Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Leopard. The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five extant species in the genus "Panthera", a member of the cat family, Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, and on the Indian subcontinent to Southeast and East Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because leopard populations are threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation, and are declining in large parts of the global range. The leopard is considered locally extinct in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Jordan, Morocco, Togo, the United Arab Emirates,.

Leopard. Uzbekistan, Lebanon, Mauritania, Kuwait, Syria, Libya, Tunisia and most likely in North Korea, Gambia, Laos, Lesotho, Tajikistan, Vietnam and Israel.Contemporary records suggest that the leopard occurs in only 25% of its historical global range.Compared to other wild cats, the leopard has relatively short legs and a long body with a large skull. Its fur is marked with rosettes. It is similar in appearance to the jaguar ("Panthera onca"), but has a smaller, lighter physique, and its rosettes are generally smaller, more densely packed and without central spots. Both leopards and jaguars that are melanistic are known as black panthers. The.

Leopard. originally referred to a cheetah ("Acinonyx jubatus").'Panther' is another common name, derived from and ("pánthēr"); The generic name "Panthera" originates in , which refers to a hunting net for catching wild beasts that were used by the Romans in combats. "Pardus" is the masculine singular form.## Characteristics.The leopard's fur is generally soft and thick, notably softer on the belly than on the back. Its skin colour varies between individuals from pale yellowish to dark golden with dark spots grouped in rosettes. Its belly is whitish and its ringed tail is shorter than its body. Its pupils are round. Leopards living.

Leopard. patchy shadows, where it serves as camouflage.Its white-tipped tail is about 60 - 100 (cm) long, white underneath and with spots that form incomplete bands toward the tail's end.The guard hairs protecting the basal hairs are short, 3-4 (mm) in face and head, and increase in length toward the flanks and the belly to about 25 - 30 (mm). Juveniles have woolly fur, and appear to be dark-coloured due to the densely arranged spots. Its fur tends to grow longer in colder climates.The leopard's rosettes differ from those of the jaguar ("Panthera onca"), which are darker and with smaller spots.

Leopard. were as large as Barbary lions ("Panthera leo leo"). In 1913, an Algerian newspaper reported a leopard killed that allegedly measured about 275 (cm) in total length.The maximum weight of a wild leopard in Southern Africa was about 96 (kg). It measured 262 (cm). An Indian leopard killed in Himachal Pradesh in 2016 measured 261 (cm) with an estimated weight of 78.5 (kg); it was perhaps the largest known wild leopard in India.The largest skull of a leopard was recorded in India in 1920 and measured 28 (cm) in basal length, 20 (cm) in breadth, and weighed 2 (lb). The.

Leopard. were recorded between 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's Madikwe Game Reserve and in Mpumalanga. The cause of this morph known as a "strawberry leopard" or "pink panther" is not well understood.## Taxonomy."Felis pardus" was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.The generic name "Panthera" was first used by Lorenz Oken in 1816, who included all the known spotted cats into this group.Oken's classification was not widely accepted, and "Felis" or "Leopardus" was used as the generic name until the early 20th century.The leopard was designated as the type species of "Panthera" by Joel Asaph Allen in 1902.In.

Leopard. 1917, Reginald Innes Pocock also subordinated the tiger ("P. tigris"), lion ("P. leo"), and jaguar ("P. onca") to "Panthera".## Subspecies.Following Linnaeus' first description, 27 leopard subspecies were proposed by naturalists between 1794 and 1956. Since 1996, only eight subspecies have been considered valid on the basis of mitochondrial analysis. Later analysis revealed a ninth valid subspecies, the Arabian leopard.In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group recognized the following eight subspecies as valid taxa:Results of an analysis of molecular variance and pairwise fixation index of 182 African leopard museum specimens showed that some African leopards exhibit.

Leopard. higher genetic differences than Asian leopard subspecies.## Evolution.Results of phylogenetic studies based on nDNA and mtDNA analysis showed that the last common ancestor of the "Panthera" and "Neofelis" genera is thought to have lived about . "Neofelis" diverged about from the "Panthera" lineage. The tiger diverged about , followed by the snow leopard about and the leopard about . The leopard is a sister taxon to a clade within "Panthera", consisting of the lion and the jaguar.Results of a phylogenetic analysis of chemical secretions amongst cats indicated that the leopard is closely related to the lion.The geographic origin of the.

Leopard. "Panthera" is most likely northern Central Asia. The leopard-lion clade was distributed in the Asian and African Palearctic since at least the early Pliocene. The leopard-lion clade diverged 3.1–1.95 million years ago. Additionally, a 2016 study revealed that the mitochondrial genomes of the leopard, lion and snow leopard are more similar to each other than their nuclear genomes, indicating that their ancestors hybridized with the snow leopard at some point in their evolution.Fossils of leopard ancestors were excavated in East Africa and South Asia, dating back to the Pleistocene between 2 and . The modern leopard is suggested to have.

Leopard. disappeared. There is considerable potential for human-leopard conflict due to leopards preying on livestock.Leopard populations on the Arabian Peninsula are small and fragmented. In southeastern Egypt, a leopard killed in 2017 was the first record in this area in 65 years.In western and central Asia, it avoids deserts, areas with long snow cover and proximity to urban centres.In the Indian subcontinent, the leopard is still relatively abundant, with greater numbers than those of other "Panthera" species. As of 2020, the leopard population within forested habitats in India's tiger range landscapes was estimated at 12,172 to 13,535 individuals. Surveyed landscapes included.

Leopard. of the Kalahari.Average daily consumption rates of 3.5 (kg) were estimated for males and of 2.8 (kg) for females. In the southern Kalahari Desert, leopards meet their water requirements by the bodily fluids of prey and succulent plants; they drink water every two to three days and feed infrequently on moisture-rich plants such as gemsbok cucumbers ("Acanthosicyos naudinianus"), watermelon ("Citrullus lanatus") and Kalahari sour grass ("Schmidtia kalahariensis").## Enemies and competitors.In parts of its global range, the leopard is sympatric with other large predators such as the tiger ("Panthera tigris"), lion ("P. leo"), cheetah, spotted hyena ("Crocuta crocuta"), striped hyena ("Hyaena.

Leopard. to Henry III by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. In modern times, leopards have been trained and tamed in circuses. Leopard pattern List of largest cats Panther (legendary creature) IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: "Panthera pardus" in Africa and "Panthera pardus" in Asia.


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

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Meycauayan Church. The Saint Francis of Assisi Parish Church, commonly known as the Meycauayan Church or Simbahan sa Bayan, is a Roman Catholic church located in Meycauayan, Philippines. It is one of the oldest parishes in Bulacan which even predates the Malolos Cathedral established in 1580 and the Barasoain Church established in 1859. It is also the province's largest parish with an estimated population of about 80,000 parishioners. The church is the seat of the vicariate of St. Francis of Assisi in the Diocese of Malolos.## History.## Parish foundation.The parish was founded in 1578 by Fr. Juan de Plasencia and Fr. Diego.

Meycauayan Church. and his wife traveled to Omaha to formally receive the artifact from Sister Judith Frikker, President of the Sisters of Mercy West Midwest Community. Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert Del Rosario turned over the Philippine–American War artifact to Director Jeremy Barns of the National Museum of the Philippines on March 9, 2012. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos received the bells on August 6, 2012 and became part of the Diocesan Museum.Huerta, Fr. Felix (1865). "Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico-religioso de la santa y apostólica provincia de S. Gregorio Magno". Imprenta de N. Sanchez, Binondo, Manila."N. S. P. SAN FRANCISCO DE.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

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Neotibicen superbus. Neotibicen superbus, the superb dog-day cicada, is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is the greenest cicada in the neotibicen genus. It has reduced black patterning and looks different than most other cicadas in its genus. Its song is a soft buzz that reaches a crescendo.


Question: Which city or region does this place locate in?

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Begijnhof, Amsterdam. The Begijnhof is one of the oldest hofjes in Amsterdam, Netherlands. A group of historic buildings, mostly private dwellings, centre on it. As the name suggests, it was originally a Béguinage. Today it is also the site of two churches, the Catholic "Houten Huys" and the English Reformed Church.## Earliest times.The Begijnhof is the only inner court in Amsterdam which was founded during the Middle Ages, and therefore lies within the Singel — the innermost canal of Amsterdam's circular canal system. The Begijnhof is at medieval street level, which means a meter below the rest of the old city center.It.

Begijnhof, Amsterdam. is unclear when exactly the Begijnhof (Beguines' court) was founded. In 1346, the beguines still lived in a house (a document of that time mentioned one "beghynhuys"). A courtyard was only first mentioned in 1389, probably after the religious status of the city rose due to the Amsterdam Eucharistic Miracle of 1345.Originally the Begijnhof was entirely encircled by water (the "Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal", the "Spui" and the "Begijnensloot" or "Beguines' Ditch"), with the sole entrance located at the "Begijnensteeg" ("Beguines' Alley"), which had a bridge across the Begijnensloot. The back facades were therefore water-locked. The Spui entrance only dates back to.

