Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Liquidambar styraciflua. American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), also known as American storax, hazel pine, bilsted, redgum, satin-walnut, star-leaved gum, alligatorwood, or simply sweetgum, is a deciduous tree in the genus "Liquidambar" native to warm temperate areas of eastern North America and tropical montane regions of Mexico and Central America. Sweetgum is one of the main valuable forest trees in the southeastern United States, and is a popular ornamental tree in temperate climates. It is recognizable by the combination of its five-pointed star-shaped leaves (similar to maple leaves) and its hard, spiked fruits. It is currently classified in the plant family Altingiaceae, but was.

Liquidambar styraciflua. formerly considered a member of the Hamamelidaceae.## Names.This plant's genus name "Liquidambar" was first given by Linnaeus in 1753 from the Latin ('fluid') and the Arabic ('amber'), in allusion to the fragrant terebinthine juice or gum which exudes from the tree. Its specific epithet "styraciflua" is an old generic name meaning 'flowing with storax' (a plant resin). The name "storax" has long been confusingly applied to the aromatic gum or resin of this species, that of "L. orientalis" of Turkey, and to the resin better known as benzoin from various tropical trees in the genus "Styrax".The sweetgum has a Nahuatl.

Liquidambar styraciflua. name, "Ocotzocuahuitl", which translates to 'tree that gives pine resin' from "ocotl" ('pine'), "tzotl" ('resin'), "cuahuitl" ('tree'), which refers to the use of the tree's resin.The common name "sweetgum" refers to the species' "sweetish gum", contrasting with the blackgum ("Nyssa sylvatica"), only distantly related, with which the sweetgum overlaps broadly in range. The species is also known as the "redgum", for its reddish bark.## History.The earliest known published record of "Liquidambar styraciflua" is in a work by Spanish naturalist Francisco Hernández published posthumously in 1615, in which he describes the species as a large tree producing a fragrant gum resembling.

Liquidambar styraciflua. liquid amber, whence the genus name "Liquidambar." In John Ray's "Historia Plantarum" (1686) it is called "Styrax liquida". However, the first mention of any use of the amber is described by Juan de Grijalva, the nephew of the governor of Cuba, in the year 1517.Juan de Grijalva tells of gift exchanges with the Mayas "who presented them with, among other things, hollow reeds of about a span long filled with dried herbs and sweet-smelling liquid amber which, when lighted in the way shown by the natives, diffused an agreeable odour."The species was introduced into Europe in 1681 by John Banister,.

Liquidambar styraciflua. the missionary collector sent out by Bishop Compton, who planted it in the palace gardens at Fulham in London, England.## Fossil record.An ancestor of "Liquidambar styraciflua" is known from Tertiary-aged fossils in Alaska, Greenland, and the mid-continental plateau of North America, much further north than "Liquidambar" now grows. A similar plant is also found in Miocene deposits of the Tertiary of Europe.## Description.## Size."Liquidambar styraciflua" is a medium-sized to large tree, growing anywhere from 50 - 70 (ft) in cultivation and up to 150 (ft) in the wild, with a trunk up 2 - 3 (ft) in diameter, on average.

Liquidambar styraciflua. Trees may live to 400 years. The tree is a symmetrical shape and crowns into an egg shape when the branches get too heavy after its first two years of cultivation.## Bark and branches.Another distinctive feature of the tree is the peculiar appearance of its small branches and twigs. The bark attaches itself to these in plates edgewise instead of laterally, and a piece of the leafless branch with the aid of a little imagination readily takes on a reptilian form; indeed, the tree is sometimes called "alligatorwood".The bark is a light brown tinged with red and sometimes gray with.

Liquidambar styraciflua. dark streaks and has a density of 37 (lb/cuft). It is deeply fissured with scaly ridges. The branches carry layers of cork. The branchlets are pithy, many-angled, winged, and at first covered with rusty hairs, finally becoming red brown, gray or dark brown. As an ornamental tree, the species has a drawback—the branches may have ridges or "wings" that cause more surface area, increasing weight of snow and ice accumulation on the tree. However, the wood is heavy and hard with an interlocking grain, but is difficult to season.## Leaves.The leaves usually have five (but sometimes three or seven) sharply.

Liquidambar styraciflua. pointed palmate lobes. They are 3-5 (in) wide on average and have three distinct bundle scars.They are long and broad, with a 6 – 10 (cm) petiole. The rich dark green, smooth, shiny, star-shaped leaves generally turn brilliant yellow, orange, red, and purple colors in the autumn. This autumnal coloring has been characterized as not simply a flame, but a conflagration. Its reds and yellows compare to that of the maples ("Acer"), and in addition it has the dark purples and smoky browns of the ash "(Fraxinus)". However, in the northern part of its range, and where planted in yet.

Liquidambar styraciflua. colder areas, the leaves are often killed by frost while still green. On the other hand, in the extreme southern or tropical parts of its range, some trees are evergreen or semi-evergreen, with negligible fall color. The leaves are 3-7 (in) broad with glandular serrate teeth. The base is truncate or slightly heart-shaped. They come out of the bud plicate, downy, pale green, when full grown are bright green, smooth, shining above, paler beneath. They contain tannin and when bruised give a resinous fragrance.While the starry five-pointed leaves of "Liquidambar" resemble those of some maples ("Acer"), "Liquidambar" is easily distinguished.

Liquidambar styraciflua. from "Acer" by its glossy, leathery leaves that are positioned singly (alternate), not in pairs (opposite) on the stems. Luna and Promethea moth caterpillars feed on the leaves.## Flowers.The flowers typically appear in spring and persist into autumn/fall, sometimes persisting into winter. They are typically about 1 – 1+1/2 (in) in diameter and are covered with rusty hairs. The flowers are unisexual and greenish in color. Staminate flowers in terminal racemes 2-3 (in) long, the pistillate in a solitary head on a slender peduncle borne in the axil of an upper leaf. Staminate flowers destitute of calyx and corolla, but.

Liquidambar styraciflua. are surrounded by hairy bracts. Stamens indefinite; filaments short; anthers introrse. Pistillate flowers with a two-celled, two-beaked ovary, the carpels produced into a long, recurved, persistent style. The ovaries all more or less cohere and harden in fruit. There are many ovules but few mature.## Fruit.The distinctive compound fruit is hard, dry, and globose, 1 – 1+1/2 (in) in diameter, composed of numerous (40–60) capsules. Each capsule, containing one to two small seeds, has a pair of terminal spikes (for a total of 80–120 spikes). When the fruit opens and the seeds are released, each capsule is associated with a.

Liquidambar styraciflua. small hole (40–60 of these) in the compound fruit.Fallen, opened fruits are often abundant beneath the trees; these have been popularly nicknamed "burr (or bir) balls", "gum balls", "space bugs", "sticker balls", or "spike balls".The fruit is a multicapsular spherical head and hangs on the branches during the winter. The woody capsules are mostly filled with abortive seeds resembling sawdust. The seeds are about 1/4 (in) thick, winged, and wind-dispersed. Goldfinches, purple finches, squirrels, and chipmunks eat the seeds of the tree. The seeds stratify within 30–90 days at 33–41 (F) or soaked in water for 15–20 days.The long-stemmed fruit.

Liquidambar styraciflua. balls of "Liquidambar" resemble those of the American sycamore or buttonwood ("Platanus occidentalis"), but are spiny and remain intact after their seeds are dispersed; the softer fruits of "Platanus" disintegrate upon seed dispersal. The long-persisting fallen spiked fruits can be unpleasant to walk on; sweet gum is banned in some places for this reason. In abundance, they can leave a lawn lumpy. The winter buds are yellow brown, 1/4 (in) long, acute. The inner scales enlarge with the growing shoot, becoming 1/2 (in) long, green tipped with red.## Distribution.Sweetgum is one of the most common hardwoods in the southeastern United.

Liquidambar styraciflua. States, where it occurs naturally in lowlands from southwestern Connecticut south to central Florida, through central Ohio and west to Illinois, southern Missouri, and eastern Texas, but not colder highland areas of Appalachia or the Midwestern states. The species also occurs in Mexico from southern Nuevo León south to Chiapas, as well as in Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua and Honduras. In Mexico and Central America, it is a characteristic plant of cloud forests, growing at middle elevations in various mountainous areas where the climate is humid and more temperate.The US government distribution maps for this species are incorrect concerning the.

Liquidambar styraciflua. southern limit of distribution in Florida. This species occurs abundantly at Highlands Hammock State Park, Sebring, Highlands County, FL, and even southwest of Lake Okeechobee. (see the Univ. South Florida Atlas of Florida Plants)Grown as an ornamental tree in Australia, "Liquidambar styraciflua" has a distribution on mainland Australia from southwestern Western Australia, southern South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, and all the way up to the Atherton Tablelands in far North Queensland.## Uses.## Wood.Sweetgum "(Liquidambar styraciflua)" is one of the most important commercial hardwoods in the Southeastern United States. Its wood is bright reddish brown (with the sapwood nearly white).

Liquidambar styraciflua. and may have black grain in the heartwood; it is heavy, straight, satiny, and close-grained, but not strong. It takes a beautiful polish, but warps badly in drying. The wood has a specific gravity of 0.5910. It is too liable to decay for outdoor use.In the carpentry industry, the timber is referred to as satin walnut and is one of the most important materials for plywood manufacturers. It is used for furniture, interior trim, railroad ties, cigar boxes, crates, flooring, barrels, woodenware, and wood pulp. It is also used for veneer for plywood. The wood is very compact and fine-grained,.

