Question: What is the street address of this building?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

30 St Mary Axe. 30 St Mary Axe (previously known as the Swiss Re Building and informally known as the Gherkin) is a commercial skyscraper in London's primary financial district, the City of London. It was completed in December 2003 and opened in April 2004. With 41 floors, it is 180 (m) tall and stands on the sites of the former Baltic Exchange and Chamber of Shipping, which were extensively damaged in 1992 in the Baltic Exchange bombing by a device placed by the Provisional IRA in St Mary Axe, a narrow street leading north from Leadenhall Street.After plans to build the 92-storey Millennium.

30 St Mary Axe. Tower were dropped, 30 St Mary Axe was designed by Norman Foster and the Arup Group. It was erected by Skanska; construction started in 2001.The building has become a recognisable landmark of London, and it is one of the city's most widely recognised examples of contemporary architecture. It won the 2003 Emporis Skyscraper Award.## Site and early plans.The building stands on the site of the former Baltic Exchange (24–28 St Mary Axe), which was the headquarters of a global marketplace for shipping freight contracts and soft commodities, and the Chamber of Shipping (30–32 St Mary Axe). The tower's topmost panoramic.

30 St Mary Axe. dome, known as the "lens", recalls the iconic glass dome that covered part of the ground floor of the Baltic Exchange and much of which is now displayed at the National Maritime Museum. "The Gherkin" nickname was applied to the current building at least as early as 1999, referring to the plan's highly unorthodox layout and appearance.On 10 April 1992, the Provisional IRA detonated a bomb close to the Baltic Exchange, causing extensive damage to the historic building and neighbouring structures. The United Kingdom government's statutory adviser on the historic environment, English Heritage, and the City of London's governing body,.

30 St Mary Axe. the City of London Corporation, were keen that any redevelopment must restore the Baltic Exchange's old façade onto St Mary Axe. The Exchange Hall was a celebrated fixture of the shipping market.English Heritage then discovered that the damage was far more severe than initially thought, and they stopped insisting on full restoration, albeit over the objections of architectural conservationists. The Baltic Exchange and the Chamber of Shipping sold the land to Trafalgar House in 1995. Most of the remaining structures on the Baltic Exchange site were then carefully dismantled, and the interior of Exchange Hall and the façade were preserved,.

30 St Mary Axe. hoping for a reconstruction of the building in the future. The salvaged material was eventually sold for £800,000 and moved to Tallinn, Estonia, where it awaits reconstruction as the centrepiece of the city's commercial sector.In 1996, Trafalgar House submitted plans for the London Millennium Tower, a 386 (m) building with more than 140000 (sqm) of office space, apartments, shops, restaurants and gardens. This plan was dropped after objections that it was totally out-of-scale in the City of London, and anticipated disruption to flight paths for both London City and London Heathrow airports; the revised plan for a lower tower was.

30 St Mary Axe. accepted.## Planning process.John Prescott, the Deputy Prime Minister, granted planning permission on 23 August 2000 to construct a building on the site, which would be much larger than the old Exchange. The site needed development, was not on any of the "sight lines" (planning guidance requires that new buildings do not obstruct or detract from the view of St Paul's Cathedral dome when viewed from a number of locations around London), and had housed the Baltic Exchange.The plan for the site was to reconstruct the Baltic Exchange. GMW Architects proposed a new rectangular building surrounding a restored exchange: it would.

30 St Mary Axe. have the type of large floor plan that banks liked. Eventually, the planners realised that the exchange was not recoverable, forcing them to relax their building constraints; they hinted that an "architecturally significant" building might obtain a favourable reception from City authorities. This gave the architect a free hand in the design. The building was designed according to the client's needs, rather than for the needs of a large, capital-efficient, money-making building.The new building's low-level plan satisfied the planning authority's desire to maintain London's traditional streetscape, with its narrow streets. The massing of the tower was not too imposing. Like.

30 St Mary Axe. Barclays' former city headquarters in Lombard Street, the idea was that the passer-by in neighbouring streets would be nearly oblivious to the tower's existence until directly underneath it.## Design and construction.The building was constructed by Skanska, completed in December 2003 and opened on 28 April 2004. The primary occupant of the building is Swiss Re, a global reinsurance company, which had the building commissioned as the head office for its UK operation. The tower is thus sometimes known as the Swiss Re Building, although this name has never been official and was never in popular usage anyway, unlike the Gherkin.

30 St Mary Axe. moniker.The building uses energy-saving methods which allow it to use only half the power that a similar tower would typically consume. Gaps in each floor create six shafts that serve as a natural ventilation system for the entire building, even though required firebreaks on every sixth floor interrupt the "chimney". The shafts create a giant double glazing effect; air is sandwiched between two layers of glazing and insulates the office space inside.Architects promote double glazing in residential houses, which avoids the inefficient convection of heat across the relatively narrow gap between the panes, but the tower exploits this effect. The.

30 St Mary Axe. shafts pull warm air out of the building during the summer and warm the building in the winter using passive solar heating. The shafts also allow sunlight to pass through the building, making the work environment more pleasing, and keeping the lighting costs down.The primary methods for controlling wind-excited sways are to increase the stiffness, or increase damping with tuned/active mass dampers. To a design by Arup, its fully triangulated perimeter structure makes the building rigid enough without any extra reinforcements. Despite its overall curved glass shape, there is only one piece of curved glass on the building, the lens-shaped.

30 St Mary Axe. cap at the apex.On the building's top level (the 40th floor), there is a bar for tenants and their guests, with a panoramic view of London. A restaurant operates on the 39th floor, and private dining rooms on the 38th. Most buildings have extensive lift equipment on the roof of the building, but this was not possible for the Gherkin, since a bar had been planned for the 40th floor. The architects dealt with this by having the main lift only reach the 34th floor, with a separate push-from-below lift to the 39th floor. There is a marble stairwell and.

30 St Mary Axe. a disabled persons' lift, which leads the visitor up to the bar in the dome.The building is visible over long distances: From the north, for instance, it can be seen from the M11 motorway, some 32 (km) away, while to the west it can be seen from the statue of George III in Windsor Great Park.## After completion.In April 2005, a glass panel two thirds up the tower fell to the plaza beneath. The plaza was sealed off, but the building remained open. A temporary covered walkway, extending across the plaza to the building's reception, was erected to protect visitors.

30 St Mary Axe. Engineers examined the other 744 glass panels on the building. The cost of repair was covered by main contractor Skanska and curtain-wall supplier Schmidlin (now called Schmidlin-TSK AG). The open-floor ventilation system did not operate as designed due to tenants adding glass partitions to increase security.Since its completion, the building has won a number of awards for architecture. In October 2004, the architect was awarded the 2004 Stirling Prize. For the first time in the prize's history, the judges were unanimous. In December 2005, a survey of the world's largest firms of architects published in "2006 BD World Architecture 200.

30 St Mary Axe. voted the tower as the most admired new building in the world. However, Ken Shuttleworth, who worked for Foster + Partners on the design of the building, said in 2011 that he believed the style was now out-moded: "I was looking at the glass all around and [thought], 'Why on earth did we do that?' Now we would do things differently". The building appeared in recent films such as "Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince", "A Good Year", "Basic Instinct 2", and "Match Point" and, rechristened the "Spirit of London", became the spaceship centrepiece of Keith Mansfield's 2008 novel.

30 St Mary Axe. "Johnny Mackintosh and the Spirit of London".In September 2006, the building was put up for sale with a price tag of £600 million. Potential buyers included British Land, Land Securities, Prudential, ING, and the Abu Dhabi royal family. On 21 February 2007, IVG Immobilien AG and UK investment firm Evans Randall completed their joint purchase of the building for £630 million, making it Britain's most expensive office building. Swiss Re made a gain of more than £300 million from the sale. The new owners are seeking compensation from four of their former managers on the deal, in which about £620.

30 St Mary Axe. million was paid for a building with a build cost of about £200 million, giving the previous owners a clear £300 million profit.Since February 2010, Sky News has broadcast its flagship business programme, "Jeff Randall Live", from a studio in the building. The top two floors of the tower have been available since at least 2015 for private hire for events.Deloitte announced in April 2014 that the building was again being put up for sale, with an expected price of £550 million. The current owners could not afford to make loan repayments, citing differences in the value of the multi-currency.