Begijnhof, Amsterdam. the 19th century.## Characteristics.The Begijnhof differs from the usual Amsterdam patricians' court in that this old people's home was not founded by private persons. It bore closer resemblance to a convent, although the beguines enjoyed greater freedom than nuns in a convent. While beguines took a vow of chastity, and while they considered themselves obliged to attend Holy Mass every day and pray various official prayers, they were free to leave the court at any time in order to get married.## Tall Amsterdam houses.The buildings in the court are tall, characteristically Amsterdam-style town-houses, emphasising the court's relatively private character. The.

Begijnhof, Amsterdam. Begijnhof is the only court whose houses have addresses bearing the name of the court itself. Unlike most courts, the houses here do not form rows joining one dwelling with another; instead, there are 47 regular town houses, each with its individual aspect, and most of them with facades from the 17th and 18th centuries. However, the buildings themselves are usually of earlier date, eighteen of them still possessing a Gothic wooden framework.## The Wooden House.The ancient, restored wooden house ("Het Houten Huys", 34 Begijnhof) is famous as one of the two wooden houses still existing in the center of.

Begijnhof, Amsterdam. Amsterdam (the other one being Zeedijk 1); there are annexed villages like Nieuwendam (Amsterdam North) with many wooden houses and even a wooden church. This house dates from about 1528, and is the oldest wooden house in Amsterdam.The courtyard has two bleaching greens, one on each side of the chapel.## Gates.The old Begijnesloot gate, restored in 1907, dates from 1574 and has a gable stone depicting Saint Ursula, patron saint of the Amsterdam beguines. The Spui gate from about 1725 was replaced by the present gatehouse in the 19th century. The Begijnhof has a great number of gable stones, many.

Begijnhof, Amsterdam. of which show a strong Roman Catholic character.## Religious strife.After the Alteration (Protestant takeover) of 1578, when Amsterdam came under Calvinist rule, the Begijnhof was the only Roman Catholic institution to be allowed to remain in existence. This was because the houses were the beguines' private property. The Chapel, however, was closed and lay empty for around 30 years before being ceded to the English Presbyterians, and since that time has been alluded to as the "English Church". Several of the pulpit panels were designed by Piet Mondrian.## A clandestine church.In 1671, the architect Philip Vingboons converted two dwellings opposite.

Begijnhof, Amsterdam. the Chapel entrance into a "schuilkerk", or conventicle church, for Catholics, the "Church of the Saints John and Ursula", named after the patron saints of the Begijnhof. This church was kept secret, as was demanded by the city government, and could not be recognized as a church from the outside. In 1908 this became the Miracle Church, after the original Miracle Church had been deliberately destroyed by its Protestant owners.## Buried in the gutter.The most famous beguine in the Begijnhof's history is sister Cornelia Arens, who died on 14 October 1654. (Her date of birth is unknown, but she professed.

Begijnhof, Amsterdam. the vows of chastity and the Catholic faith on 6 July 1621.) Rather than be laid to rest in the Chapel, which she considered "desecrated" by Presbyterians, she chose to be buried in the gutter of the court. Legend has it that contrary to her wish, she was in fact buried in the Chapel, but her coffin was found in the adjoining gutter the following day. This happened two more times, until she was at last laid to rest in the gutter. Another version of the legend is that her soul found no peace and roamed the court at night.

Begijnhof, Amsterdam. until she was buried in the gutter.## The last beguine."Sister Antonia", whose original name was Agatha Kaptein, was born on 13 April 1887 at Akersloot. The last beguine, she died on 23 May 1971 at the age of 84. She was buried in the Sisters' Grave in the St. Barbara's Roman Catholic Cemetery in Amsterdam on 26 May of the same year.## Renovation.Until its renovation in 1979, the court had 140 dwellings — some 110 of them consisting of a single room, and about 25 comprising two. The occupants likewise numbered 140. The renovations enlarged the houses to two or.

Begijnhof, Amsterdam. three rooms. Since that time, the number of female inhabitants has been an unvaried 105. Beguines and Beghards Website of the Begijnhof Images of Begijnhof.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Chipping sparrow. The chipping sparrow (Spizella passerina) is a species of New World sparrow, a passerine bird in the family Passerellidae. It is widespread, fairly tame, and common across most of its North American range.There are two subspecies, the eastern chipping sparrow and the western chipping sparrow. This bird is a partial migrant with northerly populations flying southwards in the fall to overwinter in Mexico and the southern United States, and flying northward again in spring.It molts twice a year. In its breeding plumage it has orangish-rust upper parts, gray head and underparts and a distinctive reddish cap. In non-breeding plumage, the.

Chipping sparrow. is additional plumage and behavioral variation within the western group.At least two subspecies of chipping sparrows occur in western North America. The widespread "Spizella passerina arizonae" is associated with mountains and arid habitats of the western interior. A Pacific slope population constitutes subspecies "S. p. stridula". Although these two races are both western, and are often lumped together as the western chipping sparrow, they do not necessarily form a single entity that stands apart from the eastern chipping sparrow ("S. p. passerina").The chipping sparrow is part of the family Passerellidae, and is not closely related to the Old World sparrows.

Chipping sparrow. usually resulting in the nest being abandoned.## Feeding.The chipping sparrow feeds on seeds year-round, although insects form most of the diet in the breeding season. Spiders are sometimes taken. "Taraxacum officinale" seeds are important during spring, and seeds from "Fallopia convolvulus", "Melilotus" spp., "Stellaria media", "Chenopodium album", "Avena" spp., and others.Throughout the year, chipping sparrows forage on the ground in covered areas, often near the edges of fields.Chipping sparrow – "Spizella passerina" – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenterChipping sparrow species account – Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology.


Question: Which geographic area is this plant found?

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Jujube. more likely introduced there. The plant in Arabic and Persian is known as "Enab (عناب)", and is known as the "hinap" or "finab" in the eastern part of Bulgaria. It grows wild but is also a garden shrub, kept for its fruit. The fruit is picked in the autumn.The tree tolerates a wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for acceptable fruiting. Unlike most of the other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about −15 (°C), and the tree is, for instance, commonly cultivated in Beijing.


Question: Which road, railway or canal does this island carry?

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Confederation Bridge. The Confederation Bridge () is a box girder bridge carrying the Trans-Canada Highway across the Abegweit Passage of the Northumberland Strait, linking the province of Prince Edward Island with the province of New Brunswick on the mainland. Opened May 31, 1997, the 12.9 (km) bridge is Canada's longest bridge and the world's longest bridge over ice-covered water.Construction took place from October 1993 to May 1997 and cost C$1.3 billion. Before its official naming, Prince Edward Islanders often referred to the bridge as the "Fixed Link". It officially opened to traffic on May 31, 1997. In April 2022, the PEI legislature.

Confederation Bridge. voted unanimously in favour of renaming the bridge to "Epekwitk Crossing", whereas Epekwitk ( ) is the traditional Mi'kmaq name for Prince Edward Island. The name change would need to be approved by the Canadian federal government in order to take effect.## Structure.The bridge is a two-lane toll bridge that carries the Trans-Canada Highway between Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island (at Route 1) and Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick (at Route 16).It is a multi-span balanced cantilever bridge with a post-tensioned concrete box girder structure. Most of the curved bridge is 40 (m) above water with a 60 (m) navigation span for.


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

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Sacred Heart Cathedral (Guangzhou). the clock tower was ordered from a Chinese clock factory.## Mass times.Weekdays: 06:45 (Cantonese)Saturday: 06:45 (Cantonese), 16:00 (Korean), 19:30 (Mandarin)Sunday: 07:00 (Cantonese), 08:30 (Cantonese), 10:30 (Mandarin), 15:30 (English) Christianity & Catholicism in China Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou List of Catholic cathedrals in China.


Question: What is the typical diameter (in 1) of this object?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Tetrahedron. regular tetrahedron.The following Cartesian coordinates define the four vertices of a tetrahedron with edge length 2, centered at the origin, and two level edges:formula_1Expressed symmetrically as 4 points on the unit sphere, centroid at the origin, with lower face level, the vertices are:formula_2formula_3formula_4formula_5with the edge length of formula_6.Still another set of coordinates are based on an alternated cube or demicube with edge length 2. This form has Coxeter diagram and Schläfli symbol h{4,3}. The tetrahedron in this case has edge length 2. Inverting these coordinates generates the dual tetrahedron, and the pair together form the stellated octahedron, whose vertices are.

Tetrahedron. those of the original cube.Tetrahedron: (1,1,1), (1,−1,−1), (−1,1,−1), (−1,−1,1)Dual tetrahedron: (−1,−1,−1), (−1,1,1), (1,−1,1), (1,1,−1)## Angles and distances.For a regular tetrahedron of edge length "a":With respect to the base plane the slope of a face (2) is twice that of an edge (), corresponding to the fact that the "horizontal" distance covered from the base to the apex along an edge is twice that along the median of a face. In other words, if "C" is the centroid of the base, the distance from "C" to a vertex of the base is twice that from "C" to the midpoint of an.

