Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Sea otter. The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Adult sea otters typically weigh between 14 and 45 (kg), making them the heaviest members of the weasel family, but among the smallest marine mammals. Unlike most marine mammals, the sea otter's primary form of insulation is an exceptionally thick coat of fur, the densest in the animal kingdom. Although it can walk on land, the sea otter is capable of living exclusively in the ocean.The sea otter inhabits nearshore environments, where it dives to the sea floor to.

Sea otter. remains classified as an endangered species.## Evolution.The sea otter is the heaviest (the giant otter is longer, but significantly slimmer) member of the family Mustelidae, a diverse group that includes the 13 otter species and terrestrial animals such as weasels, badgers, and minks. It is unique among the mustelids in not making or burrows, in having no functional anal scent glands, and in being able to live its entire life without leaving the water. The only living member of the genus "Enhydra", the sea otter is so different from other mustelid species that, as recently as 1982, some scientists believed.

Sea otter. it was more closely related to the earless seals. Genetic analysis indicates the sea otter and its closest extant relatives, which include the African speckle-throated otter, European otter, African clawless otter and oriental small-clawed otter, shared an ancestor approximately 5 million years ago.Fossil evidence indicates the "Enhydra" lineage became isolated in the North Pacific approximately 2 million years ago, giving rise to the now-extinct "Enhydra macrodonta" and the modern sea otter, "Enhydra lutris". One related species has been described, "Enhydra reevei", from the Pleistocene of East Anglia. The modern sea otter evolved initially in northern Hokkaidō and Russia, and then.

Sea otter. spread east to the Aleutian Islands, mainland Alaska, and down the North American coast. In comparison to cetaceans, sirenians, and pinnipeds, which entered the water approximately 50, 40, and 20 million years ago, respectively, the sea otter is a relative newcomer to a marine existence. In some respects, though, the sea otter is more fully adapted to water than pinnipeds, which must haul out on land or ice to give birth. The full genome of the northern sea otter ("Enhydra lutris kenyoni") was sequenced in 2017 and may allow for examination of the sea otter's evolutionary divergence from terrestrial mustelids.##.

Sea otter. Taxonomy.The first scientific description of the sea otter is contained in the field notes of Georg Steller from 1751, and the species was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of "Systema Naturae". Originally named "Lutra marina", it underwent numerous name changes before being accepted as "Enhydra lutris" in 1922. The generic name "Enhydra", derives from the Ancient Greek "en"/εν "in" and "hydra"/ύδρα "water", meaning "in the water", and the Latin word "lutris", meaning "otter". It was formerly sometimes referred to as the "sea beaver".## Subspecies.Three subspecies of the sea otter are recognized with distinct geographical distributions.

Sea otter. "Enhydra lutris lutris" (nominate), the Asian sea otter, ranges from the Kuril Islands north of Japan to Russia's Commander Islands in the western Pacific Ocean. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, "E. l. kenyoni", the northern sea otter, is found from Alaska's Aleutian Islands to Oregon and "E. l. nereis", the southern sea otter, is native to central and southern California. The Asian sea otter is the largest subspecies and has a slightly wider skull and shorter nasal bones than both other subspecies. Northern sea otters possess longer mandibles (lower jaws) while southern sea otters have longer rostrums and smaller teeth.##.

Sea otter. "Enhydra lutris" (Linnaeus, 1758) at the Integrated Taxonomic Information System "Enhydra lutris" (Linnaeus, 1758) at the World Register of Marine Species "De Bestiis Marinis, or, The Beasts of the Sea" (1751) (PDF), pp. 68–82, transcribed field notes from 18th-century German zoologist Georg Wilhelm Steller Precipice of Survival: The Southern Sea Otter (Adobe Flash), a 48-minute program on the southern sea otter's history by the United States Geological Survey.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

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Forest tent caterpillar moth. The forest tent caterpillar moth (Malacosoma disstria) is a moth found throughout North America, especially in the eastern regions. Unlike related tent caterpillar species, the larvae of forest tent caterpillars do not make tents, but rather, weave a silky sheet where they lie together during molting. They also lay down strands of silk as they move over branches and travel as groups along these pheromone-containing silk trails. The caterpillars are social, traveling together to feed and massing as a group at rest. Group behavior diminishes as the caterpillars increase in size, so that by the fifth instar (molt) the caterpillars.


Question: What kind of effect does this item have?

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Alarm device. An alarm device is a mechanism that gives an audible, visual or other kind of alarm signal to alert someone to a problem or condition that requires urgent attention.## Etymology.The word "alarm" comes from the Old French "a l'arme" meaning "to the arms", or "to the weapons", telling armed men to pick up their weapons and get ready for action because an enemy may have suddenly appeared.The word "alarum" is an archaic form of "alarm". It was sometimes used as a call to arms in the stage directions of Elizabethan dramas. The term comes from the Italian "all'armi" and appears.

Alarm device. either case. A person in such a state can be characterized as "alarmed".## False alarms.With any kind of alarm, you must balance between the danger of false alarms (called "false positives") — the signal going off in the absence of a problem — or an alarm failing to signal an actual problem (called a "false negative"). False alarms can waste resources expensively and can even be dangerous. For example, false alarms of a fire can waste firefighter manpower, making them unavailable for a real fire, and risk injury to firefighters and others as the fire engines race to the alleged.

Alarm device. fire's location. In addition, false alarms may acclimatise people to ignore alarm signals, and thus possibly to ignore an actual emergency: Aesop's fable of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" exemplifies this problem.A false alarm is one of the most significant issues with conventional alarm systems. They can be triggered for several reasons, such as the movement of pets, typing in the wrong security codes, or loud sounds from windows or doors. In the case of fire alarms, aerosol sprays, smoking, or burning food can all lead to a false alarm.Many avoid the risk of false alarms by ensuring their alarms.

Alarm device. fire alarm which is used to give occupants of a building early warning of a potential fire and give them time to evacuate. warning devices on a vehicle that sound when it is moving in an unexpected direction, such as reversing, a siren, often accompanied by flashing coloured lights, on emergency vehicles responding to an emergencyAlarm devices, by category, include: burglar alarms, designed to warn of burglaries. This is often a silent alarm; law enforcement or guards are warned without alerting the burglar, which increases the chances of stopping the theft while in progress. alarm clocks can beep, buzz or.


Question: Which city or region does this facility locate in?

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La Recoleta Cemetery. La Recoleta Cemetery () is a cemetery located in the Recoleta neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It contains the graves of notable people, including Eva Perón, presidents of Argentina, Nobel Prize winners, the founder of the Argentine Navy, and military commanders like Julio Argentino Roca. In 2011, the BBC hailed it as one of the world's best cemeteries, and in 2013, CNN listed it among the 10 most beautiful cemeteries in the world.## History.Franciscan Recollect monks () arrived in this area, then the outskirts of Buenos Aires, in the early eighteenth century. The cemetery is built around the Recollect Convent.

La Recoleta Cemetery. () and a church, Our Lady of Pilar ("), built in 1732.The order was disbanded in 1822, and the garden of the convent was converted into the first public cemetery in Buenos Aires. Inaugurated on 17 November of the same year under the name of " (Northern Cemetery), those responsible for its creation were the then-Governor Martin Rodríguez, who would be eventually buried in the cemetery, and government minister Bernardino Rivadavia.The 1822 layout was done by French civil engineer Próspero Catelin, who also designed the current facade of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral. The cemetery was last remodeled in 1881,.


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

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Manila Cathedral. (coinciding with the canonical erection of the Diocese of Manila), a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the first-ever bishop of Manila. The new structure was consecrated on December 21, 1581; formally becoming a cathedral. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1583, which started during the funeral Mass for Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa in San Agustin Church that razed much of the city.The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. However, it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1600.Construction of the third cathedral began.

Manila Cathedral. the new marker installed by Manila Archbishop Most Rev. Gaudencio B. Cardinal Rosales, , the newly installed bells are the largest bells actively used in the Philippines. A total of seven carillon bells were permanently installed in the ground level of the belfry, weighing at 17 (metric ton).## 2012 renovation and 2014 reopening.The cathedral underwent repairs for earthquake retrofitting and subsidence prevention in 2012. During this time, the San Fernando de Dilao Church was designated as the temporary official church (pro-cathedral) of the Archdiocese of Manila. However, Msgr. Nestor Cerbo stated that the cathedral would finish its renovations on March.

Manila Cathedral. Italy, and was designed and made by the Istituto Internazionale d’Arte Liturgica in Rome.The original cathedra bears the coat of arms of then Archbishop Rufino Santos before he was created a cardinal. His coat of arms and the Mexican onyx was covered by a stone until its restoration in 2021.The restored cathedra now bears a carving of the coat of arms Cardinal Jose Advincula, the present archbishop, imposed on top of white Indian marble.Manila Cathedral-Basilica Re-Opening (April 9, 2014 Eucharist after Restoration and Retrofitting)Roman Catholic Archdiocese of ManilaRoman Catholicism in the PhilippinesSan Agustin ChurchIntramuros Official website of Manila Cathedral.


Question: What is the location of this mountain?

