Question: Who is the manufacturer of this object?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Barnes & Noble Nook. The Barnes & Noble Nook (styled nook or NOOK) is a brand of e-readers developed by American book retailer Barnes & Noble, based on the Android platform. The original device was announced in the U.S. in October 2009, and was released the next month. The original Nook had a six-inch E-paper display and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device and was capable of Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity. The original Nook was followed in November 2010 by a color LCD device called the Nook Color, in June 2011 by the Nook Simple Touch,.

Barnes & Noble Nook. and in November 2011 and February 2012 by the Nook Tablet. On April 30, 2012, Barnes & Noble entered into a partnership with Microsoft that spun off the Nook and college businesses into a subsidiary. On August 28, 2012, Barnes and Noble announced partnerships with retailers in the UK, which began offering the Nook digital products in October 2012. In December 2014, B&N purchased Microsoft's Nook shares, ending the partnership.Nook users may read nearly any Nook Store e-book, digital magazines or newspapers for one hour once per day while connected to a Barnes & Noble's Wi-Fi.## Naming.The Nook name and.

Barnes & Noble Nook. identity was devised and created by the Brand Development Group at R/GA. Nook was initially rejected as a name by Barnes & Noble but eventually the connection to a nook being a familiar place to read was compelling enough to change the minds of the company's executives. This decision pivoted on the information contained within an NPR article which suggested that female readers tend to read more than men. The name is also claimed by Rex Wilder when he was consulting for Ammunition Design Group. The name was among over 400 he created, although that naming project ended with no.

Barnes & Noble Nook. name being chosen.## Devices.## Current.## Nook 10" HD (LCD).On April 2, 2021, Lenovo and Barnes and Noble released the Nook 10" HD, a successor to their 2018 model. The Android 10-based tablet has a 2.3GHz octa-core MediaTek P22T processor and 2 gigabytes of RAM. It has a 10.1 inch IPS display at a resolution of 1280 x 800. The tablet includes a microSD card slot, and comes with 32 gigabytes of onboard storage, though only 23 GB of that is usable. It has an 8MP rear camera and a 5MP front camera. It cost $129.99 at launch.## Nook GlowLight 4.

Barnes & Noble Nook. (E Ink).In December of 2021, B&N announced the 4th generation of the GlowLight e-reader. The Glowlight 4 has an enhanced lighting system that provides a cool white during the day or in rooms with bright light, but then can manually or automatically switch to night mode with an orange tone for reading in dark spaces with less blue light. The device also has physical page turn buttons and is the first device to have USB-C.## Discontinued.## E Ink Devices.## Nook 1st Edition.The device has two versions, a Nook that includes Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity, and one that only.

Barnes & Noble Nook. includes Wi-Fi. This version made its debut on November 22, 2009, at a retail price of US$259. It was offered with built-in Wi-Fi + 3G connectivity for free access to the Barnes & Noble online store. This has a six-inch E Ink display, and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device. The price was dropped to US$199 on June 21, 2010, upon the release of the new Nook Wi-Fi. With the announcement of the newer Nook Simple Touch Reader, on May 25, 2011 the price was dropped to US$169. In early 2011, Nook Wi-Fi +.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 3G was discontinued. This version of the Nook 1st Edition supports only Wi-Fi (not 3G Wireless), and is easily distinguishable due to its white back panel (in contrast to the gray back panel of the Wi-Fi + 3G version). Nook Wi-Fi made its debut on June 21, 2010, at a retail price of US$149. With the announcement of the newer Nook Simple Touch Reader, on May 25, 2011 the price was dropped to US$119. In September 2011, the price was dropped again, to US$89. In late 2011, Nook Wi-Fi was discontinued.## Nook Simple Touch.Announced on May 25, 2011, the Simple.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Touch Reader (also informally referred as Nook 2nd Edition) was released on June 10, 2011 at a retail price of US$139. The Simple Touch is a Wi-Fi only Nook, with an infrared touch-screen, E Ink technology, and battery life of up to two months (or 150 hours, offering approximately 25,000 continuous page turns with Wi-Fi turned off). The device weighs 212 (g) with dimensions of 6.5" × 5" × 0.47". On November 7, 2011, the Simple Touch Reader's price dropped to US$99. On December 9, 2012, the Simple Touch Reader's price dropped to US$79. On December 4, 2013, the Simple.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Touch Reader's price dropped to US$59. In February 2014, the Simple Touch Reader was discontinued due to being phased out by the GlowLight.## Nook Simple Touch with GlowLight.On April 12, 2012, a Nook Simple Touch Reader with built-in LED lighting, called "GlowLight", was released with a retail price of US$139.This model is distinguishable from the non glow light model by a gray bezel on the outer edge. On September 30, 2012, the Simple Touch Reader with Glowlight's price dropped to US$119. On August 18, 2013, the Simple Touch Reader with Glowlight's price dropped to US$99. On October 30, 2013, the.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Simple Touch Reader with Glowlight was discontinued due to being phased out by the Nook Glowlight.## Nook GlowLight.The Nook Glowlight (marketed as the "nook GlowLight") e-reader was released on October 30, 2013. The Glowlight uses a 6-inch touchscreen with E Ink Pearl, Wi-Fi and has a battery life of two months with wireless off; it launched at a US$119 retail price. It weighs 175 (g) with dimensions of 6.5" × 5" × 0.42" and has 4 GB of storage, of which 2 GB is reserved for Nook Store content and 512 MB for additional user content. The device uses Android.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 2.3 Gingerbread and it has an 800 MHz processor with 256 MB of RAM. Compared to the Nook Simple Touch Reader, the GlowLight has a white exterior, a brighter screen, a boost in screen resolution to 1024 × 758 and a more durable silicone edge. Compared to the Simple Touch, the microSD card slot and page-turn buttons have been removed. On November 21, 2014, the Glowlight's price dropped to US$99.## Nook GlowLight Plus.The Nook GlowLight Plus e-reader was released on October 21, 2015 and it features a 6-inch 300ppi Carta E Ink screen with frontlight and touchscreen, Wi-Fi, an aluminum.

Barnes & Noble Nook. rear shell, six weeks of battery (1,500 mAh) life with wireless off,6.4 by 4.6 by 0.4 inches and weighs 6.9 ounces, and meets IP67, meaning it is waterproof for up to 30 minutes at a maximum depth of 1 meter and is dustproof. The Nook software is run on Android 4.4 KitKat and it has 2.8GB of user-accessible storage. The GlowLight Plus uses a Freescale i.MX6 1 GHz CPU and has 512MB RAM.Since the device runs Android 4.4, third party apps and launchers can be installed. Due to the lack of physical buttons, initial set up to install third party.

Barnes & Noble Nook. apps is done through a USB connection to a computer.## Nook GlowLight Plus.In May 2019, B&N announced the GlowLight Plus e-reader. The device is the largest Nook e-reader to date with a 7.8-inch E Ink screen. The Glowlight Plus is waterproof, has 8GB of storage, a color-shifting frontlight similar to the GlowLight 3, and it has physical page turn buttons. The lighting technology has adjustable settings for a cool white color during the day and a warmer tone at night.## Nook GlowLight 3.In November 2017, B&N announced the 3rd generation of the GlowLight e-reader. The device returned to a design.