Liquidambar styraciflua. the heartwood being reddish, and, when cut into planks, marked transversely with blackish belts. Sweetgum is used principally for lumber, veneer, plywood, slack cooperage, fuel, and pulpwood. The lumber is made into boxes and crates, furniture, cabinets for radios, televisions, and phonographs, interior trim, and millwork. The veneer and plywood, (typically backed with some other kind of wood which shrinks and warps less) are used for boxes, pallets, crates, baskets, and interior woodwork. It was formerly used in the interior finish of railroad sleeping cars. Being readily dyed black, it is sometimes substituted for ebony for such uses as inexpensive.

Liquidambar styraciflua. picture frames. The wood is also used to make chopsticks for the East Asian market, as it has a naturally light color with appeal to certain segments of the Asian market.## Resin.The tree's gum resin, for which the tree is named, exudes from the bark of the tree when wounded. It has many names, including liquid amber or copalm balsam. It is a kind of native balsam, or resin, resembling turpentine. It may be clear, reddish, or yellow, with a pleasant smell like ambergris. As the resin ages, it solidifies, the form in which it was historically exported in barrels.

Liquidambar styraciflua. The resin is produced by stripping, boiling, and pressing the tree's bark. The gum was used both medicinally and to make chewing gum.## Shikimic acid."L. styraciflua" seeds may be a renewable source of shikimic acid.## Cultivation."Liquidambar styraciflua" is a popular ornamental and forestal tree, cultivated for its distinctive foliage and intense autumn colors. It is commonly grown throughout its native North American range as well as many other temperate parts of the world, including moderately high elevations in the tropics. It is highly regarded in Bogota, Colombia. The species grows best in moist, acidic loam or clay soil, and tolerates.

Liquidambar styraciflua. poor drainage. It typically grows with other coastal plain species such as willow oak and sweetbay magnolia. Its salt tolerance is moderate. Chlorosis can develop on alkaline soil, especially where organic matter is low. Also, the American sweetgum tree does not grow well in shady areas.Among the many cultivars of "Liquidambar styraciflua" are (those marked have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit): 'Burgundy' – dark red to purple fall colors may persist through winter 'Clydesform' – columnar or narrowly pyramidal; slow growth to 9 meters; yellow-orange fall colors; also sold as 'Emerald Sentinel' 'Festival' – columnar; pale.

Liquidambar styraciflua. green summer leaves; bright fall hues of yellow, pink and red; less hardy than most 'Firehouse' - pyramidal; bright red fall color; defoliates early; little to no seed production 'Goduzam' – variegated; pink to red-purple in autumn; also called 'Gold Dust' 'Grazam' – pyramidal, with glossy leaves. Orange, red and purple fall colors 'Gumball' – dwarf shrubby cultivar seldom more than 2 (m) tall, with purple-red fall color 'Lane Roberts' () 'Moraine' – upright, rounded form, fast growth, red fall color, hardy to −30 °C 'Palo Alto' – various shades of red in fall; best in California 'Parasol' – develops.

Liquidambar styraciflua. rounded crown; mature height 10 meters; deep red fall color 'Penwood' () 'Rotundiloba' – sterile cultivar with rounded lobes on leaves, originally discovered in North Carolina in the 1930s 'Slender Silhouette' – very narrow columnar form 'Worplesdon' () – cutleaf cultivar with orange, red and purple fall colorsThe organizers of the September 11th Memorial in New York donated a grove of sweetgum trees to the Flight 93 Memorial in Shanksville, Pennsylvania.## Infection on "Liquidambar styraciflua".The imperfect fungus "Dicarpella dryina" is a leaf parasite reported to occur on a wide range of host plants, including species of sweetgum ("Liquidambar styraciflua" ).

Liquidambar styraciflua. Limber and Cash reported that leaf spots produced by this pathogen on several different genera of forest trees were 2–5 mm diameter with regular margins. During the summer of 1994 in the Nacogdoches County area of Texas, a prominent leaf spot on sweetgum was widespread. Infected leaves had numerous necrotic lesions, each surrounded by a reddish halo. The lesions tended to merge resulting in large areas of dead tissue. Infection and fungal development of "D. dryina" were investigated on leaves of sweetgum using a combination of microscopic techniques. "D. dryina" infection on sweetgum has been associated with the disease red.

Liquidambar styraciflua. leaf spot. Results of this investigation indicate that "D. dryina" can penetrate leaf tissue directly, thus having the ability to initiate infection on both upper and lower leaf surfaces. In other regions of the U.S., sweetgum populations may not be as susceptible to local populations of this fungus.Environmental stress factors may also be involved, as reports have indicated that herbicide application and chlorosis caused by iron deficiency may increase susceptibility of "D. dryina". Tannins (a type of biomolecule found in trees to protect it from fire, insects, and bacteria) have been reported to occur in healthy tissue of a variety.

Liquidambar styraciflua. of plants including sweetgum. They may prevent pathogen invasion by inhibiting fungal enzyme activity. Although cells of healthy sweetgum tissue appear rich in tannins, these materials apparently were not effective in preventing fungal colonization by "D. dryina". Interactive Distribution Map for "Liquidambar styraciflua" University of Michigan – Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of "Liquidambar styraciflua" Landscaping.about.com: American Sweetgum Trees## External links.


Question: How many day is the egg incubation period of this bird?

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Least grebe. The least grebe ("Tachybaptus dominicus"), an aquatic bird, is the smallest member of the grebe family. It occurs in the New World from the southwestern United States and Mexico to Argentina, and also on Trinidad and Tobago, the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles.## Description.The least grebe ranges in length from 21 – 27 (cm) (depending on the subspecies) and in weight from 112 – 180 (g). Weights are variable based on region and subspecies, being smaller in Panama, where males weighed a mean of 129 (g) against the females 116 (g) and larger in the West Indies, where the sexes.

Least grebe. seconds.## Breeding.Least grebes breed throughout the year. Those in the tropics tend to breed during the rainy season, while active nests have been found in every month of the year in Texas. Each pair builds a compact floating nest of vegetation—typically a variety of aquatic weeds—which is anchored to rooted plants in still open water as deep as 1.5 (m). The female lays three to six white eggs, though the damp nest material soon stains them with brown. Both adults incubate the eggs, which hatch after 21 days. The striped young are sometimes carried on the adult's back.## Voice.The breeding.


Question: Who are the structure engineers of this building?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Medici Fountain. including the sculptor Francesco Bordoni, who helped design the statue of King Henry IV of France built on the Pont Neuf, and fountain technician Thomas Francini, who had worked on fountains in the new gardens of the Medici villas in Florence and Rome, found eager royal patrons in France. Soon features of the Italian Renaissance garden, such as elaborate fountains and the grotto, a simulated cave decorated with sculpture, appeared in the first Gardens of the French Renaissance at Fontainebleau and other royal residences.## Construction.Marie de' Medici, as widow of Henry IV and mother and regent of King Louis XIII.

Medici Fountain. of France, began construction of her own palace, which she called the Palais des Medicis, between 1623 and 1630, on the left bank of Paris. The new palace was modeled after the Palazzo Pitti in her native Florence, and the gardens around the palace were modeled after those of the Boboli Gardens in Florence. The Palace was the work of architect Salomon de Brosse, but the fountain and grotto was most probably the work of Tommaso Francini, the Intendant General of Waters and Fountains of the King. Francini, who emigrated to France at the invitation of Henry IV in 1598.


Question: Where is this bird originally discovered?

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Western reef heron. and foraging behaviour. There have been suggestions that the species hybridizes with the Little Egret, and based on this, some authors treat "schistacea" and "gularis" as subspecies of "Egretta garzetta". Works that consider the Western Reef Heron as a valid species include the nominate "gularis" and "schistacea" as subspecies.## Description.This bird has two plumage colour forms. There is an all-white morph and a dark grey morph; morphs can also occur with intermediate shades of grey which may be related to age or particoloured in grey and white. The white morph is similar in general appearance to the little egret, but.

Western reef heron. has a larger yellower bill, extended yellow on thicker legs, and when foraging tends to be very active, sometimes also moving its wing or using it to shade the water surface. The grey morph has a whitish throat and is unlikely to be confused with any other species within the range of this egret with beak and legs similar to that of the white morph. During the breeding season the legs and facial skin are reddish. Breeding birds have two long feathers on the sides of the nape. The nominate subspecies "gularis" has a range from West Africa to Gabon,.

Western reef heron. with some birds breeding in southern Europe. Subspecies "schistacea" (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1828) breeds from the Persian Gulf along the coast of India to the east of the India Peninsula. The bill of "gularis" is more pointed while "schistacea" has the larger bill especially towards the base. The form on the eastern coast of South Africa is usually separated as the dimorphic egret "Egretta dimorpha". The dark and white morph is thought to be controlled by a single allele with the dark character being incompletely dominant over the gene for white.## Taxonomy and systematics.The species was first described as "Ardea.

Western reef heron. hybrids. Dark morphs in little egrets are extremely rare and nearly all specimens of what were thought to be dark morphs have turned out to be western reef herons. In India some research claimed circumstantial evidence of interbreeding with little egrets, but the same researchers noted that the breeding seasons of the two species were different. Hybridization has also been claimed to occur in Morocco and Kenya (but this might refer to "Egretta dimorpha"). Christidis and Boles quote a report by McCracken and Sheldon (2002) that the nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b genes from a sampled little egret and.

Western reef heron. a western reef heron were identical and use this as evidence for demotion. The sequences and the origins of the samples are not publicly available or verifiable. In the past the Indian form which was also described as "Ardea asha" by William Henry Sykes has been treated as a subspecies of the little egret as "Egretta garzetta schistacea" on the basis of presumed hybridization with "Egretta gularis". The lores of breeding little egrets are blue while those of the reef heron are reddish although some individuals of "schistacea" show blue and this is thought to be due to hybridization. The.

