Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Vicia faba. Vicia faba, also known in the culinary sense as the broad bean, fava bean, or faba bean, is a species of vetch, a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated as a crop for human consumption, and also as a cover crop. Varieties with smaller, harder seeds that are fed to horses or other animals are called field bean, tic bean or tick bean. Horse bean, "Vicia faba" var. "equina" is a variety recognized as an accepted name. This legume is very common in Southern European, Northern European, East Asian, Latin American and North.

Vicia faba. African cuisines.Some people suffer from favism, a hemolytic response to the consumption of broad beans, a condition linked to a metabolism disorder known as G6PDD. Otherwise the beans, with the outer seed coat removed, can be eaten raw or cooked. In young plants, the outer seed coat can be eaten, and in very young plants, the seed pod can be eaten.## Description."Vicia faba" is a stiffly erect, annual plant 0.5 to 1.8 (m) tall, with two to four stems that are square in cross-section. The leaves are 10 to 25 (cm) long, pinnate with 2–7 leaflets, and glaucous (grey-green). Unlike.

Vicia faba. most other vetches, the leaves do not have tendrils for climbing over other vegetation.The flowers are 1 to 2.5 (cm) long with five petals; the standard petals are white, the wing petals are white with a black spot (true black, not deep purple or blue as is the case in many "black" colorings) and the keel petals are white. Crimson-flowered broad beans also exist, which were recently saved from extinction. The flowers have a strong sweet scent which is attractive to bees and other pollinators.The fruit is a broad, leathery pod that is green, but matures to a dark blackish-brown,.

Vicia faba. with a densely downy surface; the wild species has pods that are 5 to 10 (cm) long and 1 cm diameter, but many modern cultivars developed for food use have pods 15 to 25 (cm) long and 2–3 cm thick. Each bean pod contains 3–8 seeds. They are round to oval and have a 5–10 mm diameter in the wild plant, but are usually flattened and up to 20–25 mm long, 15 mm broad and 5–10 mm thick in food cultivars. "V. faba" has a diploid (2n) chromosome number of 12 (six homologous pairs). Five pairs are acrocentric chromosomes and.

Vicia faba. one pair is metacentric.## History and cultivation.Broad beans have a long tradition of cultivation in Old World agriculture, being among the most ancient plants in cultivation and also among the easiest to grow. Along with lentils, peas, and chickpeas, they are believed to have become part of the eastern Mediterranean diet around 6000 BCE or earlier. However, their wild ancestor has not been identified and their origin is unknown. They are still often grown as a cover crop to prevent erosion because they can overwinter and, as a legume, they fix nitrogen in the soil. Large numbers of fava bean.

Vicia faba. remains from the third millennium BCE appear in archaeological sites in the Mediterranean Basin and Central Asia.The broad bean has high plant hardiness; it can withstand harsh and cold climates. Unlike most legumes, the broad bean can be grown in soils with high salinity, as well as in clay soil. However, it prefers rich loams.In much of the English-speaking world, the name "broad bean" is used for the large-seeded cultivars grown for human food, while "horse bean" and "field bean" refer to cultivars with smaller, harder seeds that are more like the wild species and used for animal feed, though.

Vicia faba. their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as falafel. The term "fava bean" (from for the bean) is used in some English-speaking countries such as the US, but "broad bean" is the most common name in Commonwealth countries like the UK, Australia and New Zealand.## Pests and diseases.Many diseases appear at a higher rate in higher humidity. Therefore, cultivars being bred for higher density should be evaluated for disease problems. This can be mitigated by west–east rows for more sun drying effect.Disease tolerance is an important part of breeding "V. faba".If transplanted instead of direct seeded.

Vicia faba. there is a lower risk of some diseases including "Botrytis fabae" (see "Botrytis fabae").## Parasites.In mainland Europe and North Africa, the plant parasite "Orobanche crenata" (carnation-scented broomrape) can cause severe impacts on fields of broad beans, devastating their yields.## Fungal diseases.## "Botrytis fabae".Beans are attacked by chocolate spot fungus, which can have a severe impact on yield."Botrytis fabae" is one of the worst diseases in "V. faba". Foliar damage, reduced photosynthesis, reduced bean productivity. "B. fabae" switches from non-aggressive growth to aggressive pathogenicity under the combination of increased temperature and humidity, and this is worsened by low soil K and.

Vicia faba. P, and by the higher humidity caused by higher seeding rates. The non-aggressive phase is marked by small red-brown leaf lesions, and sometimes the same on stems and pods. Treatment is less effective than prevention. Early planting avoids the problematic combination of high temperature and humidity in late spring into early summer. Decreasing seeding rate or thinning after emergence is also effective. Foliar fungicide is effective. If "V. faba" flowers during the heights of summer temperatures there is an increased risk of this disease. If transplanted instead of direct seeded there is a lower risk of "B. fabae".## "Erysiphe cichoracearum"."Erysiphe.

Vicia faba. cichoracearum" overwinters on residue and has alternate hosts. Resistant cultivars and overhead irrigation are preventative. Sulfur fungicides are recommended in severe outbreak.## "Fusarium solani".This soil borne pathogen is mitigated by lower temperature, aeration, drainage, and sufficient nutrition. Symptoms include stunting, yellowing, necrotic basal leaves, and brown or red or black streak-shaped root lesions that growth together and may show above the soil as the disease progresses.## "Uromyces viciae-fabae" var. "viciae-fabae".Faba bean rust is a fungal pathogen commonly affecting broad bean plants at maturity, causing small orange dots with yellow halos on the leaves, which may merge to form an orange.

Vicia faba. lawn on both leaf surfaces.## "Sclerotinia" stem rot.Both "Sclerotinia sclerotiorum" and "S. trifoliorum" are pathogens of interest. Lithourgidis et al have done extensive work over the years, including in 2007 for "S. t.", 2005 for "S. s.", and 1989 regarding procedures for field testing with "S. s."## Bacterial diseases.## "Xanthomonas campestris" and "X. axonopodis"."Xanthomonas campestris" and "X. axonopodis" can be inoculated by seed contamination and by overwintering in crop residue. Increased incidence with higher temperatures, rainfall, and humidity. Produces deliquescent, necrotic lesions, sometimes with a wider yellow lesion around them, and in advanced disease the plant will look burned. Can.

Vicia faba. be prevented or treated by use of uninfected seed, resistant cultivars, seed treatments, and copper bactericides.## "Pseudomonas syringae"."Pseudomonas syringae" overwinters on residue. Uninfected seed, rotation, and removal of residue are preventative.## Viral diseases."Faba bean necrotic yellows virus" which it shares with other "Vicia". Timchenko et al 2006 find Clink is not obviously necessary but highly conserved nonetheless, suggesting it is maintained by necessity for infection of other "Vicia".## Insect pests.## "Aphis fabae".Broad bean plants are highly susceptible to early summer infestations of the black bean aphid, which can cover large sections of growing plants with infestations, typically starting at the.

Vicia faba. tip of the plant. Severe infestations can significantly reduce yields, and can also cause discolouration of pods and reduction in their saleable values."Aphis fabae" is a major pest. May infest transplants. Reflective plastic mulch may be preventative. May be mechanically removed by high pressure water once plant is established. "V. fabae" is tolerant to low and medium degrees of infestation, so insecticide application is only required under high infestation.## Nutrition.Raw mature fava beans are 11% water, 58% carbohydrates, 26% protein, and 2% fat. A 100-gram reference amount supplies 1425 (kJ) of food energy and numerous essential nutrients in high content.

Vicia faba. (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV). Folate (106% DV), and dietary minerals, such as manganese, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron (range of 52 to 77% DV), have considerable content. B vitamins have moderate to rich content (19 to 48% DV). Fava beans present the highest protein-to-carbohydrate ratio among other popular pulse crops, such as chickpea, pea and lentil. Moreover, their consumption is recommended along with cereals as both foods are complementary in supplying all essential amino acids.## Health concerns.## Toxicity.Beans generally contain phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin that occurs naturally in plants, animals, and humans. Most of the relatively low toxin.

Vicia faba. concentrations found in "V. faba" can be destroyed by boiling the beans for 10 minutes.Broad beans are rich in levodopa, and should thus be avoided by those taking irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors to prevent a pressor response.## Genetic predisposition.Sufferers of favism must avoid broad beans, as they contain the alkaloid glycoside vicine which may initiate a hemolytic crisis. A low-content vicine-convicine faba bean line was identified in the 1980s and the trait has been introduced into several modern cultivars. Low vicine-convicine faba beans are safe for consumption by G6PD-deficient individuals. As of 2019, a molecular marker may be used for.

Vicia faba. marker-assisted breeding to reduce levels of vicine-convicine in fava beans.## Culinary uses.Broad beans are generally eaten while still young and tender, enabling harvesting to begin as early as the middle of spring for plants started under glass or overwintered in a protected location, but even the main crop sown in early spring will be ready from mid to late summer. Horse beans, left to mature fully, are usually harvested in the late autumn, and are then eaten as a pulse. The immature pods are also cooked and eaten, and the young leaves of the plant can also be eaten, either.

Vicia faba. raw or cooked as a pot herb (like spinach).Preparing broad beans involves first removing the beans from their pods, then steaming or boiling the beans, either whole or after parboiling them to loosen their exterior coating, which is then removed. The beans can be fried, causing the skin to split open, and then salted and/or spiced to produce a savory, crunchy snack.## Algeria.In south Algerian cuisine, broad beans are used to make besarah and doubara. Doubara is popular in the city of Biskra.## China.In the Sichuan cuisine of China, broad beans are combined with soybeans and chili peppers to produce.

Vicia faba. a spicy fermented bean paste called "doubanjiang". Perhaps due to the bean's popularity in Sichuan cuisine, in addition to the regular Chinese terms of "silkworm bean" () or "orchid bean" (), they are also known as "Sichuan beans" () in Chinese.## Colombia.Fava beans (Colombia: Haba(s)) are a common food in most regions of Colombia, mostly in Bogota and Boyacá.## Ecuador.Steamed fava beans (known as "habitas") with cheese are common in the cold-weather regions of Ecuador, especially around the Andes mountains and surroundings of Ambato.## Egypt.Fava beans (Egyptian Masri: "" ) are a common staple food in the Egyptian diet, eaten.