Barnes & Noble Nook. more reminiscent of the original Simple Touch with its 6-inch screen and dropped the IP67 certification. The Glowlight 3 has an enhanced lighting system that provides a cool white during the day or in rooms with bright light, but then can manually or automatically switch to night mode with an orange tone for reading in dark spaces with less blue light.## LCD Devices.## Nook Color.Released on November 19, 2010 and priced at US$249, the Nook Color comes installed with Android 2.1 Eclair. The device is powered by a TI OMAP 3621 800 MHz processor, and has 512 MB of RAM,.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 8 GB of flash storage, a 7" LCD screen, and a microSD expansion slot. On February 21, 2012, the price of the Nook Color was reduced to US$169. On August 12, 2012, the price of the Nook Color was reduced to US$149. On November 3, 2012, following the release of the Nook HD and Nook HD+, the price of the Nook Color was reduced to US$139.## Nook Tablet.The 7-inch Nook Tablet, based on Android OS, with 16 GB of internal storage became available on November 17, 2011 for US$249. A version with 8 GB of internal storage was made available.

Barnes & Noble Nook. February 21, 2012 for US$199, replacing the Nook Color in that price range. On August 12, 2012, the price of the Nook Tablet 8 GB and Nook Tablet 16 GB were reduced to US$179 and US$199 respectively.## Nook HD.Nook HD (styled NOOK HD), announced September 26, 2012 and released November 1, 2012 along with the Nook HD+, is a 7-inch tablet with a resolution of 1440x900. It competes with the 7-inch Kindle Fire HD and comes in two colors: snow and smoke (a dark gray). It has a Texas Instruments 1.3 GHz dual-core processor with 1 GB RAM. It can.

Barnes & Noble Nook. play back video at 720p from the NOOK Video store, much like Amazon.com's Instant Video service. The Nook HD was initially priced at US$199 for 8 GB and US$229 for 16 GB. It then sold at reduced prices at US$129 for 8 GB and US$149 for 16 GB.The Nook HD runs a heavily modified version of Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich.The Nook HD/HD+ line was originally planned to be discontinued, as announced in Barnes and Noble's 2013 Fiscal Year-End Report, due to financial losses. A few months later, B&N President Michael P. Huseby announced that the company "intends to continue.

Barnes & Noble Nook. to design and develop cutting-edge Nook black and white and color devices at the best values in the marketplace", following the resignation of former CEO William Lynch.## Nook HD+.Nook HD+ (styled NOOK HD+) is Barnes & Noble's first tablet capable of playing back movies and television shows downloadable from NOOK Video store at 1080p resolution. Announced on September 26, 2012, the NOOK HD+ is a 9-inch tablet with a 1920 × 1280 resolution. It competes with the similar 8.9-inch Kindle Fire HD and has a Texas Instruments 1.5 GHz dual-core OMAP 4470 processor and was initially priced at US$269 and.

Barnes & Noble Nook. US$299 for 16 and 32 GB, respectively. Nook HD+ runs a heavily modified version of Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich.## Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook.On October 22, 2014, B&N released the Galaxy Tab 4 Nook 10.1 that has a 10.1" LCD. It features the same specifications as the Galaxy Tab 4 10.1, so it has a 1.2 GHz Qualcomm processor, 1280x800 resolution with 149 ppi, a 1.3 MP front camera without flash, a 3.0 MP rear-facing camera, and a microSD storage slot that accepts cards up to 64GB. It launched with a US$299 retail price.## Samsung Galaxy Tab Nook.In February.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 2014, B&N announced a new Nook color tablet would be released in 2014. In June 2014, Barnes & Noble announced it would be teaming up with Samsung to develop co-branded tablets titled the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook. The devices would feature Samsung's hardware with a 7-inch display, and customized Nook software from Barnes & Noble.## Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook.The Galaxy Tab 4 Nook was released in the U.S. on August 21, 2014, with B&N's Nook Division focusing on the software and content, and Samsung focusing on the hardware with a 7" LCD. The product uses Android 4.4.2 KitKat.

Barnes & Noble Nook. on a 1.2 GHz quad-core Snapdragon SOC with 1.5 GB RAM, WiFi, and Bluetooth, and features a 1.2 MP front-facing camera, a 3.2 MP rear camera, screen resolution of 1280 × 800, and a microSD storage slot that accepts cards up to 64GB. It launched with a US$199 retail price.## Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Nook.In September 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 8" LCD tablet that includes some Samsung and B&N software. It uses Android 5.0.2 Lollipop, and features an 8-core CPU (1.9 GHz Quad + 1.3 GHz.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Quad) with 3GB RAM, 32GB of internal storage, a microSD card slot, two cameras (2.1MP front and 8MP rear), and a 4,000 mAh battery, which B&N says will last for up to 14 hours of video usage and launched with a US$399.99 retail price.## Samsung Galaxy Tab E Nook.In October 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab E Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 9.7 9.7" LCD tablet that includes some Samsung, B&N and Microsoft software. This tablet runs Android 5.1.1 Lollipop on a 1.2 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 CPU with 16GB of storage, microSD card.

Barnes & Noble Nook. support, weighs 547 grams, and two cameras (2MP front and 5MP rear); and its 9.6" display has a resolution of 1280 x 800 and it retails for $249.## Nook Tablet 7.In November 2016, B&N released the Nook Tablet 7, which is a Nook-branded tablet with a 7" LCD screen that has a resolution of 600 x 1024, and retails at $50. It is using Android 6.0 Marshmallow with Nook apps included with a 1.3 GHz MediaTek CPU. It has 8GB storage, a microSD card slot, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. It weighs 8.8 ounces and has a battery for up to 7.

Barnes & Noble Nook. hours. In December 2018 B&N released updated version with 16GB storage and Android 8.1 (Go edition).## Nook Tablet 10.1".On November 14, 2018, B&N released the Nook Tablet 10.1", an Android 8.1 (Go edition) tablet with a 10.1" LCD screen at a resolution of 1920 x 1200 and a 224 ppi pixel density. It has a 1.5 GHz MediaTek processor and 2GB of RAM. The device has 32GB of onboard storage (25 usable), which can be expanded with a microSD card (up to 256 GB). It has a 3.5mm headphone jack, a microUSB 2.0 port, ac Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. The front.

Barnes & Noble Nook. and rear cameras are both 2 megapixels and can record 720p video. The tablet was manufactured by white-label manufacturer Southern Telecom, and sold at a launch price of $129.99.## Features and specifications.All models have the following features: Wi-Fi## Sales.On December 1, 2011, Barnes & Noble stated that Nook and Nook-related sales for Q2 of 2011 were US$920 million. The Nook had 13.4% global market share for E-paper readers in 2011.On October 29, 2012, the rival Blackwells and Foyles bookshops, the John Lewis department stores, the Waitrose and Sainsbury's supermarket chains and high street catalogue retailer Argos launched the Nook e-reader.

Barnes & Noble Nook. in the UK—and, from November, the Nook HD and Nook HD+ tablet computers went on sale in the stores.In March 2016, Barnes & Noble stated they would no longer sell digital content in the United Kingdom. It announced that from March 15, 2016, the UK Nook Store and the UK Nook Reading App for Android will cease operation. Whilst Barnes & Noble did not give a reason for ceasing Nook sales in the UK, commentators attributed the decision to declining sales. On March 15, 2016, Barnes & Noble announced it would close the Nook App Store and Nook Video, probably.

Barnes & Noble Nook. because Google's Play Store, which runs on Barnes & Noble devices, has been far more successful. In the UK, those who have bought, respectively, e-book or video content will need to open accounts with other providers in order to not lose the content.B&N continues to sell e-books as well as digital magazines and newspapers in the US.## Nook e-reader applications for third party devices.Barnes & Noble provides free e-reader applications to permit reading on devices other than Nooks. Selections include Nook Reading Apps, Nook for Web and Nook Study.## Nook free reading applications.Barnes & Noble offers free applications for various.

