Question: Where is this plant native to?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, commonly known as kahikatea (from Māori) and white pine, is a coniferous tree endemic to New Zealand. A podocarp, it is New Zealand's tallest tree, gaining heights of 60 m and a life span of 600 years. It was first described botanically by the French botanist Achille Richard in 1832 as "Podocarpus" "dacrydioides", and was given its current binomial name "Dacrycarpus dacrydioides" in 1969 by the American botanist David de Laubenfels. Analysis of DNA has confirmed its evolutionary relationship with other species in the genera "Dacrycarpus" and "Dacrydium".In traditional Māori culture, it is an important source of timber.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. structures may also be to protect seeds from drying out. It supports many smaller plants in its own branches, which are called epiphytes; 100 different species have been recorded on one tree alone.## Description.The kahikatea is a coniferous tree reaching a height of 50–65 (m), making it the tallest New Zealand tree, with a trunk 1–2 (m) through. It has a 600 year life span and gains maturity after between 250 and 450 years. Near the base of the tree, the roots are typically buttressed and grooved. The wood itself is odourless and white. The majority of the trunk is.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. and grow overlapping one another tightly.As a conifer, the kahikatea has no flowers and instead has cones. Male cones, which occur on different trees to female ones, are 1 cm long and rectangular. The pollen is a pale yellow colour and has a three-pored or trisaccate shape that is distinctive in the New Zealand flora and so can be identified easily. The fruit is highly modified with a yellow-orange fleshy receptacle that is 2.5–6.5 mm long. The purple-black seed is roughly spherical and 4–6 mm in diameter. Both the seed and the ovary are covered with a thin layer of.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. wax. The kahikatea has a diploid chromosome count of 20.## Phytochemistry.Several different glycosides have been isolated from the leaves; the tricetin 3’,5’-di-O-/β-glucopyranoside and 3’-0-β-xylopyranoside have been found only in the kahikatea. The receptacles and seeds have been found to contain anthocyanins, rare in gymnosperms, which it was suggested in one 1988 paper make the fruit as a whole more attractive to prospective animal dispersers.## Taxonomy.The kahikatea was first described in 1832 by the French botanist Achille Richard in his "Essai d'une Flore de la Nouvelle Zélande" (Essay On The Flora of New Zealand) as "Podocarpus" "dacrydioides". There is an earlier.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. the North, South, and Stewart Islands of New Zealand. It inhabits mostly lowland forests between 0 and 600m above sea level, though may in rare cases reach montane areas. It used to dominate a swamp forest type that now exists almost only on the South Westland region of the South Island. Kahikatea prefers flooded or alluvial soils with low levels of drainage, which in Westland occur from post glaciation events.## Ecology.## Dispersal.Under optimal circumstances a mature kahikatea can produce 800 (kg) of fruit, equivalent to 4.5 million seeds, in a year. The fruit contains a special fleshy structure called a.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. receptacle which helps attract birds such as the kererū, tūī, and bellbird, who then eat the fruit and disperse the seed elsewhere. One 2008 study in the New Zealand Journal of Ecology found a mean retention time of kahikatea seeds in kererū of 44.5 minutes. It was suggested in a 1989 study that the high water content of the receptacle may also help protect the seeds, which are vulnerable to drying out, from dry conditions. It may also serve as a storage vessel for water. The bluish seeds have very strong UV reflectance, which is visible to some species of.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. newer ones, and also have higher growth rates. Following flooding or other natural events, the kahikatea has been found to require an open canopy in order to re-establish. Because of the consistency of these events in South Westland however, many forested areas don't progress beyond regaining kahikatea and rimu, as other species, such as kāmahi, need the environment to improve before they can return.## Conservation.Prior to the arrival of humans in New Zealand around 75% of the country was covered in trees, and kahikatea dominated its own and once widespread kahikatea forest type. Even after the burning of many forests.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. to 600 years old. Reservation of stands may not totally protect kahikatea, however, because the alluvial plains that they favour are prone to upheaval and erosion and so trees may still become damaged. Forest remnants outside of South Westland face the threat of never returning to their natural states, as a result of their small size, threats from weed species, and grazing by livestock. Despite this, the kahikatea has been classified as Least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and "Not Threatened" by the New Zealand Threat Classification System, which gives it an estimated population of above.


Question: What is the oldest age of this animal?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Wild boar. Eastern Europe, males average 110 - 130 (kg) in weight, 95 (cm) in shoulder height and 160 (cm) in body length, while females weigh 95 (kg), reach 85 - 90 (cm) in shoulder height, and reach 145 (cm) in body length. In Western and Central Europe, the largest males weigh 200 (kg) and females 120 (kg). In Northeastern Asia, large males can reach brown bear-like sizes, weighing 270 (kg) and measuring 110 - 118 (cm) in shoulder height. Some adult males in Ussuriland and Manchuria have been recorded to weigh 300 - 350 (kg) and measure 125 (cm) in shoulder.


Question: What is this place dedicated to?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). The Arch of Hadrian is an ancient Roman structure in Jerash, Jordan. It is an 11-metre high triple-arched gateway erected to honor the visit of Roman Emperor Hadrian to the city (then called Gerasa) in the winter of 129–130. The arch originally stood to almost 22 m and probably had wooden doors. It features some unconventional, possibly Nabataean, architectural features, such as acanthus bases. The columns are decorated with capitals at the bottom rather than the top. The monument served both as a commemorative arch and as an approach to Gerasa. The Arch's relative remoteness from the city walls points.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). to a plan for southward expansion of Gerasa during its heyday. The expansion, however, has not been implemented.## Description.In 2005, the arch was under restoration. Reconstruction was completed in 2007 and the arch is now roughly 21 meters high (about 36 feet), 37.45 meters long, and 9.25 meters wide. Each face of the arch has four engaged columns standing on pedestals and bases. Each pedestal is 2.20 meters high, 2.25 meters wide and 1.20 meters deep. The base of each column is topped by a row of acanthus leaves.There are three vaulted passageways on the lower level and each of.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). these is flanked by two columns with Corinthian capitals. The two flanked archways are topped with niches. Each niche is on top of a small entablature, which stands on two pilasters crowned with capitals.The arch was crowned with an attic, which might have held a dedicatory inscription. The lower part of the attic was decorated with a frieze of acanthus leaves and the central part was crowned with a triangular cornice.## Inscription.There was a marble "tabula ansata" panel that was 1.03 meters in height and 7.14 meters in width, with letters 12–13 cm tall.List of Roman triumphal archesArch of Hadrian.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this game?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Jigsaw puzzle. A jigsaw puzzle is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of often irregularly shaped interlocking and mosaiced pieces, each of which typically has a portion of a picture. When assembled, the puzzle pieces produce a complete picture.In the 18th century, jigsaw puzzles were created by painting a picture on a flat, rectangular piece of wood, then cutting it into small pieces. Despite the name, a jigsaw was never used. John Spilsbury, a London cartographer and engraver, is credited with commercialising jigsaw puzzles around 1760. They have since come to be made primarily of cardboard.Typical images on jigsaw puzzles include.

Jigsaw puzzle. be attached to a backing with adhesive and displayed as art.## History.John Spilsbury is believed to have produced the first jigsaw puzzle around 1760, using a marquetry saw.Early puzzles, known as dissections, were produced by mounting maps on sheets of hardwood and cutting along national boundaries, creating a puzzle useful for teaching geography. Royal governess Lady Charlotte Finch used such "dissected maps" to teach the children of King George III and Queen Charlotte Cardboard jigsaw puzzles appeared in the late 1800s, but were slow to replace wooden ones because manufacturers felt that cardboard puzzles would be perceived as low-quality, and.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Crotalus mitchellii. Common names: speckled rattlesnake, Mitchell's rattlesnake, white rattlesnake"Crotalus mitchellii is a venomous pit viper species in the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to the Southwestern United States and adjacent northern Mexico. The species was named in honor of Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914), an American medical doctor who also studied rattlesnake venoms. Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.## Description.Generally, "C. mitchelli" does not exceed 100 (cm) in total length (including tail), with large males measuring between 90 and 100 (cm). The race on Isla Ángel de la Guarda is known to become larger, the maximum.

Crotalus mitchellii. recorded length for a specimen there being 136.7 (cm). In contrast, the population on El Muerto Island only reaches a maximum of 63.7 (cm) in length.## Geographic range."C. mitchelli" is found in the southwestern United States and in northwestern Mexico. In the US, its range includes east-central and southern California, southwestern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah, and western Arizona. In Mexico, it is native in most of Baja California, including Baja California Sur. It also inhabits a number of islands in the Gulf of California, including Angel de la Guarda Island, Carmen, Cerralvo, El Muerto, Espíritu Santo, Monserrate, Piojo, Salsipuedes, and.

Crotalus mitchellii. San José, as well as on Santa Margarita Island off the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur.The type locality is listed as "Cape St. Lucas, Lower California" (Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico).## Subspecies and taxonomy.Grismer (1999) argued that "C. m. angelensis" and "C. m. muertensis" should be given species status, mainly due to differences in body size.More recently, Douglas et al. (2007) recognised "C.m. stephensi" as a full species, and Meik et al. (2015) elevated both the southwestern and the Angel de la Guarda speckled rattlesnakes to the state of full species, "C. pyrrhus" and "C. angelensis", whereas.

Crotalus mitchellii. the El Muerto Island speckled rattlesnake was considered part of "C. pyrrhus"## Conservation status.The nominate subspecies ("C. m. mitchellii" ) is classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2007. Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.Cope ED (1861). "Contributions to the Ophiology of Lower California, Mexico and Central America". "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" 13: 292-306. ("Caudisona mitchellii",.

