Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Western terrestrial garter snake. The western terrestrial garter snake ("Thamnophis elegans") is a western North American species of colubrid snake. At least five subspecies are currently recognized.## Description.Most western terrestrial garter snakes have a yellow, light orange, or white dorsal stripe, accompanied by two stripes of the same color, one on each side. Some varieties have red or black spots between the dorsal stripe and the side stripes. It is an immensely variable species, and even the most experienced herpetologists have trouble when it comes to identification. They are medium-sized snakes, usually 46 – 104 (cm).Like many species of North American garter snake, the.

Western terrestrial garter snake. longer time required to kill prey. Snakes from Colorado populations of terrestrial garter snakes appear to be more efficient at killing their prey by constriction than those from Pacific Coast populations.## Geographic range."Thamnophis elegans" is found in central British Columbia, central Alberta, and southwestern Manitoba in Canada. It can be found in the western United States, as far east as western Nebraska and the Oklahoma Panhandle. An isolated population occurs in Baja California, Mexico.## Subspecies.Six subspecies have been identified, although the validity of some of them is debated."Thamnophis elegans arizonae" – Arizona garter snake"Thamnophis elegans elegans" – mountain garter snake.

Western terrestrial garter snake. "Thamnophis elegans hueyi" – San Pedro Mártir garter snake"Thamnophis elegans terrestris" – coastal garter snake "Thamnophis elegans vagrans" – wandering garter snake "Thamnophis elegans vascotanneri" – Upper Basin garter snake## Habitat."Thamnophis elegans" occurs in a wide variety of habitats, including grasslands, woodlands, and coniferous forests, from sea level up to 3962 (m). It is primarily terrestrial, although populations in the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains are semi-aquatic.## Reproduction.The western terrestrial garter snake does not lay eggs, but instead is ovoviviparous, which is characteristic of natricine snakes. Broods of eight to 12 young are born in August and September.## Diet.The diet.

Western terrestrial garter snake. of "Thamnophis elegans" relies heavily on the prey available in the environment, and thus varies due to geographical differences. This makes the western terrestrial garter snake an excellent example of polyphagism. There are two main variants that are most prevalent: coastal and inland. Since coastal "T. elegans" is found along the West Coast of the United States, it is found near the coast of the Pacific Ocean. On the other hand, if the snake population is considered to be inland, it is found near inland water sources such as streams, ponds, or lakes.Coastal populations' food sources mainly include terrestrial prey.


Question: What is the height of this place in terms of metre above sea level?

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Blenheim Palace. Duke's death.The palace has been Grade I listed on the National Heritage List for England since August 1957.## Palace chapel.The palace chapel, as a consequence of the Duke's death, now obtained even greater importance. The design was altered by the Marlboroughs' friend the Earl of Godolphin, who placed the high altar in defiance of religious convention against the west wall, thus allowing the dominating feature to be the Duke's gargantuan tomb and sarcophagus. Commissioned by the Duchess in 1730, it was designed by William Kent, and statues of the Duke and Duchess depicted as Caesar and Caesarina adorn the great.


Question: What is the name of the vessel involved in this event?

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Kon-Tiki expedition. The "Kon-Tiki" expedition was a 1947 journey by raft across the Pacific Ocean from South America to the Polynesian islands, led by Norwegian explorer and writer Thor Heyerdahl. The raft was named "Kon-Tiki" after the Inca god Viracocha, for whom "Kon-Tiki" was said to be an old name. "" is also the name of Heyerdahl's book, the Academy Award–winning 1950 documentary film chronicling his adventures, and the 2012 dramatized feature film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.Heyerdahl believed that people from South America could have reached Polynesia during pre-Columbian times. His aim in mounting the "Kon-Tiki.

Kon-Tiki expedition. expedition was to show, by using only the materials and technologies available to those people at the time, that there were no technical reasons to prevent them from having done so. Although the expedition carried some modern equipment, such as a radio, watches, charts, sextant, and metal knives, Heyerdahl argued they were incidental to the purpose of proving that the raft itself could make the journey. This idea has recently received support from statistical analysis of genetic evidence of contact between South America and Polynesia.Heyerdahl's full hypothesis of a South American origin of the Polynesian peoples is generally rejected by.

Kon-Tiki expedition. scientists today. Most archaeological, linguistic, cultural, and genetic evidence tends to support a western origin for Polynesians, from Island Southeast Asia, using sophisticated multihull sailing technologies and navigation techniques during the Austronesian expansion. However, there is evidence of some gene flow from South America to Easter Island. In 2020 some researchers published research confirming a wider impact on genetic and cultural elements in Polynesia due to South American contacts. The "Kon-Tiki" expedition was funded by private loans, along with donations of equipment from the United States Army. Heyerdahl and a small team went to Peru, where, with the help of.