Barnes & Noble Nook. platforms, with which to access Nook digital reading material: For desktop and laptop computers: NOOK for Windows 8 and Windows 10 (US only) For smartphones and tablets: NOOK for Android NOOK for iPhone and iPad## NookStudy and Yuzu.## NookStudy.In August 2010, concurrently with introducing a web-based textbook rental service, Barnes and Noble - "one of the largest textbook retailers in the US" - introduced the NOOK Study app "for the PC or Mac that lets users buy or rent e-book versions of their textbooks for use on the computer. Mobileread describes Nook Study (sometimes styled "NookStudy" or "NOOK Study") as.

Barnes & Noble Nook. "a free e-textbook application from Barnes and Noble that provides a suite of digital study tools. It is available for Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X." Nook Study cannot be used on Nook e-readers; rather it is designed for use only on PCs, Macs, and iPads, and it permits one to read e-textbooks "on up to two (2) computers".Nook Study offers two categories of benefits: the ability to read ebooks and other content that is accessible via other eReading devices, and the ability to read e-textbooks purchased from Barnes & Noble, which are meant to be read on one's.

Barnes & Noble Nook. computer via the Nook Study application. According to Barnes & Noble's NookStudy FAQs: "You cannot use your Nook or mobile device to read textbooks as the screens are too small to properly view the contents."In "The Digital Reader", Nate Hoffelder describes capabilities possessed by Nook Study that render it superior to other e-reading software for reading textbooks. For example, he writes:In an August 2, 2011, press release, BN College cited kudos publicized on NBC's "Today Show" and MSNBC.com that deemed NOOK Study "the "Coolest Digital Study Tool Around". On the "Today Show" and in an MSNBC.com post, Wilson Rothman, Deputy.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Technology & Science Editor at MSNBC, had included NOOK Study in a list of 10 back-to-school tech survival tips to consider when shopping for college technology necessities, recommending: "NOOK Study is an essential back-to-school tool that students should consider when heading back to college – and may be the 'coolest digital study tool around.'""Barnes & Noble may well have the coolest digital study tool around. Seriously, this free eTextbook application for PC and Mac lets you not only get books digitally, but organize coursework, compile syllabi and other documents, take notes, print, export and go online for related research. While.

Barnes & Noble Nook. the same warning about Amazon's textbook rental program applies here — that your particular study materials might not be available — it's certainly worth the $0.00 price to check it out, and the other features may end up being useful on their own."## Yuzu.In April 2014, the Barnes & Noble website announced the Nook Study had been replaced by Yuzu, which the company called "the next-generation digital education platform from Barnes & Noble." In April, NOOK Study had already been "retired", and a Beta version of Yuzu was introduced for the iPad and for Internet Explorer and Safari 6.1/7 browsers.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Yuzu was formally rolled out that summer and made available to more browsers, and as an Android, iOS, and Windows app. However, the Nook Study site continued offering a link to the Nook Study program, explaining: "We understand that as a NOOK Study user, you may have some questions. On this page we will try to direct you to the appropriate websites to find what you are looking for." Clicking "Get NookStudy Help" redirects one to the "NOOK Study Knowledge Base", where they can download the Nook Study app as well as find answers to frequently asked questions. Yuzu, like.

Barnes & Noble Nook. NOOKStudy, "offers students a next-generation reading and note-taking experience in a simple app, but it also improves on NookStudy by making it easier for educators to provide course materials" by integrating with BN's college-focused website Faculty Enlight, where educators can search for the textbooks and other academic material they need, assemble them into course packs, and then build a required and recommended reading list for a class. Downsides of Yuzu, however, are: "Yuzu does not share the same accounts as the Nook Store or NookStudy" and "Yuzu is not compatible with NookStudy textbooks". Emily Price at Engadget made a similar.

Barnes & Noble Nook. observation: "With Yuzu, [NOOKStudy]'s being phased out, and sadly any pricey books you've already bought through that service are incompatible with the new app."In March 2016, B&N announced that Yuzu would be shut down and instead B&N would partner with VitalSource for digital textbooks.## Issues.## Compatibility issues.Nook for Mac users have noted the app has compatibility issues with Mac OS 10.8 Mountain Lion. While the application requires OS 10.6 Snow Leopard, many users have documented the performance issues under Mountain Lion (and consequently all Macs sold since July 2012).## Locked file table.The file table on the Nook is locked, meaning.

Barnes & Noble Nook. that external programs, such as Calibre, cannot be used to automatically organize uploaded files. All organization must be undertaken on the device itself, one book at a time, and such organization cannot be backed up or saved elsewhere.## Lending restrictions.A book can only be lent once through the Nook's LendMe program. Purchasing Barnes & Noble digital content and letting the credit card expire prevents re-downloading of the content until a valid credit card is entered into the account. This is required because most downloads from Barnes & Noble have copy restrictions (DRM), and credit cards are required to unlock them.

Barnes & Noble Nook. On September 17, 2014, Barnes & Noble removed the "download" button from many books in the My Nook online library, without advance warning. The removal of these buttons, which permitted readers to download copies of their ebooks and transfer that content to other apps or devices, upset numerous users. User complaints and inquiries, via telephone, email, online chats, and social media forums, yielded the following, standard B&N response: ## Downloading of NOOK Store content.We're sorry, but the ability to sideload NOOK purchased content has been discontinued. We apologize for any inconvenience. — NOOK Customer Care (@NOOK_Care) September 17, 2014## Spinoff.

Barnes & Noble Nook. of business.On June 25, 2014, Barnes & Noble announced that the Nook division business would be spun off into an independent company. On December 4, 2014, Barnes & Noble announced an end to its partnership with Microsoft connected to Nook and that it intended to complete the separation of Nook by the end of the first quarter of 2015. However, in February 2015, B&N decided to keep the Nook division for the short-term future. In April 2016, B&N outsourced most Nook technical services to be managed by an Indian company Bahwan CyberTek. Comparison of e-book readers Comparison of tablet computers.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Amazon Kindle Kobo eReader Official UK website.


Question: Which city or region does this mountain locate in?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Salève. The Salève (), or Mont Salève, is a mountain of the French Prealps located in the department of Haute-Savoie in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is also called the "Balcony of Geneva" (French: "Balcon de Genève").## Geography.Geographically, the Salève is a mountain of the French Prealps located in the Haute-Savoie department, but geologically a part of the Jura chain, as the Vuache is. Below the Salève is the Geneva urban area where more than 700,000 people live.The Salève consists of the Pitons, Grand Salève and Petit Salève; it culminates at 1,379 metres at the Grand Piton. It is accessible via the Téléphérique du.


Question: What is the conservation status of this fish? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Bonnethead. commercial and recreational fisheries and constitutes up to 50% of all small shark landings in the Eastern US, but is still reasonably abundant there as well as in the Atlantic Coasts of the Bahamas and Mexico. However, significant declines have been reported in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Central America and massive declines along with widespread disappearance on the Atlantic Coast of South America as well as most of the shark's Pacific range, leading it to be uplifted to 'Endangered" in 2020.Since October 2021, "S. tiburo" has been classified as Largely Depleted by the IUCN. Species Description of Sphyrna tiburo.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Insect. ago in the Triassic period, but achieved their wide diversity more recently in the Cenozoic era, which began 66 million years ago. Some highly successful insect groups evolved in conjunction with flowering plants, a powerful illustration of coevolution.## Internal phylogeny.The internal phylogeny is based on the works of Sroka, Staniczek & Bechly 2014, Prokop et al. 2017 and Wipfler et al. 2019.## Taxonomy.Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass, and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the.