Tetrahedron. two tetrahedra in the cube). The symmetries of a regular tetrahedron correspond to half of those of a cube: those that map the tetrahedra to themselves, and not to each other.The tetrahedron is the only Platonic solid that is not mapped to itself by point inversion.The regular tetrahedron has 24 isometries, forming the symmetry group Td, [3,3], (*332), isomorphic to the symmetric group, "S"4. They can be categorized as follows: T, [3,3]+, (332) is isomorphic to alternating group, "A"4 (the identity and 11 proper rotations) with the following conjugacy classes (in parentheses are given the permutations of the vertices, or.

Tetrahedron. correspondingly, the faces, and the unit quaternion representation): identity (identity; 1) rotation about an axis through a vertex, perpendicular to the opposite plane, by an angle of ±120°: 4 axes, 2 per axis, together , etc.; ) rotation by an angle of 180° such that an edge maps to the opposite edge: , etc.; ) reflections in a plane perpendicular to an edge: 6 reflections in a plane combined with 90° rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane: 3 axes, 2 per axis, together 6; equivalently, they are 90° rotations combined with inversion (x is mapped to −x): the.

Tetrahedron. are projected as circular arcs on the plane.## Helical stacking.Regular tetrahedra can be stacked face-to-face in a chiral aperiodic chain called the Boerdijk–Coxeter helix. In four dimensions, all the convex regular 4-polytopes with tetrahedral cells (the 5-cell, 16-cell and 600-cell) can be constructed as tilings of the 3-sphere by these chains, which become periodic in the three-dimensional space of the 4-polytope's boundary surface.## Irregular tetrahedra.Tetrahedra which do not have four equilateral faces are categorized and named by the symmetries they do possess.If all three pairs of opposite edges of a tetrahedron are perpendicular, then it is called an orthocentric tetrahedron.

Tetrahedron. to the opposite faces are inversely proportional to the areas of these faces.For a tetrahedron with vertices,, and, the volume is , or any other combination of pairs of vertices that form a simply connected graph. This can be rewritten using a dot product and a cross product, yieldingformula_9If the origin of the coordinate system is chosen to coincide with vertex d, then d = 0, soformula_10where a, b, and c represent three edges that meet at one vertex, and is a scalar triple product. Comparing this formula with that used to compute the volume of a parallelepiped, we conclude.

Tetrahedron. that the volume of a tetrahedron is equal to of the volume of any parallelepiped that shares three converging edges with it.The absolute value of the scalar triple product can be represented as the following absolute values of determinants:formula_11orformula_12whereformula_13are expressed as row or column vectors.Henceformula_14whereformula_15which givesformula_16where "α", "β", "γ" are the plane angles occurring in vertex d. The angle "α", is the angle between the two edges connecting the vertex d to the vertices b and c. The angle "β", does so for the vertices a and c, while "γ", is defined by the position of the vertices a and.

Tetrahedron. b.If we do not require that d = 0 thenformula_17Given the distances between the vertices of a tetrahedron the volume can be computed using the Cayley–Menger determinant:formula_18where the subscripts represent the vertices and "d" is the pairwise distance between them – i.e., the length of the edge connecting the two vertices. A negative value of the determinant means that a tetrahedron cannot be constructed with the given distances. This formula, sometimes called Tartaglia's formula, is essentially due to the painter Piero della Francesca in the 15th century, as a three dimensional analogue of the 1st century Heron's formula for the.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. is a diagonal of one of the cube's faces. For one such embedding, the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices are(+1, +1, +1);(−1, −1, +1);(−1, +1, −1);(+1, −1, −1).This yields a tetrahedron with edge-length 2, centered at the origin. For the other tetrahedron (which is dual to the first), reverse all the signs. These two tetrahedra's vertices combined are the vertices of a cube, demonstrating that the regular tetrahedron is the 3-demicube.The volume of this tetrahedron is one-third the volume of the cube. Combining both tetrahedra gives a regular polyhedral compound called the compound of two tetrahedra or stella octangula.The interior.

Tetrahedron. of the stella octangula is an octahedron, and correspondingly, a regular octahedron is the result of cutting off, from a regular tetrahedron, four regular tetrahedra of half the linear size (i.e., rectifying the tetrahedron).The above embedding divides the cube into five tetrahedra, one of which is regular. In fact, five is the minimum number of tetrahedra required to compose a cube. To see this, starting from a base tetrahedron with 4 vertices, each added tetrahedra adds at most 1 new vertex, so at least 4 more must be added to make a cube, which has 8 vertices.Inscribing tetrahedra inside the.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. faces are "F"a, "F"b, "F"c, and "F"d. Thenformula_29For vertices "A", "B", "C", and "D", interior point "P", and feet "J", "K", "L", and "M" of the perpendiculars from "P" to the faces, and suppose the faces have equal areas, thenformula_30## Inradius.Denoting the inradius of a tetrahedron as "r" and the inradii of its triangular faces as "r""i" for "i" = 1, 2, 3, 4, we haveformula_31with equality if and only if the tetrahedron is regular.If "A""1", "A""2", "A""3" and "A""4" denote the area of each faces, the value of "r" is given byformula_32.This formula is obtained from dividing the tetrahedron.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.

Tetrahedron. is arccos(−), or approximately 109.47°.Water, , also has a tetrahedral structure, with two hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atoms. Its tetrahedral symmetry is not perfect, however, because the lone pairs repel more than the single O–H bonds.Quaternary phase diagrams of mixtures of chemical substances are represented graphically as tetrahedra.However, quaternary phase diagrams in communication engineering are represented graphically on a two-dimensional plane.## Electricity and electronics.If six equal resistors are soldered together to form a tetrahedron, then the resistance measured between any two vertices is half that of one resistor.Since silicon is the most.

Tetrahedron. rolled appearing around the bottom or on the top vertex. Some Rubik's Cube-like puzzles are tetrahedral, such as the Pyraminx and Pyramorphix.## Geology.The tetrahedral hypothesis, originally published by William Lowthian Green to explain the formation of the Earth, was popular through the early 20th century.## Weaponry.Some caltrops are based on tetrahedra as one spike points upwards regardless of how they land and can be easily made by welding two bent nails together.## Contemporary art.The Austrian artist Martina Schettina created a tetrahedron using fluorescent lamps. It was shown at the light art biennale Austria 2010.It is used as album artwork, surrounded.


Question: Where is the destination point of this event.

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Kon-Tiki expedition. dockyard facilities provided by the Peruvian authorities, they constructed the raft out of balsa logs and other native materials in an indigenous style as recorded in illustrations by Spanish conquistadores. The trip began on April 28, 1947. Heyerdahl and five companions sailed the raft for 101 days over 6,900 km (4,300 miles) across the Pacific Ocean before smashing into a reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on August 7, 1947. The crew made successful landfall and all returned safely.Thor Heyerdahl's book about his experience became a bestseller. It was published in Norwegian in 1948 as "The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft.

Kon-Tiki expedition. ended when the raft struck a reef and was then beached on an uninhabited islet off Raroia atoll in the Tuamotus. The team had travelled a distance of around 6980 (km) in 101 days, at an average speed of 1.5 (kn).After spending a number of days alone on the islet, the crew was greeted by men from a village on a nearby island who arrived in canoes, having seen washed-up flotsam from the raft. The crew were taken back to the native village, where they were feted with traditional dances and other festivities. Finally the crew were taken off Raroia.


Question: For the animal in the image, what do they commonly eat?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Elephant. tall. As with other megaherbivores, including the extinct sauropod dinosaurs, the large size of elephants likely developed to allow them to survive on vegetation with low nutritional value. Their limbs grew longer and the feet shorter and broader. The feet were originally plantigrade and developed into a digitigrade stance with cushion pads and the sesamoid bone providing support. Early proboscideans developed longer mandibles and smaller craniums while more derived ones developed shorter mandibles, which shifted the head's centre of gravity. The skull grew larger, especially the cranium, while the neck shortened to provide better support for the skull. The increase.

Elephant. in size led to the development and elongation of the mobile trunk to provide reach. The number of premolars, incisors and canines decreased.The cheek teeth (molars and premolars) of proboscideans became larger and more specialized, especially after elephants started to switch from C3-plants to C4-grasses, which caused their teeth to undergo a three-fold increase in teeth height as well as substantial multiplication of lamellae after about five million years ago. Only in the last million years or so did they return to a diet mainly consisting of C3 trees and shrubs. The upper second incisors grew into tusks, which varied.