Western reef heron. dark coastal form of Madagascar, Aldabra, Comoro Islands, Seychelles and parts of East Africa (southern Kenya to Tanzania) was earlier treated as a subspecies (the mainland African form has sometimes been considered as "schistacea") but is now raised to full species as the dimorphic egret ("Egretta dimorpha").## Distribution and status.It occurs mainly on the coasts in tropical west Africa, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf (Iran) extending east to India. It also occurs in the Lakshadweep Islands and Sri Lanka where breeding was once recorded at Chilaw. The nominate subspecies breeds in west Africa from Mauritania to Gabon. Birds may.

Western reef heron. also be found off the mainland such as in the Canary Islands. Small numbers breed in Spain. Subspecies "schistacea" is found from the Red Sea coast east round the Indian coast. Breeding colonies are known from the east coast of India around Pulicat Lake. They occasionally occur further inland.The western reef heron (nominate subspecies) occurs as a vagrant in North America, South America and the Caribbean islands. Based on the growing number of records it is suspected that they may establish breeding colonies in Brazil. Several records around 1980–90 in Germany, Austria and France have been attributed to birds that.

Western reef heron. making a low "kwok" or grating sounds when disturbed or near the nest.The western reef heron's breeding habitat is coastal wetlands. In the Red Sea region the breeding season is from June to August. The nominate subspecies breeds in West Africa from late April to September. In India the breeding season is during the monsoon rains from April to August and end of May in the former breeding colony at Chilaw in Sri Lanka. Most of the breeding colonies in Gujarat in western India were on mangroves. They nest in colonies usually of their own species but sometimes with other.


Question: What product does this item produce?

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Power inverter. A power inverter, inverter or invertor is a power electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The resulting AC frequency obtained depends on the particular device employed. Inverters do the opposite of rectifiers which were originally large electromechanical devices converting AC to DC.The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is provided by the DC source.A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects (such as.

Power inverter. a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry.Static inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process.Power inverters are primarily used in electrical power applications where high currents and voltages are present; circuits that perform the same function for electronic signals, which usually have very low currents and voltages, are called oscillators. Circuits that perform the opposite function, converting AC to DC, are called rectifiers.## Input and output.## Input voltage.A typical power inverter device or circuit requires a stable DC power source capable of supplying enough current for the intended power demands of the system. The input voltage depends on the.

Power inverter. are two basic designs for producing household plug-in voltage from a lower-voltage DC source, the first of which uses a switching boost converter to produce a higher-voltage DC and then converts to AC. The second method converts DC to AC at battery level and uses a line-frequency transformer to create the output voltage.## Square wave.This is one of the simplest waveforms an inverter design can produce and is best suited to low-sensitivity applications such as lighting and heating. Square wave output can produce "humming" when connected to audio equipment and is generally unsuitable for sensitive electronics.## Sine wave.A power inverter.

Power inverter. device that produces a multiple step sinusoidal AC waveform is referred to as a "sine wave inverter". To more clearly distinguish the inverters with outputs of much less distortion than the "modified sine wave" (three-step) inverter designs, the manufacturers often use the phrase "pure sine wave inverter". Almost all consumer grade inverters that are sold as a "pure sine wave inverter" do not produce a smooth sine wave output at all, just a less choppy output than the square wave (two-step) and modified sine wave (three-step) inverters. However, this is not critical for most electronics as they deal with the.

Power inverter. output quite well.Where power inverter devices substitute for standard line power, a sine wave output is desirable because many electrical products are engineered to work best with a sine wave AC power source. The standard electric utility provides a sine wave, typically with minor imperfections but sometimes with significant distortion.Sine wave inverters with more than three steps in the wave output are more complex and have significantly higher cost than a modified sine wave, with only three steps, or square wave (one step) types of the same power handling. Switch-mode power supply (SMPS) devices, such as personal computers or DVD.

Power inverter. players, function on modified sine wave power. AC motors directly operated on non-sinusoidal power may produce extra heat, may have different speed-torque characteristics, or may produce more audible noise than when running on sinusoidal power.## Modified sine wave.The modified sine wave is the sum of two square waves, one of which is delayed one-quarter of the period with respect to the other. The result is a waveform which has voltage steps of zero, peak positive, zero, peak negative and again zero. This voltage value sequence is repeated continuously. The resultant voltage waveform better approximates the shape of a sinusoidal voltage.

Power inverter. entirely without problems, but if the item has a mains transformer, this can overheat depending on how marginally it is rated.However, the load may operate less efficiently owing to the harmonics associated with a modified sine wave and produce a humming noise during operation. This also affects the efficiency of the system as a whole, since the manufacturer's nominal conversion efficiency does not account for harmonics. Therefore, pure sine wave inverters may provide significantly higher efficiency than modified sine wave inverters.Most AC motors will run on MSW inverters with an efficiency reduction of about 20% owing to the harmonic content.

Power inverter. DC supply, in the manner of the MSN designs, but the switching takes place at a far faster rate, typically many KHz, so that the varying width of the pulses can be smoothed to create the sine wave. If a microprocessor is used to generate the switching timing, the harmonic content and efficiency can be closely controlled.## Output frequency.The AC output frequency of a power inverter device is usually the same as standard power line frequency, 50 or 60 hertz. The exception is in designs for motor driving, where a variable frequency results in a variable speed control.Also, if the.

Power inverter. output of the device or circuit is to be further conditioned (for example stepped up) then the frequency may be much higher for good transformer efficiency.## Output voltage.The AC output voltage of a power inverter is often regulated to be the same as the grid line voltage, typically 120 or 240 VAC at the distribution level, even when there are changes in the load that the inverter is driving. This allows the inverter to power numerous devices designed for standard line power.Some inverters also allow selectable or continuously variable output voltages.## Output power.A power inverter will often have an overall.

Power inverter. battery from the others.## Applications.## DC power source usage.An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage.## Uninterruptible power supplies.An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when mains power is not available. When mains power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.## Electric motor speed control.Inverter circuits designed to produce a variable output.

Power inverter. voltage range are often used within motor speed controllers.The DC power for the inverter section can be derived from a normal AC wall outlet or some other source. Control and feedback circuitry is used to adjust the final output of the inverter section which will ultimately determine the speed of the motor operating under its mechanical load. Motor speed control needs are numerous and include things like: industrial motor driven equipment, electric vehicles, rail transport systems, and power tools.Switching states are developed for positive, negative and zero voltages as per the patterns given in the switching Table 1. The generated.

Power inverter. gate pulses are given to each switch in accordance with the developed pattern and thus the output is obtained.## In refrigeration compressors.An inverter can be used to control the speed of the compressor motor to drive variable refrigerant flow in a refrigeration or air conditioning system to regulate system performance. Such installations are known as inverter compressors. Traditional methods of refrigeration regulation use single-speed compressors switched on and off periodically; inverter-equipped systems have a variable-frequency drive that control the speed of the motor and thus the compressor and cooling output. The variable-frequency AC from the inverter drives a brushless or.

Power inverter. induction motor, the speed of which is proportional to the frequency of the AC it is fed, so the compressor can be run at variable speeds—eliminating compressor stop-start cycles increases efficiency. A microcontroller typically monitors the temperature in the space to be cooled, and adjusts the speed of the compressor to maintain the desired temperature. The additional electronics and system hardware add cost to the equipment, but can result in substantial savings in operating costs. The first inverter air conditioners were released by Toshiba in 1981, in Japan.## Power grid.Grid-tied inverters are designed to feed into the electric power distribution.

Power inverter. hundred megawatts, are used to deliver power from high voltage direct current transmission systems to alternating current distribution systems.## Solar.A solar inverter is a balance of system (BOS) component of a photovoltaic system and can be used for both grid-connected and off-grid systems. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.Solar micro-inverters differ from conventional inverters, as an individual micro-inverter is attached to each solar panel. This can improve the overall efficiency of the system. The output from several micro-inverters is then combined and often fed to the electrical.

Power inverter. grid.In other applications, a conventional inverter can be combined with a battery bank maintained by a solar charge controller. This combination of components is often referred to as a solar generator.Solar inverters are also used in spacecraft photovoltaic system.## Induction heating.Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to higher frequency for use in induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power. Due to the reduction in the number of DC sources employed, the structure becomes more reliable and the output voltage has.

Power inverter. higher resolution due to an increase in the number of steps so that the reference sinusoidal voltage can be better achieved. This configuration has recently become very popular in AC power supply and adjustable speed drive applications. This new inverter can avoid extra clamping diodes or voltage balancing capacitors.There are three kinds of level shifted modulation techniques, namely: Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD) Phase Disposition (PD)## HVDC power transmission.With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a static inverter.

Power inverter. plant converts the power back to AC. The inverter must be synchronized with grid frequency and phase and minimize harmonic generation.## Electroshock weapons.Electroshock weapons and tasers have a DC/AC inverter to generate several tens of thousands of V AC out of a small 9 V DC battery. First the 9 V DC is converted to 400–2000 V AC with a compact high frequency transformer, which is then rectified and temporarily stored in a high voltage capacitor until a pre-set threshold voltage is reached. When the threshold (set by way of an airgap or TRIAC) is reached, the capacitor dumps its.

Power inverter. entire load into a pulse transformer which then steps it up to its final output voltage of 20–60 kV. A variant of the principle is also used in electronic flash and bug zappers, though they rely on a capacitor-based voltage multiplier to achieve their high voltage.## Miscellaneous.Typical applications for power inverters include: Portable consumer devices that allow the user to connect a battery, or set of batteries, to the device to produce AC power to run various electrical items such as lights, televisions, kitchen appliances, and power tools. Use in power generation systems such as electric utility companies or solar.

Power inverter. generating systems to convert DC power to AC power. Use within any larger electronic system where an engineering need exists for deriving an AC source from a DC source. Frequency conversion - if a user in (say) a 50 Hz country needs a 60 Hz supply to power equipment that is frequency-specific, such as a small motor or some electronics, it is possible to convert the frequency by running an inverter with a 60 Hz output from a DC source such as a 12V power supply running from the 50 Hz mains.## Circuit description.## Basic design.In one simple inverter circuit,.

