Question: Who is the creator of this building?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was a giant seated figure, about 12.4 (m) tall, made by the Greek sculptor Phidias around 435 BC at the sanctuary of Olympia, Greece, and erected in the Temple of Zeus there. Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus.The statue was a chryselephantine sculpture of ivory plates and gold panels on a wooden framework. Zeus sat on a painted cedarwood throne ornamented with ebony, ivory, gold, and precious stones. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. The statue was lost and destroyed during the 5th century AD; details of its form are known only from ancient Greek descriptions and representations on coins.## History.The statue of Zeus was commissioned by the Eleans, custodians of the Olympic Games, in the latter half of the fifth century BC for their newly constructed Temple of Zeus. Seeking to outdo their Athenian rivals, the Eleans employed sculptor Phidias, who had previously made the massive statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon.The statue occupied half the width of the aisle of the temple built to house it. The geographer Strabo noted early.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. of the image was paved with black tiles and surrounded by a raised rim of marble to contain the oil. This reservoir acted as a reflecting pool which doubled the apparent height of the statue.According to the Roman historian Livy, the Roman general Aemilius Paullus (the victor over Macedon) saw the statue and "was moved to his soul, as if he had seen the god in person", while the 1st-centuryAD Greek orator Dio Chrysostom declared that a single glimpse of the statue would make a man forget all his earthly troubles.According to a legend, when Phidias was asked what inspired.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. him—whether he climbed Mount Olympus to see Zeus, or whether Zeus came down from Olympus so that Phidias could see him—the artist answered that he portrayed Zeus according to Book One, verses 528–530 of Homer's "Iliad": The sculptor also was reputed to have immortalised Pantarkes, the winner of the boys' wrestling event at the eighty-sixth Olympiad who was said to have been his "beloved" (), by carving ("Pantarkes is beautiful") into Zeus's little finger, and by placing a relief of the boy crowning himself at the feet of the statue.According to Pausanias, "when the image was quite finished Pheidias prayed.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. statue perished along with the temple, which was severely damaged by fire in 425 AD. But earlier loss or damage is implied by Lucian of Samosata in the later 2nd century, who referenced it in "Timon": "they have laid hands on your person at Olympia, my lord High-Thunderer, and you had not the energy to wake the dogs or call in the neighbours; surely they might have come to the rescue and caught the fellows before they had finished packing up the loot."## Phidias' workshop.The approximate date of the statue (the third quarter of the 5th century BC) was confirmed.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. in the rediscovery (1954–1958) of Phidias' workshop, approximately where Pausanias said the statue of Zeus was constructed. Archaeological finds included tools for working gold and ivory, ivory chippings, precious stones and terracotta moulds. Most of the latter were used to create glass plaques, and to form the statue's robe from sheets of glass, naturalistically draped and folded, then gilded. A cup inscribed "ΦΕΙΔΙΟΥ ΕΙΜΙ" or "I belong to Phidias" was found at the site.List of tallest statues"George Washington", 1840 statue Kenneth D. S. Lapatin, "Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World," Oxford University Press (2001) Alfred Mallwitz and Wolfgang Schiering,.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. "Die Werkstatt des Pheidias in Olympia I: Olympische Forschungen V," Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (1964) Wolfgang Schiering, "Die Werkstatt des Pheidias in Olympia II: Werkstattfunde: Olympische Forschungen XVIII", Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (1991) Janette McWilliam, Rashna Taraporewalla, Tom Stevenson, and Sonia Puttock (Ed.), "The Statue of Zeus at Olympia. New Approaches". Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing (2011)Barringer, Judith M. 2010. "Zeus at Olympia." In "The gods of ancient Greece: Identities and transformations." Edited by Jan Bremmer and Andrew Erskine, 155–77. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.Boardman, John. 1985. "Greek sculpture: The Classical period." London: Thames & Hudson.Lapatin, Kenneth D. S. 2001. "Chryselephantine statuary.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. "The colossal Zeus statue of Pheidias" David Fenzl "Recreating Olympic Statuary"History.com: the Seven Wonders.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Limacus flavus. Limacus flavus, known commonly as the cellar slug, the yellow slug, or the tawny garden slug, is a medium to large species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Limacidae.## Description.This slug has a yellow body with grey mottling, and pale blue tentacles. When extended, the body length can be 7.5 to 10 (cm).## Distribution.The yellow slug is common in Scotland, England, Wales and Ireland as well as most of southern and western Europe. It has been accidentally introduced in many other parts of the world. Great Britain Ireland Ukraine China and other areas## Behavior.Yellow.

Limacus flavus. slugs, like the majority of other land slugs, use two pairs of tentacles on their heads to sense their environment. The upper pair, called "optical tentacles", is used to sense light. The lower pair, "oral tentacles", provide the slug's sense of smell. Both pairs can retract and extend themselves to avoid hazards, and, if lost to an accident or predation, can be regrown.Like all slugs, the yellow slug moves relatively slowly, gliding along using a series of muscular contractions on the underside of its foot, which is lubricated with mucus, such that it leaves a slime trail behind it.## Ecology.This.

Limacus flavus. species feeds mostly on fungi, decaying matter, and vegetables.## Habitat.This species is strongly associated with human habitation, and is usually found in damp areas such as cellars, kitchens, and gardens or under stones. Generally speaking it is only seen at night, because it is nocturnal. Thus often it goes unnoticed and people are unaware of how (relatively) common the species is."Limacus flavus" are inedible to humans. The slugs and other snails are researched and have been found to have a high count of fatty acid composition of phospholipids, including omega 6 and other important fatty acids.## Parasites.Parasites of "Limacus flavus.

Limacus flavus. include the nematode "Angiostoma spiridonovi". Spencer, H.G., Marshall, B.A. & Willan, R.C. (2009). "Checklist of New Zealand living Mollusca". pp 196–219 in Gordon, D.P. (ed.) New Zealand inventory of biodiversity. Volume one. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Canterbury University Press, Christchurch. Barker, G. M. (1999). Naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Fauna of New Zealand 38: 1-254 Herbert, D.G. (2010). The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. SANBI Biodiversity Series, 15: vi + 108 pp. Pretoria. Sysoev, A. V. & Schileyko, A. A. (2009). Land snails and slugs of Russia and adjacent countries. Sofia/Moskva (Pensoft). 312 pp., 142 plates. [June] [=.

Limacus flavus. Pensoft Series Faunistica No 87] page(s): 151, Fig. 77D, 84F"Limax flavus" at Animalbase taxonomy, short description, distribution, biology, status (threats), images Image of the Great Yellow Slug.


Question: What equipment or engine is used by this object to provide power?

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Airplane. subsequently abandoned work on it.In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and developed a box kite that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing, his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the.

Airplane. cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally-opposed cylinders.## Gas turbine.A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing.

Airplane. resulted in reduced noise from aircraft engines in response to increased noise pollution from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other homebuilt aircraft can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane.


Question: What is the installed power capacity of this in megawatt?

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Battersea Power Station. Council.## Planning consent.The Council gave planning consent on 11 November 2010. REO hoped for construction to begin in 2011, but this has now been cancelled. The station structure itself was expected to be repaired and secure by 2016, with completion of the whole project by 2020. Plans now include the construction of 3,400 apartments and 3500000 (sqft) of office space. Approximately 28,000 inhabitants and 25,000 workers are expected to occupy the space once complete.## Lenders allow more time.Reuters reported on 1 September 2011 that lenders would allow more time for a new equity partner to be found:Lenders to the owner.

Battersea Power Station. with the Northern line extension and its new Battersea Power Station terminus completed in 2021. Circus West Village now has over 1500 residents and over 23 restaurants, cafes and retailers now open.WilkinsonEyre was appointed in 2013 to carry out the restoration of the Grade II* listed Power Station. Work commenced in 2013 and plans included the restoration of the art deco structure internally and externally, reconstruction of the chimneys, and refurbishment of the historic cranes and jetty as a new river taxi stop. Restoration work on the power station's chimneys was completed in 2017. In 2019, the jetty in front.

Battersea Power Station. provide "the gateway to the entire development and the new Northern line extension".## London Underground extension.The London Underground's Northern line has been extended to serve Nine Elms and the power station, branching off at Kennington station. Two stations, Nine Elms station and Battersea Power Station station, opened on 20 September 2021. The construction cost £1.1 billion and is 3 (km) long.## Apple.In September 2016, Apple announced plans to consolidate 1,400 London employees, from seven locations, at the station by 2021, occupying around 500,000 square feet of the power station building as its new London headquarters. The move was later delayed.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Edith's checkerspot. Edith's checkerspot ("Euphydryas editha") is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is a resident species of western North America and among the subspecies, entomologists have long been intrigued by their many phenotypic variations in coloration, wing length, and overall body size. Most populations are monophagous and rely on plants including "Plantago erecta" and "Orthocarpus densiflorus" as its host species in developing from eggs through to larvae, pupae, and mature butterflies. Males exhibit polygyny whereas females rarely mate more than once. Males devote most of their attention to mate acquisition, and such mate locating strategies such as hilltopping.

Edith's checkerspot. behavior has developed. Climate change and habitat destruction has impacted certain subspecies. Two subspecies in particular, "Euphydryas editha quino" and "Euphydryas editha bayensis", are currently under protection via the Endangered Species Act.## Description.The Edith's checkerspot can be identified by its wings which are black with red and pale yellow or white bands. It also has a submarginal band that consists of yellow or white spots along with a wide postmedian band that is red. The undersides of the wings consists of alternating bands of yellow orange and cream. The wingspan is 3.2-5.1 cm. However, the subspecies of Edith's checkerspot vary.