Insect. basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa are paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes. Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, commonly known as the club-foot or club-footed clitocybe, is a species of gilled mushroom from Europe and North America. The grey brown mushrooms have yellowish decurrent gills and a bulbous stalk, and are found in deciduous and conifer woodlands. Although considered edible, disulfiram-like reactions have been reported after consumption of alcohol after eating this mushroom.## Taxonomy.The species was initially described as "Agaricus clavipes" by South African mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, its specific epithet derived from the Latin terms "clava" "club", and "pes" "foot". It was transferred to "Clitocybe" by German naturalist Paul Kummer in 1871 and.

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes. was even designated, improperly, the type species by Howard E. Bigelow in 1965. French mycologist Lucien Quélet chose to place it in "Omphalia" (now "Omphalina") in 1886.Scott Redhead and colleagues proposed the genus "Ampulloclitocybe" for it, as the species was only distantly related to other members of "Clitocybe" proper and more closely related instead to "Rimbachia bryophila", "Omphalina pyxidata" and ""Clitocybe" lateritia". Around the same time, Finnish mycologist Harri Harmaja proposed the genus "Clavicybe". However, as the former name was published on November 5, 2002, and the latter one on December 31, 2002, Harmaja conceded that "Ampulloclitocybe" had priority.English mycologist.

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes. P. D. Orton described a "Clitocybe squamulosoides" in 1960, which he held to be a slender relative with large spores, though the differences are inconsistent and there are intermediate forms. hence it is considered indistinguishable from "A. clavipes".Common names include club foot, club-footed funnel cap, club-footed clitocybe and clavate-stalked clitocybe.## Description.The cap of the mushroom is 4 – 8 (cm) in diameter, convex with a small boss, becoming plane to depressed in shape. It has a smooth surface often covered in fibrils, and usually moist. Cap colours are generally grey-brown, sometimes tinged olive, with a pale margin. The stem has.

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes. are some smaller gills in between the regular gills, and the gills are occasionally forked near the stem. The gill edges are straight in younger mushrooms and sometimes wavy (undulate) in older ones. The spore print is white. The round to oval spores are 4.5–5 by 3.5–4 microns.It resembles the clouded agaric ("Clitocybe nebularis"), but can be distinguished by its bulbous stem, deeply decurrent gills, and overall darker colour. In the western United States, it can be confused with "Ampulloclitocybe avellaneialba", which is larger and has a darker cap and white gills.## Distribution and habitat.It is widespread and abundant across.


Question: What country does this building belong to?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Neamț Citadel. Neamț Citadel (, ) is a medieval fortress located in north-eastern part of Romania, near Târgu Neamț, Neamț County. It was built in 14th century Moldavia during Petru I of Moldavia's reign and expanded in the 15th century. The citadel played a key role in Stephen III of Moldavia's defense system, along with Suceava, Hotin, Soroca, Orhei, Tighina, Chilia and Cetatea Albă.## History.Lack of reliable information on the origins of Neamț Fortress had resulted in several hypotheses whose reliability was often questioned. A number of historians and philologists, as A.D. Xenopol, B.P. Hasdeu, D. Onciul consider that - according to.

Neamț Citadel. the papal bull of 1232 - the Teutonic Knights of Bârsa had built between 1211–1225 on the eastern slope of the Carpathians a "castrum muntissimum" which was later identified as the citadel. The Germanic (Teutonic or Saxon) hypothesis was acquired by many of Romanian historians and sustained by both: -the site's onomastic "Neamt", which in Slavonic and Rumanian languages means " German" -and by the fortification style, typical to Imperial German military architecture of Hohenstaufen period XII-XIV centuries.The German knights "the Saxons" have been appointed to fortify the Carpathian passes against the frequent barbarian incursions into Transilvania.The Saxons have been.

Neamț Citadel. settled in Transilvania (Siebenbürgen- seven castles) since then, 150 years before the founding of later principalities of Valachia and Bogdania(Moldova).Archaeological research of the citadel has not revealed any evidence of a fortification before the reign of prince Peter II (1375-1391) & oldest coins discovered on the site are from the same reign. The name might be related with the name of the district and later county of Neamț where later ( i.e. early 14th century) Saxon colonists settled in the nearby town of Baia (known then as Moldau). List of castles in Romania Tourism in Romania English description.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Euptoieta hegesia. Euptoieta hegesia, the Mexican fritillary, is a North and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.## Description.The upperside of the wings is bright orange with the basal part of the hindwing unmarked. There is a row of submarginal black spots on both the forewing and the hindwing. The underside of the wings is yellow orange with no submarginal black spots. It has a wingspan of 2.5 to 3 inches.## Similar species.The only similar species in the Mexican fritillary's range is the variegated fritillary ("Euptoieta claudia"). The variegated fritillary has black median lines on the upperside of the hindwing, and on.

Euptoieta hegesia. the underside of the hindwing it has a pale postmedian band.## Flight.The Mexican fritillary may be seen from mid-June to November in Arizona, from July to December in Texas and year-round in Mexico.## Habitat.This species may be encountered in a wide range of open habitats and gardens.## Life cycle.The larva is shiny red, with middorsal silver spots edged with black. It has a subdorsal row of white spots ringed with black, a spiracular silver line with black edges, and six rows of black spines. The red head has two long black spines with clubbed ends. The chrysalis is dark brown.

Euptoieta hegesia. or rarely tan, with gold eyes and short gold lateral and subdorsal cones. On the wing cases, it has a black marking shaped like a "T". It has one to three broods per year.## Host plants.Here is a list of host plants used by the Mexican fritillary:Foetid passionflower, "Passiflora foetida"Yellow alder, "Turnera ulmifolia" (used in Mexico and in the Antilles)"Ipomoea maritima" (used in Brazil)Damiana, "Turnera diffusa.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Rhododendron maximum. Rhododendron maximum — its common names include great laurel, great rhododendron, rosebay rhododendron, American rhododendron and big rhododendron — is a species of "Rhododendron" native to the Appalachians of eastern North America, from Alabama north to coastal Nova Scotia.## Description."Rhododendron maximum" is an evergreen shrub growing to 4 (m), rarely 10 (m), tall. The leaves are 9 – 19 (cm) long and 2 – 4 (cm) broad. The flowers are 2.5-3 (cm) diameter, white, pink or pale purple, often with small greenish-yellow spots. The fruit is a dry capsule 15 – 20 (mm) long, containing numerous small seeds. The leaves.

Rhododendron maximum. can be poisonous. Leaves are sclerophyllous, simple, alternate, and oblong (10 to 30 cm long, 5 to 8 cm wide). It retains its waxy, deep-green leaves for up to 8 years, but once shed are slow to decompose. It produces large, showy, white to purple flowers each June and July.## Range.Rosebay rhododendron is the most frequently occurring and dominant species of "Rhododendron" in the southern Appalachian region, and occurs occasionally on mesic hill-slopes throughout the upper Piedmont Crescent of the Southeastern United States.## Ecology.Approximately 12,000 square miles in the southern Appalachians are occupied by this species where it dominates the.

Rhododendron maximum. understory. This species has historically been confined to riparian areas and other mesic sites but takes advantage of disturbed areas where it is present to advance onto sub-mesic sites. It prefers deep well-drained acid soils high in organic matter where it produces a thick, peat-like humus. It prefers low to medium light conditions for optimum carbon gain, and has a tremendous capacity for avoiding cavitation during freeze-thaw cycles. Where extensive overstory mortality has eliminated most of the overstory, this species forms a thick and continuous subcanopy known locally as ‘laurel slicks’ or ‘laurel hells’. Rosebay rhododendron is an important structural.

