Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Vicia faba. Vicia faba, also known in the culinary sense as the broad bean, fava bean, or faba bean, is a species of vetch, a flowering plant in the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It is widely cultivated as a crop for human consumption, and also as a cover crop. Varieties with smaller, harder seeds that are fed to horses or other animals are called field bean, tic bean or tick bean. Horse bean, "Vicia faba" var. "equina" is a variety recognized as an accepted name. This legume is very common in Southern European, Northern European, East Asian, Latin American and North.

Vicia faba. African cuisines.Some people suffer from favism, a hemolytic response to the consumption of broad beans, a condition linked to a metabolism disorder known as G6PDD. Otherwise the beans, with the outer seed coat removed, can be eaten raw or cooked. In young plants, the outer seed coat can be eaten, and in very young plants, the seed pod can be eaten.## Description."Vicia faba" is a stiffly erect, annual plant 0.5 to 1.8 (m) tall, with two to four stems that are square in cross-section. The leaves are 10 to 25 (cm) long, pinnate with 2–7 leaflets, and glaucous (grey-green). Unlike.

Vicia faba. most other vetches, the leaves do not have tendrils for climbing over other vegetation.The flowers are 1 to 2.5 (cm) long with five petals; the standard petals are white, the wing petals are white with a black spot (true black, not deep purple or blue as is the case in many "black" colorings) and the keel petals are white. Crimson-flowered broad beans also exist, which were recently saved from extinction. The flowers have a strong sweet scent which is attractive to bees and other pollinators.The fruit is a broad, leathery pod that is green, but matures to a dark blackish-brown,.

Vicia faba. with a densely downy surface; the wild species has pods that are 5 to 10 (cm) long and 1 cm diameter, but many modern cultivars developed for food use have pods 15 to 25 (cm) long and 2–3 cm thick. Each bean pod contains 3–8 seeds. They are round to oval and have a 5–10 mm diameter in the wild plant, but are usually flattened and up to 20–25 mm long, 15 mm broad and 5–10 mm thick in food cultivars. "V. faba" has a diploid (2n) chromosome number of 12 (six homologous pairs). Five pairs are acrocentric chromosomes and.

Vicia faba. one pair is metacentric.## History and cultivation.Broad beans have a long tradition of cultivation in Old World agriculture, being among the most ancient plants in cultivation and also among the easiest to grow. Along with lentils, peas, and chickpeas, they are believed to have become part of the eastern Mediterranean diet around 6000 BCE or earlier. However, their wild ancestor has not been identified and their origin is unknown. They are still often grown as a cover crop to prevent erosion because they can overwinter and, as a legume, they fix nitrogen in the soil. Large numbers of fava bean.

Vicia faba. remains from the third millennium BCE appear in archaeological sites in the Mediterranean Basin and Central Asia.The broad bean has high plant hardiness; it can withstand harsh and cold climates. Unlike most legumes, the broad bean can be grown in soils with high salinity, as well as in clay soil. However, it prefers rich loams.In much of the English-speaking world, the name "broad bean" is used for the large-seeded cultivars grown for human food, while "horse bean" and "field bean" refer to cultivars with smaller, harder seeds that are more like the wild species and used for animal feed, though.

Vicia faba. their stronger flavour is preferred in some human food recipes, such as falafel. The term "fava bean" (from for the bean) is used in some English-speaking countries such as the US, but "broad bean" is the most common name in Commonwealth countries like the UK, Australia and New Zealand.## Pests and diseases.Many diseases appear at a higher rate in higher humidity. Therefore, cultivars being bred for higher density should be evaluated for disease problems. This can be mitigated by west–east rows for more sun drying effect.Disease tolerance is an important part of breeding "V. faba".If transplanted instead of direct seeded.

Vicia faba. there is a lower risk of some diseases including "Botrytis fabae" (see "Botrytis fabae").## Parasites.In mainland Europe and North Africa, the plant parasite "Orobanche crenata" (carnation-scented broomrape) can cause severe impacts on fields of broad beans, devastating their yields.## Fungal diseases.## "Botrytis fabae".Beans are attacked by chocolate spot fungus, which can have a severe impact on yield."Botrytis fabae" is one of the worst diseases in "V. faba". Foliar damage, reduced photosynthesis, reduced bean productivity. "B. fabae" switches from non-aggressive growth to aggressive pathogenicity under the combination of increased temperature and humidity, and this is worsened by low soil K and.

Vicia faba. P, and by the higher humidity caused by higher seeding rates. The non-aggressive phase is marked by small red-brown leaf lesions, and sometimes the same on stems and pods. Treatment is less effective than prevention. Early planting avoids the problematic combination of high temperature and humidity in late spring into early summer. Decreasing seeding rate or thinning after emergence is also effective. Foliar fungicide is effective. If "V. faba" flowers during the heights of summer temperatures there is an increased risk of this disease. If transplanted instead of direct seeded there is a lower risk of "B. fabae".## "Erysiphe cichoracearum"."Erysiphe.

Vicia faba. cichoracearum" overwinters on residue and has alternate hosts. Resistant cultivars and overhead irrigation are preventative. Sulfur fungicides are recommended in severe outbreak.## "Fusarium solani".This soil borne pathogen is mitigated by lower temperature, aeration, drainage, and sufficient nutrition. Symptoms include stunting, yellowing, necrotic basal leaves, and brown or red or black streak-shaped root lesions that growth together and may show above the soil as the disease progresses.## "Uromyces viciae-fabae" var. "viciae-fabae".Faba bean rust is a fungal pathogen commonly affecting broad bean plants at maturity, causing small orange dots with yellow halos on the leaves, which may merge to form an orange.

Vicia faba. lawn on both leaf surfaces.## "Sclerotinia" stem rot.Both "Sclerotinia sclerotiorum" and "S. trifoliorum" are pathogens of interest. Lithourgidis et al have done extensive work over the years, including in 2007 for "S. t.", 2005 for "S. s.", and 1989 regarding procedures for field testing with "S. s."## Bacterial diseases.## "Xanthomonas campestris" and "X. axonopodis"."Xanthomonas campestris" and "X. axonopodis" can be inoculated by seed contamination and by overwintering in crop residue. Increased incidence with higher temperatures, rainfall, and humidity. Produces deliquescent, necrotic lesions, sometimes with a wider yellow lesion around them, and in advanced disease the plant will look burned. Can.

Vicia faba. be prevented or treated by use of uninfected seed, resistant cultivars, seed treatments, and copper bactericides.## "Pseudomonas syringae"."Pseudomonas syringae" overwinters on residue. Uninfected seed, rotation, and removal of residue are preventative.## Viral diseases."Faba bean necrotic yellows virus" which it shares with other "Vicia". Timchenko et al 2006 find Clink is not obviously necessary but highly conserved nonetheless, suggesting it is maintained by necessity for infection of other "Vicia".## Insect pests.## "Aphis fabae".Broad bean plants are highly susceptible to early summer infestations of the black bean aphid, which can cover large sections of growing plants with infestations, typically starting at the.

Vicia faba. tip of the plant. Severe infestations can significantly reduce yields, and can also cause discolouration of pods and reduction in their saleable values."Aphis fabae" is a major pest. May infest transplants. Reflective plastic mulch may be preventative. May be mechanically removed by high pressure water once plant is established. "V. fabae" is tolerant to low and medium degrees of infestation, so insecticide application is only required under high infestation.## Nutrition.Raw mature fava beans are 11% water, 58% carbohydrates, 26% protein, and 2% fat. A 100-gram reference amount supplies 1425 (kJ) of food energy and numerous essential nutrients in high content.

Vicia faba. (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV). Folate (106% DV), and dietary minerals, such as manganese, phosphorus, magnesium, and iron (range of 52 to 77% DV), have considerable content. B vitamins have moderate to rich content (19 to 48% DV). Fava beans present the highest protein-to-carbohydrate ratio among other popular pulse crops, such as chickpea, pea and lentil. Moreover, their consumption is recommended along with cereals as both foods are complementary in supplying all essential amino acids.## Health concerns.## Toxicity.Beans generally contain phytohaemagglutinin, a lectin that occurs naturally in plants, animals, and humans. Most of the relatively low toxin.