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Ben Nevis. high, and is south of the head of Raudfjorden, Albert I Land, in the northwestern part of the island of Spitsbergen.A comic strip character, Wee Ben Nevis, about a Scottish Highlands boarding school student with superhuman strength and his antics were featured in the British comic "The Beano" from 1974 to 1977, named after the mountain.Hung Fa Chai, a 489-metre hill in Northeast New Territories of Hong Kong was marked as Ben Nevis on historical colonial maps. Avalanche Buachaille Etive Mòr List of deaths on eight-thousanders Mount Hood climbing accidents Mountains and hills of Scotland National Three Peaks Challenge Northwest.

Ben Nevis. Spitsbergen National Park Norway - includes a mountain called Ben Nevis. Its height is 918 metres and it is located at Northwest Spitsbergen National Park The Remarkables, New Zealand – mountain range containing a peak also called Ben Nevis Scottish Highlands Scafell Pike SnowdonNotesBibliography Ben Nevis Photo Tour – 57 images from the Car Park to the Summit and Back via the Tourist Trail Nevis Partnership – Environmental and visitor management in the Nevis area Computer generated digital panoramas from Ben Nevis: North South index Ben Nevis Webcam Ben Nevis. "Munros Table". Scottish Mountaineering Club.


Question: Who/what operates this building?

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BMW Welt. The BMW Welt is a combined exhibition, delivery, adventure museum, and event venue located in Munich's district Am Riesenfeld, next to the Olympic Park, in the immediate vicinity of the BMW Headquarters and factory. It was built from August 2003 to summer 2007. A solar system with 800 kW of power is installed on the roof of the main building. The opening took place on 17 October 2007. The BMW Welt is the most visited tourist attraction in Bavaria.## Operations.BMW Welt operations are coordinated with the other local BMW facilities, the BMW Museum and BMW Headquarters. It has a showroom.

BMW Welt. with the current model lineup of BMW cars and motorcycles, and the other two BMW Group brands, Mini and Rolls-Royce. Customers picking up special ordered cars are given a dramatic "staged experience" in which they await their new car in an enormous glass-walled hall, and their cars are lifted up from lower levels on round elevator platforms. BMW Welt also has shops selling BMW-branded promotional merchandise and accessories, and a restaurant.## Design and construction.In 2001, an international architectural design competition was sponsored by BMW. Twenty-seven offices participated in the competition four of which were awarded prizes. The jury awarded two.

BMW Welt. offices Sauerbruch Hutton and COOP HIMMELB(L)AU first prize and made the recommendation for the competitors to rework their design submissions in a third design phase in order for BMW to determine which office would be awarded the contract.The contract was awarded to the Vienna-based architects COOP HIMMELB(L)AU and the facility was constructed from August 2003 through summer 2007 at a cost of US$200 million. Originally conceived to be open and ready for World Cup 2006, it eventually opened on 17 October 2007, and deliveries commenced on 23 October 2007. The first customer to take European delivery of a new BMW.

BMW Welt. at the Welt was Jonathan Spira.There were 2,200,000 visitors during the first 12 months of operation. The number of visitors increased to 2,930,000 in 2013, of which 60% came from Germany.Designed with an 800 kW solar plant on its roof, "the building does not have the boredom of an exhibition hall, it is not only a temple but also a market place and communication center, and a meeting point for knowledge transfer", said architect Wolf D. Prix at the opening ceremony.COOP HIMMELB(L)AU's BMW Welt project records are archived at the Canadian Centre for Architecture in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. World Architecture.

BMW Welt. Survey BMW-Welt on www.muenchenarchitektur.com BMW European Delivery wiki, on the Bimmerfest.com site.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

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Amanita citrina. Amanita citrina (synonym "Amanita mappa"), commonly known as the false death cap or citron amanita, is a basidiomycotic mushroom, one of many in the genus "Amanita". It grows in silicate soil in the summer and autumn months. It bears a pale yellow or sometimes white cap, with white stem, ring and volva. Though not deadly, it is inedible and often confused for the lethal death cap ("Amanita phalloides").## Description.This mushroom has a fleshy pale yellow, or sometimes white, cap from 4 – 10 (cm) across, covered in irregular patches. The gills and flesh are white. There is a large volva.


Question: What is the genre of this building?

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Bedside. Bedside is a 1934 American pre-Code drama film starring Warren William, Jean Muir and Allen Jenkins. A man passes himself off as a doctor. Warren William as Bob Brown Jean Muir as Caroline Grant Allen Jenkins as Sam Sparks David Landau as Smith Katharine Sergava (Kathryn Sergava) as Mimi Maritza Henry O'Neill as Dr. William Chester Donald Meek as Dr. George Wiley Renee Whitney as Mme. Varsova Walter Walker as Dr. Michaels Marjorie Lytell as Patient with Sprained Ankle Frederick Burton as Hospital Superintendent Philip Faversham as Intern Attending Caroline (as Phillip Faversham) Louise Beavers as Pansy Earle Foxe as.


Question: What equipment or engine is used by this item to provide power?

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Electric motor. An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates with a reversed flow of power, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or electrical generators.Electric.

Electric motor. braking with traction motors, electric motors can be used in reverse as generators to recover energy that might otherwise be lost as heat and friction.Electric motors produce linear or rotary force (torque) intended to propel some external mechanism, such as a fan or an elevator. An electric motor is generally designed for continuous rotation, or for linear movement over a significant distance compared to its size. Magnetic solenoids are also transducers that convert electrical power to mechanical motion, but can produce motion over only a limited distance.## History.## Early motors.Before modern electromagnetic motors, experimental motors that worked by electrostatic force.

Electric motor. persistent electric currents. Hans Christian Ørsted discovered in 1820 that an electric current creates a magnetic field, which can exert a force on a magnet. It only took a few weeks for André-Marie Ampère to develop the first formulation of the electromagnetic interaction and present the Ampère's force law, that described the production of mechanical force by the interaction of an electric current and a magnetic field. The first demonstration of the effect with a rotary motion was given by Michael Faraday on 3 September 1821 in the basement of the Royal Institution. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a.

Electric motor. pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. Faraday published the results of his discovery in the "Quarterly Journal of Science", and sent copies of his paper along with pocket-sized models of his device to colleagues around the world so they could also witness the phenomenon of electromagnetic rotations. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, substituting brine for (toxic) mercury. Barlow's wheel was an early refinement.

Electric motor. to this Faraday demonstration, although these and similar homopolar motors remained unsuited to practical application until late in the century.In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for teaching, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced.

Electric motor. then higher performance.In 1855, Jedlik built a device using similar principles to those used in his electromagnetic self-rotors that was capable of useful work. He built a model electric vehicle that same year.A major turning point came in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti first described the ring armature (although initially conceived in a DC generator, i.e. a dynamo). This featured symmetrically-grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The first commercially successful DC motors followed the developments by Zénobe Gramme who, in 1871, reinvented Pacinotti's design and adopted.

Electric motor. from such tasks as handling grain or pumping water. Household uses (like in washing machines, dishwashers, fans, air conditioners and refrigerators (replacing ice boxes)) of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience, comfort and safety possible. Today, electric motors consume more than half of the electric energy produced in the US.## AC motors.In 1824, French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor. In the 1880s many.

Electric motor. stator, which does not. It also includes two electrical parts, a set of magnets and an armature, one of which is attached to the rotor and the other to the stator, together forming a magnetic circuit: Field magnets - The magnets create a magnetic field that passes through the armature. These can be electromagnets or permanent magnets. The field magnet is usually on the stator and the armature on the rotor, but in some types of motor these are reversed.## Bearings.The rotor is supported by bearings, which allow the rotor to turn on its axis. The bearings are in turn.

Electric motor. supported by the motor housing.## Rotor.The rotor is the moving part that delivers the mechanical power. The rotor typically holds conductors that carry currents, which the magnetic field of the stator exerts force on to turn the shaft. Alternatively, some rotors carry permanent magnets, and the stator holds the conductors. Permanent magnets offer high efficiency over a larger operating speed and power range.An air gap between the stator and rotor allows it to turn. The width of the gap has a significant effect on the motor's electrical characteristics. It is generally made as small as possible, as a large gap.

Electric motor. weakens performance. It is the main source of the low power factor at which motors operate. The magnetizing current increases and the power factor decreases with the air gap, so narrow gaps are better. Conversely, gaps that are too small may pose mechanical problems in addition to noise and losses.The motor shaft extends through the bearings to the outside of the motor, where the load is applied. Because the forces of the load are exerted beyond the outermost bearing, the load is said to be overhung.## Stator.The stator surrounds the rotor, and usually holds field magnets, which are either electromagnets.

Electric motor. consisting of wire windings around a ferromagnetic iron core or permanent magnets. These create a magnetic field that passes through the rotor armature, exerting force on the windings. The stator core is made up of many thin metal sheets that are insulated from each other, called laminations. Laminations are used to reduce energy losses that would result if a solid core were used. Resin-packed motors, used in washing machines and air conditioners, use the damping properties of resin (plastic) to reduce noise and vibration. These motors encapsulate the stator in plastic.## Armature.The armature consists of wire windings on a ferromagnetic.

Electric motor. core. Electric current passing through the wire causes the magnetic field from the field magnet to exert a force (Lorentz force) on it, turning the rotor, which delivers the mechanical output. Windings are wires that are laid in coils, usually wrapped around a laminated, soft, iron, ferromagnetic core so as to form magnetic poles when energized with current.Electric machines come in salient- and nonsalient-pole configurations. In a salient-pole motor the ferromagnetic cores on the rotor and stator have projections called poles facing each other, with a wire winding around each pole below the pole face, which become north or south.

