchical section title: Late Show Top Ten List / Presentation caption reference description: U.S. Army soldiers present a Top 10 List on the Late Show in June 2013. caption attribution description: English: U.S. Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno, left, and Soldiers assigned to the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) perform the Top 10 list on the "Late Show with David Letterman" in New York City June 12, 2013. The U.S. Army celebrated its 238th birthday June 14, 2013. content: The Top Ten List was a regular segment of the television programs Late Night with David Letterman and the Late Show with David Letterman. Each night, host David Letterman would present a list of ten items, compiled by his writing staff, that circulated around a common theme.
The lists were usually given humorous topics such as, Top Ten Signs Your Kid Had A Bad First Day At School or, Top Ten Rejected James Bond Gadgets or based on current events. Letterman would also occasionally give an intentionally absurd and mundane category, such as Top Ten Numbers Between One and Ten, drawing humor from the silliness of ranking such mundane items.


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title: Fiesta Mall section title: Decline and closure hierarchical section title: Fiesta Mall / History / Decline and closure caption reference description: The west-facing side of the former Macy's store at Fiesta Mall. Macy's closed in 2014. caption attribution description: English: Macy's closed at Fiesta Mall in 2014. content: Fiesta Mall was a shopping mall in the U.S. city of Mesa, Arizona which closed on January 27, 2018.


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title: Brownsville, Ohio hierarchical section title: Brownsville, Ohio caption reference description: Brownsville United Methodist Church caption attribution description: English: Front of the Brownsville United Methodist Church, located on U.S. Route 40 at the Third Street intersection in Brownsville, Ohio, United States. caption alt text description: Brownsville United Methodist Church content: Brownsville is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in northeastern Bowling Green Township, Licking County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 220. It lies at the intersection of U.S. Route 40 with State Route 668.


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title: Winnemucca, Nevada hierarchical section title: Winnemucca, Nevada caption reference description: Humboldt County and City of Winnemucca, Nevada content: Winnemucca is the only incorporated city in and is the county seat of Humboldt County, Nevada, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 7,396, up 3.1 percent from the 2000 census figure of 7,174. Interstate 80 passes through the city, where it meets U.S. Route 95.


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title: Jnan Sbil Gardens section title: Description hierarchical section title: Jnan Sbil Gardens / Description caption reference description: A noria (water wheel) inside the Jnan Sbil Gardens. (Photograph from 1929.) content: The Jnan Sbil Gardens, also known as the Bou Jeloud Gardens, is public garden in Fez, Morocco, located between Fes el-Jdid and Fes el-Bali, the two sections of the old medina.


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title: Berkeley, California section title: Early 20th century hierarchical section title: Berkeley, California / History / Early 20th century caption reference description: The University of California in 1940 content: Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California. It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills. The 2010 census recorded a population of 112,580.
Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California system, the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which is managed and operated by the University. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world. Berkeley is considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States.


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title: Virginia State Route 168 hierarchical section title: Virginia State Route 168 caption reference description: View north along SR 168 at US 58 in Norfolk caption attribution description: English: View north along Virginia State Route 168 (Tidewater Drive) at U.S. Route 58 (Virginia Beach Boulevard) in Norfolk, Virginia content: State Route 168 is a primary state highway in the South Hampton Roads region of the U.S. state of Virginia. It runs from the border with North Carolina through the independent cities of Chesapeake and Norfolk where it ends in the Ocean View area near the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel.
SR 168 consists of three sections with different characteristics. From North Carolina to the junction with Interstate 64 and Interstate 464, SR 168 is mostly built to freeway standards as a major road into North Carolina; part of it — the Chesapeake Expressway — is a toll road. From I-64 north into downtown Norfolk, SR 168 is a local road; I-464 carries most through traffic. The rest of SR 168, from downtown Norfolk north to Ocean View, is Tidewater Drive, an arterial road with some interchanges, built to carry traffic to the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel before Interstate 64 opened.
SR 168 was originally constructed in the 1930s on the north side of Hampton Roads as Merrimack Trail, mainly as a bypass of U.S. Route 60 from Newport News past Williamsburg.


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title: Beau Chene High School section title: History hierarchical section title: Beau Chene High School / History caption reference description: Beau Chene High School, Arnaudville, Louisiana caption attribution description: English: Beau Chene High School, a public high school in St. Landry Parish, State of Louisiana, located in Arnaudville, Louisiana. content: Beau Chêne High School is a public secondary school located in southeastern St. Landry Parish between the communities of Grand Coteau and Arnaudville in the state of Louisiana. The school was founded in 1991 when Sunset, Leonville, and Arnaudville High Schools were consolidated to form one centralized high school. The school serves the communities of Arnaudville, Cankton, Grand Coteau, Leonville, and Sunset. It is located at 7076 Highway 93, Arnaudville, Louisiana. Beau Chene High School has been cited for demonstrating inclusion among all their students.
Beau Chêne is accredited by the State of Louisiana's Department of Education.


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title: Froebel gifts section title: Description hierarchical section title: Froebel gifts / Description caption reference description: Fröbel's Gift 4, on a special gridded tabletop he also specified caption attribution description: English: Illustration showing girl working with Froebel's second building box in a Kindergarten content: The Froebel gifts are educational play materials for young children, originally designed by Friedrich Fröbel for the first kindergarten at Bad Blankenburg. Playing with Froebel gifts, singing, dancing, and growing plants were each important aspects of this child-centered approach to education. The series was later extended from the original six to at least ten sets of Gifts.


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title: Thad Allen hierarchical section title: Thad Allen caption reference description: Allen in 2006 caption attribution description: English: Coast Guard Commandant en:Thad W. Allen, from [1] content: Thad William Allen is a former United States Coast Guard admiral who served as the 23rd Commandant of the Coast Guard. Allen is best known for his widely praised performance directing the federal response to hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the Gulf Coast region from September 2005 to January 2006, and for his role as National Incident Commander of the Unified Command for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Robert J. Papp, Jr. succeeded him as Commandant on 25 May 2010, in a change of command ceremony.
Allen remained on active duty for 36 days after being succeeded as commandant while serving as Deepwater Horizon National Incident Commander. He officially retired from the U.S. Coast Guard on 30 June 2010, but continued to serve as National Incident Commander for an additional three months. He has worked as an Executive Vice President at Booz Allen Hamilton since November 2011.

title: Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration section title: Notable Alumni hierarchical section title: Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration / Notable Alumni caption attribution description: English: Coast Guard Commandant en:Thad W. Allen, from [1] content: The Trachtenberg School of Public Policy and Public Administration is the graduate school of public policy and public administration in the Columbian College of Arts and Sciences of the George Washington University, in Washington, D.C. The Trachtenberg School is one of the most prestigious schools of public policy and public management in the United States.
US News & World Report University Rankings ranks the Trachtenberg School as the 10th best public affairs school in the United States and as having the 11th best public management program, the 14th best health policy program, and the 20th best social policy program in the U.S.
Notable alumni include numerous prominent political and public figures, including John Michael McConnell, former Director of National Intelligence, Susan Schwab, former United States Trade Representative, Henry Cisneros, former U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and Thad Allen, former Commandant of the Coast Guard.
The Trachtenberg School offers Master of Public Policy, Master of Public Administration, Master of Arts in Environmental and Natural Resources Policy, and a PhD in Public Policy and Public Administration.

title: Commandant of the Coast Guard section title: List of commandants hierarchical section title: Commandant of the Coast Guard / List of commandants caption attribution description: English: Coast Guard Commandant en:Thad W. Allen, from [1] content: The commandant of the United States Coast Guard is the service chief and highest-ranking member of the United States Coast Guard. The commandant is an admiral, appointed for a four-year term by the president of the United States upon confirmation by the United States Senate. The commandant is assisted by a vice commandant, who is also an admiral, and two area commanders and two deputy commandants, all of whom are vice admirals.
Though the United States Coast Guard is one of the six military branches of the United States, unlike the other service chiefs, the commandant of the Coast Guard is not a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The commandant is, however, entitled to the same supplemental pay as each member of the Joint Chiefs, per 37 U.S.C. § 414, and is accorded privilege of the floor under Senate Rule XXIII as a de facto JCS member during presidential addresses.
The commandant maintains operational command over the Coast Guard, unlike the chiefs of the other services, who serve only administrative roles.