Edith's checkerspot. fully-grown butterfly. Thus, the paradox is that these larvae no longer prefer the cool slopes of host plants they grew up on, as it produces shade to restrict growth.## Predation.Caterpillars in the genus "Euphydryas" are usually attacked by one to three parasitoid species, often by a species of "Apanteles" wasp (Braconidae), a species of "Benjaminia" wasp (Ichneumonidae), and a tachnid fly. Checkerspot butterflies have developed defense mechanisms to prevent predators from attacking. Larvae twitch in unison to repel predators, and, depending on the host plant of the population, the larvae, pupae, and adult butterflies are somewhat poisonous to vertebrates because.

Edith's checkerspot. This is in contrast to higher latitude areas in Canada where less than twenty percent have disappeared. It has been found that population extinctions were four times as high along the southern boundaries (Baja and Mexico) than along the northern boundaries (Canada). In addition, extinctions are nearly three times as high at lower elevations below 8,000 feet (2,400 m) than at higher elevations from 8,000 to 12,500 feet (2,400–3,800 m). In agreement with global warming predictions, this extinction process has shifted the range of this butterfly both northward and upward in elevation since the 1800s.In the case of "Euphydryas editha.

Edith's checkerspot. that should be considered in reserve design and recovery management. Some sedentary checkerspots remain at their original habitats despite the continuation of human interference, and have evolved adaptations to deal with these changes.In January 1997, the subspecies "Euphydryas editha quino" and "Euphydryas editha bayensis" received federal protection under the Endangered Species Act. "Euphydryas editha bayensis" has also been given the Nature Conservancy global rank of T1, which means that there are very few individuals remaining.## Impact on humans.Edith's checkerspots lay their eggs on various plant species, sometimes resulting in the death of the host plant, which could be potentially economically.

Edith's checkerspot. important to humans. In addition, larvae, pupae, and adults are poisonous to vertebrates if ingested. A plus for humans involves pollination, because in order to obtain nectar, adult butterflies of the species sometimes pollinate various flowers in the area of their habitat.## Subspecies.This species is often better known by the constituent subspecies listed below. It is subject to change as the nomenclature is altered or new subspecies are found."Euphydryas editha alebarki" – Klots' checkerspot "Euphydryas editha augusta" – Augusta checkerspot"Euphydryas editha aurilacus" – Gold Lake checkerspot"Euphydryas editha baroni" – Baron's checkerspot"Euphydryas editha bayensis" – Bay checkerspot"Euphydryas editha beani" – Bean's.

Edith's checkerspot. checkerspot"Euphydryas editha bingi" – Bing's checkerspot"Euphydryas editha colonia" – Colonia checkerspot "Euphydryas editha editha" – Edith's checkerspot"Euphydryas editha edithana" – Strand's checkerspot"Euphydryas editha ehrlichi" – Ehrlich's checkerspot "Euphydryas editha fridayi" "Euphydryas editha hutchinsi" – Hutchins' checkerspot"Euphydryas editha gunnisonensis" – Gunnison checkerspot "Euphydryas editha karinae" "Euphydryas editha koreti" – Koret's checkerspot"Euphydryas editha insularis" – Island checkerspot"Euphydryas editha lawrencei" – Lawrence's checkerspot"Euphydryas editha lehmani" – Lehman Caves checkerspot"Euphydryas editha luestherae" – LuEsther's checkerspot"Euphydryas editha mattooni" – Mattoon's checkerspot"Euphydryas editha monoensis" – Mono Lake checkerspot"Euphydryas editha nubigena" – Cloud-born checkerspot "Euphydryas editha owyheensis" "Euphydryas editha quino" – Quino checkerspot"Euphydryas editha remingtoni" "Euphydryas editha.

Edith's checkerspot. rubicunda" – Ruddy checkerspot "Euphydryas editha tahoensis" – Lake Tahoe checkerspot"Euphydryas editha taylori" – Taylor's checkerspot"Euphydryas editha wrighti" – Wright's checkerspotBibliographyCommon Names, The International Lepidoptera Survey, The Taxonomic Report. Glassberg, Jeffrey "Butterflies through Binoculars: The West" (2001) Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. "Butterflies of British Columbia" (2001) James, David G. and Nunnallee, David "Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies" (2011) Pelham, Jonathan "Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada" (2008) Pyle, Robert Michael "The Butterflies of Cascadia" (2002)Edith's checkerspot, Butterflies of Canada Butterflies and Moths of North America - "Euphydryas editha" Butterflies of America - "Euphydryas.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Nyssa sylvatica. Nyssa sylvatica, commonly known as tupelo, black tupelo, black gum or sour gum, is a medium-sized deciduous tree native to eastern North America from the coastal Northeastern United States and southern Ontario south to central Florida and eastern Texas, as well as Mexico.## Names."Nyssa sylvatica" genus name, "Nyssa", refers to a Greek water nymph; the species epithet "sylvatica" refers to its woodland habitat.The species' common name, tupelo, is of Native American origin, coming from the Creek words "ito" "tree" and "opilwa" "swamp"; it was in use by the mid-18th century.While these trees are often known as simply "tupelo", the fuller.

Nyssa sylvatica. name, black tupelo, helps distinguish it from the other species of the tupelo genus "Nyssa", some of which have overlapping ranges, such as water tupelo ("N. aquatica") and swamp tupelo ("N. biflora"). The name "tupelo" is used primarily in the American South; northward and in Appalachia, the tree is more commonly called the black gum or the sour gum, although no part of the plant is particularly gummy. Both of these names contrast it with a different tree species with a broadly overlapping range, the sweet gum ("Liquidambar styraciflua"), which does produce an aromatic resin. Another common name used occasionally.

Nyssa sylvatica. in the Northeast is pepperidge.In Appalachia, the frequent variant is "Nyssa sylvatica" var. "caroliniana", which is sometimes called the Yellow Gum. Its leaflets are thinner and less glossy, "with rather long tips, the under surface persistently somewhat downy and covered with minute warty excrescences easily seen under an ordinary hand lens" "Yellow Gum is not a swamp tree, like Black Gum, but an inhabitant of dry land, hills, and the coves of the southern Appalachians which it ascends to 3500 feet.On Martha's Vineyard, in Massachusetts, this species is called "beetlebung", perhaps for its use in making the mallet known as.

Nyssa sylvatica. a beetle, used for hammering bungs (stoppers) into barrels.## Description."Nyssa sylvatica" grows to 20 - 25 (m) tall, rarely to 35 (m), with a trunk diameter of 50 - 100 (cm), rarely up to 170 (cm). These trees typically have a straight trunk with the branches extending outward at right angles. The bark is dark gray and flaky when young, but it becomes furrowed with age, resembling alligator hide on very old stems. The twigs of this tree are reddish-brown, usually hidden by a greyish skin. The pith is chambered with greenish partitions.The leaves of this species are variable in.

Nyssa sylvatica. size and shape. They can be oval, elliptical, or obovate, and 5 – 12 (cm) long. They have lustrous upper surfaces, with entire, often wavy margins. The foliage turns purple in autumn, eventually becoming an intense bright scarlet. Deer are extremely fond of the leaves on seedlings and saplings, to the point where large populations of them can make establishment of the tree almost impossible. For comparison, mature trees are largely left alone.The flowers are very small, in greenish-white in clusters at the top of a long stalk and a rich source of nectar for bees. They are often dioecious.

Nyssa sylvatica. so a male and female tree in proximity is required to set seed, however, many trees are also polygamo-dioecious, which means they have both male and female flowers on the same tree. The fruit is a black-blue, ovoid stone fruit, about 10 mm long with a thin, oily, bitter-to-sour tasting flesh and very popular with small bird species. There are from one to three fruits together on a long slender stalk. They are a valuable energy food for birds, especially the American robin."Nyssa sylvatica" forms a large deep taproot when young that makes transplanting difficult. Because of this, it is.

Nyssa sylvatica. fairly uncommon in cultivation and the nursery trade.Additional characteristics include: Bark: Light reddish brown, deeply furrowed and scaly. Branchlets at first pale green to orange, sometimes smooth, often downy, later dark brown. Wood: Pale yellow, sapwood white; heavy, strong, very tough, hard to split, not durable in contact with the soil. Used for turnery. Sp. gr., 0.6353; weight of cu. ft., 39.59. Winter buds: Dark red, obtuse, one-fourth of an inch long. Inner scales enlarge with the growing shoot, becoming red before they fall. Leaves: Alternate, often crowded at the end of the lateral branches, simple, linear, oblong to oval,.

Nyssa sylvatica. two to five inches (127 mm) long, one-half to three inches (76 mm) broad, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, entire, with margin slightly thickened, acute or acuminate. They come out of the bud conduplicate, coated beneath with rusty tomentum, when full grown are thick, dark green, very shining above, pale and often hairy beneath. Feather-veined, midrib and primary veins prominent beneath. In autumn they turn bright scarlet, or yellow and scarlet. Petioles one-quarter to one-half an inch long, slender or stout, terete or margined, often red. Flowers: May, June, when leaves are half grown. Polygamodiœcious, yellowish green, borne on slender.

Nyssa sylvatica. downy peduncles. Staminate in many-flowered heads; pistillate in two to several flowered clusters. Calyx: Cup-shaped, five-toothed. Corolla: Petals five, imbricate in bud, yellow green, ovate, thick, slightly spreading, inserted on the margin of the conspicuous disk. Stamens: Five to twelve. In staminate flowers exserted, in pistillate short, often wanting. Pistil: Ovary inferior, one to two-celled; style stout, exserted, reflexed above the middle. Entirely wanting in sterile flower. Ovules, one in each cell. Fruit: Fleshy drupe, one to three from each flower cluster. Ovoid, two-thirds of an inch long, dark blue, acid. Stone more or less ridged. October.## Distribution."Nyssa sylvatica" grows.

