Question: What is the vertex figure of this object?

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Tetrahedron. of a tetrahedron the base is a triangle (any of the four faces can be considered the base), so a tetrahedron is also known as a "triangular pyramid".Like all convex polyhedra, a tetrahedron can be folded from a single sheet of paper. It has two such nets.For any tetrahedron there exists a sphere (called the circumsphere) on which all four vertices lie, and another sphere (the insphere) tangent to the tetrahedron's faces.## Regular tetrahedron.A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron in which all four faces are equilateral triangles. It is one of the five regular Platonic solids, which have been known.

Tetrahedron. edge of the base. This follows from the fact that the medians of a triangle intersect at its centroid, and this point divides each of them in two segments, one of which is twice as long as the other (see ).For a regular tetrahedron with side length "a", radius "R" of its circumscribing sphere, and distances "di" from an arbitrary point in 3-space to its four vertices, we haveformula_7## Isometries of the regular tetrahedron.The vertices of a cube can be grouped into two groups of four, each forming a regular tetrahedron (see above, and also , showing one of the.

Tetrahedron. with four congruent triangles as faces; the triangles necessarily have all angles acute. The regular tetrahedron is a special case of a disphenoid. Other names for the same shape include bisphenoid, isosceles tetrahedron and equifacial tetrahedron.## Orthoschemes.A 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron where all four faces are right triangles. An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular. In a 3-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of three perpendicular edges connecting all four vertices in a linear path that makes two right-angled turns. The 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron having two.

Tetrahedron. its characteristic tetrahedron by its planes of symmetry.If the tetrahedron has edge length 2, its characteristic tetrahedron's six edges have lengths , , (the exterior right triangle face, the "characteristic triangle" of the tetrahedron), plus , , (edges that are the "characteristic radii" of the tetrahedron). The 3-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is , , , first from a tetrahedron vertex to an tetrahedron edge center, then turning 90° to an tetrahedron face center, then turning 90° to the tetrahedron center. The orthoscheme has four dissimilar right triangle faces. The exterior face is a 30-60-90 triangle which.

Tetrahedron. is one-sixth of a tetrahedron face. The three faces interior to the tetrahedron are: a right triangle with edges , , , a right triangle with edges , , , and a right triangle with edges , , .## Space-filling tetrahedra.A space-filling tetrahedron packs with directly congruent or enantiomorphous (mirror image) copies of itself to tile space. The cube can be dissected into six 3-orthoschemes, three left-handed and three right-handed (one of each at each cube face), and cubes can fill space, so the characteristic 3-orthoscheme of the cube is a space-filling tetrahedron in this sense. A disphenoid can be.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. as calculated here. Then another volume formula is given byformula_25## Properties analogous to those of a triangle.The tetrahedron has many properties analogous to those of a triangle, including an insphere, circumsphere, medial tetrahedron, and exspheres. It has respective centers such as incenter, circumcenter, excenters, Spieker center and points such as a centroid. However, there is generally no orthocenter in the sense of intersecting altitudes.Gaspard Monge found a center that exists in every tetrahedron, now known as the Monge point: the point where the six midplanes of a tetrahedron intersect. A midplane is defined as a plane that is orthogonal to.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. face.The radius of the twelve-point sphere is one third of the circumradius of the reference tetrahedron.There is a relation among the angles made by the faces of a general tetrahedron given byformula_26where "α" is the angle between the faces "i" and "j".The geometric median of the vertex position coordinates of a tetrahedron and its isogonic center are associated, under circumstances analogous to those observed for a triangle. Lorenz Lindelöf found that, corresponding to any given tetrahedron is a point now known as an isogonic center, "O", at which the solid angles subtended by the faces are equal, having a common.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. of the tetrahedron.With this definition, the circumcenter of a tetrahedron with vertices ,, can be formulated as matrix-vector product:formula_35In contrast to the centroid, the circumcenter may not always lay on the inside of a tetrahedron.Analogously to an obtuse triangle, the circumcenter is outside of the object for an obtuse tetrahedron.## Centroid.The tetrahedron's center of mass computes as the arithmetic mean of its four vertices, see Centroid.## Faces.The sum of the areas of any three faces is greater than the area of the fourth face.## Integer tetrahedra.There exist tetrahedra having integer-valued edge lengths, face areas and volume. These are called Heronian.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Acer macrophyllum. Acer macrophyllum, the bigleaf maple or Oregon maple, is a large deciduous tree in the genus "Acer".It is native to western North America, mostly near the Pacific coast, from southernmost Alaska to southern California. Some stands are also found inland in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains of central California, and a tiny population occurs in central Idaho.## Description.Bigleaf maple can grow up to 158 (ft) tall, but more commonly reaches 15 - 20 (m) tall and 90-120 (cm). The species' current national champion for size is located in Lane County, Oregon. It is 119 (ft) tall with a.

Acer macrophyllum. crown spread of 91 (ft), with an average diameter at breast height (dbh) of about 3.7 (m). The previous national champion is located in Marion, Oregon, and is 88 (ft) tall with a crown spread of 104 (ft), with an average dbh of about 2.5 (m). The bark is gray brown, darkening and developing ridges with age.The bigleaf maple has the largest leaves of any maple, typically 15 - 30 (cm) across with five deeply incised palmate lobes, with the largest running to 61 (cm). The stems are 15-30 (cm) long and contain milky sap. In autumn, the leaves turn.

Acer macrophyllum. gold and yellow, contrasting against backdrops of evergreen conifers.In spring, the tree produces flowers in pendulous racemes 10 - 15 (cm) long, greenish-yellow with inconspicuous petals. It is hermaphroditic, bearing both male and female flowers in each raceme. The flowers appear in early spring, before the leaves.The fruit is a paired winged samara, each seed 1 - 1.5 (cm) in diameter with a 4 - 5 (cm) wing. Bigleaf maple begins bearing seed at about ten years of age.In May 2018 the oldest two Oregon maples in Europe, 175 years old, were removed from Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland. The.

Acer macrophyllum. first had an interior which was beginning to rot, and it fell after inclement windy weather. The second, also infected, was cut down as the same fate was expected. Both were in the adjoining grassy area which was originally the cemetery of All Hallows and is now the Front Square of TCD.## Chemical constituents.The fallen leaves, blossoms, and seeds are concentrated with potassium, calcium, and other nutrients.## Distribution and habitat.Bigleaf maple can be found west of British Columbia's Coast Ranges and the Cascade Range, from Vancouver Island to California. It usually grows from sea level to elevations of 450 (m),.

Acer macrophyllum. and more exceptionally 1200 (m). It can form pure stands on moist soils in proximity to streams, but are generally found within riparian hardwood forests or dispersed, (under or within), relatively open canopies of conifers, mixed evergreens, or oaks ("Quercus" spp.) In cool and moist temperate mixed woods they are one of the dominant species. It is very rare north of Vancouver Island though cultivated in Prince Rupert, near Ketchikan, and in Juneau.## Ecology.The tree can live in a wide range of habitats, but thrives in fairly well-hydrated hardwood forests, occurring with red alder, black cottonwood, and willows. It is.

Acer macrophyllum. fairly shade tolerant, but not as much so as vine maple, and benefits from disturbances.It is not considered to be fire-resistant due to its thin bark, but large trees with thick bark may survive moderate fires. Along with red alder, bigleaf maple often dominates early postfire succession in Douglas-fir forests, and fire can increase its forest presence. It spreads and grows vegetatively from cuttings and stumps of any size in a prolific manner.Insects fertilize the tree's flowers. The winged fruits are eaten by squirrels, and by grosbeaks in the winter. Deer mice have been observed consuming bigleaf maple seeds in.

Acer macrophyllum. the spring in the Sierra Nevada. The foliage is browsed by ungulates such as black-tailed deer, mule deer, elk, and horses, as well as by mountain beavers and other rodents.A western Oregon study found that 60% of bigleaf maple seedlings over 10 (in) tall had been browsed by deer, most several times.Bigleaf maple is preferred as habitat by the barred owl, and the presence of the tree is positively associated with Hammond's flycatchers.In the wetter parts of its range, such as in the Olympic National Park and lowland forest around Puget Sound, the bark is often covered with epiphytes such.

Acer macrophyllum. as club moss and licorice fern"."Older trees suffer from heart rot.'Mocha Rose' — foliage in various shades of pink over growing season; red flowers'Santiam Snows' — green leaves speckled with white'Seattle Sentinel' — upright, columnar plant habit## Uses.Native Americans grew sprouts from the seeds for consumption, wove baskets from the inner bark, and used the leaves to cover food in cooking pits. They also carved the wood into dishes, utensils, and canoe paddles.Maple syrup has been made from the sap of bigleaf maple trees. While the sugar concentration is about the same as in "Acer saccharum" (sugar maple), the flavor.

Acer macrophyllum. is somewhat different. Interest in commercially producing syrup from bigleaf maple sap has been limited. Although not traditionally used for syrup production, it takes about 40 volumes of sap to produce 1 volume of maple syrup.## Lumber.The bigleaf maple is the only commercially important maple of the Pacific Coast region.The wood is primarily used in veneer production for furniture, but is also used in musical instrument production (including piano frames), interior paneling, and other hardwood products; the heartwood is light reddish-brown, fine-grained, moderately heavy, and fairly robust.In California, land managers do not highly value bigleaf maples, and they are often.

Acer macrophyllum. intentionally knocked over and left un-harvested during harvests for Douglas fir and redwood stands. photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Yolo County, California, in 1903.


Question: What is the street address of this building?