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title: Wakefield High School (Arlington County, Virginia) section title: Notable visitors hierarchical section title: Wakefield High School (Arlington County, Virginia) / Notable visitors caption reference description: President Barack Obama and Prime Minister Julia Gillard at Wakefield High School in 2011 caption attribution description: English: President Barack Obama and Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard visit students in a history class at Wakefield High School in Arlington, Virginia, March 7, 2011. content: Wakefield High School is one of three public high schools located in Arlington, Virginia, United States, closely bordering Alexandria. It has 140 teachers and 2,104 students in grades 9–12 as of the 2016–2017 academic year.
Wakefield's athletes are called the "Warriors" and wear the colors kelly green, white, and black. The school participates in the Virginia High School League. The Warriors are represented by an image of a knight holding a sword, which was preceded by an Indian head until 2003.


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title: Croatian Army section title: Modernization plans hierarchical section title: Croatian Army / Modernization plans caption reference description: Soldiers take cover beside a Patria AMV caption attribution description: English: Croatian soldiers take cover beside a military vehicle as they enter a village during a raid as part of Immediate Response 2012 at the Slunj Training Area, Croatia, June 5, 2012. Immediate Response is a U.S. Army Europe-led combined joint tactical field training exercise designed to build interoperability between NATO, Croatia and its regional partner nations. content: The Croatian Army and Croatian Ground Army is the largest and most significant component of the Croatian Armed Forces.


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title: Orlovskoye Polesye National Park hierarchical section title: Orlovskoye Polesye National Park caption reference description: Bison feeding during the winter at Orlovskoye Polesye caption attribution description: Русский: Национальный парк "Орловское Полесье". Место зимней подкормки зубров content: The Orlovskoye Polesye national park is a protected area in Russia.
It is situated in the middle of the Central Russian Upland straddling the Znamensky and Khotynetsky districts of Oryol Oblast, of area 77,745 ha. It was established by a decree of the Russian Government no.6 of January 9, 1994. This park is a home to European bisons.


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title: Indian reservation section title: Eastern Oklahoma hierarchical section title: Indian reservation / Disputes over land sovereignty / Eastern Oklahoma caption reference description: The reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes that were the subject of McGirt v. Oklahoma caption attribution description: English: Boundaries of the Five Tribes in 1866 content: An Indian reservation is a legal designation for an area of land managed by a federally recognized Indian tribe under the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs rather than the state governments of the United States in which they are physically located. Each of the 326 Indian reservations in the United States is associated with a particular Native American nation. Not all of the country's 567 recognized tribes have a reservation—some tribes have more than one reservation, while some share reservations. In addition, because of past land allotments, leading to some sales to non–Native Americans, some reservations are severely fragmented, with each piece of tribal, individual, and privately held land being a separate enclave. This jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal difficulties.
The collective geographical area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres, approximately the size of Idaho. While most reservations are small compared to U.S. states, there are 12 Indian reservations larger than the state of Rhode Island. The largest reservation, the Navajo Nation Reservation, is similar in size to West Virginia.

title: Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma section title: Geography hierarchical section title: Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma / Geography caption reference description: Boundaries of the Choctaw Nation and the remaining "Five Civilized Tribes" in Oklahoma caption attribution description: English: Boundaries of the Five Tribes in 1866 content: The Choctaw Nation is a federally recognized Native American tribe with a tribal jurisdictional area and reservation comprising 10.5 counties in Southeastern Oklahoma. The third-largest federally recognized tribe in the United States and the second-largest reservation in area after the Navajo, the Choctaw Nation maintains a special relationship with both the federal and Oklahoma governments. The tribe is the successor-state of the original Choctaw Republic, which had existed as a semi-independent entity in the United States Indian Territory until Oklahoma entered the Union in 1907.
As of 2011, the tribe has 223,279 enrolled members, of whom 84,670 live within the state of Oklahoma and 41,616 live within the Choctaw Nation's jurisdiction. A total of 233,126 people live within these boundaries. The tribal jurisdictional area is 10,864 square miles. By area, the Choctaw Nation is larger than eight U.S. states – Hawaii, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware and Rhode Island.
The chief of the Choctaw Nation is Gary Batton, who took office on April 29, 2014, after the retirement of Gregory E. Pyle.

title: Sharp v. Murphy section title: Background hierarchical section title: Sharp v. Murphy / Background caption reference description: Boundaries of the Five Tribes in 1866 caption attribution description: English: Boundaries of the Five Tribes in 1866 content: Sharp v. Murphy, 591 U.S. ___, was a Supreme Court of the United States case of whether Congress disestablished the Muscogee Nation reservation. After holding the case from the 2018 term, the case was decided on July 9, 2020, in a per curiam decision following McGirt v. Oklahoma that, for the purposes of the Major Crimes Act, the reservations were never disestablished and remain Native American country.
In 1866, Congress established reservation boundaries for the Muscogee, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole Nations. The Muscogee Nation boundaries composes three million acres in Eastern Oklahoma, including most of the city of Tulsa. The boundaries for all five nations consist of over 19 million acres and nearly the entire eastern half of Oklahoma. In 1907, Congress admitted Oklahoma to the Union as the 46th state and federal territorial courts immediately transferred all non-federal cases involving Native Americans to state courts. However, in the process, it has been found that Congress never officially disestablished the tribal reservations, a requirement for a tribal reservation to lose that status as demanded under Solem v. Bartlett.

title: McGirt v. Oklahoma section title: Background hierarchical section title: McGirt v. Oklahoma / Background caption reference description: The former reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes in dispute in this case caption attribution description: English: Boundaries of the Five Tribes in 1866 content: McGirt v. Oklahoma, 591 U.S. ___, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which ruled that, as pertaining to the Major Crimes Act, much of the eastern portion of the state of Oklahoma remains as Native American lands of the prior Indian reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes, never disestablished by Congress as part of the Oklahoma Enabling Act of 1906. McGirt was related to Sharp v. Murphy, 591 U.S. ___, heard in the 2018–19 term on the same question but which was believed to be deadlocked due to Justice Neil Gorsuch's recusal due to having prior judicial oversight of the case. Sharp was decided per curiam alongside McGirt.

title: Muscogee (Creek) Nation section title: Jurisdiction hierarchical section title: Muscogee (Creek) Nation / Jurisdiction caption reference description: Boundaries of the Five Tribes caption attribution description: English: Boundaries of the Five Tribes in 1866 content: The Muscogee (Creek) Nation is a federally-recognized Native American tribe based in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The nation descends from the historic Creek Confederacy, a large group of indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands. Official languages include Muscogee, Yuchi, Natchez, Alabama, and Koasati, with Muscogee retaining the largest number of speakers. They commonly refer to themselves as Este Mvskokvlke. Historically, they were often referred to by European Americans as one of the Five Civilized Tribes of the American Southeast.
The Muscogee (Creek) Nation is the largest of the federally recognized Muscogee tribes. The Muskogean-speaking Alabama, Koasati, Hitchiti, and Natchez people are also enrolled in this nation. Algonquian-speaking Shawnee and Yuchi are also enrolled in the Muscogee Creek Nation, although historically, the latter two groups were from different language families and cultures than the Muscogee.
Other federally recognized Muscogee groups include the Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town, Kialegee Tribal Town, and Thlopthlocco Tribal Town of Oklahoma; the Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana, and the Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas.

title: Oklahoma section title: 20th and 21st centuries hierarchical section title: Oklahoma / History / 20th and 21st centuries caption reference description: The former reservations of the Five Civilized Tribes in dispute in McGirt v. Oklahoma caption attribution description: English: Boundaries of the Five Tribes in 1866 content: Oklahoma is a state in the South Central region of the United States, bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, New Mexico on the west, and Colorado on the northwest. Located partially in the western extreme of the Upland South, it is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States. Its residents are known as Oklahomans, and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City.
The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people". It is also known informally by its nickname, "The Sooner State", in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889, which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory. Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16, 1907.
With ancient mountain ranges, prairie, mesas, and eastern forests, most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains, Cross Timbers, and the U.S.


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title: Order of the Star of Romania section title: History hierarchical section title: Order of the Star of Romania / History caption reference description: The original 1877 model - Commodore rank (obverse). caption attribution description: English: Order of the Star of Romania, md 1877, obverse Français : Ordre de l'Étoile de la Roumanie, md 1877, avers Română: Ordinul Steaua României, md 1877, avers content: The Order of the Star of Romania is Romania's highest civil Order and second highest State decoration after the defunct Order of Michael the Brave. It is awarded by the President of Romania. It has five ranks, from lowest to the highest: Officer, Commander, Grand Officer, Grand Cross, and Grand Cross with Collar.