Rhododendron maximum. and functional component of southern Appalachian forest ecosystems. What isn't clear is whether or not we are in a period of advancement or retreat for this species. For example, on poorly drained sites on ridge or upper slope positions, large areas of rosebay rhododendron, particularly at the high elevations, have recently died out presumably due to the "Phytophthora" fungus, or due to recent prolonged periods of below-average precipitation. Yet, rosebay rhododendron now occupies sites that historically were free of evergreen understory. There are still important questions to be answered regarding this species to completely understand its role in forest understories.##.

Rhododendron maximum. Reproduction.Rosebay rhododendron is clonal. It is capable, however, of reproducing both vegetatively and sexually. It reproduces vegetatively through a process called ‘layering’ where it produces roots from above ground woody parts when in contact with the forest floor. The fruit is produced from showy flowers from March to August. The fruit is an oblong capsule that ripens in the fall, and splits along the sides soon after ripening to release large numbers of minute seed (approx. 400 per capsule). Microsite requirements for seed germination are relatively specific (e.g., high in organic matter such as rotting logs); hence, the majority of.

Rhododendron maximum. reproduction is vegetative resulting in a clonal distribution.## Growth and management.Seeds from rosebay rhododendron are minute and it is estimated that approximately 11 million are contained in 1 kg. Commercial seed production is generally from cultivated hybrids. Seeds from wild sources are not commonly sold commercially. Rosebay rhododendron is a slow-growing shrub and has a very high sprout potential. If mechanical removal is attempted in the case of forest management, extremely high densities are attained by this species in a matter of a few years. Prescribed fire has also been used to control this species but with limited success.## Benefits.Rosebay.

Rhododendron maximum. rhododendron is a striking and aesthetically pleasing feature of mesic southern Appalachian forests. It is one of the largest and hardiest rhododendrons grown commercially. Several cultivars with white to purple flowers have been selected for the horticultural trade. Where it occurs naturally, it produces a showy, white, pink, or light purple flower primarily in June, but occurs from March into August. Rosebay rhododendron maintains deep-green foliage year round. This species affords protection to steep watersheds and shelter for wildlife. The wood is very hard and is occasionally used for specialty wood products.## Detrimental effects.For all its prized qualities as a.

Rhododendron maximum. naturally occurring component of the landscape or as plantings in residential and commercial landscaping, rosebay rhododendron can have an inhibitory effect on regeneration of other plant species. There is some evidence to suggest that due to fire suppression and the absence of other cultural activities (i.e., mountain-land grazing), this species has advanced beyond the mesic forest sites into sub-mesic understories. The significance of this movement onto previously unoccupied sites centers around the impacts of rosebay rhododendron on plant succession and resource availability. Rosebay rhododendron is associated with reduced woody and herbaceous seedling abundance throughout its range, and hence poses a.

Rhododendron maximum. serious impediment to the production of wood products. The mechanism(s) by which rosebay rhododendron reduces seedling survival has been the subject of much debate. Possible sources of inhibition include allelopathy, competition for resources including light, physical and chemical attributes of the forest floor and soil, and interactions between some or all sources.## Alternate common names."R. maximum" has also been called:Great rhododendronLate rhododendronSummer rhododendronGreat laurelBigleaf laurelDeertongue laurelRose treeRose bayBayis## Symbolism."Rhododendron maximum" is the state flower of the U.S. state of West Virginia. Catawbiense hybrid – R. catawbiense & R. maximum hybrids Central and southern Appalachian montane oak forest List of Rhododendron.

Rhododendron maximum. speciesUSDA Plants Profile of "Rhododendron maximum" (great rhododendron)Interactive Distribution Map for "Rhododendron maximum"Plants for a Future: "Rhododendron maximum"Vanderbilt.edu Bioimages: "Rhododendron maximum.


Question: What is the location of this facility?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Battersea Power Station. Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned Grade II* listed coal-fired power station, located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a.

Battersea Power Station. single building. Battersea A Power Station was built between 1929 and 1935 and Battersea B Power Station, to its east, between 1937 and 1941, when construction was paused owing to the worsening effects of the Second World War. The building was completed in 1955. "Battersea B" was built to a design nearly identical to that of "Battersea A", creating the iconic four-chimney structure."Battersea A" was decommissioned in 1975. In 1980 the whole structure was given Grade II listed status; "Battersea B" shut three years later. In 2007 its listed status was upgraded to Grade II*. The building remained empty until.

Battersea Power Station. 2014, during which time it fell into near ruin. Various plans were made to make use of the building, but none were successful. In 2012, administrators Ernst & Young entered into an exclusivity agreement with Malaysia's S P Setia and Sime Darby to develop the site to include 253 residential units, bars, restaurants, office space (occupied by Apple and No. 18 business members club), shops and entertainment spaces. The plans were approved and redevelopment commenced a few years later. As of 2021, the building and the overall 42 (acre) site development is owned by a consortium of Malaysian investors.## History.Located.

Battersea Power Station. on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, an inner-city district of South West London, the building comprises two power stations, built in two stages in a single building. Battersea A Power Station was built in the 1930s and Battersea B Power Station, to its east, in the 1950s. They were built to a near-identical design, providing the four-chimney structure.The Power Station was decommissioned between 1975 and 1983 and remained empty until 2014. It was designated as a Grade II listed building in 1980. In 2007 its listed status was upgraded to Grade II*.The station is.

Battersea Power Station. one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, lavish Art Deco interior fittings and decor. The structure remained largely unused for more than 30 years after its closure; in 2008 its condition was described as "very bad" by English Heritage, which included it in its Heritage at Risk Register. The site was also listed on the 2004 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund.Since the station's closure, redevelopment plans have been drawn up by successive site owners. In 2004, when a redevelopment project by Parkview International stalled, the site was sold to the administrators of.

Battersea Power Station. Irish company Real Estate Opportunities (REO), who bought it for £400 million in November 2006 with plans to refurbish the station for public use and build 3,400 homes on the site. This plan fell through due to REO's debt being called in by the state-owned banks of the UK and Ireland. The site was again put up for sale in December 2011 through commercial estate agent Knight Frank. The combination of an existing debt burden of some £750 million, the need to make a £200 million contribution to an extension to the London Underground, requirements to fund conservation of the.

Battersea Power Station. derelict power station shell, and the presence of a waste transfer station and cement plant on the river frontage made commercial development of the site a significant challenge.Until the late 1930s, electricity was supplied by municipal undertakings. These were small power companies that built power stations dedicated to a single industry or group of factories, and sold any excess electricity to the public. These companies used widely differing standards of voltage and frequency. In 1925 Parliament decided that the power grid should be a single system with uniform standards and under public ownership. Several of the private power companies reacted.

Battersea Power Station. to the proposal by forming the London Power Company (LPC). They planned to heed parliament's recommendations and build a small number of very large stations.The London Power Company's first of these super power stations was planned for the Battersea area, on the south bank of the River Thames in London. The proposal was made in 1927, for a station built in two stages and capable of generating 400 megawatts (MW) of electricity when complete. The site chosen was a 15 (acre) plot of land which had been the site of the reservoirs for the former Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company.

Battersea Power Station. The site was chosen for its proximity to the River Thames for cooling water and coal delivery, and because it was in the heart of London, the station's immediate supply area.The proposal sparked protests from those who felt that the building would be too large and would be an eyesore, as well as worries about the pollution damaging local buildings, parks and even paintings in the nearby Tate Gallery. The company addressed the former concern by hiring Sir Giles Gilbert Scott to design the building's exterior. He was a distinguished architect and industrial designer, famous for his designs for the.