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Medici Fountain. The Medici Fountain () is a monumental fountain in the Jardin du Luxembourg in the 6th arrondissement in Paris. It was built in about 1630 by Marie de' Medici, the widow of King Henry IV of France and regent of King Louis XIII of France. It was moved to its present location and extensively rebuilt in 1864-66.## Italian influence in Paris in the 17th century.The period between the regency of Catherine de' Medici in France (1559–1589) and that of Marie de' Medici (1610–1642) saw a great flourishing of the Italian mannerist style in France, A community of artists from Florence,.

Medici Fountain. corner of the sculpture. Water flowed from the beak of the swan down to a hemispherical basin at the foot of the fountain.In 1856, when Baron Haussmann wanted to extend the rue de Rennes, the chief of the service of Promenades and Plantations of Paris, Gabriel Davioud, who designed most of the city's fountains, benches, gates and other urban architectural decorations during the Second Empire, and who was himself a sculptor, wanted to preserve the fountain, and in 1858 he had it moved to the Jardin du Luxembourg. Since it was a wall fountain, it had to be attached to.


Question: What is the basin country to the lake?

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Seehamer See. Seehamer See is a lake in the Alpine foothills, Bavaria, Germany. At an elevation of 653 m, its surface area is 1.47 km².List of lakes in Bavaria.


Question: Who/what operates this vehicle?

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Hospital ship. imaging capabilities, such as X-ray, CT-scan and ultrasound. Italian Navy aircraft carrier – Has an on-board hospital with 2 operating rooms, 1 intensive care unit, laboratory, pharmacy and a 32-bed hospital ward. logistic ship – On-board hospital is NATO ROLE-level 2+, with operating room, intensive care unit and a laboratory. Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force – These ships have 2 operating rooms, 2 ICU beds, 35 hospital beds, 1 battle dressing station and several medical imaging (i.e.:X-ray) stations. – These ships have 1 operating room, 1 ICU bed, 8 hospital beds. - These ships have 1 operating room, 2 ICU beds,.


Question: What is the conservation status of this fish? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Bonnethead. commercial and recreational fisheries and constitutes up to 50% of all small shark landings in the Eastern US, but is still reasonably abundant there as well as in the Atlantic Coasts of the Bahamas and Mexico. However, significant declines have been reported in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Central America and massive declines along with widespread disappearance on the Atlantic Coast of South America as well as most of the shark's Pacific range, leading it to be uplifted to 'Endangered" in 2020.Since October 2021, "S. tiburo" has been classified as Largely Depleted by the IUCN. Species Description of Sphyrna tiburo.


Question: What event does this building commemorate?

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Monument to the Great Fire of London. The Monument to the Great Fire of London, more commonly known simply as the Monument, is a fluted Doric column in London, England, situated near the northern end of London Bridge. Commemorating the Great Fire of London, it stands at the junction of Monument Street and Fish Street Hill, 202 (ft) in height and 202 feet west of the spot in Pudding Lane (although this is thought to be wrong as historic blueprints show it started next door) where the Great Fire started on 2 September 1666. Constructed between 1671 and 1677, it was built on the site of St.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. Margaret, New Fish Street, the first church to be destroyed by the Great Fire. It is Grade I-listed and is a scheduled monument. Another monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped.The Monument comprises a Doric column built of Portland stone topped with a gilded urn of fire. It was designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke. Its height marks its distance from the site of the shop of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor), the king's baker, where the blaze began.The viewing platform near the top of the Monument is reached by.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. a narrow winding staircase of 345 steps. A mesh cage was added in the mid-19th century to prevent people jumping to the ground, after six people died by suicide there between 1788 and 1842.Three sides of the base carry inscriptions in Latin. The one on the south side describes actions taken by King Charles II following the fire. The inscription on the east side describes how the Monument was started and brought to perfection, and under which mayors. Inscriptions on the north side describe how the fire started, how much damage it caused, and how it was eventually extinguished. The.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. Latin words "Sed Furor Papisticus Qui Tamdiu Patravit Nondum Restingvitur" (but Popish frenzy, which wrought such horrors, is not yet quenched) were added to the end of the inscription on the orders of the Court of Aldermen in 1681 during the foment of the Popish Plot. Text on the east side originally falsely blamed Roman Catholics for the fire ("burning of this protestant city, begun and carried on by the treachery and malice of the popish faction"), which prompted Alexander Pope (himself a Catholic) to say of the area:The words blaming Catholics were chiselled out with Catholic Emancipation in 1830.The.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. west side of the base displays a sculpture, by Caius Gabriel Cibber, in alto and bas relief, of the destruction of the City; with Charles II and his brother, James, the Duke of York (later King James II), surrounded by liberty, architecture, and science, giving directions for its restoration.It gives its name to the nearby London Underground station, Monument.## History.The first Rebuilding Act, passed in 1669, stipulated that "the better to preserve the memory of this dreadful visitation", a column of either brass or stone should be set up on Fish Street Hill, on or near the site of Farynor's.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. bakery, where the fire began. Christopher Wren, as surveyor-general of the King's Works, was asked to submit a design. Wren worked with Robert Hooke on the design. It is impossible to know the extent of the collaboration between Hooke and Wren, but Hooke's drawings of possible designs for the column still exist, with Wren's signature on them indicating his approval of the drawings rather than their authorship. It was not until 1671 that the City Council approved the design, and it took six years to complete the 202 (ft) column. It was two more years before the inscription (which had.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. been left to Wren—or to Wren's choice—to decide upon) was set in place. "Commemorating—with a brazen disregard for the truth—the fact that 'London rises again...three short years complete that which was considered the work of ages.Hooke's surviving drawings show that several versions of the monument were submitted for consideration: a plain obelisk, a column garnished with tongues of fire, and the fluted Doric column that was eventually chosen. The real contention came with the problem of what type of ornament to have at the top. Initially, Wren favoured a statue of a phoenix with outstretched wings rising from the ashes,.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. but as the column neared completion he decided instead on a 15 (ft) statue either of Charles II, or a sword-wielding female to represent a triumphant London; the cost of either being estimated at £1,050. Charles himself disliked the idea of his statue atop the monument and instead preferred a simple copper-gilded ball "with flames sprouting from the top", costing a little over £325, but ultimately it was the design of a flaming gilt-bronze urn suggested by Robert Hooke that was chosen.The total cost of the monument was £13,450 11"s" 9"d.", of which £11,300 was paid to the mason-contractor Joshua.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. Marshall. (Joshua Marshall was Master of the Masons' Company in 1670.)The Edinburgh-born writer James Boswell visited the Monument in 1763 to climb the 311 steps to what was then the highest viewpoint in London. Halfway up, he suffered a panic attack, but persevered and made it to the top, where he found it "horrid to be so monstrous a way up in the air, so far above London and all its spires".The area around the base of the column, Monument Street, was pedestrianised in 2006 in a £790,000 street improvement scheme.The Monument closed in July 2007 for an 18-month, £4.5.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. million refurbishment project and re-opened in February 2009.Between 1 and 2 October 2011, a Live Music Sculpture created especially for the Monument by British composer Samuel Bordoli was performed 18 times during the weekend. This was the first occasion that music had ever been heard inside the structure and effectively transformed Wren's design into a gigantic reverberating musical instrument.## As a scientific instrument.Wren and Hooke built the monument to double-up as a scientific instrument. It has a central shaft meant for use as a zenith telescope and for use in gravity and pendulum experiments that connects to an underground laboratory.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. for observers to work (accessible through a hatch in the floor of the present-day ticket booth). Vibrations from heavy traffic on Fish Street Hill rendered the experimental conditions unsuitable.At the top of the monument, a hinged lid in the urn covers the opening to the shaft. The steps in the shaft of the tower are all 6 (in) high, allowing them to be used for barometric pressure studies.In a study published in 2020, researchers from Queen Mary University of London used the shaft of the monument stairwell to measure deformation in a hanging wire. By twisting and untwisting a wire.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. hanging down the shaft of the stairwell, they were able to detect deformation at less than 9 parts per billion—equivalent to a one-degree twist over the length of the 50 (metre) wire.## Panoramic camera system.During the 2007–2009 refurbishment, a 360-degree panoramic camera was installed on top of the Monument. Updated every minute and running 24 hours a day, it provides a record of weather, building and ground activity in the City.## Monument Square.The Monument stands in Monument Square, formerly known as Monument Yard which was merged into Monument Street in 1911, created as part of the pedestrianisation of Monument Street.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. It sits on the east side of Fish Street Hill, and extends to Pudding Lane. A glass pavilion, designed by Bere Architects, was unveiled on 31 January 2007. William Godwin, in his novel "Deloraine" (1833), suggests that, like "the man we are told of, who climbed over the rails at the top of the Monument of London, and clung to them for a while on the outside, there was not room for repentance", meaning that there was no way for the hero, who has just killed his rival, to go back (147). Charles Dickens, in his novel "Martin Chuzzlewit", published.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. in 1844, describes the Monument thus: The Monument is a prominent setting in "The System of the World", the third book in Neal Stephenson's "Baroque Cycle". George, the hero of Charlie Fletcher's children's book about unLondon "Stoneheart", has a fight at the top of the Monument with a raven and a gargoyle. In Robert J. Lloyd's mystery novel "The Bloodless Boy", Robert Hooke (designer of the Monument with Christopher Wren), investigates the sinister death of a blood-drained boy discovered on the banks of the River Fleet. Hooke's assistant, Harry Hunt, witnessing another murder, is chased up to the top of.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. the monument. The Monument's viewing platform features in the 1970 film "The Man Who Haunted Himself" where Roger Moore's character, Harold Pelham, meets a company rival for a secret meeting prior to a company takeover.## In fiction.In the 2022 novel, The Pox Academy, by Warren Mead, the main characters fight an epic battle in the Monument. They end up in a secret nightclub underneath the Monument which is controlled by the league of Fire Witches. History of London Godwin, William. "Deloraine" in "Collected Novels and Memoirs of William Godwin" vol. 8, ed. Maurice Hindle. London: William Pickering, 1992. Hart, V.,.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. 'London’s Standard: Christopher Wren and the Heraldry of the Monument’, in "RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics", vol.73/74, Autumn 2020, pp. 325–39 Hart, V., "Christopher Wren: In Search of Eastern Antiquity" (Yale University Press, 2020) Jardine, L., "On a Grander Scale: The Outstanding Career of Sir Christopher Wren" ( hardback, paperback) Official Monument website City of London Monument pageHistory of The Monument with some account of the great fire of London, which it commemorates (1921), by Charles Welch3D photoscan of the base or the Monument showing Latin inscription.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Taraxia ovata. Taraxia ovata is a species of wildflower native to California and Oregon known by the common name goldeneggs or sun cup.## Description.This is a fleshy, taprooted perennial which often grows in clay soil. It has a wide rosette of long, alternate, feather-shaped or oval leaves which sometimes have wavy edges.The flowers grow atop thin erect stems and are usually yellow and occasionally white, or yellow with white spots near the bases of the four spoon-shaped petals. The stamens are short compared to "Camissonia".## Distribution.Among areas of occurrence are the North Coast Range of California up to elevations of 1600 feet,.