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title: Knott's Berry Farm section title: Camp Snoopy hierarchical section title: Knott's Berry Farm / Current areas and attractions / Camp Snoopy caption reference description: Peanuts cartoonist Charles M. Schulz (center) visits the construction site of "Camp Snoopy" with daughter Jill Schulz, Marion Knott and others, circa 1983 caption attribution description: "Peanuts" cartoonist Charles M. Schulz (right) reviews visits the construction site of "Camp Snoopy" at Knott's Berry Farm with daughter Jill Schulz, Marion Knott and others, circa 1983. There are no known copyright restrictions on this image. All future uses of this photo should include the courtesy line, "Photo courtesy Orange County Archives." Comments are welcome after reading our Comment Policy. From the Knott's Berry Farm Collection. content: Knott's Berry Farm is a 57-acre theme park located in Buena Park, California, owned and operated by Cedar Fair. In 2018, it was the twelfth-most-visited theme park in North America and averages approximately 4 million visitors per year. The park features 40 rides including roller coasters, family rides, dark rides and water rides.
The theme park began in the 1920s as a road-side berry stand run by Walter Knott along State Route 39 in California. By the 1940s, a restaurant, several shops, and other attractions had been constructed on the property to entertain a growing number of visitors, including a replica ghost town. The site continued its transformation into a modern amusement park over the next two decades, and an admission charge was added in 1968. In 1997 the park was sold to Cedar Fair for $300 million, just two years after the Knott's food business was acquired by Conagra, Inc. in 1995.


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title: Marcel Janco hierarchical section title: Marcel Janco caption reference description: Janco in 1954 caption attribution description: Israel Artist Marcel Janco content: Marcel Janco was a Romanian and Israeli visual artist, architect and art theorist. He was the co-inventor of Dadaism and a leading exponent of Constructivism in Eastern Europe. In the 1910s, he co-edited, with Ion Vinea and Tristan Tzara, the Romanian art magazine Simbolul. Janco was a practitioner of Art Nouveau, Futurism and Expressionism before contributing his painting and stage design to Tzara's literary Dadaism. He parted with Dada in 1919, when he and painter Hans Arp founded a Constructivist circle, Das Neue Leben.
Reunited with Vinea, he founded Contimporanul, the influential tribune of the Romanian avant-garde, advocating a mix of Constructivism, Futurism and Cubism. At Contimporanul, Janco expounded a "revolutionary" vision of urban planning. He designed some of the most innovative landmarks of downtown Bucharest. He worked in many art forms, including illustration, sculpture and oil painting.
Janco was one of the leading Romanian Jewish intellectuals of his generation. Targeted by antisemitic persecution before and during World War II, he emigrated to the British Mandate for Palestine in 1941.


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title: Electoral history of Robert Borden section title: Summary hierarchical section title: Electoral history of Robert Borden / Summary caption reference description: Canada in 1911, when Borden was elected Prime Minister. caption attribution description: Map of the provinces and territories of Canada as they were between 1905 and 1912. On September 1 1905, Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from parts of the North-West Territories and the District of Keewatin; the remainder of the District of Keewatin was remerged into the North-West Territories. On May 15 1912, parts of the North-West Territories were given to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Also note that in 1912, the official name dropped the hyphen, changing to "Northwest Territories". Made by User:Golbez. content: A Conservative, he became Prime Minister after winning the federal election of 1911, defeating Sir Wilfrid Laurier. He won two general elections and lost two. From 1911 to 1917, he led a Conservative government and from 1917 to 1920 led a Unionist coalition, formed over the issue of military conscription.
Borden was elected to the House of Commons of Canada eight times.
Borden retired in 1920 and was succeeded by Arthur Meighen.

title: Kenora District section title: Patricia Portion hierarchical section title: Kenora District / Patricia Portion caption reference description: Provincial boundaries of Canada prior to 1912. The portion of Ontario's modern boundaries which is not represented as part of Ontario in this map constitutes the "Patricia Portion" of Kenora District. caption attribution description: Map of the provinces and territories of Canada as they were between 1905 and 1912. On September 1 1905, Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from parts of the North-West Territories and the District of Keewatin; the remainder of the District of Keewatin was remerged into the North-West Territories. On May 15 1912, parts of the North-West Territories were given to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Also note that in 1912, the official name dropped the hyphen, changing to "Northwest Territories". Made by User:Golbez. content: Kenora District is a district and census division in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. The district seat is the City of Kenora.
It is geographically the largest division in Ontario: at 407,213.01 square kilometres, it covers 38 percent of the province's area, making it larger than Newfoundland and Labrador, and slightly smaller than Sweden. Kenora District also has the lowest population density of any of Ontario's census divisions.
The district was created in 1907 from parts of Rainy River District. The northern part only became part of Ontario in 1912. The separate Patricia District upon transfer, it was in 1937 annexed to Kenora District and known sometimes as the Patricia Portion.

title: Electoral history of Wilfrid Laurier section title: Summary hierarchical section title: Electoral history of Wilfrid Laurier / Summary caption reference description: Canada had nine provinces and two territories in 1911, Laurier's last year as Prime Minister. caption attribution description: Map of the provinces and territories of Canada as they were between 1905 and 1912. On September 1 1905, Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from parts of the North-West Territories and the District of Keewatin; the remainder of the District of Keewatin was remerged into the North-West Territories. On May 15 1912, parts of the North-West Territories were given to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Also note that in 1912, the official name dropped the hyphen, changing to "Northwest Territories". Made by User:Golbez. content: A Liberal, he was Canada's fourth longest-serving Prime Minister, with the longest consecutive time in office. He won four general elections and lost three. He was succeeded by Sir Robert Borden. He died in 1919, having been the Leader of the Official Opposition for eight years.

title: History of the Northwest Territories section title: 1905–1951 hierarchical section title: History of the Northwest Territories / 1905–1951 caption reference description: Map of the provinces and territories of Canada as they were between 1905 and 1912. caption attribution description: Map of the provinces and territories of Canada as they were between 1905 and 1912. On September 1 1905, Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from parts of the North-West Territories and the District of Keewatin; the remainder of the District of Keewatin was remerged into the North-West Territories. On May 15 1912, parts of the North-West Territories were given to Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Also note that in 1912, the official name dropped the hyphen, changing to "Northwest Territories". Made by User:Golbez. content: The history of the Northwest Territories begins with the population of the region by First Nations peoples, and proceeds through the transformation of it into provinces and territories of the nation of Canada, including the modern administrative unit of the Northwest Territories. When Europeans settlers began to divide the continent, the Northwest Territories included much of the sparsely populated regions of what is now western Canada. Over time, the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba were formed out of the territories. In 1898, the Yukon territory became a separate entity and in 1999 Nunavut was formed from the eastern section.


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title: Smith Hill, Providence, Rhode Island hierarchical section title: Smith Hill, Providence, Rhode Island caption reference description: Holden Street Providence, part of Smith Hill Historic District caption attribution description: English: Holden Street, Providence, Rhode Island content: Smith Hill is a neighborhood in Providence, Rhode Island. Its traditional bounds are the Woonasquatucket River, the Chad Brown public housing complex, Interstate 95 and West River.
The Roger Williams Medical Center is located in the Smith Hill neighborhood and is adjacent to the VA hospital.
The Rhode Island State House is also located on the border with Downtown. The name 'Smith Hill' is therefore used as a metonym for the Rhode Island state government and the Rhode Island General Assembly.

title: Smith Hill Historic District hierarchical section title: Smith Hill Historic District caption reference description: Holden Street Providence, part of Smith Hill Historic District caption attribution description: English: Holden Street, Providence, Rhode Island content: The Smith Hill Historic District is a historic district located in northwestern Providence, Rhode Island, just west of the Rhode Island State House and Interstate 95. It includes 57-65 Brownell Street, 73-114 Holden Street, 23-80 Jewett Street, 189-240 Smith Street and 10-18 W. Park Street. This area is a densely built residential section, an isolated remnant of what was once a larger residential area. Most of the 41 properties are residential units built between 1870 and 1930, and are typically 2-1/2 or 3-1/2 stories in height. They are set on lot sizes ranging generally from 3000 to 5000 square feet, and are set close to the sidewalk. The only major non-residential buildings are St. Patrick's School at 244 Smith Street and "The Mohican" at 185-189 Smith Street; the latter is an Art Deco brick and concrete commercial block two stories in height.
The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.