Elephant. gait similar to running. In walking, the legs act as pendulums, with the hips and shoulders rising and falling while the foot is planted on the ground. With no "aerial phase", the fast gait does not meet all the criteria of running, although the elephant uses its legs much like other running animals, with the hips and shoulders falling and then rising while the feet are on the ground. Fast-moving elephants appear to 'run' with their front legs, but 'walk' with their hind legs and can reach a top speed of 25 (km/h). At this speed, most other quadrupeds are.

Elephant. impede dehydration and improve thermal regulation over a long period of time.## Behaviour and life history.## Ecology and activities.The African bush elephant can be found in habitats as diverse as dry savannahs, deserts, marshes, and lake shores, and in elevations from sea level to mountains above the snow line. Forest elephants mainly live in equatorial forests but will enter gallery forests and ecotones between forests and savannahs. Asian elephants prefer areas with a mix of grasses, low woody plants, and trees, primarily inhabiting dry thorn-scrub forests in southern India and Sri Lanka and evergreen forests in Malaya. Elephants are herbivorous.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Hoatzin. The hoatzin ( ) or hoactzin ( ; "Opisthocomus hoazin"), is the only species in the order Opisthocomiformes. It is a species of tropical bird found in swamps, riparian forests, and mangroves of the Amazon and the Orinoco basins in South America. It is notable for having chicks that have claws on two of their wing digits.It is the only member of the genus Opisthocomus (Ancient Greek: "long hair behind", referring to its large crest). This is the only extant genus in the family Opisthocomidae. The taxonomic position of this family has been greatly debated by specialists, and is still.


Question: What type of wing is designed for this object?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Airplane. An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne-kilometers of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to.

Airplane. and either Latin "planus", "level", or Greek πλάνος ("planos"), "wandering". "Aéroplane" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a plane moving through the air. In an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft.In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland and most of the Commonwealth, the term "aeroplane" () is usually applied to these aircraft.## History.## Antecedents.Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and the Vimana in ancient Indian.

Airplane. of Birds" (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the center of mass and the center of pressure of flying birds.In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying glider in 1853. In 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider "L'Albatros artificiel" pulled by a horse on a beach. Then the Russian Alexander F. Mozhaisky also.

Airplane. subsequently abandoned work on it.In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and developed a box kite that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing, his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the.

Airplane. rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of flight tests to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly. Upon passing these tests, the plane is ready to receive the "final touchups" (internal configuration, painting, etc.), and is then ready for the customer.## Characteristics.## Airframe.The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for.

Airplane. to stabilize the plane's pitch (tilt up or down) and mounts the elevators, which provide pitch control. "Landing gear", a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag.## Wings.The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an.

Airplane. airfoil and is shaped like a bird's wing.## Wing structure.Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength.Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge.Early airplane engines.

Airplane. control, most fixed-wing types have an empennage comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane.Some types have a horizontal "canard" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it. This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these.## Controls and.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Spathodea. Spathodea is a monotypic genus in the flowering plant family Bignoniaceae. The single species it contains, Spathodea campanulata, is commonly known as the African tulip tree. The tree grows between 7 - 25 (m) tall and is native to tropical dry forests of Africa. It has been nominated as among 100 of the "World's Worst" invaders.This tree is planted extensively as an ornamental tree throughout the tropics and is much appreciated for its very showy reddish-orange or crimson (rarely yellow), campanulate flowers. The generic name comes from the Ancient Greek words σπαθη ("spathe") and οιδα ("oida"), referring to the spathe-like.


Question: Who is the creator of this building?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet). Jeanne d'Arc is an 1874 French gilded bronze equestrian sculpture of Joan of Arc by Emmanuel Frémiet. The outdoor statue is prominently displayed in the Place des Pyramides in Paris. == History == The original statue was commissioned by the French government after the defeat of the country in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War. It is the only public commission of the state from 1870 to 1914, called the Golden Age of statuary in Paris, the other statues were funded by private subscriptions. The sculptor took as his model Aimée Girod (1856–1937), a young woman from Domrémy, Joan of Arc's village.


Question: What is the typical diameter (in 1) of this object?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Tetrahedron. regular tetrahedron.The following Cartesian coordinates define the four vertices of a tetrahedron with edge length 2, centered at the origin, and two level edges:formula_1Expressed symmetrically as 4 points on the unit sphere, centroid at the origin, with lower face level, the vertices are:formula_2formula_3formula_4formula_5with the edge length of formula_6.Still another set of coordinates are based on an alternated cube or demicube with edge length 2. This form has Coxeter diagram and Schläfli symbol h{4,3}. The tetrahedron in this case has edge length 2. Inverting these coordinates generates the dual tetrahedron, and the pair together form the stellated octahedron, whose vertices are.

Tetrahedron. those of the original cube.Tetrahedron: (1,1,1), (1,−1,−1), (−1,1,−1), (−1,−1,1)Dual tetrahedron: (−1,−1,−1), (−1,1,1), (1,−1,1), (1,1,−1)## Angles and distances.For a regular tetrahedron of edge length "a":With respect to the base plane the slope of a face (2) is twice that of an edge (), corresponding to the fact that the "horizontal" distance covered from the base to the apex along an edge is twice that along the median of a face. In other words, if "C" is the centroid of the base, the distance from "C" to a vertex of the base is twice that from "C" to the midpoint of an.

Tetrahedron. two tetrahedra in the cube). The symmetries of a regular tetrahedron correspond to half of those of a cube: those that map the tetrahedra to themselves, and not to each other.The tetrahedron is the only Platonic solid that is not mapped to itself by point inversion.The regular tetrahedron has 24 isometries, forming the symmetry group Td, [3,3], (*332), isomorphic to the symmetric group, "S"4. They can be categorized as follows: T, [3,3]+, (332) is isomorphic to alternating group, "A"4 (the identity and 11 proper rotations) with the following conjugacy classes (in parentheses are given the permutations of the vertices, or.

Tetrahedron. correspondingly, the faces, and the unit quaternion representation): identity (identity; 1) rotation about an axis through a vertex, perpendicular to the opposite plane, by an angle of ±120°: 4 axes, 2 per axis, together , etc.; ) rotation by an angle of 180° such that an edge maps to the opposite edge: , etc.; ) reflections in a plane perpendicular to an edge: 6 reflections in a plane combined with 90° rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane: 3 axes, 2 per axis, together 6; equivalently, they are 90° rotations combined with inversion (x is mapped to −x): the.

Tetrahedron. are projected as circular arcs on the plane.## Helical stacking.Regular tetrahedra can be stacked face-to-face in a chiral aperiodic chain called the Boerdijk–Coxeter helix. In four dimensions, all the convex regular 4-polytopes with tetrahedral cells (the 5-cell, 16-cell and 600-cell) can be constructed as tilings of the 3-sphere by these chains, which become periodic in the three-dimensional space of the 4-polytope's boundary surface.## Irregular tetrahedra.Tetrahedra which do not have four equilateral faces are categorized and named by the symmetries they do possess.If all three pairs of opposite edges of a tetrahedron are perpendicular, then it is called an orthocentric tetrahedron.

Tetrahedron. to the opposite faces are inversely proportional to the areas of these faces.For a tetrahedron with vertices,, and, the volume is , or any other combination of pairs of vertices that form a simply connected graph. This can be rewritten using a dot product and a cross product, yieldingformula_9If the origin of the coordinate system is chosen to coincide with vertex d, then d = 0, soformula_10where a, b, and c represent three edges that meet at one vertex, and is a scalar triple product. Comparing this formula with that used to compute the volume of a parallelepiped, we conclude.

Tetrahedron. that the volume of a tetrahedron is equal to of the volume of any parallelepiped that shares three converging edges with it.The absolute value of the scalar triple product can be represented as the following absolute values of determinants:formula_11orformula_12whereformula_13are expressed as row or column vectors.Henceformula_14whereformula_15which givesformula_16where "α", "β", "γ" are the plane angles occurring in vertex d. The angle "α", is the angle between the two edges connecting the vertex d to the vertices b and c. The angle "β", does so for the vertices a and c, while "γ", is defined by the position of the vertices a and.

Tetrahedron. b.If we do not require that d = 0 thenformula_17Given the distances between the vertices of a tetrahedron the volume can be computed using the Cayley–Menger determinant:formula_18where the subscripts represent the vertices and "d" is the pairwise distance between them – i.e., the length of the edge connecting the two vertices. A negative value of the determinant means that a tetrahedron cannot be constructed with the given distances. This formula, sometimes called Tartaglia's formula, is essentially due to the painter Piero della Francesca in the 15th century, as a three dimensional analogue of the 1st century Heron's formula for the.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. is a diagonal of one of the cube's faces. For one such embedding, the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices are(+1, +1, +1);(−1, −1, +1);(−1, +1, −1);(+1, −1, −1).This yields a tetrahedron with edge-length 2, centered at the origin. For the other tetrahedron (which is dual to the first), reverse all the signs. These two tetrahedra's vertices combined are the vertices of a cube, demonstrating that the regular tetrahedron is the 3-demicube.The volume of this tetrahedron is one-third the volume of the cube. Combining both tetrahedra gives a regular polyhedral compound called the compound of two tetrahedra or stella octangula.The interior.