Crotalus mitchellii. new species, pp. 293–294)."Crotalus angelensis" at San Diego Natural History Museum"Crotalus mitchelli" at San Diego Natural History Museum"Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Heteromeles. Heteromeles arbutifolia (; more commonly by Californian botanists), commonly known as toyon, is a common perennial shrub native to extreme southwest Oregon, California, and the Baja California Peninsula. It is the sole species in the genus Heteromeles.Toyon is a prominent component of the coastal sage scrub plant community, and is a part of drought-adapted chaparral and mixed oak woodland habitats. It is also known by the common names Christmas berry and California holly.## Description.Toyon typically grows from 2–5 m (rarely up to 10 m in shaded conditions) and has a rounded to irregular top. Its leaves are evergreen, alternate, sharply.

Heteromeles. toothed, have short petioles, and are 5–10 cm in length and 2–4 cm wide. In the early summer it produces small white flowers 6–10 mm diameter in dense terminal corymbs. Flowering peaks in June.The five petals are rounded. The fruit is a small pome, 5–10 mm across, bright red and berry-like, produced in large quantities, maturing in the fall and persisting well into the winter.## Phytochemistry.The plant has been used as a treatment for Alzheimer's by indigenous people of California and recent research has found a number of active compounds that are potentially beneficial to Alzheimer's treatment. These include icaricide.

Heteromeles. compounds, which protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent infiltration of inflammatory cells into the brain.## Taxonomy.The genera "Photinia", "Aronia", "Pourthiaea", and "Stranvaesia" have historically been variously combined by different taxonomists. The genus "Heteromeles" as originally published by Max Joseph Roemer was monospecific, including "Photinia arbutifolia" Lindl. (1820), as "H. arbutifolia" (Lindl.) M. Roem, but the name was illegitimate (superfluous) because it included the type of the genus "Photinia". This has since been corrected by conservation, and the name is therefore often written as "Heteromeles" M. Roem. "nom. cons." (1847). "Heteromeles arbutifolia" var. "arbutifolia" – Autonym "Heteromeles arbutifolia" var. "cerina" –.

Heteromeles. Representative of the yellow fruiting specimens of the plant. Sporadic in distribution, and not accepted by most taxonomical authorities. "Heteromeles arbutifolia" var. "macrocarpa" (Island Christmas berry or island toyon) – A very rare insular variety limited to the Channel Islands of San Clemente and Santa Catalina and the Mexican Pacific island of Guadalupe. Characterized by shorter, broader, significantly larger leaves with revolute margins and little teeth, and floriferous inflorescences with larger fruits (8 to 10 mm). It is more susceptible to fungal infections of Spilocaea than the common toyon.## Toxicity.Toyon pomes are acidic and astringent, and contain a small amount.

Heteromeles. of cyanogenic glycosides, which break down into hydrocyanic acid on digestion. This is removed by mild cooking. Most fruits from plants in the family Rosaceae, including apples, apricots, peaches, cherries, and plums, contain cyanide.Some pomes, though mealy, astringent and acid when raw, were eaten fresh, or mashed into water to make a beverage.A 2016 study found 5g of the dried berries (used as a treatment for Alzheimer's) to be safe. The study also found no cyanogenic compounds in the plant.## Uses.The pomes provided food for local Native American tribes, such as the Chumash, Tongva, and Tataviam. The pomes also can.

Heteromeles. be made into a jelly. Native Americans also made a tea from the leaves as a stomach remedy. Most were dried and stored, then later cooked into porridge or pancakes. Later settlers added sugar to make custard and wine. The plants were also often cooked over a fire to remove the slightly bitter taste by California Indians.The Tongva (who called the plant "ashuwet") ate the berries fresh, boiled and left them in an earthen oven for 2 to 3 days, roasted them, or made them into a cider. Pulverized flowers were steeped into hot water to make tea which could.

Heteromeles. be used to ease gynecological ailments. For stomach pains, bark and leaves are steeped in hot water to make tea. The same tea can serve as a seasonal tonic and ease other body pains. Also, applying mashed "ashuwet" to sores eases pain. Infected wounds are washed using an infusion of bark and leaves. The ʔívil̃uqaletem also called the plant "ashwet". They often consumed the fruit both raw and cooked.## Cultivation.Toyon can be grown in domestic gardens in well-drained soil, and is cultivated as an ornamental plant as far north as Southern England. It can survive temperatures as low as -12.

Heteromeles. °C. In winter, the bright red pomes (which birds often eat voraciously) are showy.Like many other genera in the Rosaceae tribe Maleae, toyon includes some cultivars that are susceptible to fireblight. It survives on little water, making it suitable for xeriscape gardening, and is less of a fire hazard than some chaparral plants.They are visited by butterflies, and have a mild, hawthorn-like scent. The fruit are consumed by birds, including mockingbirds, American robins, cedar waxwings and hermit thrushes. Mammals including coyotes and bears also eat and disperse the pomes.## Culture.In the 1920s, collecting toyon branches for Christmas became so popular.

Heteromeles. in Los Angeles that the State of California passed a law forbidding collecting on public land or on any land not owned by the person picking any plant without the landowner's written permission (CA Penal Code § 384a).Toyon was adopted as the official native plant of the city of Los Angeles by the LA City Council on April 17, 2012. California native plants C. Michael Hogan (2008) "Toyon: Heteromeles arbutifolia", iGoTerra.com Photos of Toyon in flower and fruit University of Michigan: Dearborn—Native American Ethnobotany ("Heteromeles arbutifolia") Los Angeles City Clerk—Council Files: Toyon CalFlora database: "Heteromeles arbutifolia" The Living Wild Project:.

Heteromeles. Toyon USDA Plants Profile for "Heteromeles arbutifolia" (toyon) "Heteromeles arbutifolia"—U.C. Photo gallery.


Question: What is the oldest age of this animal?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Jungle cat. explored in 1768–1775 on behalf of Catherine II of Russia. He described this specimen in 1776 under the name "Chaus".In 1778, Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber used "chaus" as the species name and is therefore considered the binomial authority.Paul Matschie in 1912 and Joel Asaph Allen in 1920 challenged the validity of Güldenstädt's nomenclature, arguing that the name "Felis auriculis apice nigro barbatis" was not a binomen and therefore improper, and that "chaus" was used as a common name rather than as part of the scientific name.In the 1820s, Eduard Rüppell collected a female jungle cat near Lake Manzala in.

Jungle cat. ones from Cutch to Bengal under "F. c. kutas", and the tawnier ones from Burma under "F. c. fulvidina". He newly described six larger skins from Sind as "F. c. prateri", and skins with shorter coats from Sri Lanka and southern India as "F. c. kelaarti".## Classification.In 2005, the authors of Mammal Species of the World recognized 10 subspecies as valid taxa. Since 2017, the Cat Specialist Group considers only three subspecies as valid. Geographical variation of the jungle cat is not yet well understood and needs to be examined.The following table is based on the classification of the species.

Jungle cat. provided in "Mammal Species of the World". It also shows the synonyms used in the revision of the Cat Classification Task Force:## Phylogeny.In 2006, the phylogenetic relationship of the jungle cat was described as follows:The jungle cat is a member of the genus "Felis" within the family Felidae.Results of an mtDNA analysis of 55 jungle cats from various biogeographic zones in India indicate a high genetic variation and a relatively low differentiation between populations. It appears that the central Indian "F. c. kutas" population separates the Thar "F. c. prateri" populations from the rest and also the south Indian "F.

Jungle cat. in the region of the zygomatic arch; hence the head of this cat appears relatively rounder.The coat, sandy, reddish brown or grey, is uniformly coloured and lacks spots; melanistic and albino individuals have been reported from the Indian subcontinent. White cats observed in the coastline tracts of the southern Western Ghats lacked the red eyes typical of true albinos. A 2014 suggested that their colouration could be attributed to inbreeding. Kittens are striped and spotted, and adults may retain some of the markings. Dark-tipped hairs cover the body, giving the cat a speckled appearance. The belly is generally lighter than.

Jungle cat. the Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho and Jerusalem Governorates in the West Bank during surveys carried out between 2012 and 2016.In Iran, it inhabits a variety of habitat types from plains and agriculture lands to mountains ranging from altitudes of 45 to 4178 (m) in at least 23 of 31 provinces of Iran.In Pakistan, it was photographed in Haripur, Dera Ismail Khan, Sialkot Districts and Langh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary.In India, it is the most common small wild cat.In Nepal, it was recorded in alpine habitat at elevations of 3000-3300 (m) in Annapurna Conservation Area between 2014 and 2016.In Malaysia, it was recorded.

Jungle cat. in a highly fragmented forest in the Selangor state in 2010.A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.## Ecology and behaviour.The jungle cat is typically diurnal and hunts throughout the day. Its activity tends to decrease during the hot noon hours. It rests in burrows, grass thickets and scrubs. It often sunbathes on winter days. Jungle cats have been estimated to walk 3 – 6 (km) at night, although this likely varies depending on the availability of prey. The behaviour of the jungle cat has not been extensively studied. Solitary in nature, it does not.

Jungle cat. at 10 to 13 days of age and are fully weaned by around three months. Males usually do not participate in the raising of kittens; however, in captivity, males appear to be very protective of their offspring. Kittens begin to catch their own prey at around six months and leave the mother after eight or nine months. The lifespan of the jungle cat in captivity is 15 to 20 years; this is possibly higher than that in the wild.Generation length of the jungle cat is 5.2 years.## Threats.Major threats to the jungle cat include habitat loss such as the destruction.


Question: Which location has this animal invaded?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Muskrat. The muskrat ("Ondatra zibethicus") is a medium-sized semiaquatic rodent native to North America and an introduced species in parts of Europe, Asia, and South America. The muskrat is found in wetlands over a wide range of climates and habitats. It has important effects on the ecology of wetlands, and is a resource of food and fur for humans.Adult muskrats weigh 0.6 - 2 (kg), with a body length of 20 - 35 (cm). They are covered with short, thick fur of medium to dark brown color. Their long tails, covered with scales rather than hair, are their main means of.

Muskrat. and are their main means of propulsion. Their tail functions as a rudder, controlling the direction they swim in.## Distribution and ecology.Muskrats are found over most of Canada and the United States and a small part of northern Mexico. They were introduced to Europe in the beginning of the 20th century and have become an invasive species in northwestern Europe. They mostly inhabit wetlands, areas in or near saline and freshwater wetlands, rivers, lakes, or ponds. They are not found in Florida, where the round-tailed muskrat, or Florida water rat ("Neofiber alleni"), fills their ecological niche.Their populations naturally cycle; in.