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title: Hell ship hierarchical section title: Hell ship caption reference description: Oryoku Maru in World War II. caption attribution description: English: The Oryoku Maru under attack at Olongapo, Luzon, 14-15 December 1944. 日本語: 1944年12月14-15日、ルソン島、オロンガポにて攻撃を受ける鴨緑丸 content: A hell ship is a ship with extremely inhumane living conditions or with a reputation for cruelty among the crew. It now generally refers to the ships used by the Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Army to transport Allied prisoners of war and romushas out of the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, Hong Kong and Singapore in World War II. The POWs were taken to Japan, Taiwan, Manchukuo, Korea, the Moluccas, Sumatra, Burma, or Siam to be used as forced labor.

title: Arthur W. Wermuth section title: Captivity hierarchical section title: Arthur W. Wermuth / World War II / Captivity caption reference description: The Oryoku Maru under attack at Olongapo, Luzon, December 14–15, 1944 caption attribution description: English: The Oryoku Maru under attack at Olongapo, Luzon, 14-15 December 1944. 日本語: 1944年12月14-15日、ルソン島、オロンガポにて攻撃を受ける鴨緑丸 content: Arthur William Wermuth, Jr., dubbed the "One-Man Army of Bataan," was a United States Army officer during World War II and a prisoner of war from April 1942 until August 1945.

title: Ōryoku Maru hierarchical section title: Ōryoku Maru caption reference description: Ōryoku Maru caption attribution description: English: The Oryoku Maru under attack at Olongapo, Luzon, 14-15 December 1944. 日本語: 1944年12月14-15日、ルソン島、オロンガポにて攻撃を受ける鴨緑丸 content: Ōryoku Maru was a Japanese passenger cargo ship which was commissioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II as a troop transport and prisoner of war transport ship. Japanese POW transport ships are often referred to as hell ships, due to their notoriously unpleasant conditions and the many deaths that occurred on board. In December 1944, the ship was bombed by American aircraft, killing 200 Allied POWs. Hundreds more died in the months that followed.


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title: Riverfront Park (Spokane, Washington) section title: Early history hierarchical section title: Riverfront Park (Spokane, Washington) / Hydropower / Early history caption reference description: WWP's Monroe Street Power Station, as seen pictured in 1925 with its powerhouse in the foreground, penstocks and dam in the background. content: Riverfront Park, branded as Riverfront Spokane, is a public urban park in Downtown Spokane, Washington that is owned and operated by the Spokane Parks & Recreation Department. The 100-acre park is situated along the Spokane River and encompasses the Upper Spokane Falls, which are the second largest urban waterfall in the United States, and, when combined with the Lower Spokane Falls that sit just outside of the park's boundary, create the largest urban waterfall in the country.
Located on the site of a former railyard, visions for creating a park to encompass the Spokane Falls date back as early as 1908, however it would be another 64 years before those visions would be realized. In 1972, the active railyards were removed, and area around the Spokane Falls reclaimed, when construction commenced on an urban renewal project that built a fairground to host the upcoming environmentally-themed Expo '74 World's fair. Plans called for the site, which hosted the fair from May 4 to November 3, 1974, to be kept as a legacy piece of Expo '74 and converted into an urban park after the fair's conclusion.


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title: John Kearney (artist) section title: Life hierarchical section title: John Kearney (artist) / Life caption reference description: Moose, Chicago, Illinois, USA content: John Kearney was a Chicago- and Provincetown-based American artist famous for making figurative sculptures, often of animals, using multiple, found metal objects, specifically bumpers from automobiles.


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title: Regions of Venezuela section title: Natural regions hierarchical section title: Regions of Venezuela / Natural regions caption reference description: Natural Regions of Venezuela caption attribution description: Español: Mapa de las regiones naturales de Venezuela. English: Natural regions of Venezuela. Português: Regiões Naturais da Venezuela. Svenska: Venezuelas naturregioner. content: The Regions of Venezuela are two groupings of Venezuela's states, capital district, and federal dependencies. Venezuela's natural regions are divided by natural geography, and administrative regions are delineated for the purpose of regional administration.

title: Venezuela section title: Biodiversity hierarchical section title: Venezuela / Geography / Biodiversity caption reference description: Map of Natural regions of Venezuela caption attribution description: Español: Mapa de las regiones naturales de Venezuela. English: Natural regions of Venezuela. Português: Regiões Naturais da Venezuela. Svenska: Venezuelas naturregioner. content: Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km² and the population of Venezuela was estimated at 28 million in 2019. The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas.
The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Colombia, Brazil on the south, Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana. The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba. Venezuela is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states, the Capital District and federal dependencies covering Venezuela's offshore islands. Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north and in the capital.
The territory of Venezuela was colonized by Spain in 1522 amid resistance from indigenous peoples.

title: Natural regions of Venezuela hierarchical section title: Natural regions of Venezuela caption reference description: Natural Regions of Venezuela caption attribution description: Español: Mapa de las regiones naturales de Venezuela. English: Natural regions of Venezuela. Português: Regiões Naturais da Venezuela. Svenska: Venezuelas naturregioner. content: Because of its natural structure, Venezuela can be divided into eight very distinct natural regions. In the evaluation of a natural region, the human element is not present. The natural region groups of Venezuela formed as a consequence of the association of geo-physical elements such as: geological constitution, relief, climate, hydrography, vegetation, soils, among others.
The regional groups that make up the Venezuelan territory are:


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title: History of Kathmandu section title: Modern history (1846–1999) hierarchical section title: History of Kathmandu / Modern history (1846–1999) caption reference description: Buddha statue on street. Kathmandu. 1979 caption attribution description: English: I took this photo on a trip to Nepal in 1979 content: The history of the city of Kathmandu, which is inseparable from that of the Kathmandu valley, dates back to ancient times.


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title: Solar power in New Mexico section title: Installed capacity hierarchical section title: Solar power in New Mexico / Installed capacity caption reference description: 2018 electricity generation in New Mexico by source content: Solar power in New Mexico in 2016 generated 2.8% of the state's total electricity consumption, despite a National Renewable Energy Laboratory projection suggesting a potential contribution three orders of magnitude larger.


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title: 1992 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania hierarchical section title: 1992 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania caption reference description: Bush on campaign. Seen here speaking at the Norristown, Pennsylvania High School, September, 1992. content: The 1992 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place on November 3, 1992, and was part of the 1992 United States presidential election. Voters chose 23 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Pennsylvania was won by Governor Bill Clinton by a margin of 9.02%. Billionaire businessman Ross Perot finished in third, with 18.20% of Pennsylvania’s popular vote. As of the 2016 presidential election, this is the last election in which Clearfield County voted for a Democratic Presidential candidate.


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title: Death of Nicky Verstappen hierarchical section title: Death of Nicky Verstappen caption reference description: Monument for Verstappen on the Brunssummerheide, near where his body was found. caption attribution description: Nederlands: herdenkingsmonument Nicky Verstappen op de Brunssumerheide content: Nicky Verstappen was a Dutch boy who, aged 11, disappeared on the morning of 10 August 1998 from a summer camp he was attending in Brunssum, Limburg. His body was found on the evening of 11 August, 1.2 kilometres away in nearby Landgraaf. Despite extensive investigation, the case remained entirely unsolved for twenty years.
On 26 August 2018, a 55-year-old man was arrested in Spain when DNA from his belongings and relatives matched samples taken from Verstappen's clothing, following the largest DNA-harvesting operation in Dutch history.


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title: Bela Khotenashvili hierarchical section title: Bela Khotenashvili caption reference description: Bela Khotenashvili at the FIDE Women's Grand Prix in Geneva, 2013 caption attribution description: Fondation Neva Women's Grand Prix Geneva 09-05-2013 Fondation Neva Women's Grand Prix Geneva 09-05-2013 - Bela Khotenashvili content: Bela Khotenashvili is a Georgian chess grandmaster. She competed in the Women's World Chess Championship in 2012, 2015 and 2017.


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title: Ittoqqortoormiit section title: Economy hierarchical section title: Ittoqqortoormiit / Economy caption reference description: Ittoqqortoormiit Cemetery (2018) caption attribution description: English: Ittoqqortoormiit Cemetery (2018) content: Ittoqqortoormiit or Illoqqortoormiut, formerly known as Scoresbysund, is a settlement in the Sermersooq municipality in eastern Greenland. Its population was 345 as of 2020.
The former name Scoresbysund derives from the Arctic explorer and whaler William Scoresby, who was the first to map the area in 1822. The name "Ittoqqortoormiit" means "Big-House Dwellers" in the Eastern Greenlandic dialect. The region is known for its wildlife, including polar bears, muskoxen, and seals.


