Question: On what date did this island officially open?

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Confederation Bridge. The Confederation Bridge () is a box girder bridge carrying the Trans-Canada Highway across the Abegweit Passage of the Northumberland Strait, linking the province of Prince Edward Island with the province of New Brunswick on the mainland. Opened May 31, 1997, the 12.9 (km) bridge is Canada's longest bridge and the world's longest bridge over ice-covered water.Construction took place from October 1993 to May 1997 and cost C$1.3 billion. Before its official naming, Prince Edward Islanders often referred to the bridge as the "Fixed Link". It officially opened to traffic on May 31, 1997. In April 2022, the PEI legislature.

Confederation Bridge. were opened in October 1917. Automobile service was added in 1938 and other vessels followed as the ferry service expanded in the post-war years.This ferry service was initially the responsibility of Canadian Government Railways (1917–1918) and later Canadian National Railway (1918–1983), then a CNR subsidiary CN Marine (1977–1986). In 1986, CN Marine was renamed when all federal government ferry services in Atlantic Canada were transferred to the new Crown corporation Marine Atlantic.Ferry service years "Scotia I" (various years 1917–1957) "Scotia II" (various years 1937–1968) "Charlottetown" (1931–1941) "Abegweit" (1947–1982), renamed "Abby" (1983–1986) "Confederation" (1962–1976) "John Hamilton Gray" (1968–1997) "Lucy Maud Montgomery.

Confederation Bridge. (1969–1973) "Holiday Island" (1971–1997) "Vacationland" (1971–1997) "Abegweit" (1982–1997)## Early proposals.Discussion of a fixed link can be traced to George Howlan, who called for construction of a railway tunnel beneath Abegweit Passage at the same time as the Prince Edward Island Railway was being built across the province in the 1870s. Howlan also raised the issue as a member of the provincial Legislative Assembly, and in 1891, as a Senator and member of a delegation to meetings on the subject, conducted at the British Parliament. The idea lost favour following his death in 1901.Talk of a fixed link was revived in.

Confederation Bridge. or the private operation of such a crossing;"## Construction.The construction, which was carried out by a construction joint venture of Ballast Nedam, GTMI (Canada), Northern Construction and Strait Crossing Inc., started in the fall of 1993, beginning with preparation of staging facilities. Bridge components were built year-round from 1994 to the summer of 1996, and placement of components began in the fall of 1994 until the fall of 1996. Approach roads, toll plazas, and final work on the structure continued until the spring of 1997, at an estimated total cost of $1 billion.All bridge components were constructed on land, in.

Confederation Bridge. the placement of the final major component and completion of the bridge structure in Abegweit Passage on November 19, 1996, HLV "Svanen" returned to Denmark for use in construction of the Øresund Bridge.Construction of the fixed link required over 5,000 workers ranging from labourers and specialty trades, to engineers, surveyors, and managers. The economic impact of construction on Prince Edward Island was substantial, with the provincial GDP rising over 5% during the construction, providing a short-term economic boom for the Island.It neared completion in April 1997.## Naming.Throughout construction, the federal government received suggestions for names. A committee was formed on.

Confederation Bridge. May 1, 1996, chaired by former PEI Premier Alex Campbell, to choose the new name from the submissions. The committee chose the name "Abegweit Crossing", which would pay homage to the Abegweit Passage which the bridge crosses, the vessel M/V "Abegweit" which the bridge would replace, and to the Mi'kmaq traditional name for the island.However, the Canadian government overruled the committee, and on September 27, 1996, the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Diane Marleau announced that the bridge's name would be "Confederation Bridge". This name is not without controversy as many Islanders feel the word "Confederation" is overused.

Confederation Bridge. throughout the province, finding use in the name of a Northumberland Ferries Limited vessel (M/V "Confederation"), a performing arts centre and art gallery (Confederation Centre of the Arts), a shopping centre (Confederation Court Mall), and the province-wide rails to trails system (Confederation Trail), as well as in tourism promotions (e.g., "Birthplace of Confederation").The President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, during a state visit to Canada in 1998, referred to the bridge as the "Span of Green Gables".## Finishing.After completing the structure on November 19, 1996, SCI worked throughout the winter, paving the bridge deck, placing bridge concrete barrier guardrails which also.

Confederation Bridge. act as wind barriers, placing bridge deck and navigational lighting, constructing the Borden-Carleton toll plaza, and finishing the New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island approach roads. In separate construction, the federal and provincial governments built a new commercial and tourist development on the abandoned CN rail yards in Borden-Carleton, with phase I of this facility opening in spring 1997 as "Gateway Village". New Brunswick has never received similar federal support to improve the economy of Cape Tormentine, which has become a shadow of its former role in PEI transportation history, although in recent years a new eco-tourist and visitor centre.

Confederation Bridge. was opened on Jourimain Island near the western end of the bridge.## Official opening.The official opening for the bridge took place on May 31, 1997, with the first traffic crossing at approximately 5:00 p.m. ADT following a nationally televised ceremony which aired on CBC and included a sailpast of the schooner "Bluenose II" and several Canadian Coast Guard ships, a flyover by the "Snowbirds", and an emotional farewell to the beloved ferries which made their final crossings that evening. It is estimated that almost 75,000 people participated in a "Bridge Walk" and "Bridge Run" during the hours immediately prior to.

Confederation Bridge. the opening for traffic.In the days following the opening of the bridge, ferry operator Marine Atlantic disposed of its four vessels. The ferry terminals and docks in both ports were removed over the summer of 1997.## Operation.The bridge is operated by Strait Crossing Bridge Limited (SCBL), a subsidiary of the Strait Crossing Development Inc. consortium which built the structure. SCBL will privately manage, maintain, and operate the bridge until 2032, when these operations will transfer to the Government of Canada.The Government of Canada agreed to pay about $44 million a year for 33 years to Strait Crossing Development Inc., this.