30 St Mary Axe. loan and the British pound, high interest rates and general financing structure. In November 2014, the Gherkin was purchased for £700 million by the Safra Group, controlled by the Brazilian billionaire Joseph Safra. Landmarks of London Diagrid List of tallest buildings and structures in London Mathematics and architecture Phallic architecture, a list of similarly shaped buildings that includes 30 St Mary Axe Norman Foster's site about the project.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. Pittosporum tenuifolium is a small evergreen tree endemic to New Zealand – up to 10 (m) – commonly known as ' and black matipo, and by other Māori names ' and . Its small, very dark, reddish-purple flowers generally go unnoticed, and are scented only at night. The Latin means "slender-leaved"## Description.The scientific name of kōhūhū is a good starting point to find out more about the physical characteristics of the species. "Pittosporum" translates to tarry – – seed – , a reference to the sticky fluid that encases the seeds and means thin – – leaf – .Kōhūhū is.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. a bush or small tree that grows up to around 8–10 metres tall. The trunk is slender (30–40 cm diameter) with a mottled dark grey bark color that progressively turns black towards the tips of the branchesThe leaf coverage is compact in kōhūhū; the leaves’ arrangement on a stem is alternate and the petiole short. The leaves themselves are usually small – 2–4 cm long by 1–2 cm wide – but can grow up to 7 cm long. The edges are undulated and the leaf shape can range from oval to almost circular. Young leaves are covered in a layer.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. of fine hairs that gets shed as the leaves grow. Adult leaves have a smooth, glossy texture. The colouration of the foliage is a silvery green, darker on the upper side and lighter underneath. The midrib of the leaf and its smaller lateral veins are whiteish and quite visible on the upper side of the leaf.Kōhūhū has small – around 1 cm in diameter – dark coloured flowers. The colour ranges from dark-red to dark-purple turning almost black as the flowers age. On rare occasions, the colour can be red or yellow. The flowers develop from lateral buds, either individually.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. or in clumps, and can be male or bisexual.The flowers are filled with nectar and exude a honey scented fragrance in the evenings with the scent being more obvious in slightly damp conditions. This attracts moths and night flying insects, and it is believed these insects help with pollination.Fertilised flowers develop into small – around 1.2 cm in diameter – globe shaped fruits. The fruit is covered in a small layer of hairs during early maturation that is progressively discarded as the capsule ripens. In the ripening process the capsule shrinks, hardens up and turns almost black, splitting into two.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. or three segments when ripened. Inside are black seeds, encased in a very sticky substance. The stickiness of the seeds is likely to help with seed dispersal.## Names.Common names include:MatipoBlack matipoRautawhiri RautāwhiriKairaroKihihiKowhiwhi, KōwhiwhiKohukohuKoihuMāpaurikiPōhiriPōwhiriTāwhiriTawiriTawhiwhiSilverleafTurpentine-treeBlack birch## Distribution.## Natural global range.Kōhūhū is endemic to New Zealand.## New Zealand range.Kōhūhū is well spread all over New Zealand, being absent only to the west of the Southern Alps and Stewart Island.## Habitat preferences.Kōhūhū is found growing wild in coastal and lower mountain forest areas up to an altitude of 900 m.Kōhūhū grows particularly quickly at forest edges located at the bottom of high terraces, and.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. can also be found growing in riverbeds. It grows readily in forested areas that have been disturbed or in reverting farmland, playing an important role in ecological succession.## Life cycle/Phenology.Most of the plants in the genus "Pittosporum" are easily propagated from seed, but germination may be slow. In horticultural production, the sticky substance coating the seeds is removed before sowing, as it acts as a germination inhibitor. The seeds are treated to simulate natural conditions for six weeks in order to improve germination rates.Kōhūhū is a relatively fast growing plant growing from 0.5 metres to 3 metres within five years.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. The root system is shallow and spread out. These characteristics make it ideal – when used in conjunction with another plants – for use in stream stabilisation and erosion control.Flowering happens in late spring, from October to November, and the maturation of the fruit happens between mid-summer and autumn, from January to March.The seedlings of kōhūhū are unusual, as in some cases they have three or four seed leaves instead of the usual two.## Diet and foraging.Kōhūhū is a hardy plant that can cope with poor conditions – poor soils, droughts and windy environments. It is, however, a light-demanding plant.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. and prefers soils with good drainage in humid climates. Planting it in damp conditions can cause winter leaf drop, which likely explains why kōhūhū is not found growing on the West Coast of New Zealand. In its role in ecological succession, kōhūhū is often found at an earlier stage than its relative lemonwood (another endemic "Pittosporum"), and usually inhabits less fertile soils.## Predators, Parasites, and Diseases.## Insects.There are over 50 insect species listed in the Plant-SyNZ database that either feed on or parasitise kōhūhū – wasps, sucking bugs, flies, moths, butterflies, thrips, mites and beetles. There are also more than.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. a dozen beetles that feed on the dead plant material.Below are some species of interest, organised by feeding habits:Pittosporum flower weevil – "Aneuma rubricale" –, a native insect, lays its eggs on the flower of kōhūhū; interestingly, only kōhūhū is chosen for this, even if the weevil feeds on other types of "Pittosporum". As soon as the weevil's larvae hatch, they start feeding on the stamens and ovaries of the flowers, switching to the leaves once they reach adulthood.An arrival from Australia, pittosporum shield bug – "Monteithiella humeralis" – as well as the endemic pittosporum psyllid – "Trioza vitreoradiata" –.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. feed only on "Pittosporum" species, by attaching themselves to a suitable part of the plant and feeding on its sap. The psyllid leaves a trail of characteristic “beads” behind.Cottony cushion scale – "Icerya purchase" –, an Australian bug, soft wax scale – "Ceroplastes destructor" –, an import from overseas and the Australian green shield bug – "Glaucias amyoti" –, native to New Zealand despite its name also parasitise the "Pittosporum" species, but have a more varied range of hosts. All attach themselves to a suitable part of the plant and feed on its sap.New Zealand flower thrips – "Thrips obscuratus.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. – feeds on leaves, flowers and young fruit of kōhūhū, by piercing plant cells and sucking their contents.## Fungi."Pythium irregulare" has been recorded as a pathogen of kōhūhū, causing foliar blight, rot, and eventually death.A recently discovered pathogen of kōhūhū that caused swelling of twigs – the fungus "Elsinoe takoropuku" – turned out to be a newly discovered species of fungi. The fungus was, so far, only found in association with kōhūhū.## Uses.## Garden plant.Kōhūhū is a popular garden plant in New Zealand and overseas, often used a hedge or as visual backdrop. It is sometimes grown under the cultivar.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. name 'Nigricans', so called because of its black stems. In horticulture it is valued for its coloured foliage (cultivated variations include purple, "silver" and variegated leaves), and for its tolerance of some horticulturally difficult growing conditions, including dry soils and shade (although in northwest Europe, cold and exposed situations do not suit it).Several hybrids and cultivars have been developed and five varieties won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit due to their ability to cope in the growing conditions of the United Kingdom:'Arundel Green' 'Garnettii' 'Irene Paterson' 'Silver Queen' 'Tom Thumb' 'Warnham Gold' ## Host of threatened wood.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. rose.Kōhūhū has the potential to be used as the host of the threatened root parasite plant wood rose – "Dactylanthus taylorii". Wood rose was recently successfully translocated and sown in the wild from seed, showing the largest success rate when planted in association with kōhūhū.## Use by Māori.There are several recorded uses of kōhūhū by Māori. The resin and oils extracted from the leaves were used for their scent and were often mixed with ingredients sourced from other native trees in order to produce an oil of variable composition. The resin was obtained by making cuts in the bark of.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. the tree and the leaves were crushed and mixed with other oils. The oil was used to scent little pouches or a dead bird skin, often worn around the neck. The oil was also used to scent houses and mats of people of high rank.In addition, kōhūhū was also used for medicinal purposes by Māori. The resin was mixed with other gums and chewed as a cure for bad breath and sores in the mouth. Parts of the plants were used as topical treatment for relief of the symptoms of skin diseases. Crushed leaves were also used as a poultice.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. for ulcers. The crushed bark was soaked in water and the resulting mixture used to treat breast or chest ailments, and the remaining liquid could be taken orally. It was used, together with flax root, to make a brew used to treat fever, bleeding and bruising. Validating its traditional uses as a medicine, a 2010 study indicated that kōhūhū does indeed possess some antimicrobial properties.Lastly, the branches of kōhūhū were used in important Māori life ceremonies, such as baptisms, and are still used for welcoming visitors to a marae. Two of its common names, tāwhiri (“to wave to”) and rautāwhiri.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. (“to wave a leaf”) reflect this.Jepson Manual TreatmentUSDA Plants Profile.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this fish?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Crucian carp. The crucian carp ("Carassius carassius") is a medium-sized member of the common carp family Cyprinidae. It occurs widely in northern European regions. Its name derives from the Low German "karusse" or "karutze", possibly from Medieval Latin "coracinus" (a kind of river fish).## Distribution.The crucian carp is a widely distributed European species, its range spanning from England to Russia; it is found as far north as the Arctic Circle in the Scandinavian countries, and as far south as central France and the region of the Black Sea. Its habitat includes lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers. It has been established that the.

Crucian carp. morph is not permanent, it is expected that the trait might have some survivability trade-offs in the absence of predators. Notably, the deep-bodied morph is associated with compromised immune function and resource allocation. Specifically, deep-bodied crucian carp have a lower level of baseline natural antibodies relative to the sleeker-bodied morphs. In addition, crucian carp with the deep-bodied morphology exhibit reduced growth rates when compared to their sleeker-bodied counterparts.## Physiology."Carassius" species exhibit some remarkable physiological adaptations to their environment. For example, in entirely anoxic conditions during winter "Carassius carassius" can survive for considerable periods by anaerobic respiration, with ethanol as the.

Crucian carp. typical crucian specimen of 54 cm, weighing 3 kg has been caught and photographed.## Relation to goldfish.Some sources state that the goldfish ("Carassius auratus") is a cultivated breed of crucian carp taken from the wild.Aside from confusion in nomenclature, there is the practical issue of distinguishing true crucian carp from goldfish hybrids in, e.g., competitive coarse fishing. The following is based on a similar table of guidelines constructed by the Farnham Angling Society:## Use.These carp are also occasionally kept as freshwater aquarium fish, as well as in water gardens, although they are not commonly available commercially, mainly because they are.

Crucian carp. crassius" (read "Carassius" spp.), FAO's 2006 statistics show 5.53 thousand tons harvested, which ranked 13th worldwide among freshwater fishes caught. The breakdown was Kazakhstan 2.2, Japan 1.12, Serbia 0.84, Moldova 0.19, Uzbekistan 0.19, Poland 0.13. In these figures, the tonnage from European countries may represent C. crassius in some part.In Poland, crucian carp () is considered the best-tasting pan fish, and traditionally served with sour cream ("karasie w śmietanie").King's carp (previously Galician carp as in Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire) – the breed of carp created in Poland, the "hump" is bigger than average and the scales are larger than.

Crucian carp. images of "Carassius carassius" at ZipcodeZoo.com. Fish Holds Breath for Months How carp 'hold their breath' through winter - New Scientist.


Question: What product does this tunnel produce?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Shaft sinking. Shaft mining or shaft sinking is the action of excavating a mine shaft from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom. Shallow shafts, typically sunk for civil engineering projects, differ greatly in execution method from deep shafts, typically sunk for mining projects.Shaft sinking is one of the most difficult of all mine development methods: restricted space, gravity, groundwater and specialized procedures make the task quite formidable. Shafts may be sunk by conventional drill and blast or mechanised means.Historically, mine shaft sinking has been among the most dangerous of all the mining occupations and the preserve.

Shaft sinking. of mining contractors called sinkers. Today shaft sinking contractors are concentrated in Canada, Germany, China and South Africa.The modern shaft sinking industry is gradually shifting further towards greater mechanisation, recent innovations in the form of full-face shaft boring (akin to a vertical tunnel boring machine) have shown promise but the use of this method is, as of 2019, not widespread.## Mine shafts.Mine shafts are vertical or near-vertical tunnels, which are "sunk" as a means of accessing an underground ore body, during of the development of an underground mine.The shape (in plan view), dimensions and depth of mine shafts vary greatly.