Vicia faba. concentrations found in "V. faba" can be destroyed by boiling the beans for 10 minutes.Broad beans are rich in levodopa, and should thus be avoided by those taking irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors to prevent a pressor response.## Genetic predisposition.Sufferers of favism must avoid broad beans, as they contain the alkaloid glycoside vicine which may initiate a hemolytic crisis. A low-content vicine-convicine faba bean line was identified in the 1980s and the trait has been introduced into several modern cultivars. Low vicine-convicine faba beans are safe for consumption by G6PD-deficient individuals. As of 2019, a molecular marker may be used for.

Vicia faba. marker-assisted breeding to reduce levels of vicine-convicine in fava beans.## Culinary uses.Broad beans are generally eaten while still young and tender, enabling harvesting to begin as early as the middle of spring for plants started under glass or overwintered in a protected location, but even the main crop sown in early spring will be ready from mid to late summer. Horse beans, left to mature fully, are usually harvested in the late autumn, and are then eaten as a pulse. The immature pods are also cooked and eaten, and the young leaves of the plant can also be eaten, either.

Vicia faba. raw or cooked as a pot herb (like spinach).Preparing broad beans involves first removing the beans from their pods, then steaming or boiling the beans, either whole or after parboiling them to loosen their exterior coating, which is then removed. The beans can be fried, causing the skin to split open, and then salted and/or spiced to produce a savory, crunchy snack.## Algeria.In south Algerian cuisine, broad beans are used to make besarah and doubara. Doubara is popular in the city of Biskra.## China.In the Sichuan cuisine of China, broad beans are combined with soybeans and chili peppers to produce.

Vicia faba. a spicy fermented bean paste called "doubanjiang". Perhaps due to the bean's popularity in Sichuan cuisine, in addition to the regular Chinese terms of "silkworm bean" () or "orchid bean" (), they are also known as "Sichuan beans" () in Chinese.## Colombia.Fava beans (Colombia: Haba(s)) are a common food in most regions of Colombia, mostly in Bogota and Boyacá.## Ecuador.Steamed fava beans (known as "habitas") with cheese are common in the cold-weather regions of Ecuador, especially around the Andes mountains and surroundings of Ambato.## Egypt.Fava beans (Egyptian Masri: "" ) are a common staple food in the Egyptian diet, eaten.

Vicia faba. by rich and poor alike. Egyptians eat fava beans in various ways: they may be shelled and then dried, or bought dried and then cooked in water on very low heat for several hours. They are the primary ingredient in Egyptian-style falafel (unlike the Levantine style, where the primary ingredient is chickpeas). The most popular way of preparing them in Egypt is by taking the cooked and partially mashed beans and adding oil, salt, and cumin to them. The dish, known as "ful medames", is traditionally eaten with bread (generally at breakfast) and is considered one of Egypt's national dishes.##.

Vicia faba. Ethiopia.Broad beans () are one of the most popular legumes in Ethiopia. They are tightly coupled with every aspect of Ethiopian life. They are mainly used as an alternative to peas to prepare a flour called "shiro", which is used to make "shiro wot" (a stew used widely in Ethiopian dishes). During the fasting period in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church tradition called "Tsome Filliseta, Tsome arbeå, Tsome Tahsas", and "Tsome Hawaria" (which are in August, end of February, April, mid-November, beginning of January, and June–July), two uncooked spicy vegetable dishes are made using broad beans. The first is "hilibet", a.

Vicia faba. thin, white paste of broad bean flour mixed with pieces of onion, green pepper, garlic, and other spices. The second is "siljo", a fermented, sour, spicy thin yellow paste of broad bean flour. Both are served with other stews and "injera" (a pancake-like bread) during lunch and dinner."Baqella nifro" (boiled broad beans) are eaten as a snack during some holidays and during a time of mourning. This tradition goes well into religious holidays, too. On the Thursday before Good Friday (in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church tradition, "tselote hamus" (the Prayer of Thursday)), people eat a different kind of "nifro" called.

Vicia faba. "gulban". "Gulban" is made of peeled, half beans collected and well-cooked with other grains such as wheat, peas, and chickpeas. This is done to mourn the crucifixion of Jesus Christ."Boq'ullit" (boiled, salted broad bean embryo) is one of the favorite snacks in the evening, the common story-telling time in north and central Ethiopia. It is particularly a favorite for the story-teller (usually a society elder), as it is delicious, and easy to chew and swallow.## England.In England, broad beans are usually boiled.## Finland.In Finnish, the word for "fava bean" is (literally "ox bean"). Fava beans are used to make a.

Vicia faba. meat substitute called Härkis.## Greece.The Greek word "fáva" (φάβα) does "not" refer to broad beans, but to the yellow split pea and also to another legume, "Lathyrus clymenum". Broad beans are known instead as "koukiá" (), and are eaten in a stew combined with artichokes, while they are still fresh in their pods. Dried broad beans are eaten boiled, sometimes combined with garlic sauce ("skordalia").In Crete, fresh broad beans are shelled and eaten as a companion to "tsikoudia", the local alcoholic drink.Favism is quite common in Greece because of malaria endemicity in previous centuries, and people afflicted by it do.

Vicia faba. not eat broad beans.## India.In India, fava beans are eaten in the Northeastern state of Manipur. They are locally known as "hawai-amubi" and are ingredients in the dish eromba.## Iran.Broad beans, or "Baghalee" () are primarily cultivated in the central and north parts of Iran. The city of Kashan has the highest production of broad beans with high quality in terms of the taste, cooking periods and color. However, broad beans have a very short season (roughly two weeks). The season is usually in the middle of spring. When people have access to fresh beans in season, they cook them.

Vicia faba. in brine and then add vinegar and "Heracleum persicum" depending on taste. They also make an extra amount to dry to be used year-round. The dried beans can be cooked with rice, which forms one of the most famous dishes in north of Iran (Gilan) called "baghalee polo" () which means "rice with broad beans". In Iran, broad beans are cooked, served with Golpar-origan and salt and sold on streets in the winter. This food is also available preserved in metal cans.## Iraq.Broad beans which are called Bagilla (باگله/باقله) in the Iraqi dialect of Arabic are a common ingredient in.

Vicia faba. many Iraqi foods. One of the most popular Iraqi dishes that uses the broad bean is Bagilla Bil-Dihin () also called Tishreeb Bagilla (). This dish is a common breakfast dish in Iraq and consists of bread soaked in boiled broad beans’ water then topped with broad beans, melted Ghee, and often also a boiled or fried egg. Fool () is another common breakfast dish in Iraq as well as many other Arab countries and consists of mashed fava beans. Another famous Iraqi dish is Timmen Bagilla (), which is Arabic for 'broad bean rice'. This classic Iraqi dish consists.

Vicia faba. of rice cooked with broad bean and dill.## Italy.In Rome, fava beans are popular either cooked with guanciale or with globe artichokes, as side dish together with lamb or kid, or raw with Pecorino romano. "Fave e Pecorino" is the traditional dish for 1 May picnic in Liguria, Tuscany, Marche, Umbria and Latium.In Sicily, "Maccu" is a Sicilian soup prepared with fava beans as a primary ingredient.In Apulia, broad bean purée with wild chicory is a typical dish.## Japan.Broad beans, called Soramame (Japanese: ) lit: "Sky Bean", are consumed in a variety of ways in Japan. Most commonly, the beans.

Vicia faba. are boiled and are eaten straight or added to rice. It is also consumed as a popular snack called "ikarimame" (Japanese: ) lit: "Anchor Bean", where the beans are roasted or fried.## Luxembourg."Judd mat Gaardebounen", or smoked collar of pork with broad beans, is the national dish of Luxembourg.## Malta.They are a primary ingredient of the Maltese kusksu, a vegetable soup primarily containing fava beans and pasta beads. They are also used in an appetizer called "bigilla" where they are served as a pureé mixed with olive oil, lemon juice, garlic, parsley and mint. It is served with bread or.