Battersea Power Station. red telephone box and Liverpool Anglican Cathedral. He subsequently designed another London power station, Bankside, which now houses Tate Modern art gallery. The pollution issue was resolved by granting permission for the station on the condition that its emissions were to be treated, to ensure they were "clean and smokeless".Construction of the first phase (the A Station) began in March 1929. The main building work was carried out by John Mowlem & Co, and the structural steelwork erection carried out by Sir William Arrol & Co. Other contractors were employed for specialist tasks. Most of the electrical equipment, including the.

Battersea Power Station. steam turbine turbo generators, was produced by Metropolitan-Vickers in Trafford Park, Manchester. The building of the steel frame began in October 1930. Once completed, the construction of the brick cladding began, in March 1931. Until the construction of the B Station, the eastern wall of the boiler house was clad in corrugated metal sheeting as a temporary enclosure. The A Station first generated electricity in 1933, but was not completed until 1935. The total cost of its construction was £2,141,550. Between construction beginning in 1929 and 1933, there were six fatal and 201 non-fatal accidents on the site.After the end.

Battersea Power Station. of the Second World War, construction began on the second phase, the B Station. The station came into operation gradually between 1953 and 1955. It was nearly identical to the A Station from the outside and was constructed directly to its east as a mirror to it, which gave the power station its now familiar four-chimney layout. The construction of the B Station brought the site's generating capacity up to 509 megawatts (MW), making it the third largest generating site in the UK at the time, providing a fifth of London's electricity needs (with the remainder supplied by 28 smaller.

Battersea Power Station. stations). It was also the most thermally efficient power station in the world when it opened.The A Station had been operated by the London Power Company, but by the time the B Station was completed, the UK's electric supply industry had been nationalised, and ownership of the two stations had passed into the hands of the British Electricity Authority in 1948.On 20 April 1964, the power station was the site of a fire that caused power failures throughout London, including at the BBC Television Centre, which was due to launch BBC2 that night. The launch was delayed until the following.

Battersea Power Station. day at 11 am.## Design and specification.Both of the stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was headed by Dr. Leonard Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Power Company, but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, and T. P. O'Sullivan who was later responsible for the Assembly Hall at Filton. J. Theo Halliday was employed as architect, with Halliday & Agate Co. employed as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for the supervision and execution of the appearance of the exterior and interior of the building. Architect Sir.

Battersea Power Station. Giles Gilbert Scott was involved in the project much later on, consulted to appease public reaction, and referred to in the press as "architect of the exterior". The station was designed in the "brick-cathedral" style of power station design, which was popular at the time. Battersea is one of a very small number of examples of this style of power station design still in existence in the UK, others being Uskmouth and Bankside. The station's design proved popular straightaway, and was described as a "temple of power", which ranked equal with St Paul's Cathedral as a London landmark. In a.

Battersea Power Station. 1939 survey by "The Architectural Review" a panel of celebrities ranked it as their second favourite modern building.The A Station's control room was given many Art Deco fittings by architect Halliday. Italian marble was used in the turbine hall, and polished parquet floors and wrought-iron staircases were used throughout. Owing to a lack of available money following the Second World War, the interior of the B Station was not given the same treatment, and instead the fittings were made from stainless steel.Each of the two connected stations consists of a long boiler house with a chimney at each end and.

Battersea Power Station. an adjacent turbine hall. This makes a single main building which is of steel frame construction with brick cladding, similar to the skyscrapers built in the United States around the same time. The station is the largest brick structure in Europe. The building's gross dimensions measure 160 (m) by 170 (m), with the roof of the boiler house standing at over 50 (m). Each of the four chimneys is made from concrete and stands 103 (m) tall with a base diameter of 8.5 (m) tapering to 6.7 (m) at the top. The station also had jetty facilities for unloading coal,.

Battersea Power Station. a coal sorting and storage area, control rooms and an administration block.The A Station generated electricity using three turbo alternators; two 69 megawatt (MW) Metropolitan-Vickers British Thomson-Houston sets, and one 105 MW Metropolitan-Vickers set, totalling 243 MW. At the time of its commissioning, the 105 MW generating set was the largest in Europe. The B Station also had three turbo alternators, all made by Metropolitan-Vickers. This consisted of two units which used 16 MW high-pressure units exhausting to a 78 MW and associated with a 6 MW house alternator, giving these units a total rating of 100 MW. The third.

Battersea Power Station. unit consisted of a 66 MW machine associated with a 6 MW house alternator, giving the unit a rating of 72 MW. Combined, these gave the B station a generating capacity of 260 MW, making the site's generating capacity 503 MW. All of the station's boilers were made by Babcock & Wilcox, fuelled by pulverised coal from pulverisers also built by Babcock & Wilcox. There were nine boilers in the A station and six in the B station. The B station's boilers were the largest ever built in the UK at that time. The B station also had the highest.

Battersea Power Station. thermal efficiency of any power station in the country for the first twelve years of its operation.## Operations.## Coal transportation.The power station consumed over 1,000,000 tonnes of coal annually, mostly from pits in South Wales and North East England, delivered by coastal colliers. They were "flat-irons" with a low-profile superstructure and fold-down funnels and masts to fit under the Thames' bridges above the Pool of London. The LPC and its nationalised successors owned and operated several "flat-irons" for the service.Coal was usually delivered to the jetty where two cranes, capable of unloading two ships at a time at a rate.

Battersea Power Station. of 480 tonnes an hour, offloaded coal. Some coal was delivered by rail to the east of the station from the Brighton Main Line which passes nearby. A conveyor belt system moved the coal to a storage area or directly to the station's boiler rooms. The conveyor belt system consisted of a series of bridges connected by towers. The storage area was a large concrete box capable of holding 75,000 tonnes of coal. It had an overhead gantry and a conveyor belt attached to the conveyor belt system for moving coal to the boiler rooms.## Water system.Water, essential to a.

Battersea Power Station. thermal power station, is used to condense steam from the steam turbines before it is returned to the boiler. Water cycled through the power station's systems was taken from the Thames. The station could extract an average of 340000000 (impgal) of water from the river each day.After the end of World War II, the London Power Company used the waste heat to supply the Pimlico District Heating Undertaking.## Scrubbers.The reduction of sulphur emissions was an important factor from when the station was in the design stages, as it was one of the main concerns of the protesters. The London Power.

Battersea Power Station. Company developed an experimental technique for washing flue gases in 1925. It used water and alkaline sprays over scrubbers of steel and timber in flue ducts. The gases were subject to continuous washing, as to the principal acid pollutant by using catalyst iron oxide, the sulphur dioxide was converted into sulphuric acid. The plant was one of the world's first commercial applications of this technique. This process was stopped in the B Station in the 1960s, when it was discovered that the discharge of these products into the Thames was more harmful than sulphur dioxide would be to the atmosphere.##.

Battersea Power Station. "scales": [ "name": "x", "type": "ordinal", "range": "width", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "x" }, "name": "y", "type": "linear", "range": "height", "nice": true, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "y" "axes": [ "type": "x", "scale": "x" { "type": "y", "scale": "y" ], "marks": [ "type": "rect", "from": { "data": "table" "properties": { "enter": { "x": { "scale": "x", "field": "x" "y": { "scale": "y", "field": "y" "y2": { "scale": "y", "value": 0 "fill": { "value": "steelblue" "width": { "scale": "x", "band": "true", "offset": -1}</graph>Battersea B annual electricity output GWh.<graph>{ "version": 2, "width": 750, "height": 250, "data": [ "name": "table",.