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title: Fernkloof Nature Reserve hierarchical section title: Fernkloof Nature Reserve caption reference description: Fernkloof in August caption attribution description: Afrikaans: Fernkloof Natuurreservaat in Augustus English: Fernkloof Nature Reserve in August content: Fernkloof Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in the Kleinrivier Mountains above Hermanus, Western Cape Province, South Africa. It is 1,800 hectares in area and its altitude ranges from sea level to 842 metres.
The reserve harbours over 1300 species of plant.
Here is a complete list, many with photos, of all plant species found in Fernkloof Nature Reserve.
The Fernkloof Nature Reserve comprises 0.002% of the area of the Cape Floral Kingdom but contains 14% of its plant species in just 18 square kilometres. More info here


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title: Argul railway station section title: Images hierarchical section title: Argul railway station / Images caption reference description: Argul railway station caption attribution description: English: This is the Picture of Argul railway station हिन्दी: यह अर्गुल रेलवे स्टेशन की तस्वीर है ଓଡ଼ିଆ: ଏହା ହେଉଛି ଅର୍ଗୁଲ ରେଳ ଷ୍ଟେସନର ଚିତ୍ର | content: Argul railway station is a halt railway station on Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section, part of the Howrah-Chennai main line under Khurda Road railway division of East Coast Railway zone. It is situated at Deulabasta, Argul in Khurda in the Indian state of Odisha.


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title: 2004 Republican National Convention section title: Protests hierarchical section title: 2004 Republican National Convention / Protests caption reference description: Protesters gather in Union Square for a march caption attribution description: Protesters gathered in Union Square on August 29, 2004 before their march to the Republican National Convention at Madison Square Garden. I took this picture and am releasing it into the public domain. content: The 2004 Republican National Convention, the presidential nominating convention of the Republican Party of the United States, took place from August 30 to September 2, 2004 at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. The convention is one of a series of historic quadrennial meetings at which the Republican candidates for president and vice president, and party platform are formally adopted. Attendance included 2,509 delegates and 2,344 alternate delegates from the states, territories and the District of Columbia. The convention marked the formal end of the active primary election season. As of 2019, it is the most recent major-party nominating convention to be held in New York City.
The theme of the convention was "Fulfilling America's Promise by Building a Safer World and a More Hopeful America." Defining moments of the 2004 Republican National Convention include a featured keynote address by Zell Miller and the confirmation of the nomination of President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney for reelection. Bush and Cheney faced the Democratic Party's ticket of John Kerry and John Edwards in the 2004 presidential election.

title: 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity hierarchical section title: 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity caption reference description: Protesters gather in Union Square before the march caption attribution description: Protesters gathered in Union Square on August 29, 2004 before their march to the Republican National Convention at Madison Square Garden. I took this picture and am releasing it into the public domain. content: 2004 Republican National Convention protest activity includes the broad range of marches, rallies, performances, demonstrations, exhibits, and acts of civil disobedience in New York City to protest the 2004 Republican National Convention and the nomination of President George W. Bush for the 2004 U.S. presidential election.
Hundreds of groups organized protests, including United for Peace and Justice, a coalition of more than 800 anti-war and social justice groups, and International ANSWER. Over 1800 individuals were arrested by the authorities, a record for a political convention in the U.S. However 90% of those charges were eventually dropped.


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title: Gamle Stavanger hierarchical section title: Gamle Stavanger caption reference description: Øvre Strandgate in Gamle Stavanger caption attribution description: English: Street in "Gamle Stavanger", older quarter in Stavanger (17th century), Andrea Heck, August 2006 content: Gamle Stavanger is a historic area of the city of Stavanger in Rogaland, Norway. The area consists largely of restored wooden buildings which were built in the 18th century and in the beginning of the 19th century.
In the aftermath of World War II, a new city plan was created for Stavanger. It included razing most of the old wooden buildings in the city centre, and replacing them with new modern structures in concrete. One single voice spoke up against this plan, and today it is recognized that Gamle Stavanger owes its existence to Einar Hedén, then City Architect of Stavanger. In 1956 the city council voted to conserve part of the old city centre.
The area selected for conservation was the one considered the least desirable, consisting of small rundown wooden buildings located on the western side of Vågen, the inner harbor area of Stavanger. This area has a selection of preserved wood houses dating from both the 19th and 20th century. Some of the houses are owned by the municipality, but most are privately owned. Over the years the area has changed from seedy to trendy, and today is considered a choice location for the urban-minded with a sense of history.


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title: William M. Singerly hierarchical section title: William M. Singerly caption reference description: Wiliam M. Singerly, ca. 1887 caption attribution description: Print; Prints/Ephemera content: William Miskey Singerly was a Philadelphia businessman and newspaper publisher.
Singerly was born in Philadelphia in 1832. His father Joseph Singerly was instrumental in the creation of the city's street car system. Singerly graduated from high school in 1850 and worked in a produce commission house. He then worked with his father in the street car business and spent some time in that field in Chicago.
Singerly purchased the small The Philadelphia Record newspaper in 1877 with a circulation of about 5,000 daily, and transformed it into a large circulation one-cent daily. By 1894, it had a circulation over 160,000.
He was also involved in real estate development, overseeing the building of over 1,000 new homes.


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title: Zanja, Camuy, Puerto Rico hierarchical section title: Zanja, Camuy, Puerto Rico caption reference description: Location of Zanja within the municipality of Camuy shown in red caption attribution description: English: Zanja, Camuy, Puerto Rico locator map caption alt text description: Location of Zanja within the municipality of Camuy shown in red content: Zanja is a barrio in the municipality of Camuy, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 3,311.


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title: Belgian Congo hierarchical section title: Belgian Congo caption reference description: The Belgian Congo caption attribution description: Français : On sait peu de choses sur le cartographe et graveur de cette carte, Léon de Moor lui-même. On en sait plus sur la maison d'édition, J. Lebègue et Cie. L'entreprise publia de nombreux documents géographiques, y compris des cartes et des récits de voyage. En 1896, au moment de la publication de cette carte, le Congo Belge - connu sous le nom d'État indépendant du Congo - est en fait une possession personnelle du roi Léopold II et non pas une colonie officielle de la Belgique. Le roi était engagé dans une vigoureuse campagne de publicité visant à convaincre les autres puissances européennes de reconnaître la légitimité de son règne, une tâche difficile en raison de la brutalité notoire de son administration en Afrique. En regardant de plus près la légende de la carte on découvre que J. Lebègue et Cie. est l'éditeur, mais que le "Bureau de la publicité" est son rédacteur. La carte comprend des encadrés détaillés des provinces de Léopoldville au Bas-Congo et d' Elisabethville au Katanga. English: "Little is known about the actual cartographer and engraver of this map, Léon de Moor. More is known about the publishing house, J. Lebègue and Co. The firm published many geographical documents, including maps and travel accounts. In 1896, when this map was published, the Belgian Congo–known as the Congo Free State–was actually a personal possession of King Leopold II and not an official Belgian colony. The king was engaged in a vigorous publicity campaign aimed at convincing the other European powers to recognize the legitimacy of his rule, a difficult task in view of the notorious brutality of his administration in Africa. A close look at the legend of the map reveals J. Lebègue and Co. as the publisher, but the “Office of Publicity” as its editor. The map includes detailed insets of the provinces of Leopoldville in the lower Congo and of Elisabethville in Katanga." caption alt text description: The Belgian Congo content: Belgian Congo was a Belgian colony in central Africa. It was formed in 1908. The government of Belgium took over the previously separate kingdom of Belgium's monarch Léopold II; the Congo Free State. Today it is called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It existed between Léopold II's formal transfer of his personal control to Belgium on 15 November 1908, and Congolese independence on 30 June 1960.