Shaft sinking. in response to the specific needs of the mine they are part of and the geology they are sunk through. For example, in North and South America, smaller shafts are designed to be rectangular in plan view with timber supports. Larger shafts are round in plan and are concrete lined.Mine shafts may be used for a variety of purposes, including as a means of escape in the event of an emergency underground and allowing for the movement of: People Materials Mine services (such as compressed air, water, backfill, power, communications and fuel) Ventilation air Broken rock (in the form of.

Shaft sinking. payable ore, or non payable waste) Or any combination of the aboveWhen the top of the excavation is the ground surface, it is referred to as a "shaft"; when the top of the excavation is underground, it is called a "winze" or a "sub-shaft". Small shafts may be excavated upwards from within an existing mine as long as there is access at the bottom, in which case they are called "raises".A shaft may be either vertical or inclined (between 80 and 90 degrees to the horizontal), although most modern mine shafts are vertical. If access exists at the bottom of.

Shaft sinking. the proposed shaft, and ground conditions allow, then raise boring may be used to excavate the shaft from the bottom up; such shafts are called "borehole shafts".Following the Hartley Colliery disaster where the single shaft at the mine became blocked, the United Kingdom made single shaft mines illegal in 1862, establishing the practice that all underground mines must have a "a second means of egress". Many other global mining jurisdictions have adopted this rule and shafts are therefore often found in pairs (although there are multiple alternative methods of providing a second means of egress).The current the deepest single lift.

Shaft sinking. (i.e. continuous) mine shaft in the world is the 2991m deep, main shaft at South Deep Mine in South Africa, owned by Gold Fields Limited, which, along with its twin ventilation shafts, took ten years to sink and equip.## Parts of a mine shaft.The most visible feature of a traditionally-built mine shaft is the headframe (or winding tower, poppet head or pit head) which stands above the shaft. Depending on the type of hoist (or winder) used, the top of the headframe will either house a hoist motor or a sheave wheel (with the hoist motor mounted on the ground).

Shaft sinking. The headframe will also typically contain bins for storing ore being transferred to the processing facility.At ground level beneath and around the headframe is the Shaft Collar (also called the Bank or Deck), which provides the foundation necessary to support the weight of the headframe and provides a means for workers, materials and services to enter and exit the shaft. Collars are usually massive reinforced concrete structures with more than one level. If the shaft is used for mine ventilation, a plenum space or casing is incorporated into the collar to ensure the proper flow of air into and out.

Shaft sinking. of the mine.Beneath the collar the part of the shaft which continues into the ground is called the "shaft barrel".At locations where the shaft barrel meets horizontal workings there is a "shaft station" (or inset) which allows men, materials and services to enter and exit the shaft. From the station tunnels (drifts, galleries or levels) extend towards the ore body, sometimes for many kilometers. The lowest shaft station is most often the point where rock leaves the mine levels and is transferred to the shaft, if so a "loading pocket" is excavated on one side of the shaft at this.

Shaft sinking. location to allow transfer facilities to be built.Beneath the lowest shaft station the shaft continues on for some distance, this area is referred to as the "shaft bottom". A tunnel called a "ramp" typically connects the bottom of the shaft with the rest of the mine, this ramp often contains the mine's water handling facility, called the "sump", as water will naturally flow to the lowest point in the mine.## Shaft lining.Many (although not all) shafts are lined following excavation and the installation of temporary ground support.The shaft lining performs several functions; it is first and foremost a safety feature.

Shaft sinking. preventing loose or unstable rock from falling into the shaft, then a place for shaft sets to bolt into, and lastly a smooth surface to minimise resistance to airflow for ventilation.Final choice of shaft lining is dependent on the geology of the rock which the shaft passes through, some shafts have several liners sections as required Where shafts are sunk in very competent rock there may be no requirement for lining at all, or just the installation of welded mesh and rock bolts. The material of choice for shaft lining is mass concrete which is poured behind "shaft forms" in.

Shaft sinking. lifts of 6 m as the shaft advances (gets deeper).Shotcrete, fibrecrete, brick, cast iron tubing, and precast concrete segments have all been used at one time or another. Additionally, the use of materials like bitumen and even squash balls have been required by specific circumstances. In extreme cases, particularly when sinking through halite, composite liners consisting of two or more materials may be required.The shaft liner does not reach right to the bottom of the shaft during sinking, but lags behind by a fixed distance. This distance is determined by the methodology of excavation and the design thickness of the.

Shaft sinking. permanent liner. To ensure the safety of persons working on the shaft bottom temporary ground support is installed, usually consisting of welded mesh and rock bolts. The installation of the temporary ground support (called "bolting") is among the most physically challenging parts of the shaft sinking cycle as bolts must be installed using pneumatic powered rock drills.For this reason, and to minimise the number of persons on the shaft bottom a number of projects have successfully switched to shotcrete for this temporary lining. Research and development in this area is focusing on the robotic application of shotcrete and the commercialisation.

Shaft sinking. of thin sprayed polymer liners.## Shaft compartments.Where the shaft is to be used for hoisting it is frequently split into multiple compartments by "shaft sets", these may be made of either timber or steel. Vertical members in a shaft set are called "guides", horizontal members are called "buntons". For steel shaft guides, the main two options are hollow structural sections and top hat sections. Top hat sections offer a number of advantages over hollow structural sections including simpler installation, improved corrosion resistance and increased stiffness. Mine conveyances run on the guides in a similar way to how a steel roller.

Shaft sinking. coaster runs on its rails, both having wheels which keep them securely in place.Some shafts do not use guide beams but instead utilize steel wire rope (called "guide rope") kept in tension by massive weights at shaft bottom called "cheese weights" (because of their resemblance to a truckle or wheel of cheese) as these are easier to maintain and replace.The largest compartment is typically used for the "mine cage", a conveyance used for moving workers and supplies below the surface, which is suspended from the hoist on steel wire rope. It functions in a similar manner to an elevator. Cages.

Shaft sinking. may be single-, double-, or rarely triple-deck, always having multiple redundant safety systems in case of unexpected failure.The second compartment is used for one or more skips, used to hoist ore to the surface. Smaller mining operations use a skip mounted underneath the cage, rather than a separate device, while some large mines have separate shafts for the cage and skips. The third compartment is used for an emergency exit; it may house an auxiliary cage or a system of ladders. An additional compartment houses mine services such as high voltage cables and pipes for transfer of water, compressed air.

Shaft sinking. or diesel fuel.A second reason to divide the shaft is for ventilation. One or more of the compartments discussed above may be used for air intake, while others may be used for exhaust. Where this is the case a steel or concrete wall called a "brattice" is installed between the two compartments to separate the air flow. At many mines there are one or more complete additional separate "auxiliary shafts" with separate head gear and cages.## Shaft construction.The lowest point in a sinking shaft is known as "shaft bottom", shaft projects differ from some other forms of mine development in.

Shaft sinking. that all activities that take place on shaft bottom become part of the critical path for the project schedule. The infrastructure required to sink a shaft is referred to a "the sinking set-up".It is typical for progress (the "sinking rate") in the sinking phase (that is excavation, ground support and lining) of a shaft project to follow a learning curve as the project team repeat the same series of activities over and over in what is called "the sinking cycle", eventually approaching the theoretical maximum rate for that sinking set up over time. The use of experienced shaft sinkers is.

Shaft sinking. necessary to reduce the length of this learning curve and thus the duration of the project as much as possible.Key to a successful shaft sinking project are: Getting the various components of the sinking set-up correct and installed at the right time. Having experienced people involved from as early in the project as possible Using the available time on shaft bottom as efficiently as possible.Although significant emphasis is placed on the rate of progress of a project sinking cycle by shaft sinkers, sinking is only one of a number of phases in the conventional construction of a new shaft, as.

Shaft sinking. follows; "Box Cut Excavation". A box cut is a large square or rectangular excavation typically completed using earthmoving equipment down to bedrock, inside which the shaft collar will be constructed. Having the loads imposed by the collar, headframe and hoisting plant transferred into solid rock is necessary to prevent unplanned subsidence. Where the depth of bedrock is to great to for a box cut to economically viable, or the bedrock is not strong enough, civil engineering techniques such as diaphragm walls or concrete piles may be used to create a deep foundation instead. "Pre-Sink". The pre-sink is the excavation and.

Shaft sinking. support of the first 60 – 100 meters of the shaft barrel, often completed smaller equipment such as handheld, pneumatic drilling equipment to drill holes for basting and ground support and mini-excavators for mucking. During the pre-sink hoisting of muck and equipment is usually performed by a mobile crane on surface. It is necessary to sink this part of the shaft first so that the Galloway, a multi-level working platform may be installed with enough vertical distance to shaft bottom that it will not be damaged by fly rock during blasting. "Collar Construction". From the bottom of the box-cut, the.

Shaft sinking. shaft collar is constructed bottom up in a planned series of concrete pours. "Galloway (Sinking Stage) Construction & Installation." The Galloway (also known as a Sinking Stage or Scaffold) is a multi-level working platform, suspended in the shaft from winches located on surface. The Galloway allows sinkers to efficiently work on differing levels as required by the various tasks of the sinking cycle. It is typical for the Galloway to be constructed off to one side of the shaft and lowered into the pre-sink with a crane in as complete a state as possible. Once in place the Galloway is.

Shaft sinking. "chaired" (suspended from the shaft collar) while the headframe is built above, often protected by a bulkhead. "Headframe & Hoist House Construction." With the collar constructed and the Galloway installed the headframe and hoist (or winder) houses may be constructed and the hoist and winch ropes installed. Headframes may be either steel or concrete and their design will determine how they are constructed. The Galloway is moved in the shaft by means of winches, which move slowly and are rated for significant loads, while the sinking buckets (or kibbles) are moved in the shaft by the sinking hoist, which moves.