Taraxia ovata. including Sonoma and Marin County, extending south to San Luis Obispo County.Calflora: "Taraxia ovata""Jepson Manual Treatment" (1993) University of CaliforniaPhoto gallery.


Question: Who is the owner of this building?

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Castelo de Tomar. Castelo de Tomar is a castle in Portugal, where it is classified as a national monument. The Convento de Cristo was built inside its walls.The castle was built by King Afonso Henriques around 1160 on a strategic location, over a hill and near river Nabão. It has an outer defensive wall and a citadel ("alcáçova") with a keep inside. The keep, a central tower of residential and defensive functions, was introduced in Portugal by the Templars, and the one in Tomar is one of the oldest in the country. Another novelty introduced in Portugal by the Templars (learned from decades.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Packera aurea. Packera aurea (formerly "Senecio aureus"), commonly known as golden ragwort or simply ragwort, is a perennial flower in the family Asteraceae. It is also known as golden groundsel, squaw weed, life root, golden "Senecio", uncum, uncum root, waw weed, false valerian, cough weed, female regulator, cocash weed, ragweed, staggerwort, and St. James wort.It is native to eastern North America, from Labrador to Minnesota and from North Carolina to Arkansas (with additional populations in the panhandle of Florida).## Constituents.Active compounds include: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) florosenine, otosenine, and floridanine.Eremophilane sesquiterpenes, such as trans-9-oxofuranoeremophilane, 8x-ethoxy-l0x-H-eremophilane, and caccalol.## Medicinal uses.In contemporary times, "P. aurea.


Question: Who designed this building?

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Torres de Serranos. in a street with the same name. It is an important landmark and one of the best preserved monuments of Valencia. Of the ancient city wall, which was pulled down in 1865 on the orders of the provincial governor Cirilio Amorós, only the Serrans Towers, the 15th century Quart Towers, and some other archaeological remains and ruins, such as those of the Jewish Gate (Puerta de los Judíos), have survived. The Torres de Serrans were built in the 14th century, 1392, by Pere Balaguer. It was the main entrance to the city and it was originally built with a defensive.

Torres de Serranos. function. From 1586 until 1887 the towers were used as a prison for nobles. == Construction and structure == Commissioned by the Valencian government, the Serrans Towers were built by the architect Pere Balaguer, who was inspired by other Gothic gates with polygonal towers, such as the Porta de Sant Miquel in Morella and the Royal Gate (Porta Reial) of the Poblet Monastery, showing Genoese influences. Construction began on 6 April 1392, on the site of an older gateway. The walls consist of very solid stone, as their main purpose was fortification. However, they are covered with a cladding of.


Question: What country does this aircraft belong to?

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Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Dornier Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturer founded in Friedrichshafen in 1914 by Claude Dornier. Over the course of its long lifespan, the company produced many designs for both the civil and military markets.## History.Originally Dornier Metallbau, Dornier Flugzeugwerke took over Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen production facilities (Weingarten, Warnemünde, and the former Zeppelin shed at Manzell) when it failed in 1923.Dornier was well known between the two world wars as a manufacturer of large, all-metal flying boats and of land based airliners. The record-breaking 1924 Wal () was used on many long distance flights and the Do X set records for its.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. immense size and weight. Dornier's successful landplane airliners, including the Komet ("Comet") and Merkur ("Mercury"), were used by Lufthansa and other European carriers during the 1920s and early 30s. Dornier built its aircraft outside Germany during much of this period due to the restrictions placed on German aircraft manufacturers by the Treaty of Versailles: locations included Altenrhein, Switzerland, 12 km from Zeppelin's Lindau (Bodensee) location. Foreign factories licence-building Dornier products included CMASA and Piaggio in Italy, CASA in Spain, Kawasaki in Japan, and Aviolanda in the Netherlands. Once the Nazi government came to power and abandoned the treaty's restrictions, Dornier.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. resumed production in Germany.The success of the Wal family encouraged the development of derivatives, and of more advanced successors, such as the Do 18, and Do 24 which saw service in several armed forces, including German, into World War II.Dornier's most important World War II military aircraft design was the Do 17, nicknamed "The Flying Pencil". It first flew in 1934 as a mailplane for Lufthansa but due to its narrow fuselage (hence its nickname) it was not commercially viable and was passed over. Dornier then developed it further as a military aircraft, with a prototype bomber flying in 1935,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. and in 1937 it was used in by the German Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. Production continued in Germany and it was developed to fill multiple roles for the Luftwaffe. As a medium bomber it saw service during the early part of World War II, particularly during the Battle of Britain. It was later developed into a nightfighter to counter the RAF bomber offensive. Dornier developed the similar looking Do 217 from the Do 17 but it was a larger and completely new design. Dornier also developed the fastest piston-engined fighter of the war, the twin-engined Do 335,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. which was too late to see service.After WWII, aircraft production was again forbidden in Germany, and Dornier relocated to Spain and then to Switzerland where the firm provided aeronautical consultancy services until returning to Germany in 1954. Post-war, Dornier re-established itself with successful STOL Do 27 and Do 28 utility planes. In 1974 it joined a joint venture with French aircraft manufacturers Dassault-Breguet to develop the Alpha Jet.In 1983, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) acquired a production licence for the Dornier 228 and manufactured the aircraft for the Asian market. By 2013 a total of 117 Dornier 228 aircraft had been.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. produced by HAL with plans to build 20 more during 2013-14.In 1985, Dornier became a member of the Daimler-Benz group, integrating its aeronautic assets with the parent company. As part of this transaction, Lindauer Dornier GmbH was spun off, creating a separate, family-owned firm, concentrating on textile machinery design and manufacturing. The rest of the company was split into several subsidiaries for defence, satellites, medtech and aircraft.In 1996, the majority of Dornier Aircraft was acquired by Fairchild Aircraft, forming Fairchild Dornier. This company became insolvent in early 2002. Production of its 328 Jet was acquired by US company Avcraft. Asian.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. groups continued to show interest in its 728 version in August 2004, but production was not restarted. Dornier 228 production was taken over by Swiss manufacturer RUAG, who then sold it off to General Atomics in 2020. Other subsidiaries became part of the EADS.The medtech division was sold to an investment company and now bears the name Dornier MedTech. Dornier Medtech manufactures medical equipment, such as the "Dornier S lithotriptor", HM3, Compact Delta to treat kidney stones. Dornier MedTech also manufactures laser devices for a wide range of applications.## Dornier Seaplane Company.The Dornier family have a spin-off company and project,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. the Dornier Seastar. It is a turboprop-powered amphibious aircraft built largely of composite materials. This was developed by , and later by his son Cornado by Dornier Seawings.## Dornier Technologie.Claude's grandson, , founded Dornier Technologie in 1996 to manufacture the Dornier S-Ray 007. Dornier Gs Precursor to Wal destroyed by Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control (1919) Dornier Do A Libelle (I 1921, III redesignated Do 12) Dornier Spatz Landplane version of Do A (1922) Dornier Do B Merkur Development of Do C (1926) Dornier Do C Komet (I 1921, II 1922, III 1926) Dornier Do C 2, 3, 4 Fighter.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. unrelated to earlier Do C, redesignated Do 10 (C 2 ?, C 3 1931, C 4 1932) Dornier Do D (1929) Dornier Do E (1924) Dornier Do F (1932, redesignated Do 11, 13, 23) Dornier Do G "Grief" (Cancelled 1920 project) Dornier Do H "Falke" (1922 development of Dornier-Zeppelin D.I) Dornier Do I (1923 twin engine long range reconnaissance aircraft) Dornier Do J Wal (1922) Dornier Do K (K 1 1929, K 2 1929, K 3 1931) Dornier Do L Delphin (I 1920, II 1921, III 1927) Dornier Do N Design for Japanese as Kawasaki Ka 87 (1926) Dornier Do.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. O Wal Custom built version of Do J (1924) Dornier Do P (1930) Dornier Do R.2 and R.4 Superwal (1924) Dornier Do S (1930) Dornier Do T (Komet/Merkur converted to Air Ambulance) Dornier Do U (Cancelled civil variant of Do Y) Dornier Do X (1929) Dornier Do Y (1930, redesignated Do 15)## Dornier aircraft projects.## Letter designations (before 1933).Additional unbuilt projects include 3 different Schneider Trophy racers from 1924, 1928 and 1931 and a large multi-engine seaplane similar to the Do X with engines buried in the wings. Dornier Do 10 Dornier Do 11 Dornier Do 12 Dornier Do 13.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Do 27 Dornier Do 27 Dornier Do 28 - developed from Do 27 Dornier Do 29 Dornier Do 31 Dornier Do 32 Dornier 128 Dornier Do 132 Dornier 228 - developed from Do 28 Dornier Do 231 Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet Dornier 328 Fairchild Dornier 328JET Fairchild Dornier 428JET Fairchild Dornier 728 family Dornier Aerodyne Dornier Seawings Seastar Dornier S-Ray 007 Dornier LA-2000 (Study for a stealth strike aircraft with full delta wing similar to A-12 Avenger) Dornier Delta Dornier Delta II, developed for Hymer## Dornier Faint Object Camera.Dornier GmbH built the Faint Object Camera for the Hubble Space Telescope, which.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. was used from 1990 to 2002. The ESA funded the unit, which actually consists of two complete and independent camera systems designed to provide extremely high resolution, exceeding 0.05 arcseconds. It is designed to view very faint UV light from 115 to 650 nanometers in wavelength. It was the last original instrument on the Hubble when it was replaced by the Advanced Camera for Surveys in 2002. Dornier Viper AMC-5 (satellite) Project 621 (rocket)Dornier Museum FriedrichshafenList of RLM aircraft designationsZündapp Janus DFW's Web Page Dornier Museum Friedrichshafen.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Epiactis prolifera. Epiactis prolifera, the brooding, proliferating or small green anemone, is a species of marine invertebrate in the family Actiniidae. It is found in the north-eastern Pacific. It has a feature rare among animals in that all individuals start life as females but develop testes later in their lives to become hermaphrodites.## Description.The brooding anemone grows to three centimetres high and up to five centimetres in diameter and varies in colour, usually being greenish-brown but sometimes brown, pink, red or dull green. There are fine white lines starting at the mouth and spreading radially across the oral disc and further white.