Power inverter. DC power is connected to a transformer through the center tap of the primary winding. A relay switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit.The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the stationary contacts and.

Power inverter. provide large power handling capability in a semiconductor device, and can readily be controlled over a variable firing range.The switch in the simple inverter described above, when not coupled to an output transformer, produces a square voltage waveform due to its simple off and on nature as opposed to the sinusoidal waveform that is the usual waveform of an AC power supply. Using Fourier analysis, periodic waveforms are represented as the sum of an infinite series of sine waves. The sine wave that has the same frequency as the original waveform is called the fundamental component. The other sine waves,.

Power inverter. car that is moving can turn into a source of energy and can, with the right inverter topology (full H-bridge) charge the car battery when decelerating or braking. In a similar manner, the right topology (full H-bridge) can invert the roles of "source" and "load", that is, if for example the voltage is higher on the AC "load" side (by adding a solar inverter, similar to a gen-set, but solid state), energy can flow back into the DC "source" or battery.Based on the basic H-bridge topology, there are two different fundamental control strategies called basic frequency-variable bridge converter and PWM.

Power inverter. control. Here, in the left image of H-bridge circuit, the top left switch is named as "S1", and others are named as "S2, S3, S4" in counterclockwise order.For the basic frequency-variable bridge converter, the switches can be operated at the same frequency as the AC in the electric grid. However, it is the rate at which the switches open and close that determines the AC frequency. When S1 and S4 are on and the other two are off, the load is provided with positive voltage and vice versa. We could control the on-off states of the switches to adjust the.

Power inverter. AC magnitude and phase. We could also control the switches to eliminate certain harmonics. This includes controlling the switches to create notches, or 0-state regions, in the output waveform or adding the outputs of two or more converters in parallel that are phase shifted in respect to one another.Another method that can be used is PWM. Unlike the basic frequency-variable bridge converter, in the PWM controlling strategy, only two switches S3, S4 can operate at the frequency of the AC side or at any low frequency. The other two would switch much faster (typically 100 KHz) to create square voltages.

Power inverter. level of distortion caused by harmonics. The waveform quality of AC produced directly by H-bridge mentioned above would be not as good as we want.The issue of waveform quality can be addressed in many ways. Capacitors and inductors can be used to filter the waveform. If the design includes a transformer, filtering can be applied to the primary or the secondary side of the transformer or to both sides. Low-pass filters are applied to allow the fundamental component of the waveform to pass to the output while limiting the passage of the harmonic components. If the inverter is designed to.

Power inverter. provide power at a fixed frequency, a resonant filter can be used. For an adjustable frequency inverter, the filter must be tuned to a frequency that is above the maximum fundamental frequency.Since most loads contain inductance, feedback rectifiers or antiparallel diodes are often connected across each semiconductor switch to provide a path for the peak inductive load current when the switch is turned off. The antiparallel diodes are somewhat similar to the "freewheeling diodes" used in AC/DC converter circuits.Fourier analysis reveals that a waveform, like a square wave, that is anti-symmetrical about the 180 degree point contains only odd harmonics,.

Power inverter. simplifies the electronics, but the inductors and capacitors tend to be large and heavy. Its high efficiency makes this approach popular in large uninterruptible power supplies in data centers that run the inverter continuously in an "online" mode to avoid any switchover transient when power is lost.A closely related approach uses a ferroresonant transformer, also known as a constant voltage transformer, to remove harmonics and to store enough energy to sustain the load for a few AC cycles. This property makes them useful in standby power supplies to eliminate the switchover transient that otherwise occurs during a power failure while.

Power inverter. size and volume. In 2014, Google together with IEEE started an open competition named Little Box Challenge, with a prize money of $1,000,000, to build a (much) smaller power inverter.## History.## Early inverters.From the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century, DC-to-AC power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor-generator sets (M-G sets). In the early twentieth century, vacuum tubes and gas-filled tubes began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyratron.The origins of electromechanical inverters explain the source of the term "inverter". Early AC-to-DC converters.

Power inverter. used an induction or synchronous AC motor direct-connected to a generator (dynamo) so that the generator's commutator reversed its connections at exactly the right moments to produce DC. A later development is the synchronous converter, in which the motor and generator windings are combined into one armature, with slip rings at one end and a commutator at the other and only one field frame. The result with either is AC-in, DC-out. With an M-G set, the DC can be considered to be separately generated from the AC; with a synchronous converter, in a certain sense it can be considered to.

Power inverter. be "mechanically rectified AC". Given the right auxiliary and control equipment, an M-G set or rotary converter can be "run backwards", converting DC to AC. Hence an inverter is an inverted converter.## Controlled rectifier inverters.Since early transistors were not available with sufficient voltage and current ratings for most inverter applications, it was the 1957 introduction of the thyristor or silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) that initiated the transition to solid state inverter circuits.The "commutation" requirements of SCRs are a key consideration in SCR circuit designs. SCRs do not turn off or "commutate" automatically when the gate control signal is shut off. They.

Power inverter. only turn off when the forward current is reduced to below the minimum holding current, which varies with each kind of SCR, through some external process. For SCRs connected to an AC power source, commutation occurs naturally every time the polarity of the source voltage reverses. SCRs connected to a DC power source usually require a means of forced commutation that forces the current to zero when commutation is required. The least complicated SCR circuits employ natural commutation rather than forced commutation. With the addition of forced commutation circuits, SCRs have been used in the types of inverter circuits described.

Power inverter. above.In applications where inverters transfer power from a DC power source to an AC power source, it is possible to use AC-to-DC controlled rectifier circuits operating in the inversion mode. In the inversion mode, a controlled rectifier circuit operates as a line commutated inverter. This type of operation can be used in HVDC power transmission systems and in regenerative braking operation of motor control systems.Another type of SCR inverter circuit is the current source input (CSI) inverter. A CSI inverter is the dual of a six-step voltage source inverter. With a current source inverter, the DC power supply is configured.

Power inverter. as a current source rather than a voltage source. The inverter SCRs are switched in a six-step sequence to direct the current to a three-phase AC load as a stepped current waveform. CSI inverter commutation methods include load commutation and parallel capacitor commutation. With both methods, the input current regulation assists the commutation. With load commutation, the load is a synchronous motor operated at a leading power factor.As they have become available in higher voltage and current ratings, semiconductors such as transistors or IGBTs that can be turned off by means of control signals have become the preferred switching components.

Power inverter. for use in inverter circuits.## Rectifier and inverter pulse numbers.Rectifier circuits are often classified by the number of current pulses that flow to the DC side of the rectifier per cycle of AC input voltage. A single-phase half-wave rectifier is a one-pulse circuit and a single-phase full-wave rectifier is a two-pulse circuit. A three-phase half-wave rectifier is a three-pulse circuit and a three-phase full-wave rectifier is a six-pulse circuit.With three-phase rectifiers, two or more rectifiers are sometimes connected in series or parallel to obtain higher voltage or current ratings. The rectifier inputs are supplied from special transformers that provide phase.

Power inverter. shifted outputs. This has the effect of phase multiplication. Six phases are obtained from two transformers, twelve phases from three transformers and so on. The associated rectifier circuits are 12-pulse rectifiers, 18-pulse rectifiers and so on...When controlled rectifier circuits are operated in the inversion mode, they would be classified by pulse number also. Rectifier circuits that have a higher pulse number have reduced harmonic content in the AC input current and reduced ripple in the DC output voltage. In the inversion mode, circuits that have a higher pulse number have lower harmonic content in the AC output voltage waveform.## Other.


Question: Who commissioned this facility?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Battersea Power Station. Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned Grade II* listed coal-fired power station, located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a.

Battersea Power Station. to the proposal by forming the London Power Company (LPC). They planned to heed parliament's recommendations and build a small number of very large stations.The London Power Company's first of these super power stations was planned for the Battersea area, on the south bank of the River Thames in London. The proposal was made in 1927, for a station built in two stages and capable of generating 400 megawatts (MW) of electricity when complete. The site chosen was a 15 (acre) plot of land which had been the site of the reservoirs for the former Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company.

Battersea Power Station. stations). It was also the most thermally efficient power station in the world when it opened.The A Station had been operated by the London Power Company, but by the time the B Station was completed, the UK's electric supply industry had been nationalised, and ownership of the two stations had passed into the hands of the British Electricity Authority in 1948.On 20 April 1964, the power station was the site of a fire that caused power failures throughout London, including at the BBC Television Centre, which was due to launch BBC2 that night. The launch was delayed until the following.

Battersea Power Station. day at 11 am.## Design and specification.Both of the stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was headed by Dr. Leonard Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Power Company, but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, and T. P. O'Sullivan who was later responsible for the Assembly Hall at Filton. J. Theo Halliday was employed as architect, with Halliday & Agate Co. employed as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for the supervision and execution of the appearance of the exterior and interior of the building. Architect Sir.

Battersea Power Station. thermal power station, is used to condense steam from the steam turbines before it is returned to the boiler. Water cycled through the power station's systems was taken from the Thames. The station could extract an average of 340000000 (impgal) of water from the river each day.After the end of World War II, the London Power Company used the waste heat to supply the Pimlico District Heating Undertaking.## Scrubbers.The reduction of sulphur emissions was an important factor from when the station was in the design stages, as it was one of the main concerns of the protesters. The London Power.