Vicia faba. by rich and poor alike. Egyptians eat fava beans in various ways: they may be shelled and then dried, or bought dried and then cooked in water on very low heat for several hours. They are the primary ingredient in Egyptian-style falafel (unlike the Levantine style, where the primary ingredient is chickpeas). The most popular way of preparing them in Egypt is by taking the cooked and partially mashed beans and adding oil, salt, and cumin to them. The dish, known as "ful medames", is traditionally eaten with bread (generally at breakfast) and is considered one of Egypt's national dishes.##.

Vicia faba. Ethiopia.Broad beans () are one of the most popular legumes in Ethiopia. They are tightly coupled with every aspect of Ethiopian life. They are mainly used as an alternative to peas to prepare a flour called "shiro", which is used to make "shiro wot" (a stew used widely in Ethiopian dishes). During the fasting period in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church tradition called "Tsome Filliseta, Tsome arbeå, Tsome Tahsas", and "Tsome Hawaria" (which are in August, end of February, April, mid-November, beginning of January, and June–July), two uncooked spicy vegetable dishes are made using broad beans. The first is "hilibet", a.

Vicia faba. thin, white paste of broad bean flour mixed with pieces of onion, green pepper, garlic, and other spices. The second is "siljo", a fermented, sour, spicy thin yellow paste of broad bean flour. Both are served with other stews and "injera" (a pancake-like bread) during lunch and dinner."Baqella nifro" (boiled broad beans) are eaten as a snack during some holidays and during a time of mourning. This tradition goes well into religious holidays, too. On the Thursday before Good Friday (in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church tradition, "tselote hamus" (the Prayer of Thursday)), people eat a different kind of "nifro" called.

Vicia faba. "gulban". "Gulban" is made of peeled, half beans collected and well-cooked with other grains such as wheat, peas, and chickpeas. This is done to mourn the crucifixion of Jesus Christ."Boq'ullit" (boiled, salted broad bean embryo) is one of the favorite snacks in the evening, the common story-telling time in north and central Ethiopia. It is particularly a favorite for the story-teller (usually a society elder), as it is delicious, and easy to chew and swallow.## England.In England, broad beans are usually boiled.## Finland.In Finnish, the word for "fava bean" is (literally "ox bean"). Fava beans are used to make a.

Vicia faba. meat substitute called Härkis.## Greece.The Greek word "fáva" (φάβα) does "not" refer to broad beans, but to the yellow split pea and also to another legume, "Lathyrus clymenum". Broad beans are known instead as "koukiá" (), and are eaten in a stew combined with artichokes, while they are still fresh in their pods. Dried broad beans are eaten boiled, sometimes combined with garlic sauce ("skordalia").In Crete, fresh broad beans are shelled and eaten as a companion to "tsikoudia", the local alcoholic drink.Favism is quite common in Greece because of malaria endemicity in previous centuries, and people afflicted by it do.

Vicia faba. not eat broad beans.## India.In India, fava beans are eaten in the Northeastern state of Manipur. They are locally known as "hawai-amubi" and are ingredients in the dish eromba.## Iran.Broad beans, or "Baghalee" () are primarily cultivated in the central and north parts of Iran. The city of Kashan has the highest production of broad beans with high quality in terms of the taste, cooking periods and color. However, broad beans have a very short season (roughly two weeks). The season is usually in the middle of spring. When people have access to fresh beans in season, they cook them.

Vicia faba. in brine and then add vinegar and "Heracleum persicum" depending on taste. They also make an extra amount to dry to be used year-round. The dried beans can be cooked with rice, which forms one of the most famous dishes in north of Iran (Gilan) called "baghalee polo" () which means "rice with broad beans". In Iran, broad beans are cooked, served with Golpar-origan and salt and sold on streets in the winter. This food is also available preserved in metal cans.## Iraq.Broad beans which are called Bagilla (باگله/باقله) in the Iraqi dialect of Arabic are a common ingredient in.

Vicia faba. many Iraqi foods. One of the most popular Iraqi dishes that uses the broad bean is Bagilla Bil-Dihin () also called Tishreeb Bagilla (). This dish is a common breakfast dish in Iraq and consists of bread soaked in boiled broad beans’ water then topped with broad beans, melted Ghee, and often also a boiled or fried egg. Fool () is another common breakfast dish in Iraq as well as many other Arab countries and consists of mashed fava beans. Another famous Iraqi dish is Timmen Bagilla (), which is Arabic for 'broad bean rice'. This classic Iraqi dish consists.

Vicia faba. of rice cooked with broad bean and dill.## Italy.In Rome, fava beans are popular either cooked with guanciale or with globe artichokes, as side dish together with lamb or kid, or raw with Pecorino romano. "Fave e Pecorino" is the traditional dish for 1 May picnic in Liguria, Tuscany, Marche, Umbria and Latium.In Sicily, "Maccu" is a Sicilian soup prepared with fava beans as a primary ingredient.In Apulia, broad bean purée with wild chicory is a typical dish.## Japan.Broad beans, called Soramame (Japanese: ) lit: "Sky Bean", are consumed in a variety of ways in Japan. Most commonly, the beans.

Vicia faba. are boiled and are eaten straight or added to rice. It is also consumed as a popular snack called "ikarimame" (Japanese: ) lit: "Anchor Bean", where the beans are roasted or fried.## Luxembourg."Judd mat Gaardebounen", or smoked collar of pork with broad beans, is the national dish of Luxembourg.## Malta.They are a primary ingredient of the Maltese kusksu, a vegetable soup primarily containing fava beans and pasta beads. They are also used in an appetizer called "bigilla" where they are served as a pureé mixed with olive oil, lemon juice, garlic, parsley and mint. It is served with bread or.

Vicia faba. crackers.## Mexico.In Mexico, fava beans are often eaten in a soup called , meaning "fava soup". They are also eaten fried, salted, and dried, as a snack, either by themselves or in combination with other salted, dried beans and nuts.## Morocco.In Morocco, fava beans are cooked, steamed or made into tabiṣart, a dip sold as a street food and commonly eaten in winter.## Nepal.In Nepal, fava beans are called "bakulla". They are eaten as a green vegetable when the pods are young, generally stir-fried with garlic. When dried, fava beans are eaten roasted, or mixed with other legumes, such as.

Vicia faba. moong beans, chick peas, and peas, and called "qwati". The mixture, soaked and germinated, is cooked as soup and consumed with rice or beaten rice on the occasion of "Janai Purnima" also known as "Rakshya Bandhan", a festival celebrated by the Hindus. The dry and stir-fried version of "qwati" is called "biraula". The "qwati" soup is believed to reinvigorate the body affected by monsoon paddy season.## Netherlands.In the Netherlands, they are traditionally eaten with fresh savory and some melted butter. The combination of the beans tossed with crispy fried bacon is also common. When rubbed, the velvet insides of the.

Vicia faba. pods are a folk remedy against warts.## Peru.Fava beans (Peruvian Spanish: "haba(s)") are eaten fresh or dried toasted, boiled, roasted, stewed or in soup. Habas are one of the essential ingredients of "Pachamanca" in the Andes of Peru, and are also an additive for "Panetela", which is a homemade remedy to keep your child fed and hydrated in cases of diarrhea or stomach infection and even for cholera treatment.Peruvian dishes with fava beans include: Aji de habas Saltado de habas El chupe de habas Ajiaco de Papas y habas Pachamanca Guiso de habas Shambar (heavy soup, traditional in Trujillo)## Portugal.Fava.

Vicia faba. beans () are widely cultivated in Portugal and are very popular throughout the country. The most popular dish cooked with favas is "favada", a stew with onion and pork—depending on the region of the country the pork may be chorizo, bacon, pork shoulder, ribs or the mixture of many of these. In Alentejo a lot of coriander will be added in the end. Besides favada, fava beans may be served dry and fried as an appetiser.## Serbia.Broad bean aspic (Serbian: ) is a Serbian winter dish in which the pureed cooked beans are combined with crushed garlic and set in.

Vicia faba. a mould, topped with ground paprika in hot oil.## Spain.Broad beans () are widely cultivated in Spain. Culinary uses vary among regions, but they can be used as the main pulse in a stew ("Habas estofadas, michirones") or as an addition to other dishes ("menestra, paella"). In certain regions they can be eaten while unripe or fried and packaged as a snack.## Sudan.Fava beans are one of the most widely consumed foods in Sudan. For most Sudanese they form the main dish during breakfast time (fatoor), especially more so for city and urban dwellers. The beans are cooked by steadily.

Vicia faba. boiling over a sustained period of time. Similar to Egypt, the cooked beans are mashed, and prepared by adding salt and pepper. For additional flavour, sesame oil is added along with a sprinkling of jibna ("feta" cheese) on top. The dish is then eaten with bread, sometimes mix all in one dish this called (fatta or boash).## Sweden.Broad beans (), which in Sweden were traditionally eaten as soaked brown, and boiled, dried broad beans fried in lard, were for a very long time popular to add to other foods as a filling side, specially with fried pork. The green, raw,.

Vicia faba. and lightly boiled broad beans were used seasonally as a side green.## Syria.In Syria, broad beans are prepared in multiple ways for breakfast, lunch or dinner. Ful Medames is the same as the Egyptian dish (it is not mashed though) but with the addition of tomato, parsley and onion and with olive oil. Another version of it includes the addition of tahini (sesame paste), olive oil, garlic and lemon. For lunch, broad beans are cooked with a mix of minced and big chunks of meat and is topped on white rice and eaten with cold yogurt and cucumber salad. Bulgur.

Vicia faba. is sometimes used in preparing this recipe instead of rice. Broad beans are cooked with pieces of garlic, meat and meat stock with the addition of lemon juice and cilantro. This dish is called foulieh and is eaten on the side with rice. Same recipe is prepared without meat as a vegan dish eaten on lent by Christians in Syria.## Turkey.In Turkey, broad beans are called '. This is also the name of a "zeytinyağlı" dish made by simmering young and tender broad bean pods with chopped onions in olive oil. It is traditionally garnished with dill and served cool,.

Vicia faba. together with yoghurt. Another popular dish is ', a meze prepared by soaking and boiling shelled dried broad beans until soft and then pureeing with olive oil and optionally fresh dill. The puree is left to set overnight, and served cold, garnished with dill and slices of lemon. Broad beans are also cooked with artichoke (Enginarlı İç Bakla) which is another "zeytinyağlı" dish.## Vietnam.In Southern Vietnam, fava beans () are usually stir fried with rice noodles, durians, shrimps, Thai basil, quail eggs and pig intestines in a dry stew called "hủ tiếu lòng heo". In ancient Greece and Rome, beans.