Nyssa sylvatica. in various uplands and in alluvial stream bottoms from southwestern Maine and New York, to extreme southern Ontario, central Michigan, Illinois, and central Missouri, south to southern Florida, eastern Texas, and eastern Oklahoma. It also occurs locally in central and southern Mexico. Optimum development is made on lower slopes and terraces in the Southeastern United States.## Ecology."Nyssa sylvatica" is found in a variety of upland and wetland habitats in its extensive range. Its flowers are an important source of honey and its fruits are important to many birds and mammals. Hollow trunks provide nesting or denning opportunities for bees and.

Nyssa sylvatica. various mammals. It is the longest living non-clonal flowering plant in Eastern North America, capable of obtaining ages of over 650 years.## Habitats."Nyssa sylvatica" is found in a wide range of climates, due to its extensive distribution. It commonly grows in both the creek bottoms of the southern coastal plains, to altitudes of about 900 (m) in the Southern Appalachians. These trees grow best on well-drained, light-textured soils on the low ridges of second bottoms and on the high flats of silty alluvium. In the uplands it grows best on the loams and clay loams of lower slopes and coves.The.

Nyssa sylvatica. species occurs 35 different forest cover types. When found on drier upper slopes and ridges, it is seldom of log size or quality.## Wildlife."Nyssa sylvatica" is an important food source for many migrating birds in the fall [autumn]. Its early color change (foliar fruit flagging) is thought to attract birds to the available fruit, which ripen before many other fall fruits and berries. The fruit is quite marked, dark blue, in clusters of two or three. The sour fruits are eagerly sought by many kinds of birds, including: American robin, Swainson's thrush, gray-cheeked thrush, hermit thrush, wood thrush, northern cardinal,.

Nyssa sylvatica. northern mockingbird, blue jay, red-bellied woodpecker, yellow-bellied sapsucker, northern flicker, pileated woodpecker, eastern phoebe, brown thrasher, eastern bluebird, European starling, scarlet tanager, gray catbird, cedar waxwing, and American crow, all primarily eastern North American birds migrating or residing year-round within the tree's range.The limbs of these trees often deteriorate early, and the decayed holes make excellent dens for squirrels, raccoons, Virginia opossums, as well as nesting sites for honeybees.## Uses.## Cultivation."Nyssa sylvatica" is cultivated as an ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, where it is often used as a specimen or shade tree. The tree is best when grown.

Nyssa sylvatica. in sheltered but not crowded positions, developing a pyramidal shape in youth, and spreading with age. The stem rises to the summit of the tree in one tapering unbroken shaft, the branches come out at right angles to the trunk and either extend horizontally or droop a little, making a long-narrow, cone-like head.The leaves are short-petioled and so have little individual motion, but the branches sway as a whole. The spray is fine and abundant and lies horizontally so that the foliage arrangement is not unlike that of the beech "(Fagus)". Its often spectacular autumnal coloring, with intense reds to.

Nyssa sylvatica. purples, is highly valued in landscape settings. It is claimed to be the most fiery and brilliant of the 'brilliant group' that includes maple, dogwood, sassafras, and sweet gum, as well as various species of tupelo.In the UK the cultivar 'Wisley Bonfire' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.## Honey production."Nyssa sylvatica" is a major source of wild honey in many areas within its range. Hollow sections of black gum trunks were formerly used as bee gums by beekeepers.## Wood.The wood of "Nyssa sylvatica" is heavy, hard, cross-grained, and difficult to split, especially after drying. This resistance.

Nyssa sylvatica. to splitting led to its use for making mauls, pulleys, wheel hubs, agricultural rollers, bowls, and paving blocks. The wood is also used for pallets, rough floors, pulpwood, and firewood. Since the wood is very tough, resistant to wear, it has been used for shuttles in weaving. Because it is resistant to wear and very readily accepts creosote-based preservatives it is considered to be a premier wood for making railroad ties. The wood's resistance to wear and some acids has led to its use as factory flooring.## Teeth-cleaning twig.It was also used traditionally by Native Americans as a teeth-cleaning twig.

Nyssa sylvatica. It also was used for dipping snuff. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Source Ohio State University Source Michigan State University Source Hort.net profile "Nyssa sylvatica" images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu Interactive Distribution Map for Nyssa sylvatica.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Wolf. The wolf (Canis lupus), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of "Canis lupus" have been recognized, and gray wolves, as popularly understood, comprise wild subspecies. The wolf is the largest extant member of the family Canidae. It is also distinguished from other "Canis" species by its less pointed ears and muzzle, as well as a shorter torso and a longer tail. The wolf is nonetheless related closely enough to smaller "Canis" species, such as the coyote and the golden jackal, to produce fertile.

Wolf. hybrids with them. The banded fur of a wolf is usually mottled white, brown, gray, and black, although subspecies in the arctic region may be nearly all white.Of all members of the genus "Canis", the wolf is most specialized for cooperative game hunting as demonstrated by its physical adaptations to tackling large prey, its more social nature, and its highly advanced expressive behaviour including individual or group howling. It travels in nuclear families consisting of a mated pair accompanied by their offspring. Offspring may leave to form their own packs on the onset of sexual maturity and in response to.

Wolf. and Wolfdregil ("Wolf Runner").## Taxonomy.In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his "Systema Naturae" the binomial nomenclature. "Canis" is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as "Canis familiaris", and the wolf as "Canis lupus". Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its "cauda recurvata" (upturning tail) which is not found in any other canid.## Subspecies.In the third edition of "Mammal Species of the World" published in 2005, the mammalogist W.

Wolf. sister taxa, as modern wolves are not closely related to the population of wolves that was first domesticated. In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea singing dog and the dingo to be feral "Canis familiaris", and therefore should not be assessed for the IUCN Red List.## Evolution.The phylogenetic descent of the extant wolf "C. lupus" from "C. etruscus" through "C. mosbachensis" is widely accepted. The earliest fossils of "C. lupus" were found in what was once eastern Beringia at Old Crow, Yukon, Canada, and at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska.


Question: What is the immediately prior item that this town follows in a series?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Tsumago-juku. Castle (妻籠城) is nothing but a few ruins today. During the Edo period, however, its mountaintop location gave it wonderful views of both Tsumago-juku and Midono-juku. It served as the site of a large battle in 1584 and was dismantled in the early 17th century, as a result of the Genna era's "one country, one castle" rule.Rurisan Kōtoku-ji Temple (光徳寺), with its white walls and stone base, rises one story above the area's buildings. Founded in 1500, its main deity was added in 1599, and is notable for its Nightingale floors and a 500-year-old weeping cherry tree out front.Perhaps its.

Tsumago-juku. most interesting aspect, however, is the restored row of houses along the former post road. Most were houses built for common people in the mid-18th century, with shops and inns for travelers along the Nakasendō.A quiet portion of the original highway has been preserved between Tsumago and Magome, the next post town (also restored). It provides for a pleasant walk through the forests and past a waterfall. Also, so guests do not have to walk the path twice to return to the beginning of the hike, bus service is provided between the two ends of the road.Nakasendō & KisojiMidono-juku -.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Aristolochia serpentaria. Aristolochia serpentaria is a species of perennial flowering plant in the Aristolochiaceae (birthwort) family. The species is commonly known as Virginia snakeroot and is native to eastern North America, from Connecticut to southern Michigan and south to Texas and Florida.## Description and Ecology.They have pipe-shaped flowers and heart-shaped leaves. It is a larval host to the pipevine swallowtail and the polydamas swallowtail.## Protection.Virginia snakeroot is considered an endangered species in New York, where no reports of the species were made for the century between 1895 and 1994, when it was rediscovered in the Hudson Highlands. Since then, other scattered populations.

Aristolochia serpentaria. have been observed in the state.The plant is also rare in Connecticut, where it is on that state's list of species of special concern. In Michigan, its status is "Threatened.


Question: What is this place dedicated to?

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Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). The Arch of Hadrian is an ancient Roman structure in Jerash, Jordan. It is an 11-metre high triple-arched gateway erected to honor the visit of Roman Emperor Hadrian to the city (then called Gerasa) in the winter of 129–130. The arch originally stood to almost 22 m and probably had wooden doors. It features some unconventional, possibly Nabataean, architectural features, such as acanthus bases. The columns are decorated with capitals at the bottom rather than the top. The monument served both as a commemorative arch and as an approach to Gerasa. The Arch's relative remoteness from the city walls points.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). to a plan for southward expansion of Gerasa during its heyday. The expansion, however, has not been implemented.## Description.In 2005, the arch was under restoration. Reconstruction was completed in 2007 and the arch is now roughly 21 meters high (about 36 feet), 37.45 meters long, and 9.25 meters wide. Each face of the arch has four engaged columns standing on pedestals and bases. Each pedestal is 2.20 meters high, 2.25 meters wide and 1.20 meters deep. The base of each column is topped by a row of acanthus leaves.There are three vaulted passageways on the lower level and each of.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). these is flanked by two columns with Corinthian capitals. The two flanked archways are topped with niches. Each niche is on top of a small entablature, which stands on two pilasters crowned with capitals.The arch was crowned with an attic, which might have held a dedicatory inscription. The lower part of the attic was decorated with a frieze of acanthus leaves and the central part was crowned with a triangular cornice.## Inscription.There was a marble "tabula ansata" panel that was 1.03 meters in height and 7.14 meters in width, with letters 12–13 cm tall.List of Roman triumphal archesArch of Hadrian.


Question: What is the conservation status of this plant? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Longan. be listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. If left alone, longan tree stumps will resprout and the listing was upgraded to Near Threatened in 1998. Recent field data are inadequate for a contemporary IUCN assessment.## History.The longan is believed to originate from the mountain range between Myanmar and southern China. Other reported origins include India, Sri Lanka, upper Myanmar, north Thailand, Kampuchea (more commonly known as Cambodia), north Vietnam and New Guinea.Its earliest record of existence draws back to the Han dynasty in 200 BC. The emperor had demanded lychee and longan trees to be planted in his.