Tetrahedron. of the stella octangula is an octahedron, and correspondingly, a regular octahedron is the result of cutting off, from a regular tetrahedron, four regular tetrahedra of half the linear size (i.e., rectifying the tetrahedron).The above embedding divides the cube into five tetrahedra, one of which is regular. In fact, five is the minimum number of tetrahedra required to compose a cube. To see this, starting from a base tetrahedron with 4 vertices, each added tetrahedra adds at most 1 new vertex, so at least 4 more must be added to make a cube, which has 8 vertices.Inscribing tetrahedra inside the.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. faces are "F"a, "F"b, "F"c, and "F"d. Thenformula_29For vertices "A", "B", "C", and "D", interior point "P", and feet "J", "K", "L", and "M" of the perpendiculars from "P" to the faces, and suppose the faces have equal areas, thenformula_30## Inradius.Denoting the inradius of a tetrahedron as "r" and the inradii of its triangular faces as "r""i" for "i" = 1, 2, 3, 4, we haveformula_31with equality if and only if the tetrahedron is regular.If "A""1", "A""2", "A""3" and "A""4" denote the area of each faces, the value of "r" is given byformula_32.This formula is obtained from dividing the tetrahedron.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.

Tetrahedron. is arccos(−), or approximately 109.47°.Water, , also has a tetrahedral structure, with two hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atoms. Its tetrahedral symmetry is not perfect, however, because the lone pairs repel more than the single O–H bonds.Quaternary phase diagrams of mixtures of chemical substances are represented graphically as tetrahedra.However, quaternary phase diagrams in communication engineering are represented graphically on a two-dimensional plane.## Electricity and electronics.If six equal resistors are soldered together to form a tetrahedron, then the resistance measured between any two vertices is half that of one resistor.Since silicon is the most.

Tetrahedron. rolled appearing around the bottom or on the top vertex. Some Rubik's Cube-like puzzles are tetrahedral, such as the Pyraminx and Pyramorphix.## Geology.The tetrahedral hypothesis, originally published by William Lowthian Green to explain the formation of the Earth, was popular through the early 20th century.## Weaponry.Some caltrops are based on tetrahedra as one spike points upwards regardless of how they land and can be easily made by welding two bent nails together.## Contemporary art.The Austrian artist Martina Schettina created a tetrahedron using fluorescent lamps. It was shown at the light art biennale Austria 2010.It is used as album artwork, surrounded.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this drink?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Bénédictine. Bénédictine () is a herbal liqueur produced in France. It was developed by wine merchant Alexandre Le Grand in the 19th century, and is reputedly flavored with twenty-seven flowers, berries, herbs, roots, and spices. A drier version, B&B, blending Bénédictine with brandy, was developed in the 1930s.## History.In 1863 Alexandre Le Grand developed a recipe for an herbal liqueur, helped by a local chemist, from old medicinal recipes that he had acquired from a religious foundation where a maternal grandparent had held office as a fiscal prosecutor. To market it, he embellished a story of it having been developed by.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). The Chapel of the Resurrection is the centerpiece structure on the campus of Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Indiana. Primarily used to facilitate many Lutheran campus worship services, the Chapel of the Resurrection also serves as a site for convocations, musical performances, guest lectures, and commencement ceremonies.The chapel's chancel is 98 (ft) high and is circular in shape; the roof of the apse is shaped like a nine-pointed star. The nave is 58 (ft) high and 193 (ft) long. The building capacity is around 2000, although this number is flexible depending upon the configuration of the chairs, which recently replaced the.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). pews. To the southwest of the Chapel lies the Brandt Campanile, a 12-bell tower rising 143 (ft) tall.Clearly visible from U.S. Route 30 and throughout the surrounding community, the building is located on the highest point of ground on the Valparaiso University campus and is a Northwest Indiana landmark.## History.Groundbreaking for the Chapel construction took place in 1956. The building was designed by the architectural firm Charles Stade and Associates of Park Ridge, Illinois, though certain elements and features (e.g., the stone baptistry, the stained glass windows, etc.) were designed by other artists. Peter Dohmen Studios of St. Paul, Minnesota.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). designed the 95 (ft) high stained glass windows, as well as the marble interzia altar, and the mosaic at the entrance of the chapel. Adalbert Raphael Kretzmann, pastor and brother of Valparaiso University president O. P. Kretzmann, joined Charles Stade in the building's design.The altar is 20 (ft) long, made of various types of Italian marble. Peter Dohmen designed the inlaid marble pedestals to depict, with symbols, the four evangelists. Matthew is represented by an angel, Mark by a lion, John by an eagle, and Luke by an ox.Peter Dohmen learned his skills at the top art academies of Europe.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). He became a well-known artist in Germany during the 1930s, executing major art works, such as stained glass windows, frescos on major public buildings, mosaics, etc. During the early 1940s he was blackballed by the government because of his outspoken opposition against the Nazi party. He emigrated to the United States with his family in 1951 and continued his artistic trade with great success. Amongst some of his major works are the stained glass windows in the library of the University of Notre Dame.Total construction costs of the chapel were about $7.5 million, much of which came through individual donations.The.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). building was dedicated in 1959, part of Valparaiso University's centennial celebration, and officially designated as the Chapel of the Resurrection at the 10th anniversary service in 1969.In July and August 2005, the university built a medieval-style prayer labyrinth on the east side of the chapel, 64 feet in diameter. The university is adding 11000 (sqft) to the building in 2014, known as the Helge Center.## Organ.The Reddel Organ in the chapel was built by organ builder Herman Schlicker of Buffalo, New York. A contract for the organ was signed on September 27, 1957 at a cost of $68,000. These funds.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). paid for about three-quarters of the entire specification, the price of which would have been $98,000. Paul Bunjes of Concordia College, River Forest, Illinois, was retained as consultant. The instrument was dedicated at the morning Eucharist on September 27, 1959, and was featured that evening in a recital by E. Power Biggs to a record audience of over 2,000 people. It was rebuilt and enlarged in 1995-1996 by Dobson Pipe Organ Builders of Lake City, Iowa.Chapel of the Resurrection—official websiteVirtual tour of the chapelOrgan history Coventry Cathedral, a church building in very similar style in Coventry, England Christ Church Lutheran.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). (Minneapolis, Minnesota), an influence on the Chapel of the Resurrection, and whose pastor would become Valparaiso's Dean of the Chapel in 1964 First Unitarian Society of Madison Meeting House, a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed church building that influenced the chapel's design.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Scissor-tailed flycatcher. The scissor-tailed flycatcher ("Tyrannus forficatus"), also known as the Texas bird-of-paradise and swallow-tailed flycatcher, is a long-tailed bird of the genus "Tyrannus", whose members are collectively referred to as kingbirds. The kingbirds are a group of large insectivorous (insect-eating) birds in the tyrant flycatcher (Tyrannidae) family. The scissor-tailed flycatcher is found in North and Central America.## Latin name and etymology.Its former Latin name was "Muscivora forficata". The former genus name "Muscivora" derives from the Latin words for 'fly' () and 'to devour' (), while the species name "forficata" derives from the Latin word for 'scissors' (). The scissortail is now.

Scissor-tailed flycatcher. considered to be a member of the "Tyrannus", or 'tyrant-like' genus. This genus earned its name because several of its species are extremely aggressive on their breeding territories, where they will attack larger birds such as crows, hawks and owls.## Description.Adult birds have pale gray heads and upper parts, light underparts, salmon-pink flanks and undertail coverts, and dark gray wings. Axillars and patch on underwing coverts are red. Their extremely long, forked tails, which are black on top and white on the underside, are characteristic and unmistakable. At maturity, the male may be up to 15 (in) in length, while.

Scissor-tailed flycatcher. sympatric, ecologically similar sister species. Both these species have simultaneously expanded their breeding ranges eastward over the past 50 years Scissor-tailed flycatcher - "Tyrannus forficatus" - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Stamps for El Salvador, Nicaragua, United States at bird-stamps.org Birds of Oklahoma: Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, Oklahoma's State Bird (with link to image gallery).


Question: What type of wing is designed for this object?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Airplane. An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne-kilometers of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to.

Airplane. and either Latin "planus", "level", or Greek πλάνος ("planos"), "wandering". "Aéroplane" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a plane moving through the air. In an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft.In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland and most of the Commonwealth, the term "aeroplane" () is usually applied to these aircraft.## History.## Antecedents.Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and the Vimana in ancient Indian.

Airplane. of Birds" (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the center of mass and the center of pressure of flying birds.In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying glider in 1853. In 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider "L'Albatros artificiel" pulled by a horse on a beach. Then the Russian Alexander F. Mozhaisky also.

Airplane. subsequently abandoned work on it.In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and developed a box kite that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing, his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the.