Vicia faba. were used in voting; a white bean was used to cast a "yes" vote, and a black bean for "no". Even today, the word" koukia" (κουκιά) is used unofficially, referring to the votes. Beans were used as a food for the dead, such as during the annual Lemuria festival. The ancient Roman family name Fabius and the modern political term "Fabian" derive from this particular bean. Both Porphyry and Iamblichus report that Pythagoras once persuaded a bull not to eat beans In Ubykh culture, throwing beans on the ground and interpreting the pattern in which they fall was a common.

Vicia faba. method of divination (favomancy), and the word for "bean-thrower" in that language has become a generic term for seers and soothsayers in general. The colloquial expression 'not worth a hill of beans' alludes to their widespread economy and association with the peasant diet. In Italy, broad beans are traditionally sown on November 2, All Souls Day. Small cakes made in the shape of broad beans (though not out of them) are known as "fave dei morti" or "beans of the dead". According to tradition, Sicily once experienced a failure of all crops other than the beans; the beans kept the.

Vicia faba. population from starvation, and thanks were given to Saint Joseph. Broad beans subsequently became traditional on Saint Joseph's Day altars in many Italian communities. Some people carry a broad bean for good luck; some believe that if one carries a broad bean, one will never be without the essentials of life. In Rome, on the first of May, Roman families traditionally eat fresh fava beans with Pecorino Romano cheese during a daily excursion in the Campagna. In northern Italy, on the contrary, fava beans are traditionally fed to animals—and so some people, especially the elderly, might frown on human consumption.

Vicia faba. But in Liguria, a maritime region near northern Italy, fava beans are loved raw, and consumed fresh in early spring as the first product of the garden, alone or with fresh Pecorino Sardo or with local salami from Sant'Olcese. In some Central Italian regions, a once-popular and recently rediscovered fancy food is the "bagiana", a soup of fresh or dried fava beans seasoned with onions and beet leaves stir-fried, before being added to the soup, in olive oil and lard (or bacon or cured ham fat). In Portugal and Spain a Christmas cake called "bolo Rei" in Portuguese and "roscón.

Vicia faba. de reyes" in Spanish (King's cake) is baked with a fava bean inside. Whoever eats the slice containing it, is supposed to buy next year's cake. A similar tradition exists in France, where the "fève" (originally a dried bean, but often now a small china or metal trinket) is placed in the "galette des rois"; the person who finds it in their slice becomes the king or queen of the meal, and is often expected to serve the other guests to drink. Pliny claimed they acted as a laxative. European folklore also claims that planting beans on Good Friday or.

Vicia faba. during the night brings good luck."Frederick E Rose (London) Ltd v William H Pim Junior & Co Ltd" [1953] 2 QB 450, is an English contract law case where the two litigants had both mistaken feveroles for ordinary horse beans. Can be used as a green manure, due to nitrogen fixation it produces. In the Netherlands, roasted or fried broad beans are regarded as a local delicacy of the city of Groningen, and is locally called "molleboon". Until the 1800s, the city council used "mollebonen" for the voting process, sometimes real beans, sometimes made of stone or clay. The word.

Vicia faba. "Molleboon" became a nickname for the inhabitants of the city.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Western terrestrial garter snake. The western terrestrial garter snake ("Thamnophis elegans") is a western North American species of colubrid snake. At least five subspecies are currently recognized.## Description.Most western terrestrial garter snakes have a yellow, light orange, or white dorsal stripe, accompanied by two stripes of the same color, one on each side. Some varieties have red or black spots between the dorsal stripe and the side stripes. It is an immensely variable species, and even the most experienced herpetologists have trouble when it comes to identification. They are medium-sized snakes, usually 46 – 104 (cm).Like many species of North American garter snake, the.

Western terrestrial garter snake. longer time required to kill prey. Snakes from Colorado populations of terrestrial garter snakes appear to be more efficient at killing their prey by constriction than those from Pacific Coast populations.## Geographic range."Thamnophis elegans" is found in central British Columbia, central Alberta, and southwestern Manitoba in Canada. It can be found in the western United States, as far east as western Nebraska and the Oklahoma Panhandle. An isolated population occurs in Baja California, Mexico.## Subspecies.Six subspecies have been identified, although the validity of some of them is debated."Thamnophis elegans arizonae" – Arizona garter snake"Thamnophis elegans elegans" – mountain garter snake.

Western terrestrial garter snake. "Thamnophis elegans hueyi" – San Pedro Mártir garter snake"Thamnophis elegans terrestris" – coastal garter snake "Thamnophis elegans vagrans" – wandering garter snake "Thamnophis elegans vascotanneri" – Upper Basin garter snake## Habitat."Thamnophis elegans" occurs in a wide variety of habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, and coniferous forests, from sea level up to 3962 (m). It is primarily terrestrial, although populations in the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains are semi-aquatic.## Reproduction.The western terrestrial garter snake does not lay eggs, but instead is ovoviviparous, which is characteristic of natricine snakes. Broods of eight to 12 young are born in August and September.## Diet.The diet.

Western terrestrial garter snake. of "Thamnophis elegans" relies heavily on the prey available in the environment, and thus varies due to geographical differences. This makes the western terrestrial garter snake an excellent example of polyphagism. There are two main variants that are most prevalent: coastal and inland. Since coastal "T. elegans" is found along the West Coast of the United States, it is found near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, if the snake population is considered to be inland, it is found near inland water sources such as streams, ponds, or lakes.Coastal populations' food sources mainly include terrestrial prey.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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Spoladea recurvalis. Spoladea recurvalis, the beet webworm moth or Hawaiian beet webworm, is a species of moth of the family Crambidae. It is found worldwide, but mainly in the tropics.The wingspan is 22–24 mm. The moth flies from May to September depending on the location.The larvae feed on spinach, beet, cotton, maize and soybean. They feed on the underside of the leaves protected by a slight web. The larvae are green and resemble the ribs of the leaf somewhat. When fully grown, they are about 19 mm long.The pupa is formed within a slight cocoon in a folded piece of leaf. It.

Spoladea recurvalis. is very pale brown. The pupal period lasts about 12 days. Adult moths are nectarivores and capable of long-distance flights. Lepidoptera of Belgium Australian caterpillars "Spoladea recurvalis" at UKMoths Cirrus Digital: "Spoladea recurvalis" – Beet webworm moth.


Question: Who is the creator of this object?

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Reflecting telescope. A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is a telescope that uses a single or a combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. The reflecting telescope was invented in the 17th century by Isaac Newton as an alternative to the refracting telescope which, at that time, was a design that suffered from severe chromatic aberration. Although reflecting telescopes produce other types of optical aberrations, it is a design that allows for very large diameter objectives. Almost all of the major telescopes used in astronomy research are reflectors. Reflecting telescopes come in many design variations and may.

Reflecting telescope. employ extra optical elements to improve image quality or place the image in a mechanically advantageous position. Since reflecting telescopes use mirrors, the design is sometimes referred to as a catoptric telescope.From the time of Newton to the 1800s, the mirror itself was made of metal usually speculum metal. This type included Newton's first designs and even the largest telescopes of the 19th century, the Leviathan of Parsonstown with a 1.8 meter wide metal mirror. In the 19th century a new method using a block of glass coated with very thin layer of silver began to become more popular by.

Reflecting telescope. his telescope and five years before Hooke built the first such Gregorian telescope, Isaac Newton in 1668 built his own reflecting telescope, which is generally acknowledged as the first reflecting telescope. It used a spherically ground metal primary mirror and a small diagonal mirror in an optical configuration that has come to be known as the Newtonian telescope.Despite the theoretical advantages of the reflector design, the difficulty of construction and the poor performance of the speculum metal mirrors being used at the time meant it took over 100 years for them to become popular. Many of the advances in reflecting.

Reflecting telescope. useful for terrestrial observations. Some small spotting scopes are still built this way. There are several large modern telescopes that use a Gregorian configuration such as the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope, the Magellan telescopes, the Large Binocular Telescope, and the Giant Magellan Telescope.## Newtonian.The Newtonian telescope was the first successful reflecting telescope, completed by Isaac Newton in 1668. It usually has a paraboloid primary mirror but at focal ratios of about f/10 or longer a spherical primary mirror can be sufficient for high visual resolution. A flat secondary mirror reflects the light to a focal plane at the side of.

Reflecting telescope. seldom faster than f/15.## Off-axis designs.There are several designs that try to avoid obstructing the incoming light by eliminating the secondary or moving any secondary element off the primary mirror's optical axis, commonly called off-axis optical systems.## Herschelian.The Herschelian reflector is named after William Herschel, who used this design to build very large telescopes including the 40-foot telescope in 1789. In the Herschelian reflector the primary mirror is tilted so the observer's head does not block the incoming light. Although this introduces geometrical aberrations, Herschel employed this design to avoid the use of a Newtonian secondary mirror since the speculum.


Question: Which location has this plant invaded?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Pontederia crassipes. of water that have already been affected by human activities, such as artificial reservoirs or eutrophied lakes that receive large amounts of nutrients. It outcompetes native aquatic plants, both floating and submerged. In 2011, Wu Fuqin et al. tracked the results of Yunnan Dianchi Lake and also showed that water hyacinth could affect the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, submerged plants and algae by water environment quality and inhibit its growth. The decay process depletes dissolved oxygen in the water, often killing fish.Water hyacinth can absorb a large amount of harmful heavy metals and other substances. After death, it will rot and.

Pontederia crassipes. tons of fresh biomass would require 75 trucks with a capacity of 40m^3, per day, for 365 days to get rid of a million tons of water hyacinth. The water hyacinth would then be transferred to a dumping site and allowed to decompose which releases CO2, CH4 and nitrogen oxides which would all negatively impact the air quality and contribute to global warming.Water hyacinth has been widely introduced in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and New Zealand. In many areas, it has become an important and pernicious invasive species. In New Zealand, it is listed on the National Pest.

Pontederia crassipes. and the "Japanese staff imported from Venezuela considerable numbers of water hyacinth, which were given away as souvenirs". The claim has been repeated by later writers, with various shifts in the details. Thus NAS fellow Noel D. Vietmeyer (1975) wrote that "Japanese entrepreneurs" introduced the plant into the U.S., and the plants had been "collected from the Orinoco River in Venezuela", and the claim was echoed along the same gist by a pair of NASA researchers (), who asserted that the souvenir plants were carelessly dumped in various waterways. Canadian biologist Spencer C. H. Barrett (2004) meanwhile favored the theory.