Shaft sinking. quickly and is rates for less load that the winches. To protect the hoist(s) and winches and the sensitive electronics which are used to control their operation they are normally installed inside of a build called a hoist (or winder) house. "Commissioning Sinking Set Up." The Sinking set-up must then be commissioned to ensure that all parts are operating as planned. "Full Sink". The activities of the sinking cycle (excavation, installation of temporary ground support, placement of the shaft lining and extending shaft services) all take place in this phase of construction. In a shaft where there are to be.

Shaft sinking. multiple working levels, shaft stations and station stubs (short lengths of horizontal tunnel leading away from the station) will be developed by the sinkers on the way down. As the equipment to excavate these stations must be small enough to fit through the openings in the Galloway, the rate of advance in developing the station stubs is typically low, compared to what can be achieved with full size mining equipment so station stubs are typically kept as short as possible. "Shaft Equipping & Headframe Changeover." Once the shaft reaches the final design depth, the shaft is stripped of any temporary.

Shaft sinking. services, the Galloway cut up or modified to suit the installation of the permanent shaft set-up, the shaft sets (if required) installed and the headframe / winders modified to allow for permanent hoisting. Any permanent conveyances will be installed at this stage. "Commissioning Permanent Set Up." The Permanent set-up must then be commissioned to ensure that all parts are operating as planned before being handed over to the new owner.As with the depth and design of shafts significant variations do exist in this sequence depending on local conditions, for example in that hard Canadian Shield rocks which dominate shaft sinking.

Shaft sinking. in Canada a deep and complex shaft collar is unnecessary as the bedrock is both strong and close to surface. This reduces the amount of time typically required to establish the shaft collar.Traditionally sinking contractors would build a temporary headframe for the sinking set up, which would then be dismantled to make way for a permanent headframe. With the growth in complexity and duration of shaft sinking projects over time it has become more common to incorporate more of the permanent shaft set-up into the sinking phase. This results in a reduced overall project duration, as for example, if the.

Shaft sinking. service piping used to sink the shaft does not need to be stripped out to make way for permanent piping.With the advancements made in raise boring technology, raise borers have been used to create a pilot hole for shaft sinking, where access exists at the bottom of the new shaft, in this case the sinking phase is dedicated to enlarging this pilot hole to full diameter (a process usually called "slashing"). This methodology can be considerably faster than full face sinking as muck (waste rock) from sinking falls down the pilot hole and is handled using existing mine infrastructure off.

Shaft sinking. critical path.Drift miningEngine shaftHeadframeMan engineRaise borerSalt-concreteUnderground mining (hard rock)Underground mining (soft rock)Glossary of coal mining terminologyRepurposing old mine shafts for energy storage purposesAbandoned Mine Shafts & TunnelsTop Hat Sections.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Papaver somniferum. Papaver somniferum, commonly known as the opium poppy or breadseed poppy, is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which both opium and poppy seeds are derived and is also a valuable ornamental plant, grown in gardens. Its native range is probably the eastern Mediterranean, but is now obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation, being naturalized across much of Europe and Asia.This poppy is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale, for one of three primary purposes. The first is to produce seeds that are eaten by humans, known.

Papaver somniferum. commonly as poppy seed. The second is to produce opium for use mainly by the pharmaceutical industry. The third is to produce other alkaloids, mainly thebaine and oripavine, that are processed by the pharmaceutical industry into drugs such as hydrocodone and oxycodone. Each of these goals has special breeds that are targeted at one of these businesses, and breeding efforts (including biotechnological ones) are continually underway. A comparatively small amount of "P. somniferum" is also produced commercially for ornamental purposes.The common name "opium poppy" is increasingly a misnomer as many varieties have been bred that do not produce a significant.

Papaver somniferum. quantity of opium. The cultivar 'Sujata' produces no latex at all. Breadseed poppy is more accurate as a common name today because all varieties of "P. somniferum" produce edible seeds. This differentiation has strong implications for legal policy surrounding the growing of this plant.## Description."Papaver somniferum" is an annual herb growing to about 100 (cm) tall. The plant is strongly glaucous, giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and leaves bear a sparse distribution of coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed, the upper stem leaves clasping the stem, the lowest leaves with a short petiole. The flowers are up.

Papaver somniferum. to 3 - 10 (cm) diameter, normally with four white, mauve or red petals, sometimes with dark markings at the base. The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12–18 radiating stigmatic rays, or fluted cap. All parts of the plant exude white latex when wounded. In Australia, plant density for optimal cultivation is about 800,000 per hectare.The weed poppy "Papaver rhoeas" is a similar species.## Metabolism.The alkaloids are organic nitrogenous compounds, derivatives of secondary metabolism, synthesized through the metabolic pathway of benzylisoquinoline. First, the amino acid phenylalanine, through the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, is transformed into tyrosine. Tyrosine can.

Papaver somniferum. follow two different routes: by tyrosine hydroxylase it can form L-dopamine (L-DOPA), or it can be reduced to form 4-phenylhydroxyacetaldehyde (4-HPAA). Subsequently, L-DOPA reacts with 4-HPAA and, through a series of reactions, forms (S) -norcoclaurine, which carries the benzylisoquinoline skeleton that gives its name to this pathway. The conversion of (S) -norcoclaurin to (S) -reticulin is one of the key points, since from (S) -reticulin morphine can be formed through the morphinan route, noscapine through the path of the noscapina or berberina.## Genome.The poppy genome contains 51,213 genes encoding proteins distributed 81.6% in 11 individual chromosomes and 18.4% remaining in.

Papaver somniferum. unplaced scaffolds. In addition, 70.9% of the genome is made up of repetitive elements, of which the most represented are the long terminal repeat retrotransposons. This enrichment of genes is related to the maintenance of homeostasis and a positive regulation of transcription.The analysis of synergy of the opium poppy reveals traces of segmental duplications 110 million years ago (MYA), before the divergence between "Papaveraceae" and Ranunculaceae, and an event of duplication of the complete genome makes 7.8 MYA.The genes are possibly grouped as follows: The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticulin to noscapine are found on chromosome 11.

Papaver somniferum. The genes responsible for the conversion of (S) -reticulin to thebaine are found on chromosome 11. The genes responsible for the conversion of thebaine are found in chromosome 1, chromosome 2, chromosome 7, and perhaps others.## Taxonomy."Papaver somniferum" was formally described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication "Species Plantarum" in 1753 on page 508.## Varieties and cultivars."P. somniferum" has had a very long tradition of use, starting in the Neolithic. This long period of time allowed the development of a broad range of different forms. In total there are 52 botanical varieties. Breeding of "P. somniferum.

Papaver somniferum. faces a challenge caused by the contradictory breeding goals for this species. On one hand a very high content of alkaloids is requested for medical uses. The global demand for the alkaloids and the pharmaceutical derivatives has increased in the past years. Therefore, there is a need for the development of varieties with a high opium yield. On the other hand, the food industry demands as low alkaloid contents as possible.There is one accepted subspecies, "P. somniferum" subsp. "setigerum" (DC.) Arcang. There are also many varieties and cultivars. Colors of the flowers vary widely, as do other physical characteristics, such.

Papaver somniferum. as number and shape of petals , number of flowers and fruits, number of seeds, color of seeds, and production of opium. "Papaver somniferum" var. "paeoniflorum" is a variety with flowers that are highly double, and are grown in many colors. "P. somniferum" var. "laciniatum" is a variety with flowers that are highly double and deeply lobed. The variety "Sujata" produces no latex and no commercial utility for opioid production.## Distribution and habitat.The native range of opium poppy is probably the Eastern Mediterranean, but extensive cultivation and introduction of the species throughout Europe since ancient times have obscured its origin.

Papaver somniferum. It has escaped from cultivation, or has been introduced and become naturalized extensively in all regions of the British Isles, particularly in the south and east and in almost all other countries of the world with suitable, temperate climates.## Ecology.## Diseases."P. somniferum" is susceptible to several fungal, insect and virus infections including seed borne diseases such as downy mildew and root rot. The use of pesticides in combination to cultural methods have been considered as major control measures for various poppy diseases.The fungal pathogen "Peronospora arborescens", the causal agent of downy mildew, occurs preferentially during wet and humid conditions. This.

Papaver somniferum. oomycete penetrates the roots through oospores and infects the leaves as conidia in a secondary infection. The fungus causes hypertrophy and curvature of the stem and flower stalks. The symptoms are chlorosis and curling of the affected tissues with necrotic spots. The leaf under-surface is covered with a downy mildew coating containing conidiospores that spread the infection further leading to plant damage and death. Another downy mildew species, "Peronospora somniferi," produces systemic infections leading to stunting and deformation of poppy plants. Downy mildew can be controlled preventively at the initial stage of seed development through several fungicide applications.Leaf blight caused.

Papaver somniferum. by the fungus "Helminthosporium papaveris" is one of the most destructive poppy diseases worldwide. The seed-borne fungus causes root rot in young plants and stunted stems in plants at a higher development stage, where leaf spots appear on the leaves and is being transmitted to capsules and seeds. Early sowing of seeds and deep plowing of poppy residues can reduce fungal inoculum during the plant growing season in the following year on neighboring poppy stocks, respectively.Mosaic diseases in "p. somniferum" are caused by rattle virus and the Carlavirus. In 2006, a novel virus tentatively called "opium poppy mosaic virus" (OPMV).

Papaver somniferum. from the genus "Umbravirus" was isolated from "p. somniferum" containing leaf mosaic and mottling symptoms, in New Zealand.## Pests.There are only a few pests that can do harm to "P. somniferum."Flea beetles perforate the leaves of young plants and aphids suck on the sap of the flower buds. The poppy root weevil is another significant pest. The insect lives in the soil and migrates in spring to the poppy fields after crop emergence. Adults damage the leaves of small plants by eating them. Female lay their eggs into the tissue of lower leaves. Insect larvae hatch and burrow into the.

Papaver somniferum. soil to complete their life cycle on the poppy roots as adults.## Cultivation.In the growth development of "P. somniferum", six stages can be distinguished. The growth development starts with the growth of the seedlings. In a second step the rosette-type leaves and stalks are formed. After that budding (hook stage) takes place as a third step. The hook stage is followed by flowering. Subsequently, technical maturity is reached, which means that the plant is ready for cutting. The last step is biological maturity; dry seeds are ripened. The photoperiod seems to be the main determinant of flower development of "P.