Question: Who designed this building?

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Palais de Chaillot. The Palais de Chaillot () is a building at the top of the in the Trocadéro area in the 16th "arrondissement" of Paris, France.For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old 1878 Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt to create the Palais de Chaillot. It was designed in classicising "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. The Palais consists of two separate wings shaped to form a wide arc, which are those of the former building with new taller portions built in front. The pair of larger central pavilions are also those of.


Question: What country does this building belong to?

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Palace of Justice, Bucharest. The Palace of Justice (), located in Bucharest, Romania, was designed by the architects Albert Ballu and Ion Mincu and built between 1890 and 1895. The foundation stone was laid by King Carol I of Romania on October 7, 1890. The façade of the building is adorned with several statues representing allegories: Law, Justice, Justice, Truth, Force, and Prudence; the statues are the work of sculptors Carol Storck and Frederic Storck.Located on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, the palace houses the Bucharest Court of Appeal, the Sector 5 Court, the National Union of Romanian Bars, and the Bucharest Bar.

Palace of Justice, Bucharest. Its last major restoration was between 2003 and 2006.The Palace has 690 rooms with a total area of 33235 (m2).


Question: Which body of water is this building located in or next to?

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Shell Centre. The Shell Centre, in London, is the global headquarters of oil major Shell plc. It is located on Belvedere Road in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is a prominent feature on the South Bank of the River Thames near County Hall, and now forms the backdrop to the London Eye.The original Shell Centre comprised the tower building and three now demolished adjoining nine storey wings (collectively formerly known as the "Upstream Building"). The original development also included a separate building known as the "Downstream Building", which was separated from the Upstream Building by the railway viaduct between Charing Cross.

Shell Centre. and Waterloo East.The Downstream Building was disposed of by Shell in the 1990s, and is now a block of residential apartments known as the "White House", and has been heightened by a storey.## Site history and layout.The Shell Centre occupies part of the site cleared for the 1951 Festival of Britain. The areas closer to the River Thames now include Jubilee Gardens and the South Bank Centre. Jubilee Gardens remained undeveloped prior to its laying out as an open space, largely because of a restrictive covenant in favour of Shell that restricts any building on the part of the site.

Shell Centre. directly between the Shell Tower and the River Thames.The naming of the Shell Centre buildings perpetuated the split of the Festival site into distinct Upstream and Downstream areas – separated by the railway viaduct approach to Hungerford Bridge.During construction, parts of abandoned works for the Waterloo and Whitehall Railway were discovered. This was a prototype for a proposed pneumatic railway that would have run under the River Thames linking Waterloo and Charing Cross. Digging was started in 1865, but was stopped in 1868, due to financial problems.Visible in the Thames at low tide just in line with the tower as.


Question: Which city or region does this place locate in?

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Schipfe. Schipfe is a residential district in Zürich, Switzerland, located on the eastern slope of the Lindenhof, one of the oldest parts of the Helvetii Oppidum Zürich-Lindenhof, by the river Limmat. Historians and the "Weinplatz" suggest that the district was part of the former civilian harbour of the Celtic-Roman "Turicum". The Swiss studio of famous international artist, Conor Mccreedy is based here in a former Roman townhouse. ## Location.Schipfe belongs to the historic area on the left hand shore of the Limmat, located on the west side of the Lindenhof-Sihlbühl hill downstream from the ancient bridges Münsterbrücke and Rathausbrücke Zürich between.

Schipfe. the present Limmatquai and the prehistoric Lindenhof hill. ## History.The Lindenhof was the site of the Helvetii "Oppidum" and the first century BC Roman settlement (15 BC), with traces of a hypocaustum excavated between Weinplatz and Münsterhof. It was then the historical core of modern Zürich. This is the oldest area of the city, with settlements dating to the pre-Roman La Tène culture, and fortified as "oppidum" with a surrounding Vicus "Turicum" in the final decades of the 1st century BC. In medieval times, the Oetenbach nunnery was located in the district, but was abolished in 1525 and finally demolished.

Schipfe. in 1901/02. The "Uraniastrasse" road and the Urania Sternwarte were later built, and the so-called Waisenhaus Zürich asylum became the headquarters of the Zürich City Police.Today the Schipfe is well known for its romantic houses at the Limmat and several almost hidden shops opposite the Limmatquai.First mentioned in 1292 as «Schüpfi» (German for "where the boats land"), the quarter has a population of 431 distributed on an area less of 0.5 km². Schipfe.ch.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Pygmy marmoset. parental care is shared between the group.The pygmy marmoset has been viewed as somewhat different from typical marmosets, most of which are classified in the genera "Callithrix" and "Mico", and thus is accorded its own genus, "Cebuella", within the family Callitrichidae. The biggest threats are habitat loss and the pet trade.## Evolution and taxonomy.There has been debate among primatologists concerning the proper genus in which to place the pygmy marmoset. An examination of the interstitial retinol binding protein nuclear gene (IRBP) in three marmoset species showed that "Callithrix" as constructed in the 1990s also needed to include "C. pygmaea" to.


Question: Which significant event was held in this building?

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Pieterskerk, Leiden. Beeldenstorm, but were completely destroyed a couple of centuries later, in the gunpowder explosion of 12 January 1807. The windows were boarded up, and it wasn't until 1880 that a large-scale restoration took place.The "Pieterskerk" used to have a church tower, the "Westtoren" (west tower) from 1290 on. It was nicknamed "Coningh der Zee" (king of the sea), and was completed in stages, eventually reaching 110 metres (including the 35-metre-tall wooden spire). It collapsed in the night of 5 March 1512. The tower was not restored and the church remains towerless.Not only the stained glass windows were vandalised during the.

Pieterskerk, Leiden. rented for a wide variety of events. Since 2001, with 50% government funding, a long-term restoration project started that ran until 2010. Discoveries made during this and earlier restorations were put on permanent display in the church. A mummy is also on display, that the foundation has chosen not to subject to scientific scrutiny. Though the windows have been lost, the various grave monuments by prominent Leiden sculptors can still be seen. The building is open to the public.In 2007 there was a famous concert by the choral group "Libera.## Burials.Before 1811 many prominent people were buried in the Pieterskerk,.


Question: What equipment or engine is used by this vehicle to provide power?

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Nissan Juke. "HR16DE" petrol, 1.5-litre "K9K" diesel and 1.6-litre "MR16DDT" petrol engines: Visia, Acenta (also available with Sport and Premium packs), Tekna, Nismo and Nismo RS. In 2012, Nissan replaced the limited edition Juke Kuru with the Juke Shiro model. The Shiro was a limited edition Juke with white accents throughout the interior including white stitching on the leather seats, gear shifter and steering wheel as well as several other aesthetic options.The car was launched in the UK on 24 September 2010.## New Zealand.Two trim levels: ST and Ti, are available. Both are front-wheel drive and are powered by the HR16DE engine.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Prinzipalmarkt. The Prinzipalmarkt is the historic principal marketplace of Münster, Germany. It is shaped by historic buildings with picturesque pediments attached to one another. It extends from St. Lambert's Church ("Lambertikirche") in the north to the Townhouse Tower ("Stadthausturm") in the south and is home to luxurious shops and cafés. The centre of the eastern side, opposite the south-eastern entrance to Cathedral Square ("Domplatz"), is dominated by the Historical City Hall of Münster.Having been largely destroyed during World War II, the "Prinzipalmarkt" was reconstructed from 1947 to 1958, most buildings true to the original. Karl-Heinz Kirchhoff: "Der Prinzipalmarkt mit Michaelisplatz, Gruetgasse,.

Prinzipalmarkt. Syndikatgasse und Syndikatplatz". Münster : Aschendorff, 2001, official website (in German)panorama picture of the Prinzipalmarkt360°-panorama picture of the Prinzipalmarkt im Kulturatlas Westfalen (Flash-Player needed).


Question: What is this plant named after?

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Kalmia. Kalmia is a genus of about ten species of evergreen shrubs from 0.2–5 m tall, in the family Ericaceae. They are native to North America (mainly in the eastern half of the continent) and Cuba. They grow in acidic soils, with different species in wet acid bog habitats ("K. angustifolia, K. polifolia") and dry, sandy soils ("K. ericoides, K. latifolia")."Kalmia" was named by Linnaeus to honour his friend the botanist Pehr Kalm, who collected it in eastern North America during the mid-18th century. Earlier, Mark Catesby saw it during his travels in Carolina, and after his return to England in.

Kalmia. 1726, imported seeds. He described it, a costly rarity, in his "Natural History of Carolina", as "Chamaedaphne foliis tini", that is to say "with leaves like the Laurustinus"; the botanist and plant-collector Peter Collinson, who had begged some of the shrub from his correspondent John Custis in Virginia, wrote, when his plants flowered, that "I Really Think it exceeds the Laurus Tinus."The leaves are 2–12 cm long and simple lanceolate. The flowers are white, pink or purple, in corymbs of 10-50, reminiscent of Rhododendron flowers but flatter, with a star-like calyx of five conjoined petals; each flower is 1–3 cm.

Kalmia. diameter. The fruit is a five-lobed capsule, which splits to release the numerous small seeds.The foliage contains grayanotoxins, a group of closely related neurotoxins named after "Leucothoe grayana", native to Japan, so it is toxic if eaten, with sheep being particularly prone to poisoning, hence the name lambkill used for some of the species. Other names for Kalmia, particularly "Kalmia angustifolia," are sheep-laurel, lamb-kill, calf-kill, kill-kid, and sheep-poison, which may be written with or without the hyphen. (See species list below.) "Kid" here refers to a young goat, not a human child, but the foliage and twigs are toxic to.