Vicia faba. crackers.## Mexico.In Mexico, fava beans are often eaten in a soup called , meaning "fava soup". They are also eaten fried, salted, and dried, as a snack, either by themselves or in combination with other salted, dried beans and nuts.## Morocco.In Morocco, fava beans are cooked, steamed or made into tabiṣart, a dip sold as a street food and commonly eaten in winter.## Nepal.In Nepal, fava beans are called "bakulla". They are eaten as a green vegetable when the pods are young, generally stir-fried with garlic. When dried, fava beans are eaten roasted, or mixed with other legumes, such as.

Vicia faba. moong beans, chick peas, and peas, and called "qwati". The mixture, soaked and germinated, is cooked as soup and consumed with rice or beaten rice on the occasion of "Janai Purnima" also known as "Rakshya Bandhan", a festival celebrated by the Hindus. The dry and stir-fried version of "qwati" is called "biraula". The "qwati" soup is believed to reinvigorate the body affected by monsoon paddy season.## Netherlands.In the Netherlands, they are traditionally eaten with fresh savory and some melted butter. The combination of the beans tossed with crispy fried bacon is also common. When rubbed, the velvet insides of the.

Vicia faba. pods are a folk remedy against warts.## Peru.Fava beans (Peruvian Spanish: "haba(s)") are eaten fresh or dried toasted, boiled, roasted, stewed or in soup. Habas are one of the essential ingredients of "Pachamanca" in the Andes of Peru, and are also an additive for "Panetela", which is a homemade remedy to keep your child fed and hydrated in cases of diarrhea or stomach infection and even for cholera treatment.Peruvian dishes with fava beans include: Aji de habas Saltado de habas El chupe de habas Ajiaco de Papas y habas Pachamanca Guiso de habas Shambar (heavy soup, traditional in Trujillo)## Portugal.Fava.

Vicia faba. beans () are widely cultivated in Portugal and are very popular throughout the country. The most popular dish cooked with favas is "favada", a stew with onion and pork—depending on the region of the country the pork may be chorizo, bacon, pork shoulder, ribs or the mixture of many of these. In Alentejo a lot of coriander will be added in the end. Besides favada, fava beans may be served dry and fried as an appetiser.## Serbia.Broad bean aspic (Serbian: ) is a Serbian winter dish in which the pureed cooked beans are combined with crushed garlic and set in.

Vicia faba. a mould, topped with ground paprika in hot oil.## Spain.Broad beans () are widely cultivated in Spain. Culinary uses vary among regions, but they can be used as the main pulse in a stew ("Habas estofadas, michirones") or as an addition to other dishes ("menestra, paella"). In certain regions they can be eaten while unripe or fried and packaged as a snack.## Sudan.Fava beans are one of the most widely consumed foods in Sudan. For most Sudanese they form the main dish during breakfast time (fatoor), especially more so for city and urban dwellers. The beans are cooked by steadily.

Vicia faba. boiling over a sustained period of time. Similar to Egypt, the cooked beans are mashed, and prepared by adding salt and pepper. For additional flavour, sesame oil is added along with a sprinkling of jibna ("feta" cheese) on top. The dish is then eaten with bread, sometimes mix all in one dish this called (fatta or boash).## Sweden.Broad beans (), which in Sweden were traditionally eaten as soaked brown, and boiled, dried broad beans fried in lard, were for a very long time popular to add to other foods as a filling side, specially with fried pork. The green, raw,.

Vicia faba. and lightly boiled broad beans were used seasonally as a side green.## Syria.In Syria, broad beans are prepared in multiple ways for breakfast, lunch or dinner. Ful Medames is the same as the Egyptian dish (it is not mashed though) but with the addition of tomato, parsley and onion and with olive oil. Another version of it includes the addition of tahini (sesame paste), olive oil, garlic and lemon. For lunch, broad beans are cooked with a mix of minced and big chunks of meat and is topped on white rice and eaten with cold yogurt and cucumber salad. Bulgur.

Vicia faba. is sometimes used in preparing this recipe instead of rice. Broad beans are cooked with pieces of garlic, meat and meat stock with the addition of lemon juice and cilantro. This dish is called foulieh and is eaten on the side with rice. Same recipe is prepared without meat as a vegan dish eaten on lent by Christians in Syria.## Turkey.In Turkey, broad beans are called '. This is also the name of a "zeytinyağlı" dish made by simmering young and tender broad bean pods with chopped onions in olive oil. It is traditionally garnished with dill and served cool,.

Vicia faba. together with yoghurt. Another popular dish is ', a meze prepared by soaking and boiling shelled dried broad beans until soft and then pureeing with olive oil and optionally fresh dill. The puree is left to set overnight, and served cold, garnished with dill and slices of lemon. Broad beans are also cooked with artichoke (Enginarlı İç Bakla) which is another "zeytinyağlı" dish.## Vietnam.In Southern Vietnam, fava beans () are usually stir fried with rice noodles, durians, shrimps, Thai basil, quail eggs and pig intestines in a dry stew called "hủ tiếu lòng heo". In ancient Greece and Rome, beans.

Vicia faba. were used in voting; a white bean was used to cast a "yes" vote, and a black bean for "no". Even today, the word" koukia" (κουκιά) is used unofficially, referring to the votes. Beans were used as a food for the dead, such as during the annual Lemuria festival. The ancient Roman family name Fabius and the modern political term "Fabian" derive from this particular bean. Both Porphyry and Iamblichus report that Pythagoras once persuaded a bull not to eat beans In Ubykh culture, throwing beans on the ground and interpreting the pattern in which they fall was a common.

Vicia faba. method of divination (favomancy), and the word for "bean-thrower" in that language has become a generic term for seers and soothsayers in general. The colloquial expression 'not worth a hill of beans' alludes to their widespread economy and association with the peasant diet. In Italy, broad beans are traditionally sown on November 2, All Souls Day. Small cakes made in the shape of broad beans (though not out of them) are known as "fave dei morti" or "beans of the dead". According to tradition, Sicily once experienced a failure of all crops other than the beans; the beans kept the.

Vicia faba. population from starvation, and thanks were given to Saint Joseph. Broad beans subsequently became traditional on Saint Joseph's Day altars in many Italian communities. Some people carry a broad bean for good luck; some believe that if one carries a broad bean, one will never be without the essentials of life. In Rome, on the first of May, Roman families traditionally eat fresh fava beans with Pecorino Romano cheese during a daily excursion in the Campagna. In northern Italy, on the contrary, fava beans are traditionally fed to animals—and so some people, especially the elderly, might frown on human consumption.

Vicia faba. But in Liguria, a maritime region near northern Italy, fava beans are loved raw, and consumed fresh in early spring as the first product of the garden, alone or with fresh Pecorino Sardo or with local salami from Sant'Olcese. In some Central Italian regions, a once-popular and recently rediscovered fancy food is the "bagiana", a soup of fresh or dried fava beans seasoned with onions and beet leaves stir-fried, before being added to the soup, in olive oil and lard (or bacon or cured ham fat). In Portugal and Spain a Christmas cake called "bolo Rei" in Portuguese and "roscón.

Vicia faba. de reyes" in Spanish (King's cake) is baked with a fava bean inside. Whoever eats the slice containing it, is supposed to buy next year's cake. A similar tradition exists in France, where the "fève" (originally a dried bean, but often now a small china or metal trinket) is placed in the "galette des rois"; the person who finds it in their slice becomes the king or queen of the meal, and is often expected to serve the other guests to drink. Pliny claimed they acted as a laxative. European folklore also claims that planting beans on Good Friday or.

Vicia faba. during the night brings good luck."Frederick E Rose (London) Ltd v William H Pim Junior & Co Ltd" [1953] 2 QB 450, is an English contract law case where the two litigants had both mistaken feveroles for ordinary horse beans. Can be used as a green manure, due to nitrogen fixation it produces. In the Netherlands, roasted or fried broad beans are regarded as a local delicacy of the city of Groningen, and is locally called "molleboon". Until the 1800s, the city council used "mollebonen" for the voting process, sometimes real beans, sometimes made of stone or clay. The word.

Vicia faba. "Molleboon" became a nickname for the inhabitants of the city.