Papaver somniferum. somniferum"."P. somniferum" shows a very slow development in the beginning of its vegetation period. Due to this fact the competition of weeds is very high in early stages. It is very important to control weeds effectively in the first 50 days after sowing. Additionally "Papaver somniferum" is rather susceptible to herbicides. The pre-emergence application of the herbicide chlortoluron has been shown to be effective in reducing weed levels. However, in the last decade the weed management of "Papaver somniferum" has shifted from pre-emergence treatments to post-emergence treatments. Especially the application of the two herbicides mesotrione and tembotrione has become very.

Papaver somniferum. popular. The combined application of those two herbicides has been shown to be recommendable for effective weed management in "Papaver somniferum". Sowing time (autumn or spring), preceding crop and soil texture are important variables influencing the weed species composition. A highly abundant weed species in "Papaver somniferum" fields was shown to be "Papaver rhoeas". "Papaver somniferum" and "Papaver rhoeas" belong to the same plant family, which impedes the chemical control of this weed species. Therefore, weed management represents a big challenge and requires technological knowledge from the farmer. In order to increase the efficiency of weed control not only chemical.

Papaver somniferum. weed control should be applied but also mechanical weed control.## Ornamental.Live plants and seeds of the opium poppy are widely sold by seed companies and nurseries in most of the western world, including the United States. Poppies are sought after by gardeners for the vivid coloration of the blooms, the hardiness and reliability of the poppy plants, the exotic chocolate-vegetal fragrance note of some cultivars, and the ease of growing the plants from purchased flats of seedlings or by direct sowing of the seed. Poppy seed pods are also sold for dried flower arrangements.Though "opium poppy and poppy straw" are.

Papaver somniferum. listed in Schedule II of the United States' Controlled Substances Act, "P. somniferum" can be grown legally in the United States as a seed crop or ornamental flower. During the summer, opium poppies can be seen flowering in gardens throughout North America and Europe, and displays are found in many private plantings, as well as in public botanical and museum gardens such as United States Botanical Garden, Missouri Botanical Garden, and North Carolina Botanical Garden.Many countries grow the plants, and some rely heavily on the commercial production of the drug as a major source of income. As an additional source.

Papaver somniferum. of profit, the seeds of the same plants are sold for use in foods, so the cultivation of the plant is a significant source of income. This international trade in seeds of "P. somniferum" was addressed by a UN resolution "to fight the international trade in illicit opium poppy seeds" on 28 July 1998.## Production.## Food.In 2018, world production of poppy seeds for consumption was 76,240 tonnes, led by Turkey with 35% of the world total (table). Poppy seed production and trade are susceptible to fluctuations mainly due to unstable yields. The performance of most genotypes of "Papaver somniferum" is.

Papaver somniferum. very susceptible to environmental changes This behaviour led to a stagnation of the poppy seed market value between 2008–2009 as a consequence of high stock levels, bad weather and poor quality. The world leading importer of poppy seed is India (16 000 tonnes), followed by Russia, Poland and Germany.Poppy seed oil remains a niche product due to the lower yield compared to conventional oil crops.## Medicine.Australia (Tasmania), Turkey and India are the major producers of poppy for medicinal purposes and poppy-based drugs, such as morphine or codeine. "The New York Times" reported, in 2014, that Tasmania was the largest producer.

Papaver somniferum. of the poppy cultivars used for thebaine (85% of the world's supply) and oripavine (100% of the world's supply) production. Tasmania also had 25% of the world's opium and codeine production.## Restrictions.In most of Central Europe, poppyseed is commonly used for traditional pastries and cakes, and it is legal to grow poppies throughout the region, although Germany requires a licence.Since January 1999 in the Czech Republic, according to the "167/1998 Sb. Addictive Substances Act", poppies growing in fields larger than 100 (m2) is obliged for reporting to the local Custom Office. Extraction of opium from the plants is prohibited by.

Papaver somniferum. law (§ 15 letter d/ of the act). It is also prohibited to grow varieties with more than 0.8% of morphine in dry matter of their capsules, excluding research and experimental purposes (§24/1b/ of the act). The name "Czech blue poppy" refers to blue poppy seeds used for food.The United Kingdom does not require a licence for opium poppy cultivation, but does for extracting opium for medicinal products.In the United States, opium poppies and poppy straw are prohibited. As the opium poppy is legal for culinary or esthetic reasons, poppies were once grown as a cash crop by farmers in.

Papaver somniferum. California. The law of poppy cultivation in the United States is somewhat ambiguous. The reason for the ambiguity is that the Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 (now repealed) stated that any opium poppies should be declared illegal, even if the farmers were issued a state permit. § 3 of the Opium Poppy Control Act stated: It shall be unlawful for any person who is not the holder of a license authorizing him to produce the opium poppy, duly issued to him by the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with the provisions of this Act, to produce the opium.

Papaver somniferum. poppy, or to permit the production of the opium poppy in or upon any place owned, occupied, used, or controlled by him. This led to the Poppy Rebellion, and to the Narcotics Bureau arresting anyone planting opium poppies and forcing the destruction of poppy fields of anyone who defied the prohibition of poppy cultivation. Though the press of those days favored the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, the state of California supported the farmers who grew opium poppies for their seeds for uses in foods such as poppyseed muffins. Today, this area of law has remained vague and remains somewhat controversial.

Papaver somniferum. in the United States. The Opium Poppy Control Act of 1942 was repealed on 27 October 1970.Canada forbids possessing, seeking or obtaining the opium poppy "(Papaver somniferum)", its preparations, derivatives, alkaloids and salts, although an exception is made for poppyseed.In some parts of Australia, "P. somniferum" is illegal to cultivate, but in Tasmania, some 50% of the world supply is cultivated. In New Zealand, it is legal to cultivate the opium poppy as long as it is not used to produce banned drugs.In United Arab Emirates the cultivation of the opium poppy is illegal, as is possession of poppyseed. At.

Papaver somniferum. least one man has been imprisoned for possessing poppyseed obtained from a bread roll.Burma bans cultivation in certain provinces. In northern Burma bans have ended a century-old tradition of growing the opium poppy. Between 20,000 and 30,000 former poppy farmers left the Kokang region as a result of the ban in 2002. People from the Wa region, where the ban was implemented in 2005, fled to areas where growing opium is still possible.In South Korea, the cultivation of the opium poppy is strictly prohibited.## Uses.## History.Use of the opium poppy predates written history. The making and use of opium was.

Papaver somniferum. known to the ancient Minoans. Its sap was later named "opion" by the ancient Greeks. The English name is based on the Latin adaptation of the Greek form.Evidence of the early domestication of opium poppy has been discovered through small botanical remains found in regions of the Mediterranean and west of the Rhine River, predating circa 5000 BC. These samples found in various Neolithic sites show the incredibly early cultivation and natural spread of the plant throughout western Europe.Opium was used for treating asthma, stomach illnesses, and bad eyesight.Opium became a major colonial commodity, moving legally and illegally through trade.

Papaver somniferum. networks on the Indian subcontinent, Colonial America, Qing China and others. Members of the East India Company saw the opium trade as an investment opportunity beginning in 1683. In 1773, the Governor of Bengal established a monopoly on the production of Bengal opium, on behalf of the East India Company administration. The cultivation and manufacture of Indian opium was further centralized and controlled through a series of acts issued between 1797 and 1949. East India Company merchants balanced an economic deficit from the importation of Chinese tea by selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Qing.

Papaver somniferum. government bans. This trade led to the First and Second Opium Wars.Many modern writers, particularly in the 19th century, have written on the opium poppy and its effects, notably Thomas de Quincey in "Confessions of an English Opium Eater".The French Romantic composer Hector Berlioz used opium for inspiration, subsequently producing his Symphonie Fantastique. In this work, a young artist overdoses on opium and experiences a series of visions of his unrequited love.In the US, the Drug Enforcement Administration raided Thomas Jefferson's Monticello estate in 1987. It removed the poppy plants that had been planted continually there since Jefferson was alive.

Papaver somniferum. and using opium from them. Employees of the foundation also destroyed gift shop items like shirts depicting the poppy and packets of the heirloom seed.## Poppy seeds and oil.Poppy seeds from "Papaver somniferum" are an important food item and the source of poppyseed oil, an edible oil that has many uses. The seeds contain very low levels of opiates and the oil extracted from them contains even less. Both the oil and the seed residue also have commercial uses.The poppy press cake as a residue of the oil pressing can be used as fodder for different animals as e.g., poultry.

Papaver somniferum. and fancy fowls. Especially in the time of the molt of the birds, the cake is nutritive and fits to their special needs. Next to the animal fodder, poppy offers other by-products. For example, the stem of the plant can be used for energy briquettes and pellets to heat.Poppy seeds are used as a food in many cultures. They may be used whole by bakers to decorate their products or milled and mixed with sugar as a sweet filling. They have a creamy and nut-like flavor, and when used with ground coconut, the seeds provide a unique and flavour-rich curry.

Papaver somniferum. base. They can be dry roasted and ground to be used in wet curry (curry paste) or dry curry.When the European Union attempted to ban the cultivation of "Papaver somniferum" by private individuals on a small scale (such as personal gardens), citizens in EU countries where poppy seed is eaten heavily, such as countries in the Central-Eastern region, strongly resisted the plan, causing the EU to change course. Singapore, UAE, and Saudi Arabia are among nations that ban even having poppy seeds, not just growing the plants for them. The UAE has a long prison sentence for anyone possessing poppy.

Papaver somniferum. seeds.## Opiates.The opium poppy, as its name indicates, is the principal source of opium, the dried latex produced by the seed pods. Opium contains a class of naturally occurring alkaloids known as opiates, that include morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, papaverine and noscapine. The specific epithet "somniferum" means "sleep-bringing", referring to the sedative properties of some of these opiates.The opiate drugs are extracted from opium. The latex oozes from incisions made on the green seed pods and is collected once dry. Tincture of opium or laudanum, consisting of opium dissolved in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water, is one.

Papaver somniferum. of many unapproved drugs regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Its marketing and distribution persists because its historical use preceded the Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act of 1938. Tincture of opium B.P., containing 1% w/v of anhydrous morphine, also remains in the British Pharmacopoeia, listed as a Class A substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.Morphine is the predominant alkaloid found in the cultivated varieties of opium poppy that are used for opium production. Other varieties produce minimal opium or none at all, such as the latex-free Sujata type. Non-opium cultivars that are planted for.