Battersea Power Station. 32 { "x": 1984, "y": 0 { "x": 1961, "y": 830 ] ], "scales": [ "name": "x", "type": "ordinal", "range": "width", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "x" }, "name": "y", "type": "linear", "range": "height", "nice": true, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "y" "axes": [ "type": "x", "scale": "x" { "type": "y", "scale": "y" ], "marks": [ "type": "rect", "from": { "data": "table" "properties": { "enter": { "x": { "scale": "x", "field": "x" "y": { "scale": "y", "field": "y" "y2": { "scale": "y", "value": 0 "fill": { "value": "steelblue" "width": { "scale": "x", "band": "true", "offset": -1}</graph>## Closure and.

Battersea Power Station. redevelopment.## Closure.The station's demise was caused by its output falling with age, coupled with increased operating costs, such as flue gas cleaning. On 17 March 1975, the A Station was closed after being in operation for 40 years. By this time the A Station was co-firing oil and its generating capacity had declined to 228 MW.Three years after the closure of the A Station, rumours began to circulate that the B Station would soon follow. A campaign was then launched to try to save the building as part of the national heritage. As a result, the station was declared a.

Battersea Power Station. heritage site in 1980, when the Secretary of State for the Environment, Michael Heseltine, awarded the building Grade II listed status. (This was upgraded to Grade II* listed in 2007.) On 31 October 1983 production of electricity at Station B also ended, after nearly 30 years of operation. By then the B Station's generating capacity had fallen to 146 MW. The closure of the two stations was put down largely to the generating equipment becoming outdated, and the preferred choice of fuel for electricity generation shifting from coal toward oil, gas and nuclear power.## Theme park proposal.Following the station's closure,.

Battersea Power Station. the Central Electricity Generating Board had planned to demolish the station and sell the land for housing, but because of the building's then Grade II listed status, they had to pay the high cost of preserving the building. In 1983 they held a competition for ideas on the redevelopment of the site. It was won by a consortium led by developer David Roche and which included John Broome, owner of Alton Towers Ltd. This consortium proposed an indoor theme park, with shops and restaurants. At an estimated cost of £35 million, the scheme was risky and would require over 2.

Battersea Power Station. million visitors a year to make any profit. The scheme received planning approval in May 1986 and the site was purchased by John Broome for £1.5 million in 1987. Work on converting the site began the same year. British Rail planned to procure three electric multiple unit trains, designated "Class 447", to run a shuttle service from London Victoria station to the theme park.The project was halted in March 1989, for lack of funding, after costs had quickly escalated that January, from £35 million to £230 million. By this point huge sections of the building's roof had been removed, so.

Battersea Power Station. that machinery could be taken out. Without a roof, the building's steel framework had been left exposed and its foundations were prone to flooding.In March 1990, the proposal was changed to a mixture of offices, shops and a hotel. This proposal was granted planning permission in August 1990, despite opposition from 14 independent organisations, including English Heritage. Despite permission being granted, no further work took place on the site between 1990 and 1993.## Parkview proposal.In 1993, the site and its outstanding debt of £70 million were bought from the Bank of America by Hong Kong-based development company, Parkview International, for.

Battersea Power Station. £10 million. Following resolution of creditors' claims, it acquired the freehold title in May 1996. In November 1996 plans for the redevelopment of the site were submitted and outline consent was received in May 1997. Detailed consent for much of the site was granted in August 2000, and the rest in May 2001. The company received full possession of the site in 2003. Having purchased the site, Parkview started work on a £1.1 billion project to restore the building and to redevelop the site into a retail, housing and leisure complex.During the Parkview era several masterplans for the site were.

Battersea Power Station. developed by various architects and subsequently discarded. One notable plan, called simply "The Power Station", was masterminded by architect Nicholas Grimshaw. The scheme proposed a shopping mall, with 40 to 50 restaurants, cafés and bars, 180 shops, as well as nightclubs, comedy venues and a cinema. Cosmopolitan shops would have been sited in the A Station's turbine hall, and label name shops in the B Station's turbine hall. The boiler house would have been glazed over and used as a public space for installations and exhibitions. A riverside walkway would also be created, running continuously along the riverside from Vauxhall.

Battersea Power Station. to Battersea Park.Parkview claimed that 3,000 jobs would be created during the construction of the project, and 9,000 would be employed once completed, with an emphasis on local recruitment. The Battersea Power Station Community Group campaigned against the Parkview plan and argued for an alternative community-based scheme to be drawn up. The group described the plans as "a deeply unattractive project that has no affordable housing anywhere on the 38 (acre) site, no decent jobs for local people and no credible public transport strategy". They also criticised how appropriate the project was in its location, and proposal of other large.

Battersea Power Station. buildings on the site. Keith Garner of the group said "I feel that there's a real problem of appropriateness. They need a completely different kind of scheme, not this airport-lounge treatment. What you see now is a majestic building looming up from the river. If you surround it with buildings 15 storeys high, you don’t have a landmark any more."In 2005 Parkview, English Heritage and the London Borough of Wandsworth claimed that the reinforcement inside the chimneys was corroded and irreparable. Wandsworth Council granted permission for them to be demolished and rebuilt. However, the Twentieth Century Society, the World Monuments.

Battersea Power Station. Fund and the Battersea Power Station Company Ltd commissioned an alternative engineers' report that claimed that the existing chimneys could be repaired. In response, Parkview claimed to have given a legally binding undertaking to the council to provide certainty that the chimneys will be replaced "like for like", in accordance with the requirements of English Heritage and the planning authorities.## REO proposal.On 30 November 2006, it was announced that Real Estate Opportunities, led by Irish businessmen Richard Barrett and Johnny Ronan of Treasury Holdings, had purchased Battersea Power Station and the surrounding land for €532 million (£400 million). REO subsequently.

Battersea Power Station. announced that the previous plan by Parkview had been dropped and that it had appointed the practice of the Uruguayan-born architect Rafael Viñoly of New York as the new master planner for the site. The centrepiece of this masterplan was a 980-foot-high "eco tower" that dwarfed the power station and was described by London's then mayor Boris Johnson as an "inverted toilet-roll holder". The tower was quickly dropped from the scheme. Jersey law firms, Ogier, Carey Olsen and Mourant Oxannes helped REO to raise funds for the new Battersea Power Station redevelopment.## Biomass power station.The plans include reusing part of.

Battersea Power Station. the station building as a power station, fuelled by biomass and waste. The station's existing chimneys would be utilised for venting steam. The former turbine halls would be converted to shopping spaces, and the roofless boiler house used as a park. An energy museum would also be housed inside the former station building. The restoration of the power station building would cost £150 million.## Eco-dome.A plastic built "eco-dome" was to be built to the east of the power station. This building was originally planned to have a large 300 (m) chimney, but this has now been abandoned in favour of.

Battersea Power Station. a series of smaller towers. The eco-dome would house offices, and aim to reduce energy consumption in the buildings by 67% compared to conventional office buildings, by using the towers to draw cool air through the building. 3,200 new homes would also be built on the site to house 7,000 people.## Consultation process.In June 2008 a consultation process was launched, which revealed that 66% of the general public were in favour of the plans. At an event at the station on 23 March 2009, it was announced that REO were to submit the planning application for their proposal to Wandsworth.

Battersea Power Station. Council.## Planning consent.The Council gave planning consent on 11 November 2010. REO hoped for construction to begin in 2011, but this has now been cancelled. The station structure itself was expected to be repaired and secure by 2016, with completion of the whole project by 2020. Plans now include the construction of 3,400 apartments and 3500000 (sqft) of office space. Approximately 28,000 inhabitants and 25,000 workers are expected to occupy the space once complete.## Lenders allow more time.Reuters reported on 1 September 2011 that lenders would allow more time for a new equity partner to be found:Lenders to the owner.