Kalmia. humans as well.It has also been called spoonwood because Kalm was told by Dutch settlers of North America that Native Americans made spoons from the wood. Given its toxicity, this may be folklore rather than scientific fact.Kalmias are popular garden shrubs, grown for their decorative flowers. They should not be planted where they are accessible to livestock due to the toxicity."Kalmia" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some lepidopteran species including "Coleophora kalmiella" which feeds exclusively on "Kalmia".## Species.Species (and infraspecific taxa) listed by The Plant List as "Accepted": "Kalmia angustifolia" - Sheep-laurel, lambkill "Kalmia buxifolia.

Kalmia. - Sandmyrtle "Kalmia carolina" - Carolina mountain-laurel "Kalmia cuneata" - Whitewicky "Kalmia ericoides" - Cuban kalmia "Kalmia ericoides" var. "aggregata" "Kalmia hirsuta" - Hairy mountain-laurel "Kalmia latifolia" - Lambkill "Kalmia latifolia" f. "alba" "Kalmia latifolia" f. "fuscata" "Kalmia latifolia" f. "obtusata" "Kalmia latifolia" f. "polypetala" "Kalmia microphylla" - Alpine laurel, alpine bog-laurel, alpine mountain-laurel "Kalmia microphylla" subsp. "occidentalis" "Kalmia polifolia" - Bog kalmia, bog-laurel "Kalmia simulata" "Kalmia procumbens" is a widely accepted member of this genus, though it is the only species in the genus "Loiseleuria" according to The Plant List. The related "Kalmiopsis" ("Kalmiopsis leachiana" and "K. fragrans") is.

Kalmia. a rare shrub endemic to southwest Oregon.## Fossil record.Fossil leaves of †Kalmia saxonica have been described from the Lower Miocene of Brandis, Germany and Bełchatów, Poland, †'Kalmia marcodurensis have been described from the Lower Miocene of Bitterfeld, Germany. In the Late Tertiary "Kalmia" was associated with coal-forming vegetation occurring as a component of the vegetation of bush swamps together with "Cyrilla" and other shrubs. Among recent species "Kalmia angustifolia" is most similar to †"Kalmia saxonica" in respect of morphology, while "Kalmia latifolia" has a very similar epidermal structure. These two extant species grow in the eastern part of North America.

Kalmia. from (Quebec to Florida) on acid swampy or marshy soils. Jaynes, Richard A., 1997: Kalmia, mountain laurel and related species, Timber Press, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. Huebbers, Karl-Heinz and Westhoff, Julia,2020 : Fascynujące kalmie (Fascinating Kalmie) published by Plantin, Krakow, Poland ## Bibliography.## Books.ISBN: 978-83-956964-0-4European Kalmia SocietyKalmia.info: German Kalmia hybridizersPieris.eu: Info about "Kalmia latifolia.


Question: Who is the architect of this building?

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Odesa City Hall. Odesa City Hall () is the city hall of Odesa, Ukraine, located at the junction of Primorskiy Boulevard, Chaikovskogo Lane and Pushkinska Street. It occupies a Neoclassical building, built to a design by Francesco Boffo and Gregorio Toricelli in 1828-34. Rebuilt in 1871-1873 by Franz Morandi.## Description.The frontage features two large statues depicting Ceres and Mercury in their roles as the goddess of agriculture and the god of trade respectively, marking the building's original purpose as an Exchange. Ceres and Mercury designed by sculptor Luigi Dominicovich Iorini. Sculptures of Greek gods appeared on the building later. Initially, on both sides.


Question: Where is this plant originally discovered?

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Rye. northern China.Production levels of rye have fallen since 1992 in most of the producing nations, . For instance, production of rye in Russia fell from 13.9 (e6t) in 1992 to 2.4 (e6t) in 2020. Corresponding figures for other countries are as follows: Polandfalling from 4.0 (Mt) in 1992 to 2.9 (Mt) in 2020; Belarusfalling from 3.1 (Mt) in 1992 to 1.1 (Mt) in 2020; Chinafalling from 1.7 (Mt) in 1992 to 0.5 (Mt) in 2020. However, production levels rose in Germany from 2.4 (Mt) in 1992 to 3.5 (Mt) in 2020.World trade of rye is low compared with other grains.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

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Dolomedes minor. Dolomedes minor is a spider in the family Pisauridae that is endemic to New Zealand, where it is known as the nursery web spider.## Identification."Dolomedes minor" is pale brown with some being grayish, like the rocks around which they live, helping to camouflage them against predators. (Arnqvist, 1992)The spider has large pedipalps, which are usually used for sensory purposes. The palps in the male "Dolomedes minor" are modified for putting sperm into the female's epigyne, which is located on the underside of the female's abdomen. The female "Dolomedes minor" can easily be identified based on this location of the epigyne.

Dolomedes minor. They possess large chelicerae, which are located just below the eyes. (Andrews, 1986) The spider has a body length of about 18 mm. The females are almost twice the size of the males. They move very fast and possess a long leg-span: over sixty millimeters for a fully grown female.## Natural global range.The family Pisauridae, containing all nursery web spiders, has been estimated to contain over 300 species.## New Zealand range."Dolomedes minor" can be found throughout New Zealand in various vegetation types and altitude ranges.## Habitat preferences."Dolomedes minor" is found in a variety of habitats throughout New Zealand. They survive.

Dolomedes minor. in a variety of terrains, from sea level up to subalpine areas, including shrubland containing Gorse (Ulex europaeus) and Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium), swamps and grasslands. When hunting, they can be seen waiting around the water's edge and active amongst the stones, although they are nocturnal hunters. The spider is noticeable in these areas due to the large white nests thickly webbed to the ends of plants throughout these regions. Females will usually remain with their young in these habitats once their nursery webs have been constructed.## Life cycle and phenology."Dolomedes minor" are most commonly seen through the summer months from.

Dolomedes minor. November to May. Over these months the females have been found with egg-sacs attached to them which are carried for at least 5 weeks in their fangs. After this the female will start to construct her nursery web, which is not made to catch prey but to ‘nurse’ young. This is made at night and built amongst and at the tips of foliage. It can be around six inches or more in length and will house the eggs and young. At night the females guard the web and during the day have been noted to move towards the base of.

Dolomedes minor. the vegetation.The spiderlings will emerge shortly after the webs construction, usually within a week or after they have changed skin, and after two weeks most young would have left the nest. It is presumed this is done by ‘ballooning’ a type of air dispersal to allow them to leave the nest. This air dispersal is done so on long floating strands of silk which can also aid leaving and moving to a variety of geographical boundaries.There has been sightings of adult males with young adult females but no courtship or mating has been recorded. In other "Dolomedes" species, sexual cannibalism.

Dolomedes minor. is high so it is possible that "D. minor" males will try mate with virgin females to avoid this. Hurried copulation (mating) has been found to be common in other "Dolomedes" species also.## Diet and predators.As a nocturnal species, "Dolomedes minor" hunts and scavenges for food at night. The prey spectrum of the spider consists of a variety of small organisms including locusts, other spiders, dobsonfly larvae, earthworms, bees and other small insects (Williams, 1978). Although "Dolomedes" is an effective hunter, previously deceased organisms will also be accepted as food. The spider does not use its web at any point.

Dolomedes minor. during predation, but rather captures prey through methods of hunting. The spider tends to take a passive approach to hunting however, waiting for prey to make contact with it before attacking. Despite having four prominent posterior eyes, "Dolomedes minor" relies entirely on touch and chemical perception rather than sight in the detection of prey. These senses are facilitated by hair sensilla on the spiders body that allow them to detect and capture prey with no reliance on sight. A particular feeding behaviour exhibited by the Nurseryweb spider is the rapid consumption of prey when it is available. Individuals of the.

Dolomedes minor. species have been observed capturing additional prey whilst still feeding on previously taken organisms, as well as commonly capturing and holding multiple insects at a time. This behaviour is thought to have a direct correlation with the nocturnal instinct of "Dolomedes minor", with the need for rapid consumption stemming from the limited availability of prey at night. The number of active insects decreases rapidly after twilight and remains limited until a spike before dawn, this leaves the spiders with only small windows of time in which to capture sufficient prey to nourish themselves. Encyclopaedia of New Zealand 1966 - 'SPIDER,.

Dolomedes minor. NURSERY' Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research - Dolomedes minor (Koch) Te Papa - Nursery Web Spiders Duperre, N. &. (2010). Pisauridae. Fauna of New Zealand (64). Harris, A. C. (1987). Pompilidae. Fauna of New Zealand, 12. McLintock, A. H. (1966). Spider, Nursery. An Encyclopedia of New Zealand S.Williams, D. (1979). The feeding behaviour of New Zealand Dolomedes species. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 6 (1), 95-105.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

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Morchella esculenta. pale brownish cream, yellow to tan or pale brown to grayish brown. The edges of the ridges are usually lighter than the pits, and somewhat oval in outline, sometimes bluntly cone-shaped with a rounded top or more elongate. Caps are hollow, attached to the stem at the lower edge, and typically about 2 – 7 (cm) broad by 2 – 10 (cm) tall. The flesh is brittle. The stem is white to pallid or pale yellow, hollow, and straight or with a club-shaped or bulbous base. It is finely granular overall, somewhat ridged, generally about 2 – 9 (cm) long.

Morchella esculenta. by 2 – 5 (cm) thick. In age it may have brownish stains near the base. It has a passing resemblance to the common stinkhorn ("Phallus impudicus"), for which it is sometimes mistaken. Yellow morels are often found near wooded areas. Centipedes sometimes make their home inside these morels; infested morels usually have a hole in the top.## Microscopic characteristics.The spores range from white to cream to slightly yellow in deposit, although a spore print may be difficult to obtain given the shape of the fruit body. The spores are formed in asci lining the pits—the ridges are sterile. They.


Question: Which place is this plant endemic to?