Electric motor. poles of the magnetic field when current flows through the wire. In a nonsalient-pole (or distributed field or round-rotor) motor, the ferromagnetic core is a smooth cylinder, with the windings distributed evenly in slots about the circumference. Supplying alternating current in the windings creates poles in the core that rotate continuously. A shaded-pole motor has a winding around part of the pole that delays the phase of the magnetic field for that pole.## Commutator.A commutator is a rotary electrical switch that supplies current to the rotor. It periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft.

Electric motor. each rotor winding would reverse with each half turn, so the rotor would stop. Commutators are inefficient and commutated motors have been mostly replaced by brushless direct current motors, permanent magnet motors, and induction motors.## Motor supply and control.## Motor supply.A DC motor is usually supplied through a split ring commutator as described above. AC motors' commutation can be achieved using either a slip ring commutator or external commutation. It can be fixed-speed or variable-speed control type, and can be synchronous or asynchronous. Universal motors can run on either AC or DC.## Motor control.DC motors can be operated at variable.

Electric motor. speeds by adjusting the voltage applied to the terminals or by using pulse-width modulation (PWM).AC motors operated at a fixed speed are generally powered directly from the grid or through motor soft starters.AC motors operated at variable speeds are powered with various power inverter, variable-frequency drive or electronic commutator technologies.The term electronic commutator is usually associated with self-commutated brushless DC motor and switched reluctance motor applications.## Types.Electric motors operate on one of three physical principles: magnetism, electrostatics and piezoelectricity.In magnetic motors, magnetic fields are formed in both the rotor and the stator. The product between these two fields gives rise.

Electric motor. to a force, and thus a torque on the motor shaft. One, or both, of these fields must change with the rotation of the rotor. This is done by switching the poles on and off at the right time, or varying the strength of the pole.The main types are DC motors and AC motors, with the latter replacing the former. AC electric motors are either asynchronous or synchronous.Once started, a synchronous motor requires synchrony with the moving magnetic field's speed for all normal torque conditions.In synchronous machines, the magnetic field must be provided by means other than induction, such as.

Electric motor. from separately excited windings or permanent magnets.A fractional-horsepower motor either has a rating below about 1 horsepower (0.746 kW), or is manufactured with a standard-frame size smaller than a standard 1 HP motor. Many household and industrial motors are in the fractional-horsepower class.Notes: Rotation is independent of the frequency of the AC voltage. Rotation is equal to synchronous speed (motor-stator-field speed). In SCIM, fixed-speed operation rotation is equal to synchronous speed, less slip speed. In non-slip energy-recovery systems, WRIM is usually used for motor-starting but can be used to vary load speed. Variable-speed operation. Whereas induction- and synchronous-motor drives are.

Electric motor. typically with either six-step or sinusoidal-waveform output, BLDC-motor drives are usually with trapezoidal-current waveform; the behavior of both sinusoidal and trapezoidal PM machines is, however, identical in terms of their fundamental aspects. In variable-speed operation, WRIM is used in slip-energy recovery and double-fed induction-machine applications. A cage winding is a shorted-circuited squirrel-cage rotor, a wound winding is connected externally through slip rings. Mostly single-phase with some three-phase.Abbreviations: BLAC – Brushless AC BLDC – Brushless DC BLDM – Brushless DC motor EC – Electronic commutator PM – Permanent magnet IPMSM – Interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor PMSM – Permanent magnet synchronous motor.

Electric motor. SPMSM – Surface permanent magnet synchronous motor SCIM – Squirrel-cage induction motor SRM – Switched reluctance motor SyRM – Synchronous reluctance motor VFD – Variable-frequency drive WRIM – Wound-rotor induction motor WRSM – Wound-rotor synchronous motor LRA – Locked-rotor amps: The current you can expect under starting conditions when you apply full voltage. It occurs instantly during start-up. RLA – Rated-load amps: The maximum current a motor should draw under any operating conditions. Often mistakenly called running-load amps, which leads people to believe, incorrectly, that the motor should always pull these amps. FLA – Full-load amps: Changed in 1976 to.

Electric motor. "RLA – rated-load amps".## Self-commutated motor.## Brushed DC motor.Most DC motors are small permanent magnet (PM) types. They contain a brushed internal mechanical commutation to reverse motor windings' current in synchronism with rotation.## Electrically excited DC motor.A commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator. Thus, every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its windings. Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that touch the commutator; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature.The rotating armature.

Electric motor. consists of one or more wire coils wound around a laminated, magnetically "soft" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either PMs or another winding (a field coil), as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields rotates the shaft. The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns, keeping the poles from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field, so that.

Electric motor. – A set of windings that produces a magnetic field. Commutation: A mechanical technique in which rectification can be achieved, or from which DC can be derived.The five types of brushed DC motor are: Shunt-wound Series-wound Compound (two configurations): Cumulative compound Differentially compounded Permanent magnet (not shown) Separately excited (not shown).## Permanent magnet.A permanent magnet (PM) motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, relying instead on PMs to provide the magnetic field. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. This field is fixed and cannot.

Electric motor. be adjusted for speed control. PM fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the "dynamo" type, which have stator windings. Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed flux. However, large PMs are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large machines.To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium; most are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With.

Electric motor. their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly-fed synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they have at least three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets.## Electronic commutator (EC).## Brushless DC.Some of the problems of the brushed DC motor are eliminated in the BLDC design. In this motor, the mechanical "rotating switch" or commutator is replaced by an external electronic switch.

Electric motor. synchronised to the rotor's position. BLDC motors are typically 85%+ efficient, reaching up to 96.5%, while brushed DC motors are typically 75–80% efficient.The BLDC motor's characteristic trapezoidal counter-electromotive force (CEMF) waveform is derived partly from the stator windings being evenly distributed, and partly from the placement of the rotor's permanent magnets. Also known as electronically commutated DC or inside-out DC motors, the stator windings of trapezoidal BLDC motors can be single-phase, two-phase or three-phase and use Hall effect sensors mounted on their windings for rotor position sensing and low cost closed-loop commutator control.BLDC motors are commonly used where precise speed.

Electric motor. motors are usually used in small equipment such as computers and are generally used in fans to remove heat. They make little noise, which is an advantage in equipment that is affected by vibrations.Modern BLDC motors range in power from a fraction of a watt to many kilowatts. Larger BLDC motors rated up to about 100 kW are used in electric vehicles. They also find use in electric model aircraft.## Switched reluctance motor.The switched reluctance motor (SRM) has no brushes or permanent magnets, and the rotor has no electric currents. Torque comes from a slight misalignment of poles on the.

Electric motor. rotor with poles on the stator. The rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field of the stator, while the stator field windings are sequentially energized to rotate the stator field.The magnetic flux created by the field windings follows the path of least magnetic sending the flux through rotor poles that are closest to the energized poles of the stator, thereby magnetizing those poles of the rotor and creating torque. As the rotor turns, different windings are energized, keeping the rotor turning.SRMs are used in some appliances and vehicles.## Universal AC/DC motor.A commutated, electrically excited, series or parallel wound motor is.

Electric motor. referred to as a universal motor because it can be designed to operate on either AC or DC power. A universal motor can operate well on AC because the current in both the field and the armature coils (and hence the resultant magnetic fields) synchronously reverse polarity, and hence the resulting mechanical force occurs in a constant direction of rotation.Operating at normal power line frequencies, universal motors are often used in sub-kilowatt applications. Universal motors formed the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways. In this application, using AC power on a motor designed to run on.

Electric motor. DC would experience efficiency losses due to eddy current heating of their magnetic components, particularly the motor field pole-pieces that, for DC, would have used solid (un-laminated) iron. They are now rarely used.An advantage is that AC power may be used on motors that specifically have high starting torque and compact design if high running speeds are used. By contrast, maintenance is higher and lifetimes are shortened. Such motors are used in devices that are not heavily used, and have high starting-torque demands. Multiple taps on the field coil provide (imprecise) stepped speed control. Household blenders that advertise many speeds.

Electric motor. an asynchronous AC motor where power is transferred to the rotor by electromagnetic induction, much like transformer action. An induction motor resembles a rotating transformer, because the stator (stationary part) is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating part) is the secondary side. Polyphase induction motors are widely used in industry.## Cage and wound rotor.Induction motors may be divided into Squirrel Cage Induction Motors (SCIM) and Wound Rotor Induction Motors (WRIM). SCIMs have a heavy winding made up of solid bars, usually aluminum or copper, electrically connected by rings at the ends of the rotor. The.

Electric motor. bars and rings as a whole are much like an animal's rotating exercise cage.Currents induced into this winding provide the rotor magnetic field. The shape of the rotor bars determines the speed-torque characteristics. At low speeds, the current induced in the squirrel cage is nearly at line frequency and tends to stay in the outer parts of the cage. As the motor accelerates, the slip frequency becomes lower, and more current reaches the interior. By shaping the bars to change the resistance of the winding portions in the interior and outer parts of the cage, a variable resistance is effectively.

Electric motor. steering wheels.Another common application is to control the throttle of an internal combustion engine with an electronic governor. The motor works against a return spring to move the throttle in accord with the governor output. The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and depending on the speed, makes small adjustments to the amount of current. If the engine slows down relative to the desired speed, the current increases, producing more torque, pulling against the return spring and opening the throttle. Should the engine run too fast, the governor reduces.