Confederation Bridge. tourists visiting Prince Edward Island increased from 740,000 in 1996 (the year before the bridge opened) to 1,200,000 in 1997, but this dropped back to about 900,000 visitors annually.As a way of further promoting the island's new accessibility, the province issued vehicle licence plates from 1999 to 2006 that featured a likeness of the Confederation Bridge between the serial number. These plates, along with four other designs, started being replaced by a single design in 2013. List of bridges in Canada List of bridges by length Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link, a similar proposal to connect the island of Newfoundland to the.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Anatinae. The Anatinae are a subfamily of the family Anatidae (swans, geese and ducks). Its surviving members are the dabbling ducks, which feed mainly at the surface rather than by diving. The other members of the Anatinae are the extinct moa-nalo, a young but highly apomorphic lineage derived from the dabbling ducks.There has been much debate about the systematical status and which ducks belong to the Anatinae. Some taxonomic authorities only include the dabbling ducks and their close relatives, the extinct moa-nalos. Alternatively, the Anatinae are considered to include most "ducks", and the dabbling ducks form a tribe Anatini within these.

Anatinae. The classification as presented here more appropriately reflects the remaining uncertainty about the interrelationships of the major lineages of Anatidae (waterfowl).## Systematics.The dabbling duck group, of worldwide distribution, was delimited in a 1986 study to include eight genera and some 50–60 living species. However, Salvadori's teal is almost certainly closely related to the pink-eared duck, and other genera are likewise of unresolved affiliation. The peculiar marbled duck, formerly tentatively assigned to the dabbling ducks, is thought to be a diving duck or even a distinct subfamily.This group of ducks has been so named because its members feed mainly on vegetable.

Anatinae. matter by upending on the water surface, or grazing, and only rarely diving. These are mostly gregarious ducks of freshwater or estuaries. These birds are strong fliers and northern species are highly migratory. Compared to other types of duck, their legs are located more towards the centre of their bodies. They walk well on land, and some species feed terrestrially."Puddle ducks" generally feed on the surface of the water or feed on very shallow bottoms. They are not equipped to dive down several feet like their diving counterparts. The most prominent difference between puddle ducks and divers are the size.

Anatinae. of the feet. A puddle duck's feet are generally smaller because they do not need the extra propulsion to dive for their forage.Another distinguishing characteristic of puddle ducks when compared to diving ducks is the way in which they take flight when spooked or are on the move. Puddle ducks spring straight up from the water, but diving ducks need to gain momentum to take off, so they must run across the water a short distance to gain flight.## History of classification.Traditionally, most ducks were assigned to either the shelducks, the perching ducks, and the dabbling and diving ducks; the.

Anatinae. latter two were presumed to make up the Anatinae. However, the perching ducks turned out to be a paraphyletic assemblage of various tropical waterfowl that happened to evolve the ability to perch well in their forested habitat. Several of these, such as the Brazilian teal, were subsequently assigned to the Anatinae.As for the diving ducks, mtDNA cytochrome "b" and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data indicates that they are fairly distant from the dabbling ducks. The morphological similarities are due to convergent evolution.In addition, the genus "Anas", as traditionally defined, is not monophyletic; several South American species belong to a.

Anatinae. distinct clade which would include the "Tachyeres" steamer-ducks. Other species, such as the Baikal teal, should also be considered distinct.## Genera.The following genera are (with one exception) unequivocal dabbling ducks:"Amazonetta" – status not fully resolved, most likely a dabbling duck"Sibirionetta" – Baikal teal"Spatula""Mareca""Lophonetta" – crested duck"Speculanas" –bronze-winged duck"Anas"The three known genera and four known species of moa-nalos all became extinct around AD 1000. They formerly occurred on the Hawaiian Islands and were derived from dabbling ducks, possibly even from a close ancestor of the mallard:"Chelychelynechen""Thambetochen""Ptaiochen"Subfossil remains of a small, flightless dabbling duck have been recovered on Rota in the Mariana.

Anatinae. Islands. These cannot be assigned to a known genus, but probably are closest to "Anas". A most bizarre duck-like bird, "Talpanas lippa" has been found on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. Because of its unique apomorphies (it seems to have had small eyes high and far back on its head), the placement of this anatid is likewise unresolved; only dabbling ducks and true geese are with certainty known to have colonized the Hawaiian archipelago.Another bizarre insular anatine was "Bambolinetta" from the Late Miocene of Tuscana, then part of the Tuscano-Sardinian insular landmass. Flightless or at least a poor flyer, it.

Anatinae. instead shows adaptations for wing-propelled diving, occupying a similar ecological niche to that of penguins and plotopterids.Frequently placed into the Anatinae are these genera, whose relationships must be considered uncertain at present:†"Chenoanas"?†"Dunstanetta" (Johnstone's duck)†"Lavadytis" †"Pinpanetta"†"Tirarinetta""Oxyurini" (stiff-tailed ducks)"Heteronetta" (black-headed duck)"Nomonyx" (masked duck)"Oxyura" "Biziura" – Oxyurini?"Aix" – Tadorninae?"Cairina" – may be paraphyletic, with one species in Tadorninae and the other closer to diving ducks"Callonetta" – Tadorninae?"Chenonetta" – Tadorninae?"Pteronetta" – may belong into a distinct clade with "Cyanochen""Nettapus" – part of ancient Gondwanan lineage?"Mergini" - (seaducks)†"Chendytes"†"Shiriyanetta" "Polysticta""Somateria""Histrionicus"†"Camptorhynchus" "Melanitta""Clangula""Bucephala""Mergellus"?"Lophodytes"?"Mergus"?On the other hand, the following genera, usually considered to belong into the Tadorninae, may actually.

Anatinae. be dabbling ducks:"Sarkidiornis""Tachyeres.


Question: What is the vertex figure of this object?

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Tetrahedron. of a tetrahedron the base is a triangle (any of the four faces can be considered the base), so a tetrahedron is also known as a "triangular pyramid".Like all convex polyhedra, a tetrahedron can be folded from a single sheet of paper. It has two such nets.For any tetrahedron there exists a sphere (called the circumsphere) on which all four vertices lie, and another sphere (the insphere) tangent to the tetrahedron's faces.## Regular tetrahedron.A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron in which all four faces are equilateral triangles. It is one of the five regular Platonic solids, which have been known.

Tetrahedron. edge of the base. This follows from the fact that the medians of a triangle intersect at its centroid, and this point divides each of them in two segments, one of which is twice as long as the other (see ).For a regular tetrahedron with side length "a", radius "R" of its circumscribing sphere, and distances "di" from an arbitrary point in 3-space to its four vertices, we haveformula_7## Isometries of the regular tetrahedron.The vertices of a cube can be grouped into two groups of four, each forming a regular tetrahedron (see above, and also , showing one of the.