Question: What is the conservation status of this bird? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Snowy owl. being a vulnerable species by the IUCN. A 52% decline has been inferred for the North American population since the 1960s with another even more drastic estimate placing the decline from 1970 to 2014 at 64%. Trends are harder to delineate in Scandinavia but a similar downward trend is thought to be occurring. Snowy owls are listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated.## Anthropogenic mortality and persecution.Of 438 band encounters in the USG banding laboratory, almost all causes of death that could be.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Taraxia ovata. Taraxia ovata is a species of wildflower native to California and Oregon known by the common name goldeneggs or sun cup.## Description.This is a fleshy, taprooted perennial which often grows in clay soil. It has a wide rosette of long, alternate, feather-shaped or oval leaves which sometimes have wavy edges.The flowers grow atop thin erect stems and are usually yellow and occasionally white, or yellow with white spots near the bases of the four spoon-shaped petals. The stamens are short compared to "Camissonia".## Distribution.Among areas of occurrence are the North Coast Range of California up to elevations of 1600 feet,.

Taraxia ovata. including Sonoma and Marin County, extending south to San Luis Obispo County.Calflora: "Taraxia ovata""Jepson Manual Treatment" (1993) University of CaliforniaPhoto gallery.


Question: What is the brand of this vehicle?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Dodge Caliber. The Dodge Caliber is a compact hatchback manufactured and marketed by Chrysler's Dodge division from model years 2007 to 2012, replacing the Dodge Neon and Chrysler PT Cruiser.Following the Caliber concept which debuted at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show, the pre-production version debuted at the 2006 North American International Auto Show, with market launch in March 2006.The Caliber was manufactured at the Belvidere Assembly (Illinois) plant, and across its six-year model run, just over 400,000 were produced.## Marketing.The Caliber was one of Dodge's first modern offerings in Europe and in Asian markets such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, as.

Dodge Caliber. it established new distribution channels there. It was also introduced in China in 2008 as Dodge's second modern vehicle offering in that market. Dodge vehicles were previously officially sold in China during the World War II era. The introduction of the Caliber marked the return of the Dodge brand to Australia since the early 1970s.The Caliber in Japan joined the Chrysler PT Cruiser in 2007, as the PT Cruiser was offered since 2000, but as with previous Chrysler products sold in Japan, the width dimension exceeded the Japanese Government dimension regulations, and Japanese consumers were liable for annual taxes for.

Dodge Caliber. driving a larger car which affected sales. As Chrysler products were considered large to the Japanese market, Chrysler offered products that offered spacious interiors with four doors and one-piece liftgates to broaden their appeal to the Japanese as a compromise for paying the annual tax for large vehicles.The marketing plan for the first year of the Caliber's production included 20% of the budget for online marketing, print ads, and TV commercials.## Features.The Dodge Caliber offered a continuously variable transmission (called "CVT2" by Dodge) sourced from Jatco (a Nissan subsidiary), the second DaimlerChrysler model to employ this technology after the Mercedes-Benz.

Dodge Caliber. A-Class. It uses a four-cylinder 1.8-2.4 L "World" gasoline engine, designed jointly by Chrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai.The car features an optional electronically controlled all-wheel drive system with variable torque at speeds of 25 to 65 (mph) for optimal handling.The Caliber uses a heavily modified GS platform, co-designed with Mitsubishi Motors. The modified GS platform is now called the JS platform by Chrysler for mid-size cars and PM/MK for compact cars. It shares a portion of the platform with the Mitsubishi Lancer, but is most similar to the Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot. The Caliber wheels have a 5-hole pattern with.

Dodge Caliber. a 114.3 mm bolt circle.## Safety.The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gave the Caliber an overall "Good" score in frontal crash testing. The Dodge Caliber was standard with side curtain airbags, but torso side airbags were optional. The IIHS had scored the Caliber "Marginal" overall in their side impact test. However, that Caliber was not equipped with the optional torso side airbag.## Models.Three models were available at the Caliber's launch, with a fourth available in mid-2006.The base SE model features front-wheel drive and a 1.8 L 148 (hp) "World" I4 attached to a Magna Drivetrain T355 5-speed manual transmission.

Dodge Caliber. A 2.0 L 158 (hp) version of the engine paired with the CVT2 transmission was available as an option.The standard configuration for the SE lacks air conditioning, power windows, door locks, or mirrors. The grille surround is body-colored, while that of all other models is chromed. Canadian SXT and R/T models feature body-color grilles instead of chrome grilles. The Caliber SE doesn't have a tachometer or assist handles, 15 (in) steel wheels with wheel covers are standard. Some options were not available on the SE.For 2011, this model was named Express, reverting to SE for 2012. For 2012, the CVT.

Dodge Caliber. transmission option was dropped only for the SE, leaving the five-speed manual transmission as the only available transmission option for the SE. The CVT continued to be offered in the SXT and SXT Plus models for 2012.The SXT has the same engine choices as the SE but many more features are available as standard. Air conditioning is standard equipment at this level, including the Chill Zone beverage cooler inside the front lower glove compartment. The gauge cluster gains a tachometer and an (optional) trip computer. The driver's seat adds height adjustment, the passenger seat folds flat for load-carrying, and the.

Dodge Caliber. rear seats recline. Power windows, locks, mirrors, and remote keyless entry are included. The grille is chromed and 17 (in) steel wheels are standard, with 17 (in) aluminum wheels as an option. The cargo area light includes a removable and rechargeable flashlight while the front dome light incorporates two reading lamps. In Europe, this version was also commercialized equipped with a VW-built 2.0 L turbodiesel engine.Some Dodge publications mention a SXT Sport Wagon model, while others (e.g. the Dodge website) list a SXT "E" package with identical features. This consists of 17 (in) aluminum wheels, color-keyed cloth seat inserts, color-matched.

Dodge Caliber. instrument panel trim, along with fog lamps.The UK SXT Sport model has 18 (in) alloy wheels, color-keyed cloth seats and instrument panel, and a 9-speaker audio system as standard; early UK models did not have the chrome grille. The UK SXT Sport was available with a Volkswagen 2.0 L diesel engine mated to a six-speed manual transmission.For 2011, the Heat, Uptown, and Mainstreet were three available trim levels of the Caliber, reverting to SXT and SXT Plus in 2012.The R/T model has a 2.4 L 172 (hp) version of the World engine, equipped with the CVT2 transmission, and programmed with.

Dodge Caliber. an 'AutoStick' feature giving six simulated fixed ratios in a clutchless manual mode in addition to the standard CVT 'Drive' mode. All-wheel-drive was an option on the R/T model until 2009, but with automatic transmission only. Eighteen-inch aluminum wheels were standard, while chromed versions were optional. At launch, the CVT2 with all-wheel drive was the only powertrain combination available for the R/T. A front-wheel drive variant with the T355 5-speed manual transmission commenced production in late summer 2006. ABS was standard, and the suspension and steering systems were tuned for performance.Externally, the R/T is distinguishable by body-color/chrome door handles (replacing.

Dodge Caliber. black on other models), a chrome side molding, chromed exhaust tip, and front fog lights as standard, as well as R/T badging.Internally, the car came standard with color-keyed fabric seat inserts, while leather seats were an option as on the SXT. Color-keyed instrument panel trim was also standard, as well as a leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls and speed control, and a cargo area cover (all options on the SXT).The R/T model was discontinued in 2010.The SRT4 model that was introduced at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2006, was a replacement for the original Neon-based SRT-4 produced by.

Dodge Caliber. Chrysler's Street and Racing Technology group.The SRT4 hatchback competed with the Volkswagen GTI and the Mazdaspeed3. It featured a 2.4 L DOHC 16V turbocharged I4 with dual variable valve timing (DVVT). The engine produces 285 (hp) at 6,400 rpm, and 265 (lb.ft) of torque at 5,600 rpm using the TD04HL4S-20 turbo. Edmunds.com tested a Caliber SRT4 on a chassis dynamometer and obtained 281 (hp) and 261 (lb.ft) of torque at the wheels. Edmunds called the manufacturer's rating conservative; putting more power on the road than cars costing twice as much. This engine is mated to a Getrag six-speed manual transmission.

Dodge Caliber. and uses a front-wheel drive drivetrain. The Caliber SRT4 uses a MacPherson strut front suspension and a multilink rear suspension. The SRT4 came with large 13.4 (in) vented front disc brakes (from the Dodge Charger Police Pack version) with dual-piston calipers and 11.9 (in) rear single-piston disc brakes. It also featured four-wheel ABS, with electronic assistance. The wheels are 19 (in), five-spoke, SRT-stamped, painted aluminum and equipped with Goodyear RSA 225/45R19 tires. Package options included polished aluminum wheels, Goodyear Eagle F1 Supercar tires, SIRIUS satellite radio with Kicker SRT livin' loud audio, EVIC with performance pages, security alarm, and optional.

Dodge Caliber. paint colors.The SRT4 model of the Caliber was available through 2009.## Updates.## 2009.For the 2009 model, the Caliber underwent a minor revamp. The plain plastic black-colored door handles available on base models were replaced by painted car-colored handles previously available only on R/T. In addition, the trunk lid was reduced in weight and simplified in its opening. In the interior, all panels were made black instead of grey. The "DODGE" badge that was on top of the Ram logo at the middle was shifted to the left, while the "CALIBER" badge was moved to the right from the left, both.

Dodge Caliber. equal in font size. The car model title, previously indicated on the right, was moved to the bottom right corner of the gate lid.## 2010.The 2010 model year was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, featuring a refreshed interior design composed of metallic outlines and parts of glass to suppress the abundance of plastic materials on previous models, as well as the addition of an 8-way power driver's seat, heated mirrors, and an automatic climate control system previously available only on R/T. The dashboard also features the relocation of the glove box due to many customer complaints, which now.