Muskrat. been created by the construction of canals or irrigation channels (e.g., acequias), and the muskrat remains common and widespread. They are able to live alongside streams which contain the sulfurous water that drains away from coal mines. Fish and frogs perish in such streams, yet muskrats may thrive and occupy the wetlands. Muskrats also benefit from human persecution of some of their predators.The muskrat is classed as a "prohibited new organism" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996, preventing it from being imported into the country.The trematode "Metorchis conjunctus" can also infect muskrats.## Invasiveness status.In Europe, the.

Muskrat. muskrat has been included in the list of invasive alien species of Union concern (the Union list) since August 2, 2017. This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.## Behavior.Muskrats normally live in families consisting of a male and female and their young. During the spring, they often fight with other muskrats over territory and potential mates. Many are injured or killed in these fights. Muskrat families build nests to protect themselves and their young from cold and predators. In streams, ponds, or lakes,.

Muskrat. Muskrats were introduced at that time to Europe as a fur resource, and spread throughout northern Europe and Asia.In some European countries, such as Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, the muskrat is considered an invasive pest, as its burrowing damages the dikes and levees on which these low-lying countries depend for protection from flooding. In those countries, it is trapped, poisoned, and hunted to attempt to keep the population down. Muskrats also eat corn and other farm and garden crops growing near water bodies.Royal Canadian Mounted Police winter hats are made from muskrat fur. Everything Muskrat How Muskrat Created the.


Question: What is the genre of this building?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet). Place des Pyramides, in Paris, near where Joan of Arc was wounded during her failed attempt to take Paris. Other copies can be seen at: Nancy, France, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Portland, Oregon (Joan of Arc), Melbourne, Australia. == Gallery == == See also == List of public art in Philadelphia Joan of Arc (Dubois) == References == == External links == Media related to Statue of Jeanne d'Arc in Paris, Place des Pyramides at Wikimedia Commons.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Pluteus cervinus. fibres when seen through a lens, indicating that the microscopic cuticle structure is filamentous. The gills are initially white, but soon show a distinctive pinkish sheen, caused by the ripening spores. The stipe is 5–12 cm long and 0.5–2 cm in diameter, usually thicker at the base. It is white and covered with brown vertical fibrils. The flesh is soft and white. The mushroom has a mild to earthy radish smell and a mild taste at first, which may become slightly bitter.The spore size is approximately 8×5μ, and the individual spores are elliptical and smooth. The spore print is salmon-pink.


Question: What is the height of this island in metre?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Confederation Bridge. voted unanimously in favour of renaming the bridge to "Epekwitk Crossing", whereas Epekwitk ( ) is the traditional Mi'kmaq name for Prince Edward Island. The name change would need to be approved by the Canadian federal government in order to take effect.## Structure.The bridge is a two-lane toll bridge that carries the Trans-Canada Highway between Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island (at Route 1) and Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick (at Route 16).It is a multi-span balanced cantilever bridge with a post-tensioned concrete box girder structure. Most of the curved bridge is 40 (m) above water with a 60 (m) navigation span for.

Confederation Bridge. available. Before 2006, the shuttle was free and since January 1, 2022, the service has charged $4.75 per pedestrian or $9.50 per cyclist when leaving Prince Edward Island. Baggage is charged at a rate of $4.25 per bag after the first bag.The other major Northumberland Strait crossing, Wood Islands Ferry from Wood Islands, Prince Edward Island to Caribou, Nova Scotia, charges when leaving Prince Edward Island. Other ferry fares include $20.00 per adult pedestrian, $40.00 per motorcycle, and $20.00 per bicycle. Travellers, whether entering the island by bridge and leaving by ferry or "vice versa" pay for leaving the island.

Confederation Bridge. tourists visiting Prince Edward Island increased from 740,000 in 1996 (the year before the bridge opened) to 1,200,000 in 1997, but this dropped back to about 900,000 visitors annually.As a way of further promoting the island's new accessibility, the province issued vehicle licence plates from 1999 to 2006 that featured a likeness of the Confederation Bridge between the serial number. These plates, along with four other designs, started being replaced by a single design in 2013. List of bridges in Canada List of bridges by length Newfoundland–Labrador fixed link, a similar proposal to connect the island of Newfoundland to the.


Question: What is the brand of this vehicle?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Dodge Caliber. The Dodge Caliber is a compact hatchback manufactured and marketed by Chrysler's Dodge division from model years 2007 to 2012, replacing the Dodge Neon and Chrysler PT Cruiser.Following the Caliber concept which debuted at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show, the pre-production version debuted at the 2006 North American International Auto Show, with market launch in March 2006.The Caliber was manufactured at the Belvidere Assembly (Illinois) plant, and across its six-year model run, just over 400,000 were produced.## Marketing.The Caliber was one of Dodge's first modern offerings in Europe and in Asian markets such as Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, as.

Dodge Caliber. it established new distribution channels there. It was also introduced in China in 2008 as Dodge's second modern vehicle offering in that market. Dodge vehicles were previously officially sold in China during the World War II era. The introduction of the Caliber marked the return of the Dodge brand to Australia since the early 1970s.The Caliber in Japan joined the Chrysler PT Cruiser in 2007, as the PT Cruiser was offered since 2000, but as with previous Chrysler products sold in Japan, the width dimension exceeded the Japanese Government dimension regulations, and Japanese consumers were liable for annual taxes for.

Dodge Caliber. driving a larger car which affected sales. As Chrysler products were considered large to the Japanese market, Chrysler offered products that offered spacious interiors with four doors and one-piece liftgates to broaden their appeal to the Japanese as a compromise for paying the annual tax for large vehicles.The marketing plan for the first year of the Caliber's production included 20% of the budget for online marketing, print ads, and TV commercials.## Features.The Dodge Caliber offered a continuously variable transmission (called "CVT2" by Dodge) sourced from Jatco (a Nissan subsidiary), the second DaimlerChrysler model to employ this technology after the Mercedes-Benz.

Dodge Caliber. A-Class. It uses a four-cylinder 1.8-2.4 L "World" gasoline engine, designed jointly by Chrysler, Mitsubishi, and Hyundai.The car features an optional electronically controlled all-wheel drive system with variable torque at speeds of 25 to 65 (mph) for optimal handling.The Caliber uses a heavily modified GS platform, co-designed with Mitsubishi Motors. The modified GS platform is now called the JS platform by Chrysler for mid-size cars and PM/MK for compact cars. It shares a portion of the platform with the Mitsubishi Lancer, but is most similar to the Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot. The Caliber wheels have a 5-hole pattern with.

Dodge Caliber. a 114.3 mm bolt circle.## Safety.The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) gave the Caliber an overall "Good" score in frontal crash testing. The Dodge Caliber was standard with side curtain airbags, but torso side airbags were optional. The IIHS had scored the Caliber "Marginal" overall in their side impact test. However, that Caliber was not equipped with the optional torso side airbag.## Models.Three models were available at the Caliber's launch, with a fourth available in mid-2006.The base SE model features front-wheel drive and a 1.8 L 148 (hp) "World" I4 attached to a Magna Drivetrain T355 5-speed manual transmission.

Dodge Caliber. A 2.0 L 158 (hp) version of the engine paired with the CVT2 transmission was available as an option.The standard configuration for the SE lacks air conditioning, power windows, door locks, or mirrors. The grille surround is body-colored, while that of all other models is chromed. Canadian SXT and R/T models feature body-color grilles instead of chrome grilles. The Caliber SE doesn't have a tachometer or assist handles, 15 (in) steel wheels with wheel covers are standard. Some options were not available on the SE.For 2011, this model was named Express, reverting to SE for 2012. For 2012, the CVT.

Dodge Caliber. transmission option was dropped only for the SE, leaving the five-speed manual transmission as the only available transmission option for the SE. The CVT continued to be offered in the SXT and SXT Plus models for 2012.The SXT has the same engine choices as the SE but many more features are available as standard. Air conditioning is standard equipment at this level, including the Chill Zone beverage cooler inside the front lower glove compartment. The gauge cluster gains a tachometer and an (optional) trip computer. The driver's seat adds height adjustment, the passenger seat folds flat for load-carrying, and the.

Dodge Caliber. rear seats recline. Power windows, locks, mirrors, and remote keyless entry are included. The grille is chromed and 17 (in) steel wheels are standard, with 17 (in) aluminum wheels as an option. The cargo area light includes a removable and rechargeable flashlight while the front dome light incorporates two reading lamps. In Europe, this version was also commercialized equipped with a VW-built 2.0 L turbodiesel engine.Some Dodge publications mention a SXT Sport Wagon model, while others (e.g. the Dodge website) list a SXT "E" package with identical features. This consists of 17 (in) aluminum wheels, color-keyed cloth seat inserts, color-matched.

Dodge Caliber. instrument panel trim, along with fog lamps.The UK SXT Sport model has 18 (in) alloy wheels, color-keyed cloth seats and instrument panel, and a 9-speaker audio system as standard; early UK models did not have the chrome grille. The UK SXT Sport was available with a Volkswagen 2.0 L diesel engine mated to a six-speed manual transmission.For 2011, the Heat, Uptown, and Mainstreet were three available trim levels of the Caliber, reverting to SXT and SXT Plus in 2012.The R/T model has a 2.4 L 172 (hp) version of the World engine, equipped with the CVT2 transmission, and programmed with.

Dodge Caliber. an 'AutoStick' feature giving six simulated fixed ratios in a clutchless manual mode in addition to the standard CVT 'Drive' mode. All-wheel-drive was an option on the R/T model until 2009, but with automatic transmission only. Eighteen-inch aluminum wheels were standard, while chromed versions were optional. At launch, the CVT2 with all-wheel drive was the only powertrain combination available for the R/T. A front-wheel drive variant with the T355 5-speed manual transmission commenced production in late summer 2006. ABS was standard, and the suspension and steering systems were tuned for performance.Externally, the R/T is distinguishable by body-color/chrome door handles (replacing.

