Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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European robin. The European robin (Erithacus rubecula), known simply as the robin or robin redbreast in Great Britain & Ireland, is a small insectivorous passerine bird that belongs to the chat subfamily of the Old World flycatcher family. About 12.5 – 14.0 (cm) in length, the male and female are similar in colouration, with an orange breast and face lined with grey, brown upper-parts and a whitish belly. It is found across Europe, east to Western Siberia and south to North Africa; it is sedentary in most of its range except the far north.The term "robin" is also applied to some birds.

European robin. in other families with red or orange breasts. These include the American robin ("Turdus migratorius"), a thrush, and the Australasian robins of the family Petroicidae, the relationships of which are unclear.## Taxonomy, etymology and systematics.The European robin was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Motacilla rubecula". Its specific epithet "rubecula" is a diminutive derived from the Latin , meaning 'red'. The genus "Erithacus" was introduced by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1800, giving the bird its current binomial name "E. rubecula". The genus name "Erithacus" is from Ancient.

European robin. Greek and refers to an unknown bird, now usually identified as robin.The distinctive orange breast of both sexes contributed to the European robin's original name of "redbreast", "orange" as a colour name being unknown in English until the 16th century, by which time the fruit had been introduced. In the 15th century, when it became popular to give human names to familiar species, the bird came to be known as "robin redbreast", which was eventually shortened to "robin". As a given name, Robin is originally a diminutive of Robert. Other older English names for the bird include "ruddock" and "robinet".

European robin. In American literature of the late 19th century, this robin was frequently called the "English robin". The Dutch , French , German , Italian , Spanish and Portuguese all refer to the distinctively coloured front.The genus "Erithacus" previously included the Japanese robin and the Ryukyu robin. These east Asian species were shown in molecular phylogenetic studies to be more similar to a group of other Asian species than to the European robin. In a reorganisation of the genera, the Japanese and the Ryukyu robins were moved to the resurrected genus "Larvivora" leaving the European robin as the sole member of.

European robin. "Erithacus". The phylogenetic analysis placed "Erithacus" in the subfamily Erithacinae, which otherwise contained only African species, but its exact position with respect to the other genera was not resolved.The genus "Erithacus" was formerly classified as a member of the thrush family (Turdidae) but is now considered to belong to the Old World flycatcher family (Muscicapidae), specifically to the chats (subfamily Saxicolinae) which also include the common nightingale.## Subspecies.In their large continental Eurasian range, robins vary somewhat, but do not form discrete populations that might be considered subspecies. Robin subspecies are mainly distinguished by forming resident populations on islands and in.

European robin. mountainous areas. The robin found in the British Isles and much of western Europe, "Erithacus rubecula melophilus", occurs as a vagrant in adjacent regions. "E. r. witherbyi" from northwest Africa, Corsica, and Sardinia closely resembles "melophilus" but has shorter wings. The northeasternmost birds, large and fairly washed-out in colour, are "E. r. tataricus". In the southeast of its range, "E. r. valens" of the Crimean Peninsula, "E. r. caucasicus" of the Caucasus and northern Transcaucasia, and "E. r. hyrcanus" southeastwards into Iran are generally accepted as significantly distinct.On Madeira and the Azores, the local population has been described as "E.

European robin. r. microrhynchos", and although not distinct in morphology, its isolation seems to suggest the subspecies is valid (but see below).## Canary Islands robin.The most distinct birds are those of Gran Canaria ("E. r. marionae") and Tenerife ("E. r. superbus"), which may be considered two distinct species or at least two different subspecies. They are readily distinguished by a white eye-ring, an intensely coloured breast, a grey line that separates the orange-red from the brown colouration, and the belly is entirely white.Cytochrome "b" sequence data and vocalisations indicate that the Gran Canaria/Tenerife robins are indeed very distinct and probably derived from.

European robin. colonisation by mainland birds some 2 million years ago.Christian Dietzen, Hans-Hinrich Witt and Michael Wink published in 2003 in "Avian Science" a study called "The phylogeographic differentiation of the European robin "Erithacus rubecula" on the Canary Islands revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics: evidence for a new robin taxon on Gran Canaria?". In it they concluded that Gran Canaria's robin diverged genetically from their European relatives as far back as 2.3 million years, while the Tenerife ones took another half a million years to make this leap, 1.8 million years ago. The most likely reason would be a.

European robin. different colonization of the Canaries by this bird, which arrived at the oldest island first (Gran Canaria) and subsequently passed to the neighboring island (Tenerife).A thorough comparison between "marionae" and "superbus" is pending to confirm that the first one is effectively a different subspecies. Initial results suggest that birds from Gran Canaria have wings about 10% shorter than those on Tenerife. The west Canary Islands' populations are younger (Middle Pleistocene) and only beginning to diverge genetically. Robins from the western Canary Islands: El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera ("E. r. microrhynchus") are similar to the European type subspecies ("E.

European robin. r. rubecula").Finally, the robins which can be found in Fuerteventura are the European ones, which is not surprising as the species does not breed either in this island or in the nearby Lanzarote; they are wintering birds or just passing through during their long migration between Africa and Europe.## Other robins.The larger American robin ("T. migratorius") is named for its similarity to the European robin, but the two birds are not closely related. The similarity lies largely in the orange chest patch in both species. This American species was incorrectly shown "feathering its nest" in London in the film "Mary.

European robin. Poppins", but it only occurs in the U.K. as a very rare vagrant.Some South and Central American "Turdus" thrushes are also called robins, such as the rufous-collared thrush. The Australian "robin redbreast", more correctly the scarlet robin ("Petroica multicolor"), is more closely related to crows and jays than it is to the European robin. It belongs to the family Petroicidae, whose members are commonly called "Australasian robins". The red-billed leiothrix ("Leiothrix lutea") is sometimes named the "Pekin robin" by aviculturalists. Another group of Old World flycatchers, this time from Africa and Asia, is the genus "Copsychus"; its members are known.

European robin. as magpie-robins, one of which, the Oriental magpie robin ("C. saularis"), is the national bird of Bangladesh.## Description.The adult European robin is 12.5 – 14.0 (cm) long and weighs 16 – 22 (g), with a wingspan of 20 – 22 (cm). The male and female bear similar plumage: an orange breast and face (more strongly coloured in the otherwise similar British subspecies "E. r. melophilus"), lined by a bluish grey on the sides of the neck and chest. The upperparts are brownish, or olive-tinged in British birds, and the belly whitish, while the legs and feet are brown. The bill.

European robin. and eyes are black. Juveniles are a spotted brown and white in colouration, with patches of orange gradually appearing.## Distribution and habitat.The robin occurs in Eurasia east to Western Siberia, south to Algeria and on the Atlantic islands as far west as the Central Group of the Azores and Madeira. It is a vagrant in Iceland. In the southeast, it reaches Iran the Caucasus range. Irish and British robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually female, migrate to southern Europe during winter, a few as far as Spain. Scandinavian and Russian robins migrate to Britain and western Europe.

European robin. to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the greyer tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast. The European robin prefers spruce woods in northern Europe, contrasting with its preference for parks and gardens in Great Britain.In southern Iberia, habitat segregation of resident and migrant robins occurs, with resident robins remaining in the same woodlands where they bred.Attempts to introduce the European robin into Australia and New Zealand in the latter part of the 19th century were unsuccessful. Birds were released around Melbourne, Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington and Dunedin by various local acclimatisation.

European robin. societies, with none becoming established. There was a similar outcome in North America, as birds failed to become established after being released in Long Island, New York in 1852, Oregon in 1889–1892, and the Saanich Peninsula in British Columbia in 1908–1910.## Behaviour and ecology.The robin is diurnal, although it has been reported to be active hunting insects on moonlit nights or near artificial light at night. Well known to British and Irish gardeners, it is relatively unafraid of people and drawn to human activities involving the digging of soil, in order to look out for earthworms and other food freshly.