Question: What is the location of this building?

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Gate of All Nations. The Gate of All Nations (Old Persian: "duvarthim visadahyum") also known as the Gate of Xerxes, is located in the ruins of the ancient city of Persepolis, Iran.The construction of the Stairs of All Nations and the Gate of All Nations was ordered by the Achaemenid king Xerxes I (486-465 BC), the successor of the founder of Persepolis, Darius I the Great.## Building.The structure consisted of one large room whose roof was supported by four stone columns with bell-shaped bases. Parallel to the inner walls of this room ran a stone bench, interrupted at the doorways. The outside walls, made.

Gate of All Nations. have had two-leaved doors, which were possibly made of wood and covered with sheets of ornamented metal. Gate of Xerxes The Gate of All Nations at Wikimapia The Grand Stairway and the Gate of All Nations Shiraz Persepolis Persepolis: Gate of All Nations.


Question: How many day is the egg incubation period of this bird?

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Golden pheasant. it. This muscle is commonly attributed to the stabilization of flight in other birds; however, the absence of this deep layer causes this mode of "flapping flight" is simply a mechanism that it shares with other ground birds in order to escape predators. However, they would rather prefer to simply run away and hide from their predators rather than to fly. If startled, they can suddenly burst upwards at great speed and with a distinctive wing sound.Golden pheasants lay 8 to 12 eggs at a time and will then incubate these for around 22–23 days. They tend to eat berries,.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Electric eel. The electric eels are a genus, Electrophorus, of neotropical freshwater fish from South America in the family Gymnotidae. They are known for their ability to stun their prey by generating electricity, delivering shocks at up to 860 volts. Their electrical capabilities were first studied in 1775, contributing to the invention in 1800 of the electric battery.Despite their name, electric eels are not closely related to the true eels (Anguilliformes) but are members of the electroreceptive knifefish order, Gymnotiformes. This order is more closely related to catfish. In 2019 it was discovered that there were three species of electric eel. Before.

Electric eel. but Ferraris and colleagues (2017) placed the genus into the family Gymnotidae, alongside "Gymnotus".In 2019, C. David de Santana et al. divided "E. electricus" into three species based on DNA divergence, ecology and habitat, anatomy and physiology, and electrical ability. The three species are "E. electricus" (now in a narrower sense than before), and the two new species "E. voltai" and "E. varii".## Phylogeny.Electric eels form a clade of strongly electric fishes within the order Gymnotiformes, the South American knifefishes. Electric eels are thus not closely related to the true eels (Anguilliformes).The lineage of the "Electrophorus" genus may have split.


Question: What country does this facility belong to?

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Library of Celsus. The Library of Celsus () is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey. The building was commissioned in the 110s A.D. by a consul, Gaius Julius Aquila, as a funerary monument for his father, former proconsul of Asia Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, and completed during the reign of Hadrian, sometime after Aquila's death. The library is considered an architectural marvel, and is one of the only remaining examples of a library from the Roman Empire. The Library of Celsus was the third-largest library in the Roman world behind only Alexandria and Pergamum, believed to have.

Library of Celsus. before being elected to serve as a consul in Rome in 92 A.D. Celsus, a native of Sardis, was one of the first men from the Greek-speaking eastern provinces to serve as a consul, the highest elected office in imperial Rome. He was later appointed as proconsul, or governor, of Asia, the Roman province that covered roughly the same area as modern-day Turkey. Celsus's son Aquila commissioned the library in his honor, though it was not completed until after Aquila's death. An inscription records that Celsus left a large legacy of 25,000 denarii to pay for the library's reading material.The.

Library of Celsus. Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D." "The Journal of Roman Studies" 88 (1998): 56-93. doi:10.2307/300805. classics.uc.edu, Architecture, classical studies, bibliography (Archived) Virtual reconstruction of the Celsus library in Ephesus, Turkey.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Jujube. Jujube (), sometimes jujuba, known by the scientific name Ziziphus jujuba and also called red date, Chinese date, and Chinese jujube, is a species in the genus "Ziziphus" in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae.## Description.It is a small deciduous tree or shrub reaching a height of 5 – 12 (m), usually with thorny branches. The leaves are shiny-green, ovate-acute, 2 – 7 (cm) long and 1 – 3 (cm) wide, with three conspicuous veins at the base, and a finely toothed margin. The flowers are small, 5 (mm) wide, with five inconspicuous yellowish-green petals. The fruit is an edible oval drupe.

Jujube. (1753). Philip Miller, in his "Gardener's Dictionary", considered that the jujube and its relatives were sufficiently distinct from "Rhamnus" to be placed in a separate genus (as it had already been by the pre-Linnaean author Tournefort in 1700), and in the 1768 edition he gave it the name "Ziziphus jujuba" (using Tournefort's spelling for the genus name). For the species name, he used a different name, as tautonyms (repetition of exactly the same name in the genus and species) are not permitted in botanical naming. However, because of Miller's slightly different spelling, the combination of the earlier species name (from.

Jujube. Linnaeus) with the new genus, "Ziziphus zizyphus", is "not" a tautonym, and was therefore permitted as a botanical name. This combination was made by Hermann Karsten in 1882. In 2006, a proposal was made to suppress the name "Ziziphus zizyphus" in favor of "Ziziphus jujuba", and this proposal was accepted in 2011. "Ziziphus jujuba" is thus the correct scientific name for this species.## Distribution and habitat.Its precise natural distribution is uncertain due to extensive cultivation, but its origin is thought to be in southern Asia, between Lebanon, northern India, and southern and central China, and possibly also southeastern Europe though.

Jujube. This wide tolerance enables the jujube to grow in mountain or desert habitats, provided there is access to underground water throughout the summer. The jujube ("Z. jujuba") grows in cooler regions of Asia. Five or more other species of "Ziziphus" are widely distributed in milder climates to hot deserts of Asia and Africa.This plant has been introduced in Madagascar and grows as an invasive species in the western part of the island, threatening mostly protected areas. It is cultivated in parts of southern California.## Ecology.Witch's broom, prevalent in China and Korea, is the main disease affecting jujubes, though plantings in.

Jujube. paste which was used as bread.In Persian cuisine, the dried drupes are known as "annab", while in neighboring Azerbaijan, it is commonly eaten as a snack, and is known as "innab". Confusion in the common name apparently is widespread. The "innab" is "Z. jujuba": the local name "ber" is not used for "innab". Rather, "ber" is used for three other cultivated or wild species, e.g., "Z. spina-christi", "Z. mauritiana" and "Z. nummularia" in parts of India and is eaten both fresh and dried. The Arabic name "sidr" is used for "Ziziphus" species other than "Z. jujuba".Traditionally in India, the fruits.


Question: What is the length of the wingspan in metre of this bird?

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Wandering albatross. Good Hope. "Diomedea" refers to Diomedes whose companions turned to birds, and "exulans" or "exsul" are Latin for "exile" or "wanderer" referring to its extensive flights. The type locality has been restricted to South Georgia.Some experts considered there to be four subspecies of "D. exulans", which they elevated to species status, and use the term "wandering albatross" to refer to a species complex that includes the proposed species "D. antipodensis", "D. dabbenena", "D. exulans", and "D. gibsoni".## Description.The wandering albatross has the longest wingspan of any living bird, typically ranging from 2.51 to 3.5 (m), with a mean span of.

Wandering albatross. 3.1 (m) in the Bird Island, South Georgia colony and an average of exactly 3 (m) in 123 birds measured off the coast of Malabar, New South Wales. On the Crozet Islands, adults averaged 3.05 (m) in wingspan. The longest-winged examples verified have been about 3.7 (m). Even larger examples have been claimed, with two giants reportedly measuring 4.22 (m) and 5.3 (m) but these reports remain unverified. As a result of its wingspan, it is capable of remaining in the air without flapping its wings for several hours at a time (travelling 22 m for every metre of drop).