Dodge Caliber. occupies the spot over the radio panel and comprises a "push-open" lock instead of the previous "squeeze-and-lift" opening mechanism.The 1.8 L engine was dropped from the SE and SXT models, and the SRT-4 model is discontinued. European market models receive a new 2.2 L diesel engine with 163 (hp) and 236 (lb·ft) of torque that provides a combined city and highway fuel efficiency of 40.6 (mpgus).For the United States market, the models were promptly renamed and rebranded, with SE becoming "Main Street", SXT — "Heat" and R/T — "Rush". Two more models were launched in 2010: a luxury all-included variant.

Dodge Caliber. "Uptown" and a base variant "Express" in which the black plastic handles returned. "Express" was the only model not to feature automatic climate control as an option, the "Main Street" featured speed control, an anti-lock brake system, and electronic stability control, which were previously unavailable as options for SE. All models except "Express" featured 17-inch wheels.## 2011.The 2011 model brought six new paint schemes, standard stability control except on Express models, Sirius traffic when equipped with a navigation system, 18-inch chrome-clad wheels available on Uptown models (17" painted are standard), updated steering except on Express models, and new shocks and.

Dodge Caliber. a thicker rear anti-roll bar on Rush and Heat models. The Caliber and the Nitro were the only two cars in the Dodge vehicle lineup to still feature the Ram logo on both fascia, rear, and the steering wheel. The Dodge Nitro also featured driver and passenger floor mats. The logo was removed from the mats in Calibers with the 2009 model.## 2012.For the 2012 model year, the models were renamed back to SE, SXT, and SXT Plus. The Plus version includes all the SXT items and 18-inch aluminum wheels with performance tires, as well as a 6-way power-adjustable driver.

Dodge Caliber. seat. The SXT Plus was not sold in Canada.## Discontinuation.The 2010 Caliber was the last model sold in Europe. The 2011 model ended production on 23 November 2011, in United States, with the remainder being sold as the 2012 model year Caliber in both U.S. and Canada. A successor called the Dart, based on the Alfa Romeo Giulietta's platform, went on sale in June 2012 for the 2013 model-year as the compact vehicle in Dodge's lineup. Dodge Caliber official website (archived).


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Common box turtle. The common box turtle ("Terrapene carolina") is a species of box turtle with six existing subspecies. It is found throughout the Eastern United States and Mexico. The box turtle has a distinctive hinged lowered shell (the box) that allows it to completely enclose itself. Its upper jaw is long and curved.The turtle is primarily terrestrial and eats a wide variety of plants and animals. The females lay their eggs in the summer. Turtles in the northern part of their range hibernate over the winter.Common box turtle numbers are declining because of habitat loss, roadkill, and capture for the pet trade.

Common box turtle. The species is classified as vulnerable to threats to its survival by the IUCN Red List. Three U.S. states name subspecies of the common box turtle as their official reptile.## Classification."Terrapene carolina" was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of "Systema Naturae". It is the type species for the genus "Terrapene" and has more subspecies than the other three species within that genus. The eastern box turtle subspecies was the one recognized by Linnaeus. The other five subspecies were first classified during the 19th century. In addition, one extinct subspecies, "T. c. putnami", is distinguished.SubspeciesParentheses.

Common box turtle. around the name of an authority indicate that he originally described the subspecies in a genus other than "Terrapene".## Description.The common box turtle ("Terrapene carolina") gets its common name from the structure of its shell which consists of a high domed carapace (upper shell), and large, hinged plastron (lower shell) which allows the turtle to close the shell, sealing its vulnerable head and limbs safely within an impregnable box. The carapace is brown, often adorned with a variable pattern of orange or yellow lines, spots, bars or blotches. The plastron is dark brown and may be uniformly coloured, or show.

Common box turtle. darker blotches or smudges.The common box turtle has a small to moderately sized head and a distinctive hooked upper jaw. The majority of adult male common box turtles have red irises, while those of the female are yellowish-brown. Males also differ from females by possessing shorter, stockier and more curved claws on their hind feet, and longer and thicker tails.There are six living subspecies of the common box turtle, each differing slightly in appearance, namely in the colour and patterning of the carapace, and the possession of either three or four toes on each hind foot. The subspecies "Terrapene carolina.

Common box turtle. triunguis" is particularly distinctive as most males have a bright red head.## Distribution.The common box turtle inhabits open woodlands, road sides, road middles, marshy meadows, floodplains, scrub forests and brushy grasslands in much of the eastern United States, from Maine and Michigan to eastern Texas and south Florida. It was once found in Canada in southern Ontario and is still found in Mexico along the Gulf Coast and in the Yucatán Peninsula. The species range is not continuous as the two Mexican subspecies, "T. c. mexicana" (Mexican box turtle) and "T. c. yucatana" (Yucatán box turtle), are separated from the.

Common box turtle. US subspecies by a gap in western Texas. Three of the US subspecies; "T. c. carolina" (eastern box turtle), "T. c. major" (Gulf Coast box turtle) and "T. c. bauri" (Florida box turtle); occur roughly in the areas indicated by their names. "T. c. triunguis" (three-toed box turtle) is found in the central United States. The species has become extirpated from Ontario and Canada as a whole.## Behavior.Common box turtles are predominantly terrestrial reptiles that are often seen early in the day, or after rain, when they emerge from the shelter of rotting leaves, logs, or a mammal burrow to.

Common box turtle. forage. These turtles have an incredibly varied diet of animal and plant matter, including earthworms, snails, slugs, insects, wild berries, roots, flowers, fungi, fish, frogs, salamanders, snakes, birds, eggs, and sometimes even animal carrion (in the form of dead ducks, amphibians, assorted small mammals, and even a dead cow).In the warmer summer months, common box turtles are more likely to be seen near the edges of swamps or marshlands, possibly in an effort to stay cool. If common box turtles do become too hot, (when their body temperature rises to around 32 °C), they smear saliva over their legs and.

Common box turtle. head; as the saliva evaporates it leaves them comfortably cooler. Similarly, the turtle may urinate on its hind limbs to cool the body parts it is unable to cover with saliva.Courtship in the common box turtle, which usually takes place in spring, begins with a "circling, biting and shoving" phase. These acts are carried out by the male on the female. Following some pushing and shell-biting, the male grips the back of the female's shell with his hind feet to enable him to lean back, slightly beyond the vertical, and mate with the female. Remarkably, female common box turtles can.

Common box turtle. store sperm for up to four years after mating, and thus do not need to mate each year.In May, June or July, females normally lay a clutch of 1 to 11 eggs into a flask-shaped nest excavated in a patch of sandy or loamy soil. After 70 to 80 days of incubation, the eggs hatch, and the small hatchlings emerge from the nest in late summer. In the northern parts of its range, the common box turtle may enter hibernation in October or November. They burrow into loose soil, sand, vegetable matter, or mud at the bottom of streams and.

Common box turtle. pools, or they may use a mammal burrow, and will remain in their chosen shelter until the cold winter has passed. The common box turtle has been known to attain the greatest lifespan of any vertebrate outside of the tortoises. One specimen lived to be at least 138 years of age.## Human interaction.## Conservation.Although the common box turtle has a wide range and was once considered common, many populations are in decline as a result of a number of diverse threats. Agricultural and urban development is destroying habitat, while human fire management is degrading it. Development brings with it an.

Common box turtle. additional threat in the form of increased infrastructure, as common box turtles are frequently killed on roads and highways. Collection for the international pet trade may also impact populations in some areas. The life history characteristics of the common box turtle (long lifespan and slow reproductive rate) make it particularly vulnerable to such threats. The common box turtle is therefore classified as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List. The common box turtle is also listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that international trade in this species should be carefully.

Common box turtle. monitored to ensure it is compatible with the species' survival. In addition, many U.S. states now regulate or prohibit the taking of this species.This species also occurs in a number of protected areas, some of which are large enough to protect populations from the threat of development, while it may also occur in the Sierra del Abra Tanchipa Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Conservation recommendations for the common box turtle include establishing management practices during urban developments that are sympathic to this species, as well as further research into its life history and the monitoring of populations.## State reptiles.Common box turtles are.

Common box turtle. official state reptiles of four U.S. states. North Carolina and Tennessee honor the eastern box turtle, Missouri names the three-toed box turtle, and Kansas adopted the ornate box turtle in 1986.In Pennsylvania, the eastern box turtle made it through one house of the legislature, but failed to win final naming in 2009. In Virginia, bills to honor the eastern box turtle failed in 1999 and then in 2009. Although a sponsor of the original failed 1998 bill, in 2009, Delegate Frank Hargrove, of Hanover, asked why Virginia would make an official emblem of an animal that retreats into its shell.

Common box turtle. when frightened and dies by the thousands crawling across roads. However, the main problem in Virginia was that the creature was too closely linked to neighbor state North Carolina.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Leptopteris superba. Leptopteris superba, commonly called Prince of Wales feathers or common crape fern, is a fern in the genus "Leptopteris".It is considered endemic to New Zealand at North Island: Northland, Auckland, Volcanic Plateau, Gisborne, Taranaki, Southern North Island.South Island: Western Nelson, Sounds-Nelson, Westland, Canterbury, Otago, Southland Fiordland.Stewart Island. Altitudinal range: 0–1600 m."Leptopteris superba" has a predominantly southern distribution, occurring from Mt. Te Aroha southwards, apart from an isolated record (Rawlings 1972) from c. 700 m in Waipoua Forest (CHR 191223) and a 19th-century collection by E.M. Smith from Little Barrier Island (AK 119092). In the North Island it is common in.

Leptopteris superba. montane forest from Te Aroha to Wellington, occurring from about 250 m up to 1400 m on Maungapōhatu in the Urewera Ranges.In the South Island it is abundant in wet forest on the west side of the Main Divide, in the Marlborough Sounds, and around Dunedin and the Catlins, extending also to Stewart Island. It occurs from sea level in Fiordland to about 1600 m in the Takitimu Ranges near Monowai.It is characterized by having large fronds (around a meter in length) with large sporangia on their undersides. The shape of the fronds is elliptical (similar to that of Ostrich.