European robin. turned up. The robin is considered to be a gardener's friend, and from the traditional association of the red breast with the blood of Christ, the robin would never be harmed. In continental Europe, on the other hand, robins were hunted and killed as were most other small birds, and are therefore more wary. Robins also approach large wild animals, such as wild boar, which disturb the ground, to look for any food that might be brought to the surface.In autumn and winter, robins will supplement their usual diet of terrestrial invertebrates, such as spiders, worms and insects, with berries.

European robin. and fruit. They will also eat seed mixtures and suet placed on bird-tables.Male robins are noted for their highly aggressive territorial behaviour. They will fiercely attack other males and competitors that stray into their territories and have been observed attacking other small birds without apparent provocation. There are instances of robins attacking their own reflection. Territorial disputes sometimes lead to fatalities, accounting for up to 10% of adult robin deaths in some areas.Because of high mortality in the first year of life, a robin has an average life expectancy of 1.1 years; however, once past its first year, life expectancy.

European robin. increases. One robin has been recorded as reaching 19 years of age. A spell of very low temperatures in winter can, however, result in higher mortality rates. The species is parasitised by the moorhen flea ("Dasypsyllus gallinulae") and the acanthocephalan "Apororhynchus silesiacus".## Breeding.Robins may choose a wide variety of sites for building a nest. In fact, anything which can offer some shelter, like a depression or hole, may be considered. As well as the usual crevices, or sheltered banks, other objects include pieces of machinery, barbecues, bicycle handlebars, bristles on upturned brooms, discarded kettles, watering cans, flower pots and hats.

European robin. Robins will also nest in manmade nest boxes, favouring a design with an open front placed in a sheltered position up to 2 (m) from the ground. Nests are generally composed of moss, leaves and grass, with fine grass, hair and feathers for lining.Two or three clutches of five or six eggs are laid throughout the breeding season, which commences in March in Britain and Ireland. The eggs are a cream, buff or white speckled or blotched with reddish-brown colour, often more heavily so at the larger end. When juvenile birds fly from the nests, their colouration is entirely mottled.

European robin. brown. After two to three months out of the nest, the juvenile bird grows some orange feathers under its chin, and over a similar period this patch gradually extends to complete the adult appearance of an entirely red-orange breast.## Vocalisation.The robin produces a fluting, warbling during the breeding season. Both the male and female sing during the winter, when they hold separate territories, the song then sounding more plaintive than the summer version. The female robin moves a short distance from the summer nesting territory to a nearby area that is more suitable for winter feeding. The male robin keeps.

European robin. the same territory throughout the year. During the breeding season, male robins usually initiate their morning song an hour before civil sunrise, and usually terminate their daily singing around thirty minutes after sunset. Nocturnal singing can also occur, especially in urban areas that are artificially lit during the night. Under artificial light, nocturnal singing can be used by urban robins to actively shunt daytime anthropogenic noise.## Magnetoreception.The avian magnetic compass of the robin has been extensively researched and uses vision-based magnetoreception, in which the robin's ability to sense the magnetic field of the earth for navigation is affected by the.

European robin. light entering the bird's eye. The physical mechanism of the robin's magnetic sense involves quantum entanglement of electron spins in cryptochrome in the bird's eyes.## Conservation status.The European robin has an extensive range and a population numbering in the hundreds of millions. The species does not approach the vulnerable thresholds under the population trend criterion (>30 percent decline over ten years or three generations); the population appears to be increasing. The International Union for Conservation of Nature evaluates it as least concern.## Cultural depictions.The robin features prominently in British folklore and that of northwestern France, but much less so in.

European robin. other parts of Europe. It was held to be a storm-cloud bird and sacred to Thor, the god of thunder, in Norse mythology. Robins feature in the traditional children's tale "Babes in the Wood"; the birds cover the dead bodies of the children.The robin has become strongly associated with Christmas, taking a starring role on many Christmas cards since the mid-19th century. The robin has appeared on many Christmas postage stamps. An old British folk tale seeks to explain the robin's distinctive breast. Legend has it that when Jesus was dying on the cross, the robin, then simply brown in.

European robin. colour, flew to his side and sang into his ear in order to comfort him in his pain. The blood from his wounds stained the robin's breast, and thereafter all robins carry the mark of Christ's blood upon them.An alternative legend has it that its breast was scorched fetching water for souls in Purgatory. The association with Christmas more probably arises from the fact that postmen in Victorian Britain wore red jackets and were nicknamed "Robins"; the robin featured on the Christmas card is an emblem of the postman delivering the card.In the 1960s, in a vote publicised by "The.

European robin. Times", the robin was adopted as the unofficial national bird of the United Kingdom. In 2015, the robin was again voted Britain's national bird in a poll organised by birdwatcher David Lindo, taking 34% of the final vote.Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed "the Robins". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs Bristol City, Crewe Alexandra, Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town (with Bristol City, as of 2019, Swindon Town, and Cheltenham Town also incorporating a robin image in their current badge designs), and, traditionally, Wrexham FC, as.

European robin. well as the English rugby league team the Hull Kingston Rovers (whose home colours are white with a red band). A small bird is an unusual choice, although it is thought to symbolise agility in darting around the field.European Robin videos, photos & sounds on Internet Bird Collection. Sonatura : Song of the European Robin Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze.


Question: How many offspring can this bird produce at the same time?

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Northern waterthrush. locality from Latin "novus", "new" and "Eboracum", York.## Description.The northern waterthrush is a large New World warbler (and not a thrush, despite the name). It has a length of 12 – 15 (cm), wingspan of 21 – 24 (cm) and weighs between 13 and 25 (g) Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 6.8 to 8.2 (cm), the tail is 4.5 to 5.7 (cm), the bill is 1.1 to 1.2 (cm) and the tarsus is 1.9 to 2.3 (cm). On the head, the crown is brown with a white supercilium. The bill is pointed and dark. The throat is lightly.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Acer pseudoplatanus. Acer pseudoplatanus, known as the sycamore in the British Isles and as the sycamore maple in the United States, is a species of flowering plant in the soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae. It is a large deciduous, broad-leaved tree, tolerant of wind and coastal exposure. It is native to Central Europe and Western Asia, from France eastward to Ukraine, northern Turkey and the Caucasus and southward in the mountains of Italy and northern Iberia.The sycamore establishes itself easily from seed and was introduced to the British Isles by 1500. It is now naturalised there and in other parts of Europe,.

Acer pseudoplatanus. North America, Australia and New Zealand, where it may become an invasive species.The sycamore can grow to a height of about 35 (m) and the branches form a broad, rounded crown. The bark is grey, smooth when young and later flaking in irregular patches. The leaves grow on long leafstalks and are large and palmate, with five large radiating lobes. The flowers are greenish-yellow and hang in dangling flowerheads called panicles. They produce copious amounts of pollen and nectar that are attractive to insects. The winged seeds or samaras are borne in pairs and twirl to the ground when ripe.

Acer pseudoplatanus. They germinate freely in the following spring.In its native range, the sycamore is associated with a biodiverse range of invertebrates and fungi, but these are not always present in areas to which it has been introduced. It is sometimes planted in urban areas for its value as an amenity tree. It produces a hard-wearing, creamy-white close-grained timber that is used for making musical instruments, furniture, joinery, wood flooring and kitchen utensils. It also makes good firewood. The rising sap in spring has been used to extract sugar and make alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. Bees collecting the nectar make honey.## Taxonomy.

Acer pseudoplatanus. and etymology."Acer pseudoplatanus" was first described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in his "Species Plantarum" in 1753. It is the type species in the maple genus "Acer". Many forms and varieties have been proposed, including natural varieties such as var. "macrocarpum" Spach, var. "microcarpum" Spach, and var. "tomentosum" Tausch, and forms such as f. "erythrocarpum" (Carrière) Pax, f. "purpureum" (Loudon) Rehder, and f. "variegatum" (Weston) Rehder. These are all now considered to be synonyms of "Acer pseudoplatanus" L.The specific name "pseudoplatanus" refers to the superficial similarity of the leaves and bark of the sycamore to those of plane trees.