Wandering albatross. The length of the body is about 107 to 135 (cm) with females being slightly smaller than males. Adults can weigh from 5.9 to 12.7 (kg), although most will weigh 6.35 to 11.91 (kg). On Macquarie Island, three males averaged 8.4 (kg) and three females averaged 6.2 (kg). In the Crozet Islands, males averaged 9.44 (kg) while females averaged 7.84 (kg). However, 10 unsexed adults from the Crozets averaged 9.6 (kg). On South Georgia, 52 males were found to average 9.11 (kg) while 53 females were found to average 7.27 (kg). Immature birds have been recorded weighing as much as.

Wandering albatross. until 11 to 15 years. About 31.5% of fledglings survive. ## Relationship with humans.Sailors used to capture the birds for their long wing bones, from which they made tobacco-pipe stems. The early explorers of the great Southern Sea cheered themselves with the companionship of the albatross in their dreary solitudes; and the evil fate of him who shot with his cross-bow the "bird of good omen" is familiar to readers of Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The metaphor of "an albatross around his neck" also comes from the poem and indicates an unwanted burden causing anxiety or hindrance.

Wandering albatross. as vulnerable status. Adult mortality is 5% to 7.8% per year as of 2003. It has an occurrence range of 64700000 (km2), although its breeding range is only 1900 (km2).In 2007, there were an estimated 25,500 adult birds, broken down to 1,553 pairs on South Georgia Island, 1,850 pairs on Prince Edward Island, 1,600 on Marion Island, 2,000 on Crozet Islands, 1,100 on the Kerguelen Islands, and 12 on Macquarie Island for a total of 8,114 breeding pairs.The South Georgia population is shrinking at 1.8% per year. The levels of birds at Prince Edward and the Crozet Islands seem to.

Wandering albatross. which contain the heaviest living flying birds "Pelagornis sandersi", the largest flying bird ever to liveLindsey, T.R. 1986. "The Seabirds of Australia". Angus and Robertson, and the National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife Sydney.Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (eds) 1993. "Handbook of Australian New Zealand And Antarctic Birds" Vol. 2: (Raptors To Lapwings). Oxford University Press, Melbourne.Parmelee, D.F. 1980. "Bird Island in Antarctic Waters". University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Species factsheet – BirdLife InternationalFact file – ARKiveVideo, photos and sounds – Internet Bird CollectionHolotype photos – Collections Online, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa TongarewaDo albatrosses have personalities? – Video, Te.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Calocedrus decurrens. Calocedrus decurrens, with the common names incense cedar and California incense-cedar (syn. "Libocedrus decurrens" Torr.), is a species of coniferous tree native to western North America. It is the most widely known species in the genus, and is often simply called 'incense cedar' without the regional qualifier.## Description."Calocedrus decurrens" is a large tree, typically reaching heights of 30-40 (m) and a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 (m). The largest known tree, located in Klamath National Forest, Siskiyou County, California, is 47.98 (m) tall with a 12 (m) circumference trunk and a 17.5 (m) spread. Specimens form a broad conic.

Calocedrus decurrens. crown of spreading branches. The bark is orange-brown weathering grayish, smooth at first, becoming fissured and exfoliating in long strips on the lower trunk on old trees. Specimens can live to over 500 years old.The foliage is produced in flattened sprays with scale-like leaves 2–15 (mm) long; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four; the facial pairs are flat, with the lateral pairs folded over their bases. The leaves are bright green on both sides of the shoots, with only inconspicuous stomata. The foliage, when crushed,.

Calocedrus decurrens. gives off an aroma somewhat akin to shoe-polish.The seed cones are 20–35 (mm) long, pale green to yellow, with four (rarely six) scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; the outer pair of scales each bears two winged seeds, the inner pair(s) usually being sterile and fused together in a flat plate. The cones turn orange to yellow-brown when mature about 8 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 6–8 (mm) long.## Distribution.The bulk of the tree's range is in the United States, from central-southwestern Oregon through most of California and the extreme west of Nevada, as well as a short.

Calocedrus decurrens. distance into northwest Mexico in northern Baja California.It grows at altitudes of 50-2900 (m).## Ecology.At lower elevations, associated trees include oaks and ponderosa pine. Giant sequoia bears similarities to the species, but has sharp leaves. In the south–southwest U.S. some have confused bushy junipers for incense cedar.With its thick basal bark, the incense cedar is one of the most fire- and drought-tolerant plants in California. Although the tree is killed by hot, stand-replacing crown fire, it spreads rapidly after lower-intensity burns. This has given the incense cedar a competitive advantage over other species such as the bigcone Douglas-fir in recent.

Calocedrus decurrens. years. Incense cedar is more shade tolerant than Douglas-fir, but not as much so as grand or white fir. It grows slowly when needed to outlast competition.This tree is the preferred host of a wood wasp, "Syntexis libocedrii" a species which lays its eggs in the smoldering wood immediately after a forest fire. The tree is also host to incense-cedar mistletoe ("Phoradendron libocedri"), a parasitic plant which can often be found hanging from its branches. Fire scars provide an entry point for "Tyromyces amarus" (pocket dry rot). "Gymnosporangium" rust disease afflicts the trees, but is rarely fatal.For numerous birds during.

Calocedrus decurrens. the wintertime, "Calocedrus decurrens" has been seen to be used for foraging. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, in areas of the Western Sierra Nevada in California, numerous species of birds are thought to use the incense cedar as a "foraging substrate" so that they can attain as much food as needed. Human impacts on these trees due to forest management practices have caused issues for many of these birds, threatening the use of the incense cedar as a forage substrate.## Uses.The wood is soft and light, and has a pleasant odor and is generally resistant to rot.

Calocedrus decurrens. It has been used for external house siding, interior paneling, and to make moth-resistant hope chests. It was once the primary material for wooden pencils, because it is soft and tends to sharpen easily without forming splinters.## Native Americans.Indigenous peoples of California use the plant in traditional medicine, basket making, hunting bows, building materials, and to produce fire by friction. A Northern California tribe used branchlets to filter out sand from water when leaching toxins from acorn meal; foliage also served as a flavoring.The Maidu Concow tribe name for the plant is hö'-tä (Konkow language).## Cultivation."Calocedrus decurrens" is cultivated as.

Calocedrus decurrens. an ornamental tree, for planting in gardens and parks. It is used in traditional, xeriscapic, native plant, and wildlife gardens; and also in designed natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects in California. It is valued for its columnar form and evergreen foliage textures.The tree is also grown in gardens and parks in cool summer climates, including the Pacific Northwest in the Northwestern United States and British Columbia, eastern Great Britain and continental Northern Europe. In these areas it can develop an especially narrow columnar crown, an unexplained consequence of the cooler climatic conditions that is rare in trees within its.

Calocedrus decurrens. warm summer natural range in the California Floristic Province. Other cultivated species from the family Cupressaceae can have similar crown forms.## Award of Garden Merit.This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit, and has the cultivar 'Berrima Gold'.## Essential oils.Various species in the family Cupressaceae can be utilized for the creation of essential oils. Scientific studies have shown that these essential oils have "strong antimicrobial properties." Antimicrobial properties are those properties of a substance that lower the levels of microbes, such as bacteria and viruses. These antimicrobial properties could potentially be used for therapies in developing.

Calocedrus decurrens. countries, although more testing and clinical trials should be done before such measures are implemented. Cedar wood List of California native plants.


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Brazil nut. The Brazil nut ("Bertholletia excelsa") is a South American tree in the family Lecythidaceae, and it is also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible seeds. It is one of the largest and longest-lived trees in the Amazon rainforest. The fruit and its nutshell – containing the edible Brazil nut – are relatively large, possibly weighing as much as 2 (kg) in total weight. As food, Brazil nuts are notable for diverse content of micronutrients, especially a high amount of selenium. The wood of the Brazil nut tree is prized for its quality in carpentry, flooring, and heavy construction.##.

Brazil nut. Common names.In various countries of South America, Brazil nuts are called or (Spanish). In Brazil, they are more commonly called "" (meaning "chestnuts from Pará" in Portuguese), with other names used in remote and/or small localities.In North America, as early as 1896, Brazil nuts were sometimes known by the slang term "nigger toes", a vulgarity that gradually fell out of use as the racial slur became socially unacceptable.## Taxonomy.The Brazil nut family, the Lecythidaceae, is in the order Ericales, as are other well-known plants such as blueberries, cranberries, sapote, gutta-percha, tea, phlox, and persimmons. The tree is the only species.