Electric motor. the current, allowing the return spring to pull back and reduce the throttle.## Synchronous motor.A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor. It includes a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same frequency as the AC and produces a magnetic field to drive it. It has zero slip under typical operating conditions. By contrast induction motors must slip to produce torque. One type of synchronous motor is like an induction motor except that the rotor is excited by a DC field. Slip rings and brushes conduct current to the rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and.

Electric motor. when slip rate decreases sufficiently, the rotor (a smooth cylinder) becomes temporarily magnetized. Its distributed poles make it act like a permanent magnet synchronous motor. The rotor material, like that of a common nail, stays magnetized, but can be demagnetized with little difficulty. Once running, the rotor poles stay in place; they do not drift.Low-power synchronous timing motors (such as those for traditional electric clocks) may have multi-pole permanent magnet external cup rotors, and use shading coils to provide starting torque. "Telechron" clock motors have shaded poles for starting torque, and a two-spoke ring rotor that performs like a discrete.

Electric motor. allows for a smaller electronic converter but the cost of the rotor winding and slip rings may offset the saving in the power electronics components. Difficulties affect controlling speed near synchronous speed limit applications.## Special magnetic motors.## Rotary.## Ironless or coreless rotor motor.The coreless or ironless DC motor is a specialized permanent magnet DC motor. Optimized for rapid acceleration, the rotor is constructed without an iron core. The rotor can take the form of a winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure comprising only wire and bonding material. The rotor can fit inside the stator magnets; a magnetically soft stationary cylinder.

Electric motor. inside the rotor provides a return path for the stator magnetic flux. A second arrangement has the rotor winding basket surrounding the stator magnets. In that design, the rotor fits inside a magnetically soft cylinder that can serve as the motor housing, and provides a return path for the flux.Because the rotor is much lower mass than a conventional rotor, it can accelerate much more rapidly, often achieving a mechanical time constant under one millisecond. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than (heavier) copper. The rotor has no metal mass to act as a heat sink;.

Electric motor. even small motors must be cooled. Overheating can be an issue for these designs.The vibrating alert of cellular phones can be generated by cylindrical permanent-magnet motors, or disc-shaped types that have a thin multipolar disc field magnet, and an intentionally unbalanced molded-plastic rotor structure with two bonded coreless coils. Metal brushes and a flat commutator switch power to the rotor coils.Related limited-travel actuators have no core and a bonded coil placed between the poles of high-flux thin permanent magnets. These are the fast head positioners for rigid-disk ("hard disk") drives. Although the contemporary design differs considerably from that of loudspeakers,.

Electric motor. it is still loosely (and incorrectly) referred to as a "voice coil" structure, because some earlier rigid-disk-drive heads moved in straight lines, and had a drive structure much like that of a loudspeaker.## Pancake or axial rotor motor.The printed armature or pancake motor has windings shaped as a disc running between arrays of high-flux magnets. The magnets are arranged in a circle facing the rotor spaced to form an axial air gap. This design is commonly known as the pancake motor because of its flat profile.The armature (originally formed on a printed circuit board) is made from punched copper sheets.

Electric motor. with 180 (C), Class H rating.The unique advantage of ironless DC motors is the absence of cogging (torque variations caused by changing attraction between the iron and the magnets). Parasitic eddy currents cannot form in the rotor as it is totally ironless, although iron rotors are laminated. This can greatly improve efficiency, but variable-speed controllers must use a higher switching rate (>40 kHz) or DC because of decreased electromagnetic induction.These motors were invented to drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives, where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical. Pancake motors are widely used in.

Electric motor. high-performance servo-controlled systems, robotic systems, industrial automation and medical devices. Due to the variety of constructions now available, the technology is used in applications from high temperature military to low cost pump and basic servos.Another approach (Magnax) is to use a single stator sandwiched between two rotors. One such design has produced peak power of 15 kW/kg, sustained power around 7.5 kW/kg. This yokeless axial flux motor offers a shorter flux path, keeping the magnets further from the axis. The design allows zero winding overhang; 100 percent of the windings are active. This is enhanced with the use of rectangular-crosssection.

Electric motor. copper wire. The motors can be stacked to work in parallel. Instabilities are minimized by ensuring that the two rotor discs put equal and opposing forces onto the stator disc. The rotors are connected directly to one another via a shaft ring, cancelling out the magnetic forces.Magnax motors range in size from 0.15-5.4 (m) in diameter.## Servo motor.A servo motor is a motor that is used within a position-control or speed-control feedback system. Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems. Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have predictable characteristics for.

Electric motor. speed, torque, and power. The speed/torque curve is important and is high ratio for a servo motor. Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are important; these factors limit performance. Large, powerful, but slow-responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback. As dynamic response requirements increase, more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used. AC motors' superior power density and acceleration characteristics tends to favor permanent magnet synchronous, BLDC, induction, and SRM drive approaches.A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that position.

Electric motor. feedback is continuous while the motor is running. A stepper system inherently operates open-loop—relying on the motor not to "miss steps" for short term accuracy—with any feedback such as a "home" switch or position encoder external to the motor system.## Stepper motor.Stepper motors are typically used to provide precise rotations. An internal rotor containing permanent magnets or a magnetically soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of electronically switched external magnets. A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid. As each coil is energized in.

Electric motor. turn, the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field produced by the energized field winding. Unlike a synchronous motor, the stepper motor may not rotate continuously; instead, it moves in steps—starting and then stopping—advancing from one position to the next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence. Depending on the sequence, the rotor may turn forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down at any time.Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize the field windings, leading the rotor to "cog" to a limited number of positions. Microstepping drivers can proportionally.

Electric motor. made them uncompetitive—thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems. (The term "voice coil" in this connection is historic; it refers to the structure in a cone-type loudspeaker.)Stepper motors are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the active element, the print head carriage (inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers.So-called quartz analog wristwatches contain the smallest commonplace stepping motors; they have one coil, draw little power, and have a permanent magnet rotor. The same kind of motor drives battery-powered quartz clocks. Some of these watches, such as chronographs, contain more.

Electric motor. 1978 era HP 7225A pen plotter used two linear stepper motors to move the pen along the X and Y axes.## Electromagnetism.## Force and torque.An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy through the force between two opposed magnetic fields. At least one of the two magnetic fields must be created by an electromagnet through the magnetic field caused by an electrical current.The force between a current formula_1 in a conductor of length formula_2 perpendicular to a magnetic field formula_3 may be calculated using the Lorentz force law: formula_4Note: X denotes vector cross product. The most general approaches to.

Electric motor. resistance Ir2 – square of current induced in the rotor s – motor slip; i.e., difference between synchronous speed and slip speed, which provides the relative movement needed for current induction in the rotor.## Back EMF.The movement of armature windings of a direct-current or universal motor through a magnetic field, induce a voltage in them. This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called "back electromotive force (EMF)". The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor. The back EMF of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes,.

Electric motor. enacted legislation to encourage the manufacture and use of higher-efficiency motors. Electric motors have efficiencies ranging from at least 15% for shaded pole motors, up to 98% for permanent magnet motors, with efficiency also dependent on load. Peak efficiency is usually at 75% of the rated load. So (as an example) a 10 HP motor is most efficient when driving a load that requires 7.5 HP. Efficiency also depends on motor size; larger motors tend to be more efficient. Some motors can not operate continually for more than a specified period of time (e.g. for more than an hour per.

Electric motor. run)## Goodness factor.Eric Laithwaite proposed a metric to determine the 'goodness' of an electric motor: formula_21Where: formula_22 is the goodness factor (factors above 1 are likely to be efficient) formula_23 are the cross sectional areas of the magnetic and electric circuit formula_24 are the lengths of the magnetic and electric circuits formula_25 is the permeability of the core formula_20 is the angular frequency the motor is driven atFrom this, he showed that the most efficient motors are likely to have relatively large magnetic poles. However, the equation only directly relates to non PM motors.## Performance parameters.## Torque.Electromagnetic motors derive torque.

Electric motor. from the vector product of the interacting fields. Calculating torque requires knowledge of the fields in the air gap. Once these have been established, the torque is the integral of all the force vectors multiplied by the vector's radius. The current flowing in the winding produces the fields. For a motor using a magnetic material the field is not proportional to the current.A figure relating the current to the torque can inform motor selection. The maximum torque for a motor depends on the maximum current, absent thermal considerations.When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given.

Electric motor. active current (i.e., torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density, all categories of electric motors/generators exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque (i.e., operating torque) within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth, which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core. Some applications require bursts of torque beyond the maximum, such as bursts to accelerate an electric vehicle from standstill. Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage, the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum differs significantly across motor/generator types.Electric machines without a.

Electric motor. transformer circuit topology, such as that of WRSMs or PMSMs, cannot provide torque bursts without saturating the magnetic core. At that point, additional current cannot increase torque. Furthermore, the permanent magnet assembly of PMSMs can be irreparably damaged.Electric machines with a transformer circuit topology, such as induction machines, induction doubly-fed electric machines, and induction or synchronous wound-rotor doubly-fed (WRDF) machines, permit torque bursts because the EMF-induced active current on either side of the transformer oppose each other and thus contribute nothing to the transformer coupled magnetic core flux density, avoiding core saturation.Electric machines that rely on induction or asynchronous principles.