Acer pseudoplatanus. in the genus "Platanus", the prefix "pseudo-" (from Ancient Greek) meaning "false". However, the two genera are in different families that are only distantly related. "Acer" and "Platanus" differ in the position in which leaves are attached to the stem (alternate in "Platanus", paired or opposite in "Acer") and in their fruit, which are spherical clusters in "Platanus" and paired samaras (winged fruit) in "Acer".The common name "sycamore" was originally applied to the fig species "Ficus sycomorus", the sycamore or sycomore referred to in the Bible, that is native to southwest Asia. Other common names for the tree include false.

Acer pseudoplatanus. plane-tree, great maple, Scottish maple, mount maple, mock-plane, or Celtic maple.## Description.The sycamore is a large, broad-leaved deciduous tree that reaches 20 - 35 (m) tall at maturity, the branches forming a broad, domed crown. The bark of young trees is smooth and grey but becomes rougher with age and breaks up into scales, exposing the pale-brown-to-pinkish inner bark.The buds are produced in opposite pairs, ovoid (approximately oval in shape) and pointed, with the bud scales (the modified leaves that enclose and protect the bud) green, edged in dark brown and with dark brown tips, 0.5–1 (cm). When the leaves.

Acer pseudoplatanus. are shed they leave horseshoe-shaped marks called leaf scars on the stem. The leaves are opposite, large, 10 to 25 (cm) long and broad, palmate with 5 pointed lobes that are coarsely toothed or serrated. They have a leathery texture with thick veins protruding on the underside. They are dark green in colour with a paler underside. Some cultivars have purple-tinged or yellowish leaves. The leaf stalk or petiole is 5 to 15 (cm) long, is often tinged red with no stipules or leaf-like structures at the base.The functionally monoecious (bisexual) or dioecious yellow-green flowers are produced after the leaves.

Acer pseudoplatanus. in early summer, in May or June in the British Isles, on pendulous panicles 10 to 20 (cm) long with about 60–100 flowers on each stalk. The fruits are paired winged seeds or samaras, the seeds 5 to 10 (mm) in diameter, each with a wing 20 to 40 (mm) long developed as an extension of the ovary wall. The wings are held at about right angles to each other, distinguishing them from those of "A. platanoides" and "A. campestre", in which the wings are almost opposite, and from those of "A. saccharum", in which they are almost parallel. When.

Acer pseudoplatanus. shed, the wing of the samara catches the wind and rotates the fruit as it falls, slowing its descent and enabling the wind to disperse it further from the parent tree. The seeds are mature in autumn about four months after pollination.The sycamore is tetraploid (each cell having four sets of chromosomes, 2n=52), whereas "A. campestre" and "A. platanoides" are diploid (with 2 sets of chromosomes, 2n=26).## Botany.Sycamore trees produce their flowers in hanging branched clusters known as panicles that contain a variety of different flower types. Most are morphologically bisexual, with both male and female organs, but function as.

Acer pseudoplatanus. if they were unisexual. Some are both morphologically and functionally male, others morphologically bisexual but function as males, and still others are morphologically bisexual but function as females. All of the flower types can produce pollen, but the pollen from functionally female flowers does not germinate. All flowers produce nectar, the functionally female flowers producing it in greater volume and with a higher sugar content.Sycamore trees are very variable across their wide range and have strategies to prevent self-pollination, which is undesirable because it limits the genetic variation of the progeny and may depress their vigour. Most inflorescences are formed.

Acer pseudoplatanus. of a mixture of functionally male and functionally female flowers. On any one tree, one or other of these flower types opens first and the other type opens later. Some trees may be male-starters in one year and female-starters in another. The change from one sex to the other may take place on different dates in different parts of the crown, and different trees in any one population may come into bloom over the course of several weeks, so that cross-pollination is encouraged, although self-pollination may not be completely prevented.The sycamore may hybridise with other species in "Acer" section Acer,.

Acer pseudoplatanus. including with "A. heldreichii" where their natural ranges overlap and with "A.velutinum". Intersectional hybrids with "A. griseum" ("Acer" section Trifoliata) are also known, in which the basal lobes of the leaf are reduced in size, making the leaves appear almost three-lobed (trifoliate).## Distribution.The sycamore is native to central and eastern Europe and western Asia. Its natural range includes Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, southern Russia, Spain, Switzerland and the former Yugoslavia. Reports of it occurring in eastern Turkey have been found to refer to "A. heldreichii" subsp. "trautvetteri".It was probably.

Acer pseudoplatanus. introduced into Britain in the Tudor period by 1500 and was first recorded in the wild in 1632 in Kent. The date of its first introduction into Ireland is unclear, but the oldest specimen in Ireland is in County Cavan and dates from the seventeenth century. It was introduced into Sweden around 1770 with seeds obtained from Holland.The lack of old native names for it has been used to demonstrate its absence in Britain before introduction in around 1487, but this is challenged by the presence of an old Scottish Gaelic name for the tree, "fior chrann" which suggests a.

Acer pseudoplatanus. longer presence in Scotland at least as far back as the Gaelic settlement at Dál Riata in the late 6th and early 7th centuries. This would make it either an archaeophyte (a naturalised tree introduced by humans before 1500) or perhaps native if it can be seen to have reached Scotland without human intervention. At the moment it is usually classified as a neophyte, a plant that is naturalised but arrived with humans on or after the year 1500. Today, the sycamore is present in 3,461 (89.7%) of hectads in Britain, more than any native tree species.The sycamore has been.

Acer pseudoplatanus. introduced to suitable locations outside Europe as an attractive tree for park, street or garden. These include the United States, Canada, Australia (Victoria and Tasmania), Chile and New Zealand, Patagonia and the laurel forests of Madeira and the Azores. At the time of its introduction it was probably not appreciated that its prolific production of seeds might one day cause a problem to the landscape as it spread and out-competed native species. The tree is now considered to be an environmental weed in some parts of Australia (Yarra Ranges, Victoria) and also Mount Macedon, near Daylesford, parts of the Dandenong.

Acer pseudoplatanus. Ranges, where it is naturalised in the eucalypt forests. The sycamore is also scattered in north-eastern Tasmania and also at Taroona, near the Derwent River, in southern Hobart. It is considered to be an invasive species in New Zealand, Norway, and environmentally sensitive locations in the United Kingdom.In about 1870, the sycamore was introduced into the United States, and was planted in New York state and New Jersey. It was later cultivated as a park or street tree in New England and the Mid-Atlantic states. By the early part of the 21st century, it was naturalised in fourteen states (Connecticut,.

Acer pseudoplatanus. Delaware, Illinois, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and Washington, D.C.), and in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Ontario. The United States Department of Agriculture considers it an invasive species.## Ecology.In its native range, the sycamore is a natural component of birch ("Betula" sp.), beech ("Fagus" sp.) and fir ("Abies" sp.) forests. It readily invades disturbed habitats such as forest plantations, abandoned farmland and brownfield land, railway lines and roadsides verges, hedgerows, native and semi-natural woodland. In New Zealand, it invades the high country tussock grassland. As an.

Acer pseudoplatanus. introduced, invasive species, it may degrade the laurel forest in Madeira and Portugal and is a potential threat to the rare endemic Madeiran orchid, "Dactylorhiza foliosa".It is tolerant of a wide range of soil types and pH, except heavy clay, and is at its best on nutrient-rich, slightly calcareous soils. The roots of the sycamore form highly specific beneficial mycorrhizal associations with the fungus "Glomus hoi", which promotes phosphorus uptake from the soil. Sycamore mycorrhizas are of the internal arbuscular mycorrhizal type, in which the fungus grows within the tissues of the root and forms branched, tree-like structures within the.