Airplane. rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of flight tests to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly. Upon passing these tests, the plane is ready to receive the "final touchups" (internal configuration, painting, etc.), and is then ready for the customer.## Characteristics.## Airframe.The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for.

Airplane. to stabilize the plane's pitch (tilt up or down) and mounts the elevators, which provide pitch control. "Landing gear", a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag.## Wings.The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an.

Airplane. airfoil and is shaped like a bird's wing.## Wing structure.Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength.Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge.Early airplane engines.

Airplane. control, most fixed-wing types have an empennage comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane.Some types have a horizontal "canard" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it. This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these.## Controls and.


Question: What is the magnitude of the velocity of this animal kilometre per hour?

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Cheetah. in the Sahara, impala in the eastern and southern African woodlands, springbok in the arid savannas to the south and Thomson's gazelle in the Serengeti. Smaller antelopes like the common duiker are a frequent prey in the southern Kalahari. Larger ungulates are typically avoided, though nyala, whose males weigh around 120 (kg), were found to be the major prey in a study in the Phinda Game Reserve. In Namibia cheetahs are the major predators of livestock. The diet of the Asiatic cheetah consists of chinkara, desert hare, goitered gazelle, urial, wild goats and livestock; in India cheetahs used to prey.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Eurasian scops owl. The Eurasian scops owl ("Otus scops"), also known as the European scops owl or just scops owl, is a small owl in the typical owl family Strigidae. Its breeding range extends from southern Europe eastwards to southern Siberia and the western Himalayas. It is migratory, wintering in Africa south of the Sahara.## Taxonomy.The Eurasian scops owl was formally described by Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae". Linnaeus cited the 1599 description by the Italian naturalist Ulisse Aldrovandi, placed it with all the other owls in the genus "Strix" and coined the binomial.

Eurasian scops owl. name "Strix scops". The Eurasian scops owl is now placed in the genus "Otus" that was introduced in 1769 by Welsh naturalist Thomas Pennant. The genus name is derived from the Latin "" meaning "eared owl". The specific epithet "scops" is from the Ancient Greek word "skōps" for a little eared owl.Five subspecies are recognised: "O. s. scops" (Linnaeus, 1758) – France and Italy to the Caucasus area "O. s. mallorcae" von Jordans, 1923 – Iberian Peninsula, Balearic Islands and northwest Africa "O. s. cycladum" (Tschusi, 1904) – south Greece and Crete to south Turkey, Syria and Jordan "O. s.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Cosmos bipinnatus. Cosmos bipinnatus, commonly called the garden cosmos or Mexican aster, is a medium-sized flowering herbaceous plant in the daisy family Asteraceae, native to the Americas. The species and its varieties and cultivars are popular as ornamental plants in temperate climate gardens.## Description."Cosmos bipinnatus" is considered a half-hardy annual, although plants may reappear via self-sowing for several years. The plant height varies from 2-6 ft to (rarely) 9 ft (2 - 6 (-)). The cultivated varieties appear in shades of pink and purple as well as white. The branched stem is usually densely to occasionally occupied by fine, split up, rough.

Cosmos bipinnatus. trichomes, some specimens are completely hairless. The petiole itself is inconspicuous, winged, 10 (rarely to 15) mm (10-15 (mm)) long, sometimes the leaves are almost sessile. The partial leaves are linear-filiform to narrow linear with a width of 0.5 to 1 (rarely to 1.7) mm (0.5-1-1.7 (mm)); the tips are pointed, hardened, but not particularly sharp. Its foliage is finely cut into threadlike segments. When flowering, the plant can become top heavy. This problem is alleviated when grown in groups, as the bipinnate leaves interlock, and the colony supports itself.The achenes become blackish, are smooth or short-bristly. Their shape is.

Cosmos bipinnatus. spindle-like. They are rounded off into a short, 0.5 to 1.7 (mm) long, but distinctly pronounced rostrum. The inner achenes are up to 18 (mm) long, their yellowish beaks are 4 to 5 (rarely to 10) mm (4-5-10 (mm)) long. A pappus is missing or it consists only of two to three awn-like, 1 to 3 (mm) large bristles.## Flowers.The very conspicuous cup-shaped inflorescences have a diameter of usually 5 to 7 (rarely 8) cm (5-7-8 (mm)) and contain tongue and tubular flowers, which are surrounded by bracts. The outer bracts are usually eight and are ovate to lanceolate-tail-shaped, 7.

Cosmos bipinnatus. to 15 (mm) long, 3 to 5 (rarely 6) mm (3-5-6 (mm)) wide. The inner bracts are ovate-lanceolate and 8 to 12 (mm) long. They are translucent with many black stripes and a clear edge up to 1 mm wide, sometimes with yellowish or pink pigments, the tip is ciliate. The sprout leaveshave gold-yellow, thread-like tips and protrude between the tubular flowers. The broadened base of these spreader leaves is translucent, provided with a yellow line. During flowering, the plant can sag under its weight. This problem can be solved by grouping the feet together so that the leaves hang.

Cosmos bipinnatus. together. The mostly eight ray florets are pink to violet or white colored, at the base may show noticeable stains caused by anthocyanin. The tongues are reversely ovate shaped, have a length of usually 20 to 35 (mm) (16 to 40 (mm)) and a width of usually 12 to 20 (mm) (8 to 25 (mm)). The tips are almost dull and have three broad, wavy teeth. Below that, they are greatly rejuvenated. In the center of the flower baskets is a large number of tubular flowers (also called disc florets), whose overgrown petals are yellow, turn white in the lower.

Cosmos bipinnatus. part and reach a length of 5 to 6 (mm). The anthers are brownish-black and about 3 (mm) long, at the tips are short-triangular, translucent attachments with a length of 0.5 to 0.8 (mm). The branches of the stylus are short and rather dull, with a length of 0.5 (mm).## Range.Garden Cosmos is native to Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Since it is used as an ornamental plant in many countries and prone to sedimentation, it is an invasive plant in many areas of the world. It has naturalized in scattered locations across North America, South America, the West Indies,.

Cosmos bipinnatus. Italy, Australia, and Asia, where it is a garden escape (introduced species) and in some habitats becoming a weed.## Cultivars.Cultivars of "Cosmos bipinnatus" in cultivation today include:Apollo Series'Apollo Carmine' 'Apollo Pink' 'Apollo White' 'Daydream' features a pink inner ring on a white backgroundDouble Click Series features semidouble to fully double flowers that resemble Japanese anemones ("Anemone japonica")'Double Click Cranberries' 'Double Click Rose Bonbon' 'Double Click Snow Puff' 'Double Click Vari Extra' 'Rubenza' 'Sensation', also known as 'Early Sensation', is a widely available mix of tall varieties 'Sensation Pinkie' Sonata series 'Velouette' 'Versailles', developed for the cut flower trade, are shorter.

Cosmos bipinnatus. than the species, with heights remaining below three feet'Versailles Dark Rose' 'Vesailles Tetra' (those marked have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit).## Cultivation.Growth characteristics of this plant include: Germination takes between 7 and 10 days at the optimal temperature of 75 (F); flowering begins between 60 and 90 days after germination It prefers a soil pH between 6.0 and 8.5, reflecting its native habitat in the alkaline regions of Central America Flowering is best in full sun, although partial shade is toleratedExcessive rain can cause cultivation problems, due to the delicate nature of the stems. Heavy rain.

Cosmos bipinnatus. can cause breakage. "Cosmos bipinnatus" can tolerate heat as long as adequate moisture is provided, however, it does not handle droughts, strong winds or cold temperatures well. Snails, slugs and aphids have a taste for "Cosmos bipinnatus". Successfully cultivated plants can mature 2 to 4 (ft) x 12 to 18 (in).## Pollinators.The flowers of "Cosmos bipinnatus" attract birds and butterflies, including the monarch butterfly. It can be part of butterfly gardening and pollinator/honey-bee habitat gardens. Cosmos history and cultivation, Texas A&M University Cosmos Festival in Argentina - Press and video Jepson Manual Treatment - Jepson Manual, University of California, Cosmos.

Cosmos bipinnatus. bipinnatus United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile "Cosmos bipinnatus" - Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California.


Question: Which maintenance method is used for this place?

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Road. a road for the environment in order to extend its longevity and reduce maintenance. The Shell pavement design method is used in many countries for the design of new asphalt roadsides.Adverse camber: Where a road slopes towards the outside of a bend, increasing the likelihood that vehicles travelling at speed will skid or topple. Usually only a temporary situation during road maintenance.Alignment: The route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves.All-weather road: Unpaved road that is constructed of a material that does not create mud during rainfall.Banked turnBelisha Beacon: An orange globe, lit at night,.

Road. drivers pay an average of $746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. In contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax).## Slab stabilization.Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. The voids usually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water infiltration. The most common causes of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. Slab stabilization is a non-destructive method of solving this problem and is usually.


Question: What is the weight of a female of this bird in gram?