Dodge Caliber. black on other models), a chrome side molding, chromed exhaust tip, and front fog lights as standard, as well as R/T badging.Internally, the car came standard with color-keyed fabric seat inserts, while leather seats were an option as on the SXT. Color-keyed instrument panel trim was also standard, as well as a leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio controls and speed control, and a cargo area cover (all options on the SXT).The R/T model was discontinued in 2010.The SRT4 model that was introduced at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2006, was a replacement for the original Neon-based SRT-4 produced by.

Dodge Caliber. Chrysler's Street and Racing Technology group.The SRT4 hatchback competed with the Volkswagen GTI and the Mazdaspeed3. It featured a 2.4 L DOHC 16V turbocharged I4 with dual variable valve timing (DVVT). The engine produces 285 (hp) at 6,400 rpm, and 265 (lb.ft) of torque at 5,600 rpm using the TD04HL4S-20 turbo. Edmunds.com tested a Caliber SRT4 on a chassis dynamometer and obtained 281 (hp) and 261 (lb.ft) of torque at the wheels. Edmunds called the manufacturer's rating conservative; putting more power on the road than cars costing twice as much. This engine is mated to a Getrag six-speed manual transmission.

Dodge Caliber. and uses a front-wheel drive drivetrain. The Caliber SRT4 uses a MacPherson strut front suspension and a multilink rear suspension. The SRT4 came with large 13.4 (in) vented front disc brakes (from the Dodge Charger Police Pack version) with dual-piston calipers and 11.9 (in) rear single-piston disc brakes. It also featured four-wheel ABS, with electronic assistance. The wheels are 19 (in), five-spoke, SRT-stamped, painted aluminum and equipped with Goodyear RSA 225/45R19 tires. Package options included polished aluminum wheels, Goodyear Eagle F1 Supercar tires, SIRIUS satellite radio with Kicker SRT livin' loud audio, EVIC with performance pages, security alarm, and optional.

Dodge Caliber. paint colors.The SRT4 model of the Caliber was available through 2009.## Updates.## 2009.For the 2009 model, the Caliber underwent a minor revamp. The plain plastic black-colored door handles available on base models were replaced by painted car-colored handles previously available only on R/T. In addition, the trunk lid was reduced in weight and simplified in its opening. In the interior, all panels were made black instead of grey. The "DODGE" badge that was on top of the Ram logo at the middle was shifted to the left, while the "CALIBER" badge was moved to the right from the left, both.

Dodge Caliber. equal in font size. The car model title, previously indicated on the right, was moved to the bottom right corner of the gate lid.## 2010.The 2010 model year was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, featuring a refreshed interior design composed of metallic outlines and parts of glass to suppress the abundance of plastic materials on previous models, as well as the addition of an 8-way power driver's seat, heated mirrors, and an automatic climate control system previously available only on R/T. The dashboard also features the relocation of the glove box due to many customer complaints, which now.

Dodge Caliber. occupies the spot over the radio panel and comprises a "push-open" lock instead of the previous "squeeze-and-lift" opening mechanism.The 1.8 L engine was dropped from the SE and SXT models, and the SRT-4 model is discontinued. European market models receive a new 2.2 L diesel engine with 163 (hp) and 236 (lb·ft) of torque that provides a combined city and highway fuel efficiency of 40.6 (mpgus).For the United States market, the models were promptly renamed and rebranded, with SE becoming "Main Street", SXT — "Heat" and R/T — "Rush". Two more models were launched in 2010: a luxury all-included variant.

Dodge Caliber. "Uptown" and a base variant "Express" in which the black plastic handles returned. "Express" was the only model not to feature automatic climate control as an option, the "Main Street" featured speed control, an anti-lock brake system, and electronic stability control, which were previously unavailable as options for SE. All models except "Express" featured 17-inch wheels.## 2011.The 2011 model brought six new paint schemes, standard stability control except on Express models, Sirius traffic when equipped with a navigation system, 18-inch chrome-clad wheels available on Uptown models (17" painted are standard), updated steering except on Express models, and new shocks and.

Dodge Caliber. a thicker rear anti-roll bar on Rush and Heat models. The Caliber and the Nitro were the only two cars in the Dodge vehicle lineup to still feature the Ram logo on both fascia, rear, and the steering wheel. The Dodge Nitro also featured driver and passenger floor mats. The logo was removed from the mats in Calibers with the 2009 model.## 2012.For the 2012 model year, the models were renamed back to SE, SXT, and SXT Plus. The Plus version includes all the SXT items and 18-inch aluminum wheels with performance tires, as well as a 6-way power-adjustable driver.

Dodge Caliber. seat. The SXT Plus was not sold in Canada.## Discontinuation.The 2010 Caliber was the last model sold in Europe. The 2011 model ended production on 23 November 2011, in United States, with the remainder being sold as the 2012 model year Caliber in both U.S. and Canada. A successor called the Dart, based on the Alfa Romeo Giulietta's platform, went on sale in June 2012 for the 2013 model-year as the compact vehicle in Dodge's lineup. Dodge Caliber official website (archived).


Question: What country does this animal belong to?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Merino. The Merino is a breed or group of breeds of domestic sheep, characterised by very fine soft wool. It was established in Spain near the end of the Middle Ages, and was for several centuries kept as a strict Spanish monopoly; exports of the breed were not allowed, and those who tried risked the death penalty. During the eighteenth century, flocks were sent to the courts of a number of European countries, including France (where they developed into the Rambouillet), Hungary, the Netherlands, Prussia, Saxony and Sweden. The Merino subsequently spread to many parts of the world, including South Africa,.

Merino. Australia, and New Zealand. Numerous recognised breeds, strains and variants have developed from the original type; these include, among others, the American Merino and Delaine Merino in the Americas, the Australian Merino, Booroola Merino and Peppin Merino in Oceania, the Gentile di Puglia, Merinolandschaf and Rambouillet in Europe.The Australian Poll Merino is a polled (hornless) variant. Rams of other Merino breeds have long, spiral horns which grow close to the head, while ewes are usually hornless.## History.## Etymology.The name "merino" was not documented in Spain until the early 15th century, and its origin is disputed.Two suggested origins for the Spanish.

Merino. magistrate implausible.It also may be from the name of an Imazighen tribe, the "Marini" (or in Spanish, "Benimerines"), who occupied parts of the southwest of the Iberian peninsula during the 12th and 13th centuries. This view gains some support from the derivation of many mediaeval Spanish pastoral terms from Arabic or Berber languages. However, an etymology based on a 12th-century origin for Merino sheep when the Marinids were in Spain is unacceptable; the origin of the breed occurred much later.## Origin.The three theories of the origins of the Merino breed in Spain are: the importation of north African flocks in.

Merino. of Córdoba, and there is no record of extensive transhumance before the caliphate's fall in the 1030s. The Marinids, when a nomadic Zenata Berber tribe, held extensive sheep flocks in what is now Morocco, and its leaders who formed the Marinid Sultanate militarily intervened in southern Spain, supporting the Emirate of Granada several times in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. Although they may possibly have brought new breeds of sheep into Spain, there is no definite evidence that the Marinids did bring extensive flocks to Spain. As the Marinids arrived as an intervening military force, they were hardly.

Merino. in a position to protect extensive flocks and practice selective breeding.The third theory, that the Merino breed was created in Spain over several centuries with a strong Spanish heritage, rather than simply being an existing north African strain that was imported in the 12th century, is supported both by recent genetic studies and the absence of definitely merino wool before the 15th century. The predominant native sheep breed in Spain from pre-Roman times was the churro, a homogeneous group closely related to European sheep types north of the Pyrenees and bred mainly for meat and milk, with coarse, coloured wool.

Merino. Churro wool had little value, except where its ewes had been crossed with a fine wool breed from southern Italy in Roman times. Genetic studies have shown that the Merino breed most probably developed by the crossing of churro ewes with a variety of rams of other breeds at different periods, including Italian rams in Roman times, north African rams in the mediaeval period, and English rams from fine-wool breeds in the 15th century.Although Spain exported wool to England, the Low Countries and Italy in the 13th and 14th centuries this was only used to make cheap cloths. The earliest.

Merino. evidence of fine Spanish wool exports were to Italy in the 1390s and Flanders in the 1420s, although in both cases fine English wool was preferred. Spain became noted for its fine wool (spinning count between 60s and 64s) in the late 15th century, and by the mid-16th century its merino wool was acknowledged to equal that of the finest English wools.The earliest documentary evidence for merino wools in Italy dates to the 1400s, and in the 1420s and 1430s, merino wools were being mixed with fine English wool in some towns in the Low Countries to produce high quality.

Merino. merino wools. Later in the 14th century, similar non-merino wools were exported from the northern Castilian ports of San Sebastián, Santander, and Bilbao to England and the Low Countries to make coarse, cheap cloth. The quality of Spanish wools exported increased markedly in the late 15th century, as did their price, promoted by the efforts of the monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to improve quality.Spain built up a virtual monopoly in fine wool exports in the final decades of the 15th century and in the 16th century, creating a substantial source of income for Castile. In part, this was because most.

Merino. the flocks started their return north.The three Merino strains that founded the world's Merino flocks are the Royal Escurial flocks, the Negretti and the Paula. Among Merino bloodlines stemming from Vermont in the US, three historical studs were highly important: Infantado, Montarcos and Aguires. In recent times, Merino and breeds deriving from Merino stocks have spread worldwide. However, there has been a substantial decline in the numbers of several European Merino breeds, which are now considered to be endangered breeds and are no longer the subject of genetic improvement. In Spain, there are now two populations, the commercial Merino flocks,.