Acer pseudoplatanus. cells of the root cortex.The larvae of a number of species of moth use the leaves as a food source. These include the sycamore moth ("Acronicta aceris"), the maple prominent ("Ptilodon cucullina") and the plumed prominent ("Ptilophora plumigera"). The horse-chestnut leaf miner ("Cameraria ohridella") occasionally lays its eggs on the sycamore, although 70% of the larvae do not survive beyond the second instar. The leaves attract aphids, and also the ladybirds and hoverflies that feed on them. The flowers produce copious amounts of nectar and pollen and are attractive to bees and other insects, and the seeds are eaten by.

Acer pseudoplatanus. small mammals such as voles and birds. As an introduced plant, in Britain the sycamore has a relatively small associated insect fauna of about 15 species, but it does have a larger range of leafhoppers than does the native field maple.The tree may also be attacked by the horse chestnut scale insect ("Pulvinaria regalis"), which sucks sap from the trunk and branches, but does not cause serious damage to the tree. Sometimes squirrels will strip the bark off branches, girdling the stem; as a result whole branches may die, leaving brown, wilted leaves.The sycamore gall mite "Eriophyes macrorhynchus" produces small.

Acer pseudoplatanus. red galls, similar to those of the nail gall mite "Eriophyes tiliae", on leaves of sycamore and field maple, "Acer campestris" from April onwards. Another mite, "Aceria pseudoplatani" causes a 'sycamore felt gall' on the underside of leaves of both sycamore and Norway maple ("Acer platanoides"). The sycamore aphid "Drepanosiphum platanoidis" sucks sap from buds and foliage, producing large quantities of sticky honeydew that contaminate foliage, cars and garden furniture beneath.The sycamore is susceptible to sooty bark disease, caused by the fungus "Cryptostroma corticale". This causes wilting of the crown and the death of branches. Rectangular patches of bark become.

Acer pseudoplatanus. detached exposing thick layers of black fungal spores. The fungus may be present in the heartwood without symptoms for many years, working its way towards the bark following long, hot summers. The spores are hyper-allergenic and cause a condition called maple bark stripper’s disease, a hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Less serious is the fungus "Rhytisma acerinum" which often forms the disease known as tar spot, in which black spots with yellow margins form on the foliage. The leaves may fall prematurely but the vigour of the tree is little affected. Sycamore leaf spot, caused by the fungus "Cristulariella depraedans", results in pale.

Acer pseudoplatanus. blotches on leaves which later dry up and fall. This disease can cause moderate leaf loss but trees are little affected in the long run.## Toxicity.Horses eating seeds or emergent seedlings of "A. pseudoplatanus" can suffer from an often fatal condition of atypical myopathy.## Cultivation.Sycamore self-seeds very vigorously, the seeds germinating en masse in the spring so that there is little, or no, seed bank in the soil. It is readily propagated from seed in cultivation, but varieties cannot be relied on to breed true. Special cultivars such as "A. pseudoplatanus" 'Brilliantissimum' may be propagated by grafting. This variety is.

Acer pseudoplatanus. notable for the bright salmon-pink colour of the young foliage and is the only sycamore cultivar to have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. A rare weeping form with dangling branches, "A. pseudoplatanus" var. "pendulum", was first sold by Knight & Perry's exotic nursery in Chelsea, England, before 1850 when the name was published by W.H. Baxter in the Supplement to Loudon's "Hortus Brittanicus", but no specimens of this cultivar are known to survive.The sycamore is noted for its tolerance of wind, urban pollution, salt spray, and low summer temperatures, which makes it a popular tree for.

Acer pseudoplatanus. planting in cities, along roads treated with salt in winter, and in coastal localities. It is cultivated and widely naturalised north of its native range in Northern Europe, notably in the British Isles and Scandinavia north to Tromsø, Norway (seeds can ripen as far north as Vesterålen); Reykjavík, Iceland; and Tórshavn on the Faroe Islands. It now occurs throughout the British Isles, having been introduced in the 16th century.Sycamores make new growth from the stump or roots if cut down and can therefore be coppiced to produce poles and other types of small timber. Its coppice stools grow comparatively rapidly,.

Acer pseudoplatanus. reaching as much as 1.3 (m) in length in the first year after initial harvesting. It is grown as a species for medium-to-large bonsai in many areas of Europe, where some fine specimens can be found.## Uses.Sycamore is planted in parks for ornamental purposes, and sometimes as a street tree, for its tolerance of air pollution makes it suitable for use in urban plantings. Owing to its tolerance to wind, it has often been planted in coastal and exposed areas as a windbreak.It produces a hard-wearing, white or cream close-grained timber that turns golden with age. The wood can be.

Acer pseudoplatanus. worked and sawn in any direction and is used for making musical instruments, furniture, joinery, wood flooring and parquetry. Because it is non-staining, is used for kitchen utensils, wooden spoons, bowls, rolling pins and chopping boards. In Scotland it has traditionally been used for making fine boxes, sometimes in association with contrasting, dark-coloured laburnum wood.Occasionally, trees produce wood with a wavy grain, greatly increasing the value for decorative veneers. The wood is a medium weight for a hardwood, weighing 630 kg per cubic metre. It is a traditional wood for use in making the backs, necks and scrolls of violins.

Acer pseudoplatanus. The wood is often marketed as rippled sycamore. Whistles can be made from straight twigs when the rising sap allows the bark to be separated, and these, and sycamore branches, are used in customs associated with early May in Cornwall. The wood is used for fuel, being easy to saw and to split with an axe, producing a hot flame and good embers when burnt.In Scotland, sycamores were once a favoured tree for hangings, because their lower branches rarely broke under the strain. Both male and female flowers produce abundant nectar, which makes a fragrant, delicately flavoured and pale-coloured honey.

Acer pseudoplatanus. The nectar and copious dull yellow ochre pollen are collected by honeybees as food sources. The sap rises vigorously in the spring and like that of sugar maple can be tapped to provide a refreshing drink, as a source of sugar and to make syrup or beer.## Notable specimens.## Tolpuddle Martyrs' Tree.Under this sycamore tree at Tolpuddle in Dorset, England, six agricultural labourers, known as the Tolpuddle Martyrs, formed an early trades union in 1834. They were found to have breached the Unlawful Oaths Act 1797 and were transported to Australia. The subsequent public outcry led to their release and.

Acer pseudoplatanus. return. The tree now has a girth of 5.9 metres (19 feet, 4 inches) and a 2005 study dated the tree to 1680. The tree is cared for by the National Trust, which has pollarded the tree in 2002 and 2014.## Corstorphine Sycamore Tree.An ancient sycamore (sometimes described as a "plane") with distinctive yellow foliage formerly stood in the village of Corstorphine, now a suburb of Edinburgh, Scotland. The tree was reputedly planted in the 15th century and is named as the form "Acer pseudoplatanus" f. "corstorphinense" Schwer. Not only was it claimed to be the "largest sycamore in Scotland.

Acer pseudoplatanus. but also the scene of James Lord Forrester's murder in 1679. The tree was blown down in a storm on Boxing Day 1998, but a replacement, grown from a cutting, now stands in the churchyard of Corstorphine Kirk. The tree is commemorated in the badge of the Corstorphine Bowling Club of Edinburgh, designed in 1950 to feature the Corstorphine sycamore tree and a single horn, and redesigned in 1991 for the club’s centenary.## Newbattle Abbey sycamore.The Newbattle Abbey sycamore near Dalkeith, planted in 1550, was the specimen with the earliest known planting date in Scotland. It had achieved a girth.