Electric motor. the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation. Despite the high coercivity of neodymium or samarium-cobalt permanent magnets, continuous torque density is virtually the same amongst electric machines with optimally designed armature winding sets. Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible operation period before destruction by overheating of windings or permanent magnet damage.Other sources state that various e-machine topologies have differing torque density. One source shows the following:where—specific torque density is normalized.

Electric motor. to 1.0 for the surface permanent magnet (SPM)—brushless ac, 180° current conduction.Torque density is approximately four times greater for liquid cooled motors, compared to those which are air cooled.A source comparing direct current, induction motors (IM), PMSM and SRM showed:Another source notes that PMSM up to 1 MW have considerably higher torque density than induction machines.## Continuous power density.The continuous power density is determined by the product of the continuous torque density and the constant torque speed range. Electric motors can achieve densities of up to 20KW/KG, meaning 20 Kilowatts of output power per kilogram.## Acoustic noise and vibrations.Acoustic noise.

Electric motor. and vibrations are usually classified in three sources: mechanical sources (e.g. due to bearings) aerodynamic sources (e.g. due to shaft-mounted fans) magnetic sources (e.g. due to magnetic forces such as Maxwell and magnetostriction forces acting on stator and rotor structures)The latter source, which can be responsible for the "whining noise" of electric motors, is called electromagnetically induced acoustic noise.## Standards.The following are major design, manufacturing, and testing standards covering electric motors: American Petroleum Institute: API 541 Form-Wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors – 375 kW (500 Horsepower) and Larger American Petroleum Institute: API 546 Brushless Synchronous Machines – 500 kVA and.

Electric motor. 60072 Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines National Electrical Manufacturers Association: MG-1 Motors and Generators Underwriters Laboratories: UL 1004 – Standard for Electric Motors Indian Standard: IS:12615-2018 – Line Operated Three Phase a.c. Motors (IE CODE) “Efficiency Classes and Performance Specification” (Third Revision)## Non-magnetic motors.An electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors instead employ magnetic attraction and repulsion, and require high current at low voltages. In the.

Electric motor. produces acoustic or ultrasonic vibrations to produce linear or rotary motion. In one mechanism, the elongation in a single plane is used to make a series of stretches and position holds, similar to the way a caterpillar moves.An electrically powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electric motor technology to propel spacecraft in outer space. Most systems are based on electrically accelerating propellant to high speed, while some systems are based on electrodynamic tethers principles of propulsion to the magnetosphere. Electric generator Regenerative brake Goodness factor Motor capacitor Traction motor Motor controller Houston, Edwin J.; Kennelly, Arthur, "Recent Types of Dynamo-Electric Machinery",.


Question: What is this building named after?

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Bedford Square. the houses, although he may not have been responsible for all of them.The building agreements for Bedford Square were signed by the trustees of the late Duke of Bedford and William Scott and Robert Grews, the builders, in 1776. The first leases, for the entire west side (Nos. 28–39), were granted in November 1776. It seems unlikely that these dozen houses were built within 11 months so building probably started in 1775. Except for No. 46, the south side leases were granted in 1777, the east side in 1777 and 1778 (except Nos. 1 and 10), and the north side.


Question: In which year was this object invented or discovered?

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Variometer. of little interest during launching and landing, with the exception of aerotow, where the pilot will usually want to avoid releasing in sink.## History.In 1930, according to Ann Welch, "Kronfeld...was one of the first to use a variometer, a device suggested by Alexander Lippisch." Welch goes on to state that the "first real thermal soaring" occurred in 1930 by A. Haller and Wolf Hirth, with Hirth using a variometer in his Musterle. Frank Irving states that Arthur Kantrowitz first mentioned total energy in 1940. However, as early as 1901, Wilbur Wright wrote about thermals, "when gliding operators have attained greater.

Variometer. without the use of a variometer. After the variometer was invented in 1929 by Alexander Lippisch and Robert Kronfeld, the sport of gliding moved into a new realm.Variometers also became important in foot-launch hang gliding, where the open-to-air pilot hears the wind but needs the variometer to help him or her to detect regions of rising or sinking air. In early hang gliding, variometers were not needed for the short flights or flights close to ridge lift. But the variometer became key as pilots began making longer flights. The first portable variometer for use in hang gliders was the Colver.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Odonata. Odonata is an order of flying insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies. Members of the group first appeared during the Triassic, though members of their total group, Odonatoptera, first appeared in Late Carboniferous.The two common groups are easily distinguished with dragonflies, placed in the suborder Epiprocta, usually being larger, with eyes together and wings up or out at rest, while damselflies, suborder Zygoptera, are usually smaller with eyes placed apart and wings along body at rest.All Odonata have aquatic larvae called nymphs, and all of them, larvae and adults, are carnivorous. The adults can land, but rarely walk. Their.

Odonata. and taxonomy.This order is closely related to mayflies and several extinct orders in a group called the Paleoptera, but this grouping might be paraphyletic. What they do share with mayflies is the nature of how the wings are articulated and held in rest (see insect flight for a detailed discussion).In some treatments, the Odonata are understood in an expanded sense, essentially synonymous with the superorder Odonatoptera but not including the prehistoric Protodonata. In this approach, instead of Odonatoptera, the term Odonatoidea is used. The systematics of the "Palaeoptera" are by no means resolved; what can be said however is that.

Odonata. regardless of whether they are called "Odonatoidea" or "Odonatoptera", the Odonata and their extinct relatives do form a clade.The Anisoptera was long treated as a suborder, with a third suborder, the Anisozygoptera (ancient dragonflies). However, the combined suborder Epiprocta (in which Anisoptera is an infraorder) was proposed when it was found that the "Anisozygoptera" was paraphyletic, composed of mostly extinct offshoots of dragonfly evolution. The four living species placed in that group are (in this treatment) in the infraorder Epiophlebioptera, whereas the fossil taxa that were formerly there are now dispersed about the Odonatoptera (or Odonata "sensu lato"). World Odonata.

Odonata. List considers Anisoptera as a suborder along with Zygoptera and Anisozygoptera as well-understood and widely preferred terms.Tarsophlebiidae is a prehistoric family of Odonatoptera that can be considered either a basal lineage of Odonata or their immediate sister taxon.The phylogenetic tree of the orders and suborders of odonates according to Bechly (2002):## External morphology.## Size.The largest living odonate is the giant Central American helicopter damselfly "Megaloprepus coerulatus" (Zygoptera: Pseudostigmatidae) with a wing span of 191 (mm). The heaviest living odonates are "Tetracanthagyna plagiata" (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae) with a wing span of 165 (mm), and "Petalura ingentissima" (Anisoptera: Petaluridae) with a body length.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Great Plains skink. The Great Plains skink "(Plestiodon obsoletus)" is a species of lizard endemic to North America.## Description.The Great Plains skink, together with the broad-headed skink, is the largest skink of the genus "Plestiodon". It reaches a length of 9 to 13 cm from snout to vent (SVL) or up to nearly 34 cm total length (including the tail).This lizard is light gray or beige in color; its dorsal scales have black or dark brown edges. The scales on the sides run diagonally. The belly is yellow. Juveniles are black with white sports on the lips and the head and have a.

Great Plains skink. lays between 5 and 32 eggs (on the average about 12) in early summer, which she guards until they hatch in late summer.Baird, S.F., and C.F. Girard. 1852. Characteristics of some New Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Second Part. "Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia" 6: 125-129. ("Plestiodon obsoletum", p. 129.)Behler, J.L., and F.W. King. 1979. "The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians". Knopf. New York. 743 pp. . ("Eumeces obsoletus", p. 575 + Plate 432.)Boulenger, G.A. 1887. "Catalogue of the Lizards in the British Museum (Natural History). Second Edition. Volume III. Lacertidæ, Gerrhosauridæ,.


Question: Who is the screenwriter of this building?

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Strapless. Strapless is a 1989 film written and directed by David Hare.## Plot summary.An expatriate American doctor in London allows herself to lighten up when her freewheeling younger sister and a mysterious man enter her life. Her inhibitions released, the beautiful doctor learns that freedom has its own price.Blair Brown – Dr. Lillian HempelBruno Ganz – Raymond ForbesBridget Fonda – Amy HempelAlan Howard – Mr. CooperMichael Gough – Douglas BrodieHugh Laurie – ColinDana Gillespie – Julie KovagoSpencer Leigh – HusAlexandra Pigg - Helen## Release.After the film's May 1990 U.S. theatrical release, it was released on videocassette in the United States by.


Question: Which (geo)physical feature is the building located in or on?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Wallace Monument. The National Wallace Monument (generally known as the Wallace Monument) is a 67 metre tower on the shoulder of the Abbey Craig, a hilltop overlooking Stirling in Scotland. It commemorates Sir William Wallace, a 13th- and 14th-century Scottish hero.The tower is open to the public for an admission fee. Visitors approach by foot from the base of the crag on which it stands. On entry there are 246 steps to the final observation platform, with three exhibition rooms within the body of the tower. The tower is not accessible to disabled visitors.## Background.The tower was constructed following a fundraising campaign,.

Wallace Monument. architect John Thomas Rochead at a cost of £18,000, the monument is a 67 (m) sandstone tower, built in the Victorian Gothic style.The tower stands on the Abbey Craig, a volcanic crag above Cambuskenneth Abbey, from which Wallace was said to have watched the gathering of the army of King Edward I of England just before the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297. The monument is open to the general public. Visitors climb the 246-step spiral staircase to the viewing gallery inside the monument's crown, which provides expansive views of the Ochil Hills and the Forth Valley.A number of artifacts.