Kon-Tiki expedition. dockyard facilities provided by the Peruvian authorities, they constructed the raft out of balsa logs and other native materials in an indigenous style as recorded in illustrations by Spanish conquistadores. The trip began on April 28, 1947. Heyerdahl and five companions sailed the raft for 101 days over 6,900 km (4,300 miles) across the Pacific Ocean before smashing into a reef at Raroia in the Tuamotus on August 7, 1947. The crew made successful landfall and all returned safely.Thor Heyerdahl's book about his experience became a bestseller. It was published in Norwegian in 1948 as "The Kon-Tiki Expedition: By Raft.

Kon-Tiki expedition. Across the South Seas", later reprinted as "Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific in a Raft". It appeared with great success in English in 1950, also in many other languages. A documentary motion picture about the expedition, also called "Kon-Tiki", was produced from a write-up and expansion of the crew's filmstrip notes and won an Academy Award in 1951. It was directed by Heyerdahl and edited by Olle Nordemar. The voyage was also chronicled in the documentary TV-series "The Kon-Tiki Man: The Life and Adventures of Thor Heyerdahl", directed by Bengt Jonson.The original "Kon-Tiki" raft is now on display in the Kon-Tiki.

Kon-Tiki expedition. Museum at Bygdøy in Oslo.## Crew."Kon-Tiki" had a six-man crew, all of whom were Norwegian except for Bengt Danielsson, a Swede. Thor Heyerdahl (1914–2002) was the expedition leader. He was also the author of the book of the expedition and the narrator of the story. Heyerdahl had studied the ancient people of South America and Polynesia and believed that there was a link between the two. Erik Hesselberg (1914–1972) was the navigator and artist. He painted the large Kon-Tiki figure on the raft's sail. His children's book "Kon-Tiki and I" appeared in Norwegian in 1949 and has since been published.

Kon-Tiki expedition. in more than 15 languages. Bengt Danielsson (1921–1997) took on the role of steward, in charge of supplies and daily rations. Danielsson was a Swedish sociologist interested in human migration theory. He also served as translator, as he was the only member of the crew who spoke Spanish. He was also a voracious reader; his box aboard the raft contained many books. Knut Haugland (1917–2009) was a radio expert, decorated by the British in World War II for actions in the Norwegian heavy water sabotage that stalled what were believed to be Germany's plans to develop an atomic bomb. Haugland.

Kon-Tiki expedition. was the last surviving crew member; he died on Christmas Day, 2009 at the age of 92. Torstein Raaby (1918–1964) was also in charge of radio transmissions. He gained radio experience while hiding behind German lines during WWII, spying on the German battleship "Tirpitz". His secret radio transmissions eventually helped guide in Allied bombers to sink the ship. Herman Watzinger (1910–1986) was an engineer whose area of expertise was in technical measurements. He was the first to join Heyerdahl for the trip. He collected and recorded all sorts of data on the voyage. Much of what he recorded, such as.

Kon-Tiki expedition. weather data, was sent back to various people, since this area of the ocean was largely unstudied.The expedition also carried a pet parrot named Lorita.## Construction.The main body of the float was composed of nine balsa tree trunks up to 45 (ft) long, 2 (ft) in diameter, lashed together with 1+1/4 (in) hemp ropes. Cross-pieces of balsa logs 18 (ft) long and 1 (ft) in diameter were lashed across the logs at 3 (ft) intervals to give lateral support. Pine splashboards clad the bow, and lengths of pine 1 (in) thick and 2 (ft) wide were wedged between the balsa.

Kon-Tiki expedition. logs and used as centreboards.The main mast was made of lengths of mangrove wood lashed together to form an A-frame 29 (ft) high. Behind the main-mast was a cabin of plaited bamboo 14 (ft) long and 8 (ft) wide, about 4 - 5 (ft) high and roofed with banana leaf thatch. At the stern was a 19 (ft) long steering oar of mangrove wood, with a blade of fir. The main sail was 15 by 18 (ft) on a yard of bamboo stems lashed together. Photographs also show a top-sail above the main sail, and also a mizzen-sail, mounted at.

Kon-Tiki expedition. the stern.The raft was partially decked in split bamboo. The main spars were a laminate of wood and reeds and Heyerdahl tested more than twenty different composites before settling on one that proved an effective compromise between bulk and torsional rigidity. No metal was used in the construction.## Supplies."Kon-Tiki" carried 275 (USgal) of drinking water in 56 water cans, as well as a number of sealed bamboo rods. The purpose stated by Heyerdahl for carrying modern and ancient containers was to test the effectiveness of ancient water storage. For food "Kon-Tiki" carried 200 coconuts, sweet potatoes, bottle gourds and other.