Tetrahedron. with four congruent triangles as faces; the triangles necessarily have all angles acute. The regular tetrahedron is a special case of a disphenoid. Other names for the same shape include bisphenoid, isosceles tetrahedron and equifacial tetrahedron.## Orthoschemes.A 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron where all four faces are right triangles. An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular. In a 3-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of three perpendicular edges connecting all four vertices in a linear path that makes two right-angled turns. The 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron having two.

Tetrahedron. its characteristic tetrahedron by its planes of symmetry.If the tetrahedron has edge length 2, its characteristic tetrahedron's six edges have lengths , , (the exterior right triangle face, the "characteristic triangle" of the tetrahedron), plus , , (edges that are the "characteristic radii" of the tetrahedron). The 3-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is , , , first from a tetrahedron vertex to an tetrahedron edge center, then turning 90° to an tetrahedron face center, then turning 90° to the tetrahedron center. The orthoscheme has four dissimilar right triangle faces. The exterior face is a 30-60-90 triangle which.

Tetrahedron. is one-sixth of a tetrahedron face. The three faces interior to the tetrahedron are: a right triangle with edges , , , a right triangle with edges , , , and a right triangle with edges , , .## Space-filling tetrahedra.A space-filling tetrahedron packs with directly congruent or enantiomorphous (mirror image) copies of itself to tile space. The cube can be dissected into six 3-orthoschemes, three left-handed and three right-handed (one of each at each cube face), and cubes can fill space, so the characteristic 3-orthoscheme of the cube is a space-filling tetrahedron in this sense. A disphenoid can be.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. as calculated here. Then another volume formula is given byformula_25## Properties analogous to those of a triangle.The tetrahedron has many properties analogous to those of a triangle, including an insphere, circumsphere, medial tetrahedron, and exspheres. It has respective centers such as incenter, circumcenter, excenters, Spieker center and points such as a centroid. However, there is generally no orthocenter in the sense of intersecting altitudes.Gaspard Monge found a center that exists in every tetrahedron, now known as the Monge point: the point where the six midplanes of a tetrahedron intersect. A midplane is defined as a plane that is orthogonal to.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. face.The radius of the twelve-point sphere is one third of the circumradius of the reference tetrahedron.There is a relation among the angles made by the faces of a general tetrahedron given byformula_26where "α" is the angle between the faces "i" and "j".The geometric median of the vertex position coordinates of a tetrahedron and its isogonic center are associated, under circumstances analogous to those observed for a triangle. Lorenz Lindelöf found that, corresponding to any given tetrahedron is a point now known as an isogonic center, "O", at which the solid angles subtended by the faces are equal, having a common.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. of the tetrahedron.With this definition, the circumcenter of a tetrahedron with vertices ,, can be formulated as matrix-vector product:formula_35In contrast to the centroid, the circumcenter may not always lay on the inside of a tetrahedron.Analogously to an obtuse triangle, the circumcenter is outside of the object for an obtuse tetrahedron.## Centroid.The tetrahedron's center of mass computes as the arithmetic mean of its four vertices, see Centroid.## Faces.The sum of the areas of any three faces is greater than the area of the fourth face.## Integer tetrahedra.There exist tetrahedra having integer-valued edge lengths, face areas and volume. These are called Heronian.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Trausnitz Castle. Trausnitz Castle is a medieval castle situated in Landshut, Bavaria in Germany.It was the home of the Wittelsbach dynasty, and it served as their ducal residence for Lower Bavaria from 1255–1503, and later as the seat of the hereditary rulers of the whole of Bavaria. The castle was founded in 1204 by Duke Ludwig I.## Castle features.## Knights' Hall.The Knights' Hall of Castle Trausnitz belongs to the main buildings of the 13th century and there were already around 1260/70. The room is 245 m2 and is separated in two naves, to four "Jochen" a nave. The constructions that were used.

Trausnitz Castle. the Orient and curiosities typical of the collections owned by rulers in the Renaissance era. It was reopened in September 2004 as one part of the Bavarian National Museum. The chamber is divided into four different themes. "ARTIFICIALA"—wondrous legerdemains—contains sumptuous bronze and painting but also midget carving of plum stones. "NATURALIA"—the wonder of nature—gets shown stuffed animals, extraordinary horns, mussels and minerals. The hall of "EXOTICA"—marvellousness from foreign countries—contains craft of corals, ivory and nacre whereas "SCIENTIFICA"—scientific arranges the world—shows scientific instruments of rational acquisition of the world in year 1600.## History.Trausnitz Castle is situated atop a hill above Landshut.

Trausnitz Castle. Before the 16th century, it had the same name as the town, Landshut, which translates into "protector of the land". Previously, the castle guarded over the city and the surrounding land. The size of the castle has remained almost the same since Louis I of Bavaria in 1204. The castle was completed by the time of Emperor Frederick II's visit in 1235.During the first half of the 13th century, Trausnitz represented not only the centre of imperial politics but also of Staufer culture. Landshut was visited by famous minstrel singers, including Walter von der Vogelweide and Tannhäuser, during this period.

Trausnitz Castle. The patronage of art by the Dukes of Bavaria was so high that they sent for a sculptor from Strasbourg who created jewellery for a sculpture that now stands in the Castle's "Burgkapelle".The wealthy Duke of Landshut repeatedly renovated and expanded the buildings in Burg Trausnitz during the 15th century. The Dürnitz was built during this time. The outer defensive ring of walls were heightened and extended for the defensive towers.Duke Louis X of Bavaria furnished the castle in 1516 in the south German Renaissance style, though few examples remain today. The arcades of the courtyard were created 1568–1578 by.


Question: Which place is this plant endemic to?

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Zantedeschia aethiopica. Zantedeschia aethiopica, commonly known as calla lily and arum lily, is a species of flowering plant in the family Araceae, native to southern Africa in Lesotho, South Africa, and Eswatini.## Description."Zantedeschia aethiopica" is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant, evergreen where rainfall and temperatures are adequate, deciduous where there is a dry season. Its preferred habitat is in streams and ponds or on the banks. It grows to 0.6 – 1 (m) tall, with large clumps of broad, arrow shaped dark green leaves up to 45 (cm) long. The inflorescences are large and are produced in spring, summer and autumn, with.