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Metrosideros polymorpha. Metrosideros polymorpha, the ōhia lehua, is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, that is endemic to the six largest islands of Hawaii. It is a highly variable tree, being 20 - 25 (m) tall in favorable situations, and a much smaller prostrate shrub when growing in boggy soils or directly on basalt. It produces a brilliant display of flowers, made up of a mass of stamens, which can range from fiery red to yellow. Many native Hawaiian traditions refer to the tree and the forests it forms as sacred to Pele, the volcano goddess, and.

Metrosideros polymorpha. to Laka, the goddess of hula. Ōhia trees grow easily on lava, and are usually the first plants to grow on new lava flows.It is a common misconception that the word "ōhia" is used to refer to the tree and that the word "lehua" refers only to its flowers. "The Hawaiian Dictionary" (Pukui and Elbert 1986: 199) defines "lehua" with these words: "The flower of the "ōhia" tree... "also the tree itself" [emphasis added]." Thus the "Metrosideros polymorpha" may be referred to correctly as a "lehua" tree, or as an "ōhia lehua", or simply an "ōhia".## Distribution."Metrosideros polymorpha" is the.

Metrosideros polymorpha. most common native tree in the Hawaiian Islands, tolerating a wide range of soil conditions, temperature, and rainfall. It grows from sea level right up to the tree line at elevations of 2500 (m) and is commonly found in moist and dry forests, high shrublands, and is a colonizer of recent lava flows. It is relatively slow growing. Dominant in cloud forests above 400 (m), the tree is also common in seasonally wet forests, where it may be dominant or form mixtures with the native "Acacia koa".## Habitat."Metrosideros polymorpha" may occur as a tall tree or a prostrate shrub, and.

Metrosideros polymorpha. stomata of the leaves are able to close up in the presence of harmful gases, which gives it an advantage over many non-native trees.## Uses.The reddish brown heartwood of "M. polymorpha" is very hard, fine textured, and has a specific gravity of 0.7. In native Hawaiian society, it is used in house and "heiau" construction, as well as to make "papa kui ai" (poi boards), weapons, tool handles, "hohoa" (round "kapa" beaters), and "kii" (statues and idols). Although the trunk of "ōhia" is not used to make the "kaele" (hull) of "waa" (outrigger canoes), it was used for their "nohona.

Metrosideros polymorpha. waa" (seats), "pale" (gunwales), and "pola" (decking). "Wae" (spreaders) were made from the curved stilt roots of "ōhia". "Pā" (fencing) was made from the wood due to its availability; "kauila" ("Colubrina oppositifolia" or "Alphitonia ponderosa"), more durable woods when in contact with soil, was rarer. As the wood burns hot and cleanly, it is excellent "wahie" (firewood). The "lehua" (flowers) and "liko lehua" (leaf buds) are used in making "lei". The flowers were used medicinally to treat pain experienced during childbirth.Ōhia lehua is one of the few honey plants that is native to the Hawaiian Islands.## Similar species.There are about.

Metrosideros polymorpha. 50 species in the genus "Metrosideros" in Southeast Asia and the Pacific and as well one species in South Africa. The Hawaiian Islands are home to five species of "Metrosideros" that are "endemic" to the islands, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. These are: Metrosideros polymorpha, "M. macropus", "M. rugosa", "M. tremuloides", and "M. waialealae". The species are readily distinguished from one another by the characteristics of their leaves."Metrosideros kermadecensis", from the Kermadec Islands north of New Zealand, has recently become naturalized on Maui and may become a pest species. Several cultivars of "M. excelsa", the pohutukawa.

Metrosideros polymorpha. tree of New Zealand, have been sometimes planted as ornamentals in Hawaii but are not reported to have naturalized. "Metrosideros polymorpha" was originally classified as a variety of "M. collina", native to Rarotonga, Tahiti, and other islands of Polynesia, but now is generally accepted as a distinct Hawaiian endemic species.## Conservation."Metrosideros polymorpha" forests in Hawaii have been invaded by myriad alien species. In the wet forests these include the strawberry guava ("Psidium littorale"), albizia ("Falcataria moluccana"), and "purple plague" ("Miconia calvescens"). In drier areas, problematic invaders include faya tree ("Myrica faya") and Christmasberry ("Schinus terebinthifolius"). Alien grasses such as meadow.

Metrosideros polymorpha. 'many forms', is very appropriate, since individuals of this species exhibit many different morphologies and inhabit a broad range of ecological situations. The Hawaiian language word "ōhia" is thought to have been derived from the ancestral Proto-Oceanic word, "*kafika." Throughout Oceania, there are many similar-sounding words that were also derived from the same ancestral protoform and, in most cases, they are names for the "mountain apple", or "Malay apple" tree, "Syzygium malaccense." In the Hawaiian Islands, however, the word "ōhia" is not only used to refer to "Syzygium malaccense", but also to other species of "Syzygium" and "Metrosideros" that occur.

Metrosideros polymorpha. there.The derivation of the word "lehua" is more obscure, and while there are many opinions regarding its origin, there has been, to date, no historical linguistic study of the word to provide convincing evidence for any particular etymology.## Mythology.In Hawaiian mythology, Ōhia and Lehua were two young lovers. The volcano goddess Pele fell in love with the handsome Ōhia and approached him, but he turned down her advances. In a fit of jealousy, Pele transformed Ōhia into a tree. Lehua was devastated by this transformation and out of pity the other gods turned her into a flower and placed her.

Metrosideros polymorpha. upon the ōhia tree. Other versions say that Pele felt remorseful but was unable to reverse the change, so she turned Lehua into a flower herself. It is said that when a "lehua" flower is plucked from an "ōhia" tree, the sky will fill with rain representing the separated lovers' tears. Medeiros, A.C., C.F. Davenport, and C.G. Chimera, "Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest". URL:Ethnobotany of Auwahi.pdf, accessed 3 January 2007. Simpson, P., 2005. "Pōhutukawa & Rātā: New Zealand's Iron-Hearted Trees". Te Papa Press. 346 pp. Starr, F., K. Starr, and L.L. Loope. New plant records from the Hawaiian.


Question: What is this plant named after?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Allamanda. Allamanda is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. They are native to the Americas, where they are distributed from Mexico to Argentina. Some species are familiar as ornamental plants cultivated for their large, colorful flowers. Most species produce yellow flowers; "A. blanchetii" bears pink flowers. The genus name "Allamanda" honors the Swiss botanist and physician Frédéric-Louis Allamand (1736–1809). It is the official flower of Kuching North City Hall.## Description.Plants of the genus are evergreen trees, shrubs, or vines. They contain a white latex. The leaves are opposite or arranged in whorls of up to 5. The blades.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Brown pelican. The brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) is a bird of the pelican family, Pelecanidae, one of three species found in the Americas and one of two that feed by diving into water. It is found on the Atlantic Coast from New Jersey to the mouth of the Amazon River, and along the Pacific Coast from British Columbia to northern Chile, including the Galapagos Islands. The nominate subspecies in its breeding plumage has a white head with a yellowish wash on the crown. The nape and neck are dark maroon–brown. The upper sides of the neck have white lines along the base.

Brown pelican. of the gular pouch, and the lower fore neck has a pale yellowish patch. The male and female are similar, but the female is slightly smaller. The nonbreeding adult has a white head and neck. The pink skin around the eyes becomes dull and gray in the nonbreeding season. It lacks any red hue, and the pouch is strongly olivaceous ochre-tinged and the legs are olivaceous gray to blackish-gray.The brown pelican mainly feeds on fish, but occasionally eats amphibians, crustaceans, and the eggs and nestlings of birds. It nests in colonies in secluded areas, often on islands, vegetated land among.

Brown pelican. sand dunes, thickets of shrubs and trees, and mangroves. Females lay two or three oval, chalky white eggs. Incubation takes 28 to 30 days with both sexes sharing duties. The newly hatched chicks are pink, turning gray or black within 4 to 14 days. About 63 days are needed for chicks to fledge. Six to 9 weeks after hatching, the juveniles leave the nest, and gather into small groups known as pods.The brown pelican is the national bird of Saint Martin, Barbados, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the official state bird of Louisiana, appearing.

Brown pelican. on the flag, seal, or coat of arms of each. It has been rated as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It was listed under the United States Endangered Species Act from 1970 to 2009, as pesticides such as dieldrin and DDT threatened its future in the Southeastern United States and California. In 1972, the use of DDT was banned in Florida, followed by the rest of the United States. Since then, the brown pelican's population has increased. In 1903, Theodore Roosevelt set aside the first National Wildlife Refuge, Florida's Pelican Island, to.

Brown pelican. protect the species from hunters.## Taxonomy.The brown pelican was described by Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus in the 1766 12th edition of his "Systema Naturae", where it was given the binomial name of "Pelecanus occidentalis." It belongs to the New World clade of the genus "Pelecanus".Five subspecies of the brown pelican are recognized. These subspecies are genetically distinct despite a similar phenotype. Different habitats allow to recognize them. : The brown pelican is part of a clade that includes the Peruvian pelican ("P. thagus") and the American white pelican ("P. erythrorhynchos"). The Peruvian pelican was previously treated as a subspecies of.

Brown pelican. the brown pelican, but is now considered a separate species on the basis of its much greater size (around double the weight of the brown pelican), differences in bill color and plumage, and a lack of hybridization between the forms despite a large range overlap. In contrast, hybridization between brown and white pelicans is possible.In 1932, James L. Peters separated the American white pelican and the brown pelican (including the Peruvian pelican) into monospecific subgenera. This separation was also supported by Jean Dorst and Raoul J. Mougin in 1979. The spot-billed pelican and the pink-backed pelican were considered to be.

Brown pelican. sister species by Andrew Elliott in 1992 and Joseph B. Nelson in 2005, and the divergence between the brown and the Peruvian pelicans was found to be the most in the pelican family. In 1993, Paul Johnsgard hypothesized that the pelicans derived from a south Asian or African ancestor, and spread through northern Asia and Australia before finally coming to North America. This hypothesis would imply that, unless the brown pelican and the American white pelican resulted from multiple invasions of North America, they would be sister taxa. However, trees derived from genetic data disagree. In 1990, Charles Sibley and.