title: Belgian Congo section title: Government hierarchical section title: Belgian Congo / Belgian Congo / Government caption reference description: Map of the Belgian Congo caption attribution description: Français : On sait peu de choses sur le cartographe et graveur de cette carte, Léon de Moor lui-même. On en sait plus sur la maison d'édition, J. Lebègue et Cie. L'entreprise publia de nombreux documents géographiques, y compris des cartes et des récits de voyage. En 1896, au moment de la publication de cette carte, le Congo Belge - connu sous le nom d'État indépendant du Congo - est en fait une possession personnelle du roi Léopold II et non pas une colonie officielle de la Belgique. Le roi était engagé dans une vigoureuse campagne de publicité visant à convaincre les autres puissances européennes de reconnaître la légitimité de son règne, une tâche difficile en raison de la brutalité notoire de son administration en Afrique. En regardant de plus près la légende de la carte on découvre que J. Lebègue et Cie. est l'éditeur, mais que le "Bureau de la publicité" est son rédacteur. La carte comprend des encadrés détaillés des provinces de Léopoldville au Bas-Congo et d' Elisabethville au Katanga. English: "Little is known about the actual cartographer and engraver of this map, Léon de Moor. More is known about the publishing house, J. Lebègue and Co. The firm published many geographical documents, including maps and travel accounts. In 1896, when this map was published, the Belgian Congo–known as the Congo Free State–was actually a personal possession of King Leopold II and not an official Belgian colony. The king was engaged in a vigorous publicity campaign aimed at convincing the other European powers to recognize the legitimacy of his rule, a difficult task in view of the notorious brutality of his administration in Africa. A close look at the legend of the map reveals J. Lebègue and Co. as the publisher, but the “Office of Publicity” as its editor. The map includes detailed insets of the provinces of Leopoldville in the lower Congo and of Elisabethville in Katanga." content: The Belgian Congo was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960. The former colony adopted its present name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in 1964.
Colonial rule in the Congo began in the late 19th century. King Leopold II of Belgium attempted to persuade the Belgian government to support colonial expansion around the then-largely unexploited Congo Basin. Their ambivalence resulted in Leopold's establishing a colony himself. With support from a number of Western countries, Leopold achieved international recognition for a personal colony, the Congo Free State, in 1885. By the turn of the century, the violence used by Free State officials against indigenous Congolese and a ruthless system of economic exploitation led to intense diplomatic pressure on Belgium to take official control of the country, which it did by creating the Belgian Congo in 1908.
Belgian rule in the Congo was based on the "colonial trinity" of state, missionary and private-company interests. The privileging of Belgian commercial interests meant that large amounts of capital flowed into the Congo and that individual regions became specialised.


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title: Amazon rubber boom section title: First rubber boom, 1879–1912 hierarchical section title: Amazon rubber boom / First rubber boom, 1879–1912 caption reference description: Processing of rubber, Manaus, 1906. content: The Amazon Rubber Boom was an important part of the economic and social history of Brazil and Amazonian regions of neighboring countries, being related to the extraction and commercialization of rubber. Centered in the Amazon Basin, the boom resulted in a large expansion of European colonization in the area, attracting immigrant workers, generating wealth, causing cultural and social transformations, and wreaking havoc upon indigenous societies. It encouraged the growth of cities such as Manaus and Belém, capitals within the respective Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará, among many other cities throughout the region like Itacoatiara, Rio Branco, Eirunepé, Marabá, Cruzeiro do Sul and Altamira; as well as the expansion of Iquitos in Peru and Cobija in Bolivia. The rubber boom occurred largely between 1879 and 1912. There was heightened rubber production and associated activities again from 1942 to 1945 during the Second World War.


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title: Lake Abbe section title: Overview hierarchical section title: Lake Abbe / Overview caption reference description: Chimneys near Lake Abbe caption attribution description: English: Shores of lake AbbeFrançais : Barges du lac Abhe content: Lake Abbe, also known as Lake Abhe Bad, is a salt lake, lying on the Ethiopia-Djibouti border. It is one of a chain of six connected lakes, which also includes lakes Gargori, Laitali, Gummare, Bario and Afambo. The river Awash flows into the no-drain lake. The Lake Abbe is the center of the Afar Depression. The Lac Abbe is considered one of the most inaccessible areas of the earth. The water itself is known for its flamingos. The scenery is unique.

title: Tourism in Djibouti section title: Islands hierarchical section title: Tourism in Djibouti / Attractions / Islands caption reference description: Lake Abbe. caption attribution description: English: Shores of lake AbbeFrançais : Barges du lac Abhe content: Tourism in Djibouti is one of the growing economic sectors of the country and is an industry that generates 53,000 and 73,000 arrivals per year, with its favorable beaches and climate and also include islands and beaches in the Gulf of Tadjoura and the Bab al-Mandab. The main tourist activities are scuba diving, fishing, trekking and hiking, discovering the nomadic way, bird watching, and sun, sea and sand.


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title: Florent Rouamba hierarchical section title: Florent Rouamba caption attribution description: English: Florent Rouamba content: Florent Rouamba is a Burkinabé professional footballer, who plays in France for Saint-Pryvé Saint-Hilaire. He has represented Burkina Faso at international level.


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title: 2018 Idaho gubernatorial election hierarchical section title: 2018 Idaho gubernatorial election caption reference description: County Results
Little:       50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
Jordan:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% content: The 2018 Idaho gubernatorial election took place on November 6 to elect the next governor of Idaho. Incumbent Republican Governor Butch Otter chose not to run for a fourth term, and the state's primaries were held on May 15.
Former state representative Paulette Jordan was the Democratic Party's nominee. She was the first Democratic nominee from northern Idaho since Cecil Andrus, who was first elected governor in 1970.
Jordan lost to incumbent lieutenant governor Brad Little by 21 percentage points, for a seventh consecutive Republican victory.
A record 605,131 votes were cast for governor in 2018, a 37.6% increase over the previous election in 2014. The previous high was 452,535 votes in 2010.
In addition, the Democratic ticket of Paulette Jordan and Kristin Collum became the one of the first two tickets to have two women on it. The other was Hawaii's 2018 Republican nominees for Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Andria Tupola and Marissa Kerns.

title: 2018 United States gubernatorial elections section title: Idaho hierarchical section title: 2018 United States gubernatorial elections / Idaho caption reference description: County Results
Little:       50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
Jordan:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% content: The 2018 United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 6, 2018 in 36 states and three territories. These elections formed part of the 2018 United States elections. Other coinciding elections were the 2018 United States Senate elections and the 2018 United States House of Representatives elections. The last regular gubernatorial elections for all but three of the states took place in 2014. Governors in New Hampshire and Vermont serve two-year terms, meaning that their most recent gubernatorial elections took place in 2016. Meanwhile, Oregon held a special election in 2016 to fill an unexpired term.
Many of the states holding gubernatorial elections have term limits which made some multi-term governors ineligible for re-election. Two Democratic governors were term-limited while six incumbent Democratic governors were eligible for re-election. Among Republican governors, twelve were term-limited while eleven could seek re-election. One independent governor was eligible for re-election.


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title: Axel Oxenstierna section title: Relationship with King Gustavus Adolphus hierarchical section title: Axel Oxenstierna / Impact and legacy / Relationship with King Gustavus Adolphus caption reference description: Portrait of Oxenstierna by David Beck content: Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna af Södermöre, Count of Södermöre, was a Swedish statesman. He became a member of the Swedish Privy Council in 1609 and served as Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1612 until his death. He was a confidant of first Gustavus Adolphus and then Queen Christina.
Oxenstierna is widely considered one of the most influential people in Swedish history. He played an important role during the Thirty Years' War and was appointed Governor-General of occupied Prussia; he is also credited for having laid the foundations of the modern central administrative structure of the State, including the creation of counties.