Zantedeschia aethiopica. a pure white spathe up to 25 (cm) and a yellow spadix up to 90 (mm) long. The spadix produces a faint, sweet fragrance."Zantedeschia aethiopica" contains calcium oxalate, and ingestion of the raw plant may cause a severe burning sensation and swelling of lips, tongue, and throat; stomach pain and diarrhea may occur.## Distribution and habitat."Z. aethiopica" is native to southern Africa, specifically Lesotho, Mozambique, South Africa, and Eswatini. It has naturalised in Kenya, Madeira, Azores, Malawi, New Zealand, Tanzania, Zambia, coastal California and Australia, particularly in Western Australia, where it has been classified as a toxic weed and pest.


Question: What is the conservation status of this animal? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Leopard. The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five extant species in the genus "Panthera", a member of the cat family, Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and on the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because leopard populations are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and are declining in large parts of the global range. The leopard is considered locally extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates,.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Trichostema dichotomum. Trichostema dichotomum, common name forked bluecurls, is a flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae). The plant is found in the Midwestern and Eastern United States, Eastern Canada, and the Bahamas.## Description."Trichostema dichotomum" is an annual herbaceous forb with opposite, simple leaves, and square, erect, hairy stems.The flowers are blue, borne in late summer.USDA Plants Profile for "Trichostema dichotomum" (forked bluecurls).


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Spotted hyena. The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), also known as the laughing hyena, is a hyena species, currently classed as the sole extant member of the genus "Crocuta", native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as being of least concern by the IUCN on account of its widespread range and large numbers estimated between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals. The species is, however, experiencing declines outside of protected areas due to habitat loss and poaching. The species may have originated in Asia, and once ranged throughout Europe for at least one million years until the end of the Late Pleistocene. The spotted hyena.

Spotted hyena. Western perceptions on the species can be found in the writings of Aristotle and Pliny the Elder, though in relatively unjudgmental form. Explicit, negative judgments occur in the "Physiologus", where the animal is depicted as a hermaphrodite and grave-robber. The IUCN's hyena specialist group identifies the spotted hyena's negative reputation as detrimental to the species' continued survival, both in captivity and the wild.## Etymology and naming.The spotted hyena's scientific name "Crocuta", was once widely thought to be derived from the Latin loanword , which translates as 'saffron-coloured one', in reference to the animal's fur colour. This was proven to be.

Spotted hyena. incorrect, as the correct spelling of the loanword would have been "Crocāta", and the word was never used in that sense by Graeco-Roman sources. "Crocuta" actually comes from the Ancient Greek word (), which is derived from the Sanskrit , which in turn originates from (both of which were originally meant to signify the golden jackal). The earliest recorded mention of Κροκόττας is from Strabo's "Geographica", where the animal is described as a mix of wolf and dog native to Ethiopia.From Classical antiquity until the Renaissance, the spotted and striped hyena were either assumed to be the same species, or.

Spotted hyena. distinguished purely on geographical, rather than physical grounds. Hiob Ludolf, in his , was the first to clearly distinguish the "Crocuta" from "Hyaena" on account of physical, as well as geographical grounds, though he never had any first hand experience of the species, having gotten his accounts from an Ethiopian intermediary. Confusion still persisted over the exact taxonomic nature of the hyena family in general, with most European travelers in Ethiopia referring to hyenas as "wolves". This partly stems from the Amharic word for hyena, (), which is linked to the Arabic word () 'wolf'.The first detailed first-hand descriptions of.

Spotted hyena. as "wolves".Bosman and Kolben's descriptions went largely unnoticed until 1771, when the Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant, in his "Synopsis of Quadrupeds", used the descriptions, as well as his personal experience with a captive specimen, as a basis for consistently differentiating the spotted hyena from the striped. The description given by Pennant was precise enough to be included by Johann Erxleben in his by simply translating Pennant's text into Latin. "Crocuta" was finally recognised as a separate genus from "Hyaena" in 1828.## Taxonomy, origins and evolution.Unlike the striped hyena, for which a number of subspecies were proposed in light of its.

Spotted hyena. single population, with the only set of characters standing out being pelage (which is subject to a high degree of individual variation) and size (which is subject to Bergmann's Rule). When fossils are taken into consideration, the species displayed even greater variation than it does in modern times, and a number of these named fossil species have since been classed as synonymous with "Crocuta crocuta", with firm evidence of there being more than one species within the genus "Crocuta" still lacking.Both Björn Kurtén and Camille Arambourg promoted an Asiatic origin for the species; Kurtén focussed his arguments on the Plio-Pleistocene.

Spotted hyena. taxon "Crocuta sivalensis" from the Siwaliks, a view defended by Arambourg, who nonetheless allowed the possibility of an Indo-Ethiopian origin. This stance was contested by Ficarelli and Torre, who referred to evidence of the spotted hyena's presence from African deposits dating from the early Pleistocene, a similar age to the Asian "C. sivalensis". Studies on the phylogeographic distribution of mtDNA haplotypes indicates three migration events from Africa to Eurasia, though neither the topology of the phylogenetic tree or the fossil record exclude the possibility of an Asian origin. The earliest migration of spotted hyenas from Africa to Eurasia began less.

Spotted hyena. to suggest that spotted hyenas underwent a genetic bottleneck during the Pleistocene.The ancestors of the genus "Crocuta" diverged from "Hyaena" (the genus of striped and brown hyenas) 10 million years ago. The ancestors of the spotted hyena probably developed social behaviours in response to increased pressure from other predators on carcasses, which forced them to operate in teams. At one point in their evolution, spotted hyenas developed sharp carnassials behind their crushing premolars; this rendered waiting for their prey to die no longer a necessity, as is the case for brown and striped hyenas, and thus they became pack hunters.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Pectoral sandpiper. The pectoral sandpiper (Calidris melanotos) is a small, migratory wader that breeds in North America and Asia, wintering in South America and Oceania. It eats small invertebrates. Its nest, a hole scraped in the ground and with a thick lining, is deep enough to protect its four eggs from the cool breezes of its breeding grounds. The pectoral sandpiper is 21 (cm) long, with a wingspan of 46 (cm).## Taxonomy.The pectoral sandpiper is sometimes separated with the "stint" sandpipers in "Erolia". This may or may not represent a good monophyletic group, depending on the placement of the phylogenetically enigmatic curlew.