Merino. most common in the province of Extremadura and an "historical" Spanish Merino strain, developed and conserved in a breeding centre near Cordoba. The commercial Merino flocks show considerable genetic diversity, probably because of their cross-breeding with non-Spanish Merino-derived breeds since the 1960s, to create a strain more suitable for meat production. The historical Spanish strain, bred from animals selected from the main traditional Spanish genetic lines to ensure the conservation of a purebred lineage, exhibits signs of inbreeding.Before the 18th century, the export of Merinos from Spain was a crime punishable by death. In the 18th century, small exportation of.

Merino. Merinos from Spain and local sheep were used as the foundation of Merino flocks in other countries. In 1723, some were exported to Sweden, but the first major consignment of Escurials was sent by Charles III of Spain to his cousin, Prince Xavier the Elector of Saxony, in 1765. Further exportation of Escurials to Saxony occurred in 1774, to Hungary in 1775 and to Prussia in 1786. Later in 1786, Louis XVI of France received 366 sheep selected from 10 different cañadas; these founded the stud at the Royal Farm at Rambouillet. In addition to the fine wool breeds mentioned,.

Merino. two rams and four ewes in 1787 by way of Portugal, and in 1792 purchased 40 Negrettis for King George III to found the royal flock at Kew. In 1808, 2000 Paulas were imported.The King of Spain also gave some Escurials to the Dutch government in 1790; these thrived in the Dutch Cape Colony (South Africa). In 1788, John MacArthur, from the Clan Arthur (or MacArthur Clan) introduced Merinos to Australia from South Africa.From 1765, the Germans in Saxony crossed the Spanish Merino with the Saxon sheep to develop a dense, fine type of Merino (spinning count between 70s and.

Merino. 80s) adapted to its new environment. From 1778, the Saxon breeding center was operated in the Vorwerk Rennersdorf. It was administered from 1796 by Johann Gottfried Nake, who developed scientific crossing methods to further improve the Saxon Merino. By 1802, the region had four million Saxon Merino sheep, and was becoming the centre for stud Merino breeding, and German wool was considered to be the finest in the world.In 1802, Colonel David Humphreys, United States Ambassador to Spain, introduced the Vermont strain into North America with an importation of 21 rams and 70 ewes from Portugal and a further importation.

Merino. of 100 Infantado Merinos in 1808. The British embargo on wool and wool clothing exports to the U.S. before the 1812 British/U.S. war led to a "Merino Craze", with William Jarvis of the Diplomatic Corps importing at least 3,500sheep between 1809 and 1811 through Portugal.The Napoleonic wars (1793–1813) almost destroyed the Spanish Merino industry. The old "cabañas" or flocks were dispersed or slaughtered. From 1810 onwards, the Merino scene shifted to Germany, the United States and Australia. Saxony lifted the export ban on living Merinos after the Napoleonic wars. Highly decorated Saxon sheep breeder Nake from Rennersdorf had established a.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Venus flytrap. The Venus flytrap ("Dionaea muscipula") is a carnivorous plant native to subtropical wetlands on the East Coast of the United States in North Carolina and South Carolina. It catches its prey—chiefly insects and arachnids—with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves, which is triggered by tiny hairs (called "trigger hairs" or "sensitive hairs") on their inner surfaces.When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap prepares to close, snapping shut only if another contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike. Triggers may occur with a.

Venus flytrap. tenth of a second of contact. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value, and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption."Dionaea" is a monotypic genus closely related to the waterwheel plant ("Aldrovanda vesiculosa") and sundews ("Drosera"), all of which belong to the family Droseraceae.Although widely cultivated for sale, the population of the Venus flytrap has been rapidly declining in its native range. The species is currently under Endangered Species Act review.

Venus flytrap. by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.## Etymology.The plant's common name (originally "Venus's flytrap") refers to Venus, the Roman goddess of love. The genus name, "Dionaea" ("daughter of Dione"), refers to the Greek goddess Aphrodite, while the species name, "muscipula", is Latin for both "mousetrap" and "flytrap". The Latin word ("mousetrap") is derived from "mus" ("mouse") and ("trap"), while the homonym word ("flytrap") is derived from ("fly") and ("trap").Historically, the plant was also known by the slang term "tipitiwitchet" or "tippity twitchet", possibly an oblique reference to the plant's resemblance to human female genitalia. The term is similar to the.

Venus flytrap. and scientific name "Dionaea muscipula".## Description.The Venus flytrap is a small plant whose structure can be described as a rosette of four to seven leaves, which arise from a short subterranean stem that is actually a bulb-like object. Each stem reaches a maximum size of about three to ten centimeters, depending on the time of year; longer leaves with robust traps are usually formed after flowering. Flytraps that have more than seven leaves are colonies formed by rosettes that have divided beneath the ground.The leaf blade is divided into two regions: a flat, heart-shaped photosynthesis-capable petiole, and a pair of.

Venus flytrap. 3–5 years in most places for "D. muscipula" to thrive. After fire, "D. muscipula" seeds germinate well in ash and sandy soil, with seedlings growing well in the open post-fire conditions. The seeds germinate immediately without a dormant period.## Distribution."Dionaea muscipula" occurs naturally only along the coastal plain of North and South Carolina in the U.S, with all known current sites within 90 km of Wilmington, North Carolina. A 1958 survey of herbaria specimens and old documents found 259 sites where the historical record documented the presence of "D. muscipula", within 21 counties in North and South Carolina. As of.

Venus flytrap. and other crawling arthropods. The "Dionaea" diet is 33% ants, 30% spiders, 10% beetles, and 10% grasshoppers, with fewer than 5% flying insects.Given that "Dionaea" evolved from an ancestral form of "Drosera" (carnivorous plants that use a sticky trap instead of a snap trap) the reason for this evolutionary branching becomes clear. "Drosera" consume smaller, aerial insects, whereas "Dionaea" consume larger terrestrial bugs. "Dionaea" are able to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs. This gives "Dionaea" an evolutionary advantage over their ancestral sticky trap form.## Mechanism of trapping.The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants.

Venus flytrap. been activated, digestion is catalysed by hydrolase enzymes secreted by the glands. One of these enzymes includes GH18 chitinase, which breaks down chitin-containing exoskeleton of trapped insects. Synthesis of this enzyme begins with at least five action potentials, which will stimulate transcription of chitinase.Oxidative protein modification is likely to be a pre-digestive mechanism used by "Dionaea muscipula". Aqueous leaf extracts have been found to contain quinones such as the naphthoquinone plumbagin that couples to different NADH-dependent diaphorases to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide upon autoxidation. Such oxidative modification could rupture animal cell membranes. Plumbagin is known to induce apoptosis, associated.

Venus flytrap. with the regulation of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. When the "Dionaea" extracts were pre-incubated with diaphorases and NADH in the presence of serum albumin (SA), subsequent tryptic digestion of SA was facilitated. Since the secretory glands of Droseraceae contain proteases and possibly other degradative enzymes, it may be that the presence of oxygen-activating redox cofactors function as extracellular pre-digestive oxidants to render membrane-bound proteins of the prey (insects) more susceptible to proteolytic attacks.Digestion takes about ten days, after which the prey is reduced to a husk of chitin. The trap then reopens, and is ready for reuse.## Evolution.Carnivory in.

Venus flytrap. plants is a very specialized form of foliar feeding, and is an adaptation found in several plants that grow in nutrient-poor soil. Carnivorous traps were naturally selected to allow these organisms to compensate for the nutrient deficiencies of their harsh environments and compensate for the reduced photosynthetic benefit. Phylogenetic studies have shown that carnivory in plants is a common adaptation in habitats with abundant sunlight and water but scarce nutrients. Carnivory has evolved independently six times in the angiosperms based on extant species, with likely many more carnivorous plant lineages now extinct.The "snap trap" mechanism characteristic of "Dionaea" is shared.

Venus flytrap. with only one other carnivorous plant genus, "Aldrovanda". For most of the 20th century, this relationship was thought to be coincidental, more precisely an example of convergent evolution. Some phylogenetic studies even suggested that the closest living relatives of "Aldrovanda" were the sundews. It was not until 2002 that a molecular evolutionary study, by analyzing combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences, indicated that "Dionaea" and "Aldrovanda" were closely related and that the snap trap mechanism evolved only once in a common ancestor of the two genera.A 2009 study presented evidence for the evolution of snap traps of "Dionaea" and "Aldrovanda.

Venus flytrap. from a flypaper trap like "Drosera regia", based on molecular data. The molecular and physiological data imply that "Dionaea" and "Aldrovanda" snap traps evolved from the flypaper traps of a common ancestor with "Drosera". Pre-adaptations to the evolution of snap traps were identified in several species of "Drosera", such as rapid leaf and tentacle movement. The model proposes that plant carnivory by snap trap evolved from the flypaper traps, driven by increasing prey size. Bigger prey provides greater nutritional value, but large insects can easily escape the sticky mucilage of flypaper traps; the evolution of snap traps would therefore prevent.

Venus flytrap. somewhere in its evolutionary history, the Venus flytrap repurposed these genes to facilitate carnivory. ## Proposed evolutionary history.Carnivorous plants are generally herbaceous, and their traps the result of primary growth. They generally do not form readily fossilizable structures such as thick bark or wood. As a result, there is no fossil evidence of the steps that might link "Dionaea" and "Aldrovanda", or either genus with their common ancestor, "Drosera". Nevertheless, it is possible to infer an evolutionary history based on phylogenetic studies of both genera. Researchers have proposed a series of steps that would ultimately result in the complex snap-trap.

Venus flytrap. digestive glands found inside the trap, rather than using the dews in the stalks, further differentiating it from genus "Drosera".Phylogenetic studies using molecular characters place the emergence of carnivory in the ancestors of "Dionaea muscipula" to 85.6 million years ago, and the development of the snap-trap in the ancestors of "Dionaea" and its sister genus "Aldrovanda" to approximately 48 million years ago.## Cultivation.Plants can be propagated by seed, taking around four to five years to reach maturity. More commonly, they are propagated by clonal division in spring or summer. Venus flytraps can also be propagated "in vitro" using plant tissue.