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title: Halfback (American football) section title: Passing hierarchical section title: Halfback (American football) / Characteristics of a  halfback / Passing caption reference description: Halfback Ronnie Brown throwing out of the wildcat. caption attribution description: Running back Ronnie Brown of the Miami Dolphins getting ready to pass against the New York Jets. Also shown: Anthony Fasano (80), Jim Leonhard (36), Bryan Thomas (99), Joey Haynos (81(. content: A halfback is an offensive position in American football, whose duties involve lining up in the backfield and carrying the ball on most rushing plays, i.e. a running back. When the principal ball carrier lines up deep in the backfield, and especially when that player is placed behind another player, as in the I formation, that player is instead referred to as a tailback.
The halfback position is one of the more glamorous positions on the field in modern football, and is commonly viewed as a requirement for a team's success. Sometimes the halfback can catch the ball from the backfield on short passing plays as he is an eligible receiver. Occasionally, they line up as additional wide receivers. When not running or catching the ball, the primary responsibility of a halfback is to aid the offensive linemen in blocking, either to protect the quarterback or another player carrying the football.

title: Wildcat formation section title: National Football League hierarchical section title: Wildcat formation / National Football League caption reference description: Ronnie Brown (far right) of the Miami Dolphins passing out of the wildcat in November 2009. caption attribution description: Running back Ronnie Brown of the Miami Dolphins getting ready to pass against the New York Jets. Also shown: Anthony Fasano (80), Jim Leonhard (36), Bryan Thomas (99), Joey Haynos (81(. content: Wildcat formation describes a formation for the offense in football in which the ball is snapped not to the quarterback but directly to a player of another position lined up at the quarterback position. The Wildcat features an unbalanced offensive line and looks to the defense like a sweep behind zone blocking. A player moves across the formation prior to the snap. However, once this player crosses the position of the running back who will receive the snap, the play develops unlike the sweep.
The Wildcat is a gambit rather than an overall offensive philosophy. It can be a part of many offenses. For example, a spread-option offense might use the Wildcat formation to keep the defense guessing, or a West Coast offense may use the power-I formation to threaten a powerful run attack.
The Wildcat scheme is a derivation of Pop Warner's Single Wing offense dating back to the 1920s. The Wildcat was invented by Billy Ford and Ryan Wilson, and was originally called the "Dual" formation.


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title: Kinnordy House hierarchical section title: Kinnordy House caption reference description: Kinnordy House caption attribution description: English: Kinnordy, Kirriemuir content: Kinnordy House is an estate house near Kirriemuir in Angus, Scotland. The first house was built in the 1680s, when Inverquharity Castle was vacated; however, the current three-storey, towered and turreted structure dates from 1881, incorporating an 18th-century wing and stables. The house was the birthplace of the noted geologist Charles Lyell, and is associated with his friend Charles Darwin.


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title: List of peasant revolts section title: Chronological list hierarchical section title: List of peasant revolts / Chronological list caption attribution description: Français : Tandis qu'ils tentent de prendre la forteresse du marché de Meaux où est retranchée la famille du dauphin Charles, les jacques et leurs alliés parisiens sont surpris par une charge de chevalerie de Gaston Phébus et Jean de Grailli (9 juin 1358). Jean Froissart, Chroniques, Flandre, Bruges, XVe s., folio 226, verso (BNF, ms. Français 2643). content: This is a chronological list of conflicts in which peasants played a significant role.

title: Jacquerie section title: Suppression hierarchical section title: Jacquerie / Suppression caption reference description: Defeat of the Jacquerie 9 June 1358 caption attribution description: Français : Tandis qu'ils tentent de prendre la forteresse du marché de Meaux où est retranchée la famille du dauphin Charles, les jacques et leurs alliés parisiens sont surpris par une charge de chevalerie de Gaston Phébus et Jean de Grailli (9 juin 1358). Jean Froissart, Chroniques, Flandre, Bruges, XVe s., folio 226, verso (BNF, ms. Français 2643). content: The Jacquerie was a popular revolt by peasants that took place in northern France in the early summer of 1358 during the Hundred Years' War. The revolt was centred in the valley of the Oise north of Paris and was suppressed after a few weeks of violence. This rebellion became known as "the Jacquerie" because the nobles derided peasants as "Jacques" or "Jacques Bonhomme" for their padded surplice, called a "jacque". The aristocratic chronicler Jean Froissart and his source, the chronicle of Jean le Bel, referred to the leader of the revolt as Jacque Bonhomme, though in fact the Jacquerie 'great captain' was named Guillaume Cale. The word jacquerie became a synonym of peasant uprisings in general in both English and French.

title: Jean de Venette hierarchical section title: Jean de Venette caption reference description: Defeat of the Jacquerie shown here in a miniature (illuminated manuscript) caption attribution description: Français : Tandis qu'ils tentent de prendre la forteresse du marché de Meaux où est retranchée la famille du dauphin Charles, les jacques et leurs alliés parisiens sont surpris par une charge de chevalerie de Gaston Phébus et Jean de Grailli (9 juin 1358). Jean Froissart, Chroniques, Flandre, Bruges, XVe s., folio 226, verso (BNF, ms. Français 2643). content: Jean de Venette was born in Venette, France. He was a chronicler of the Hundred Years' War. He also recorded the events of the Black Plague, the revolt of the Jacquerie, and other historical events that occurred in his lifetime. Venette studied at the University of Paris. He became a Carmelite friar and shared his knowledge with his fellow monks. Jean de Venette realized the importance of education and taught many monks how to read and write. He also wrote a history of the Order of the Carmelites.
Jean de Venette became the Prior of the Carmelite monastery in Paris from 1339 to 1342, and was the Provincial Superior of France from 1341 to 1366. This later title made him the head of all of the Carmelite monasteries in the Province.
About 1340, he began to write down historical events happening around him. He said he recorded them "...in great measure as I have seen and heard them". He describes a great famine that he witnessed at age seven or eight years old. He states it started on the 15th day of March in 1315 and lasted more than two years and ended in 1318."
In that same year of 1340 he describes a great comet that appeared in Gaul.

title: Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe section title: Terminology hierarchical section title: Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe / Terminology caption reference description: Defeat of the Jacquerie caption attribution description: Français : Tandis qu'ils tentent de prendre la forteresse du marché de Meaux où est retranchée la famille du dauphin Charles, les jacques et leurs alliés parisiens sont surpris par une charge de chevalerie de Gaston Phébus et Jean de Grailli (9 juin 1358). Jean Froissart, Chroniques, Flandre, Bruges, XVe s., folio 226, verso (BNF, ms. Français 2643). content: Popular revolts in late medieval Europe were uprisings and rebellions by peasants in the countryside, or the bourgeois in towns, against nobles, abbots and kings during the upheavals of the 14th through early 16th centuries, part of a larger "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages". Although sometimes known as Peasant Revolts, the phenomenon of popular uprisings was of broad scope and not just restricted to peasants. In Central Europe and the Balkan region, these rebellions expressed, and helped cause, a political and social disunity paving the way for the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.

title: Jean de Venette section title: The Hundred Years War hierarchical section title: Jean de Venette / The Hundred Years War caption reference description: Defeat of the Jacquerie shown here in a miniature from Froissart's Chronicles caption attribution description: Français : Tandis qu'ils tentent de prendre la forteresse du marché de Meaux où est retranchée la famille du dauphin Charles, les jacques et leurs alliés parisiens sont surpris par une charge de chevalerie de Gaston Phébus et Jean de Grailli (9 juin 1358). Jean Froissart, Chroniques, Flandre, Bruges, XVe s., folio 226, verso (BNF, ms. Français 2643). content: Jean de Venette, or Jean Fillons was a French Carmelite friar, from Venette, Oise, who became the Prior of the Carmelite monastery in the Place Maubert, Paris, and was a Provincial Superior of France from 1341 to 1366. He is the author of L'Histoire des Trois Maries, a long French poem on the legend of the Three Marys, giving his name at the start of the text, and has since 1735 been also regarded as the author of an anonymous Latin chronicle of the period of the Hundred Years War between England and France. In recent decades it has been questioned whether these were in fact the same author, although it seems that both were Carmelites. Other historians see no reason to create an extra author, but recent French publications tend to refer to the "Chronique dite de Jean de Venette". By his own account the chronicler was of peasant origin, and his view of the events of his lifetime has a significantly different perspective from that of other chroniclers.


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title: 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron section title: Aircraft hierarchical section title: 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron / History / Equipment / Aircraft caption reference description: 1st WRS TB-25#43-36089 content: The 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron is an inactive United States Army Air Force unit. It saw service between April 1943 and May 1945. On 21 December the squadron was inactivated at Grenier Field, New Hampshire.
During World War II the United States had to move large numbers of aircraft to the European and Mediterranean Theaters via the North Atlantic ferry route, a series of short flights between Newfoundland, Labrador, Greenland, Iceland and the UK. Weather conditions in winter closed the route and made crossing perilous at any time. The amount of time the route was open could be increased and the losses en route decreased by accurate weather forecasting. Land based weather stations left large gaps; the solution was the development of airborne meteorology.
The 1st Weather Reconnaissance Squadron was formed to gather weather data for the North Atlantic ferry routes, particularly the segments over the ocean. This data was used to provide forecasts for the safe passage of aircraft flying between North America and Britain. It became operational in April 1943 and operated throughout the North Atlantic region.