Epiactis prolifera. lines occur on the column and pedal disc. The lower part of the column and pedal disc are occasionally blue. There are often radiating pale and dark lines on the edges of the pedal disc and the lower part of the column. The mouth is surrounded by 48 to 96 short, conical tentacles each tipped with a terminal pore.## Distribution and habitat.The brooding anemone is found in shallow areas of the north-east Pacific Ocean. The highest density is on or under rocks in the sublittoral zone, in surge channels, on rock shelves and areas exposed to wave action. It is.

Epiactis prolifera. often found in areas encrusted with coralline algae and sometimes grows on the leaves of eelgrass. It cannot tolerate exposure to the drying air and sunlight. The brooding anemone moves around over the substrate to a greater extent than do other anemones.## Biology."Epiactis prolifera" is a protogynic hermaphrodite. The young all start life as females but when the pedal disc is about two centimetres in diameter, they develop testes on the mesentery and spend the rest of their lives as hermaphrodites. This means that the population consists of a large number of young females and a small number of older.

Epiactis prolifera. hermaphrodites. Reproduction is not limited to any particular season. Sperm is released into the water column and after cross-fertilisation (or sometimes self-fertilisation), the young remain within the mother's gastrovascular cavity during their early development. The mother then expels a mass of eggs and mucus through her mouth and they spread across her oral disc. Cilia move some of them down the column and they become attached to the base of the column with mucus, and perhaps also nematocysts. The larvae develop tentacles of their own and grow in this protective environment for at least three months. When they reach about.

Epiactis prolifera. four millimetres in diameter, they separate from their mother and move away to live independently.If the anemone is damaged and broken in pieces, the various fragments are each able to grow into a new individual.The diet consists of small fish, shrimps, crabs and jellyfish. The prey is immobilised by the nematocysts in the tentacles which inject toxins, then passed by the tentacles through the mouth and into the gastrovascular cavity. Any undigested remains are expelled through the mouth.## Ecology.Despite their stinging nematocysts, brooding anemones are a favoured prey for certain other animals. Many nudibranchs seem to be immune to the.

Epiactis prolifera. toxin and both eat them and can store the unused nematocysts for their own defence. Predators include the nudibranch "Aeolidia papillosa", the leather star "Dermasterias imbricata" and certain fish.This anemone sometimes displays mutualism by attaching itself to a hermit crab or decorator crab. The anemone provides protection for the host from predators and itself benefits by being able to consume food fragments discarded by the crab.The copepod, "Doridicola sunnivae", is an ectoparasite of the brooding anemone.


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Amanohashidate. Amanohashidate (天橋立) is one of Japan's three scenic views. The sandbar is located in Miyazu Bay in northern Kyoto Prefecture. It forms part of the Tango-Amanohashidate-Ōeyama Quasi-National Park.## Location.A thin strip of land connects two opposing sides of Miyazu Bay. This sand bar is 3.3 (km) long and covered with about 7,000 pine trees.It can be viewed from mountains on either side of the bay or it can be traversed on foot. Near the northern end is Kono Shrine, Shinto Shrine and the southern end is Chion-ji, a Buddhist temple.On the bar is the Isoshimizu fresh water well cherished since.

Amanohashidate. the Heian period, which was selected as one of 100 best springs and rivers in Japan by the Environmental Agency in 1985.## Access.Amanohashidate Station on the Miyazu Line railway, about two hours from Kyoto Station or Osaka Station, is located within walking distance from the southern end of Amanohashidate.List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments The 100 Views of Nature in KansaiAmanohashidate Tourist Association (English page).


Question: What event does this building commemorate?

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Wallace Monument. The National Wallace Monument (generally known as the Wallace Monument) is a 67 metre tower on the shoulder of the Abbey Craig, a hilltop overlooking Stirling in Scotland. It commemorates Sir William Wallace, a 13th- and 14th-century Scottish hero.The tower is open to the public for an admission fee. Visitors approach by foot from the base of the crag on which it stands. On entry there are 246 steps to the final observation platform, with three exhibition rooms within the body of the tower. The tower is not accessible to disabled visitors.## Background.The tower was constructed following a fundraising campaign,.

Wallace Monument. first heroines to be celebrated in the hall.## Statue of Wallace.The original Victorian statue of Wallace stands on the corner of the monument and is by the Edinburgh sculptor David Watson Stevenson.## "Braveheart" statue.In 1996 Tom Church carved a statue of Wallace called "Freedom", which was inspired by the film "Braveheart". It has the face of Mel Gibson, the actor who played William Wallace in the film. Church leased the statue to Stirling Council, who in 1997 installed it in the car park of the visitor centre at the foot of the craig. The statue was deeply unpopular, being described.

Wallace Monument. decapitated governor of York. In April 2016, it was reported in local press that the statue might be moved to Ardrossan's old Barony Church. In September 2021, it was moved to Glebe Park stadium in Brechin.Statue of William Wallace, AberdeenWallace's Monument, AyrshireStatue of William Wallace, BemersydeWallace's Monument at ElderslieNational Monument of ScotlandIn Stirling's page on the monument.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Diphasiastrum digitatum. Diphasiastrum digitatum is known as groundcedar, running cedar or crowsfoot, along with other members of its genus, but the common name fan clubmoss can be used to refer to it specifically. It is the most common species of "Diphasiastrum" in North America. It is a type of plant known as a clubmoss, which is within one of the three main divisions of living vascular plants. It was formerly included in the superspecies "Diphasiastrum complanatum". For many years, this species was known as "Lycopodium flabelliforme" or "Lycopodium digitatum".Its common name is due to its resemblance to cedar boughs lying on the.


Question: Which company manufactures this item?

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Basket. and broad-leaved tropical bromeliads each require a different method of twisting and braiding to be made into a basket. The practice of basket making has evolved into an art. Artistic freedom allows basket makers a wide choice of colors, materials, sizes, patterns, and details.The carrying of a basket on the head, particularly by rural women, has long been practiced. Representations of this in Ancient Greek art are called Canephorae.## Figurative and literary usage.The phrase "to hell in a handbasket" means "to deteriorate rapidly". The origin of this use is unclear."Basket" is sometimes used as an adjective towards a person who.

Basket. is born out of wedlock. This occurs more commonly in British English. "Basket" also refers to a bulge in a man's crotch.## Materials.Basket makers use a wide range of materials:WickerStrawPlasticMetalBambooPalmCarbon fiber Basket weaving "Canephorae" Weaving Native American basketry Native American basket weavers Baleen basketry Fruits Basket "Japanese Manga series"Zepeda, Ofelia (1995). "Ocean Power: Poems from the Desert". .Baskets, The Women's Committee of the Philadelphia Museum of ArtBaskets at the University of Michigan Museum of ArtBaskets at the Metropolitan Museum of ArtExhibition: "A Measure of the Earth: The Cole-Ware Collection of American Baskets" at the Smithsonian American Art MuseumStudy Lab: "Entwined.