Question: What is the architectural style of this facility?

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La Recoleta Cemetery. while Torcuato de Alvear was mayor of the city, by the Italian architect Juan Antonio Buschiazzo.## Description.Set in 5.5 (ha), the site contains 4691 vaults, all above ground, of which 94 have been declared National Historical Monuments by the Argentine government and are protected by the state. The entrance to the cemetery is through neo-classical gates with tall Doric columns. The cemetery contains many elaborate marble mausoleums, decorated with statues, in a wide variety of architectural styles such as Art Deco, Art Nouveau, Baroque, and Neo-Gothic, and most materials used between 1880 and 1930 in the construction of tombs were.


Question: Which mountain range is this mountain belong to?

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Ben Nevis. Ben Nevis ( ; ) is the highest mountain in Scotland, the United Kingdom and the British Isles. The summit is 4,411.15 (ft) above sea level and is the highest land in any direction for 459 (mi). Ben Nevis stands at the western end of the Grampian Mountains in the Highland region of Lochaber, close to the town of Fort William.The mountain is a popular destination, attracting an estimated 130,000 ascents a year, around three-quarters of which use the Mountain Track from Glen Nevis.The 700 (m) cliffs of the north face are among the highest in Scotland, providing classic scrambles.


Question: Which body of water is this building located in or next to?

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Shell Centre. The Shell Centre, in London, is the global headquarters of oil major Shell plc. It is located on Belvedere Road in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is a prominent feature on the South Bank of the River Thames near County Hall, and now forms the backdrop to the London Eye.The original Shell Centre comprised the tower building and three now demolished adjoining nine storey wings (collectively formerly known as the "Upstream Building"). The original development also included a separate building known as the "Downstream Building", which was separated from the Upstream Building by the railway viaduct between Charing Cross.

Shell Centre. and Waterloo East.The Downstream Building was disposed of by Shell in the 1990s, and is now a block of residential apartments known as the "White House", and has been heightened by a storey.## Site history and layout.The Shell Centre occupies part of the site cleared for the 1951 Festival of Britain. The areas closer to the River Thames now include Jubilee Gardens and the South Bank Centre. Jubilee Gardens remained undeveloped prior to its laying out as an open space, largely because of a restrictive covenant in favour of Shell that restricts any building on the part of the site.

Shell Centre. directly between the Shell Tower and the River Thames.The naming of the Shell Centre buildings perpetuated the split of the Festival site into distinct Upstream and Downstream areas – separated by the railway viaduct approach to Hungerford Bridge.During construction, parts of abandoned works for the Waterloo and Whitehall Railway were discovered. This was a prototype for a proposed pneumatic railway that would have run under the River Thames linking Waterloo and Charing Cross. Digging was started in 1865, but was stopped in 1868, due to financial problems.Visible in the Thames at low tide just in line with the tower as.


Question: What is this plant named after?

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Quercus ilex. Quercus ilex, the evergreen oak, holly oak or holm oak is a large evergreen oak native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the "Cerris" section of the genus, with acorns that mature in a single summer.## Description.An evergreen tree of large size, attaining in favourable places a height of 21–28 (m), and developing in open situations a huge head of densely leafy branches as much across, the terminal portions of the branches usually pendulous in old trees. The trunk is sometimes over 6 (m) in girth. The young shoots are clothed with a close gray felt. The.

Quercus ilex. stalk, ripening the first season; the acorns usually 12–18 mm long in the UK, the cups with appressed, downy scales.## Taxonomy.The resemblance of the foliage to that of the common European holly, "Ilex aquifolium", has led to its common and botanic names. The name "" was originally the classical Latin name for the holm oak, but later adopted as a botanical genus name for the hollies."Quercus rotundifolia" was previously thought to be part of this species, but was later moved to its own.The common name 'holm oak' takes its name from holm, an ancient name for holly.## Distribution and habitat.Holm.


Question: Which city or region does this facility locate in?

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Battersea Power Station. Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned Grade II* listed coal-fired power station, located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a.

Battersea Power Station. buildings on the site. Keith Garner of the group said "I feel that there's a real problem of appropriateness. They need a completely different kind of scheme, not this airport-lounge treatment. What you see now is a majestic building looming up from the river. If you surround it with buildings 15 storeys high, you don’t have a landmark any more."In 2005 Parkview, English Heritage and the London Borough of Wandsworth claimed that the reinforcement inside the chimneys was corroded and irreparable. Wandsworth Council granted permission for them to be demolished and rebuilt. However, the Twentieth Century Society, the World Monuments.

Battersea Power Station. a series of smaller towers. The eco-dome would house offices, and aim to reduce energy consumption in the buildings by 67% compared to conventional office buildings, by using the towers to draw cool air through the building. 3,200 new homes would also be built on the site to house 7,000 people.## Consultation process.In June 2008 a consultation process was launched, which revealed that 66% of the general public were in favour of the plans. At an event at the station on 23 March 2009, it was announced that REO were to submit the planning application for their proposal to Wandsworth.


Question: What country does this park belong to?

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Rila National Park. Rila National Park () is the largest national park in Bulgaria spanning an area of 810.46 (km2) in the Rila mountain range in the south-west of the country. ## History.It was established on 24 February 1992 to protect several ecosystems of national importance. Its altitude varies from 800 (m) near Blagoevgrad to 2925 (m) at Musala Peak, the highest summit in the Balkan Peninsula. There are 120 glacial lakes, including the prominent Seven Rila Lakes. Many rivers have their source in the national park, including the river that carries the most water entirely within the Balkans (the Maritsa river) and.

Rila National Park. the longest river entirely within in Bulgaria (the Iskar river).The national park occupies territory from 4 of the 28 provinces of the country: Sofia, Kyustendil, Blagoevgrad and Pazardzhik. It includes four nature reserves: Parangalitsa, Central Rila Reserve, Ibar and Skakavitsa.Rila National Park is among the largest and most valuable protected areas in Europe. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed the park as Category II. Two of the four nature reserves are included in the UN list of Representative Protected Areas, and four of the nature reserves are included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves under.


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Mehrauli Archaeological Park. Mehrauli Archaeological Park is an archaeological area spread over 200 acre in Mehrauli, Delhi, adjacent to Qutub Minar World Heritage Site and the Qutb complex. It consists of over 100 historically significant monuments. It is the only area in Delhi known for 1,000 years of continuous occupation, and includes the ruins of Lal Kot built by Tomar Rajputs in 1060 CE, making it the oldest extant fort of Delhi, and architectural relics of subsequent period, rule of Khalji dynasty, Tughlaq dynasty, Lodhi dynasty of Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, and the British Raj.## Overview.The region contains sites like Tomb of Balban,.

Mehrauli Archaeological Park. ca 1287 CE, wherein a true arch and the true dome were built for the first time in India, Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb of Maulana Jamali Kamali (Jamali Kamboh), built 1526 - 1535 CE, Quli Khan's Tomb, Gandhak ki Baoli, Rajon Ki Baoli, a stepwell, and Madhi Masjid. Other near by monuments Jahaz Mahal, Zafar Mahal of Bahadur Shah II alias "Lal Mahal", Hauz-i-Shamsi and Tomb of Adham Khan. Pillars and remains of several old temples , Jharna which is like a pleasure garden of late Mughals are also lay scattered in the park.## Redevelopment and conservation.The redevelopment of.

Mehrauli Archaeological Park. the area as an archaeological park and conservation of important structures started in 1997, in collaboration between Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation (DTTDC), the State Department of Archaeology, the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) and the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), which first started systematic documentation of structures in the area and also started conducting heritage walks since 2000.Over the years, INTACH has restored some 40 monuments in the Park and added signages, heritage trails, and sandstone trail-markers. Qutb complex History of Delhi Baolis of Mehrauli List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi Mehrauli Archaeological.

Mehrauli Archaeological Park. Park Conservation INTACH Heritage Walks: Mehrauli Archaeological Park at INTACH Monuments of Delhi Mehrauli Archaeological Park. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1736/mehrauli-archaeological-park/.


Question: What is the length in kilometre is the mountain in the image?

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Salève. Salève, a cable car, since 1932 (rebuilt in 1983). The Salève stretches between Étrembières in the north and the suspension bridge of La Caille in the south. Between 1892 and 1935, the Salève was served by the first electric rack railway in the world (Chemin de fer du Salève).The eastern side of the Salève dives under the molasse of the Bornes Massif while the abrupt mountain slope facing Geneva is subject to erosion. The vegetation – or the absence thereof – enhances the limestone's layers. This side of the mountain is slit by several narrow and deep gorges, among which.

Salève. the Grande Varappe, which at the end of the 19th century gave its name to the activity of rock climbing in French. This discipline developed intensely there, at a time when it was only beginning.The Monnetier Valley, separating the Petit and Grand Salève, is due to glaciary erosion. Modern geologists now think that this valley was dug by the subglaciary currents in a fissured region between the Petit and Grand Salève and not by the Arve as was assumed earlier.## From prehistory to green tourism.Between 12,000 and 10,000 BC, the Salève hosted a magdalenian site. From 1833, Genevan physician François.