Pontederia crassipes. they were first cultivated in garden ponds, after which they multiplied and escaped to the environs. The account gains a different detail as told by children's story-teller Carole Marsh (1992), who says "Japan gave away water hyacinth seeds" during the exposition, and another Southern raconteur, Gaspar J. "Buddy" Stall (1998) assured his readership that the Japanese gave each family a package of those seeds.One paper has also inquired into the role which catalog sales of seeds and plants may have played in the dissemination of invasive plants. It has been found that "P. crassipes" was offered in the 1884 issue.

Pontederia crassipes. Corps of Engineers) tested various means of eradicating the plants, including the jet-streaming of steam and hot water, application of various strong acids, and application of petroleum followed by incineration. Spraying with saturated salt solution (but not dilute solutions) effectively killed the plants; unfortunately this was considered prohibitively expensive, and the engineers selected Harvesta brand herbicide, whose active ingredient was arsenic acid, as the optimal cost-effective tool for eradication. This herbicide was used until 1905, when it was substituted with a different, white arsenic based compound. An engineer charged with the spraying did not think the poison to be a.

Pontederia crassipes. sheep, lambs, were native to the U.S.; all had been imported by European settlers centuries before, so why should Americans hesitate to introduce hippopotamus and other large animals into the American diet? Duquesne, who was born and raised in South Africa, further noted that European settlers on that continent commonly included hippopotamus, ostrich, antelope, and other African wildlife in their diets and suffered no ill effects. The American Hippo bill nearly passed, but fell one vote short.Water hyacinths have also been introduced into waters inhabited by manatees in Florida, for the purpose of bioremediation (cf. §Phytoremediation below) of the waters.

Pontederia crassipes. development of China's inland industry, the eutrophication of inland waters has intensified. With the help of its efficient asexual reproduction and environmental adaptation mechanisms, water hyacinth has begun to spread widely in the river basin. The hyacinths blocked the river and hindered the internal water traffic. For example, many waterways in Zhejiang and other provinces were blocked by the rapidly growing water hyacinth. In addition, a large number of water hyacinths floating in the water will block sunlight from entering the water, and its decay consumes a lot of dissolved oxygen in the water, pollutes the water quality, and can.

Pontederia crassipes. kill other aquatic plants. The outbreak of water hyacinth has seriously affected the biodiversity of the local ecosystem and threatened the production, life and health of community residents.In Iraq, water hyacinth which was imported in the 1990s as a decorative plant, caused major problems for water supply systems and fishermen at the Euphrates.## Europe.In 2016, the European Union banned any sales of the water hyacinth in the EU. The species features on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern. This means that not only the sales but also importation, cultivation, or intentional release into the environment are forbidden.

Pontederia crassipes. in the whole of the European Union.## Oceania.In Papua New Guinea, water hyacinth blocked sunlight to other aquatic organisms, created habitat for malaria-carrying mosquitoes, clogged waterways to the point that boats could not get through and reduced the quality of water for purposes such as cooking, washing and drinking. People have lost income or even died due to being unable to travel to get food or medical care, or due to diseases from contaminated water or mosquitoes.## Control.Control depends on the specific conditions of each affected location such as the extent of water hyacinth infestation, regional climate, and proximity to.

Pontederia crassipes. root zones are superb micro-sites for bacterial communities.Water hyacinth is a common fodder plant in the third world especially Africa though excessive use can be toxic. It is high in protein (nitrogen) and trace minerals and the goat feces are a good source of fertilizer as well.Water hyacinth is reported for its efficiency to remove about 60–80% nitrogen and about 69% of potassium from water. The roots of water hyacinth were found to remove particulate matter and nitrogen in a natural shallow eutrophicated wetland.The plant is extremely tolerant of, and has a high capacity for, the uptake of heavy metals,.

Pontederia crassipes. portion of cultivable land goes under water for months during monsoon in this low-lying region, farmers have grown this method for many decades now. The method of this agriculture is known by many names including "dhap chash" and "vasoman chash".In Kenya, East Africa, it has been used experimentally as organic fertilizer, although there is controversy stemming from the high alkaline pH value of the fertilizer.## Other uses.In various places in the world, the plant is used for making furniture, handbags, baskets, rope, and household goods/interior products (lampshades, picture frames) by businesses launched by NGOs and entrepreneurs.## Woven products.American-Nigerian Achenyo Idachaba.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this item?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Tuning fork. A tuning fork is an acoustic resonator in the form of a two-pronged fork with the prongs (tines) formed from a U-shaped bar of elastic metal (usually steel). It resonates at a specific constant pitch when set vibrating by striking it against a surface or with an object, and emits a pure musical tone once the high overtones fade out. A tuning fork's pitch depends on the length and mass of the two prongs. They are traditional sources of standard pitch for tuning musical instruments.The tuning fork was invented in 1711 by British musician John Shore, Sergeant trumpeter and lutenist.

Tuning fork. John Shore gave to George Frideric Handel produces C=512.Tuning forks, usually C512, are used by medical practitioners to assess a patient's hearing. This is most commonly done with two exams called the Weber test and Rinne test, respectively. Lower-pitched ones, usually at C128, are also used to check vibration sense as part of the examination of the peripheral nervous system.Orthopedic surgeons have explored using a tuning fork (lowest frequency C=128) to assess injuries where bone fracture is suspected. They hold the end of the vibrating fork on the skin above the suspected fracture, progressively closer to the suspected fracture. If.


Question: Which city or region does this place locate in?

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Avenue of the Baobabs. The Avenue of the Baobabs, or Alley of the Baobabs, is a prominent group of Grandidier's baobabs ("Adansonia grandidieri") lining the dirt road between Morondava and Belon'i Tsiribihina in the Menabe region of western Madagascar. Its striking landscape draws travelers from around the world, making it one of the most visited locations in the region. It has been a center of local conservation efforts, and was granted temporary protected status in July 2007 by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Forests – a step toward making it Madagascar's first natural monument.## Description.Along a 260 (m) stretch of the road is.


Question: Which significant event was held in this building?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. The statue was lost and destroyed during the 5th century AD; details of its form are known only from ancient Greek descriptions and representations on coins.## History.The statue of Zeus was commissioned by the Eleans, custodians of the Olympic Games, in the latter half of the fifth century BC for their newly constructed Temple of Zeus. Seeking to outdo their Athenian rivals, the Eleans employed sculptor Phidias, who had previously made the massive statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon.The statue occupied half the width of the aisle of the temple built to house it. The geographer Strabo noted early.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. the god to show by a sign whether the work was to his liking. Immediately, runs the legend, a thunderbolt fell on that part of the floor where down to the present day the bronze jar stood to cover the place."## Loss and destruction.According to Roman historian Suetonius, the Roman Emperor Caligula gave orders that "such statues of the gods as were especially famous for their sanctity or their artistic merit, including that of Jupiter at Olympia, should be brought from Greece, in order to remove their heads and put his own in their place." The emperor was assassinated before.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. this could happen, in 41 AD; his death was supposedly foretold by the statue, which "suddenly uttered such a peal of laughter that the scaffolding collapsed and the workmen took to their heels."In 391 AD, the Christian Roman emperor Theodosius I banned participation in pagan cults and closed the temples. The sanctuary at Olympia fell into disuse. The circumstances of the statue's eventual destruction are unknown. The 11th-century Byzantine historian Georgios Kedrenos records a tradition that it was carried off to Constantinople, where it was destroyed in the great fire of the Palace of Lausus, in 475 AD. Alternatively, the.


Question: Which city or region does this island locate in?

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Sumburgh Head. Sumburgh Head is a headland located at the southern tip of the Shetland Mainland in northern Scotland. The head consists of a 100 m high rocky spur and topped by the Sumburgh Head Lighthouse. In the Old Norse language, Sumburgh Head was called "Dunrøstar høfdi", it means "The Head onto the loud tide-race", referring to the noise of Sumburgh Roost. Robert Stevenson was the engineer in charge of building the Sumburgh Head lighthouse. Work started on the building in 1819, and the light was first lit in 1821.## Local ecology.The area is now recognized as a nature reserve by the.

Sumburgh Head. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The cliffs are home to large numbers of seabirds with 33,000 puffins being estimated in the year 2000. These numbers have declined sharply: for example only 570 of the birds were counted in 2017. The decline in Puffin numbers also appears to apply to other species native to Sumburgh Head. In as birds, Sumburgh Head has become a popular viewing point for whales and dolphins.## Nearby locations.Sumburgh Airport, which takes its name from the head, lies immediately to the north, and serves as the main airport for the Shetland Islands. Flights from here.

Sumburgh Head. connect to mainland Scotland, the Orkney Islands and Norway. Also close to the Sumburgh Head is the archaeological site of Jarlshof, at which a series of settlements existed dating back to the neolithic period. The tiny settlement of Grutness, which is the terminus of the Shetland Mainland to Fair Isle ferry service, lies 1 (mi) north of Sumburgh Head. Images from around Sumburgh.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Ulmus americana. Ulmus americana, generally known as the American elm or, less commonly, as the white elm or water elm, is a species of elm native to eastern North America, naturally occurring from Nova Scotia west to Alberta and Montana, and south to Florida and central Texas. The American elm is an extremely hardy tree that can withstand winter temperatures as low as −42 °C (−44 °F). Trees in areas unaffected by Dutch elm disease (DED) can live for several hundred years. A prime example of the species was the Sauble Elm, which grew beside the banks of the Sauble River in.

Ulmus americana. Ontario, Canada, to a height of 43 m (140 ft), with a d.b.h of 196 cm (6.43 ft) before succumbing to DED; when it was felled in 1968, a tree-ring count established that it had germinated in 1701.For over 80 years, "U. americana" had been identified as a tetraploid, i.e. having double the usual number of chromosomes, making it unique within the genus. However, a study published in 2011 by the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA revealed that about 20% of wild American elms are diploid and may even constitute another species. Moreover, several triploid trees known only in.

Ulmus americana. cultivation, such as 'Jefferson', are possessed of a high degree of resistance to DED, which ravaged American elms in the 20th century. This suggests that the diploid parent trees, which have markedly smaller cells than the tetraploid, may too be highly resistant to the disease.## Classification."Ulmus americana" was first described and named by Carl Linnaeus in his "Species Plantarum", published in 1753. No subspecies or varieties are currently recognized within the species.## Description.The American elm is a deciduous hermaphroditic tree which, before the introduction of DED, commonly grew to more than 100 (ft) tall with a trunk whose diameter at.