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Least grebe. The least grebe ("Tachybaptus dominicus"), an aquatic bird, is the smallest member of the grebe family. It occurs in the New World from the southwestern United States and Mexico to Argentina, and also on Trinidad and Tobago, the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles.## Description.The least grebe ranges in length from 21 – 27 (cm) (depending on the subspecies) and in weight from 112 – 180 (g). Weights are variable based on region and subspecies, being smaller in Panama, where males weighed a mean of 129 (g) against the females 116 (g) and larger in the West Indies, where the sexes.


Question: What is the location of this building?

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Holyrood Abbey. Holyrood Abbey is a ruined abbey of the Canons Regular in Edinburgh, Scotland. The abbey was founded in 1128 by David I of Scotland. During the 15th century, the abbey guesthouse was developed into a royal residence, and after the Scottish Reformation the Palace of Holyroodhouse was expanded further. The abbey church was used as a parish church until the 17th century, and has been ruined since the 18th century. The remaining walls of the abbey lie adjacent to the palace, at the eastern end of Edinburgh's Royal Mile. The site of the abbey is protected as a scheduled monument.##.

Holyrood Abbey. Etymology of name.Rood is a word for the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified; thus the name Holyrood is equivalent to "Holy Cross".## History.Legend relates that in 1127, while King David I was hunting in the forests to the east of Edinburgh during the Feast of the Cross, he was thrown from his horse after it had been startled by a hart. According to variations of the story, the king was saved from being gored by the charging animal when it was startled either by the miraculous appearance of a holy cross descending from the skies, or by sunlight.

Holyrood Abbey. reflected from a crucifix which suddenly appeared between the hart's antlers while the king attempted to grasp them in self-defence. As an act of thanksgiving for his escape, David I founded Holyrood Abbey on the site in 1128.In the church was preserved, in a golden reliquary, an object said to be a fragment of the True Cross brought by David's mother, St. Margaret, from Waltham Abbey, and known thereafter as the Black Rood of Scotland (the Holyrood (cross)). At the battle of Neville's Cross, in 1346, this precious relic fell into the hands of the English, and it was placed.

Holyrood Abbey. in Durham Cathedral, from where it disappeared at the Reformation. The abbey was originally served by a community of Augustinian Canons Regular from Merton Priory. The layout of the original church at Holyrood, now known only from excavations, probably came from the 1125 church at the priory. In 1177 the papal legate Vivian held council here. In 1189 the nobles and prelates of Scotland met here to discuss raising a ransom for William the Lion.The original abbey church of Holyrood was largely reconstructed between 1195 and 1230. The completed building consisted of a six-bay aisled choir, three-bay transepts with a.

Holyrood Abbey. central tower above, and an eight-bay aisled nave with twin towers at its west front. Some scholars believe the high vaults to be sexpartite (though this is not clearly supported by the 17th century illustrations of the interior). Such a design was probably archaic in that period, and difficult to execute or maintain. Evidence of the construction qualities of the stonemasons has remained on the S aisle vaults, which are set on an almost square plan of 4.4 m (14 feet), but built relatively roughly, with thin flagstones and not much attention to keeping the vertices straight. They were probably.

Holyrood Abbey. plastered, with exposed thin ribs.Among the chief benefactors of Holyrood during the four centuries of its existence as a religious house were Kings David I and II; Robert, Bishop of St. Andrews; and Fergus, Lord of Galloway.Around the abbey was a five-mile area of sanctuary, taking in much of Holyrood Park, where debtors and those accused of crimes could appeal to the Bailie of Holyroodhouse for protection. Brass sanctuary stones mark the boundary of the sanctuary on the Royal Mile. Those granted sanctuary would be given lodgings in the buildings around the abbey and obtained the nickname 'Abbey Lairds'.The Parliament.

Holyrood Abbey. of Scotland met at the abbey in 1256, 1285, 1327, 1366, 1384, 1389 and 1410. In 1326, Robert the Bruce held parliament here, and there is evidence that Holyrood was being used as a royal residence by 1329. The Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton (1328), which ended the First War of Scottish Independence, was signed by Robert I in the "King's Chamber" at Holyrood in March 1328. The abbey's position close to Edinburgh Castle meant that it was often visited by Scotland's kings, who were lodged in the guest house situated to the west of the abbey cloister.In the mid-15th century, with.

Holyrood Abbey. the emergence of Edinburgh as the main seat of the royal court and the chief city in the kingdom, the Kings of Scots increasingly used the accommodation at Holyrood for secular purposes. James II and his twin brother Alexander, Duke of Rothesay, were born there in October 1430. James was also crowned at Holyrood in 1437 and building works were carried out before his marriage there in 1449. Between 1498 and 1501, James IV constructed a royal palace at Holyrood, adjacent to the abbey cloister.A corps of guards were instituted at the end of the 15th century to guard the.

Holyrood Abbey. monarch and enforce law and order within the precincts of the palace and Abbey Sanctuary called the High Constables and Guard of Honour of the Palace of Holyroodhouse.## 16th century onwards.Royal influence over the abbey further increased when in 1538 Robert Stewart, the infant, illegitimate son of James V, was appointed as commendator of Holyrood.During the War of the Rough Wooing, the invading English armies of the Earl of Hertford inflicted structural damage on Holyrood Abbey in 1544 and 1547. Lead was stripped from the roof, the bells were removed, and the contents of the abbey were plundered. In 1559,.

Holyrood Abbey. during the Scottish Reformation, the abbey suffered further damage when a mob destroyed the altars and looted the rest of the church. With the reformation and the end of monastic services, the east end of the abbey church became redundant. In 1569, Adam Bothwell, the commendator of Holyrood, informed the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland that the east end was in such a state of disrepair that the choir and transept should be demolished. This was done the following year, retaining only the nave, which by then was serving as the parish church of the burgh of Canongate.

Holyrood Abbey. Between 1570 and 1573 an east gable was erected, closing the east end of the former nave, all but two of the windows in the nave were blocked up, the royal tombs were removed to a new royal burial vault in the south aisle and the old east end was demolished.The abbey was extensively remodelled in 1633 for the coronation of Charles I.In 1686, James VII established a Jesuit college within Holyrood Palace. The following year, the Protestant congregation was moved to the new Kirk of the Canongate, and the abbey was converted into a Roman Catholic Chapel Royal and.

Holyrood Abbey. the chapel of the Order of the Thistle. The abbey church was remodelled according to the plans of James Smith, and was fitted with elaborate thrones and stalls for the individual Knights of the Thistle, carved by Grinling Gibbons. However, in 1688, following the Glorious Revolution, the Edinburgh mob broke into the abbey, entered the Chapel Royal and desecrated the royal tombs.The association of the church with these events and the absence of a royal court left the building out of public interest. The ageing timber roof trusses were replaced by stone vaults and outer stone slabs in 1758-60 by.

Holyrood Abbey. the architect John Douglas and the stonemason James McPherson. However this proved to be a disastrous change. The excessive weight of the stone could not be supported by the walls. The strength of stone vaults depends on the containment of their thrusts, which the decayed flying buttresses could not contain any more, and a small movement (less than 1/30 of the span) can cause severe deformation and collapse. It took six years for the deformation to become alarming. This forced the Barons of the Exchequer (the administrators of the Palace) to close the church on safety grounds in 1766, following.

Holyrood Abbey. inspection by William Mylne.On 2 December 1768 the roof collapsed in two stages, leaving the abbey as it currently stands, a roofless ruin.The restoration of the abbey has been proposed several times since the 18th century – in 1835 by the architect James Gillespie Graham as a meeting place for the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and, in 1906, as a chapel for the Knights of the Thistle – but both proposals were rejected.In July 1829, the ruins of the Holyrood Chapel were visited by Felix Mendelssohn. Holyrood, as Mendelssohn related to his family in a letter, served.

Holyrood Abbey. as inspiration for his "Scottish Symphony".Alwyn (d. 1155) author of "Book of Homilies and Epistles"Osbert (d. 1150)William I, built a wall around the abbeyRobert, who helped to found the new burgh of CanongateJohn, who campaigned to move the monastery from Edinburgh Castle to the AbbeyWilliam II (1206)Walter (d. 1217), Prior of Inchcolm Abbey abbot from 1209William IIIWilliam IV, son of Owen, resigned 1227 to become a hermit on Inchkeith but returned later as a monkElias I, son of Nicholas, drained the marsh behind the abbeyHenry of Holyrood, left in 1253 to become Bishop of GallowayRadulphAdam (or Alexander) a "traitor" who.

Holyrood Abbey. paid homage to Edward I of EnglandElias II, involved in the Templar Trials of 1309, present in 1322 at the attack of the English army under Edward IISymon of Wedale, present at the vigil of St Barnabas in 1326John II, appears in charters of 1338Bartholomew, abbot in 1342Thomas, abbot at the ransom of King David II in 1346 and oversaw his funeral in 1371John III, abbot in 1372, cared for John of Gaunt at the abbeyDavid, abbot from 1384 in the reign of Robert II. During his tenure the abbey was burnt by the army of Richard IIJohn of Leith,.