Salève. proposed by Lamartine in 1825 as the conclusion of his friend Lord Byron's uncompleted poem, is located on the Salève. Byron died in 1824. (See the French page for the complete "Dedicace"). "Le Ruisseau" is a poem by Théophile Gautier located on the foot of the Salève (1869). (See the French page for the complete poem).## The Salève in paintings.The Salève occurs on one of the first European paintings depicting a realistic landscape, "La Pêche Miraculeuse" by Konrad Witz created in 1444.Cable carHike club starting 10am on Sundays mornings from Veyrier-DouaneSaleve Airlines, school of paraglidingShedrub Choekhor Ling site.


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

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Manila Cathedral. (coinciding with the canonical erection of the Diocese of Manila), a new structure made from nipa, wood, and bamboo was constructed in 1581 by Domingo de Salazar, the first-ever bishop of Manila. The new structure was consecrated on December 21, 1581; formally becoming a cathedral. The structure was destroyed by fire in 1583, which started during the funeral Mass for Governor-General Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa in San Agustin Church that razed much of the city.The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. However, it was destroyed by an earthquake in 1600.Construction of the third cathedral began.

Manila Cathedral. the new marker installed by Manila Archbishop Most Rev. Gaudencio B. Cardinal Rosales, , the newly installed bells are the largest bells actively used in the Philippines. A total of seven carillon bells were permanently installed in the ground level of the belfry, weighing at 17 (metric ton).## 2012 renovation and 2014 reopening.The cathedral underwent repairs for earthquake retrofitting and subsidence prevention in 2012. During this time, the San Fernando de Dilao Church was designated as the temporary official church (pro-cathedral) of the Archdiocese of Manila. However, Msgr. Nestor Cerbo stated that the cathedral would finish its renovations on March.

Manila Cathedral. Italy, and was designed and made by the Istituto Internazionale d’Arte Liturgica in Rome.The original cathedra bears the coat of arms of then Archbishop Rufino Santos before he was created a cardinal. His coat of arms and the Mexican onyx was covered by a stone until its restoration in 2021.The restored cathedra now bears a carving of the coat of arms Cardinal Jose Advincula, the present archbishop, imposed on top of white Indian marble.Manila Cathedral-Basilica Re-Opening (April 9, 2014 Eucharist after Restoration and Retrofitting)Roman Catholic Archdiocese of ManilaRoman Catholicism in the PhilippinesSan Agustin ChurchIntramuros Official website of Manila Cathedral.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Mammillaria plumosa. Mammillaria plumosa, the feather cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Northeastern Mexico.It grows to 12 (cm) tall by 40 (cm) broad. The clustering spherical stems, 7 (cm) in diameter, are completely covered in white downy spines. White or greenish yellow flowers are borne in late summer.Its status is listed as “Near Threatened” by the IUCN Red List. ## Cultivation."Mammillaria plumosa" is one of several "Mammillaria" species to be cultivated. In temperate regions it must be grown under glass with heat. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Question: What place inflows harbour?

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Bristol Harbour. the River Frome in the 1240s into an artificial "deep channel" known as "Saint Augustine's Reach", which flowed into the River Avon. Saint Augustine's Reach became the heart of Bristol's docks with its quays and wharfs. The River Avon within the gorge, and the River Severn into which it flows, has tides which fluctuate about 30 (ft) between high and low water. This means that the river is easily navigable at high tide but reduced to a muddy channel at low tide in which ships would often run aground. Ships had no option but to be stranded in the harbour.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Centaurea calcitrapa. Centaurea calcitrapa is a species of flowering plant known by several common names, including red star-thistle and purple starthistle. It is native to Europe but is rarely found there, it is known across the globe as an introduced species and often a noxious weed. The species name "calcitrapa" comes from the word "caltrop", a type of weapon covered in sharp spikes.## Description.This an annual or biennial plant growing erect to a maximum height of one to 1.3 metres.The stems are hairless and grooved.It sometimes takes the shape of a mound, and it is finely to densely hairy to spiny. The.

Centaurea calcitrapa. leaves are dotted with resin glands. The lowermost may reach a length of 20 centimeters and are deeply cut into lobes. The inflorescence contains a few flower heads. Each is 1.5 to 2 centimeters long and oval in general shape. The phyllaries are green or straw-colored and tipped in tough, sharp yellow spines. The head contains many bright purple flowers. The fruit is an achene a few millimeters long which lacks a pappus.It flowers from July until September, and the seeds ripen from August to October.The Red Star-thistle has been identified as a Priority Species by the UK Biodiversity Action.

Centaurea calcitrapa. Plan. It is identified as 'vulnerable' by the UNIC and is listed as Nationally Rare in the UK Red Data Book. There is no national or Sussex BAP for this species.AlbaniaAlgeriaAustriaBaltic statesBulgariaCape VerdeCyprusCzech RepublicEgypt*Sinai PeninsulaIn France*CorsicaGreece*Crete*Dodecanese*North Aegean islandsHungaryIranItaly*Sardinia*SicilyLebanonMoroccoPortugal*MadeiraRomaniaSaudi ArabiaSlovakiaSpain*Balearic Islands*Canary IslandsSudanSyriaTunisiaTurkey*East Thrace*North Aegean islandsUkraine*Crimeaformer YugoslaviaIn Australia*South Australia*Tasmania*VictoriaBelgiumIn Canada*OntarioFranceGermanyGreat BritainWestern HimalayaIrelandNetherlandsNorwayPakistanPolandIn South Africa*Cape Provinces*Free StateSwitzerlandUruguayIn the United States:*Alabama*Arizona*California*Washington, D.C.*Florida*Georgia*Illinois*India*Iowa*Maryland*Massachusetts*New Jersey*New Mexico*New York State*Oregon*Pennsylvania*Utah*Virginia*Washington## Uses.In western Crete, Greece a local variety called gourounaki (γουρουνάκι - little pig) has its leaves eaten boiled by the locals. A south Italian variety of the species is also traditionally consumed by ethnic Albanians (Arbëreshë people) in.

Centaurea calcitrapa. the Vulture area (southern Italy). In the Arbëreshë communities in Lucania the young whorls of "Centaurea calcitrapa" are boiled and fried in mixtures with other weedy non cultivated greens.## Control.## Herbicides.Picloram + 2,4-D, low volatile ester 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Fluroxypyr + Aminopyralid are recommended for use in New South Wales, and aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron, aminopyralid, chlorsulfuron, clopyralid, clopyralid + 2,4-D, dicamba, diflufenzopyr + dicamba, picloram, and triclopyr + clopyralid for the Pacific Northwest of North America.## Herbicide resistance.Picloram + 2,4-D, low volatile ester 2,4-D, Dicamba, and Fluroxypyr + Aminopyralid all carry a "moderate" risk of producing resistance in "C. calcitrapa".

Centaurea calcitrapa. "Centaurea aspera", known as rough star-thistle. The main difference is the bract appendages are palmately arranged. "Centaurea solstitialis", known as yellow star thistle. Differs in having yellow flowers palmately arranged, spiny bract appendages, with middle spine only 1 to 2 cm.USDA Plants ProfileCalifornia Invasive Plant CouncilPhoto gallerySpecies Profile - Purple Star Thistle ("Centaurea calcitrapa"), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Purple Star Thistle.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

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Epitheca princeps. Epitheca princeps, the prince baskettail, is a species of emerald dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is found in North America.The IUCN conservation status of "Epitheca princeps" is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.## Subspecies.These two subspecies belong to the species "Epitheca princeps": "Epitheca princeps princeps" "Epitheca princeps regina.


Question: What is the conservation status of this bird? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Kākā. for the honeydew excreted by scale insects. A closely related species, "Nestor productus", the Norfolk kākā, became extinct in 1851 for similar reasons.New Zealand kākā are absolutely protected under New Zealand's Wildlife Act 1953. The species is also listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.## Predation.Predatory mammals are responsible for the loss of an estimated 26 million native birds and their eggs each year in New Zealand.As cavity nesters with a long incubation period that requires the mother to.


Question: What is the immediately prior item that this town follows in a series?

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Tsumago-juku. Castle (妻籠城) is nothing but a few ruins today. During the Edo period, however, its mountaintop location gave it wonderful views of both Tsumago-juku and Midono-juku. It served as the site of a large battle in 1584 and was dismantled in the early 17th century, as a result of the Genna era's "one country, one castle" rule.Rurisan Kōtoku-ji Temple (光徳寺), with its white walls and stone base, rises one story above the area's buildings. Founded in 1500, its main deity was added in 1599, and is notable for its Nightingale floors and a 500-year-old weeping cherry tree out front.Perhaps its.

Tsumago-juku. most interesting aspect, however, is the restored row of houses along the former post road. Most were houses built for common people in the mid-18th century, with shops and inns for travelers along the Nakasendō.A quiet portion of the original highway has been preserved between Tsumago and Magome, the next post town (also restored). It provides for a pleasant walk through the forests and past a waterfall. Also, so guests do not have to walk the path twice to return to the beginning of the hike, bus service is provided between the two ends of the road.Nakasendō & KisojiMidono-juku -.


Question: What kind of effect does this object have?