Ulmus americana. breast height was more than 4 (ft), supporting a high, spreading umbrella-like canopy. The leaves are alternate, 7–20 cm long, with double-serrate margins and an oblique base. The perfect flowers are small, purple-brown and, being wind-pollinated, apetalous. The flowers are also protogynous, the female parts maturing before the male, thus reducing, but not eliminating, self-fertilization, and emerge in early spring before the leaves. The fruit is a flat samara 2 cm long by 1.5 cm broad, with a circular papery wing surrounding the single 4–5 mm seed. As in the closely related European White Elm "Ulmus laevis", the flowers and.

Ulmus americana. seeds are borne on 1–3 cm long stems. American Elm is wholly insensitive to daylight length (photoperiod), and will continue to grow well into autumn until injured by frost. Ploidy is "2n" = 56, or more rarely, "2n" = 28. ## Ecology.The American elm occurs naturally in an assortment of habitats, most notably rich bottomlands, floodplains, stream banks, and swampy ground, although it also often thrives on hillsides, uplands and other well-drained soils. On more elevated terrain, as in the Appalachian Mountains, it is most often found along rivers. The species' wind-dispersed seeds enable it to spread rapidly as suitable.

Ulmus americana. areas of habitat become available. American elm fruits in late spring (which can be as early as February and as late as June depending on the climate), the seeds usually germinating immediately, with no cold stratification needed (occasionally some might remain dormant until the following year). The species attains its greatest growth potential in the Northeastern US, while elms in the Deep South and Texas grow much smaller and have shorter lifespans, although conversely their survival rate in the latter regions is higher owing to the climate being less favorable to the spread of DED.In the United States, the American.

Ulmus americana. elm is a principal member of four major forest cover types: black ash-American elm-red maple; silver maple-American elm; sugarberry-American elm-green ash; and sycamore-sweetgum-American elm, with the first two of these types also occurring in Canada. A sugar maple-ironwood-American elm cover type occurs on some hilltops near Témiscaming, Quebec.The leaves of the American elm serve as food for the larvae of a number of species of Lepidoptera (see List of Lepidoptera that feed on elms). These include such butterflies as the Eastern Comma ("Polygonia comma"), Question Mark ("Polygonia interrogationis"), Mourning Cloak ("Nymphalis antiopa"), Painted Lady ("Vanessa cardui") and Red-spotted Purple ("Limenitis.

Ulmus americana. arthemis astyanax"), as well as such moths as the Columbian Silkmoth ("Hyalophora columbia") and the Banded Tussock Moth (Pale Tiger Moth) ("Halysidota tessellaris").## Pests and diseases.The American elm is highly susceptible to DED and elm yellows. In North America, there are three species of elm bark beetles: one native, "Hylurgopinus rufipes" ("native elm bark beetle"); and two invasive, "Scolytus multistriatus" ("smaller European elm bark beetle") and "Scolytus schevyrewi" ("banded elm bark beetle"). Although intensive feeding by elm bark beetles can kill weakened trees, their main impact is as vectors of DED.American elm is also moderately preferred for feeding and reproduction.

Ulmus americana. by the adult elm leaf beetle "Xanthogaleruca luteola" and highly preferred for feeding by the Japanese beetle "Popillia japonica" in the United States."U. americana" is also the most susceptible of all the elms to verticillium wilt, whose external symptoms closely mimic those of DED. However, the condition is far less serious, and afflicted trees should recover the following year.## Dutch elm disease.Dutch elm disease (DED) is a fungal disease that has ravaged the American elm, causing catastrophic die-offs in cities across the range. It has been estimated that only approximately 1 in 100,000 American elm trees is DED-tolerant, most known.

Ulmus americana. survivors simply having escaped exposure to the disease. However, in some areas still not infested by DED, the American elm continues to thrive, notably in Florida, Alberta and British Columbia. There is a notable grove of old American elm trees in Manhattan's Central Park. The trees there were apparently spared because of the grove's isolation in such an intensely urban setting.The American elm is particularly susceptible to disease because the period of infection often coincides with the period, approximately 30 days, of rapid terminal growth when new springwood vessels are fully functional. Spores introduced outside of this period remain largely.

Ulmus americana. static within the xylem and are thus relatively ineffective.The American elm's biology in some ways has helped to spare it from obliteration by DED, in contrast to what happened to the American chestnut with the chestnut blight. The elm's seeds are largely wind-dispersed, and the tree grows quickly and begins bearing seeds at a young age. It grows well along roads or railroad tracks, and in abandoned lots and other disturbed areas, where it is highly tolerant of most stress factors. Elms have been able to survive and to reproduce in areas where the disease had eliminated old trees, although.

Ulmus americana. most of these young elms eventually succumb to the disease at a relatively young age. There is some reason to hope that these elms will preserve the genetic diversity of the original population, and that they eventually will hybridize with DED-resistant varieties that have been developed or that occur naturally. After 20 years of research, American scientists first developed DED-resistant strains of elms in the late 1990s.Elms in forest and other natural areas have been less affected by DED than trees in urban environments due to lower environmental stress from pollution and soil compaction and due to occurring in smaller,.

Ulmus americana. more isolated populations.Fungicidal injections can be administered to valuable American elms, to prevent infection. Such injections generally are effective as a preventive measure for up to three years when performed before any symptoms have appeared, but may be ineffective once the disease is evident.## Cultivation.In the 19th and early 20th century, American elm was a common street and park tree owing to its tolerance of urban conditions, rapid growth, and graceful form. This however led to extreme overplanting of the species, especially to form living archways over streets, which ultimately produced an unhealthy monoculture of elms that had no resistance.

Ulmus americana. to disease and pests. Elms do not naturally form pure stands and trees used in landscaping were grown from a handful of cultivars, causing extremely low genetic diversity. These trees' rapid growth and longevity, leading to great size within decades, also favored its horticultural use before the advent of DED. Ohio botanist William B. Werthner, discussing the contrast between open-grown and forest-grown American elms, noted that:"In the open, with an abundance of air and light, the main trunk divides into several leading branches which leave the trunk at a sharp angle and continue to grow upward, gradually diverging, dividing and.

Ulmus americana. subdividing into long, flexible branchlets whose ends, at last, float lightly in the air, giving the tree a round, somewhat flattened top of beautifully regular proportions and characteristically fine twiggery."It is this distinctive growth form that is so valued in the open-grown American elms of street plantings, lawns, and parks; along most narrower streets, elms planted on opposite sides arch and blend together into a leafy canopy over the pavement. However, elms can assume many different sizes and forms depending on the location and climate zone. In 1926 the Klehm Nurseries of Arlington Heights, Illinois, wrote: "American Elms grown in.

Ulmus americana. the regular way from seedlings show extreme variability, growing up into trees of all shapes, some of them being very slow in growth while others are moderately rapid in development. The shapes run all the way from the true open excurrent growth to globular, or flat-topped, or pendant. As regards foliage, the leaves are from small to medium large, some shedding early and others late. This condition makes it difficult for the landscape architect to choose just the right trees to obtain the effect desired." The classic vase-shaped elm was mainly the result of selective breeding of a few cultivars.

Ulmus americana. and is much less likely to occur in the wild.## Gallery of American elm trees.American elms have been planted in North America beyond its natural range as far north as central Alberta. It also survives low desert heat at Phoenix, Arizona.Introductions across the Atlantic rarely prospered, even before the outbreak of DED. Introduced to the UK by James Gordon in 1752, the American elm was noted to be far more susceptible to insect foliage damage than native elms. The tree was propagated and marketed in the UK by the Hillier & Sons nursery, Winchester, Hampshire from 1945, with 450 sold.

Ulmus americana. in the period 1962 to 1977 when production ceased with the advent of the more virulent form of Dutch elm disease. Introduced to Australasia, the tree was listed by Australian nurseries in the early 20th century. It is known to have been planted along the Avenue of Honour at Ballarat, Victoria and the Avenue of Honour in Bacchus Marsh, Victoria. In addition, a heritage-listed planting of American elms can be found along Grant Crescent in Griffith, Australian Capital Territory. American Elms are only rarely found in New Zealand.## The American elm in literature.Mary Eleanor Wilkins Freeman, in her 1903 book.

Ulmus americana. of short stories, "Six Trees", wrote of the American elm: ## Cultivars.Numerous cultivars have been raised, originally for their aesthetic merit but more recently for their resistance to Dutch elm disease The total number of named cultivars is circa 45, at least 18 of which have probably been lost to cultivation as a consequence of DED or other factors: and others.The disease-resistant selections made available to commerce to date include 'Valley Forge', 'New Harmony', 'Princeton', 'Jefferson', 'Lewis & Clark', 'Miller Park', 'St. Croix', and a set of six different clones collectively known as 'American Liberty'. The United States National Arboretum.

Ulmus americana. released 'Valley Forge' and 'New Harmony' in late 1995, after screening tests performed in 1992–1993 showed both had unusually high levels of resistance to DED. 'Valley Forge' performed especially well in these tests.'Princeton' has been in occasional cultivation since the 1920s. 'Princeton' gained renewed attention after its performance in the 1992—1993 screening tests showed that it also had a high degree of disease resistance. A later test performed in 2002–2003 confirmed the disease resistance of 'Princeton', 'Valley Forge' and 'New Harmony', as well as that of 'Jefferson'. Thus far, plantings of these four varieties generally appear to be successful.In 2005,.

Ulmus americana. approximately 90 'Princeton' elms were planted along Pennsylvania Avenue in front of the White House in Washington, D.C. The trees, whose maintenance the National Park Service (NPS) manages, remain healthy and are thriving. However, it has been noted that "U. americana" cultivars are not recommended for more than singular plantings as they have unresolved DED and elm yellows concerns.It has also been noted that monoculture plantings of "U. americana" cultivars, such as those along Pennsylvania Avenue, have disproportionate vulnerabilities to disease. Further, long-term studies of 'Princeton' in Europe and the United States have suggested that the cultivar's resistance to DED.