Holyrood Abbey. abbot in 1386, granted the lands of Canonmills to Edinburgh in 1423Patrick, abbot in 1435, crowned James II of Scotland on 23 March 1437 and on 3 July 1449 crowned Mary of Gueldres as Queen Consort, and wed her to James IIJames, abbot in 1450Archibald Crawford (d. 1483), son of Sir William Crawford of Haining, who was a commissioner at the truce with the English organised at Coventry in 1450 and abbot of Holyrood in 1457. In 1469 he married James III of Scotland to Margaret of Norway. In 1480 he was Lord High Treasurer of Scotland. He added the.

Holyrood Abbey. buttresses to the abbey and the ornate doorway to the north aisle.Robert Bellenden, abbot in 1486. In 1493 he organised the building of a chapel to St Ninian (later known as North Leith Parish Church) and adjacent toll bridge (known as Bellenden's Bridge). In 1507 he bestowed the title of Defender of the Faith on King James IV of ScotlandGeorge Crichton, abbot in 1515, also served as Lord Privy Seal from 1519. Became Bishop of Dunkeld in 1528. Originator of the Dunkeld Lectern.William Douglas of Coldingham (d. 1528)Robert Cairncross of Corstorphine (d. 1545), High Treasurer of Scotland in 1529 and.

Holyrood Abbey. 1537. Left in 1538 when appointed Bishop of RossRobert Stewart of Strathdon, illegitimate son of James V by Eupheme Elphinstone. In 1559 he joined the Reformation party and relinquished his position as Abbot. He married in 1561 and Mary Queen of Scots (his half-sister) granted him a wedding present of lands in Orkney and Shetland. He was created an earl in 1581.Adam Bothwell (d. 1593), acquired the abbacy in 1559. Buried in the abbey.John Bothwell, eldest son of the above, acquired the abbacy in 1581. Was Lord of Session in 1593.## Coronations.Holyrood Abbey was the site of the coronations of.

Holyrood Abbey. James II in 1437, Margaret Tudor in 1504, Mary of Guise in 1540, Anne of Denmark in 1590, and Charles I in 1633.## Weddings.The abbey was the site of numerous royal weddings. These include:James II and Mary of Guelders in 1449James III and Margaret of Denmark in 1469James IV and Margaret Tudor in 1503 James II in 1430## Burials.The abbey was the site of many royal funerals and interments, mostly in the east bay of the south aisle, known as the "Royal Vault". Royals originally interred here include:King David II in 1371King James II in 1460Arthur, Duke of Rothesay (second.

Holyrood Abbey. son of James IV) in 1510Madeleine of Valois in 1537, teenage bride of James VJames, Duke of Rothesay (eldest son of James V) in 1541Arthur, Duke of Albany (second son of James V) in 1541King James V in 1542Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley in 1567Margaret (second daughter of James VI) in 1600Mary of Guelders in 1463 (Mary was originally buried in Trinity College Kirk)Non-royal interments/monuments of note include: Fergus of Galloway Alexander Mylne d.1643, master mason. Monument restored by his descendant Robert Mylne in 1776. Robert Douglas, Viscount Belhaven d.1639. Recumbent marble statue by John Schoerman very similar to another work.

Holyrood Abbey. by Schoerman in Westminster Abbey. Medieval slab c.1300 to Sibilla de Stratun (presumably what is now Straiton). Medieval coffin to Robert Ross d.1409, incised with a chalice. Bishop George Wishart d.1671. Vandalised cherubs survive on the pediment, seemingly by Robert Mylne. George, Earl of Sutherland, d.1703, and his grandson, William - Monument by James Smith, including coroneted family names on the columns Jane, Countess of Eglinton, d.1596. A tomb-chest form similar to others in Greyfriars Kirkyard.John Hamilton, Lord Magdalens (d.1632) Thomas Lowes of Ridley Hall d.1812 James Meldrum, Lord Segie (d.1588) Adam Bothwell d.1593, Bishop of Orkney, and his son.

Holyrood Abbey. John Bothwell, Lord Holyroodhouse Margaret Bakster (the old spelling of Baxter) d.1592 Adjacent to the above an illegible monument to John (?) d.1543 with cross, compasses and tools. Euphemia Stewart d.1817, an obelisk bracketed out of the wall. George Douglas, Bishop of Moray d. 1589 David Stuart Moncreiff of Moredun (1710-1790) Dunbar Douglas, 4th Earl of Selkirk d. 1799 The Hon John Webb Seymour (1777-1819) Sir John Sinclair, 1st Baronet (1754-1835) Mary Proby, Lady Seaforth (1754-1829) Anne, Lady Alvanley (1757-1825) Sir John Sinclair 7th baronet of Dunbeath (1794-1873)## In art.The abbey ruins are depicted in the 19th-century painting "The Ruins.

Holyrood Abbey. of Holyrood Chapel" by the French artist Louis Daguerre.## In literature.In March 1825, a moonlit scene entitled 'Ruins of Holyrood Chapel' was put into the Diorama, Regent's Park, London, inspiring the poem 'Holyrood' by Letitia Elizabeth Landon. Although the article in the Gazette does not say so specifically, this is presumably the display mentioned in the article on the work by Louis Daguerre above. Abbeys and priories in Scotland Abbot of Holyrood, for a list of abbots and commendators Kirk of the Canongate Oldest buildings in the United Kingdom Dalgarnock Village, Church and ParishBurnett, Charles and Bennett, Helen, The Green.

Holyrood Abbey. Mantle: a celebration of the revival in 1687 of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, Edinburgh, 1987.Fawcett, Richard, The Palace of Holyroodhouse: official guide, HMSO, Edinburgh, 1988.Gallagher, Dennis, "Holyrood Abbey: the disappearance of a monastery", in the "Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland", 128 (1998), pp. 1079–1099.Theodossopoulos, Dimitris, "The Catastrophic Repairs of Holyrood Abbey Church in 1760" in the International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 10(7), 2016, pp. 954–974 Historic Environment Scotland: Visitor guide Catholic Encyclopedia's article on the abbey.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Predjama Castle. Predjama Castle ( or , German: "", ) is a Renaissance castle built within a cave mouth in south-central Slovenia, in the historical region of Inner Carniola. It is located in the village of Predjama, approximately 11 kilometres from the town of Postojna and 9 kilometres from Postojna Cave.## History of the castle.The castle was first mentioned in 1274 with the German name "Luegg", when the Patriarch of Aquileia built the castle in Gothic style. The castle was built under a natural rocky arch high in the stone wall to make access to it difficult. It was later acquired and.

Predjama Castle. expanded by the Luegg noble family, also known as the Knights of Adelsberg (the German name of Postojna).## Legend of Erasmus of Lueg.The castle became known as the seat of the knight Erasmus of Lueg (or Luegg, Luegger), lord of the castle in the 15th century and a renowned robber baron. He was the son of the imperial governor of Trieste, Nikolaj Lueger.According to legend, Erasmus came into conflict with the Habsburgs when he killed the commander of the imperial army, Marshal Pappenheim, who had offended the honour of Erasmus's deceased friend and famous condottiere Andrej Baumkircher of Vipava. Fleeing.

Predjama Castle. 25 meters away from the cliff's edge. This shaft allowed Erasmus to secretly supply the castle with food in the time of the siege; he also used it to continue with his robberies. Predjama Castle. Postojna Cave. Virtual panoramas of Predjama castle. Burger.si.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Eijsden Castle. Eijsden Castle (Dutch:"Kasteel Eijsden") is a moated manor house with several farm buildings, a gatehouse and castle park, in Eijsden-Margraten, Limburg, Netherlands. The current castle was built in 1637 and is located next to the river Maas.The castle is a rijksmonument. Also other parts of the terrain are separately listed, making a total of 27 rijksmonuments. It is part of the Top 100 Dutch heritage sites, established in 1990 by the Department for Conservation.## Description.The current castle was built in 1636, renovated in 1767, and restored between 1881-1886. The castle is made up out of two angled wings with at.


Question: What country does this village belong to?

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Cranny. Cranny () is a small village in County Clare, Ireland.## Location.Cranny lies on the banks of the Cloon River, which flows into the estuary of the River Shannon at Clonderlaw Bay.## Facilities.There is a local Gaelic Athletic Association club, Coolmeen GAA, founded in 1887 three years after the association came together. Coolmeen GAA succeeded in the Clare Senior Football Championship in 1919 and 1921, in the Clare Intermediate Football Championship in 1959, 1966 and 1967 and in the Clare Junior A Football Championship in 1958, 1964, 1983 and 1999. The parish also has a national school. The Cranny N.S. is.

Cranny. a co-educational catholic primary school Peadar Clancy List of towns and villages in Ireland.