Leptopteris superba. Fern). It grows from wet lowlands to montane forests.iNaturalist observations of "Leptopteris superba.


Question: How many days does the gestation of this animal take?

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Gray fox. lice, nematodes, and tapeworms. In the United States, the most common parasite of the gray fox is a flea ("Pulex simulans"); however, several new parasitic arthropods were found in populations in central Mexico, and a warming climate may encourage them to migrate north.## Hunting.Gray foxes are hunted in the U.S. The intensity of the hunting has correlated with the value of their pelts. Between the 1970–1971 and 1975–1976 hunting seasons, the price of gray fox pelts greatly increased and the number of individuals hunted jumped over six-fold from 26,109 to 163,458.## Subspecies.There are 16 subspecies recognized for the gray fox."Urocyon.


Question: What is the vertex figure of this object?

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Octagon. angles total 360°.If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of an octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares form a quadrilateral that is both equidiagonal and orthodiagonal (that is, whose diagonals are equal in length and at right angles to each other).The midpoint octagon of a reference octagon has its eight vertices at the midpoints of the sides of the reference octagon. If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of the midpoint octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite.

Octagon. squares themselves form the vertices of a square.## Regular octagon.A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8. A regular octagon is represented by the Schläfli symbol {8}.The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135° (formula_1 radians). The central angle is 45° (formula_2 radians).## Area.The area of a regular octagon of side length "a" is given byformula_3In terms of the circumradius "R", the area isformula_4In terms of the apothem "r" (see also.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Anatinae. The Anatinae are a subfamily of the family Anatidae (swans, geese and ducks). Its surviving members are the dabbling ducks, which feed mainly at the surface rather than by diving. The other members of the Anatinae are the extinct moa-nalo, a young but highly apomorphic lineage derived from the dabbling ducks.There has been much debate about the systematical status and which ducks belong to the Anatinae. Some taxonomic authorities only include the dabbling ducks and their close relatives, the extinct moa-nalos. Alternatively, the Anatinae are considered to include most "ducks", and the dabbling ducks form a tribe Anatini within these.

Anatinae. The classification as presented here more appropriately reflects the remaining uncertainty about the interrelationships of the major lineages of Anatidae (waterfowl).## Systematics.The dabbling duck group, of worldwide distribution, was delimited in a 1986 study to include eight genera and some 50–60 living species. However, Salvadori's teal is almost certainly closely related to the pink-eared duck, and other genera are likewise of unresolved affiliation. The peculiar marbled duck, formerly tentatively assigned to the dabbling ducks, is thought to be a diving duck or even a distinct subfamily.This group of ducks has been so named because its members feed mainly on vegetable.

Anatinae. matter by upending on the water surface, or grazing, and only rarely diving. These are mostly gregarious ducks of freshwater or estuaries. These birds are strong fliers and northern species are highly migratory. Compared to other types of duck, their legs are located more towards the centre of their bodies. They walk well on land, and some species feed terrestrially."Puddle ducks" generally feed on the surface of the water or feed on very shallow bottoms. They are not equipped to dive down several feet like their diving counterparts. The most prominent difference between puddle ducks and divers are the size.

Anatinae. of the feet. A puddle duck's feet are generally smaller because they do not need the extra propulsion to dive for their forage.Another distinguishing characteristic of puddle ducks when compared to diving ducks is the way in which they take flight when spooked or are on the move. Puddle ducks spring straight up from the water, but diving ducks need to gain momentum to take off, so they must run across the water a short distance to gain flight.## History of classification.Traditionally, most ducks were assigned to either the shelducks, the perching ducks, and the dabbling and diving ducks; the.

Anatinae. latter two were presumed to make up the Anatinae. However, the perching ducks turned out to be a paraphyletic assemblage of various tropical waterfowl that happened to evolve the ability to perch well in their forested habitat. Several of these, such as the Brazilian teal, were subsequently assigned to the Anatinae.As for the diving ducks, mtDNA cytochrome "b" and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data indicates that they are fairly distant from the dabbling ducks. The morphological similarities are due to convergent evolution.In addition, the genus "Anas", as traditionally defined, is not monophyletic; several South American species belong to a.

Anatinae. distinct clade which would include the "Tachyeres" steamer-ducks. Other species, such as the Baikal teal, should also be considered distinct.## Genera.The following genera are (with one exception) unequivocal dabbling ducks:"Amazonetta" – status not fully resolved, most likely a dabbling duck"Sibirionetta" – Baikal teal"Spatula""Mareca""Lophonetta" – crested duck"Speculanas" –bronze-winged duck"Anas"The three known genera and four known species of moa-nalos all became extinct around AD 1000. They formerly occurred on the Hawaiian Islands and were derived from dabbling ducks, possibly even from a close ancestor of the mallard:"Chelychelynechen""Thambetochen""Ptaiochen"Subfossil remains of a small, flightless dabbling duck have been recovered on Rota in the Mariana.

Anatinae. Islands. These cannot be assigned to a known genus, but probably are closest to "Anas". A most bizarre duck-like bird, "Talpanas lippa" has been found on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. Because of its unique apomorphies (it seems to have had small eyes high and far back on its head), the placement of this anatid is likewise unresolved; only dabbling ducks and true geese are with certainty known to have colonized the Hawaiian archipelago.Another bizarre insular anatine was "Bambolinetta" from the Late Miocene of Tuscana, then part of the Tuscano-Sardinian insular landmass. Flightless or at least a poor flyer, it.

Anatinae. instead shows adaptations for wing-propelled diving, occupying a similar ecological niche to that of penguins and plotopterids.Frequently placed into the Anatinae are these genera, whose relationships must be considered uncertain at present:†"Chenoanas"?†"Dunstanetta" (Johnstone's duck)†"Lavadytis" †"Pinpanetta"†"Tirarinetta""Oxyurini" (stiff-tailed ducks)"Heteronetta" (black-headed duck)"Nomonyx" (masked duck)"Oxyura" "Biziura" – Oxyurini?"Aix" – Tadorninae?"Cairina" – may be paraphyletic, with one species in Tadorninae and the other closer to diving ducks"Callonetta" – Tadorninae?"Chenonetta" – Tadorninae?"Pteronetta" – may belong into a distinct clade with "Cyanochen""Nettapus" – part of ancient Gondwanan lineage?"Mergini" - (seaducks)†"Chendytes"†"Shiriyanetta" "Polysticta""Somateria""Histrionicus"†"Camptorhynchus" "Melanitta""Clangula""Bucephala""Mergellus"?"Lophodytes"?"Mergus"?On the other hand, the following genera, usually considered to belong into the Tadorninae, may actually.

Anatinae. be dabbling ducks:"Sarkidiornis""Tachyeres.


Question: In which year was this place invented or discovered?

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Pulsar. on August 6, 1967 from a newly commissioned radio telescope that she helped build. Initially dismissed as radio interference by her supervisor, Antony Hewish, developer of the telescope, the fact that the signals always appeared at the same declination and right ascension soon ruled out a terrestrial source. On November 28, 1967, Bell and Hewish using a fast recorder resolved the signals as a series of pulses, evenly spaced every 1.33 seconds. No astronomical object of this nature had ever been observed before. On December 21, Bell discovered a second pulsar, quashing speculation that these might be signals beamed at.

Pulsar. name for intelligent beings of extraterrestrial origin).It was not until a second pulsating source was discovered in a different part of the sky that the "LGM hypothesis" was entirely abandoned. Their pulsar was later dubbed CP 1919, and is now known by a number of designators including PSR B1919+21 and PSR J1921+2153. Although CP 1919 emits in radio wavelengths, pulsars have subsequently been found to emit in visible light, X-ray, and gamma ray wavelengths.The word "pulsar" first appeared in print in 1968: The existence of neutron stars was first proposed by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1934, when they.

Pulsar. argued that a small, dense star consisting primarily of neutrons would result from a supernova. Based on the idea of magnetic flux conservation from magnetic main sequence stars, Lodewijk Woltjer proposed in 1964 that such neutron stars might contain magnetic fields as large as 1014 to 1016 gausses (=1010 to 1012 teslas). In 1967, shortly before the discovery of pulsars, Franco Pacini suggested that a rotating neutron star with a magnetic field would emit radiation, and even noted that such energy could be pumped into a supernova remnant around a neutron star, such as the Crab Nebula. After the discovery.

Pulsar. of the first pulsar, Thomas Gold independently suggested a rotating neutron star model similar to that of Pacini, and explicitly argued that this model could explain the pulsed radiation observed by Bell Burnell and Hewish. In 1968, Richard V. E. Lovelace with collaborators discovered period formula_1 ms of the Crab Nebula pulsar using Arecibo Observatory.The discovery of the Crab pulsar provided confirmation of the rotating neutron star model of pulsars. The Crab pulsar 33-millisecond pulse period was too short to be consistent with other proposed models for pulsar emission. Moreover, the Crab pulsar is so named because it is located.

Pulsar. as a system of Galactic clocks. Disturbances in the clocks will be measurable at Earth. A disturbance from a passing gravitational wave will have a particular signature across the ensemble of pulsars, and will be thus detected.## Significant pulsars.The pulsars listed here were either the first discovered of its type, or represent an extreme of some type among the known pulsar population, such as having the shortest measured period. The first radio pulsar "CP 1919" (now known as PSR B1919+21), with a pulse period of 1.337 seconds and a pulse width of 0.04-second, was discovered in 1967. The first binary.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Twin Pagoda Temple. The Twin Pagoda Temple (), officially known as Yongzuo Temple (), of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China, is a temple containing two pagodas dating from the Ming dynasty.## History.The East pagoda was built in 1597, and the West one in 1612. In charge of the pagoda’s construction was a high ranking monk, named Fodeng (佛灯). By the 20th century, deterioration since construction had caused the East pagoda to slant from its center of gravity by 2.87 meters. In 1995, experts set about trying to correct the slant. They removed earth from underneath the pagoda and successfully corrected the pagoda's tilt.## Pagodas.The.