Pectoral sandpiper. sandpiper (""C." ferruginea"), the type species of "Erolia". In any case, the genus name "Ereunetes"—formerly used for the western sandpiper (""C." mauri") and semipalmated sandpiper (""C." pusilla"), which are also members of the stint clade—was established before "Erolia"."Cox's sandpiper" ("Calidris" × "paramelanotos") is a stereotyped hybrid between this species and the curlew sandpiper. This does not prove a particularly close relationship between these two species, as far more distantly related waders have successfully hybridized. In any case, among the stint clade the red-necked stint (""C." ruficollis") and the long-toed stint (""C." subminuta") are particularly close relatives of the pectoral sandpiper.The.


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

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Manila Cathedral. (coinciding with the canonical erection of the Diocese of Manila), a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the first-ever bishop of Manila. The new structure was consecrated on December 21, 1581; formally becoming a cathedral. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1583, which started during the funeral Mass for Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa in San Agustin Church that razed much of the city.The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. However, it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1600.Construction of the third cathedral began.

Manila Cathedral. the new marker installed by Manila Archbishop Most Rev. Gaudencio B. Cardinal Rosales, , the newly installed bells are the largest bells actively used in the Philippines. A total of seven carillon bells were permanently installed in the ground level of the belfry, weighing at 17 (metric ton).## 2012 renovation and 2014 reopening.The cathedral underwent repairs for earthquake retrofitting and subsidence prevention in 2012. During this time, the San Fernando de Dilao Church was designated as the temporary official church (pro-cathedral) of the Archdiocese of Manila. However, Msgr. Nestor Cerbo stated that the cathedral would finish its renovations on March.

Manila Cathedral. Italy, and was designed and made by the Istituto Internazionale d’Arte Liturgica in Rome.The original cathedra bears the coat of arms of then Archbishop Rufino Santos before he was created a cardinal. His coat of arms and the Mexican onyx was covered by a stone until its restoration in 2021.The restored cathedra now bears a carving of the coat of arms Cardinal Jose Advincula, the present archbishop, imposed on top of white Indian marble.Manila Cathedral-Basilica Re-Opening (April 9, 2014 Eucharist after Restoration and Retrofitting)Roman Catholic Archdiocese of ManilaRoman Catholicism in the PhilippinesSan Agustin ChurchIntramuros Official website of Manila Cathedral.


Question: What is the genre of this building?

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Bedside. Bedside is a 1934 American pre-Code drama film starring Warren William, Jean Muir and Allen Jenkins. A man passes himself off as a doctor. Warren William as Bob Brown Jean Muir as Caroline Grant Allen Jenkins as Sam Sparks David Landau as Smith Katharine Sergava (Kathryn Sergava) as Mimi Maritza Henry O'Neill as Dr. William Chester Donald Meek as Dr. George Wiley Renee Whitney as Mme. Varsova Walter Walker as Dr. Michaels Marjorie Lytell as Patient with Sprained Ankle Frederick Burton as Hospital Superintendent Philip Faversham as Intern Attending Caroline (as Phillip Faversham) Louise Beavers as Pansy Earle Foxe as.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Coscoroba swan. The coscoroba swan (Coscoroba coscoroba) is a species of waterfowl in subfamily Anserinae of the family Anatidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, and the Falkland Islands.## Taxonomy and systematics.The coscoroba swan's placement within the family Anatidae is not settled. A 2014 genetic study posited a phylogenetic relationship between this species and the Cape Barren goose ("Cereopsis novaehollandiae"). BirdLife International's "Handbook of the Birds of the World" has adopted this approach and places the coscoroba swan and Cape Barren goose together in tribe Cereopsini, which it places as basal to "Cygnus" and all other geese. However,.

Coscoroba swan. the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), and the Clements taxonomy treat the Cape Barren goose as basal to other geese, which themselves precede the coscoroba and other swans in a linear sequence. Even those three systems differ, with the IOC placing the coscoroba before "Cygnus" and the other two after it in their lists.The coscoroba swan is the only member of genus "Coscoroba" and has no subspecies.## Description.The coscoroba is the smallest swan at 90 to 115 (cm) long with a wingspan of about 155 (cm). Males weigh 3.8 to 5.4.

Coscoroba swan. (kg) and females 3.1 to 4.5 (kg). Their appearance is intermediate between those of geese and other swans. The sexes have the same plumage; adults are white except for black tips to the outer six primary feathers. Although this black is often barely visible on the closed wing it is conspicuous in flight. Their beak, legs, and feet are red. The cygnet is grayish white to brownish with a black cap and a blue-gray bill, and attains adult plumage at about eight months of age.## Distribution and habitat.The coscoroba swan is a year-round resident of central Argentina and along the.

Coscoroba swan. Uruguay-southern Brazil coast. It also breeds but does not winter from southern Chile and Argentina south to Tierra del Fuego and occasionally on the Falkland Islands. In winter its range extends north to central Chile, northern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. It has been recorded as a vagrant in Bolivia and at several locations in Brazil north of its usual limit. The coscoroba swan inhabits well-vegetated lagoons and freshwater swamps and sometimes human-made reservoirs. It is mainly a bird of the lowlands though there are scattered records as high as 1300 (m) and at least one at 2000 (m).##.

Coscoroba swan. Behavior.## Feeding.The coscoroba swan's diet has not been studied in detail, but it apparently feeds on aquatic and some terrestrial plants, small aquatic invertebrates, and small fish. It forages mainly while swimming or wading in shallow water and in contrast to other swans seldom upends. It also grazes on land. It often feeds with black-necked swans ("Cygnus melanocoryphus").## Breeding.The coscoroba swan breeds in the local spring, which is May to October in northern Argentina, July to December in Chile, and July and August in southern Brazil. The species forms long-term pair bonds. Its nest is a mound of vegetation lined.