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Convenience. effects.## Health care.Some of the major improvements over the past century has been in improved health care. For example, modern medicine has made leaps in preventing infectious diseases in part due to improved water and sewage treatment. This is obvious in the marked rises in life expectancy.## Technological advancement in underdeveloped countries.Some of the most dramatic technological benefits are seen in underdeveloped countries. For instance, cabling for landline telephone service is expensive and requires a lot of time to complete, especially in the most remote areas. Introduction of cellphone service, on the other hand, is much cheaper and dramatically improves.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Mammillaria plumosa. Mammillaria plumosa, the feather cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Northeastern Mexico.It grows to 12 (cm) tall by 40 (cm) broad. The clustering spherical stems, 7 (cm) in diameter, are completely covered in white downy spines. White or greenish yellow flowers are borne in late summer.Its status is listed as “Near Threatened” by the IUCN Red List. ## Cultivation."Mammillaria plumosa" is one of several "Mammillaria" species to be cultivated. In temperate regions it must be grown under glass with heat. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Question: Which historic county does this island belong to?

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Sumburgh Head. Sumburgh Head is a headland located at the southern tip of the Shetland Mainland in northern Scotland. The head consists of a 100 m high rocky spur and topped by the Sumburgh Head Lighthouse. In the Old Norse language, Sumburgh Head was called "Dunrøstar høfdi", it means "The Head onto the loud tide-race", referring to the noise of Sumburgh Roost. Robert Stevenson was the engineer in charge of building the Sumburgh Head lighthouse. Work started on the building in 1819, and the light was first lit in 1821.## Local ecology.The area is now recognized as a nature reserve by the.

Sumburgh Head. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The cliffs are home to large numbers of seabirds with 33,000 puffins being estimated in the year 2000. These numbers have declined sharply: for example only 570 of the birds were counted in 2017. The decline in Puffin numbers also appears to apply to other species native to Sumburgh Head. In as birds, Sumburgh Head has become a popular viewing point for whales and dolphins.## Nearby locations.Sumburgh Airport, which takes its name from the head, lies immediately to the north, and serves as the main airport for the Shetland Islands. Flights from here.

Sumburgh Head. connect to mainland Scotland, the Orkney Islands and Norway. Also close to the Sumburgh Head is the archaeological site of Jarlshof, at which a series of settlements existed dating back to the neolithic period. The tiny settlement of Grutness, which is the terminus of the Shetland Mainland to Fair Isle ferry service, lies 1 (mi) north of Sumburgh Head. Images from around Sumburgh.


Question: What country does this aircraft belong to?

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Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Dornier Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturer founded in Friedrichshafen in 1914 by Claude Dornier. Over the course of its long lifespan, the company produced many designs for both the civil and military markets.## History.Originally Dornier Metallbau, Dornier Flugzeugwerke took over Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen production facilities (Weingarten, Warnemünde, and the former Zeppelin shed at Manzell) when it failed in 1923.Dornier was well known between the two world wars as a manufacturer of large, all-metal flying boats and of land based airliners. The record-breaking 1924 Wal () was used on many long distance flights and the Do X set records for its.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. immense size and weight. Dornier's successful landplane airliners, including the Komet ("Comet") and Merkur ("Mercury"), were used by Lufthansa and other European carriers during the 1920s and early 30s. Dornier built its aircraft outside Germany during much of this period due to the restrictions placed on German aircraft manufacturers by the Treaty of Versailles: locations included Altenrhein, Switzerland, 12 km from Zeppelin's Lindau (Bodensee) location. Foreign factories licence-building Dornier products included CMASA and Piaggio in Italy, CASA in Spain, Kawasaki in Japan, and Aviolanda in the Netherlands. Once the Nazi government came to power and abandoned the treaty's restrictions, Dornier.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. resumed production in Germany.The success of the Wal family encouraged the development of derivatives, and of more advanced successors, such as the Do 18, and Do 24 which saw service in several armed forces, including German, into World War II.Dornier's most important World War II military aircraft design was the Do 17, nicknamed "The Flying Pencil". It first flew in 1934 as a mailplane for Lufthansa but due to its narrow fuselage (hence its nickname) it was not commercially viable and was passed over. Dornier then developed it further as a military aircraft, with a prototype bomber flying in 1935,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. and in 1937 it was used in by the German Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. Production continued in Germany and it was developed to fill multiple roles for the Luftwaffe. As a medium bomber it saw service during the early part of World War II, particularly during the Battle of Britain. It was later developed into a nightfighter to counter the RAF bomber offensive. Dornier developed the similar looking Do 217 from the Do 17 but it was a larger and completely new design. Dornier also developed the fastest piston-engined fighter of the war, the twin-engined Do 335,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. which was too late to see service.After WWII, aircraft production was again forbidden in Germany, and Dornier relocated to Spain and then to Switzerland where the firm provided aeronautical consultancy services until returning to Germany in 1954. Post-war, Dornier re-established itself with successful STOL Do 27 and Do 28 utility planes. In 1974 it joined a joint venture with French aircraft manufacturers Dassault-Breguet to develop the Alpha Jet.In 1983, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) acquired a production licence for the Dornier 228 and manufactured the aircraft for the Asian market. By 2013 a total of 117 Dornier 228 aircraft had been.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. produced by HAL with plans to build 20 more during 2013-14.In 1985, Dornier became a member of the Daimler-Benz group, integrating its aeronautic assets with the parent company. As part of this transaction, Lindauer Dornier GmbH was spun off, creating a separate, family-owned firm, concentrating on textile machinery design and manufacturing. The rest of the company was split into several subsidiaries for defence, satellites, medtech and aircraft.In 1996, the majority of Dornier Aircraft was acquired by Fairchild Aircraft, forming Fairchild Dornier. This company became insolvent in early 2002. Production of its 328 Jet was acquired by US company Avcraft. Asian.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. groups continued to show interest in its 728 version in August 2004, but production was not restarted. Dornier 228 production was taken over by Swiss manufacturer RUAG, who then sold it off to General Atomics in 2020. Other subsidiaries became part of the EADS.The medtech division was sold to an investment company and now bears the name Dornier MedTech. Dornier Medtech manufactures medical equipment, such as the "Dornier S lithotriptor", HM3, Compact Delta to treat kidney stones. Dornier MedTech also manufactures laser devices for a wide range of applications.## Dornier Seaplane Company.The Dornier family have a spin-off company and project,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. the Dornier Seastar. It is a turboprop-powered amphibious aircraft built largely of composite materials. This was developed by , and later by his son Cornado by Dornier Seawings.## Dornier Technologie.Claude's grandson, , founded Dornier Technologie in 1996 to manufacture the Dornier S-Ray 007. Dornier Gs Precursor to Wal destroyed by Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control (1919) Dornier Do A Libelle (I 1921, III redesignated Do 12) Dornier Spatz Landplane version of Do A (1922) Dornier Do B Merkur Development of Do C (1926) Dornier Do C Komet (I 1921, II 1922, III 1926) Dornier Do C 2, 3, 4 Fighter.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. unrelated to earlier Do C, redesignated Do 10 (C 2 ?, C 3 1931, C 4 1932) Dornier Do D (1929) Dornier Do E (1924) Dornier Do F (1932, redesignated Do 11, 13, 23) Dornier Do G "Grief" (Cancelled 1920 project) Dornier Do H "Falke" (1922 development of Dornier-Zeppelin D.I) Dornier Do I (1923 twin engine long range reconnaissance aircraft) Dornier Do J Wal (1922) Dornier Do K (K 1 1929, K 2 1929, K 3 1931) Dornier Do L Delphin (I 1920, II 1921, III 1927) Dornier Do N Design for Japanese as Kawasaki Ka 87 (1926) Dornier Do.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. O Wal Custom built version of Do J (1924) Dornier Do P (1930) Dornier Do R.2 and R.4 Superwal (1924) Dornier Do S (1930) Dornier Do T (Komet/Merkur converted to Air Ambulance) Dornier Do U (Cancelled civil variant of Do Y) Dornier Do X (1929) Dornier Do Y (1930, redesignated Do 15)## Dornier aircraft projects.## Letter designations (before 1933).Additional unbuilt projects include 3 different Schneider Trophy racers from 1924, 1928 and 1931 and a large multi-engine seaplane similar to the Do X with engines buried in the wings. Dornier Do 10 Dornier Do 11 Dornier Do 12 Dornier Do 13.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Do 27 Dornier Do 27 Dornier Do 28 - developed from Do 27 Dornier Do 29 Dornier Do 31 Dornier Do 32 Dornier 128 Dornier Do 132 Dornier 228 - developed from Do 28 Dornier Do 231 Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet Dornier 328 Fairchild Dornier 328JET Fairchild Dornier 428JET Fairchild Dornier 728 family Dornier Aerodyne Dornier Seawings Seastar Dornier S-Ray 007 Dornier LA-2000 (Study for a stealth strike aircraft with full delta wing similar to A-12 Avenger) Dornier Delta Dornier Delta II, developed for Hymer## Dornier Faint Object Camera.Dornier GmbH built the Faint Object Camera for the Hubble Space Telescope, which.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. was used from 1990 to 2002. The ESA funded the unit, which actually consists of two complete and independent camera systems designed to provide extremely high resolution, exceeding 0.05 arcseconds. It is designed to view very faint UV light from 115 to 650 nanometers in wavelength. It was the last original instrument on the Hubble when it was replaced by the Advanced Camera for Surveys in 2002. Dornier Viper AMC-5 (satellite) Project 621 (rocket)Dornier Museum FriedrichshafenList of RLM aircraft designationsZündapp Janus DFW's Web Page Dornier Museum Friedrichshafen.