Papaver somniferum. drug production feature a high level of thebaine or oripavine. Those are refined into drugs like oxycodone. Raw opium contains about 8–14% morphine by dry weight, or more in high-yield cultivars. It may be used directly or chemically modified to produce synthetic opioids such as heroin.## Culture.Opium poppies (flower and fruit) appear on the coat of arms of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Rätsch, Christian "The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants, Enthnopharmacology and Its Applications" 1998/2005, Rochester, Vermont, Park Street Press, "Grow Papaver Somniferum" from vizyonpara.comComprehensive profile for "Papaver somniferum" from MaltaWildPlants.comOpium FAQ v1.0 from Opioids.comOpium Poppy Cultivation and Heroin Processing.

Papaver somniferum. in Southeast Asia from the School of Pacific and Asian Studies "Downward Spiral – Banning Opium in Afghanistan and Burma", Transnational Institute TNI, Debate Paper, June 2005"Withdrawal Symptoms in the Golden Triangle – A Drugs Market in Disarray" TNI Paper by Tom Kramer et al. Chouvy P.A., 2009, "Opium. Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy", London, I.B. Tauris (Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 2010).


Question: Which city or region does this harbour locate in?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Bristol Harbour. Bristol Harbour is the harbour in the city of Bristol, England. The harbour covers an area of 70 (acre). It is the former natural tidal river Avon through the city but was made into its current form in 1809 when the tide was prevented from going out permanently. A tidal by-pass was dug for 2 miles through the fields of Bedminster for the river, known as the "River Avon New Cut", "New Cut", or simply "The Cut". It is often called the Floating Harbour as the water level remains constant and it is not affected by the state of the.

Bristol Harbour. tide on the river in the Avon Gorge, The New Cut or the natural river southeast of Temple Meads to its source.Netham Lock at the east end of the 1809 Feeder Canal is the upstream limit of the floating harbour. Beyond the lock is a junction: on one arm the navigable River Avon continues upstream to Bath, and on the other arm is the tidal natural River Avon. The first 1 (mi) of the floating harbour, downstream from Netham Lock to Totterdown Basin, is an artificial canal known as the Feeder Canal, while the tidal River Avon follows its original.

Bristol Harbour. route. Downstream of Totterdown Basin, the floating harbour occupies the former natural course of the River Avon, whilst the tidal River Avon flows through an artificial channel known as the New Cut. This separation of the floating harbour and the tidal River Avon allows boats in the harbour to remain floating at low tide, reduces currents and silting and prevents flooding.Between Bristol Temple Meads railway station and Hotwells, the harbour and the River Avon run parallel at a distance of no more than 5/8 (mi) apart. Downstream of Bristol Temple Meads railway station, the floating harbour meanders through Bristol city.

Bristol Harbour. centre, Canon's Marsh and Hotwells. At Hotwells, the floating harbour rejoins the tidal River Avon, via a series of locks, and flows into the Avon Gorge.Bristol Harbour was the original Port of Bristol, but as ships and their cargo have increased in size, it has now largely been replaced by docks at Avonmouth and Portbury. These are located 7 (mi) downstream at the mouth of the River Avon.## History of Bristol docks.Bristol grew up on the banks of the Rivers Avon and Frome. Since the 13th century, the rivers have been modified for use as docks including the diversion of.

Bristol Harbour. the River Frome in the 1240s into an artificial "deep channel" known as "Saint Augustine's Reach", which flowed into the River Avon. Saint Augustine's Reach became the heart of Bristol's docks with its quays and wharfs. The River Avon within the gorge, and the River Severn into which it flows, has tides which fluctuate about 30 (ft) between high and low water. This means that the river is easily navigable at high tide but reduced to a muddy channel at low tide in which ships would often run aground. Ships had no option but to be stranded in the harbour.

Bristol Harbour. for unloading, giving rise to the phrase "shipshape and Bristol fashion" to describe how ships and their secured cargo were capable of taking the strain of repeated strandings on the mud.As early as 1420, vessels from Bristol were regularly travelling to Iceland and it is speculated that sailors from Bristol had made landfall in the Americas before Christopher Columbus or John Cabot. After Cabot arrived in Bristol, he proposed a scheme to the king, Henry VII, in which he proposed to reach Asia by sailing west across the north Atlantic. He estimated that this would be shorter and quicker than.

Bristol Harbour. Columbus' southerly route. The merchants of Bristol, operating under the name of the Society of Merchant Venturers, agreed to support his scheme. They had sponsored probes into the north Atlantic from the early 1480s, looking for possible trading opportunities. In 1552 Edward VI granted a Royal Charter to the Merchant Venturers to manage the port.By 1670, the city had 6,000 tons of shipping, of which half was used for importing tobacco. By the late 17th century and early 18th century, this shipping was also playing a significant role in the slave trade.## Construction of the floating harbour.In the 18th century,.

Bristol Harbour. the docks in Liverpool grew larger and so increased competition with Bristol for the tobacco trade. Coastal trade was also important, with the area called "Welsh Back" concentrating on trows with cargoes from the slate industry in Wales, stone, timber and coal. The limitations of Bristol's docks were causing problems to business, so in 1802 William Jessop proposed installing a dam and lock at Hotwells to create the harbour. The £530,000 scheme was approved by Parliament, and construction began in May 1804. The scheme included the construction of the Cumberland Basin, a large wide stretch of the harbour in Hotwells.

Bristol Harbour. where the Quay walls and bollards have listed building status.The tidal new cut was constructed from Netham to Hotwells, with another dam installed at this end of the harbour. The Feeder Canal between Temple Meads and Netham provided a link to the tidal river so that boats could continue upstream to Bath. However, the new scheme required a way to equalise the levels inside and outside the Dock for the passage of vessels to and from the Avon, and bridges to cross the water. Jessop built Cumberland Basin with two entrance locks from the tidal Avon, of widths 45 and.

Bristol Harbour. 35 (ft), and a 45 (ft) junction lock between the Basin and what became known as the Floating Harbour. This arrangement provided flexibility of operation with the Basin being used as a lock when there were large numbers of arrivals and sailings. The harbour was officially opened on 1 May 1809. The first vessel built in the Floating Harbour was .Patterson's yard within the harbour was used for the construction of many ships notably Brunel's in 1838 and the in 1843. They were some of the largest ships to have been built at the time, and ironically hastened the decline.

Bristol Harbour. of the city docks by proving the feasibility of large ships. The SS "Great Britain" was to be towed away from her builders, to have her 1,000 hp engines and interior fitted out on the River Thames, but her 48 (ft) beam was too big to pass through the lock. Thus the SS "Great Britain" was moored in the Floating Harbour until December 1844, before proceeding into Cumberland Basin after coping stones and lock gate platforms were removed from the Junction Lock. At one time there were dozens of Bristol shipyards, the largest in the harbour being Hilhouse, who became.

Bristol Harbour. Charles Hill & Sons in 1845.## 19th century improvements.The harbour cost more than anticipated and high rates were levied to repay loans, reducing any benefit the new harbour had at drawing companies back from Liverpool. In 1848 the city council bought the docks company to force down the rates. They employed Isambard Kingdom Brunel to make improvements, including new lock gates, a dredger and sluice gates designed to reduce siltation.By 1867, ships were getting larger and the meanders in the river Avon prevented vessels over 300 (ft) from reaching the harbour. A scheme to install a much larger lock at.

Bristol Harbour. Avonmouth to make the entire river a floating harbour, and to straighten the sharper bends, was dropped after work began on the much cheaper docks at Avonmouth and Portishead. The present entrance lock was designed by Thomas Howard and opened in July 1873. This has a width of 62 (ft) and is the only entrance lock now in use at the City Docks.From 1893 until 1934 the Clifton Rocks Railway provided a funicular railway link, inside the cliff face, from the western end of the harbour, which is close to the locks, into Clifton.## Railways.The original Bristol Harbour Railway was.

Bristol Harbour. a joint venture by the GWR and the Bristol and Exeter Railway, opened in 1872 between Temple Meads and the Floating Harbour. Its route included a tunnel under St Mary Redcliffe church and a steam-powered bascule bridge over the entrance locks at Bathurst Basin. In 1876 the railway was extended by 1/2 (mi) to Wapping Wharf. In 1906, new branches from the south via the Ashton Avenue swing bridge were built to Canons Marsh on the north side of the Floating Harbour and to Wapping via a line alongside the New Cut. A Coal Concentration Depot owned by Western Fuels.

Bristol Harbour. was established at Wapping Wharf just behind the Industrial Museum but this closed in 1987.## Underfall Yard.The docks maintenance facility was established on the land exposed by the damming of the river to construct the harbour and remains sited at this location to the present day. William Jessop had created a weir in the dam at Underfall to allow surplus water to flow back into the New Cut, this was known as the 'Overfall'. By the 1830s, the Floating Harbour was suffering from severe silting. Isambard Kingdom Brunel was, however, able to devise a solution to this problem. In place.

Bristol Harbour. of the Overfall he advised better use of three shallow sluices and one deep scouring sluice between the harbour and the New Cut, together with a dredging vessel. This drag boat would scrape the silt away from the quay walls. When the deep sluice opened at low tide, a powerful undertow sucked the silt into the river to be carried away on the next tide. The shallow sluices enabled adjustment of the dock water level according to weather conditions.Several old buildings, which date from the 1880s, remain at Underfall Yard and have listed building status. The octagonal brick and terracotta.

Bristol Harbour. chimney of the hydraulic engine house dates from 1888, and is grade II* listed, as is the hydraulic engine house itself. It is built of red brick with a slate roof and contains pumping machinery, installed in 1907 by Fullerton, Hodgart and Barclay of Paisley, which powers the dock's hydraulic system of cranes, bridges and locks. The former pattern-maker's shop and stores date from the same period and are grade II listed, as are the Patent slip and quay walls.## Warehouses.A large number of warehouses were built around the harbour for storage and trade. Many survive today and some are.