Coscoroba swan. with soft grass constructed by both members of a pair on a small islet, partially floating in a reedbed, or in long grass close to water. The clutch size is four to nine oval eggs that weigh about 167 (g) with dimensions of about 88 by 60 (mm). Males guard females during the incubation period of about 35 days. Both parents care for the young through fledging at 14 weeks and beyond, sometimes until they are a year old. In captivity coscoroba swans can live 20 years.## Vocalization.The coscoroba swan makes an onomatopoeic "cos-cor-oo", usually as a threat to intruders.

Coscoroba swan. They also make a "monosyllabic hooting note" as a contact call between mates. Immature birds make "loud chirps and trills". ## Status.The IUCN has assessed the coscoroba swan as being of Least Concern. It has a large range and its estimated population of 6700 to 17,000 mature individuals is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified. The species' population varies dramatically at different parts of its range, being fairly common in Argentina, uncommon in Paraguay and Uruguay, rare in Chile, and uncertain in Brazil. The "[g]reatest threat seems to be loss of temperate marsh habitats due to.

Coscoroba swan. urbanization and agricultural developments".


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Brassica juncea. Brassica juncea, commonly brown mustard, Chinese mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, Oriental mustard and vegetable mustard, is a species of mustard plant.## Cultivar."Brassica juncea" cultivars can be divided into four major subgroups: integrifolia, juncea, napiformis, and tsatsai.## Uses.## Nutrition.In a 100 (g) reference serving, cooked mustard greens provide 26 (kcal) of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value) of vitamins A, C, and K—K being especially high as a multiple of its Daily Value. Mustard greens are a moderate source of vitamin E and calcium. Greens are 92% water, 4.5% carbohydrates, 2.6% protein.

Brassica juncea. and 0.5% fat (table).## Cuisine.The leaves, seeds, and stems of this mustard variety are edible. The plant appears in some form in African, Bangladeshi, Chinese, Filipino, Italian, Indian, Japanese, Nepali, Pakistani, Korean, Southern and African-American (soul food) cuisines. Cultivars of "B. juncea" are grown for their greens, and for the production of mustard oil. The mustard condiment made from the seeds of the "B. juncea" is called brown mustard and is considered to be spicier than yellow mustard.Because it may contain erucic acid, a potential toxin, mustard oil is restricted from import as a vegetable oil into the United States.

Brassica juncea. Essential oil of mustard, however, is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In Russia, this is the main species grown for the production of mustard oil. It is widely used in canning, baking and margarine production in Russia, and the majority of Russian table mustard is also made from "B. juncea".The leaves are used in African cooking, and all plant parts are used in Nepali cuisine, particularly in the mountain regions of Nepal, as well as in the Punjabi cuisine in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, where a dish called "sarson da saag.

Brassica juncea. (mustard greens) is prepared. "B. juncea" subsp. "tatsai", which has a particularly thick stem, is used to make the Nepali pickle called "achar", and the Chinese pickle "zha cai".This plant is called "lai xaak" in Assamese and it is cultivated hugely during the winters. It is eaten in any form in Assam and Northeast, be it boiled or added raw in salad, cooked alone or with pork.The Gorkhas of the Indian states of Darjeeling, West Bengal and Sikkim as well as Nepal prepare pork with mustard greens (also called "rayo" in Nepali). It is usually eaten with relish and steamed.

Brassica juncea. rice, but can also be eaten with "roti" (griddle breads). In Nepal it is also a common practice to cook these greens with meat of all sorts, especially goat meat; which is normally prepared in a pressure cooker with minimal use of spices to focus on the flavour of the greens and dry chillies. "B. juncea" (especially the seeds) is more pungent than greens from the closely related "B. oleracea" (kale, broccoli, and collard greens), and is frequently mixed with these milder greens in a dish of "mixed greens".Chinese and Japanese cuisines also make use of mustard greens. In Japanese.

Brassica juncea. cuisine, it is known as "takana" and often pickled for use as filling in onigiri or as a condiment. Many varieties of "B. juncea" cultivars are used, including "zha cai", "mizuna", "takana" (var. "integrifolia"), "juk gai choy", and "xuelihong". Asian mustard greens are most often stir-fried or pickled. A Southeast Asian dish called "asam gai choy" or "kiam chai boey" is often made with leftovers from a large meal. It involves stewing mustard greens with tamarind, dried chillies and leftover meat on the bone. Brassica juncea is also known as "gai choi", "siu gai choi", "xaio jie cai", baby mustard,.

Brassica juncea. Chinese leaf mustard or "mostaza".## Green manure.Vegetable growers sometimes grow mustard as a green manure. Its main purpose is to act as a mulch, covering the soil to suppress weeds between crops. If grown as a green manure, the mustard plants are cut down at the base when sufficiently grown, and left to wither on the surface, continuing to act as a mulch until the next crop is due for sowing, when the mustard is dug in. In the UK, mustard sown in summer and autumn is cut down starting in October. April sowings can be cut down in June,.

Brassica juncea. keeping the ground clear for summer-sown crops. One of the disadvantages of using mustard as a green manure is its propensity to harbor club root.## Phytoremediation.This mustard plant is used in phytoremediation to remove heavy metals, such as lead, from the soil in hazardous waste sites because it has a higher tolerance for these substances and stores the heavy metals in its cells. In particular, "Brassica juncea" was particularly effective at removing cadmium from soil. The process of removing heavy metals ends when the plant is harvested and properly discarded. Phytoremediation has been shown to be cheaper and easier than.

Brassica juncea. traditional methods for heavy metal reduction in soils. In addition, it has the effect of reducing soil erosion, reducing cross-site contamination."Sinapis alba" (formerly "Brassica alba") – yellow or white mustard, another mustard variety"Brassica oleracea" – wild cabbage"Brassica nigra" – black mustard, another mustard variety"Brassica rapa" – related family of edible greens used in Asian cooking"Brassica carinata" – Ethiopian mustardFor other edible plants in the family Brassicaceae, see cruciferous vegetables. PROTAbase on "Brassica juncea" Brassica juncea Mustard Green Manures: Washington State University Extension paper on cover crops.


Question: What is the parent organization of this aircraft?