Brazil nut. in the monotypic genus "Bertholletia", named after French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet.## Description.The Brazil nut is a large tree, reaching 50 (m) tall and with a trunk 1 to 2 (m) in diameter, making it among the largest of trees in the Amazon rainforest. It may live for 500 years or more, and can often reach a thousand years of age. The stem is straight and commonly without branches for well over half the tree's height, with a large, emergent crown of long branches above the surrounding canopy of other trees.The bark is grayish and smooth. The leaves are dry-season.

Brazil nut. deciduous, alternate, simple, entire or crenate, oblong, 20 – 35 (cm) long, and 10 – 15 (cm) broad. The flowers are small, greenish-white, in panicles 5 – 10 (cm) long; each flower has a two-parted, deciduous calyx, six unequal cream-colored petals, and numerous stamens united into a broad, hood-shaped mass.## Range.The Brazil nut is native to the Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Colombia, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the Amazon River, Rio Negro, Tapajós, and the Orinoco.As a result, they can be found outside production areas, in the backyards.

Brazil nut. of homes and near roads and streets in the Northern and Northeastern Brazil. The fruit is heavy and rigid; when the fruits fall, they pose a serious threat to vehicles and people passing under the tree. ## Reproduction.Brazil nut trees produce fruit almost exclusively in pristine forests, as disturbed forests lack the large-bodied bees of the genera "Bombus", "Centris", "Epicharis", "Eulaema", and "Xylocopa", which are the only ones capable of pollinating the tree's flowers, with different bee genera being the primary pollinators in different areas, and different times of year. Brazil nuts have been harvested from plantations, but production is.

Brazil nut. low and is currently not economically viable.The fruit takes 14 months to mature after pollination of the flowers. The fruit itself is a large capsule 10 – 15 (cm) in diameter, resembling a coconut endocarp in size and weighing up to 2 (kg). It has a hard, woody shell 8 – 12 (mm) thick, which contains eight to 24 wedge-shaped seeds 4 – 5 (cm) long (the "Brazil nuts") packed like the segments of an orange, but not limited to one whorl of segments. Up to three whorls can be stacked onto each other, with the polar ends of the.

Brazil nut. segments of the middle whorl nestling into the upper and lower whorls (see illustration above).The capsule contains a small hole at one end, which enables large rodents like the agouti to gnaw it open. They then eat some of the seeds inside while burying others for later use; some of these are able to germinate into new Brazil nut trees. Most of the seeds are "planted" by the agoutis in caches during wet season, and the young saplings may have to wait years, in a state of dormancy, for a tree to fall and sunlight to reach it, when it.

Brazil nut. starts growing again. Capuchin monkeys have been reported to open Brazil nuts using a stone as an anvil.## Society and culture.In Brazil, cutting down a Brazil nut tree (typically with the intent of harvesting lumber and Brazil nuts) is illegal, unless done with previous authorization from the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources.## Production.In 2020, global production of Brazil nuts (in shells) was 69,658 tonnes, most of which derive from wild harvests in tropical forests, especially the Amazon regions of Brazil and Bolivia which produced 92% of the world total (table).## Environmental effects of harvesting.Since most of the.

Brazil nut. production for international trade is harvested in the wild, the business arrangement has been advanced as a model for generating income from a tropical forest without destroying it. The nuts are most often gathered by migrant workers known as "castañeros" (in Spanish) or "castanheiros" (in Portuguese). Logging is a significant threat to the sustainability of the Brazil nut-harvesting industry.Analysis of tree ages in areas that are harvested shows that moderate and intense gathering takes so many seeds that not enough are left to replace older trees as they die. Sites with light gathering activities had many young trees, while sites.

Brazil nut. with intense gathering practices had nearly none.## European Union import regulation.In 2003, the European Union imposed strict regulations on the import of Brazilian-harvested Brazil nuts in their shells, as the shells are considered to contain unsafe levels of aflatoxins, a potential cause of liver cancer.## Nutrition and human consumption.Brazil nuts are 3% water, 14% protein, 12% carbohydrates, and 66% fats (table). The fat components are 16% saturated, 24% monounsaturated, and 24% polyunsaturated (see table for USDA source).In a 100 gram (3.5 oz) reference amount, Brazil nuts supply 659 calories, and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily.

Brazil nut. Value, DV) of dietary fiber (30% DV), thiamin (54% DV), vitamin E (38% DV), magnesium (106% DV), phosphorus (104% DV), manganese (57% DV), and zinc (43% DV). Calcium, iron, and potassium are present in moderate amounts (10-19% DV, table).## Selenium.Brazil nuts are a particularly rich source of selenium, with just a 28 (g) serving supplying 544 micrograms of selenium or 10 times the DV of 55 micrograms (see table for USDA source). However, the amount of selenium within batches of nuts may vary considerably.The high selenium content is used as a biomarker in studies of selenium intake and deficiency. Consumption.

Brazil nut. of just one Brazil nut per day over 8 weeks was sufficient to restore selenium blood levels and increase HDL cholesterol in obese women.## Phytochemicals.The shells of Brazil nuts contain high levels of aflatoxins, which are produced by molds, and can cause liver damage, including possible cancer, if consumed. Aflatoxin levels have been found in Brazil nuts during inspections that were far higher than the limits set by the EU.The nuts contain small amounts of radium, a radioactive element, with a kilogram of nuts containing an activity between 1 and 7 (nCi). This is about 1000 times higher than in.

Brazil nut. several other common foods. According to Oak Ridge Associated Universities, elevated levels of radium in the soil does not directly cause the concentration of radium, but "the very extensive root system of the tree" can concentrate naturally occurring radioactive material, when present in the soil. The material must still be present in the soil in order to concentrate in the trees.Brazil nuts also contain barium, a metal with a chemical behavior quite similar to radium, which can have toxic effects, such as weakness, vomiting or diarrhea, after intentional or accidental ingestion.## Uses.## Oil.Brazil nut oil contains 48% unsaturated fatty acids.

Brazil nut. composed mainly of oleic and linoleic acids, the phytosterol, beta-sitosterol, and fat-soluble vitamin E.The following table presents the composition of fatty acids in Brazil nut oil (see USDA source in nutrition table):## Wood.The lumber from Brazil nut trees (not to be confused with Brazilwood) is of excellent quality, having diverse uses from flooring to heavy construction. Logging the trees is prohibited by law in all three producing countries (Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru). Illegal extraction of timber and land clearances present continuing threats.## Other uses.Brazil nut oil is used as a lubricant in clocks, in the manufacturing of paint, and in.

Brazil nut. the cosmetics industry. Because of its hardness, the Brazil nutshell is often pulverized and used as an abrasive to polish materials such as metals and ceramics, in the same way jeweler's rouge is used. Brazil nut cake List of culinary nuts Official list of endangered flora of Brazil Granular convection.


Question: What country does this building belong to?

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Tughlaqabad Fort. Tughluqabad Fort is a ruined fort in Delhi, built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq, the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, of the Delhi Sultanate of India in 1321, as he established the third historic city of Delhi, which was later abandoned in 1327. It lends its name to the nearby Tughluqabad residential-commercial area as well as the Tughluqabad Institutional Area. Ghiyasuddin Tughluq also built the Qutub-Badarpur Road, which connected the new city to the Grand Trunk Road. The road is now known as Mehrauli-Badarpur Road. The entry fee for the Fort is Rs. 20 for Indians. Also, nearby is Dr. Karni Singh.

Tughlaqabad Fort. Shooting Range and Okhla Industrial Area.Surroundings are an important biodiversity area within the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor stretching from Sariska Tiger Reserve to Delhi. Historical places around the sanctuary are Badkhal Lake, 6 (km) northeast, the tenth century ancient Surajkund reservoir and Anangpur Dam, Damdama Lake, Tughlaqabad Fort and Adilabad ruins (both in Delhi). It is contiguous to the seasonal waterfalls in Pali-Dhuaj-Kot villages of Faridabad, the sacred Mangar Bani and the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary. There are several dozen lakes formed in the abandoned open pit mines in the forested hilly area of Delhi Ridge.## History.Ghazi Malik was.