Acer pseudoplatanus. of 5 (m) and a height of 26 (m) by the time it was toppled by a gale in May 2006 at the age of 456 years.## Clonenagh Money Tree.Saint Fintan founded a monastery at Clonenagh in County Laois, Ireland, in the sixth century and it had a spring beside it. This was considered holy and was visited by pilgrims. In the nineteenth century, a Protestant land owner, annoyed at people visiting the site, filled the well in, whereupon the water started to flow into the hollow interior of a sycamore tree on the other side of the road. Filled.

Acer pseudoplatanus. with amazement, people hung rags on the tree and pressed coins into its trunk as votive offerings and it became known as the "Money Tree". Some years later, it fell down, but new shoots appeared from its base, and the water still welled up. It remains a place of veneration on St Fintan's day, February 17.## Sycamore Gap Tree.The Sycamore Gap Tree or Robin Hood Tree is a sycamore tree standing next to Hadrian's Wall near Crag Lough in Northumberland, England. It is located in a dramatic dip in the landscape and is a popular photographic subject, described as one.

Acer pseudoplatanus. of the most photographed trees in the country. It derives its alternative name from featuring in a prominent scene in the 1991 film "". The tree is a few hundred years old and once stood with others, but they have been removed over time, possibly to improve sightlines or for gamekeeping purposes. "Acer pseudoplatanus" - distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN).


Question: What is the length of the incubation period (in day) of this bird's egg?

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Red-legged honeycreeper. c. tobagensis" Hellmayr & Seilern, 1914 – Tobago "C. c. cyaneus" (Linnaeus, 1766) – Trinidad, east Venezuela, the Guianas and north Brazil "C. c. dispar" Zimmer, JT, 1942 – southeast Colombia and southwest Venezuela to northeast Peru "C. c. violaceus" Zimmer, JT, 1942 – southeast Peru and west Brazil to central Bolivia "C. c. brevipes" (Cabanis, 1851) – central Brazil "C. c. holti" Parkes, 1977 – east Brazil## Description.The red-legged honeycreeper is on average 12.2 (cm) long, weighs 14 (g) and has a medium-long black, slightly decurved, bill. The male is violet-blue with black wings, tail and back, and bright.

Red-legged honeycreeper. a shrub or tree several meters above the ground. The cup-shaped nest has thin side walls and is formed of stiff fibres. It is attached to the supporting twigs with cobwebs. The clutch consists of two eggs that are laid in early morning on consecutive days. They are 13.4 x 19.1 (mm) in size and have a white background with brown speckles forming a ring around the larger end. The female incubates the eggs for 12 or 13 days. When they first hatch the nestlings have their eyes closed and are covered with tuffs of grey down. They are brooded.


Question: What is the conservation status of this animal? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Jungle cat. The jungle cat (Felis chaus), also called the reed cat, is a medium-sized cat native to the Middle East, the Caucasus, South and Southeast Asia and southern China. It inhabits foremost wetlands like swamps, littoral and riparian areas with dense vegetation. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, and is mainly threatened by destruction of wetlands, trapping and poisoning.The jungle cat has a uniformly sandy, reddish-brown or grey fur without spots; melanistic and albino individuals are also known. It is solitary in nature, except during the mating season and mother-kitten families. Adults maintain territories by urine.


Question: What equipment or engine is used by this object to provide power?

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Airplane. subsequently abandoned work on it.In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and developed a box kite that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing, his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the.

Airplane. cylinders "radiate" outward from a central crankcase like the spokes of a wheel and was commonly used for aircraft engines before gas turbine engines became predominant. An inline engine is a reciprocating engine with banks of cylinders, one behind another, rather than rows of cylinders, with each bank having any number of cylinders, but rarely more than six, and may be water-cooled. A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with horizontally-opposed cylinders.## Gas turbine.A turboprop gas turbine engine consists of an intake, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle, which provide power from a shaft through a reduction gearing.

Airplane. resulted in reduced noise from aircraft engines in response to increased noise pollution from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other homebuilt aircraft can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Least grebe. The least grebe ("Tachybaptus dominicus"), an aquatic bird, is the smallest member of the grebe family. It occurs in the New World from the southwestern United States and Mexico to Argentina, and also on Trinidad and Tobago, the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles.## Description.The least grebe ranges in length from 21 – 27 (cm) (depending on the subspecies) and in weight from 112 – 180 (g). Weights are variable based on region and subspecies, being smaller in Panama, where males weighed a mean of 129 (g) against the females 116 (g) and larger in the West Indies, where the sexes.

Least grebe. is found in the northern Caribbean, including the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Virgin Islands and southern Florida. "T. d. brachyrhynchus" or "T. d. speciosus" – : is found in South America, from Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago south to northern Argentina and southern Brazil. "T. d. eisenmanni" – : is restricted to the lowlands of western Ecuador. This subspecies is not recognized by all authorities.Its genus name, "Tachybaptus", is a combination of two Greek words—"takhus" meaning fast and "baptos" meaning diving, or sinking under. The specific name "dominicus" refers to the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, which was formerly known as Santo.

Least grebe. Domingo. As its English name suggests, the least grebe is overall the smallest member of the grebe family. It is the only member of its genus found in the New World; the four other members of the genus "Tachybaptus" reside in the Old World and Australasia.## Habitat and range.Least grebes are found in a wide variety of wetland habitats, including freshwater ponds, lakes, and marshes, slow-flowing streams and rivers, roadside ditches, and mangrove swamps. In general, they prefer bodies of water with significant amounts of vegetative cover, particularly along the edges; they will even use wetlands which are almost completely.


Question: Which building or structure has been replaced by the building in the image?

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Palais de Chaillot. The Palais de Chaillot () is a building at the top of the in the Trocadéro area in the 16th "arrondissement" of Paris, France.For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old 1878 Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt to create the Palais de Chaillot. It was designed in classicising "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. The Palais consists of two separate wings shaped to form a wide arc, which are those of the former building with new taller portions built in front. The pair of larger central pavilions are also those of.


Question: Who is the creator of this object?

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Reflecting telescope. A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is a telescope that uses a single or a combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. The reflecting telescope was invented in the 17th century by Isaac Newton as an alternative to the refracting telescope which, at that time, was a design that suffered from severe chromatic aberration. Although reflecting telescopes produce other types of optical aberrations, it is a design that allows for very large diameter objectives. Almost all of the major telescopes used in astronomy research are reflectors. Reflecting telescopes come in many design variations and may.

Reflecting telescope. employ extra optical elements to improve image quality or place the image in a mechanically advantageous position. Since reflecting telescopes use mirrors, the design is sometimes referred to as a catoptric telescope.From the time of Newton to the 1800s, the mirror itself was made of metal usually speculum metal. This type included Newton's first designs and even the largest telescopes of the 19th century, the Leviathan of Parsonstown with a 1.8 meter wide metal mirror. In the 19th century a new method using a block of glass coated with very thin layer of silver began to become more popular by.

Reflecting telescope. his telescope and five years before Hooke built the first such Gregorian telescope, Isaac Newton in 1668 built his own reflecting telescope, which is generally acknowledged as the first reflecting telescope. It used a spherically ground metal primary mirror and a small diagonal mirror in an optical configuration that has come to be known as the Newtonian telescope.Despite the theoretical advantages of the reflector design, the difficulty of construction and the poor performance of the speculum metal mirrors being used at the time meant it took over 100 years for them to become popular. Many of the advances in reflecting.

Reflecting telescope. useful for terrestrial observations. Some small spotting scopes are still built this way. There are several large modern telescopes that use a Gregorian configuration such as the Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope, the Magellan telescopes, the Large Binocular Telescope, and the Giant Magellan Telescope.## Newtonian.The Newtonian telescope was the first successful reflecting telescope, completed by Isaac Newton in 1668. It usually has a paraboloid primary mirror but at focal ratios of about f/10 or longer a spherical primary mirror can be sufficient for high visual resolution. A flat secondary mirror reflects the light to a focal plane at the side of.