Ulmus americana. may be limited (see Pests and diseases of 'Princeton').The National Elm Trial evaluated 19 elm cultivars commercially available in the United States in scientific plantings throughout the nation to assess and compare the strengths and weaknesses of each. The trial, which started in 2005, lasted for ten years. Based on the trial's final ratings, the preferred cultivars of "U. americana" are 'New Harmony' and 'Princeton'.'Jefferson' was released to wholesale nurseries in 2004 and is becoming increasingly available for planting. However, 'Jefferson' has not been widely tested beyond Washington, D.C. The National Elm Trial provided no data on ‘Jefferson’ because an.

Ulmus americana. error in tree identification had occurred earlier in the nursery trade. The error may still be causing nurseries to sell 'Princeton' elms that are mislabeled as 'Jefferson', although one can distinguish between the two cultivars as the trees mature.In 2007, the 'Elm Recovery Project' from the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada, reported that cuttings from healthy surviving old elms surveyed across Ontario had been grown to produce a bank of resistant trees, isolated for selective breeding of highly resistant cultivars.In 1993, Mariam B. Sticklen and James L. Sherald reported the results of NPS-funded experiments conducted at Michigan State University.

Ulmus americana. in East Lansing that were designed to apply genetic engineering techniques to the development of DED-resistant strains of American elm trees. In 2007, AE Newhouse and F Schrodt of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry in Syracuse reported that young transgenic American elm trees had shown reduced DED symptoms and normal mycorrhizal colonization. "Ulmus" 'Rebella' ("U. americana" × "U. parvifolia")## Hybrids and hybrid cultivars.Thousands of attempts to cross the American elm with the Siberian elm "U. pumila" failed. Attempts at the Arnold Arboretum using ten other American, European and Asiatic species also ended in.

Ulmus americana. failure, attributed to the differences in ploidy and operational dichogamy, although the ploidy factor has been discounted by other authorities.Success was eventually achieved with the autumn-flowering Chinese elm "Ulmus parvifolia" by the late Prof. Eugene Smalley towards the end of his career at the University of Wisconsin–Madison after he overcame the problem of keeping Chinese elm pollen alive until spring. Only one of the hybrid clones was commercially released, as 'Rebella' in 2011 by the German nursery Eisele GmbH; the clone is not available in the United States.Other artificial hybridizations with American elm are rare, and now regarded with suspicion.

Ulmus americana. Two such alleged successes by the nursery trade were 'Hamburg', and 'Kansas Hybrid', both with Siberian elm "Ulmus pumila". However, given the repeated failure with the two species by research institutions, it is now believed that the "American elm" in question was more likely to have been the red elm, "Ulmus rubra".## Other uses.## Wood.The American elm's wood is coarse, hard, and tough, with interlacing, contorted fibers that make it difficult to split or chop, and cause it to warp after sawing. Accordingly, the wood originally had few uses, save for making hubs for wagon wheels. Later, with the advent.

Ulmus americana. of mechanical sawing, American elm wood was used for barrel staves, trunk-slats, and hoop-poles, and subsequently became fundamental to the manufacture of wooden automobile bodies, with the intricate fibers holding screws unusually well.## Pioneer and traditional uses.Young twigs and branchlets of the American elm have tough, fibrous bark that has been used as a tying and binding material, even for rope swings for children, and also for making whips.## Notable trees.A number of mostly small to medium-sized American elms now survive in woodlands, suburban areas, and occasionally cities, where the survivors have often been relatively isolated from other elms and.

Ulmus americana. thus spared a severe exposure to the fungus. For example, in Central Park and Tompkins Square Park in New York City, stands of several large elms originally planted by Frederick Law Olmsted survive because of their isolation from neighboring areas in New York where there had been heavy mortality. The Olmsted-designed park system in Buffalo, NY did not fare as well.A row of mature American elms lines Central Park along the entire length of Fifth Avenue from 59th to 110th Streets. In Akron, Ohio there is a very old elm tree that has not been infected. In historical areas of.

Ulmus americana. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, there are also a few mature American elms still standing — notably in Independence Square and the Quadrangle at the University of Pennsylvania, and also at the nearby campuses of Haverford College, Swarthmore College, and Pennsylvania State University, believed to be the largest remaining stand in the country.There are several large American Elm trees in western Massachusetts. A large specimen, which stands on Summer Street in the Berkshire County town of Lanesborough, Massachusetts, has been kept alive by antifungal treatments. Rutgers University has preserved 55 mature elms on and in the vicinity of Voorhees Mall on the College.

Ulmus americana. Avenue Campus in New Brunswick, New Jersey in addition to seven disease-resistant trees that have been planted in this area of the campus in recent years.The largest surviving urban forest of American elms in North America is believed to be in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, where close to 200,000 elms remain. The city of Winnipeg spends $3M annually to aggressively combat the disease utilizing Dursban Turf and the Dutch Trig vaccine, losing 1500–4000 trees per year.Governmental agencies, educational institutions or other organizations in most of the states that are within the United States maintain lists of champion or.

Ulmus americana. big trees that describe the locations and characteristics of those states' largest American elm trees (see List of state champion American elm trees). The current United States national champion American elm tree is located in Iberville Parish, Louisiana. When measured in 2010, the tree had a trunk circumference of 324 (in), a height of 111 (ft) and an average crown spread of 79 (ft).The current Tree Register of the British Isles (TROBI) champion grows in Avondale Forest near Rathdrum, County Wicklow, Ireland. The tree had a height of 22.5 (m) and a diameter at breast height of 98 (cm) (circumference.

Ulmus americana. of 308 (cm)) when measured in 2000. The tree replaced on the Register a larger champion located in Woodvale Cemetery in Sussex, England, which in 1988 had a height of 27 (m) and a diameter of 115 (cm) (circumference of 361 (cm)).Other large or otherwise significant American elm trees have included:## Treaty Elm.The Treaty Elm, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In what is now Penn Treaty Park, the founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn, is said to have entered into a treaty of peace in 1683 with the native Lenape Turtle Clan under a picturesque elm tree immortalized in a painting by Benjamin West.

Ulmus americana. West made the tree, already a local landmark, famous by incorporating it into his painting after hearing legends (of unknown veracity) about the tree being the location of the treaty. No documentary evidence exists of any treaty Penn signed beneath a particular tree. On March 6, 1810 a great storm blew the tree down. Measurements taken at the time showed it to have a circumference of 24 (ft), and its age was estimated to be 280 years. Wood from the tree was made into furniture, canes, walking sticks and various trinkets that Philadelphians kept as relics.## Washington Elm (Massachusetts).The Washington.

Ulmus americana. Elm, Cambridge, Massachusetts. George Washington is said to have taken command of the American Continental Army under the Washington Elm in Cambridge on July 3, 1775. The tree survived until the 1920s and "was thought to be a survivor of the primeval forest". In 1872, a large branch fell from it and was used to construct a pulpit for a nearby church. The tree, an American white elm, became a celebrated attraction, with its own plaque, a fence constructed around it and a road moved in order to help preserve it. The tree was cut down (or fell—sources differ) in.

Ulmus americana. October 1920 after an expert determined it was dead.The city of Cambridge had plans for it to be "carefully cut up and a piece sent to each state of the country and to the District of Columbia and Alaska," according to "The Harvard Crimson". As late as the early 1930s, garden shops advertised that they had cuttings of the tree for sale, although the accuracy of the claims has been doubted. A Harvard "professor of plant anatomy" examined the tree rings days after the tree was felled and pronounced it between 204 and 210 years old, making it at most.

Ulmus americana. 62 years old when Washington took command of the troops at Cambridge. The tree would have been a little more than two feet in diameter (at 30 inches above ground) in 1773.In 1896, an alumnus of the University of Washington, obtained a rooted cutting of the Cambridge tree and sent it to Professor Edmund Meany at the university. The cutting was planted, cuttings were then taken from it, including one planted on February 18, 1932, the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington, for whom Washington state is named. That tree remains on the campus of the Washington State.

Ulmus americana. Capitol. Just to the west of the tree is a small elm from a cutting made in 1979.## Washington Elm (District of Columbia).George Washington's Elm, Washington, D.C. George Washington supposedly had a favorite spot under an elm tree near the United States Capitol Building from which he would watch construction of the building. The elm stood near the Senate wing of the Capitol building until 1948.## Logan Elm.The Logan Elm that stood near Circleville, Ohio, was one of the largest American elms in the world. The 65 (ft) tree had a trunk circumference of 24 (ft) and a crown spread.

Ulmus americana. of 180 (ft). Weakened by DED, the tree died in 1964 from storm damage. The Logan Elm State Memorial commemorates the site and preserves various associated markers and monuments. According to tradition, Chief Logan of the Mingo tribe delivered a passionate speech at a peace-treaty meeting under this elm in 1774.## "Herbie".Another notable American elm, named Herbie, was the tallest American elm in New England until it was cut down on January 19, 2010, after it succumbed to DED. Herbie was 110 (ft) tall at its peak and had a circumference of 20.3 (ft), or a diameter of approximately 6.5.

Ulmus americana. (ft). The tree stood in Yarmouth, Maine, where it was cared for by the town's tree warden, Frank Knight.When cut down, Herbie was 217 years old. Herbie's wood is of interest to dendroclimatologists, who will use cross-sections of the trunk to help answer questions about climate during the tree's lifetime.## The Glencorradale Elm.The Glencorradale Elm on Prince Edward Island, Canada, is a surviving wild elm believed to be several hundred years old.## Survivor Tree.An American elm located in a parking lot directly across the street from the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City survived the Oklahoma City bombing.

Ulmus americana. on April 19, 1995 that killed 168 people and destroyed the Murrah building. Damaged in the blast, with fragments lodged in its trunk and branches, it was nearly cut down in efforts to recover evidence. However, nearly a year later the tree began to bloom. Then known as the Survivor Tree, it became an important part of the Oklahoma City National Memorial, and is featured prominently on the official logo of the memorial.## Parliament Hill Elm.The Parliament Hill Elm was planted in Ottawa, Canada, in the late 1910s or early 1920s when Centre Block was rebuilt following the Great fire.

Ulmus americana. of 1916. The tree grew for approximately a century next to a statue of John A. Macdonald and was one of the few in the region to survive the spread of DED in the 1970s and 1980s. Despite protests from Ottawa area environmentalists and resistance from Opposition Members of Parliament the tree was removed in April 2019 to make way for new Centre Block renovations.## Landscaped parks.## Central Park.New York City's Central Park is home to approximately 1,200 American elms. The oldest of these elms were planted during the 1860s by Frederick Law Olmsted, making them among the oldest stands.