Venus flytrap. without sufficient data on vulnerability". The IUCN Red List classifies the species as "vulnerable". The State of North Carolina lists "Dionaea muscipula" as a species of "Special Concern–Vulnerable". The species is protected under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system. NatureServe classified it as "Imperiled" (G2) in a 2018 review.The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has not indicated a timeline to conclude its current review of "Dionaea muscipula". The Endangered Species Act specifies a two-year timeline for a species review.

Venus flytrap. a variety of human ailments including HIV, Crohn's disease and skin cancer, but available scientific evidence does not support the health claims made for Venus flytrap extract.Carnivorous plants of North AmericaList of ineffective cancer treatments Images and movies of the Venus flytrap "(Dionaea muscipula)" at ARKive Venus Flytrap Growing Guide and Distribution Map The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Flytraps Venus flytrap origins uncovered – BBC The CP Photo Finder: "Dionaea" Criminal Podcast Episode Five: Dropping Like Flies.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this object?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Cruise control. and mechanical engineer Ralph Teetor. He came up with the idea due to being frustrated by his driver's habit of speeding up and slowing down as he talked. A more significant factor in the developing of cruise control was the 35 (mph) speed limit imposed in the US during World War II to reduce gasoline use and tire wear. A mechanism controlled by the driver provided resistance to further pressure on the accelerator pedal when the vehicle reached the desired speed. Teetor's idea of a dashboard speed selector with a mechanism connected to the driveshaft and a device able to.


Question: What is this plant named after?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Lilium humboldtii. Lilium humboldtii, or Humboldt's lily, is a species of lily native to the US state of California and the Mexican state of Baja California. It is named after naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. It is native to the South High Cascade Range, High Sierra Nevada, south Outer South Coast Ranges, and the Santa Monica Mountains and others in Southern California, growing at elevations from 600 (m) to 1200 (m).## Description."Lilium humboldtii" grows up to 6 (ft) tall, with flowers that are maroon-spotted, golden-orange with dark red splotches, with orange to brown stamens. The plant flowers in June, with flowers.


Question: What is this building named after?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Lenbachhaus. The Lenbachhaus () is a building housing an art museum in Munich's "Kunstareal".## The building.The Lenbachhaus was built as a Florentine-style villa for the painter Franz von Lenbach between 1887 and 1891 by Gabriel von Seidl and was expanded 1927–1929 by Hans Grässel and again 1969–1972 by Heinrich Volbehr and Rudolf Thönnessen. Some of the rooms have kept their original design.The city of Munich acquired the building in 1924 and opened a museum there in 1929. The latest wing was closed to the public in 2009 to allow the expansion and restoration of the Lenbachhaus by Norman Foster; the 1972.

Lenbachhaus. extension was demolished to make way for the new building. The museum reopened in May 2013. The architect placed the new main entrance on Museumsplatz in front of the Propylaea. The new facade, clad in metal tubes made of an alloy of copper and aluminum, will weather with time.## The gallery.The gallery contains a variety of works by Munich painters and contemporary artists, in styles such as the Blue Rider and New Objectivity.## Munich painters.Starting already with late Gothic paintings, the gallery displays masterpieces by Munich artists such as Jan Polack, Christoph Schwarz, Georges Desmarees ("Countess Holstein" 1754), Wilhelm von.

Lenbachhaus. Kobell, Georg von Dillis, Carl Rottmann ("Cosmic stormlandscape" 1849), Carl Spitzweg ("Childhood Friends", ), Eduard Schleich, Carl Theodor von Piloty, Franz von Stuck ("Salome" 1906), Franz von Lenbach ("Self Portrait with His Wife and Daughters" 1903), Friedrich August von Kaulbach, Wilhelm Leibl ("Veterinarian Reindl in the Arbor" ), Wilhelm Trübner and Hans Thoma.Works by members of the Munich Secession are also on display. The group was founded in 1892, and includes artists such as the impressionist painters Lovis Corinth ("Self-portrait with skeleton" 1896), Max Slevogt ("Danae" 1895) and Fritz von Uhde.## German Schools of Painting and Barbizon.In 2012, the Christoph.

Lenbachhaus. Heilmann Foundation, Munich, and the Lenbachhaus agreed to cooperate closely; in the process, around one hundred works were handed over to the Lenbachhaus. In addition to the Munich school of painting, the Dresden Romanticism and the Berlin school and the Düsseldorf school of painting are also shown in characteristic individual examples; the first portrayal of Barbizon's painters in France is particularly important. The Lenbachhaus now has got a major work by Gustave Courbet, who first appeared in 1851 in an exhibition in Munich next to paintings of Théodore Rousseau.## The Blue Rider.The Lenbachhaus is most famous for the large collection.

Lenbachhaus. of paintings by Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), a group of expressionist artists established in Munich in 1911 which included, among others, the painters Wassily Kandinsky ("Impression III (Concert)" 1911), Gabriele Münter ("Still Life with St. George" 1911), Franz Marc ("Blue Horse I" 1911), August Macke ("Promenade" 1913), Marianne von Werefkin ("Self Portrait I" ), Alexej von Jawlensky ("Portrait of the Dancer Alexander Sacharoff" 1909), Alfred Kubin ("The Male Sphinx" ), and Paul Klee ("Föhn Wind in Franz Marc's Garden" 1915). Münter donated 1,000 “Blue Rider” works to the museum on her 80th birthday.## New Objectivity.Artists of the New.

Lenbachhaus. Objectivity like Christian Schad ("Operation" 1929) and Rudolf Schlichter ("Bertolt Brecht" ) are exhibited in several rooms.## Contemporary art.The museum gives a very profound view of international contemporary art with works by Franz Ackermann, Dennis Adams, Christian Boltanski, Monica Bonvicini, James Coleman, Thomas Demand, Olafur Eliasson, Valie Export, Dan Flavin, Günther Förg, Günter Fruhtrunk, Rupprecht Geiger, Isa Genzken, Liam Gillick, Katharina Grosse, Michael Heizer, Andy Hope 1930 (Andreas Hofer), Jenny Holzer, Stefan Huber, Asger Jorn, Ellsworth Kelly, Anselm Kiefer, Michaela Melian, Gerhard Merz, Maurizio Nannucci, Roman Opałka, Sigmar Polke, Arnulf Rainer, Gerhard Richter, Michael Sailstorfer, Richard Serra, Katharina Sieverding, Andy.

Lenbachhaus. Warhol, Georgia O'Keeffe, Lawrence Weiner and Martin Wöhrl, as well as artists of the Viennese Actionism. Art installations were added with the opening of the new building, such as a sculpture from Olafur Eliasson. The Lenbachhaus strengthened its investment especially in the oeuvre of Joseph Beuys considerably by acquiring numerous works of art, such as "Zeige deine Wunde" ("Show your wound") 1974/75.Young artists are promoted in exhibitions in the affiliated Kunstbau above the Subway Station Königsplatz.Stephanie Weber curated a solo show of Mark Boulos and film series of Charles Simonds and Christoph Schlingensief, all the while commissioning performances by Tom.

Lenbachhaus. Thayer and C. Spencer Yeh and adding to the collection works by Vito Acconci, Valie Export and Martha Rosler, and worked on a retrospective of Polish-born feminist artist Lea Lublin that opened in summer 2015.On 26 July 2017 a legal battle over a Paul Klee painting titled "Swamp Legend" (1919), seized by Nazis as "degenerate" art in the 1930s, reached a settlement:## Provenance Research.The Lenbachhaus systematically checks the provenance of artworks created before 1945 that entered the collection after 1933. In addition to the examination of the museum's own collection holdings, preliminary reviews of possible new acquisitions, assumptions of permanent.

Lenbachhaus. loans, or endowments also take place. The Lenbachhaus is one of several German museums that are researching the art collector Carl Heumann (1886–1945), who after building in the 1920s and 1930s an important collection of prints of German and Austrian art of the 18th and 19th centuries, was persecuted because of his Jewish origins under the National Socialist regime. The Lenbachhaus approached Carl Heumann's descendants in order to find a just and fair solution regarding the artworks from his collection. Lenbachhaus website Lenbachhaus at the Google Art Project.


Question: What product does this item produce?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Power inverter. A power inverter, inverter or invertor is a power electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC). The resulting AC frequency obtained depends on the particular device employed. Inverters do the opposite of rectifiers which were originally large electromechanical devices converting AC to DC.The input voltage, output voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is provided by the DC source.A power inverter can be entirely electronic or may be a combination of mechanical effects (such as.

Power inverter. a rotary apparatus) and electronic circuitry.Static inverters do not use moving parts in the conversion process.Power inverters are primarily used in electrical power applications where high currents and voltages are present; circuits that perform the same function for electronic signals, which usually have very low currents and voltages, are called oscillators. Circuits that perform the opposite function, converting AC to DC, are called rectifiers.## Input and output.## Input voltage.A typical power inverter device or circuit requires a stable DC power source capable of supplying enough current for the intended power demands of the system. The input voltage depends on the.

Power inverter. are two basic designs for producing household plug-in voltage from a lower-voltage DC source, the first of which uses a switching boost converter to produce a higher-voltage DC and then converts to AC. The second method converts DC to AC at battery level and uses a line-frequency transformer to create the output voltage.## Square wave.This is one of the simplest waveforms an inverter design can produce and is best suited to low-sensitivity applications such as lighting and heating. Square wave output can produce "humming" when connected to audio equipment and is generally unsuitable for sensitive electronics.## Sine wave.A power inverter.

Power inverter. device that produces a multiple step sinusoidal AC waveform is referred to as a "sine wave inverter". To more clearly distinguish the inverters with outputs of much less distortion than the "modified sine wave" (three-step) inverter designs, the manufacturers often use the phrase "pure sine wave inverter". Almost all consumer grade inverters that are sold as a "pure sine wave inverter" do not produce a smooth sine wave output at all, just a less choppy output than the square wave (two-step) and modified sine wave (three-step) inverters. However, this is not critical for most electronics as they deal with the.