Question: What is the conservation status of this animal? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Leatherback sea turtle. initiatives."D. coriacea" is listed on CITES Appendix I, which makes export/import of this species (including parts) illegal. It has been listed as an EDGE species by the Zoological Society of London.The species is listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species as VU (Vulnerable), and additionally with the following infraspecific taxa assessments: East Pacific Ocean subpopulation: CR (Critically Endangered) Northeast Indian Ocean subpopulation: DD (Data Deficient) Northwest Atlantic Ocean subpopulation: EN (Endangered) Southeast Atlantic Ocean subpopulation: DD (Data Deficient) Southwest Atlantic Ocean subpopulation CR (Critically Endangered) Southwest Indian Ocean subpopulation CR (Critically Endangered) West Pacific Ocean subpopulation CR (Critically.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Ranunculus. again when Eagle snatched them. Unable to see, Coyote made eyes from the buttercup.## Splitting of the genus.Molecular investigation of the genus has revealed that "Ranunculus" is not monophyletic with respect to a number of other recognized genera in the family—e.g. "Ceratocephala", "Halerpestes", "Hamadryas", "Laccopetalum", "Myosurus", "Oxygraphis", "Paroxygraphis" and "Trautvetteria". A proposal to split "Ranunculus" into several genera has thus been published in a new classification for the tribe Ranunculeae. The split (and often re-recognized) genera include "Arcteranthis" Greene, "Beckwithia" Jeps., "Callianthemoides" Tamura, "Coptidium" (Prantl) Beurl. ex Rydb., "Cyrtorhyncha" Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray, "Ficaria" Guett., "Krapfia" DC., "Kumlienia" E.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Hoopoe. also includes kingfishers, bee-eaters, and rollers. A close relationship between the hoopoe and the wood hoopoes is also supported by the shared and unique nature of their stapes. In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, the hoopoe is separated from the Coraciiformes as a separate order, the Upupiformes. Some authorities place the wood hoopoes in the Upupiformes as well. Now the consensus is that both hoopoe and the wood hoopoes belong with the hornbills in the Bucerotiformes.The fossil record of the hoopoes is very incomplete, with the earliest fossil coming from the Quaternary. The fossil record of their relatives is older, with fossil.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Jujube. as (used for the fruit) and (the tree). A descendant of the Latin word into a Romance language, which may have been French or medieval Latin , in turn gave rise to the common English "jujube". This name is not related to jojoba, which is a loan from Spanish , itself borrowed from "hohohwi", the name of that plant in a Native American language.The binomial name has a curious nomenclatural history, due to a combination of botanical naming regulations, and variations in spelling. It was first named in the binomial system by Carl Linnaeus as "Rhamnus zizyphus", in "Species Plantarum.


Question: Which place is this bird endemic to?

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Caspian tern. Europe (mainly around the Baltic Sea and Black Sea), Asia, Africa, and Australasia (Australia and New Zealand). North American birds migrate to southern coasts, the West Indies and northernmost South America. European and Asian birds spend the non-breeding season in the Old World tropics. African and Australasian birds are resident or disperse over short distances.In 2016, a nest of the Caspian tern was found in the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in northwestern Alaska, 1,000 miles further north than any previous sighting. This development was part of a general trend in Alaska of species moving to the north, a tendency ascribed.


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Lampropeltis getula. Lampropeltis getula, commonly known as the eastern kingsnake, common kingsnake, or chain kingsnake, is a harmless colubrid species endemic to the United States and Mexico. It has long been a favorite among collectors. Nine subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.## Description.Adult specimens of the speckled kingsnake, "L. g. holbrooki", are the smallest race at 91.5 (cm) in snout-to-vent length (SVL) on average, while "L. g. getula" is the largest at 107 (cm) SVL on average. Specimens up to 208.2 (cm) in total length (including tail) have been recorded. Weight can vary from 285 (g) in a.

Lampropeltis getula. small specimen of 87.2 (cm) in total length, to 2268 (g) in large specimens, of over 153 (cm) in total length.The color pattern consists of a glossy black, blue black, or dark brown ground color, overlaid with a series of 23-52 white chain-like rings. Kingsnakes from the coastal plains have wider bands, while those found in mountainous areas have thinner bands or may be completely black.## Common names.Common names for "L. getula" include eastern kingsnake, common kingsnake, chain kingsnake, kingsnake, Carolina kingsnake, chain snake, bastard horn snake, black kingsnake, black moccasin, common chain snake, cow sucker, eastern kingsnake, horse racer,.

Lampropeltis getula. master snake, North American kingsnake, oakleaf rattler, pied snake, pine snake, racer, rattlesnake pilot, thunder-and-lightning snake, thunderbolt, thunder snake, wamper, wampum snake. In North Carolina, it is also called the pied piper.## Geographic range."L. getula" is found in the United States in Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, portions of Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, south and southwest Illinois, southern Indiana, southern Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, southern and western Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, southern Ohio, Oklahoma, southern Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, southern Utah, Virginia, and West Virginia. It is also found in northern.

Lampropeltis getula. Mexico, including all of Baja California. It has been introduced to Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands, where in 2014, the population had reached an estimated 20,000 individuals.## Habitat.The preferred habitats of "L. getula" are open areas, particularly grassland, but also chaparral, oak woodland, abandoned farms, desert, low mountains, sand, and any type of riparian zone, including swamps, canals, and streams. A study on the habitat use of the Eastern Kingsnake found that overall they prefer and can be found in sites with thick layer of leaf litter and dense shrubbery. From their observations throughout the course of research, they.

Lampropeltis getula. found that 79% of their tracked specimen spent the majority of their time concealed under the cover of soil and leaf litter.Although commonly described as diurnal, some reports suggest that the Eastern Kingsnake are crepuscular or nocturnal during the hottest parts of the year It has been found that Eastern Kingsnake home ranges often show little-to-no overlap.Some studies show that Eastern Kingsnakes ("L. g. getula"), especially males, are territorial, and will commence in combat if their territory is threatened by another snake.## Diet."L. getula" eats other snakes, including venomous snakes such as copperheads ("Agkistrodon contortrix"), which are responsible for more.

Lampropeltis getula. venomous snakebites than any other in the United States, as well as coral snakes ("Micruroides" and "Micrurus"), massasaugas ("Sistrurus catenatus"), and other rattlesnakes ("Crotalus" and "Sistrurus"). Among the non-venomous snakes preyed upon include common garter snakes ("Thamnophis sirtalis"), common watersnakes ("Nerodia sipedon"), ring-necked snakes ("Diadophis punctatus"), smooth earth snakes ("Virginia valeriae"), and worm snakes ("Carphophis amoenus").It has developed a hunting technique to avoid being bitten by clamping down on the jaws of the venomous prey, but even if envenomated, it is immune. It also eats amphibians, turtle eggs, bird eggs (including those of the northern bobwhite ["Colinus virginianus"]), lizards (such.

Lampropeltis getula. as five-lined skinks ["Plestiodon fasciatus"]), and small mammals (such as white-footed mice ["Peromyscus leucopus"]), which it kills by constriction.Due to their diet of eating other snake species, kingsnakes are a key factor in the spread of ophidiomycosis. This is a relatively new snake fungal disease originating from the fungus, "Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola". This disease has a variety of impacts on snakes and the extent of this impact is still being researched.## Reproduction."L. getula" is oviparous. Adult females lay up to several dozen eggs that hatch after 2.0-2.5 months of incubation. Hatchlings are brightly colored and feed on small snakes, lizards, and.

Lampropeltis getula. rodents. Eastern Kingsnakes ("L. g. getula") are active from April–October in most parts of their habitat range and breeding occurs in the spring months. Neck-biting is a common behavior when mating.## In captivity.Long a favorite among collectors, "L. getula" does well in captivity, living to 25 years or more. Some of the most popular subspecies of the common kingsnake kept in captivity are the California, Brooks', Florida, and Mexican black kingsnakes.Hubbs, Brian (2009). "Common Kingsnakes: A Natural History of" Lampropeltis getula. Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 436 pp. .Linnaeus C (1766). "Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera,.

Lampropeltis getula. species, cum characteribus, diferentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio Duodecima, Reformata." Stockholm: L. Salvius. 532 pp. ("Coluber getulus", new species, p. 382). (in Latin).Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). "Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition". Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp. . ("Lampropeltis getula", p. 379 + Plate 34).Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). "Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification". New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. (paperback), (hardcover). ("Lampropeltis getula", pp. 180–181).Stebbins RC (2003). "A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians,.

Lampropeltis getula. Third Edition". The Peterson Field Guide Series. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. xiii + 533 pp. . ("Lampropeltis getula", pp. 364–366 + Plate 44 + Map 153).Eastern Kingsnake at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Accessed June 29, 2008.


Question: What is the litter size of this bird?

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Palm tanager. The palm tanager ("Thraupis palmarum") is a medium-sized passerine bird. This tanager is a resident breeder from Nicaragua south to Bolivia, Paraguay and southern Brazil. It also breeds on Trinidad and, since 1962, on Tobago. In Trinidad and Tobago, it is known by colloquial names such as the "palmiste" on American Spanish countries (Colombian pronn: ""pūlmist"), Brazil Pipira-verde (Portuguese pron: "pəəpəərā-værd"") and the "green jean" in American English.## Description.Adult palm tanagers are 19 (cm) long and weigh 36 (g). They are grey to dull olive-green. The flight feathers are blackish, and the long tail is blackish edged with green. A.


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Mandarin duck. The mandarin duck ("Aix galericulata") is a perching duck species native to the East Palearctic. It is medium-sized, at 41 – 49 (cm) long with a 65 – 75 (cm) wingspan. It is closely related to the North American wood duck, the only other member of the genus "Aix". is an Ancient Greek word which was used by Aristotle to refer to an unknown diving bird, and is the Latin for a wig, derived from , a cap or bonnet. Outside of its native range, the mandarin duck has a large introduced population in the British Isles and Western Europe,.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Andropogon glomeratus. Andropogon glomeratus is a species of grass known by the common names bushy bluestem and bushy beardgrass. This bunchgrass is native to the Americas, where it is widespread. It has also naturalized in other areas.The genus name "Andropogon" comes from the Greek words 'aner' or 'andros' meaning "man" and 'pogon' meaning "beard", in reference to the hairs on the spikelets of certain species in this genus. The specific epithet "glomeratus" means "bunched", in reference to the species' bushy and broom-like inflorescences.## Description.This grass reaches heights approaching two meters (6 feet) and has large, fluffy cream-colored inflorescences. Each dense, tufted inflorescence.