Tughlaqabad Fort. a feudatory of the Khalji rulers of Delhi, India. The Khaliji dynasty is a Muslim dynasty which ruled India. Once, while on a walk with his Khalji master, Ghazi Malik suggested that the king build a fort on a hillock in the southern portion of Delhi. The king jokingly told Ghazi Malik to build the fort himself when he would become king.In 1321, Ghazi Malik drove away the Khaljis and assumed the title of Ghias-ud-din Tughlaq, starting the Tughlaq dynasty. He immediately started the construction of his fabled city, which he dreamt of as an impregnable, yet beautiful fort to.

Tughlaqabad Fort. keep away the Mongol marauders. However, destiny would not be as he would have liked.## The Curse of Nizamuddin Auliya.Ghias-ud-din is usually perceived as a liberal ruler. However, he was so passionate about his dream fort that he issued a dictate that all labourers in Delhi must work on his fort. Saint Nizamuddin Auliya, a Sufi saint in the 13th century, got incensed as the work on his "baoli" (well) was stopped. The confrontation between the Sufi saint and the royal emperor has become a legend in India. The saint uttered a curse which was to resonate throughout history until.

Tughlaqabad Fort. today.## The Death of the ruler.Another of the saint's curses was Hunuz Dilli door ast (Delhi is still far away). The Emperor was engrossed in a campaign in Bengal at this time. He was successful and was on his way to Delhi. However, his son, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, met him at Kara in Uttar Pradesh. Allegedly at the prince's orders, a "Shamiana" (Tent) was made to fall on the Emperor, who was crushed to death (1324).## Mausoleum of Ghiyas ud-Din Tughluq.The 'Mausoleum of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq' is connected by a causeway to the southern outpost of the fortification. This elevated.

Tughlaqabad Fort. causeway 600 (ft) in length, supported by 27 arches, leads across a former artificial lake, however sometime in 20th century portion of causeway was pierced by the Mehrauli-Badarpur road. After passing an old Pipal tree, the complex of Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq's tomb is entered by a high gateway made up of red sandstone with a flight of steps.The actual mausoleum is made up of a single-domed square tomb about 8 x 8 (m) with sloping walls crowned by parapets. In contrast to the walls of the fortification made up of granite, the sides of the mausoleum are faced by smooth.

Tughlaqabad Fort. red sandstone and inlaid with inscribed panels and arch borders from marble. The edifice is topped by an elegant dome resting on an octagonal drum that is covered with white slabs of marble and slate.Inside the mausoleum are three graves: The central one belongs to Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq and the other two are believed to be those of his wife and his son and successor Muhammad bin Tughluq. In the north-western bastion of the enclosure wall with its pillared corridors is another octagonal tomb in a similar style with a smaller marble dome and inscribed marble and sandstone slabs over.

Tughlaqabad Fort. its arched doors. According to an inscription over its southern entrance this tomb houses the remains of Zafar Khan. His grave was at the site prior to the construction of the outpost and was consciously integrated into the design of the mausoleum by Ghiyath al-Din himself.## Architecture.Tughluqabad still consists of remarkable, massive stone fortifications that surround the irregular ground plan of the city. The sloping rubble-filled city walls, a typical feature of monuments of the Tughluq dynasty, are between 10 and 15 (m) high, topped by battlemented parapets and strengthened by circular bastions of up to two stories height. The.

Tughlaqabad Fort. city is supposed to once have had as many as 52 gates of which only 13 remain today. The fortified city contained seven rainwater tanks. The fort is a half hexagon in shape with a base of 1.5 (mi), and a whole circuit of about 4 (mi).Tughluqabad is divided into three parts: the wider city area with houses built along a rectangular grid between its gates the citadel with a tower at its highest point known as Bijai-Mandal and the remains of several halls and a long underground passage the adjacent palace area containing the royal residences. A long underground.

Tughlaqabad Fort. passage below the tower still remains.Today most of the city is inaccessible due to dense thorny vegetation. An ever increasing part of the former city area is occupied by modern settlement, especially in the vicinity of its lakes.South of Tughlaqabad was a vast artificial water reservoir within the fortified outpost of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's Tomb. This well preserved mausoleum remains connected to the fort by an elevated causeway that still stands today.Visible to the southeast are the remains of the Fortress of Adilabad, built years later by Ghiyathu'd-Din's successor, Muhammad Tughluq (1325–1351) which shares the main characteristics of construction with.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Roseate spoonbill. The roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) is a gregarious wading bird of the ibis and spoonbill family, Threskiornithidae. It is a resident breeder in both South and North America. ## Taxonomy.The roseate spoonbill is sometimes placed in its own genus - "Ajaia". A 2010 study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills by Chesser and colleagues found that the roseate and yellow-billed spoonbills were each other's closest relatives, and the two were descended from an early offshoot from the ancestors of the other four spoonbill species. They felt the genetic evidence meant it was equally valid to consider all six to be.

Roseate spoonbill. classified within the genus "Platalea" or alternatively the two placed in the monotypic genera "Platibis" and "Ajaia", respectively. However, as the six species were so similar morphologically, keeping them within the one genus made more sense.## Description.The roseate spoonbill is 71 - 86 (cm) long, with a 120 – 133 (cm) wingspan and a body mass of 1.2 - 1.8 (kg). The tarsus measures 9.7 - 12.4 (cm), the culmen measures 14.5 - 18 (cm) and the wing measures 32.3 - 37.5 (cm) and thus the legs, bill, neck and spatulate bill all appear elongated. Adults have a bare greenish.


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Hanauma Bay. the vicinity, the area was not inhabited, although archeologists have found fishing tools and other indications of human presence there. The bay was used as a recreational area by "aliʻi" (Hawaiian nobility), including King Kamehameha and Queen Ka‘ahumanu, who fished, entertained visitors, and sponsored games there. It was also used as a layover and as a navigational lookout point, since the waters between Oʻahu and Molokaʻi are at times difficult.Hanauma Bay was purchased from the Bernice Pauahi Bishop estate by the City and County of Honolulu, and subsequently opened for public use. It was initially a favorite fishing and picnic.


Question: Who designed this building?

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Emirates Stadium. official name of Highbury. Emirates and Arsenal agreed to a new deal worth £150 million in November 2012, and shirt-sponsorship was extended to five years while naming rights were extended to 2028.## Construction and opening.Actual construction of the stadium began once Arsenal secured funding. The club appointed Sir Robert McAlpine in January 2002 to carry out building work and the stadium was designed by Populous, who were the architects for Stadium Australia (home of the 2000 Olympics and the South Sydney Rabbitohs NRL club) and the redevelopment of Ascot Racecourse. Construction consultants Arcadis and engineering firm Buro Happold were also.

Emirates Stadium. around the lower tier before kick off.## Structure and facilities.Described as "beautiful" and "intimidating" by architect Christopher Lee of Populous, the Emirates Stadium is a four-tiered bowl with translucent polycarbonate roofing over the stands, but not over the pitch. The underside is clad with metallic panels and the roof is supported by four triangular trusses, made of welded tubular steel. Two trusses span 200 (m) in a north–south direction while a further two span an east–west direction. The trusses are supported by the stadium's vertical concrete cores, eight of which connected to them by steel tripods. They in turn each.

Emirates Stadium. house four stairways, a passenger lift as well as service access. Façades are either glazed or woven between the cores which allows visitors on the podium to see inside the stadium. The glass and steel construction was devised by Populous to give an impression that the stadium sparkles in sunlight and glows in the night.The upper and lower parts of the stadium feature standard seating. The stadium has two levels below ground that house its support facilities such as commercial kitchens, changing rooms and press and education centres. The main middle tier, known as the "Club Level", is premium priced.


Question: What is the length of a female of this animal in centimetre?