Power inverter. output quite well.Where power inverter devices substitute for standard line power, a sine wave output is desirable because many electrical products are engineered to work best with a sine wave AC power source. The standard electric utility provides a sine wave, typically with minor imperfections but sometimes with significant distortion.Sine wave inverters with more than three steps in the wave output are more complex and have significantly higher cost than a modified sine wave, with only three steps, or square wave (one step) types of the same power handling. Switch-mode power supply (SMPS) devices, such as personal computers or DVD.

Power inverter. players, function on modified sine wave power. AC motors directly operated on non-sinusoidal power may produce extra heat, may have different speed-torque characteristics, or may produce more audible noise than when running on sinusoidal power.## Modified sine wave.The modified sine wave is the sum of two square waves, one of which is delayed one-quarter of the period with respect to the other. The result is a waveform which has voltage steps of zero, peak positive, zero, peak negative and again zero. This voltage value sequence is repeated continuously. The resultant voltage waveform better approximates the shape of a sinusoidal voltage.

Power inverter. entirely without problems, but if the item has a mains transformer, this can overheat depending on how marginally it is rated.However, the load may operate less efficiently owing to the harmonics associated with a modified sine wave and produce a humming noise during operation. This also affects the efficiency of the system as a whole, since the manufacturer's nominal conversion efficiency does not account for harmonics. Therefore, pure sine wave inverters may provide significantly higher efficiency than modified sine wave inverters.Most AC motors will run on MSW inverters with an efficiency reduction of about 20% owing to the harmonic content.

Power inverter. DC supply, in the manner of the MSN designs, but the switching takes place at a far faster rate, typically many KHz, so that the varying width of the pulses can be smoothed to create the sine wave. If a microprocessor is used to generate the switching timing, the harmonic content and efficiency can be closely controlled.## Output frequency.The AC output frequency of a power inverter device is usually the same as standard power line frequency, 50 or 60 hertz. The exception is in designs for motor driving, where a variable frequency results in a variable speed control.Also, if the.

Power inverter. output of the device or circuit is to be further conditioned (for example stepped up) then the frequency may be much higher for good transformer efficiency.## Output voltage.The AC output voltage of a power inverter is often regulated to be the same as the grid line voltage, typically 120 or 240 VAC at the distribution level, even when there are changes in the load that the inverter is driving. This allows the inverter to power numerous devices designed for standard line power.Some inverters also allow selectable or continuously variable output voltages.## Output power.A power inverter will often have an overall.

Power inverter. battery from the others.## Applications.## DC power source usage.An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage.## Uninterruptible power supplies.An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to supply AC power when mains power is not available. When mains power is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.## Electric motor speed control.Inverter circuits designed to produce a variable output.

Power inverter. voltage range are often used within motor speed controllers.The DC power for the inverter section can be derived from a normal AC wall outlet or some other source. Control and feedback circuitry is used to adjust the final output of the inverter section which will ultimately determine the speed of the motor operating under its mechanical load. Motor speed control needs are numerous and include things like: industrial motor driven equipment, electric vehicles, rail transport systems, and power tools.Switching states are developed for positive, negative and zero voltages as per the patterns given in the switching Table 1. The generated.

Power inverter. gate pulses are given to each switch in accordance with the developed pattern and thus the output is obtained.## In refrigeration compressors.An inverter can be used to control the speed of the compressor motor to drive variable refrigerant flow in a refrigeration or air conditioning system to regulate system performance. Such installations are known as inverter compressors. Traditional methods of refrigeration regulation use single-speed compressors switched on and off periodically; inverter-equipped systems have a variable-frequency drive that control the speed of the motor and thus the compressor and cooling output. The variable-frequency AC from the inverter drives a brushless or.

Power inverter. induction motor, the speed of which is proportional to the frequency of the AC it is fed, so the compressor can be run at variable speeds—eliminating compressor stop-start cycles increases efficiency. A microcontroller typically monitors the temperature in the space to be cooled, and adjusts the speed of the compressor to maintain the desired temperature. The additional electronics and system hardware add cost to the equipment, but can result in substantial savings in operating costs. The first inverter air conditioners were released by Toshiba in 1981, in Japan.## Power grid.Grid-tied inverters are designed to feed into the electric power distribution.

Power inverter. hundred megawatts, are used to deliver power from high voltage direct current transmission systems to alternating current distribution systems.## Solar.A solar inverter is a balance of system (BOS) component of a photovoltaic system and can be used for both grid-connected and off-grid systems. Solar inverters have special functions adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking and anti-islanding protection.Solar micro-inverters differ from conventional inverters, as an individual micro-inverter is attached to each solar panel. This can improve the overall efficiency of the system. The output from several micro-inverters is then combined and often fed to the electrical.

Power inverter. grid.In other applications, a conventional inverter can be combined with a battery bank maintained by a solar charge controller. This combination of components is often referred to as a solar generator.Solar inverters are also used in spacecraft photovoltaic system.## Induction heating.Inverters convert low frequency main AC power to higher frequency for use in induction heating. To do this, AC power is first rectified to provide DC power. The inverter then changes the DC power to high frequency AC power. Due to the reduction in the number of DC sources employed, the structure becomes more reliable and the output voltage has.

Power inverter. higher resolution due to an increase in the number of steps so that the reference sinusoidal voltage can be better achieved. This configuration has recently become very popular in AC power supply and adjustable speed drive applications. This new inverter can avoid extra clamping diodes or voltage balancing capacitors.There are three kinds of level shifted modulation techniques, namely: Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) Alternative Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD) Phase Disposition (PD)## HVDC power transmission.With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location, an inverter in a static inverter.

Power inverter. plant converts the power back to AC. The inverter must be synchronized with grid frequency and phase and minimize harmonic generation.## Electroshock weapons.Electroshock weapons and tasers have a DC/AC inverter to generate several tens of thousands of V AC out of a small 9 V DC battery. First the 9 V DC is converted to 400–2000 V AC with a compact high frequency transformer, which is then rectified and temporarily stored in a high voltage capacitor until a pre-set threshold voltage is reached. When the threshold (set by way of an airgap or TRIAC) is reached, the capacitor dumps its.

Power inverter. entire load into a pulse transformer which then steps it up to its final output voltage of 20–60 kV. A variant of the principle is also used in electronic flash and bug zappers, though they rely on a capacitor-based voltage multiplier to achieve their high voltage.## Miscellaneous.Typical applications for power inverters include: Portable consumer devices that allow the user to connect a battery, or set of batteries, to the device to produce AC power to run various electrical items such as lights, televisions, kitchen appliances, and power tools. Use in power generation systems such as electric utility companies or solar.

Power inverter. generating systems to convert DC power to AC power. Use within any larger electronic system where an engineering need exists for deriving an AC source from a DC source. Frequency conversion - if a user in (say) a 50 Hz country needs a 60 Hz supply to power equipment that is frequency-specific, such as a small motor or some electronics, it is possible to convert the frequency by running an inverter with a 60 Hz output from a DC source such as a 12V power supply running from the 50 Hz mains.## Circuit description.## Basic design.In one simple inverter circuit,.

Power inverter. DC power is connected to a transformer through the center tap of the primary winding. A relay switch is rapidly switched back and forth to allow current to flow back to the DC source following two alternate paths through one end of the primary winding and then the other. The alternation of the direction of current in the primary winding of the transformer produces alternating current (AC) in the secondary circuit.The electromechanical version of the switching device includes two stationary contacts and a spring supported moving contact. The spring holds the movable contact against one of the stationary contacts and.

Power inverter. provide large power handling capability in a semiconductor device, and can readily be controlled over a variable firing range.The switch in the simple inverter described above, when not coupled to an output transformer, produces a square voltage waveform due to its simple off and on nature as opposed to the sinusoidal waveform that is the usual waveform of an AC power supply. Using Fourier analysis, periodic waveforms are represented as the sum of an infinite series of sine waves. The sine wave that has the same frequency as the original waveform is called the fundamental component. The other sine waves,.

Power inverter. car that is moving can turn into a source of energy and can, with the right inverter topology (full H-bridge) charge the car battery when decelerating or braking. In a similar manner, the right topology (full H-bridge) can invert the roles of "source" and "load", that is, if for example the voltage is higher on the AC "load" side (by adding a solar inverter, similar to a gen-set, but solid state), energy can flow back into the DC "source" or battery.Based on the basic H-bridge topology, there are two different fundamental control strategies called basic frequency-variable bridge converter and PWM.

Power inverter. control. Here, in the left image of H-bridge circuit, the top left switch is named as "S1", and others are named as "S2, S3, S4" in counterclockwise order.For the basic frequency-variable bridge converter, the switches can be operated at the same frequency as the AC in the electric grid. However, it is the rate at which the switches open and close that determines the AC frequency. When S1 and S4 are on and the other two are off, the load is provided with positive voltage and vice versa. We could control the on-off states of the switches to adjust the.

Power inverter. AC magnitude and phase. We could also control the switches to eliminate certain harmonics. This includes controlling the switches to create notches, or 0-state regions, in the output waveform or adding the outputs of two or more converters in parallel that are phase shifted in respect to one another.Another method that can be used is PWM. Unlike the basic frequency-variable bridge converter, in the PWM controlling strategy, only two switches S3, S4 can operate at the frequency of the AC side or at any low frequency. The other two would switch much faster (typically 100 KHz) to create square voltages.

Power inverter. level of distortion caused by harmonics. The waveform quality of AC produced directly by H-bridge mentioned above would be not as good as we want.The issue of waveform quality can be addressed in many ways. Capacitors and inductors can be used to filter the waveform. If the design includes a transformer, filtering can be applied to the primary or the secondary side of the transformer or to both sides. Low-pass filters are applied to allow the fundamental component of the waveform to pass to the output while limiting the passage of the harmonic components. If the inverter is designed to.

Power inverter. provide power at a fixed frequency, a resonant filter can be used. For an adjustable frequency inverter, the filter must be tuned to a frequency that is above the maximum fundamental frequency.Since most loads contain inductance, feedback rectifiers or antiparallel diodes are often connected across each semiconductor switch to provide a path for the peak inductive load current when the switch is turned off. The antiparallel diodes are somewhat similar to the "freewheeling diodes" used in AC/DC converter circuits.Fourier analysis reveals that a waveform, like a square wave, that is anti-symmetrical about the 180 degree point contains only odd harmonics,.