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title: Wolfgang Larrazábal hierarchical section title: Wolfgang Larrazábal caption reference description: Wolfgang Larrazábal caption attribution description: English: Wolganf Larrazabal President of Venezuela 1958 content: Rear Admiral Wolfgang Enrique Larrazábal Ugueto was a Venezuelan naval officer and politician. He served as 36th President of Venezuela following the overthrow of Marcos Pérez Jiménez on 23 January 1958. He resigned later that year to run in the 1958 presidential election, but lost to former president Rómulo Betancourt.

title: 1963 Venezuelan general election hierarchical section title: 1963 Venezuelan general election caption attribution description: English: Wolganf Larrazabal President of Venezuela 1958 content: General elections were held in Venezuela on 1 December 1963. The presidential elections were won by Raúl Leoni of the Democratic Action political party, who received 32.8% of the vote. Leoni's party won 66 of the 179 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 22 of the 47 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 92.3% in the presidential election and 90.8% in the Congressional elections.

title: 1958 Venezuelan general election hierarchical section title: 1958 Venezuelan general election caption attribution description: English: Wolganf Larrazabal President of Venezuela 1958 content: General elections were held in Venezuela on 7 December 1958. The presidential elections were won by Rómulo Betancourt of Democratic Action, who received 49.2% of the vote, whilst his party won 73 of the 132 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 32 of the 51 seats in the Senate. Voter turnout was 94.4% in the presidential election and 92.1% in the Congressional elections.

title: Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade section title: Arrival hierarchical section title: Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade / Tour in Venezuela / Arrival caption reference description: Admiral Wolfgang Larrazábal, leader of the ruling junta, was reportedly concerned heavy-handed policing would alienate his base caption attribution description: English: Wolganf Larrazabal President of Venezuela 1958 content: An attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade occurred in Caracas, Venezuela, during his 1958 goodwill tour of South America, undertaken while Nixon was Vice President of the United States. The attack on Nixon's car was called, at the time, the "most violent attack ever perpetrated on a high American official while on foreign soil". Close to being killed while a couple of his aides were injured in the melee, Nixon ended up unharmed and his entourage managed to reach the U.S. embassy. The visit took place only months after the overthrow of Venezuelan dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez, who was awarded the Legion of Merit and later granted asylum by the United States, and the incident may have been orchestrated by the Communist Party of Venezuela. U.S. Navy Admiral Arleigh Burke mobilized fleet and Marine units to the region, compelling the Venezuelan government to provide full protection to Nixon for the remainder of the trip.
The attack was denounced by all major Venezuelan presidential candidates standing in that year's election, except for the incumbent leader Admiral Wolfgang Larrazábal.


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title: Outline of Japan section title: Economy and infrastructure of Japan hierarchical section title: Outline of Japan / Economy and infrastructure of Japan caption reference description: Tokyo Skytree, the tallest structure in Japan caption attribution description: 隅田川 スカイツリー content: The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Japan:
Japan – an island nation in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean. It lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun". Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which together comprise about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area.


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title: Charles Brackett hierarchical section title: Charles Brackett caption reference description: Brackett c. 1942 caption attribution description: English: L. to R. : Charles Brackett (screenwriter), Billy Wilder (director) & Doane Harrison (editor) - publicity still (on the set of The Major and the Minor (1942)?) content: Charles William Brackett was an American novelist, screenwriter, and film producer, best known for his long collaboration with Billy Wilder.

title: 26th Academy Awards section title: Awards hierarchical section title: 26th Academy Awards / Awards caption attribution description: English: L. to R. : Charles Brackett (screenwriter), Billy Wilder (director) & Doane Harrison (editor) - publicity still (on the set of The Major and the Minor (1942)?) content: The 26th Academy Awards ceremony was held on March 25, 1954. It took place at the RKO Pantages Theatre in Hollywood, and the NBC Century Theatre in New York City.
The second national telecast of the Awards show drew an estimated 43 million viewers. Shirley Booth, appearing in a play in Philadelphia, presented the Best Actor award through a live broadcast cut-in, and privately received the winner's name over the telephone from co-host Donald O'Connor. Gary Cooper filmed his presentation of the Best Actress award in advance on a set in Mexico, with O'Connor announcing the winner's name.
All the major winners in this year were black-and-white films. The big winner was Fred Zinnemann's From Here to Eternity, with 13 nominations and eight awards including Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor, Best Supporting Actress, Academy Award for Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, Best Sound Recording, and Best Film Editing. All five of its major actors and actresses were nominated, with secondary players Donna Reed and Frank Sinatra taking home Oscars.

title: 23rd Academy Awards section title: Awards hierarchical section title: 23rd Academy Awards / Awards caption attribution description: English: L. to R. : Charles Brackett (screenwriter), Billy Wilder (director) & Doane Harrison (editor) - publicity still (on the set of The Major and the Minor (1942)?) content: The 23rd Academy Awards Ceremony awarded Oscars for the best in films in 1950. All About Eve received 14 Oscar nominations, beating the previous record of 13 set by Gone with the Wind.
Sunset Boulevard became the second film with nominations in every acting category not to win a single one.
All About Eve was the second film, after Mrs. Miniver, to receive five acting nominations. It also became the first to receive multiple nominations in two acting categories, and the first film to receive four female acting nominations--two each for Best Actress in a Leading Role and Best Actress in a Supporting Role. None was successful, losing to Judy Holliday in Born Yesterday and Josephine Hull in Harvey, respectively.


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title: Peter Murrell Conservation Area section title: Introduced species hierarchical section title: Peter Murrell Conservation Area / Environmental threats and issues / Introduced species caption reference description: Unidentified invasive plant caption attribution description: English: Invasive plant content: The Peter Murrell Conservation Area is located in Huntingfield, Tasmania, approximately 15 km south of the state's capital city, Hobart. The conservation area has an area of 135 ha and is one of three reserves within the Peter Murrell Reserves. Also within these reserves are the Peter Murrell State Reserve and a Public Reserve. These reserves and the Conservation Area lie at the base of the Tinderbox Peninsula, between the suburbs of Kingston, Howden and Blackman's Bay. The Peter Murrell Conservation Area surrounds the northern, western and southern sides of the Peter Murrell State Reserve.


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title: Public Works Administration section title: List of most notable PWA projects hierarchical section title: Public Works Administration / Projects / List of most notable PWA projects caption reference description: PWA Project and Army Corps of Engineers Lock & Dam #10 construction. content: Public Works Administration, part of the New Deal of 1933, was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Its goals were to spend $3.3 billion in the first year, and $6 billion in all, to provide employment, stabilize purchasing power, and help revive the economy. Most of the spending came in two waves in 1933-35, and again in 1938. Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1935 and shut down in 1944.
The PWA spent over $7 billion in contracts to private construction firms that did the actual work. It created an infrastructure that generated national and local pride in the 1930s and remains vital eight decades later. The PWA was much less controversial than its rival agency with a confusingly similar name, the Works Progress Administration, headed by Harry Hopkins, which focused on smaller projects and hired unemployed unskilled workers.


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title: Howard County, Indiana hierarchical section title: Howard County, Indiana caption reference description: Location within the U.S. state of Indiana content: Howard County is one of 92 counties in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 82,752. The county seat is Kokomo. Originally named Richardville County, it was renamed in 1844 to commemorate General Tilghman Ashurst Howard.
Howard County is part of the Kokomo, Indiana Metropolitan Statistical Area.

title: Howard County, Indiana hierarchical section title: Howard County, Indiana caption reference description: Location within the U.S. state of Indiana content: Howard County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 82,752 people lived there. The county seat is Kokomo.

title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Howard County, Indiana hierarchical section title: National Register of Historic Places listings in Howard County, Indiana caption reference description: Location of Howard County in Indiana content: This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Howard County, Indiana.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Howard County, Indiana, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 14 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Another property was once listed but has been removed.
Properties and districts located in incorporated areas display the name of the municipality, while properties and districts in unincorporated areas display the name of their civil township. Properties and districts split between multiple jurisdictions display the names of all jurisdictions.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 8, 2019.

title: List of Indiana state historical markers in Howard County hierarchical section title: List of Indiana state historical markers in Howard County caption reference description: Location of Howard County in Indiana content: This is a list of the Indiana state historical markers in Howard County.
This is intended to be a detailed table of the official state historical marker placed in Howard County, Indiana, United States by the Indiana Historical Bureau. The location of the historical marker and its latitude and longitude coordinates are included below when available, along with its name, year of placement, and topics as recorded by the Historical Bureau. There is 1 historical marker located in Howard County.