Andropogon glomeratus. has several pairs of hairy spikelets. The leaves may reach over a meter in length and are typically blue-green in the summer and coppery-red in the fall.## Cultivation.This plant does best in moist soils, and is found naturally in areas such as swamps, wet savannas, pine flatwoods, bogs, and fens. It prefers full sun, and is best suited to USDA hardiness zones 5–9.## Uses.It is cultivated as an ornamental grass. This species also has potential as a noxious weed and is easily spread via seed contamination. It is a pest plant in Hawaii, where it has been documented on the.

Andropogon glomeratus. island of Kaua‘i. It has been declared a weed in Puerto Rico and a potentially invasive weed in Mexico.The seeds are eaten by songbirds and small mammals, while the larvae of certain butterflies feed on the plant."Andropogon glomeratus". Grass Manual Treatment."Andropogon glomeratus". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center."Andropogon glomeratus". Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. University of Florida IFAS.


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30 St Mary Axe. Tower were dropped, 30 St Mary Axe was designed by Norman Foster and the Arup Group. It was erected by Skanska; construction started in 2001.The building has become a recognisable landmark of London, and it is one of the city's most widely recognised examples of contemporary architecture. It won the 2003 Emporis Skyscraper Award.## Site and early plans.The building stands on the site of the former Baltic Exchange (24–28 St Mary Axe), which was the headquarters of a global marketplace for shipping freight contracts and soft commodities, and the Chamber of Shipping (30–32 St Mary Axe). The tower's topmost panoramic.

30 St Mary Axe. Barclays' former city headquarters in Lombard Street, the idea was that the passer-by in neighbouring streets would be nearly oblivious to the tower's existence until directly underneath it.## Design and construction.The building was constructed by Skanska, completed in December 2003 and opened on 28 April 2004. The primary occupant of the building is Swiss Re, a global reinsurance company, which had the building commissioned as the head office for its UK operation. The tower is thus sometimes known as the Swiss Re Building, although this name has never been official and was never in popular usage anyway, unlike the Gherkin.

30 St Mary Axe. Engineers examined the other 744 glass panels on the building. The cost of repair was covered by main contractor Skanska and curtain-wall supplier Schmidlin (now called Schmidlin-TSK AG). The open-floor ventilation system did not operate as designed due to tenants adding glass partitions to increase security.Since its completion, the building has won a number of awards for architecture. In October 2004, the architect was awarded the 2004 Stirling Prize. For the first time in the prize's history, the judges were unanimous. In December 2005, a survey of the world's largest firms of architects published in "2006 BD World Architecture 200.


Question: Where is this plant native to?

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Prumnopitys ferruginea. Prumnopitys ferruginea, commonly called miro, is an evergreen coniferous tree which is endemic to New Zealand. Before the genus "Prumnopitys" was distinguished, it was treated in the related genus "Podocarpus" as "Podocarpus ferrugineus".It grows up to 25 m high, with a trunk up to 1.3 m diameter. The leaves are linear to sickle-shaped, 15–25 mm long and 2–3 mm broad, with downcurved margins. The plants are dioecious with pollen cones being solitary while those of female plants hang from a curved, scaly stalk. The seed cones are highly modified, reduced to a central stem 2–3 cm long bearing 1-3 scales,.

Prumnopitys ferruginea. each scale maturing berry-like, oval, about 20 mm long and 10–15 mm broad, red to purple-red with a soft edible pulp covering the single seed. The seeds are dispersed by the New Zealand pigeon, which eats the very conspicuous 'berries' and passes the seeds in its droppings. It is found growing on both lowland terrain and on hill slopes throughout the two main islands as well as on Stewart Island/Rakiura (47° S). The Tree can live for at least 600 years.The scientific name "ferruginea" derives from the rusty colour of dried herbarium specimens of the leaves.## Distinguishing miro from matai.Miro.

Prumnopitys ferruginea. colour.Like matai, the bark of more mature miro trees flakes off to leave a distinctive "hammer mark pattern", but unlike matai, the pattern is not as pronounced nor as colourful (areas from which bark flakes have recently fallen in matai often have a striking red colour that fades over time back to brown). these leaves take up to 3 years to decompose."Nature guide to the New Zealand forest", John Dawson and Rob Lucas, Godwit, 2000"The Trees of New Zealand", L. Cockyane, E. Phillips Turner, Government printer, 1943"Trees and shrubs of New Zealand", A.L. Poole and N.M. Adams, Government printer, 1963Gymnosperm.


Question: What kind of effect does this activity have?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Transport. has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.## Human-powered.Human-powered transport, a form of sustainable transport, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running, and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of.

Transport. and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door-to-door service only by road transport.Automobiles provide high flexibility with low capacity, but require high energy and area use, and are the main source of harmful noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.## Water.Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft—such as a barge, boat, ship, or sailboat—over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean,.

Transport. there is too much traffic and many—if not all—of the negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to be questioned in many places; as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied on—spanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociology, and economics—the viability of the old mobility solutions is increasingly being questioned.## Environment.Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and.


Question: Which city or region does this diocese locate in?

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Shrine Mont. Shrine Mont is a retreat and conference center owned by the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia in the town of Orkney Springs, Virginia, United States which is located at the foot of Great North Mountain in the Shenandoah Valley and at the edge of the George Washington National Forest. It includes about 1,100 acres of forest.The church at Shrine Mont is the Cathedral Shrine of the Transfiguration, an open-air sanctuary consecrated in 1925. Each of its stones was pulled by horse or rolled by local people from the mountain that embraces it. The baptismal font was originally a dugout stone used.

Shrine Mont. by Indians to grind corn.It also includes The Virginia House (formerly known as the Orkney Springs Hotel) which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places and was purchased by Shrine Mont in 1979. With its white clapboard structure and tall, green-shuttered windows, The Virginia House is four stories high. The 96,000 square-foot structure was built in 1873 and restored in 1987.## History.A short distance from Shrine Mont are seven springs where discovered relics indicate an Indian settlement was once located. The spring waters were said to have healing powers and visitors started to come to the area in.

Shrine Mont. the mid 1800s. Several hotels were built including the Orkney Springs Hotel which was started in the 1850s. In the late 1800s, Episcopal church services were held in the hotel, often by the Sixth Bishop of Virginia, Robert Atkinson Gibson. In 1902, the Bishop purchased a cottage called Tanglewood for his summer residence and soon decided to establish year-round worship at Orkney Springs. Bishop Gibson died in 1919 and shortly after his death the Shrine of the Transfiguration was built on part of what had been his land and next to it, the Shelter Chapel. Eventually Tanglewood, with all its.