Reflecting telescope. seldom faster than f/15.## Off-axis designs.There are several designs that try to avoid obstructing the incoming light by eliminating the secondary or moving any secondary element off the primary mirror's optical axis, commonly called off-axis optical systems.## Herschelian.The Herschelian reflector is named after William Herschel, who used this design to build very large telescopes including the 40-foot telescope in 1789. In the Herschelian reflector the primary mirror is tilted so the observer's head does not block the incoming light. Although this introduces geometrical aberrations, Herschel employed this design to avoid the use of a Newtonian secondary mirror since the speculum.


Question: Who designed this facility?

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Battersea Power Station. Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned Grade II* listed coal-fired power station, located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a.

Battersea Power Station. day at 11 am.## Design and specification.Both of the stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was headed by Dr. Leonard Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Power Company, but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, and T. P. O'Sullivan who was later responsible for the Assembly Hall at Filton. J. Theo Halliday was employed as architect, with Halliday & Agate Co. employed as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for the supervision and execution of the appearance of the exterior and interior of the building. Architect Sir.


Question: Who designed this facility?

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La Recoleta Cemetery. () and a church, Our Lady of Pilar ("), built in 1732.The order was disbanded in 1822, and the garden of the convent was converted into the first public cemetery in Buenos Aires. Inaugurated on 17 November of the same year under the name of " (Northern Cemetery), those responsible for its creation were the then-Governor Martin Rodríguez, who would be eventually buried in the cemetery, and government minister Bernardino Rivadavia.The 1822 layout was done by French civil engineer Próspero Catelin, who also designed the current facade of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral. The cemetery was last remodeled in 1881,.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Ipomoea nil. Ipomoea nil is a species of "Ipomoea" morning glory known by several common names, including picotee morning glory, ivy morning glory, and Japanese morning glory (although it is not native to Japan). It is native to the tropical Americas, and has been introduced widely across the world.## Description.Native to Central America and Mexico, the plant is a climber with twining stems up to 5 m long and is dense to scattered with long hairy trichomes. The finely hairy, emerald green leaves are ovate to almost circular, 5 to 14 cm long. The base is heart-shaped, the edge is entire or.

Ipomoea nil. lobed three to five times, the leaf lobes are pointed or tapering. The leaves are very similar to those of "Ipomoea hederacea".The funnel-shaped, colorful flowers (blue to reddish-purple, with whitish tube) are quite showy and are individually up to five in often dense cymose groups, in which fully developed flowers and developing buds stand together. The wild forms are smaller than cultivated forms, and are almost always blue; the cultivated forms come in a wide variety of colors. They open in the morning and close by the afternoon. The long, thorny hairy sepals have a length of 15 to 25.

Ipomoea nil. mm, they are long, lanceolate, and have a linear-lanceolate tip. The crown is blue, purple, or almost scarlet red. The throat is often colored white. The crown tube has a length of 3 to 5 cm, the crown hem has a width of 4 to 5 cm.The fruits are almost spherical to spherical capsule fruits with a diameter of 8 to 12 mm. The seeds are pear-shaped and densely covered with short trichomes.## Cultivation.It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in many places, and the descendants of garden escapees now grow wild. Fast-growing and self-seeding, it may used to hide.

Ipomoea nil. unsightly fences or walls, and may also be used decoratively on trellises. The flowers are several centimeters wide and appear in various shades of blue, pink or rose, often with white stripes or edges or blends of colors. Common cultivars include 'Scarlet O'Hara', 'Early Call', and 'Rose Silk'.Hybrids, for instance with "I. purpurea", have been developed. Some of these have been given the name "I. x imperialis" (Imperial Japanese morning glory), which is not official. Cultivars include 'Sunrise Serenade'. Alternative nomenclatures include "Ipomoea nil x imperialis", as in 'Cameo Elegance', or "Ipomoea nil' 'Imperialis'. It is a frost tender annual.

Ipomoea nil. in colder areas or if placed in shaded area in the garden, but can be kept as a perennial if it is well managed and placed in full sun during the winter.## Morning glories in Japan.Morning glories are popular in Japan. They are believed to have been introduced there directly from China in the Heian period of the 8th to 9th centuries. During the Edo period of the 17th to 19th centuries, as more people started to live in cities, a fad for growing potted morning glories of different colors and sizes swept through the country. The pots are often.

Ipomoea nil. equipped with cylindrical structures called "andon shitate" (), which look like Japanese lanterns at night.In early summer, morning glory markets are held in large cities in Japan, where merchants and hobbyists sell the flowers. The largest of such markets is the Iriya Morning Glory Market (Japanese: , July 6–8), held along the roads surrounding Shingenji Temple, commonly called "Iriya Kishibojin", in Iriya, Taito-ku, Tokyo. Morning glory Jepson Manual Treatment Aluka Species Profile HEAR Species Profile.


Question: What is the weight of a female of this bird in gram?

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Kākā. disease. There have also been instances of kākā nesting in the roofs of houses.Kaka 'back from the brink' after Fiordland 1080 operation takes out predators Department of Conservation website 28 April 20111080 drop boosts Waitutu kaka Southland Times website 27 April 2011Pureora Forest kaka demonstrate benefits of using 1080 poison Waikato Regional Council websitekaka and 1080 poison 1080: The Facts website (a public education initiative by Forest and Bird and Federated Farmers)Effects of a 1080 operation on kaka and kereru survival and nesting success, Whirinaki Forest Park, Powlesland et al. (PDF, 400kb) New Zealand Journal of Ecology (2003) 27(2): 125–137Effect.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Acacia melanoxylon. Acacia melanoxylon, commonly known as the Australian blackwood, is an "Acacia" species native in South eastern Australia. The species is also known as Blackwood, hickory, mudgerabah, Tasmanian blackwood, or blackwood acacia. The tree belongs to the "Plurinerves" section of "Acacia" and is one of the most wide-ranging tree species in eastern Australia and is quite variable mostly in the size and shape of the phyllodes.## Description.The tree is able to grow to a height of around 20 (m) and has a bole that is approximately 150 (cm) in diameter. It has deeply fissured, dark-grey to black coloured bark that appears.

Acacia melanoxylon. quite scaly on older trees. It has angular and ribbed branches The bark on older trunks is dark greyish-black in colour, deeply fissured and somewhat scaly. Younger branches are glabrous, ribbed and angular to flattened near the greenish coloured tips. The stems of younger plants are occasionally hairy. Like most species of "Acacia" it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The glabrous, glossy, leathery, dark green to greyish-green phyllodes have a length of 4 to 16 (cm) and a width of 6 to 30 (mm) with a variable shape. They most often have a narrowly elliptic to lanceolate shape and.

Acacia melanoxylon. are straight to slightly curved and often taper near the base and have three to five prominent longitudinal veins.In its native area it blooms between July and December producing inflorescences that appear in groups to two to eight on an axillary raceme, the spherical flower-heads have a diameter of 5 to 10 (mm) and contain 30 to 50 densely packed pale yellow to nearly white coloured flowers. Following flowering smooth, firmly papery and glabrous seed pods form. The curved or twisted or coiled pod have a biconvex shape with a length of 4 to 12 (cm) and a width of.

Acacia melanoxylon. 5 to 8 (mm) and contain longitudinally arranged seeds.## Taxonomy.The species was first formally described by the botanist Robert Brown in 1813 as a part of the William Aiton work "Hortus Kewensis". It was reclassified as "Racosperma melanoxylon" by Leslie Pedley in 1986 then returned to genus "Acacia" in 2006. Several other synonyms are known including "Acacia arcuata", "Mimosa melanoxylon" and "Acacia melanoxylon" var. "obtusifolia".## Distribution.In its native range the tree is found down the east coast of Australia from Queensland in the north, down the east coast into New South Wales, through Victoria and west along the south coast.