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Sea otter. the late 1980s, the USFWS relocated about 140 southern sea otters to San Nicolas Island in southern California, in the hope of establishing a reserve population should the mainland be struck by an oil spill. To the surprise of biologists, the majority of the San Nicolas sea otters swam back to the mainland. Another group of twenty swam 74 (mi) north to San Miguel Island, where they were captured and removed. By 2005, only 30 sea otters remained at San Nicolas, although they were slowly increasing as they thrived on the abundant prey around the island. The plan that authorized.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Cosmos bipinnatus. Cosmos bipinnatus, commonly called the garden cosmos or Mexican aster, is a medium-sized flowering herbaceous plant in the daisy family Asteraceae, native to the Americas. The species and its varieties and cultivars are popular as ornamental plants in temperate climate gardens.## Description."Cosmos bipinnatus" is considered a half-hardy annual, although plants may reappear via self-sowing for several years. The plant height varies from 2-6 ft to (rarely) 9 ft (2 - 6 (-)). The cultivated varieties appear in shades of pink and purple as well as white. The branched stem is usually densely to occasionally occupied by fine, split up, rough.

Cosmos bipinnatus. trichomes, some specimens are completely hairless. The petiole itself is inconspicuous, winged, 10 (rarely to 15) mm (10-15 (mm)) long, sometimes the leaves are almost sessile. The partial leaves are linear-filiform to narrow linear with a width of 0.5 to 1 (rarely to 1.7) mm (0.5-1-1.7 (mm)); the tips are pointed, hardened, but not particularly sharp. Its foliage is finely cut into threadlike segments. When flowering, the plant can become top heavy. This problem is alleviated when grown in groups, as the bipinnate leaves interlock, and the colony supports itself.The achenes become blackish, are smooth or short-bristly. Their shape is.

Cosmos bipinnatus. spindle-like. They are rounded off into a short, 0.5 to 1.7 (mm) long, but distinctly pronounced rostrum. The inner achenes are up to 18 (mm) long, their yellowish beaks are 4 to 5 (rarely to 10) mm (4-5-10 (mm)) long. A pappus is missing or it consists only of two to three awn-like, 1 to 3 (mm) large bristles.## Flowers.The very conspicuous cup-shaped inflorescences have a diameter of usually 5 to 7 (rarely 8) cm (5-7-8 (mm)) and contain tongue and tubular flowers, which are surrounded by bracts. The outer bracts are usually eight and are ovate to lanceolate-tail-shaped, 7.

Cosmos bipinnatus. to 15 (mm) long, 3 to 5 (rarely 6) mm (3-5-6 (mm)) wide. The inner bracts are ovate-lanceolate and 8 to 12 (mm) long. They are translucent with many black stripes and a clear edge up to 1 mm wide, sometimes with yellowish or pink pigments, the tip is ciliate. The sprout leaveshave gold-yellow, thread-like tips and protrude between the tubular flowers. The broadened base of these spreader leaves is translucent, provided with a yellow line. During flowering, the plant can sag under its weight. This problem can be solved by grouping the feet together so that the leaves hang.

Cosmos bipinnatus. together. The mostly eight ray florets are pink to violet or white colored, at the base may show noticeable stains caused by anthocyanin. The tongues are reversely ovate shaped, have a length of usually 20 to 35 (mm) (16 to 40 (mm)) and a width of usually 12 to 20 (mm) (8 to 25 (mm)). The tips are almost dull and have three broad, wavy teeth. Below that, they are greatly rejuvenated. In the center of the flower baskets is a large number of tubular flowers (also called disc florets), whose overgrown petals are yellow, turn white in the lower.

Cosmos bipinnatus. part and reach a length of 5 to 6 (mm). The anthers are brownish-black and about 3 (mm) long, at the tips are short-triangular, translucent attachments with a length of 0.5 to 0.8 (mm). The branches of the stylus are short and rather dull, with a length of 0.5 (mm).## Range.Garden Cosmos is native to Mexico, Guatemala and Costa Rica. Since it is used as an ornamental plant in many countries and prone to sedimentation, it is an invasive plant in many areas of the world. It has naturalized in scattered locations across North America, South America, the West Indies,.

Cosmos bipinnatus. Italy, Australia, and Asia, where it is a garden escape (introduced species) and in some habitats becoming a weed.## Cultivars.Cultivars of "Cosmos bipinnatus" in cultivation today include:Apollo Series'Apollo Carmine' 'Apollo Pink' 'Apollo White' 'Daydream' features a pink inner ring on a white backgroundDouble Click Series features semidouble to fully double flowers that resemble Japanese anemones ("Anemone japonica")'Double Click Cranberries' 'Double Click Rose Bonbon' 'Double Click Snow Puff' 'Double Click Vari Extra' 'Rubenza' 'Sensation', also known as 'Early Sensation', is a widely available mix of tall varieties 'Sensation Pinkie' Sonata series 'Velouette' 'Versailles', developed for the cut flower trade, are shorter.

Cosmos bipinnatus. than the species, with heights remaining below three feet'Versailles Dark Rose' 'Vesailles Tetra' (those marked have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit).## Cultivation.Growth characteristics of this plant include: Germination takes between 7 and 10 days at the optimal temperature of 75 (F); flowering begins between 60 and 90 days after germination It prefers a soil pH between 6.0 and 8.5, reflecting its native habitat in the alkaline regions of Central America Flowering is best in full sun, although partial shade is toleratedExcessive rain can cause cultivation problems, due to the delicate nature of the stems. Heavy rain.

Cosmos bipinnatus. can cause breakage. "Cosmos bipinnatus" can tolerate heat as long as adequate moisture is provided, however, it does not handle droughts, strong winds or cold temperatures well. Snails, slugs and aphids have a taste for "Cosmos bipinnatus". Successfully cultivated plants can mature 2 to 4 (ft) x 12 to 18 (in).## Pollinators.The flowers of "Cosmos bipinnatus" attract birds and butterflies, including the monarch butterfly. It can be part of butterfly gardening and pollinator/honey-bee habitat gardens. Cosmos history and cultivation, Texas A&M University Cosmos Festival in Argentina - Press and video Jepson Manual Treatment - Jepson Manual, University of California, Cosmos.

Cosmos bipinnatus. bipinnatus United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile "Cosmos bipinnatus" - Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this item?

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Thermometer. in medicine, and in scientific research.## History.While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale. Today there is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. Internationally agreed temperature scales are designed to approximate this closely, based on fixed points and interpolating thermometers. The most recent official temperature scale is the International Temperature Scale of 1990. It extends from 0.65 (K) to approximately 1358 (K).## Early developments.Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Hero of Alexandria. The thermometer was not a single invention,.

Thermometer. however, but a development.Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water. The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water/air interface to move along the tube.Such a mechanism was later used to show the hotness and coldness of the air with a tube in which the water level is controlled by the expansion and contraction of the gas. These devices were developed by several European scientists.

Thermometer. graduations based on the melting and boiling points of water as standards and, in 1694, Carlo Renaldini (1615–1698) proposed using them as fixed points along a universal scale. In 1701, Isaac Newton (1642–1726/27) proposed a scale of 12 degrees between the melting point of ice and body temperature.## Era of precision thermometry.In 1714, scientist and inventor Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented a reliable thermometer, using mercury instead of alcohol and water mixtures. In 1724, he proposed a temperature scale which now (slightly adjusted) bears his name. In 1742, Anders Celsius (1701–1744) proposed a scale with zero at the boiling point and.


Question: What is the basin country to the lake?

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Seehamer See. Seehamer See is a lake in the Alpine foothills, Bavaria, Germany. At an elevation of 653 m, its surface area is 1.47 km².List of lakes in Bavaria.


Question: On what date did this building officially open?

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Preobrazhensky Metro Bridge. Preobrazhenskiy Metro Bridge is the shortest (330 metres) of four rail bridges in Moscow, Russia. It is located in the Eastern Administrative Okrug of the city. It spans over Yauza River and is a part of the Sokolnicheskaya Line of Moscow Metro. It connects the stations Preobrazhenskaya Ploshchad and Sokolniki.Metro Bridge was opened on 31 December 1965 together with the Preobrazhenskaya Ploshchad metro station. Preobrazhenskiy Metro Bridge at metromost.com.