Shrine Mont. in 1925, a Deed of Donation was presented by the Woodwards which conveyed the land on which the cabin and shrine were built to the Diocese of Virginia. Henry St. George Tucker (bishop) then appointed Woodward rector of the shrine for life or until he resigned.In 1928, after Woodward took up permanent residence, he planned a retreat which could accommodate 120 guests. Bishop Tucker approved the plan provided that it was not included in the diocesan budget. Woodward would construct various buildings and a swimming pool. He also purchased houses and buildings built by others to create cottages, plus a.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Cryptothecia rubrocincta. Cryptothecia rubrocincta is a species of lichen in the fungal family Arthoniaceae. The species is distributed in subtropical and tropical locations throughout the southeastern United States, as well as Central and South America, and has been collected infrequently in a few locales in Africa. The body of the lichen forms continuous, circular crust-like patches on dead wood, readily recognizable by the prominent red pigment. The older, central region is covered with red, spherical to cylindrical granules. Moving outwards from the center, zones of color may be distinguished, the first gray-green, the second white, and finally a bright red cottony rim.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. The red and green colors of this unmistakable woodland lichen give the appearance of a Christmas wreath, suggestive of its common North American name, the Christmas (wreath) lichen. The red pigment, called chiodectonic acid, is one of several chemicals the lichen produces to help tolerate inhospitable growing conditions.## Taxonomy and naming.The classification of the genus "Cryptothecia" has been unclear, and historically, "C. rubrocincta" has been placed in several different genera. Like all lichens, "C. rubrocincta" is an association of a fungus (the mycobiont) with a photosynthetic organism (the photobiont), in this case, an algae. Initially, it was unknown whether the.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. mycobiont component of "C. rubrocincta" was an ascomycete or a basidiomycete. Although the vast majority of lichen mycobionts are from the Ascomycota, in 1937 German lichenogist Friedrich Tobler believed the mycobiont to be a basidiomycete, because he interpreted some unusual microscopic structures to be clamp connections, structures associated only with the basidiomycete fungi. In another publication later that year, he specified the mycobiont to be a hymenomycete, and described the monotypic genus "Herpothallion" to supersede the old name "Chiodecton sanguineum". Although Vernon Ahmadjian corroborated the presence of clamp connections in the species when he studied the species' cytology in 1967,.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. other researchers did not find clamp connections in specimens collected from different countries. Further doubt was cast on the possibility of a basidiomycete mycobiont with the discovery of the depside confluentic acid in 1966, concentric bodies in 1975, and woronin bodies in 1983, as all of these characteristics are restricted to Ascomycetes.The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature states that names of fungi adopted by Fries in Systema Mycologicum vols. 1–3 are sanctioned, that is, they are conserved against earlier homonyms and competing synonyms. This means that the name "Hypochnus rubrocinctum" has priority over "Byssus sanguinea". The type material of "H.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. rubrocinctum" was examined by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in Berlin; it has since been destroyed, probably during the Second World War. The drawing in Erhenberg's 1820 publication serves as the lectotype. The species was transferred to the genus "Cryptothecia" by Swedish lichenologist Göran Thor in 1991, on the basis of its similarity with "C. striata" such as the thallus with radiate ridges, granular isidia, and presence of "para"-depsides (gyrophoric acid in "C. striata" and confluentic acid in "C. rubrocincta").The red and green of "C. rubrocincta" give it a Christmas wreath look, hence its common North American name, the Christmas wreath lichen.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words "ruber" "red" and "cinctus" "girdled/encircled" or "banded". The other epithet "sanguineum" is the neuter form of the Latin adjective "sanguineus" "bloody".## Description."Cryptothecia rubrocincta" is a crustose lichen, because it grows in the form of a surface crust. The thallus, or body of the lichen is spread out flat and can be either tightly to loosely attached to the growing surface. It is 0.15–0.30 mm thick, and can be smooth, or have low radiating ridges. The older, central region of the lichen surface has many reproductive structures called isidia; they resemble granules.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. that are 0.1–0.4 by 0.1 mm. The species relies entirely on vegetative means to reproduce, and is not known to have any sexual structures. From the center outwards, three color zones can be differentiated in mature specimens; the first grayish-green, the second white, and finally a bright red cottony rim.The lichen has a distinct prothallus—fibers of whitish fungal hyphae at the edge that lack photobiont, and which project beyond the thallus onto the growing surface. The prothallus is red to whitish in the inner part, red the in outer part. The surface of the thallus does not have a well-defined.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. cortex, an outer layer of well-packed hyphae. The medulla (a loosely arranged layer of hyphae below the cortex and photobiont zone) is whitish but the lower part is red. It has few to many calcium oxalate crystals that are 3–8 μm diameter. The hyphae of the medulla have many such crystals on the walls, that are 1–2 μm in diameter. The algal photobiont (technically a phycobiont, as it is a green algal photosynthetic partner) is from the genus "Trentepohlia". Normally, the algae is long and filamentous; when in the lichen state, it is divided into shorter filaments. The alga has.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. a large chloroplast that contains droplets of beta-carotene. The lichen is heteromerous, meaning that the mycobiont and photobiont components are in well-defined layers, with the photobiont in a more or less distinct zone between the upper cortex and the medulla. Cells are single or a few cells aggregated, with dimensions of about 8–15 by 5–11 μm.The yeast "Fellomyces mexicanus", an anamorphic member of the family Cuniculitremaceae, was discovered growing epiphytically on the lichen in 2005.## Distribution and habitat.The lichen is widely distributed in the southeastern United States; in 1954 the north border of its distribution was given as a line.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. passing through southern Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia. Although the northern limit was extended to southern Delaware, the author later revised his opinion, and the northern limit is thought to be North Carolina. In North Carolina, it is found on Smith Island, a notable location because it represents the northern limit of the distribution of cabbage palmetto ("Sabal palmetto"). The presence of this 6 meter (20 ft) tree interspersed among the dominant tree species "Quercus virginiana" give the island a subtropical appearance—consistent with the lichen's preferred climate."Cryptothecia rubrocincta" is also widespread in tropical and subtropical areas of the West Indies.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. and Central and South America. In South America it is found north of Chile and Argentina. It is rarer in Africa, having only been collected from three geographically widely separated mountain regions: São Tomé and Príncipe, Tanzania, and DR Congo. The lichen may be found at altitudes ranging from sea level to 2600 (m) (in Colombia).The lichen typically grows on rough bark in sheltered and shaded habitats in moist and dense subtropical forests. More rarely, it is found on rocks or on leaves. In the USA it occurs in hammocks (hardwood forests) and swamps which have standing water, at least.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. part of the year. It is also common in oak or oak-pine scrub vegetation. The species is often associated with "Cryptothecia striata" in the USA.## Chemistry and color."Cryptothecia rubrocincta" is easily recognized by the bright red pigment in the thallus. The pigment, first isolated from the species by Hesse in 1904, is called chiodectonic acid. The lichen also contains the colorless depside compound confluentinic acid. A 2005 study employed the technique Raman spectroscopy to determine the chemical composition of the differently colored zones. The white crystalline zone contains calcium oxalate dihydrate, or weddellite, a chemical substance found in other lichens.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. and extremophiles growing on calcium-rich surfaces. Some have suggested that the calcium oxalate serves in the organism's survival strategy: the storage of water as a crystalline hydrate is essential for periods of drought in desiccated environments, and calcium oxalate has been identified as dissuading herbivores. Because the lichen grows on calcium-poor surfaces, calcium ions are thought to be acquired from rain, bird droppings, and airborne particles.The chemicals in the red-colored zone include an aromatic quinone, beta-carotene, and chlorophyll. The quinone is deep-red colored pigment chiodectonic acid, thought to function as a radiation protectant; in combination with beta-carotene, which has an.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. established role in cellular DNA repair following exposure of the organism to UV-damage, such radiation protectants are often found in lichens and in extremophilic situations and are essential for survival.The lighter-colored pink zone, located on the inside of the red zone, contains a mixture of chiodectonic acid, beta-carotene and calcium oxalate dihydrate, the red and white mixture of the chiodectonic acid and the calcium oxalate giving rise to the characteristically lighter color.The elliptical brown-colored flecks, which can be observed in both the red and pink zones of the thallus, are made of confluentic acid and calcium oxalate monohydrate. The monohydrate.

Cryptothecia rubrocincta. is thought to be a more chemically stable metabolic byproduct of calcium oxalate dihydrate; the function of confluentic acid in the brown flecks is unclear.


Question: What is the length of the incubation period (in day) of this bird's egg?

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Cocoi heron. lie in the range 62-69 x 45–48 mm. Eggs from one Argentinian clutch weighed 70-80 g. From one colony in Buenos Aires, incubation was estimated as 24–26 days. However, in one Chilean colony where eggs hatched in September (spring), incubation period was estimated as 27 days, ranging 26–29 days. Clutch size is 1 to 4 eggs. Juveniles may remain in the nest for up to 12 to 13 weeks, but most leave at 6 to 7 weeks.## Threats.Alongside human inference, one natural threat may be posed by crested caracara. In a colony in Buenos Aires, the young in a caracara.


Question: What is the location of this building?

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Gate of All Nations. The Gate of All Nations (Old Persian: "duvarthim visadahyum") also known as the Gate of Xerxes, is located in the ruins of the ancient city of Persepolis, Iran.The construction of the Stairs of All Nations and the Gate of All Nations was ordered by the Achaemenid king Xerxes I (486-465 BC), the successor of the founder of Persepolis, Darius I the Great.## Building.The structure consisted of one large room whose roof was supported by four stone columns with bell-shaped bases. Parallel to the inner walls of this room ran a stone bench, interrupted at the doorways. The outside walls, made.

Gate of All Nations. have had two-leaved doors, which were possibly made of wood and covered with sheets of ornamented metal. Gate of Xerxes The Gate of All Nations at Wikimapia The Grand Stairway and the Gate of All Nations Shiraz Persepolis Persepolis: Gate of All Nations.


Question: What is the conservation status of this fish? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Bonnethead. commercial and recreational fisheries and constitutes up to 50% of all small shark landings in the Eastern US, but is still reasonably abundant there as well as in the Atlantic Coasts of the Bahamas and Mexico. However, significant declines have been reported in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Central America and massive declines along with widespread disappearance on the Atlantic Coast of South America as well as most of the shark's Pacific range, leading it to be uplifted to 'Endangered" in 2020.Since October 2021, "S. tiburo" has been classified as Largely Depleted by the IUCN. Species Description of Sphyrna tiburo.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Pontederia crassipes. Pontederia crassipes (formerly "Eichhornia crassipes"), commonly known as common water hyacinth is an aquatic plant native to South America, naturalized throughout the world, and often invasive outside its native range. It is the sole species of the subgenus "Oshunae" within the genus "Pontederia". Anecdotally, it is known as the "terror of Bengal" due to its invasive growth tendencies.## Description.Water hyacinth is a free-floating perennial aquatic plant (or hydrophyte) native to tropical and sub-tropical South America. With broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves, water hyacinth may rise above the surface of the water as much as 1 (m) in height. The leaves.

Pontederia crassipes. and stimulation of cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in the root tissues of "Mimosa pigra". (Complete List of References) "Eichhornia crassipes"Species Profile – Water Hyacinth ("Eichhornia crassipes"), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Water Hyacinth.Eichhornia crassipes Israel Wildflowers and native plantsPractical uses of Water HyacinthIUCN Leaflet on "E. crassipes" in the context of Lake Tanganyika"Water hyacinth", AquaPlant Profile.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Alpaca. the llama, ignoring similarities in size, fleece and dentition between the alpaca and the vicuña. Classification was complicated by the fact that all four species of South American camelid can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The advent of DNA technology made a more accurate classification possible.In 2001, the alpaca genus classification changed from "Lama pacos" to "Vicugna pacos", following the presentation of a paper on work by Miranda Kadwell "etal." on alpaca DNA to the Royal Society showing the alpaca is descended from the vicuña, not the guanaco.## Origin and domestication.Alpacas were domesticated thousands of years ago. The Moche people.