Battersea Power Station. of Battersea Power Station in London waived a debt maturity deadline yesterday while talks with potential new equity partners for its redevelopment continued, a source close to the process told Reuters. AIM-listed Real Estate Opportunities is seeking a partner for the 5.5 billion pound ($9 billion) development, and its senior lenders Lloyds and Ireland's National Asset Management Agency have already extended a deadline once relating to the 400 million pounds REO paid for the site in 2006. 'The banks have nothing to gain by calling the debt in. Talks with new equity partners continue, and an announcement may come in.

Battersea Power Station. the next few weeks,' the source said. However, in November 2011, Lloyds and NAMA called in the debt and the REO scheme collapsed into administration.## Farrell and Partners Urban Park proposal.In February 2012, Sir Terry Farrell's architectural firm put forward a proposal to convert the power station site into an "urban park" with an option to develop housing at a later date. In this vision, Farrell proposed to demolish all but the central boiler hall and chimneys and display the switching equipment from the control rooms in 'pods'. However, this plan was always unlikely to bear fruit due to the.

Battersea Power Station. Grade II listing status of the building.## Chelsea F.C. Interest.On 9 November 2008, Chelsea F.C. was reported to be considering moving to a new purpose built stadium at Battersea Power Station. The proposed stadium was to hold between 65,000 and 75,000 fans and feature a retractable roof. The proposals were designed by HOK Sport, the same company who designed Wembley Stadium. However, the Chelsea F.C. scheme was seriously in doubt due to concerns for the preservation of the site and the collapse of the REO scheme in late November 2011.## 2012 redevelopment plans.Following the failure of the REO bid to.

Battersea Power Station. develop the site, in February 2012, Battersea Power Station was put up for sale on the open market for the first time in its history. The sale was conducted by the commercial estate agent, Knight Frank, on behalf of the site's creditors. In May 2012, several bids were received for the landmark site, which was put on the market after Nama and Lloyds Banking Group called in loans held by Treasury Holdings' Real Estate Opportunities (REO). Bids were received from Chelsea F.C. with other interested parties including a Malaysian interest, SP Setia, London & Regional, a company owned by the.

Battersea Power Station. London-based Livingstone brothers, and housebuilder Berkeley. The net price was £400 million which would discharge the £325 million to cover the debts held by Nama and Lloyds "plus" a £100 million contribution to the Northern line extension. If the sale was unsuccessful, the administrator or its agent(s) would have kept the landowner's duty to maintain and preserve the site per its listed status.On 7 June 2012, Knight Frank announced that administrators Ernst & Young had entered into an exclusive agreement with Malaysian developers SP Setia and Sime Darby, who were given 28 days to conduct due diligence and agree the.

Battersea Power Station. final terms of the deal. Completion of the sale to the Malaysian consortium took place in September 2012. The redevelopment of the site will use the existing Vinoly master plan which intends to position the Power Station as the central focus of the regenerated site, housing a blend of shops, cafes, restaurants, art and leisure facilities, office space and residential accommodation. The plan includes the restoration of the historic Power Station itself, the creation of a new riverside park to the north of the Power Station and the creation of a new High Street which is designed to link the.

Battersea Power Station. future entrance to Battersea Power Station tube station with the Power Station. The redevelopment is hoped to bring about the extension of the existing riverside walk and facilitate access directly from the Power Station to Battersea Park and Chelsea Bridge. The full redevelopment consists of eight main phases, some of which are planned to run concurrently. The plan includes over 800 homes of varying sizes.Construction work on Phase 1, called Circus West Village, designed by architects SimpsonHaugh and dRMM, is being undertaken by Carillion and commenced in 2013 alongside work on the Power Station. Phase 1 was completed in 2017,.

Battersea Power Station. with the Northern line extension and its new Battersea Power Station terminus completed in 2021. Circus West Village now has over 1500 residents and over 23 restaurants, cafes and retailers now open.WilkinsonEyre was appointed in 2013 to carry out the restoration of the Grade II* listed Power Station. Work commenced in 2013 and plans included the restoration of the art deco structure internally and externally, reconstruction of the chimneys, and refurbishment of the historic cranes and jetty as a new river taxi stop. Restoration work on the power station's chimneys was completed in 2017. In 2019, the jetty in front.

Battersea Power Station. of the power station opened to the public for the first time in its history. Retail brands set to open outlets inside the power station include Hugo Boss, Jo Malone London, Uniqlo, Mac Cosmetics, Space NK and Watches of Switzerland. In May 2021, the first residents moved into their new homes at the power station. As part of the development, a 200-seat theatre, the Turbine Theatre, was established in railway arches under the Grosvenor Bridge in September 2019. In October 2013, Frank Gehry was appointed joint architect with Foster + Partners to design "Phase 3" of the scheme, which will.

Battersea Power Station. provide "the gateway to the entire development and the new Northern line extension".## London Underground extension.The London Underground's Northern line has been extended to serve Nine Elms and the power station, branching off at Kennington station. Two stations, Nine Elms station and Battersea Power Station station, opened on 20 September 2021. The construction cost £1.1 billion and is 3 (km) long.## Apple.In September 2016, Apple announced plans to consolidate 1,400 London employees, from seven locations, at the station by 2021, occupying around 500,000 square feet of the power station building as its new London headquarters. The move was later delayed.

Battersea Power Station. to 2022 by the COVID-19 pandemic. Apple and other firms will share the site with over 4,000 homes, of which 295 are in the power station.## In popular culture.Battersea Power Station has become an iconic structure, featured in or used as a shooting location for many films, television programmes, music videos, and video games. One of the station's earliest film appearances was in Alfred Hitchcock's 1936 film "Sabotage"; this was before the construction of the B station. The station gained exposure in the cover photograph of Pink Floyd's 1977 album, "Animals", which sold millions of copies worldwide. The photo, taken.

Battersea Power Station. in early December 1976, shows the power station with an inflatable pink pig floating above it. The pig was made by the German company Ballon Fabrik and Australian artist Jeffrey Shaw. It was tethered to one of the power station's southern chimneys, but broke loose from its moorings and drifted into the flight path of Heathrow Airport. Police helicopters tracked its course, until it landed in Kent. Video footage of the photoshoot was used in the promotional video for the song "Pigs on the Wing". The album was officially launched at an event at the power station.The station appears in.

Battersea Power Station. the 2006 movie "Children of Men," where it serves as the fictional "Ark of Arts". A pig balloon also appears in the scene as homage to Pink Floyd's "Animals".## Event venue.The power station has been used for various sporting, cultural and political events. Since 22 August 2009, the station has been used as a venue on the Red Bull X-Fighters season. On 13 April 2010 the station was used as the venue for the launch of the Conservative Party's 2010 general election manifesto. Between 6 and 7 May 2010, the station site was used by Sky News in their coverage.

Battersea Power Station. of the election.Energy in the United KingdomEnergy policy of the United KingdomBankside Power Station## References.FootnotesBibliography Battersea Power Station and Bankside (Tate Modern) compared BBC picture gallery Footage of Battersea Power Station Fire in 1964.


Question: What is the conservation status of this animal? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Sea otter. bites, raising concerns that the population had reached a plateau. However, the population increased markedly from 2015 to 2016, with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) California sea otter survey 3-year average reaching 3,272 in 2016, the first time it exceeded the threshold for delisting from the Endangered Species Act (ESA). If populations continued to grow and ESA delisting occurred, southern sea otters would still be fully protected by state regulations and the Marine Mammal Protection Act, which set higher thresholds for protection, at approximately 8,400 individuals. However, ESA delisting seems unlikely due to a precipitous population decline recorded in.