Acacia melanoxylon. of South Australia. It is also found down the east coast of Tasmania. It has become naturalised in Western Australia. In New South Wales it is widespread from coastal area and into the Great Dividing Range but is not found further inland. It is commonly found at higher altitudes to the Nandewar Range, Liverpool Range and around Orange in the west and is mostly found as a part of wet sclerophyll forest communities or near cooler rainforest communities. The range of the pant extends from the Atherton Tableland in northern Queensland in the north and follows the coast to around.

Acacia melanoxylon. the Mount Lofty Range in the South Australia in the south west and can grow in a wide range of podsols especially in sandy loams.## Timber."Acacia melanoxylon" is valued for its decorative timber which may be used in cabinets, musical instruments and in boatbuilding.## Appearance.Sapwood may range in colour from straw to grey-white with clear demarcation from the heartwood. The heartwood is golden to dark brown with chocolate growth rings. The timber is generally straight grained but may be wavy or interlocked. Quartersawn surfaces may produce an attractive fiddleback figure. The wood is lustrous and possesses a fine to medium.

Acacia melanoxylon. texture.The name of the wood may refer to dark stains on the hands of woodworkers, caused by the high levels of tannin in the timber.## Properties."Acacia melanoxylon" timber has a density of approximately 660 kg/m3 and is strong in compression, resistant to impact and is moderately stiff. It is moderately blunting to work with tools and bends well. It may be nailed or screwed with ease, but gluing may produce variable results. The wood is easily stained and produces a high-quality finish.Australian blackwood seasons easily with some possible cupping when boards are inadequately restrained. The timber produces little movement once.

Acacia melanoxylon. seasoned.The timber may be attacked by furniture beetles, termites and powder-post beetles (sapwood). It is resistant to effective preservative treatments.## Invasive species.It has been introduced to many countries for forestry plantings and as an ornamental tree. It now is present in Africa, Asia, Europe, Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, South America and the United States. It is a declared noxious weed species in South Africa and is a pest in Portugal's Azores Islands. It was also recently listed by the California Invasive Plant Council (Cal-IPC) as an invasive weed that may cause limited impact (Knapp 2003). Its use as a.

Acacia melanoxylon. street tree is being phased out in some locales because of the damage it often causes to pavements and underground plumbing. In some regions of Tasmania, blackwood is now considered a pest.## Uses.Indigenous Australians derive an analgesic from the tree. It was also used to make spear-throwers and shields.The wood has many uses including wood panels, furniture, fine cabinetry, tools, boats, inlaid boxes and wooden kegs. It is approximately the same quality as walnut, and is well-suited for shaping with steam. The bark has a tannin content of about 20%. It may also be used for producing decorative veneers.The tree's.

Acacia melanoxylon. twigs and bark are used to poison fish as a way of fishing. This tree can also be used as a fire barrier plant, amongst other plants, in rural situations.Plain and figured Australian blackwood is used in musical instrument making (in particular guitars, drums, Hawaiian ukuleles, violin bows and organ pipes), and in recent years has become increasingly valued as a substitute for koa wood.Cal-IPC Plant Assessment Form (https://web.archive.org/web/20070927131037/http://portal.cal-ipc.org/files/PAFs/Acacia%20melanoxylon.pdf)"Acacia melanoxylon"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928160933/http://www.ellisguitars.com/AustralianBlackwood.html Musical instrument maker utilizing "Acacia melanoxylon"https://web.archive.org/web/20090526074902/http://www.fidockdrums.com/product.htm#blackwood Management of Blackwood in Plantations.


Question: What is the oldest age of this animal?

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Wild boar. Eastern Europe, males average 110 - 130 (kg) in weight, 95 (cm) in shoulder height and 160 (cm) in body length, while females weigh 95 (kg), reach 85 - 90 (cm) in shoulder height, and reach 145 (cm) in body length. In Western and Central Europe, the largest males weigh 200 (kg) and females 120 (kg). In Northeastern Asia, large males can reach brown bear-like sizes, weighing 270 (kg) and measuring 110 - 118 (cm) in shoulder height. Some adult males in Ussuriland and Manchuria have been recorded to weigh 300 - 350 (kg) and measure 125 (cm) in shoulder.


Question: What is this bird named after?

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New World oriole. New World orioles are a group of birds in the genus Icterus of the blackbird family. Unrelated to Old World orioles of the family Oriolidae, they are strikingly similar in size, diet, behavior, and strongly contrasting plumage. As a result, the two have been given the same vernacular name.Males are typically black and vibrant yellow or orange with white markings, females and immature birds duller. They molt annually. New World orioles are generally slender with long tails and a pointed bill. They mainly eat insects, but also enjoy nectar and fruit. The nest is a woven, elongated pouch. Species nesting.


Question: What is the location of this mountain?

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Ben Nevis. high, and is south of the head of Raudfjorden, Albert I Land, in the northwestern part of the island of Spitsbergen.A comic strip character, Wee Ben Nevis, about a Scottish Highlands boarding school student with superhuman strength and his antics were featured in the British comic "The Beano" from 1974 to 1977, named after the mountain.Hung Fa Chai, a 489-metre hill in Northeast New Territories of Hong Kong was marked as Ben Nevis on historical colonial maps. Avalanche Buachaille Etive Mòr List of deaths on eight-thousanders Mount Hood climbing accidents Mountains and hills of Scotland National Three Peaks Challenge Northwest.

Ben Nevis. Spitsbergen National Park Norway - includes a mountain called Ben Nevis. Its height is 918 metres and it is located at Northwest Spitsbergen National Park The Remarkables, New Zealand – mountain range containing a peak also called Ben Nevis Scottish Highlands Scafell Pike SnowdonNotesBibliography Ben Nevis Photo Tour – 57 images from the Car Park to the Summit and Back via the Tourist Trail Nevis Partnership – Environmental and visitor management in the Nevis area Computer generated digital panoramas from Ben Nevis: North South index Ben Nevis Webcam Ben Nevis. "Munros Table". Scottish Mountaineering Club.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Cocculus carolinus. Cocculus carolinus, commonly called the Carolina coralbead, or snailseed, is a perennial vine of the moonseed family (Cocculus). It is native to North America, where it is found in Mexico and in several states in the United States from the Southeast to the Midwest. The species' common name derives from the appearance of its small, rounded red fruits, and the rough half-moon shape of its seeds. ## Description."Cocculus carolinus" is a climbing vine reaching 5 meters or more. It produces ovate or triangle-shaped leaves. The male and female flowers are small and green, appearing on different plants. The bright red.

Cocculus carolinus. fruit, a drupe, appears from June to August. It reaches 8 mm in size. Each fruit has a single seed that resembles a small snail shell, protected by the hard endocarp or the inner section of the ovary wall.## Distribution.This species is native from northern Florida to Mexico, north to North Carolina, Kentucky, southern Illinois and southeast Kansas. Its natural habitat is in rocky woodlands and streamside thickets, particularly in calcareous areas. It is a weedy species, and can also be found in disturbed habitats such as fencerows and waste areas.## Cultivation.The flowers are small and plentiful. At a young.

Cocculus carolinus. age Carolina coralbead appear greenish. The seeds need cold stratification of three months. Seeds germinate in 21 to 30 days at 68 °F. The plant blooms in late spring and the fruits, abundant bright red berries, are mature by late summer. Admiring its scarlet fruits, landscapers sometimes allow it to grow on trellises, fences or let it naturally spread among other weeds and shrubs. This plant can be fast-growing and difficult to eradicate.## Chemical components.Through photochemical analysis using spectral and mixed-melting comparison, the stems and leaves of "Cocculus carolinus" were found to contain the following compounds: two cyclitols, (+)quercitol and.