Bristol Harbour. being converted into apartment blocks but many have been demolished as part of the regeneration of the area.One which has survived is the A Bond Tobacco Warehouse, which was built in 1905 and was the first of the three brick built bonded warehouses in the Cumberland Basin, and is a grade II listed building.B Bond Warehouse dates from 1908 and was the first in Britain to use Edmond Coignet's reinforced concrete system. It is now used by Bristol City Council and houses Bristol Archives, the CREATE Centre and council offices.Robinson's Warehouse built in 1874 by William Bruce Gingell, and the.

Bristol Harbour. Granary on Welsh Back are examples of the Bristol Byzantine style with coloured brick and Moorish arches.The Arnolfini art gallery occupies Bush House, a 19th-century Grade II* listed tea warehouse. and the Watershed Media Centre occupies another disused warehouse.## 20th century improvements.In 1908, the Royal Edward Dock was built in Avonmouth and in 1972 the large deep water Royal Portbury Dock was constructed on the opposite side of the mouth of the Avon, making the Bristol City Docks in the floating harbour redundant as a freight dock. In 1977 Charles Hill & Sons, the last shipbuilder at the Albion Yard,.

Bristol Harbour. closed after delivering the 1,541 tonne beer tanker "Miranda Guinness". Part of the yard reopened in 1980 when Abels Shipbuilders began operating. It produce a steady stream of small ferries, survey vessels, tugs and other craft before going out of business in 2006.Amey Roadstone (formerly T R Brown and Holms Sand & Gravel) sand dredgers worked from Poole's Wharf in Hotwells until 1991. Occasionally coastal trading vessels enter the Cumberland Basin to be loaded with large steel silos manufactured by Braby Ltd at their nearby Ashton Gate works.The old Junction Lock swing bridge is powered by water pressure from the.

Bristol Harbour. Underfall Yard hydraulic engine house at 750 (psi). The new Plimsoll Bridge, completed in 1965, has a more modern electro-hydraulic system using oil at a pressure of 4480 (psi).## Regeneration of the harbourside.Since the 1980s, millions of pounds have been spent regenerating the harbourside.In 1999, Pero's Bridge was constructed, linking the @Bristol exhibition with Bristol tourist attractions. In 2000, the @Bristol centre opened on semi-derelict land at Canon's Marsh and some of the existing Grade II listed buildings were refurbished and reused. It was funded with £44.3 million from the National Lottery, the Millennium Commission, South West of England Regional.

Bristol Harbour. Development Agency, and a further £43.4 million from Bristol City Council and commercial partners, including Nestlé. Private investors are also constructing studio apartment buildings.The regeneration of the Canon's Marsh area is expected to cost £240 million. Crest Nicholson were the lead developers, constructing 450 new flats, homes and waterside offices. It is being carried out under the guidance of The Harbourside Sponsors’ Group, which is a partnership between the City Council, key stakeholders, developers, businesses, operators and funders.The Cumberland Basin & Baltic Wharf are used by a variety of small boats by Baltic Wharf Sailing Club and is surrounded by.

Bristol Harbour. tourist attractions. The old hydraulic pumping station has been converted into a pub and is a Grade II listed building.There are two (since 2016) active boat building companies in the harbour: Bristol Classic Boat Company and the Slipway Co-operative at the Underfall Yard.## The harbour today.The harbour is now a tourist attraction with museums, galleries, exhibitions, bars and nightclubs. Former workshops and warehouses have now largely been converted or replaced by cultural venues, such as the Arnolfini art gallery, Watershed media and arts centre, M Shed museum, Antlers Gallery and the We The Curious science exhibition centre, as well as.

Bristol Harbour. a number of fashionable apartment buildings. The Bristol Harbour Railway, operated by M Shed, runs between the museum and the CREATE Centre on some weekends and bank holidays. Historic boats are permanently berthed in the harbour. These include Isambard Kingdom Brunel's , which was the first iron-hulled and propeller-driven ocean liner; and a replica of the "Matthew", in which John Cabot sailed to North America in 1497. The historic vessels of M Shed museum, which include the steam tug "Mayflower", firefloat "Pyronaut" and motor tug "John King", are periodically operated.Bristol Ferry Boats and Number Seven Boat Trips operate ferry services.

Bristol Harbour. along the harbour from near Temple Meads station to the Underfall Yard, serving landing stages in the city centre and close to most of the harbour-side attractions. A separate cross-harbour ferry carries pedestrians from the ferry landing at the "Great Britain" to the new harbour inlet opposite. Bristol Packet Boat Trips offer regular harbour tours with commentaries and river cruises on the "Tower Belle" up the River Avon to Conham, Hanham and Bath and downstream to Avonmouth.In late July each year, the Bristol Harbour Festival is held, resulting in an influx of boats, including tall ships, Royal Navy vessels and.

Bristol Harbour. lifeboats. There is a bylaw that prohibit swimming in the docks, with a fine of up to £1,000 for infringement.## Events.Bristol Harbour hosts the Bristol Harbour Festival in July of each year, attended by tall ships and hundreds of ships and boats of all kinds. About 200,000 visitors view the boats, and watch live music, street performances and other entertainments.In 1996, the harbour was the setting for the first International Festival of the Sea. A larger version of the annual harbour festivals, this was attended by many tall ships, including the "Eye of the Wind", "Pride of Baltimore", "Rose", "Kaskelot.

Bristol Harbour. and "Earl of Pembroke". The key theme was John Cabot's pioneering voyage of discovery to the Americas and a replica of Cabot's ship, the "Matthew", was dedicated prior to its reenactment of Cabot's voyage the following year. In 2009, the 200th anniversary of the Floating Harbour was commemorated with a series of celebratory events.In June 2020, the statue of Bristol slave trader Edward Colston was pushed into the harbour by protestors, after being pulled down from its plinth, jumped upon and daubed in paint. Port of Bristol Bristol Harbour Festival Bristol Marina Bristol City Council: Harbour events and attractions Bristol.

Bristol Harbour. City Council: Marine and waterway services Maps of Bristol Harbour c1900 – West, East Bristol Floating Harbour Primary sources from Bristol Museums and Libraries.


Question: How many levels does this building have?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

30 St Mary Axe. 30 St Mary Axe (previously known as the Swiss Re Building and informally known as the Gherkin) is a commercial skyscraper in London's primary financial district, the City of London. It was completed in December 2003 and opened in April 2004. With 41 floors, it is 180 (m) tall and stands on the sites of the former Baltic Exchange and Chamber of Shipping, which were extensively damaged in 1992 in the Baltic Exchange bombing by a device placed by the Provisional IRA in St Mary Axe, a narrow street leading north from Leadenhall Street.After plans to build the 92-storey Millennium.


Question: What country does this building belong to?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Theater Freiburg. Theater Freiburg is a theatre in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.Freiburg Theatre, sometimes also referred to as Stadttheater Freiburg (Freiburg municipal theatre), formerly Städtische Bühnen (Municipal Stages) Freiburg, is the oldest and biggest theatre in Freiburg im Breisgau. It is located in Bertoldstraße, on the edge of Freiburg's historic city centre, and unites four venues under one roof: the Großes Haus (main stage), the Kleines Haus (small stage), the Kammerbühne (chamber stage) and the Werkraum (workshop). The Winterer Foyer additionally hosts author readings, such as the Litera-Tour, chambermusic concerts and evening lectures on current affairs, such as the Dream School series. Since September.

Theater Freiburg. 2005 the theatre has been under independent ownership.## History.Up until the first decades of the 19th century, theatre performances in Freiburg were mainly staged in the Kornhaus (granary) on the Münsterplatz, which later proved to be increasingly unsuitable for a “modern“ theatre. Thus it was decided to use the church of the abandoned monastery of the Augustinian hermits as the theatre. The architect Christoph Arnold was instructed to redesign the building accordingly. In 1823 the theatre was opened and the actors could return to the stage. In 1866 the “Privileged Theatre“ was taken over by the town following a decision.

Theater Freiburg. by the district council. The first season of the current “Städtisches Theater“ (municipal theatre) opened with Lessing's "Emilia Galotti".Construction of the present day theatre was started in 1905 under Otto Winterer, Lord Mayor of Freiburg at the time. It was designed by the Berlin architect Heinrich Seeling in an eclectic style combining a Neo-Baroque building with Art Nouveau decorative elements and built on the site of the former "Dauphin" bastion, part of Vauban's town fortifications. The architectural sculptures were modelled out of plaster by Hermann Feuerhahn and realised by six sculptors from Freiburg: Julius Seitz, his students Louis Granget, Theodor.

Theater Freiburg. schaut ins Paradies" by Joseph Maria Lutz. In the summer of 1939 Joseph Schlippe, the head of the city’s building department, redesigned the auditorium completely in the Neoclassicist style typical of the Nazi era. Most of the Art Nouveau stucco was removed so that the whole room appeared in a starkly stripped-down style.On September 1, 1944, Freiburg Theatre, like all German theatres, was shut down. A few months later, in November 1944, Freiburg was bombed and the theatre was badly damaged. Performances were resumed in October 1945 with "Nathan the Wise" by Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. The plays were performed in.

Theater Freiburg. (today's Winterer Foyer) and Kurbel (today's small stage) – the commercial use of the building was intended to finance further reconstruction. The Chamber Theatre in the Wiehre was abandoned in 1958, but the Kammertheater (Chamber Theatre) opened in the main theatre with Max Frisch's "The Fire Raisers".With the first renovation in 1962, a rehearsal stage was built right under the roof. In the course of this, the decorative Art Nouveau gable, which had survived until then, was removed. In 1970, the Kamera was relocated inside the building and a further stage, the podium, added to this space. In 1973, Horst.

Theater Freiburg. Antes created a wall painting with enamel paint on metal panels attached to the huge and still provisory west front of the theatre. During the renovation and modernization between 1996 and 1998, the Kurbel ("crank") was also closed. In these rooms the Kleines Haus was subsequently installed as a performance stage. In order to do this an extension was added to the west front. In the course of reconstruction the art work by Antes had to be removed and is now, in its constituent parts, in storage. While the reconstructions were carried out, in the late 1990s, the Eschholzpark in.