Power inverter. simplifies the electronics, but the inductors and capacitors tend to be large and heavy. Its high efficiency makes this approach popular in large uninterruptible power supplies in data centers that run the inverter continuously in an "online" mode to avoid any switchover transient when power is lost.A closely related approach uses a ferroresonant transformer, also known as a constant voltage transformer, to remove harmonics and to store enough energy to sustain the load for a few AC cycles. This property makes them useful in standby power supplies to eliminate the switchover transient that otherwise occurs during a power failure while.

Power inverter. size and volume. In 2014, Google together with IEEE started an open competition named Little Box Challenge, with a prize money of $1,000,000, to build a (much) smaller power inverter.## History.## Early inverters.From the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century, DC-to-AC power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor-generator sets (M-G sets). In the early twentieth century, vacuum tubes and gas-filled tubes began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyratron.The origins of electromechanical inverters explain the source of the term "inverter". Early AC-to-DC converters.

Power inverter. used an induction or synchronous AC motor direct-connected to a generator (dynamo) so that the generator's commutator reversed its connections at exactly the right moments to produce DC. A later development is the synchronous converter, in which the motor and generator windings are combined into one armature, with slip rings at one end and a commutator at the other and only one field frame. The result with either is AC-in, DC-out. With an M-G set, the DC can be considered to be separately generated from the AC; with a synchronous converter, in a certain sense it can be considered to.

Power inverter. be "mechanically rectified AC". Given the right auxiliary and control equipment, an M-G set or rotary converter can be "run backwards", converting DC to AC. Hence an inverter is an inverted converter.## Controlled rectifier inverters.Since early transistors were not available with sufficient voltage and current ratings for most inverter applications, it was the 1957 introduction of the thyristor or silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) that initiated the transition to solid state inverter circuits.The "commutation" requirements of SCRs are a key consideration in SCR circuit designs. SCRs do not turn off or "commutate" automatically when the gate control signal is shut off. They.

Power inverter. only turn off when the forward current is reduced to below the minimum holding current, which varies with each kind of SCR, through some external process. For SCRs connected to an AC power source, commutation occurs naturally every time the polarity of the source voltage reverses. SCRs connected to a DC power source usually require a means of forced commutation that forces the current to zero when commutation is required. The least complicated SCR circuits employ natural commutation rather than forced commutation. With the addition of forced commutation circuits, SCRs have been used in the types of inverter circuits described.

Power inverter. above.In applications where inverters transfer power from a DC power source to an AC power source, it is possible to use AC-to-DC controlled rectifier circuits operating in the inversion mode. In the inversion mode, a controlled rectifier circuit operates as a line commutated inverter. This type of operation can be used in HVDC power transmission systems and in regenerative braking operation of motor control systems.Another type of SCR inverter circuit is the current source input (CSI) inverter. A CSI inverter is the dual of a six-step voltage source inverter. With a current source inverter, the DC power supply is configured.

Power inverter. as a current source rather than a voltage source. The inverter SCRs are switched in a six-step sequence to direct the current to a three-phase AC load as a stepped current waveform. CSI inverter commutation methods include load commutation and parallel capacitor commutation. With both methods, the input current regulation assists the commutation. With load commutation, the load is a synchronous motor operated at a leading power factor.As they have become available in higher voltage and current ratings, semiconductors such as transistors or IGBTs that can be turned off by means of control signals have become the preferred switching components.

Power inverter. for use in inverter circuits.## Rectifier and inverter pulse numbers.Rectifier circuits are often classified by the number of current pulses that flow to the DC side of the rectifier per cycle of AC input voltage. A single-phase half-wave rectifier is a one-pulse circuit and a single-phase full-wave rectifier is a two-pulse circuit. A three-phase half-wave rectifier is a three-pulse circuit and a three-phase full-wave rectifier is a six-pulse circuit.With three-phase rectifiers, two or more rectifiers are sometimes connected in series or parallel to obtain higher voltage or current ratings. The rectifier inputs are supplied from special transformers that provide phase.

Power inverter. shifted outputs. This has the effect of phase multiplication. Six phases are obtained from two transformers, twelve phases from three transformers and so on. The associated rectifier circuits are 12-pulse rectifiers, 18-pulse rectifiers and so on...When controlled rectifier circuits are operated in the inversion mode, they would be classified by pulse number also. Rectifier circuits that have a higher pulse number have reduced harmonic content in the AC input current and reduced ripple in the DC output voltage. In the inversion mode, circuits that have a higher pulse number have lower harmonic content in the AC output voltage waveform.## Other.


Question: What is this place named after?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). The Arch of Hadrian is an ancient Roman structure in Jerash, Jordan. It is an 11-metre high triple-arched gateway erected to honor the visit of Roman Emperor Hadrian to the city (then called Gerasa) in the winter of 129–130. The arch originally stood to almost 22 m and probably had wooden doors. It features some unconventional, possibly Nabataean, architectural features, such as acanthus bases. The columns are decorated with capitals at the bottom rather than the top. The monument served both as a commemorative arch and as an approach to Gerasa. The Arch's relative remoteness from the city walls points.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). to a plan for southward expansion of Gerasa during its heyday. The expansion, however, has not been implemented.## Description.In 2005, the arch was under restoration. Reconstruction was completed in 2007 and the arch is now roughly 21 meters high (about 36 feet), 37.45 meters long, and 9.25 meters wide. Each face of the arch has four engaged columns standing on pedestals and bases. Each pedestal is 2.20 meters high, 2.25 meters wide and 1.20 meters deep. The base of each column is topped by a row of acanthus leaves.There are three vaulted passageways on the lower level and each of.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). these is flanked by two columns with Corinthian capitals. The two flanked archways are topped with niches. Each niche is on top of a small entablature, which stands on two pilasters crowned with capitals.The arch was crowned with an attic, which might have held a dedicatory inscription. The lower part of the attic was decorated with a frieze of acanthus leaves and the central part was crowned with a triangular cornice.## Inscription.There was a marble "tabula ansata" panel that was 1.03 meters in height and 7.14 meters in width, with letters 12–13 cm tall.List of Roman triumphal archesArch of Hadrian.


Question: Where is this plant originally discovered?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Rye. northern China.Production levels of rye have fallen since 1992 in most of the producing nations, . For instance, production of rye in Russia fell from 13.9 (e6t) in 1992 to 2.4 (e6t) in 2020. Corresponding figures for other countries are as follows: Polandfalling from 4.0 (Mt) in 1992 to 2.9 (Mt) in 2020; Belarusfalling from 3.1 (Mt) in 1992 to 1.1 (Mt) in 2020; Chinafalling from 1.7 (Mt) in 1992 to 0.5 (Mt) in 2020. However, production levels rose in Germany from 2.4 (Mt) in 1992 to 3.5 (Mt) in 2020.World trade of rye is low compared with other grains.


Question: What is the objective of this object?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Heat engine. expressed in absolute temperature.The efficiency of various heat engines proposed or used today has a large range:3% (97 percent waste heat using low quality heat) for the ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) ocean power proposal25% for most automotive gasoline engines49% for a supercritical coal-fired power station such as the Avedøre Power Station60% for a combined cycle gas turbineThe efficiency of these processes is roughly proportional to the temperature drop across them. Significant energy may be consumed by auxiliary equipment, such as pumps, which effectively reduces efficiency.## Examples.It is important to note that although some cycles have a typical combustion location.

Heat engine. the simple conversion of work into heat (either through friction or electrical resistance). Refrigerators remove heat from within a thermally sealed chamber at low temperature and vent waste heat at a higher temperature to the environment and heat pumps take heat from the low temperature environment and 'vent' it into a thermally sealed chamber (a house) at higher temperature.In general heat engines exploit the thermal properties associated with the expansion and compression of gases according to the gas laws or the properties associated with phase changes between gas and liquid states.## Earth's heat engine.Earth's atmosphere and hydrosphere—Earth's heat engine—are coupled.


Question: What is the length of the wingspan in centimetre of this bird?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Common kingfisher. shape. The adult male of the western European subspecies, "A. a. ispida" has green-blue upperparts with pale azure-blue back and rump, a rufous patch by the bill base, and a rufous ear-patch. It has a green-blue neck stripe, white neck blaze and throat, rufous underparts, and a black bill with some red at the base. The legs and feet are bright red. It is about 16 (cm) long with a wingspan of 25 (cm), and weighs 34 - 46 (g). The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower mandible is orange-red with a black tip.

Common kingfisher. two eggs in most clutches fail to hatch because the parent cannot cover them. Both sexes incubate by day, but only the female incubates at night. An incubating bird sits trance-like, facing the tunnel; it invariably casts a pellet, breaking it up with the bill. The eggs hatch in 19–20 days, and the altricial young are in the nest for a further 24–25 days, often more. Once large enough, young birds will come to the burrow entrance to be fed. Two broods, sometimes three, may be reared in a season.## Survival.The early days for fledged juveniles are more hazardous; during.

Common kingfisher. as it searches for prey. It bobs its head when food is detected to gauge the distance and plunges steeply down to seize its prey usually no deeper than 25 (cm) below the surface. The wings are opened underwater and the open eyes are protected by the transparent third eyelid. The bird rises beak-first from the surface and flies back to its perch. At the perch the fish is adjusted until it is held near its tail and beaten against the perch several times. Once dead, the fish is positioned lengthways and swallowed head-first. A few times each day, a.

Common kingfisher. intake was 73.5 kJ per chick (i.e., 1837 kJ per 25 days of the fledging period).A challenge for any diving bird is the change in refraction between air and water. The eyes of many birds have two foveae (the fovea is the area of the retina with the greatest density of light receptors), and a kingfisher can switch from the main central fovea to the auxiliary fovea when it enters water; a retinal streak of high receptor density which connects the two foveae allows the image to swing temporally as the bird drops onto the prey. The egg-shaped lens of.