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Brühl's Terrace. Brühl's Terrace () is a historic architectural ensemble in Dresden, Germany. Nicknamed "The Balcony of Europe", the terrace stretches high above the shore of the river Elbe. Located north of the recently rebuilt Neumarkt Square and the Frauenkirche, is one of the favourite inner-city places of both locals and tourists for walking, people watching, and having a coffee.## History and character.The present-day terrace was part of the city's fortifications, rebuilt upon the 1546/47 Schmalkaldic War at the behest of Elector Maurice of Saxony and his successors Augustus and Christian. The name Brühl's Terrace is a reference to Count Heinrich von.

Brühl's Terrace. the terrace from Castle Square and Augustus Bridge. The Brühl Palace was demolished in the course of the building of the Saxon "Ständehaus" in 1900.The ensemble was totally destroyed in February 1945 when the city centre was heavily hit by the Allied Bombing of Dresden during the end phase of World War II. Today, it has been rebuilt; the precise amount restored is difficult to say as a percentage, but in general one can say the emsemble looks very much the same today as it did in the past.Today, Brühl's Terrace is again one of the main city landmarks besides.

Brühl's Terrace. the Frauenkirche (Church of our Lady), Dresden Castle, the Hofkirche and buildings on Theatre Square such as the Zwinger and the Semperoper, which are all located in the vicinity. At the "Bärenzwinger" students' club near the monument for Johann Friedrich Böttger, one can see a fingerprint in a guard rail of the terrace garden. This dactylogram is said to be proof of the strength of Augustus the Strong, who is said to have left the mark - but is only one of many myths surrounding August, such as the legend that he fathered 365 children.## Architectural parts of the terrace.Most.

Brühl's Terrace. Schilling Johann Friedrich Böttger The "Four Times of the Day" group ("Vier Tageszeiten") by Johannes Schilling## The balconies of Europe and of Dresden.Brühl's Terrace is known as the "Balcony of Europe", a name which was first thought up and used at the beginning of the 19th century and which since then has been used in all kinds of literature.The name "Balcony of Dresden", on the other hand, is more regionally used for a tower six kilometers further to the East on a slope by the Elbe in Loschwitz, an area known for expensive living. Dresden wiki.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Coconut. The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus "Cocos". The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. The name comes from the old Portuguese word "coco", meaning "head" or "skull", after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. They are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the tropics.The coconut tree provides food, fuel, cosmetics, folk medicine and building.

Coconut. that it may have evolved in Asia, South America, or on Pacific islands. Trees grow up to 30 (m) tall and can yield up to 75 fruits per year, though fewer than 30 is more typical. Plants are intolerant of cold weather and prefer copious precipitation, as well as full sunlight. Many insect pests and diseases affect the species and are a nuisance for commercial production. About 75% of the world's supply of coconuts is produced by Indonesia, the Philippines, and India. The coconut tree is the official state tree of Kerala, India.## Description."Cocos nucifera" is a large palm, growing.

Coconut. are believed to be largely cross-pollinated, although most dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.## Taxonomy.## Phylogeny.The evolutionary history and fossil distribution of "Cocos nucifera" and other members of the tribe Cocoseae is more ambiguous than modern-day dispersal and distribution, with its ultimate origin and pre-human dispersal still unclear. There are currently two major viewpoints on the origins of the genus "Cocos", one in the Indo-Pacific, and another in South America. The vast majority of "Cocos"-like fossils have been recovered generally from only two regions in the world: New Zealand and west-central India. However, like most palm fossils, "Cocos"-like fossils are still putative,.

Coconut. as they are usually difficult to identify.The earliest "Cocos"-like fossil to be found was ""Cocos" zeylanica", a fossil species described from small fruits, around 3.5 (cm) × 1.3 to 2.5 (cm) in size, recovered from the Miocene (~23 to 5.3 million years ago) of New Zealand in 1926. Since then, numerous other fossils of similar fruits were recovered throughout New Zealand from the Eocene, Oligocene, and possibly the Holocene. But research on them is still ongoing to determine which of them (if any) actually belong to the genus "Cocos". Endt & Hayward (1997) have noted their resemblance to members of.

Coconut. the South American genus "Parajubaea", rather than "Cocos", and propose a South American origin. Conran "et al." (2015), however, suggests that their diversity in New Zealand indicate that they evolved endemically, rather than being introduced to the islands by long-distance dispersal. In west-central India, numerous fossils of "Cocos"-like fruits, leaves, and stems have been recovered from the Deccan Traps. They include morphotaxa like "Palmoxylon sundaran", "Palmoxylon insignae", and "Palmocarpon cocoides". "Cocos"-like fossils of fruits include ""Cocos" intertrappeansis", ""Cocos" pantii", and ""Cocos" sahnii". They also include fossil fruits that have been tentatively identified as modern "Cocos nucifera". These includes two specimens.

Coconut. named ""Cocos" palaeonucifera" and ""Cocos" binoriensis", both were dated by their authors to the Maastrichtian–Danian of the early Tertiary (70 to 62 million years ago). "C. binoriensis" has been claimed by their authors to be the earliest known fossil of "Cocos nucifera".Outside of New Zealand and India, only two other regions have reported "Cocos"-like fossils, namely Australia and Colombia. In Australia, a "Cocos"-like fossil fruit, measuring 10 x 9.5 (cm), were recovered from the Chinchilla Sand Formation dated to the latest Pliocene or basal Pleistocene. Rigby (1995) assigned them to modern "Cocos nucifera" based on its size. In Colombia, a.

Coconut. single "Cocos"-like fruit was recovered from the middle to late Paleocene Cerrejón Formation. The fruit however was compacted in the fossilization process and it was not possible to determine if it had the diagnostic three pores that characterize members of the tribe Cocoseae. Nevertheless, the authors Gomez-Navarro "et al." (2009), assigned it to "Cocos" based on the size and the ridged shape of the fruit.Further complicating measures to determine the evolutionary history of "Cocos" is the genetic diversity present within "C. nucifera" as well as its relatedness to other palms. Phylogenetic evidence supports the closest relatives of "Cocos" being either.

Coconut. "Syagrus" or "Attalea", both of which are found in South America. However, "Cocos" is not thought to be indigenous to South America, and the highest genetic diversity is present in Asian "Cocos", indicating that at least the modern species "Cocos nucifera" is native to there"." In addition, fossils of potential "Cocos" ancestors have been recovered from both Colombia and India. In order to resolve this enigma, a 2014 study proposed that the ancestors of "Cocos" had likely originated on the Caribbean coast of what is now Colombia, and during the Eocene the ancestral "Cocos" performed a long-distance dispersal across the.

Coconut. Atlantic Ocean to North Africa. From here, island-hopping via coral atolls lining the Tethys Sea, potentially boosted by the ocean currents at the time, would have proved crucial to dispersal, eventually allowing ancestral coconuts to reach India. The study contended that an adaptation to coral atolls would explain the prehistoric and modern distributions of "Cocos", would have provided the necessary evolutionary pressures, and would account for morphological factors such as a thick husk to protect against ocean degradation and provide a moist medium in which to germinate on sparse atolls.## Etymology.The name "coconut" is derived from the 16th-century Portuguese word.

Coconut. cooler climates.In cooler climates (but not less than USDA Zone 9), a similar palm, the queen palm ("Syagrus romanzoffiana"), is used in landscaping. Its fruits are similar to the coconut, but smaller. The queen palm was originally classified in the genus "Cocos" along with the coconut, but was later reclassified in "Syagrus". A recently discovered palm, "Beccariophoenix alfredii" from Madagascar, is nearly identical to the coconut, more so than the queen palm and can also be grown in slightly cooler climates than the coconut palm. Coconuts can only be grown in temperatures above 18 (C) and need a daily temperature.

Coconut. (1993). "Coconut" . . International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). (1995). Descriptors for Coconut ("Cocos nucifera" L.). . Mathur, P.N.; Muralidharan, K.; Parthasarathy, V.A.; Batugal, P.; Bonnot, F. (2008). "Data Analysis Manual for Coconut Researchers" . . Salunkhe, D.K., J.K. Chavan, R.N. Adsule, and S.S. Kadam. (1992). "World Oilseeds – Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization". Springer. .


Question: What is the source that produces this material?

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Tortoiseshell. Tortoiseshell or tortoise shell is a material produced from the shells of the larger species of tortoise and turtle, mainly the hawksbill sea turtle, which is a critically endangered species according to the IUCN Red List largely because of its exploitation for this trade. The large size, fine color, and unusual form of the hawksbill's scutes make it especially suitable. The distinctive patterning is referred to in names such as the tortoiseshell cat, several breeds of guinea pig, and the common names of several species of the butterfly genera "Nymphalis" and "Aglais", and some other uses.## Uses.Tortoiseshell was widely used.


Question: How many offspring can this bird produce at the same time?

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Northern waterthrush. locality from Latin "novus", "new" and "Eboracum", York.## Description.The northern waterthrush is a large New World warbler (and not a thrush, despite the name). It has a length of 12 – 15 (cm), wingspan of 21 – 24 (cm) and weighs between 13 and 25 (g) Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 6.8 to 8.2 (cm), the tail is 4.5 to 5.7 (cm), the bill is 1.1 to 1.2 (cm) and the tarsus is 1.9 to 2.3 (cm). On the head, the crown is brown with a white supercilium. The bill is pointed and dark. The throat is lightly.