Theater Freiburg. Freiburg served as an alternative venue for the theatre.Around 30 premieres were presented during the 2010/11 season. One can choose from hundreds of performances every year. Freiburg Theater, under its managing director Barbara Mundel, and the slogan, “What kind of future do we want to live in?”, seeks dialogue with the city, searching for answers, models and opportunities.The scheduled reconstruction of the stagecraft, which is estimated at around 9 million euros, is currently being looked into due to a lack of financial means within Freiburg's cultural budget.## Performers.Freiburg Theatre houses three of the performing arts: opera, theatre and dance, as.

Theater Freiburg. well as a choir and the Freiburg Philharmonic Orchestra, which, along with performing with the opera, also gives concerts in the Großes Haus and in the neighbouring "Konzerthaus" (concert house).The Werkraum (workshop) is an open studio for the Youth Theatre Group and an experimental laboratory dedicated to questions and issues of our times. A current example is the Family Conference - a research project dealing with the topic of education over a time span of more than 100 years.Questions concerning politics are central on the Kammerbühne (chamber stage). There, "The Stronghold of Europe" is being looked at from various perspectives.

Theater Freiburg. A number of events and theatre layouts are concerned with questions such as: Who decides who is allowed to live here? What we are talking about when we talk about Europe? Who belongs to Europe?In addition, the theatre makes an effort to support young authors and directors by providing opportunities for students, such as the student group "Frischfleisch" (fresh blood), and their own youth club.## Directors.since 2017 Peter Carp.


Question: Where is this plant originally discovered?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Alnus rubra. British Columbia and the northwestern Pacific Coast Ranges of the United States, red alder grows on cool and moist slopes; inland and at the southern end of its range (California) it grows mostly along the margins of watercourses and wetlands. It is shade intolerant.In moist forest areas, "Alnus rubra" will rapidly cover a former burn or clearcut, often preventing the establishment of conifers. It is a prolific seed producer, but the small, wind-dispersed seeds require an open area of mineral soil to germinate, and so skid trails and other areas disturbed by logging or fire are ideal seedbeds. Such areas.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Odonata. Odonata is an order of flying insects that includes the dragonflies and damselflies. Members of the group first appeared during the Triassic, though members of their total group, Odonatoptera, first appeared in Late Carboniferous.The two common groups are easily distinguished with dragonflies, placed in the suborder Epiprocta, usually being larger, with eyes together and wings up or out at rest, while damselflies, suborder Zygoptera, are usually smaller with eyes placed apart and wings along body at rest.All Odonata have aquatic larvae called nymphs, and all of them, larvae and adults, are carnivorous. The adults can land, but rarely walk. Their.

Odonata. and taxonomy.This order is closely related to mayflies and several extinct orders in a group called the Paleoptera, but this grouping might be paraphyletic. What they do share with mayflies is the nature of how the wings are articulated and held in rest (see insect flight for a detailed discussion).In some treatments, the Odonata are understood in an expanded sense, essentially synonymous with the superorder Odonatoptera but not including the prehistoric Protodonata. In this approach, instead of Odonatoptera, the term Odonatoidea is used. The systematics of the "Palaeoptera" are by no means resolved; what can be said however is that.

Odonata. regardless of whether they are called "Odonatoidea" or "Odonatoptera", the Odonata and their extinct relatives do form a clade.The Anisoptera was long treated as a suborder, with a third suborder, the Anisozygoptera (ancient dragonflies). However, the combined suborder Epiprocta (in which Anisoptera is an infraorder) was proposed when it was found that the "Anisozygoptera" was paraphyletic, composed of mostly extinct offshoots of dragonfly evolution. The four living species placed in that group are (in this treatment) in the infraorder Epiophlebioptera, whereas the fossil taxa that were formerly there are now dispersed about the Odonatoptera (or Odonata "sensu lato"). World Odonata.

Odonata. List considers Anisoptera as a suborder along with Zygoptera and Anisozygoptera as well-understood and widely preferred terms.Tarsophlebiidae is a prehistoric family of Odonatoptera that can be considered either a basal lineage of Odonata or their immediate sister taxon.The phylogenetic tree of the orders and suborders of odonates according to Bechly (2002):## External morphology.## Size.The largest living odonate is the giant Central American helicopter damselfly "Megaloprepus coerulatus" (Zygoptera: Pseudostigmatidae) with a wing span of 191 (mm). The heaviest living odonates are "Tetracanthagyna plagiata" (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae) with a wing span of 165 (mm), and "Petalura ingentissima" (Anisoptera: Petaluridae) with a body length.


Question: Who found this aircraft?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

De Havilland. The de Havilland Aircraft Company Limited () was a British aviation manufacturer established in late 1920 by Geoffrey de Havilland at Stag Lane Aerodrome Edgware on the outskirts of north London. Operations were later moved to Hatfield in Hertfordshire.Known for its innovation, de Havilland was responsible for a number of important aircraft, including the Moth biplane which revolutionised aviation in the 1920s; the 1930s Fox Moth, a commercial light passenger aircraft; the wooden World War II Mosquito multirole aircraft; and the pioneering passenger jet airliner Comet.The de Havilland company became a member of the Hawker Siddeley group in 1960, but.

De Havilland. lost its separate identity in 1963. Later, Hawker Siddeley merged into what is eventually known today as BAE Systems, the British aerospace and defence business. The de Havilland name lives on in De Havilland Canada, which owns the rights to the name and the aircraft produced by de Havilland's former Canadian subsidiary, including the Dash 8 regional airliner previously produced by Bombardier Aerospace.## History.## Origins.In January 1920 Geoffrey de Havilland was working for Airco as technical director and chief designer. BSA bought Airco on 20 January 1920 from George Holt Thomas on the say-so of one BSA director, Percy Martin,.

De Havilland. having done inadequate due diligence. Within days BSA discovered Airco's true circumstances and shut it down in July 1920. The resulting losses were so great BSA was unable to pay a dividend for the next four years.With Thomas's help, de Havilland took modest premises at the nearby Stag Lane Aerodrome and formed a limited liability company, de Havilland Aircraft Company Limited, incorporated 26 September 1920. The directors were de Havilland, Arthur Edwin Turner who had come from the War Office, and chief engineer Charles Clement Walker. Nominal capital was £50,000. Most of the capital came from Geoffrey de Havilland (£3,000).

De Havilland. in both the military and civil fields, but several public disasters doomed the company as an independent entity. The experimental tailless jet-powered de Havilland DH 108 Swallow crashed in the Thames Estuary, killing Geoffrey de Havilland Jr., son of the company's founder. A large additional aircraft factory was acquired in 1948 at Hawarden Airport at Broughton near Chester, where production supplemented the Hatfield output. The de Havilland Comet was put into service in 1952 as the eagerly anticipated first commercial jet airliner, twice as fast as previous alternatives and a source of British national pride. Operated by British Overseas Airways.

De Havilland. also entered the field of long-range missiles, developing the liquid-fuelled Blue Streak. It did not enter military service, but became the first stage of Europa, a launch vehicle for use in space flight. In flight tests, the Blue Streak performed well but the upper stages, built in France and Germany, repeatedly failed. In 1973, the Europa programme was cancelled, with Blue Streak dying as well. The last of them wound up in the hands of a farmer who used its fuel tanks to house his chickens.Designed by Geoffrey de Havillandde Havilland Biplane No. 1Royal Aircraft Factory F.E.1 (also known as.

De Havilland. they produced the de Havilland Goblin and de Havilland Ghost engines for first their jet fighters then the Comet.## de Havilland Propellers.A company set up in 1935 for the manufacture of Hamilton Standard propellers under licence, and which later produced guided and other missiles such as the Firestreak and Blue Streak. R. E. Bishop, aircraft designer Richard Clarkson, aircraft designer Tony Fairbrother, flight engineer A. E. Hagg, aircraft designer Frank Halford, engine designer Hubert Broad John Cunningham (RAF officer) Geoffrey de Havilland Jr. John de Havilland Pat Fillingham Bert Hinkler Campbell MacKenzie-Richards## Legacy.The de Havilland company donated a site to.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Great crested flycatcher. The great crested flycatcher ("Myiarchus crinitus") is a large insect-eating bird of the tyrant flycatcher family. It is the most widespread member of the genus "Myiarchus" in North America, and is found over most of the eastern and mid-western portions of the continent. It dwells mostly in the treetops and rarely is found on the ground.## Description.Adult great crested flycatchers usually measure between 17 - 21 (cm) in length with a wingspan of around 34 (cm). This bird usually weighs between 27 - 40 (g).The great crested flycatcher does not display sexual dimorphism. All adults are brownish on the upperparts.

Great crested flycatcher. of vegetation and plant fibers, such as grasses, moss, leaves, but also pieces of animal fur and feathers, pieces of shed snakeskin, and artificial materials (ex: strings, tape, cloth, and plastic objects). The inner diameter ranges from 7–9 cm.Great crested flycatchers lay a single clutch of 4-8 eggs, which are incubated on average for two weeks by the female only. After hatching, nestlings will typically spend another two weeks in the nest before fledging. During this time, nestlings are fed an insect dominated diet by both parents, although females will make more frequent visits. Great crested flycatcher - "Myiarchus crinitus.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Hofje van Mevrouw van Aerden. The Hofje van Mevrouw van Aerden is a museum and former hofje in Leerdam, Netherlands, on the Kerkstraat (numbers 57 and 89).It was built during the years 1770-1772 on the former location of the "Kasteel van Leerdam", a castle that was destroyed by the Spanish in 1574. The hofje was founded by Maria Ponderus, the daughter of a surgeon who at 20 married the 50-year-old widower Pieter van Aerden, notary in The Hague. She lived to 92, surviving her husband and three children, who also had no issue. She decided to leave her fortune to a hofje for women of.

Hofje van Mevrouw van Aerden. the Protestant faith. Though she had intended her hofje for the poor of The Hague, by the time she died the most of her poor relations were living in Leerdam. Through connections with the House of Orange, the site of the old castle of Leerdam was chosen to build the hofje.## Art collection.A large collection of paintings was also left to the hofje, including paintings by leading 17th-century Dutch painters such as genre pieces by Frans Hals (1x), Cornelis de Man (1x), Dirck van der Lisse (2x), and Theodoor van Thulden (1x); portraits by Adriaen Hanneman (1x), Hendrick Cornelisz van.