Cocculus carolinus. (−)viburnitol; a lactone, loliolide; and three alkaloids, sinoacutine, magnoflorine, and palmatine.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Abelia. Abelia is a previously recognized genus that contained about 30 species and hybrids, placed in the honeysuckle family, Caprifoliaceae. Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the genus was not monophyletic, and in 2013, Maarten Christenhusz proposed the merger of "Abelia" (excluding section "Zabelia") into "Linnaea", along with some other genera. "Abelia" section "Zabelia" was raised to the genus "Zabelia".## Description.Species formerly placed in "Abelia" are shrubs from 1–6 m tall, native to eastern Asia (Japan west to the Himalaya) and southern North America (Mexico); the species from warm climates are evergreen, and colder climate species deciduous. The leaves are opposite or.


Question: Who is the creator of this object?

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Golliwog. The golliwog, also spelled golliwogg or shortened to golly, is a doll-like character – created by cartoonist and author Florence Kate Upton – that appeared in children's books in the late 19th century, usually depicted as a type of rag doll. It was reproduced, both by commercial and hobby toy-makers, as a children's toy called the "golliwog", a portmanteau of "golly" and "polliwog", and had great popularity in the UK and Australia into the 1970s. The doll is characterised by jet black skin, eyes rimmed in white, exaggerated red lips and frizzy hair, a blackface minstrel tradition. Today the word.

Golliwog. least known of the major anti-black caricatures in the United States". Changing political attitudes with regard to race have reduced the popularity and sales of golliwogs as toys. Manufacturers who have used golliwogs as a motif (e.g. Robertson's marmalade in the UK) have either withdrawn them as an icon or changed the name. In particular, the use of alternative names such as "golly" and "golly doll" has risen due to association with the pejorative term "wog", which many dictionaries say probably derived from the golliwog.## In fiction.Florence Kate Upton was born in 1873 in Flushing, New York, United States, the.


Question: What is the country of origin of this food?

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Teriyaki. Teriyaki (kanji: 照り焼き) is a cooking technique used in Japanese cuisine in which foods are broiled or grilled with a glaze of soy sauce, mirin, and sugar.Fish – yellowtail, marlin, skipjack tuna, salmon, trout, and mackerel – is mainly used in Japan, while white and red meat – chicken, pork, lamb, and beef – is more often used in the West. Other ingredients sometimes used in Japan include squid, hamburger steak, and meatballs.The word "teriyaki" derives from the noun , which refers to a shine or luster given by the sugar content in the , and , which refers to.

Teriyaki. the cooking method of grilling or broiling. Traditionally the meat is dipped in or brushed with sauce several times during cooking. Teriyaki was invented by Japanese chefs in the 1600s.The is traditionally made by mixing and heating soy sauce, sake (or mirin), and sugar (or honey). The sauce is boiled and reduced to the desired thickness, then used to marinate meat, which is then grilled or broiled. Sometimes ginger is added and the final dish may be garnished with spring onions. (see tare).## Variations.A is a variety of hamburger either topped with teriyaki sauce or with the sauce worked into.

Teriyaki. the ground meat patty. "Teriyaki stir-fry" refers to stir frying meat or vegetables in teriyaki sauce.Another variety is teriyaki-style prepared vegetarian products.## By country.## United States.## Teriyaki sauce.In North America, any dish made with a teriyaki-like sauce is described using the word teriyaki. This often even includes those using foreign alternatives to "sake" or "mirin", such as wine, or with added ingredients, such as sesame or garlic (uncommon in traditional Japanese cuisine). The sauce used for teriyaki is generally sweet, although it can also be spicy. Pineapple juice is sometimes used, as it not only provides sweetness but also bromelain.


Question: What is the location of this mountain?

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Ben Nevis. high, and is south of the head of Raudfjorden, Albert I Land, in the northwestern part of the island of Spitsbergen.A comic strip character, Wee Ben Nevis, about a Scottish Highlands boarding school student with superhuman strength and his antics were featured in the British comic "The Beano" from 1974 to 1977, named after the mountain.Hung Fa Chai, a 489-metre hill in Northeast New Territories of Hong Kong was marked as Ben Nevis on historical colonial maps. Avalanche Buachaille Etive Mòr List of deaths on eight-thousanders Mount Hood climbing accidents Mountains and hills of Scotland National Three Peaks Challenge Northwest.

Ben Nevis. Spitsbergen National Park Norway - includes a mountain called Ben Nevis. Its height is 918 metres and it is located at Northwest Spitsbergen National Park The Remarkables, New Zealand – mountain range containing a peak also called Ben Nevis Scottish Highlands Scafell Pike SnowdonNotesBibliography Ben Nevis Photo Tour – 57 images from the Car Park to the Summit and Back via the Tourist Trail Nevis Partnership – Environmental and visitor management in the Nevis area Computer generated digital panoramas from Ben Nevis: North South index Ben Nevis Webcam Ben Nevis. "Munros Table". Scottish Mountaineering Club.


Question: In which year did this bridge officially open?

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Zubizuri. The Zubizuri (Basque for "white bridge"), also called the Campo Volantin Bridge or Puente del Campo Volantin, is a tied arch footbridge across the Nervion River in Bilbao, Spain. Designed by architect Santiago Calatrava, the bridge links the "Campo Volantin" right bank and "Uribitarte" left bank of the river.## Description.Opened in 1997, the bridge's unusual design consists of a curved walkway which is supported by steel suspension cables from an overhead arch. The structure of the bridge is painted white and the bridge deck consists of translucent glass bricks. Access ramps and stairways are located on both banks. The Zubizuri.


Question: What is the highest observed lifespan of this animal?

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Waterbuck. 198 - 262 (kg) and females 161 - 214 (kg). Their coat colour varies from brown to grey. The long, spiral horns, present only on males, curve backward, then forward, and are 55 - 99 (cm) long.Waterbucks are rather sedentary in nature. As gregarious animals, they may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. These groups are either nursery herds with females and their offspring or bachelor herds. Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of 5 years, but are most dominant from the six to nine. The waterbuck cannot tolerate dehydration in hot weather, and thus inhabits.

Waterbuck. in length. To some extent, the length of the horns is related to the bull's age. A rudimentary horn in the form of a bone lump may be found on the skulls of females.## Ecology and behaviour.Waterbuck are rather sedentary in nature, though some migration may occur with the onset of monsoon. A gregarious animal, the waterbuck may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. The various groups are the nursery herds, bachelor herds and territorial males. Herd size increases in summer, whereas groups fragment in the winter months, probably under the influence of food availability. As soon as.

Waterbuck. up to two months. At about three to four weeks, the calf begins following its mother, who signals it to do so by raising her tail. Though bereft of horns, mothers will fiercely defend their offspring from predators. Calves are weaned at eight months, following which time they join groups of calves of their own age. Young females remain with their mothers in nursery herds, or may also join bachelor herds. The waterbuck lives to 18 years in the wild and 30 years in captivity.## Distribution and habitat.The waterbuck is native to southern and eastern Africa (including countries such as.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Roseate spoonbill. The roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) is a gregarious wading bird of the ibis and spoonbill family, Threskiornithidae. It is a resident breeder in both South and North America. ## Taxonomy.The roseate spoonbill is sometimes placed in its own genus - "Ajaia". A 2010 study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills by Chesser and colleagues found that the roseate and yellow-billed spoonbills were each other's closest relatives, and the two were descended from an early offshoot from the ancestors of the other four spoonbill species. They felt the genetic evidence meant it was equally valid to consider all six to be.

Roseate spoonbill. classified within the genus "Platalea" or alternatively the two placed in the monotypic genera "Platibis" and "Ajaia", respectively. However, as the six species were so similar morphologically, keeping them within the one genus made more sense.## Description.The roseate spoonbill is 71 - 86 (cm) long, with a 120 – 133 (cm) wingspan and a body mass of 1.2 - 1.8 (kg). The tarsus measures 9.7 - 12.4 (cm), the culmen measures 14.5 - 18 (cm) and the wing measures 32.3 - 37.5 (cm) and thus the legs, bill, neck and spatulate bill all appear elongated. Adults have a bare greenish.