Brown pelican. John E. Ahlquist's Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) tree based on DNA–DNA hybridization data found that the American white pelican, the pink-backed pelican, the great white pelican, and the Australian pelican were sister species, and the brown pelican was the most divergent of all.## Description.The brown pelican is the smallest of the eight extant pelican species, but is often one of the larger seabirds in their range nonetheless. It measures 1 to 1.52 (m) in length and has a wingspan of 2.03 to 2.28 (m). The weight of adults can range from 2 to 5 (kg), about.

Brown pelican. half the weight of the other pelicans found in the Americas, the Peruvian and American white pelicans. The average weight in Florida of 47 females was 3.17 (kg), while that of 56 males was 3.7 (kg). Like all pelicans, it has a very long bill, measuring 280 to 348 (mm) in length.The nominate subspecies in its breeding plumage has a white head with a yellowish wash on the crown. The nape and neck are dark maroon–brown. The upper sides of the neck have white lines along the base of the gular pouch, and the lower foreneck has a pale yellowish.

Brown pelican. patch. The feathers at the center of the nape are elongated, forming short, deep chestnut crest feathers. It has a silvery gray <dfn>mantle,</dfn> <dfn>scapulars</dfn>, and upperwing coverts (feathers on the upper side of the wings), with a brownish tinge. The lesser coverts have dark bases, which gives the leading edge of the wing a streaky appearance. The uppertail coverts (feathers above the tail) are silvery white at the center, forming pale streaks. The median (between the greater and the lesser coverts), primary (connected to the distal forelimb), secondary (connected to the ulna), and greater coverts (feathers of the outermost, largest,.

Brown pelican. row of upperwing coverts) are blackish, with the primaries having white shafts and the secondaries having variable silver-gray fringes. The tertials (feathers arising in the brachial region) are silver-gray with a brownish tinge. The underwing has grayish-brown remiges with white shafts to the outer primary feathers. The axillaries and covert feathers are dark, with a broad, silver–gray central area. The tail is dark gray with a variable silvery cast. The lower mandible is blackish, with a greenish-black gular pouch at the bottom for draining water when it scoops out prey. The breast and belly are dark, and the legs and.

Brown pelican. feet black. It has a grayish white bill tinged with brown and intermixed with pale carmine spots. The crest is short and pale reddish-brown in color. The back, rump, and tail are streaked with gray and dark brown, sometimes with a rusty hue. The male and female are similar, but the female is slightly smaller. It is exceptionally buoyant due to the internal air sacks beneath its skin and in its bones. It is as graceful in the air as it is clumsy on land.The nonbreeding adult has a white head and neck, and the pre-breeding adult has a creamy.

Brown pelican. yellow head. The pink skin around the eyes becomes dull and gray in the non-breeding season. It lacks any red hue, and the pouch is strongly olivaceous ochre tinged and the legs are olivaceous gray to blackish-gray. It has pale blue to yellowish white irides which become brown during the breeding season. During courtship, the bill becomes pinkish red to pale orange, redder at the tip, and the pouch is blackish. Later in the breeding season the bill becomes pale ash-gray over most of the upper jaw and the basal third of the mandible.The juvenile is similar, but is grayish-brown.

Brown pelican. overall and has paler underparts. The head, neck, and thighs are dusky-brown, and the abdomen is dull white. The plumage of the male is similar to a fully adult female, although the male's head feathers are rather rigid. The tail and flight feathers are browner than those of the adult. It has short, brown upperwing coverts, which are often darker on greater coverts, and dull brownish-gray underwing coverts with a whitish band at the center. The irides are dark brown and the facial skin is bluish. It has a gray bill which is horn-yellow to orange near the tip, with.

Brown pelican. a dark gray to pinkish-gray pouch. It acquires adult plumage at over 3 years of age, when the feathers on the neck become paler, the upperparts become striped, the greater upperwing and median coverts become grayer, and the belly acquires dark spots.The brown pelican is readily distinguished from the American white pelican by its nonwhite plumage, smaller size, and habit of diving for fish from the air, as opposed to co-operative fishing from the surface. It and the Peruvian pelican are the only true marine pelican species.The brown pelican produces a wide variety of harsh, grunting sounds, such as a.

Brown pelican. low-pitched "hrrraa-hrra", during displays. The adult also rarely emits a low croak, while young frequently squeal.## Distribution and habitat.The brown pelican lives on the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts in the Americas. On the Atlantic Coast, it is found from the New Jersey coast to the mouth of the Amazon River. Along the Pacific Coast, it is found from British Columbia to south-central Chile, including the Galapagos Islands. After nesting, North American birds move in flocks further north along the coasts, returning to warmer waters for winter. In the non-breeding season, it is found as far north as Canada. It.

Brown pelican. is a rare and irregular visitor south of the Piura in Peru, where generally it is replaced by the Peruvian pelican, and can occur as a non-breeding visitor south at least to Ica during El Niño years. Small numbers of brown pelicans have been recorded from Arica in far northern Chile. It is fairly common along the coast of California, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, the West Indies, and many Caribbean islands as far south as Guyana. Along the Gulf Coast, it inhabits Alabama, Texas, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Mexico.The brown pelican is a strictly marine species, primarily inhabiting marine.

Brown pelican. subtidal, warm estuarine, and marine pelagic waters. It is also found in mangrove swamps, and prefers shallow waters, especially near salty bays and beaches. It avoids the open sea, seldom venturing more than 20 miles from the coast. Some immature birds may stray to inland freshwater lakes. Its range may also overlap with the Peruvian pelican in some areas along the Pacific coast of South America. It roosts on rocks, water, rocky cliffs, piers, jetties, sand beaches, and mudflats.## Migration.Most brown pelican populations are resident (nonmigratory) and dispersive (species moving from its birth site to its breeding site, or its.

Brown pelican. breeding site to another breeding site), although some migration is observed, especially in the northern areas of its range, but these movements are often erratic, depending on local conditions. Southwards, they are vagrants (found outside its usual range) in Tierra del Fuego. They have been recorded off the eastern coast of Brazil, in Alagoas. Rare inland vagrants, generally caused by hurricanes or El Niño phenomena, have been reported from the Colombian Andes. They were first recorded in July 2009 at the Interandean Valley where they remained for at least 161 days. There are four records far inland in Amazônia Legal.

Brown pelican. along the Amazon River and its tributaries.## Behavior.The brown pelican is a very gregarious bird; it lives in flocks of both sexes throughout the year. In level flight, brown pelicans fly in groups, with their heads held back on their shoulders and their bills resting on their folded necks. They may fly in a V formation, but usually in regular lines or single file, often low over the water's surface. To exclude water from the nasal passage, they have narrower internal regions of the nostrils.## Feeding.The brown pelican is a piscivore, primarily feeding on fish. Menhaden may account for 90%.

Brown pelican. of its diet, and the anchovy supply is particularly important to the brown pelican's nesting success. Other fish preyed on with some regularity includes pigfish, pinfish, herring, sheepshead, silversides, mullets, sardines, minnows, and topminnows. Brown pelicans residing in Southern California rely especially heavily on pacific sardine as a major food source which can compose up to 26% of their diet, making them one of the top three predators of sardines in the area. Non-fish prey includes crustaceans, especially prawns, and it occasionally feeds on amphibians and the eggs and nestlings of birds (egrets, common murres and its own species).As the.

Brown pelican. brown pelican flies at a maximum height of 60 to 70 (ft) above the ocean, it can spot schools of fish while flying. When foraging, it dives bill-first like a kingfisher, often submerging completely below the surface momentarily as it snaps up prey. Besides its sister species, the Peruvian pelican, this is the only pelican to primarily forage via diving, all other extant pelican merely float on the waters' surface when foraging. Upon surfacing, it spills the water from its throat pouch before swallowing its catch. Only the Peruvian pelican shares this active foraging style (although that species never dives.

Brown pelican. from such a great height), while other pelicans forage more inactively by scooping up corralled fish while swimming on the water surface. It is an occasional target of kleptoparasitism by other fish-eating birds such as gulls, skuas, and frigatebirds. They are capable of drinking saline water due to the high capacity of its salt glands to excrete salt.## Breeding.The brown pelican is a monogamous breeder within a breeding season, but does not pair for life. Nesting season peaks during March and April. The male chooses a nesting site and performs a display of head movements to attract a female. At.

Brown pelican. the proposed nest site, major courtship displays such as head swaying, bowing, turning, and upright (standing on its legs without any support) are performed by both the sexes. They may also be accompanied by low "raaa" calls.Once a pair forms a bond, overt communication between them is minimal. It is a colonial species, with some colonies maintained for many years. Probably owing to disturbance, tick infestation, or alteration in food supply, colonies frequently shift. It nests in secluded area, often on islands, vegetated spots among sand dunes, thickets of shrubs and trees, and in mangroves, although sometimes on cliffs, and.

Brown pelican. less often in bushes or small trees. Nesting territories are clumped, as individual territories may be at a distance of just 1 (m) from each other. They are usually built by the female from reeds, leaves, pebbles, and sticks, and consist of feather-lined impressions protected with a 10 to 25 (cm) rim of soil and debris. They are usually found 3 to 10 (ft) above the ground. Renesting may occur if eggs are lost from the nest early in the breeding season.There are usually two to three, or sometimes even four, oval eggs in a clutch, and only one brood.

Brown pelican. is raised per year. The egg is chalky white, and can measure about 76 (mm) in length and 51 (mm) in width. Incubation takes 28 to 30 days with both sexes sharing duties, keeping the eggs warm by holding them on or under their webbed feet. It takes 28 to 30 days for the eggs to hatch, and about 63 days to fledge. After that, the juvenile leave the nest and gather into small groups known as pods. The newly hatched chicks are pink and weigh about 60 (g). Within 4 to 14 days, they turn gray or black. After.