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Dornier Flugzeugwerke. produced by HAL with plans to build 20 more during 2013-14.In 1985, Dornier became a member of the Daimler-Benz group, integrating its aeronautic assets with the parent company. As part of this transaction, Lindauer Dornier GmbH was spun off, creating a separate, family-owned firm, concentrating on textile machinery design and manufacturing. The rest of the company was split into several subsidiaries for defence, satellites, medtech and aircraft.In 1996, the majority of Dornier Aircraft was acquired by Fairchild Aircraft, forming Fairchild Dornier. This company became insolvent in early 2002. Production of its 328 Jet was acquired by US company Avcraft. Asian.


Question: What historical region did this village belong to?

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Nelahozeves. Nelahozeves is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,200 inhabitants.## Administrative parts.Villages of Hleďsebe 1.díl, Hleďsebe 2.díl, Lešany and Podhořany are administrative parts of Nelahozeves.## Geography.Nelahozeves lies on the left bank of the Vltava River, about 19 (km) north of Prague.## History.The first written mention of Nelahozeves is from 1352, when the Church of Saint Andrew already existed.## Sights.The village has a three-winged Renaissance chateau in the Italianate Northern Mannerist style, featuring elaborate sgraffito designs that depict scenes from Greek mythology and the Old Testament. The castle.

Nelahozeves. as the Lobkowicz family's primary residence. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was home to the Order of the Sisters of God's Love, a religious institution for widowed or unmarried noblewomen founded by Princess Wilhelmina Lobkowicz (1863–1945). Nelahozeves Castle was confiscated by the Communist government in 1948, and housed an exhibition of modern socialist art run by the Czech Regional Gallery in the 1970s and 80s. It was returned to the Lobkowicz family in 1993, and now features an exhibition of historical period rooms, demonstrating the lifestyle of a Bohemian noble family in the mid-19th century. The.


Question: Which city or region does this island locate in?

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Sumburgh Head. Sumburgh Head is a headland located at the southern tip of the Shetland Mainland in northern Scotland. The head consists of a 100 m high rocky spur and topped by the Sumburgh Head Lighthouse. In the Old Norse language, Sumburgh Head was called "Dunrøstar høfdi", it means "The Head onto the loud tide-race", referring to the noise of Sumburgh Roost. Robert Stevenson was the engineer in charge of building the Sumburgh Head lighthouse. Work started on the building in 1819, and the light was first lit in 1821.## Local ecology.The area is now recognized as a nature reserve by the.

Sumburgh Head. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The cliffs are home to large numbers of seabirds with 33,000 puffins being estimated in the year 2000. These numbers have declined sharply: for example only 570 of the birds were counted in 2017. The decline in Puffin numbers also appears to apply to other species native to Sumburgh Head. In as birds, Sumburgh Head has become a popular viewing point for whales and dolphins.## Nearby locations.Sumburgh Airport, which takes its name from the head, lies immediately to the north, and serves as the main airport for the Shetland Islands. Flights from here.

Sumburgh Head. connect to mainland Scotland, the Orkney Islands and Norway. Also close to the Sumburgh Head is the archaeological site of Jarlshof, at which a series of settlements existed dating back to the neolithic period. The tiny settlement of Grutness, which is the terminus of the Shetland Mainland to Fair Isle ferry service, lies 1 (mi) north of Sumburgh Head. Images from around Sumburgh.


Question: Which historic county does this building belong to?

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Richmond Castle. Richmond Castle in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, stands in a commanding position above the River Swale, close to the centre of the town of Richmond. It was originally called Riche Mount, 'the strong hill'. The castle was constructed by Alan Rufus from 1071 onwards following the Norman Conquest of England, and the "Domesday Book" of 1086 refers to 'a castlery' at Richmond.In the 12th century, his great-nephew Conan expanded the castle and built the keep. Although it was derelict by 1540, it was restored centuries later. The property is the best-preserved early Norman castle in England and an important tourist.

Richmond Castle. attraction.## Layout.Richmond Castle consists of four main parts: a triangular main enclosure, an outer enclosure to the east, a keep at the northern corner of the main enclosure, and a small enclosure around the keep.## History.In 1069 William the Conqueror had put down a rebellion at York which was followed by his "harrying of the North" – an act of ethnic cleansing which depopulated large areas for a generation or more. As a further punishment, he divided up the lands of North Yorkshire among his most loyal followers. Alan Rufus, of Brittany, received the borough of Richmond and began constructing.

Richmond Castle. the castle became the headquarters of the North Yorkshire Militia, and a military barracks block was constructed in the great courtyard. For two years, from 1908 to 1910, the castle was the home of Robert Baden-Powell, later founder of the Boy Scouts, while he commanded the Northern Territorial Army but the barracks building was demolished in 1931. The castle was used during the First World War as the base of the Non-Combatant Corps made up of conscientious objectors – conscripts who refused to fight. It was also used to imprison some conscientious objectors who refused to accept army discipline and.


Question: In which year was this material invented or discovered?

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Plywood. of 45 degrees (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 degrees), giving strength in multiple axes.The word "ply" derives from the French verb , "to fold", from the Latin verb , from the ancient Greek verb .## History.The ancient Egyptians and Greeks cut wood thinly and glued it together in layers with the grain in perpendicular directions as fine wood was in short supply. This is believed to have been done purely for cosmetic and economical purposes but it turned out to be a great alternative to pure wood as it reduced flex, making it a versatile building material.In 1797 Samuel.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

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Erythemis vesiculosa. Erythemis vesiculosa, the great pondhawk, is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae. It is distributed throughout the Americas as far north as the United States."Erythemis vesiculosa". NatureServe. 2012.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Wild boar. The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania. The species is now one of the widest-ranging mammals in the world, as well as the most widespread suiform. It has been assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List due to its wide range, high numbers, and adaptability to a diversity of habitats. It has become an invasive species in part of its introduced range. Wild boars.

Wild boar. the tiger and Komodo dragon respectively. The wild boar has a long history of association with humans, having been the ancestor of most domestic pig breeds and a big-game animal for millennia. Boars have also re-hybridized in recent decades with feral pigs; these boar–pig hybrids have become a serious pest wild animal in the Americas and Australia.## Terminology.As true wild boars became extinct in Great Britain before the development of Modern English, the same terms are often used for both true wild boar and pigs, especially large or semi-wild ones. The English "boar" stems from the Old English , which.