Kon-Tiki expedition. assorted fruit and roots. The U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps provided field rations, tinned food and survival equipment. In return, the "Kon-Tiki" explorers reported on the quality and utility of the provisions. They also caught plentiful numbers of fish, particularly flying fish, "dolphin fish", yellowfin tuna, bonito and shark.Heyerdahl and crew were equipped with water-tight sports wristwatches manufactured by Swiss watchmaking firm Eterna. After the journey, Eterna decided to brand their sports watches as "Kon-Tiki".## Communications.The expedition carried an amateur radio station with the call sign of LI2B operated by former World War II Norwegian resistance radio operators Knut Haugland and.

Kon-Tiki expedition. Torstein Raaby. Haugland and Raaby maintained regular communication with a number of American, Canadian, and South American stations that relayed "Kon Tiki's" status to the Norwegian Embassy in Washington, D.C. On August 5, Haugland made contact with a station in Oslo, Norway, 10000 (mi) away."Kon Tiki's" transmitters were powered by batteries and a hand-cranked generator and operated on the 40, 20, 10, and 6-meter bands. Each unit was water resistant, used 2E30 vacuum tubes, and provided approximately 6 watts of RF output; the equivalent of a small flashlight. Two British 3-16 MHz Mark II transmitters were also carried on board,.

Kon-Tiki expedition. as was a VHF transmitter for communicating with aircraft and a hand-cranked survival radio of the Gibson Girl type for 500 and 8280 kHz.The radio receiver used throughout the voyage, a National Radio Company NC-173, once required a thorough drying out after being soaked when landing in Raratonga. The crew once used a hand-cranked emergency transmitter to send out an "all well, all well" message "just in time to head off a massive rescue attempt".The call sign LI2B was used by Heyerdahl again in 1969–70, when he built a papyrus reed raft and sailed from Morocco to Barbados in an.

Kon-Tiki expedition. attempt to show a possible link between the civilization of ancient Egypt and the New World.## The voyage."Kon-Tiki" left Callao, Peru, on the afternoon of April 28, 1947. To avoid coastal traffic it was initially towed 50 (mi) out by the Peruvian Navy fleet tug "Guardian Rios", then sailed roughly west carried along on the Humboldt Current.On 2 July Heyerdahl writes about an encounter with a rogue wave; in his book he describes a "Three Sister" phenomenon: "During a night-shift with quiet seas appears an 'abnormal huge wave' followed by two more waves. The raft is being swept up and.

Kon-Tiki expedition. down and is covered in water." After the three waves he describes the sea as quiet as before.The crew's first sight of land was the atoll of Puka-Puka on July 30. On August 4, the 97th day after departure, "Kon-Tiki" reached the Angatau atoll. The crew made brief contact with the inhabitants of Angatau Island, but were unable to land safely. Calculations made by Heyerdahl before the trip had indicated that 97 days was the minimum amount of time required to reach the Tuamotus, so the encounter with Angatau showed that they had made good time.On August 7, the voyage.

Kon-Tiki expedition. ended when the raft struck a reef and was then beached on an uninhabited islet off Raroia atoll in the Tuamotus. The team had travelled a distance of around 6980 (km) in 101 days, at an average speed of 1.5 (kn).After spending a number of days alone on the islet, the crew was greeted by men from a village on a nearby island who arrived in canoes, having seen washed-up flotsam from the raft. The crew were taken back to the native village, where they were feted with traditional dances and other festivities. Finally the crew were taken off Raroia.

Kon-Tiki expedition. to Tahiti by the French schooner "Tamara", with the salvaged "Kon-Tiki" in tow.## Anthropology.The basis of the "Kon-Tiki" expedition was pseudoscientific, racially controversial, and has not gained acceptance among scientists (even prior to the voyage). Heyerdahl believed that the original inhabitants of Easter Island (and the rest of Polynesia) were the "Tiki people", a race of "white bearded men" who supposedly originally sailed from Peru. He described these "Tiki people" as being a sun-worshipping fair-skinned people with blue eyes, fair or red hair, tall statures, and beards. He further said that these people were originally from the Middle East, and.

Kon-Tiki expedition. had crossed the Atlantic earlier to found the great Mesoamerican civilizations. By 500 CE, a branch of these people were supposedly forced out into Tiahuanaco where they became the ruling class of the Inca Empire and set out to voyage into the Pacific Ocean under the leadership of "Con Ticci Viracocha".He argued that the monumental statues known as moai resembled sculptures more typical of pre-Columbian Peru than any Polynesian designs. He believed that the Easter Island myth of a power struggle between two peoples called the Hanau epe and Hanau momoko was a memory of conflicts between the original inhabitants.