Brown pelican. that, they develop a coat of white, black or grayish down. Fledging success may be as high as 100% for the first hatched chick, 60% for the second chick, and just 6% for the third chick.The parents regurgitate predigested food for the young to feed upon until they reach their fledging stage. After about 35 days, the young venture out of the nest by walking. The young start flying about 71 to 88 days after hatching. The adults remain with them until some time afterwards and continue to feed them. In the 8- to 10-month period during which they are.

Brown pelican. cared for, the nestling pelicans are fed by regurgitated, partially digested food of around 70 (kg) of fish. The young reach sexual maturity (and full adult plumage) at anywhere from three to five years of age. A brown pelican has been recorded to have lived for over 31 years in captivity.## Predators and parasites.Predation is occasional at colonies, and predators of eggs and young (usually small nestlings are threatened but also occasionally up to fledgling size depending on the size of the predator) can include gulls, raptors (especially bald eagles), spiny-tailed iguanas, alligators, vultures, feral cats, feral dogs, raccoons, fish.

Brown pelican. crows, and corvids. Predation is likely reduced if the colony is on an island. Although it is rare, bobcats have been documented eating both the offspring and injured adults. Predation on adult brown pelicans is rarely reported, but cases where they have fallen prey to bald eagles have been reported. Also, South American sea lions and unidentified large sharks have been observed to prey on adult brown pelicans by seizing them from beneath while the birds are sitting on ocean waters. The invasive red imported fire ant is known to prey on hatchlings. Like all pelicans, brown pelicans are highly.

Brown pelican. sensitive to disturbances by humans (including tourists or fishermen) at their nests, and may even abandon their nests. Due to their size, non-nesting adults are rarely predated. Brown pelicans have several parasitic worms such as "Petagiger", "Echinochasmus", "Phagicola longus", "Mesostephanus appendiculatoides", "Contracaecum multipapillatum", and "Contracaecum bioccai", from its prey diet of black mullets, white mullets, and other fish species.## Relationship with humans.The brown pelican is now a staple of crowded coastal regions and is at some risk by fishermen (monofilament fishing line and hooks) and boaters. In the early twentieth century, hunting was a major cause of its death, and.

Brown pelican. people still hunt adults for their feathers and collect eggs on the Caribbean coasts, in Latin America, and occasionally in the United States, even though it is protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.## Depictions in culture.The brown pelican is the national bird of Saint Martin, Barbados, Saint Kitts and Nevis, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. In 1902, it was made a part of the official Louisiana seal and, in 1912, a pelican and her young became part of the Flag of Louisiana as well. One of Louisiana's state nicknames is "The Pelican State", and the brown.

Brown pelican. pelican is the official state bird of Louisiana. It is one of the mascots of Tulane University, present on its seal, and is also present on the crest of the University of the West Indies. The National Basketball Association (NBA)'s New Orleans Pelicans are named in the honor of the brown pelican.In the 1993 film "The Pelican Brief", based on the novel of the same name by John Grisham, a legal brief speculates that the assassins of two supreme court justices were motivated by a desire to drill for oil on a Louisiana marshland that was a habitat of the.

Brown pelican. endangered brown pelican. In the same year, "Jurassic Park" showed a pod of brown pelicans at the end of the film. In 1998, American conductor David Woodard performed a requiem for a California brown pelican on the seaward limit of the berm of a beach where the animal had fallen. In the 2003 Disney/Pixar film "Finding Nemo", a brown pelican (voiced by Geoffrey Rush in an Australian accent) was illustrated as a friendly, virtuous talking character named Nigel.## Status and conservation.Since 1988, the brown pelican has been rated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Endangered species based.

Brown pelican. on its large range—greater than 20,000 km2 (7700 mi2)—and an increasing population trend. The population size is also well beyond the threshold for vulnerable species. The nominate race population is thought to number at least 290,000 in the West Indies, and 650,000 globally. In 1903, Theodore Roosevelt set aside Pelican Island, now known as Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge, to solely protect the brown pelican from hunters.Starting in the 1940s with the invention and extensive use of pesticides such as DDT, the brown pelican population had drastically declined due to a lack of breeding success. By the 1960s, it had.

Brown pelican. almost disappeared along the Gulf Coast and, in southern California, it had suffered almost total reproductive failure, due to DDT usage in the United States. The brown pelican was listed under the United States Endangered Species Act from 1970 to 2009. A research group from the University of Tampa, headed by Ralph Schreiber, conducted research in Tampa Bay, and found that DDT caused the pelican eggshells to be too thin to support the embryo to maturity. In 1972, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) banned DDT usage in the United States and limited the use of other pesticides. There.

Brown pelican. has been a decline in chemical contaminant levels in brown pelican eggs since then, and a corresponding increase in its nesting success. It became extinct in 1963 in Louisiana. Between 1968 and 1980, the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries' reintroduction program re-established the brown pelican, and its population numbers in California and Texas were restored due to improved reproduction and natural recolonization of the species. By 1985, its population in the eastern United States, including Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, and northward along the Atlantic Coast, had recovered and the species was removed from the Endangered Species List. Its.

Brown pelican. population has grown by about 68% per decade over a period of 40 years in North America, and this trend appears to be continuing. It is still listed as endangered in the Pacific Coast region of its range and in the southern and central United States. Although the United States Gulf Coast populations in Louisiana and Texas are still listed as endangered, they were recently estimated in 2009 about 12,000 breeding pairs. Since that time the Deepwater Horizon oil spill has adversely affected populations, and current population figures are not available.## Indicator species.The brown pelican abundance has steadily recovered from.

Brown pelican. the drastic population decreases in the 1940s, however bottom up control threatens the Southern California populations as food sources become diminished. It is common for forage fish populations to experience regular fluctuations, however there has been a consistent decrease in the Pacific sardine population beginning as early as 2014. In 2019 these declines were found to have reached levels which were a mere 10% of the highest reported abundances. Fluctuations in sardine populations have largely been attributed to bottom-up control, primarily including climate variability and ocean temperature. The significant decrease in pacific sardine population can be linked to the levels.

Brown pelican. of nitrogen within their habitat, a limiting factor in plankton production. Pacific sardines in the California current system rely on wind driven upwelling to push cooler, nitrogen rich waters towards the surface, maintaining a sustainable, nutrient abundant environment. Continued environmental disruptions, such as El Niño, rising ocean temperatures, and increased commercial fishing, have drastic effects on nutrient cycling within the California current system, leading to lasting impacts on Pacific sardine productivity and reproductive success.The brown pelican has been predicted to have high vulnerability to declining sardine populations . At the lowest levels of sardine abundance, the brown pelican population has.

Brown pelican. been predicted to decline up to 50%. Even with a more moderate decline in sardine abundance (50% relative abundance), brown pelicans have been predicted to decrease by up to 27%. A recent decline in brown pelican breeding success coincides with the population decline of the Pacific sardine. Between 2014 and 2016, brown pelicans experienced a continuous breeding failure. These breeding failures have been characterized by decreased numbers of pelicans arriving at nesting colonies, large scale abandonment and early migration due to an inability to feed hatchlings, and sub-optimal breeding by those who do attempt to breed. Breeding success is greatly.

Brown pelican. reduced by oceanic anomalies, specifically warm-phase anomalies that increase the intensity of upwellings. Increased upwellings disrupt marine productivity and forage fish availability. These trends have important implications for the health and conservation of brown pelicans, as well as other seabirds.Seabirds have become increasingly important as an indicator species. They are often used in order to indirectly track changes in fish stocks, ecosystem health, and climate change. Environmental changes tend to have fast acting impacts on marine bird populations due to the simplicity of their trophic cascade, allowing for complex, long term trends in ecosystem health and resources to be easily.

Brown pelican. realized and tracked. Brown pelicans have proven to be a useful indicator in determining the effects of the well established fishing industry in Southern California. Sardine fishery in the Gulf of California has been showing signs of overfishing since the early 1990s. Sardine population and abundance, however, is difficult to monitor and obtain indicators for. Since lacking food availability has negative implications for breeding success in seabirds, seabird diet and breeding success has been used to indirectly measure the population status of the fish they feed on. This model has been shown to work using brown pelicans as an indicator.

Brown pelican. species. As the proportion of sardines in the brown pelicans diet decreases, the success of fisheries declines to a lesser extent. When eventually the sardine abundance has declined enough for brown pelicans to move away and begin feeding on other forage fish, commercial fishing still would be fishing in significant numbers. This indicates that even when fisheries are not seeing signs of declining sardine abundance, brown pelicans may have already been affected to the point of locating other food sources. This availability of sardines may decline even further during El Niño anomalies, when thermoclines prevent brown pelicans from reaching their.

Brown pelican. prey. Brown pelican diet will mostly indicate declines in sardine abundance for fisheries during the same season, as brown pelicans feed mostly on the same adult fish that are commercially fished. Although brown pelicans serve as an important indicator species for fisheries, declining sardine abundance due to both climate changes and overfishing have huge implications on overall ecosystem health, within or outside the individual trophic cascade. Field Guide Page on Flickr.


Question: Who occupies this building?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Palais de Chaillot. Niclausse and Félix-Alexandre Desruelles.The buildings now house a number of museums: the "Musée national de la Marine" (naval museum) and the "Musée de l'Homme" (prehistory and anthropology) in the southern ("Passy") wing, the "Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine", including the "Musée national des Monuments Français", in the eastern ("Paris") wing, from which one also enters the "Théâtre national de Chaillot", a theatre below the esplanade.It was on the front terrace of the palace that Adolf Hitler was pictured during his short tour of the city in 1940, with the Eiffel Tower in the background. This became an iconic image.