Ulmus americana. of American elms in the world. The trees are particularly noteworthy along the Mall and Literary Walk, where four lines of American elms stretch over the walkway forming a cathedral-like covering. A part of New York City's urban ecology, the elms improve air and water quality, reduce erosion and flooding, and decrease air temperatures during warm days.While the stand is still vulnerable to DED, in the 1980s the Central Park Conservancy undertook aggressive countermeasures such as heavy pruning and removal of extensively diseased trees. These efforts have largely been successful in saving the majority of the trees, although several are.

Ulmus americana. still lost each year. Younger American elms that have been planted in Central Park since the outbreak are of the DED-resistant 'Princeton' and 'Valley Forge' cultivars.## National Mall.Several rows of American elm trees that the National Park Service first planted during the 1930s line much of the 1.9 miles (3.0 km) length of the National Mall in Washington, D.C. DED first appeared on the trees during the 1950s and reached a peak in the 1970s. The NPS used a number of methods to control the epidemic, including sanitation, pruning, injecting trees with fungicide and replanting with DED-resistant cultivars. The NPS.

Ulmus americana. combated the disease's local insect vector, the smaller European elm bark beetle ("Scolytus multistriatus"), by trapping and by spraying with insecticides. As a result, the population of American elms planted on the Mall and its surrounding areas has remained intact for more than 80 years.## In art and photography.The nobility and arching grace of the American Elm in its heyday, on farms, in villages, in towns and on campuses, were celebrated in the books of photographs of Wallace Nutting ("Massachusetts Beautiful", N.Y. 1923, and other volumes in the series) and of Samuel Chamberlain ("The New England Image", New York, 1962).

Ulmus americana. Frederick Childe Hassam is notable among painters who have depicted American Elm.North AmericaArnold Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 250-53 (cult. material), 412-86 wild collected in the United States.Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest, Clermont, Kentucky. No details available.Denver Botanic Gardens, US. One specimen, no details.Holden Arboretum, US. Acc. nos. 2005-17, 65-632, 80-663, all of unrecorded provenance.Longwood Gardens, US. Acc. nos. 1997-0074, L-0352, sources unrecorded.Missouri Botanical Garden, US. Acc. nos. 1969-6172, 1986-0206, 1986-0207, 1986-0208.New York Botanical Garden, US. Acc. nos. 877/97, 944/96, 1854/99, 2111/99, 06791, all unrecorded provenance.Phipps Conservatory & Botanical Gardens, US. Acc. nos. 00/1265, 99/0660.Scott Arboretum, US. Acc. no. S000339, no.

Ulmus americana. other details available.U S National Arboretum, Washington, D.C., US. Acc. nos. 64254, 64255, 64256, 66355, 66426, 68988, 69304, 66341.EuropeBrighton & Hove City Council, UK. NCCPG elm collection.Dubrava Arboretum, Lithuania. No accession details available.Grange Farm Arboretum, Sutton St James, Spalding, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. not known.Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, Salaspils, Latvia. Acc. nos. 18087,88,89,90,91,92.Linnaean Gardens of Uppsala, Sweden. Acc. nos. 1976-2713,0000-2170Strona Arboretum, University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. No accession details available.Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. Acc. no. 19901741, Ulmus americana L., wild collected in Canada; Acc. no. 19802124, Ulmus americana L.× pumila L. var. arborea, cultivated materialTallinn Botanic Garden, Estonia. No.

Ulmus americana. accession details available.Thenford House arboretum, Northamptonshire, UK. No accession details available.University of Copenhagen, Botanic Garden, Denmark. Acc. no. P1971-5201, wild collected in the USWakehurst Place Garden, Wakehurst Place, UK. Acc. nos. 1994-67, 1994-68, 1991-1163.A.AustralasiaEastwoodhill Arboretum, Gisborne, New Zealand. 11 trees, accession details not known.Frank Knight, tree warden of the American elm "Herbie" for over fifty years Flora of North America: distribution map for "Ulmus americana" "Ulmus americana" images Saving the American Elm, by Bruce Carley Keith Warren, J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co. (2002): 'The Status of Elms in the Nursery Industry in 2000' Plant atlas synonyms The International Plant.

Ulmus americana. Names Index Michigan State University "Plant Encyclopedia": "Ulmus americana" fact-page and photographs pg. 1 Michigan State University "Plant Encyclopedia": photographs pg. 2 'Elms of the Monumental Core' (Washington D.C.) — "National Park Service (2009), by James L. Sherald".


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Rye. Rye ("Secale cereale") is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) and is closely related to both wheat ("Triticum") and barley (genus "Hordeum"). Rye grain is used for flour, bread, beer, crispbread, some whiskeys, some vodkas, and animal fodder. It can also be eaten whole, either as boiled rye berries or by being rolled, similar to rolled oats.Rye is a cereal grain and should not be confused with ryegrass, which is used for lawns, pasture, and as hay for livestock.## History.Rye is one of.

Rye. of herbicides.Rye is a common, unwanted invader of winter wheat fields. If allowed to grow and mature, it may cause substantially reduced prices (docking) for harvested wheat.## Frost resistance."Secale cereale" can thrive in subzero environments. The leaves of winter "S. cereale" produce various antifreeze polypeptides (these are different from the antifreeze polypeptides produced by some fish and insects).## Diseases.Rye is highly susceptible to the ergot fungus. Consumption of ergot-infected rye by humans and animals results in a serious medical condition known as ergotism. Ergotism can cause both physical and mental harm, including convulsions, miscarriage, necrosis of digits, hallucinations and death.

Rye. Historically, damp northern countries that have depended on rye as a staple crop were subject to periodic epidemics of this condition. Such epidemics have been found to correlate with periods of frequent witch trials, such as the Salem witch trials in Massachusetts in 1692. Modern grain-cleaning and milling methods have practically eliminated the disease, but contaminated flour may end up in bread and other food products if the ergot is not removed before milling.## Diversity and uses.Along with "Secale cereale's" relationship and impact on the environment, it is also a valuable species because of its expansive diversity and uses. In.


Question: What kind of effect does this object have?

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Convenience. effects.## Health care.Some of the major improvements over the past century has been in improved health care. For example, modern medicine has made leaps in preventing infectious diseases in part due to improved water and sewage treatment. This is obvious in the marked rises in life expectancy.## Technological advancement in underdeveloped countries.Some of the most dramatic technological benefits are seen in underdeveloped countries. For instance, cabling for landline telephone service is expensive and requires a lot of time to complete, especially in the most remote areas. Introduction of cellphone service, on the other hand, is much cheaper and dramatically improves.


Question: What is this food named after?

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Caprese salad. after the island of Capri, where it is believed to have originated. Two common stories about its origin include it being an homage to the Italian flag or "in the 20th century to appease the palates of vacationing royalty and important politicos."## Variants.Variations of Caprese salad may include Italian dressing or pesto in place of olive oil, or balsamic vinegar in addition to it. Olives may appear, along with arugula (rocket) or romaine lettuce to augment the basil. Oregano or black pepper is sometimes added. Buffalo mozzarella can be substituted for mozzarella to intensify flavor. It can also have pasta.


Question: What is the hymenium type of this plant?

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Cerioporus squamosus. can be yellow to brown and has "squamules" or scales on its upper side. On the underside one can see the pores that are characteristic of the genus "Cerioporus"; they are made up of tubes packed together closely. The tubes are between 1 and 12 (mm) long. The stalk is thick and short, up to 5 (cm) long. The fruit body will produce a white spore print if laid onto a sheet of paper. The spores are 11-15 x 4-5 µm and are long and smooth ellipsoids. They can be found alone, in clusters of two or three, or forming.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Meycauayan Church. The Saint Francis of Assisi Parish Church, commonly known as the Meycauayan Church or Simbahan sa Bayan, is a Roman Catholic church located in Meycauayan, Philippines. It is one of the oldest parishes in Bulacan which even predates the Malolos Cathedral established in 1580 and the Barasoain Church established in 1859. It is also the province's largest parish with an estimated population of about 80,000 parishioners. The church is the seat of the vicariate of St. Francis of Assisi in the Diocese of Malolos.## History.## Parish foundation.The parish was founded in 1578 by Fr. Juan de Plasencia and Fr. Diego.

Meycauayan Church. de Oropeza, the first batch of Franciscan priests to reach the Philippines in 1577. They built a small church made of nipa thatch and bamboo in a small area called "Sitio Torril", which is now part of Brgy. Bahay Pare in Meycauayan. The church was blown by a typhoon in 1588.The Franciscans also brought a wooden missionary cross when they arrived in Meycauayan, similar to Magellan's Cross. The cross was later found to be in the possession of a resident of Brgy. Bahay Pare. [The cross, now known as The Cross of Sitio Torril, is probably the oldest known religious.

Meycauayan Church. relic in Meycauayan. Every October 4 during the feast day of the town's patron saint, Saint Francis of Assisi, this cross is brought from Brgy. Bahay Pare to the parish church for public veneration.]## Transfer to the second site.A request was made to build a stone church, and on November 16, 1588, Dr. Santiago de Vera, made justified by such request, instantly dispatch Secretary Gaspar de Azebo to Christoval de Asquera, Mayor of the Province of Meycauayan. By the order of St. Pedro Bautista, it was transferred to a place called Lagolo, by R. P. Fr. Antonio de Nombela, Minister.

Meycauayan Church. of the town. In 1589, by the decree of the "Superior Govierno", a church made up mainly of adobe (volcanic tuff) was built. The said church was the place of worship of Meycaueños until 1668.## Present location.The church was transferred to its site in the present "poblacion" (town center) due to the attacks of the native Aetas. In 1668, Fray Nicolas Santiago started the construction of the stone church that measured "sixty yards long by wide twelve and a half wide" (60 by 12.5 (yd) The church also served as one of the prototypes of city planning in accordance to.

Meycauayan Church. the Spanish government's reduccion policy; Meycauayan was among the first towns in the colony that has the parish church and the city or municipal hall adjacent to each other, if not housed within the same vicinity. The construction of the present convent was started in 1731 by Fr. Juan Francisco de San Antonio. It was continued by Fray Miguel de San Bernardo and was completed in 1739 under the administration of Fray Jose Sellez. It was described as the best convent among the Franciscan Province of St. Gregory the Great. In 1784, the wooden portions of the church were replaced.