Alpaca. 2–5 million years ago, during the Pliocene, that the genus Hemiauchenia of the tribe Lamini split into "Palaeolama" and "Lama"; the latter would then split again into "Lama" and "Vicugna" upon migrating down to South America.Remains of vicuña and guanaco have been found throughout Peru for around 12,000 years. Their domesticated counterparts, the llama and alpacas, have been found mummified in the Moquegua valley, in the south of Peru, dating back 900 to 1000 years. Mummies found in this region show two breeds of alpacas. More precise analysis of bone and teeth of these mummies has demonstrated that alpacas were.

Alpaca. domesticated from the "Vicugna vicugna". Other research, considering the behavioral and morphological characteristics of alpacas and their wild counterparts, seems to indicate that alpacas could find their origins in "Lama guanicoe" as well as "Vicugna vicugna", or even a hybrid of both.Genetic analysis shows a different picture of the origins of the alpaca. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA shows that most alpacas have guanaco mtDNA, and many also have vicuña mtDNA. But microsatellite data shows that alpaca DNA is much more similar to vicuña DNA than to guanaco DNA. This suggests that alpacas are descendants of the "Vicugna vicugna", not of.

Alpaca. the "Lama guanicoe". The discrepancy with mtDNA seems to be a result of the fact that mtDNA is only transmitted by the mother, and recent husbandry practices have caused hybridization between llamas (which primarily carry guanaco DNA) and alpacas. To the extent that many of today's domestic alpacas are the result of male alpacas bred to female llamas, this would explain the mtDNA consistent with guanacos. This situation has led to attempts to reclassify the alpaca as "Vicugna pacos".## Breeds.The alpaca comes in two breeds, Suri and Huacaya, based on their fibers rather than scientific or European classifications.Huacaya alpacas are.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Panoquina ocola. Panoquina ocola, the ocola skipper or long-winged skipper, is a species of butterfly of the family Hesperiidae. It is found in Paraguay north through tropical America and the West Indies to south Texas, and strays occur north to southeast Arizona, Kansas, Illinois, Michigan, southern Ontario, and New York.The wingspan is 35–43 mm.The larvae feed on "Oryza sativa", "Saccharum officinarum" and "Hymenachne amplexicaulis"."Panoquina ocola ocola" (Florida to Ohio, Mexico to Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela to Peru, Suriname)"Panoquina ocola distipuncta" (Dominican Republic).


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Slow worm. The slow worm (Anguis fragilis) is a reptile native to western Eurasia. It is also called a deaf adder, a slowworm, a blindworm, or regionally, a long-cripple. These legless lizards are also sometimes called common slowworms. The "blind" in blindworm refers to the lizard's small eyes, similar to a blindsnake (although the slowworm's eyes are functional).Slow worms are semifossorial (burrowing) lizards, spending much of their time hiding underneath objects. The skin of slow worms is smooth with scales that do not overlap one another. Like many other lizards, they autotomize, meaning that they have the ability to shed their tails.

Slow worm. a species complex, consisting of 5 distinct but similar species.## Taxonomy."Anguis fragilis" was traditionally divided into two subspecies ("A. f. fragilis" and "A. f. colchica"), but they are now classified as separate species: Anguis fragilis" "sensu stricto (found in western Europe, northern Europe and western Balkans) and Anguis colchica (found in eastern Europe, eastern Balkans and in western Asia).Three more species were later distinguished from "A. fragilis": Anguis graeca (found in southern Balkans) and Anguis veronensis (found on the Apennine Peninsula).Anguis cephalonica (native to the Peloponnese Peninsula)## Physical traits.Slow worms have an elongated body with a circular cross-section without limbs.

Slow worm. all other native British reptile species. The slow worm has been decreasing in numbers, and under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, to intentionally kill, injure, sell, or advertise to sell them is illegal.## Ireland.The Slow Worm is assumed to not be native to Ireland, possibly arriving in the 1900's. Due to their secretive habits they are difficult to observe and have only been sighted in parts of County Clare, mainly in the Burren region.## Evolutionary history.Members of the genus "Anguis", to which the slow worm belongs, first appeared in Europe during the Mammal Paleogene zone 14, between 43.5 and.

Slow worm. 41.2 million years ago, corresponding to the Lutetian stage of the Eocene. Remains assigned to the "Anguis fragilis" species complex are known from the late Miocene onwards. Glass lizard.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this object?

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Cruise control. and mechanical engineer Ralph Teetor. He came up with the idea due to being frustrated by his driver's habit of speeding up and slowing down as he talked. A more significant factor in the developing of cruise control was the 35 (mph) speed limit imposed in the US during World War II to reduce gasoline use and tire wear. A mechanism controlled by the driver provided resistance to further pressure on the accelerator pedal when the vehicle reached the desired speed. Teetor's idea of a dashboard speed selector with a mechanism connected to the driveshaft and a device able to.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Tussilago. Tussilago farfara, commonly known as coltsfoot, is a plant in the tribe Senecioneae in the family Asteraceae, native to Europe and parts of western and central Asia. The name "tussilago" is derived from the Latin "tussis", meaning cough, and "ago", meaning to cast or to act on. It has had uses in traditional medicine, but the discovery of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the plant has resulted in liver health concerns."Tussilago farfara" is the only accepted species in the genus Tussilago, although more than two dozen other species have at one time or another been considered part of this group. Most.

Tussilago. of them are now regarded as members of other genera "(Chaptalia, Chevreulia, Farfugium, Homogyne, Leibnitzia, Petasites, Senecio)."## Description.Coltsfoot is a perennial herbaceous plant that spreads by seeds and rhizomes. "Tussilago" is often found in colonies of dozens of plants. The flowers, which superficially resemble dandelions, bear scale-leaves on the long stems in early spring. The leaves of coltsfoot, which appear after the flowers have set seed, wither and die in the early summer. The flower heads are of yellow florets with an outer row of bracts. The plant is typically 10–30 (cm) in height. The leaves have angular teeth on.

Tussilago. their margins.## Distribution.Coltsfoot is widespread across Europe, Asia, and North Africa, from Svalbard to Morocco to China and the Russian Far East. It is also a common plant in North and South America where it has been introduced, most likely by settlers as a medicinal item. The plant is often found in waste and disturbed places and along roadsides and paths. In some areas it is considered an invasive species.## Name.The common name comes from the leaf's supposed resemblance in shape to a colt's foot. It is a 16th century translation of the medieval Latin name "pes pulli", meaning "foal's.

Tussilago. foot". Other common names include tash plant, ass's foot, bull's foot, coughwort (Old English), farfara, foal's foot, foalswort, and horse foot. Sometimes it is confused with "Petasites frigidus", or western coltsfoot.It has been called "bechion", "bechichie", or "bechie", from the Ancient Greek word for "cough". Also "ungula caballina" ("horse hoof"), and "chamæleuce".## Uses.Coltsfoot has been used in herbal medicine and has been consumed as a food product with some confectionery products, such as Coltsfoot Rock. "Tussilago farfara" leaves have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or syrup) or externally (directly applied) for treatment of disorders of the.

Tussilago. respiratory tract, skin, locomotor system, viral infections, flu, colds, fever, rheumatism and gout. An extract of the fresh leaves has also been used to make cough drops and hard candy.Coltsfoot is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Gothic and small angle shades. It is also visited by honeybees, providing pollen and nectar.## Toxicity."Tussilago farfara" contains tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Senecionine and senkirkine, present in coltsfoot, have the highest mutagenetic activity of any pyrrolozidine alkaloid, tested using "Drosophila melanogaster" to produce a comparative genotoxicity test.Two cases of supposed liver damage (and death) due to.

Tussilago. coltsfoot tea have been shown to actually be the result of mistaken identity. In one, coltsfoot tea causing severe liver problems in an infant was actually the result of "Adenostyles alliariae" (alpendost). In another case, an infant developed liver disease and died because the mother drank tea originally believed to contain coltsfoot during her pregnancy, but which was later shown to be "Petasites hybridus" (butterbur) or a similar species. In one 27-year-old male, ingesting a multicomponent herbal supplement that included coltsfoot may have caused him to develop non-lethal deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.In response, the German government banned the.

Tussilago. sale of coltsfoot. Clonal plants of coltsfoot free of pyrrolizidine alkaloids were then developed in Austria and Germany. This has resulted in the development of the registered variety "Tussilago farfara" 'Wien', which has no detectable levels of these alkaloids. List of herbs with known adverse effects R. Schubert & G. Wagner: "Botanisches Wörterbuch" Ulmer, Stuttgart 1993, H. Haeupler & Th. Muer: "Bildatlas der Farn- und Blütenpflanzen Deutschlands" Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2000. . Gerhard Madaus: "Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel" Bd 1. Heilpflanzen. G. Thieme, Leipzig 1938, Olms, Hildesheim 1979. Guide des plantes sauvages comestibles et toxiques, les guides du naturaliste, François.

Tussilago. Couplan et Eva Stinner Кирпичников М. Э. Семейство сложноцветные, или астровые (Asteraceae, или Compositae) // Жизнь растений. В 6-ти т. / Под ред. А. Л. Тахтаджяна. — М.: Просвещение, 1981. — Т. 5. Ч. 2. Цветковые растения. — С. 462–476. — 300000 экз. Coltsfoot information.


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Predjama Castle. Predjama Castle ( or , German: "", ) is a Renaissance castle built within a cave mouth in south-central Slovenia, in the historical region of Inner Carniola. It is located in the village of Predjama, approximately 11 kilometres from the town of Postojna and 9 kilometres from Postojna Cave.## History of the castle.The castle was first mentioned in 1274 with the German name "Luegg", when the Patriarch of Aquileia built the castle in Gothic style. The castle was built under a natural rocky arch high in the stone wall to make access to it difficult. It was later acquired and.