Wild boar. is thought to be derived from the West Germanic "bairaz", of unknown origin. Boar is sometimes used specifically to refer to males, and may also be used to refer to male domesticated pigs, especially breeding males that have not been castrated."Sow", the traditional name for a female, again comes from Old English and Germanic; it stems from Proto-Indo-European, and is related to the and Greek "hus", and more closely to the New High German . The young may be called "piglets" or "boarlets".The animals' specific name "scrofa" is Latin for 'sow'.## Hunting.In hunting terminology, boars are given different designations according.

Wild boar. groups, having the smallest relative brain size, more primitive dentition and unspecialised cranial structure.## Domestication.With the exception of domestic pigs in Timor and Papua New Guinea (which appear to be of Sulawesi warty pig stock), the wild boar is the ancestor of most pig breeds. Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs were domesticated from wild boar as early as 13,000–12,700 BCE in the Near East in the Tigris Basin, being managed in the wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans. Remains of pigs have been dated to earlier than 11,400 BCE in.

Wild boar. Cyprus. Those animals must have been introduced from the mainland, which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then. There was also a separate domestication in China, which took place about 8,000 years ago.DNA evidence from sub-fossil remains of teeth and jawbones of Neolithic pigs shows that the first domestic pigs in Europe had been brought from the Near East. This stimulated the domestication of local European wild boars, resulting in a third domestication event with the Near Eastern genes dying out in European pig stock. Modern domesticated pigs have involved complex exchanges, with European domesticated lines being exported in.

Wild boar. turn to the ancient Near East. Historical records indicate that Asian pigs were introduced into Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Domestic pigs tend to have much more developed hindquarters than their wild boar ancestors, to the point where 70% of their body weight is concentrated in the posterior, which is the opposite of wild boar, where most of the muscles are concentrated on the head and shoulders.## Synonymous species.The Heude's pig ("Sus bucculentus"), also known as the Indochinese warty pig or Vietnam warty pig, was an alleged pig species found in Laos and Vietnam. It was virtually.

Wild boar. the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom. Mongooses, honey badgers, hedgehogs, and pigs all have modifications to the receptor pocket which prevents the snake venom α-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations.## Social behaviour and life cycle.Boars are typically social animals, living in female-dominated sounders consisting of barren sows and mothers with young led by an old matriarch. Male boars leave their sounder at the age of 8–15 months, while females either remain with their mothers or establish new territories nearby. Subadult males may live in loosely knit groups, while adult and elderly males tend to.

Wild boar. DEFRA) study on wild boar living wild in Britain confirmed the presence of two populations of wild boar living in Britain; one in Kent/East Sussex and another in Dorset.Another DEFRA report, in February 2008, confirmed the existence of these two sites as 'established breeding areas' and identified a third in Gloucestershire/Herefordshire; in the Forest of Dean/Ross on Wye area. A 'new breeding population' was also identified in Devon. There is another significant population in Dumfries and Galloway. Populations estimates were as follows: The largest population, in Kent/East Sussex, was then estimated at 200 animals in the core distribution area. The.

Wild boar. vegetation and wetlands through wallowing, damaging water quality, coming into violent conflict with humans and pets and carrying pig and human diseases including brucellosis, trichinosis and pseudorabies. In some jurisdictions, it is illegal to import, breed, release, possess, sell, distribute, trade, transport, hunt, or trap Eurasian boars. Hunting and trapping is done systematically, to increase the chance of eradication and to remove the incentive to illegally release boars, which have mostly been spread deliberately by sport hunters.## History.While domestic pigs, both captive and feral (popularly termed "razorbacks"), have been in North America since the earliest days of European colonization, pure.

Wild boar. fenced enclosures in a game preserve in Hooper Bald, Graham County. Most of the specimens remained in the preserve for the next decade, until a large-scale hunt caused the remaining animals to break through their confines and escape. Some of the boars migrated to Tennessee, where they intermixed with both free-ranging and feral pigs in the area. In 1924, a dozen Hooper Bald wild pigs were shipped to California and released in a property between Carmel Valley and the Los Padres National Forest. These hybrid boar were later used as breeding stock on various private and public lands throughout the.

Wild boar. centrepiece of most medieval Christmas celebrations among the nobility. Although growing in popularity as a captive-bred source of food, the wild boar takes longer to mature than most domestic pigs and it is usually smaller and produces less meat. Nevertheless, wild boar meat is leaner and healthier than pork, being of higher nutritional value and having a much higher concentration of essential amino acids. Most meat-dressing organizations agree that a boar carcass should yield 50 (kg) of meat on average. Large specimens can yield 15 – 20 (kg) of fat, with some giants yielding 30 (kg) or more. A boar.

Wild boar. steps back, takes position and attacks again if the victim is still moving, only ending once the victim is completely incapacitated.Boar attacks on humans have been documented throughout history. The Romans and Ancient Greeks wrote of these attacks (Odysseus was wounded by a boar and Adonis was killed by one). A 2012 study compiling recorded attacks from 1825 to 2012 found accounts of 665 human victims of both wild boars and feral pigs, with the majority (19%) of attacks in the animal's native range occurring in India. Most of the attacks occurred in rural areas during the winter months in.

Wild boar. harvest techniques, fencing, toxic bait, corrals, and hunting. The most common tactic employed by private land owners in the United States is recreational hunting, however, this is generally not as effective on its own. Management strategies are most successful when they take into account reproduction, dispersion, and the differences between ideal resources for males and females. Babirusa Boar-baiting Domestic pig Feral pig Peccary Indian boar Boars in heraldry Apollonio, M. et al. (1988), "The systematics of the wild boar ("Sus scrofa" L.) in Italy", "Bolletino di Zoologia"a, 3:213–221 Carden, R.F. (2012) "Review of the Natural History of Wild Boar (Sus.

Wild boar. C. B. (2007), "Annotated Bibliography of the Wild Pig (Sus scrofa): Environmental Information Document", Washington Savannah River Company Padiglione, V. (1989), "Il cinghiale cacciatore: Antropologia simbolica della caccia in Sardegna", Armando Editore (collana Antropologia culturale) BBC profile Species Profile- Wild Boar ("Sus scrofa"), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for wild boar. A sounder of wild boars Wild pigs with piglets – white piglets with black spots Sow feeding piglets, Lodz (Poland) A wild boar struggling with plastic film, Lodz (Poland.