Meycauayan Church. with hewn-stones by Fray Jose Cantos.In 1800, the bell tower was constructed by order of Fr. Francisco Gascueña, OFM. The said tower is one of the two of its kind in the Philippines with a large arch bridge connecting the church and the tower. The tower belfry housed five bells named "Maria Concepcion", the biggest, which was made by order of Fr. Antonio de Guadalajara in 1878; the "San Francisco", dedicated to the town's patron saint made by the order of Fr. Juan Fernandez in 1881; "San Jose", the smallest made by the order of Fr. Francisco Gascuena; and two.

Meycauayan Church. others.As a result of a furious typhoon, the entire town got flooded in 1802, causing much damages that the value of a sack of rice reached four pesos with four "reales" the following year. After this crisis, Fr. Gascueña managed to construct the narthex (an arch made of stone sustaining the choir) in 1804. Through the span of thirty-one years, Fr. Gascueña has showed all the kind virtues and charity to the poor, to whom he never denied alms whether they may be their parishioner or from other towns. He died in Meycauayan on November 18, 1831 and was buried.

Meycauayan Church. beneath the main altar of the church.Under the direction of Rev. Fr. Balbino de Consuerga, all wooden parts were renovated in 1832. The sacristy was constructed and over it, a spacious hall was added followed by other useful improvements year after year until 1850 when Fr. Benito de Madridejos took over the church and carried the work of his predecessor the best way possible. In 1851, Fr. Benito conducted repairs on several damages inside the church and commissioned a new main altarpiece. In 1853, the convent underwent repairs on which several parts were converted as the Parochial School.A cemetery gate.

Meycauayan Church. was constructed in 1880. The church-convent complex was seriously damaged by a strong typhoon in 1882.## Secularization.The first native clergyman to be assigned as parish priest in Meycauayan was Fr. Esteban Daez, a native of Polo, Obando, Bulacan. He was a coadjutor priest in 1892 before he became the "cura parroco interino" (interim parish priest) from 1898 to 1900.## American occupation.Both the Meycauayan Church and convent were occupied and became the temporary headquarters of the American soldiers in May 1899 after it was captured from the Filipinos revolutionaries during the Philippine–American War. Some of the church possessions were believed destroyed.

Meycauayan Church. or looted during their stay in the church complex. Following its return to the Catholic Church in 1903, a claim was filed by the Catholic Church in the Philippines to be paid by the United States of America regarding the church properties occupied, damaged or otherwise destroyed by American troops from 1899 to 1903 that amounted to 2,200 pesos with a monthly rental of 50 pesos for the convent-turned-to-headquarters.## Post War.During World War II, the church survived destruction unlike the churches in Manila. In 1946, then future President Diosdado Macapagal and former Dr. Evangelina Macaraeg were wed at the church.

Meycauayan Church. in 1946.The church was destroyed by a massive fire in 1949, known as the "Great Fire of Meycauayan". Artifacts such as old memorabilia, statues, church vestments, records, ciboriums and chalices are some of the casualties of the fire. The "retablo" in the spanish colonial style was destroyed. Only a few church items including the tabernacle were saved from the fire. It was saved from destruction by Fr. Jorge Capistrano (currently on display at the parish museum). After its destruction, a committee was formed for the reconstruction of the present church by the priests together with Anselmo de Leon as its.

Meycauayan Church. head, which campaigned for donations and help from the people for the church's restoration.In 1984 one year after Former Senator Ninoy Aquino's assassination, the church became the refuge of political activist when the marchers commemorating the anniversary of Ninoy's untimely death in a political march called "Tarlac-to-Tarmac" were prevented from entering Metro Manila by the Philippine military with a barricade on MacArthur Highway, between Meycauayan and Valenzuela towns. Support for the marchers snowballed from the residents of Meycauayan and the nearby towns, and the marchers were given an invitation to stay in the Church during the standoff. With the outpouring.

Meycauayan Church. of support for the marchers, the former strongman President Marcos finally allowed the marchers to proceed to the Manila International Airport, the final destination of the march after a day of waiting. In hindsight, it was a small victory for the Filipinos from the former dictator, a precursor of the People Power Revolution.The church recently had its interior walls restored and its sanctuary renovated recreating the neoclassic altarpiece of Fr. Benito Madridejos under the term of Rev. Msgr. Adalberto G. Vergara, P.C. The church and its altar was solemnly dedicated by Dennis C. Villarojo, D.D., Bishop of Malolos on November.

Meycauayan Church. 30, 2020.## Meycauayan bells.The Meycauayan bells are hand bells from the Saint Francis Church that was lost during the Philippine–American War. The altar bell are two bells connected by a hard block of dark wood with a handle on top. It is approximately 10 (in) long and about 3.5 (in) wide. The 5 (lb) bells were believed taken as war booty from the Mercauayan Church, after it was captured and headquartered by the Americans. A paper note with inscription is attached to the wooden block of the bells that reads: “Taken from the Church at MEYCAUAYAN, Luczon (sic) Islands after.

Meycauayan Church. bombardment by Utah Battery March 29, 1899. By P.O. Thomas, Co. A Battalion of Engineers.”The bells were found by archivist Monte Kniffen of the Sisters of Mercy in Omaha, Nebraska in July 2011 among a set of properties that were originally in the possession of their convent in Red Bluff, California. It was not known who gave the bells to the said convent, but Kniffen said that perhaps a small museum or a family could have turned it over to the convent after noting that they were church bells.On Oct. 8, 2011, the Consul General to Chicago, Leo M. Herrera-Lim,.

Meycauayan Church. and his wife traveled to Omaha to formally receive the artifact from Sister Judith Frikker, President of the Sisters of Mercy West Midwest Community. Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert Del Rosario turned over the Philippine–American War artifact to Director Jeremy Barns of the National Museum of the Philippines on March 9, 2012. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos received the bells on August 6, 2012 and became part of the Diocesan Museum.Huerta, Fr. Felix (1865). "Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico-religioso de la santa y apostólica provincia de S. Gregorio Magno". Imprenta de N. Sanchez, Binondo, Manila."N. S. P. SAN FRANCISCO DE.

Meycauayan Church. ASIS: Kasaysayan ng Buhay Pananampalataya ng Meycauayan" by Ronaldo Dionisio, Guiguinto Printing Press, Guiguinto, Bulacan, (2008).


Question: What is the minimum frequency of sound that you can hear of this fish?

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Goldfish. in size, body shape, fin configuration, and coloration (various combinations of white, yellow, orange, red, brown, and black are known).## History.Various species of carp (collectively known as Asian carp) have been bred and reared as food fish for thousands of years in East Asia. Some of these normally gray or silver species have a tendency to produce red, orange or yellow color mutations; this was first recorded in imperial China, during the Jin dynasty (266–420).During the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907), it was popular to raise carp in ornamental ponds and water gardens. A natural genetic mutation produced gold (actually yellowish.

Goldfish. being the imperial color. The occurrence of other colors (apart from red and gold) was first recorded in 1276.During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), goldfish also began to be raised indoors, which permitted selection for mutations that would not be able to survive in ponds. The first occurrence of fancy-tailed goldfish was recorded in the Ming Dynasty. In 1603, goldfish were introduced to Japan. In 1611, goldfish were introduced to Portugal and from there to other parts of Europe.During the 1620s, goldfish were highly regarded in southern Europe because of their metallic scales, and symbolized good luck and fortune. It became.

Goldfish. some other "Carassius" species of carp. Koi and common carp may also interbreed with goldfish to produce sterile hybrids.## Size.When kept in small indoor aquariums, goldfish tend to stay about 1 (in) to 2 (in) long. Goldfish may grow larger if moved to bigger fish tanks, but they usually do not grow longer than 6 (in). In outdoor ponds, and in the wild, goldfish can grow to about 14 (in).As of April 2008, the largest goldfish in the world was believed by the BBC to measure 19 (in), in the Netherlands. At the time, a goldfish named "Goldie", kept as.

Goldfish. a pet in a tank in Folkestone, England, was measured as 15 (in) and over 2 (lb), and named as the second largest in the world behind the Netherlands fish. The secretary of the Federation of British Aquatic Societies (FBAS) stated of Goldie's size, "I would think there are probably a few bigger goldfish that people don't think of as record holders, perhaps in ornamental lakes". In July 2010, a goldfish measuring 16 (in) and 5 (lb) was caught in a pond in Poole, England, thought to have been abandoned there after outgrowing a tank. On November 16, 2020, a.

Goldfish. of waste both in their feces and through their gills, releasing harmful chemicals into the water. Build-up of this waste to toxic levels can occur in a relatively short period of time, and can easily cause a goldfish's death. For common and comet varieties, each goldfish should have about 20 (usgal) of water. Fancy goldfish (which are smaller) should have about 10 (usgal) per goldfish. The water surface area determines how much oxygen diffuses and dissolves into the water. A general rule is have 1 (sqft). Active aeration by way of a water pump, filter or fountain effectively increases the.

Goldfish. temperatures may help fight protozoan infestations by accelerating the parasite's life-cycle—thus eliminating it more quickly. The optimum temperature for goldfish is between 20 (C) and 22 (C).Like all fish, goldfish do not like to be petted. In fact, touching a goldfish can endanger its health, because it can cause the protective slime coat to be damaged or removed, exposing the fish's skin to infection from bacteria or water-born parasites. However, goldfish respond to people by surfacing at feeding time, and can be trained or acclimated to taking pellets or flakes from human fingers. The reputation of goldfish dying quickly is.

Goldfish. animals, goldfish preferences vary.## For mosquito control.Like some other popular aquarium fish, such as the guppy, goldfish and other carp are frequently added to stagnant bodies of water to reduce mosquito populations. They are used to prevent the spread of West Nile virus, which relies on mosquitoes to migrate. However, introducing goldfish has often had negative consequences for local ecosystems.## Market.The market for live goldfish and other crucian carp usually imported from China was $1.2 million in 2018. Some high quality varieties cost between $125 to $300.## Welfare concerns.Fishbowls are detrimental to the health of goldfish and are prohibited by.

Goldfish. require a substantial volume of well-filtered water to thrive. In addition, all goldfish varieties have the potential to reach 5 inches (12.7 cm) in total length, with single-tailed breeds often exceeding one foot (30.5 cm). Single-tailed varieties include common and comet goldfish.In many countries, carnival and fair operators commonly give goldfish away in plastic bags as prizes. In late 2005 Rome banned the use of goldfish and other animals as carnival prizes. Rome has also banned the use of "goldfish bowls", on animal cruelty grounds, as well as Monza, Italy, in 2004. In the United Kingdom, the government proposed banning.