Kon-Tiki expedition. of the island and a later wave of Native Americans from the Northwest coast, eventually leading to the annihilation of the Hanau epe and the destruction of the island's culture and once-prosperous economy. Heyerdahl described these later migrants as "Maori-Polynesians" who were supposedly Asians who crossed over the Bering land bridge into Northwest America before sailing westward towards Polynesia (the westward direction is because he refused to accept that Polynesians were capable of sailing against winds and currents). He associated them with the Tlingit and Haida peoples and characterized them as "inferior" to the Tiki people.Heyerdahl's hypothesis was part of.

Kon-Tiki expedition. early Eurocentric hyperdiffusionism and the westerner disbelief that (non-white) "stone-age" peoples with "no math" could colonize islands separated by vast distances of ocean water, even against prevailing winds and currents. He rejected the highly skilled voyaging and navigating traditions of the Austronesian peoples and instead argued that Polynesia was settled from boats following the wind and currents for navigation from South America. As such, the "Kon-Tiki" was deliberately a primitive raft and unsteerable, in contrast to the sophisticated outrigger canoes and catamarans of the Austronesian people.Heyerdahl's hypothesis of Polynesian origins is overwhelmingly rejected by scientists today. Archaeological, linguistic, cultural, and.

Kon-Tiki expedition. genetic evidence all support a western origin (from Island Southeast Asia) for Polynesians via the Austronesian expansion. "Drift voyaging" from South America was also deemed "extremely unlikely" in 1973 by computer modeling, although is in contrast with recent genetic analysis. The 1976 voyage of the "Hōkūleʻa", a performance-accurate replica of a Polynesian double-hulled "wa'a kaulua" voyaging canoe, from Hawaiʻi to Tahiti was partly a demonstration to prove that Heyerdahl was wrong. The "Hōkūleʻa" sailed against prevailing winds and exclusively used wayfinding and celestial Polynesian navigation techniques (unlike the modern equipment and charts of the "Kon-Tiki"). "Hōkūleʻa" also remains fully operational,.

Kon-Tiki expedition. and has since completed ten other voyages, including a three-year circumnavigation of the planet from 2014 to 2017, with other sister ships.Historians today consider that the Polynesians from the west were the original inhabitants and that the story of the Hanau epe is either pure myth, or a memory of internal tribal or class conflicts. In 2011, Erik Thorsby of the University of Oslo presented DNA evidence to the Royal Society which, whilst agreeing with the west origin, also identified a distinctive but smaller genetic contribution from South America. This result was questioned in 2012 because of the possibility of.

Kon-Tiki expedition. contamination by South Americans after European contact with the islands. In 2014, further work by a team including Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas (from the Natural History Museum of Denmark) analysed the genomes of 27 native Rapa Nui people and found that their DNA was on average 76 percent Polynesian, 8 percent Native American and 16 percent European. Analysis showed that "although the European lineage could be explained by contact with white Europeans after the island was 'discovered' in 1722 by Dutch sailors, the South American component was much older, dating to between about 1280 and 1495, soon after the island was first.

Kon-Tiki expedition. colonised by Polynesians in around 1200." Genetic analysis of Polynesians and Native South Americans, published in "Nature" in July 2020, has revealed that several eastern Polynesian populations have signs of an ancient genetic signature that originated from Native South American people. An initial admixture event between Native South Americans and Polynesians, discovered by statistical analysis, took place around 1150–1230 CE.## Later recreations of "Kon-Tiki".## "Seven Little Sisters".In 1954, William Willis sailed alone on a raft "Seven Little Sisters" from Peru to American Samoa, successfully completing the journey. He sailed 6,700 (mi), which was 2,200 (mi) farther than "Kon-Tiki". In a.

Kon-Tiki expedition. second great voyage ten years later, he rafted 7457 (mi) from South America to Australia with a metal raft "Age Unlimited".## "Kantuta".In 1955, the Czech explorer and adventurer Eduard Ingris attempted to recreate the "Kon-Tiki" expedition on a balsa raft called "Kantuta". His first expedition, "Kantuta I", took place in 1955–1956 and led to failure. In 1959, Ingris built a new balsa raft, "Kantuta II", and tried to repeat the previous expedition. The second expedition was a success. Ingris was able to cross the Pacific Ocean on the balsa raft from Peru to Polynesia.## "Tahiti-Nui".A French seafarer, Éric de Bisschop,.

Kon-Tiki expedition. committed himself in a project he had had for some years: he built a Polynesian raft in order to cross the eastern Pacific Ocean from Tahiti to Chile (contrary to Thor Heyerdahl's crossing); the "Tahiti-Nui" left Papeete with a crew of five on November 8, 1956. When near the Juan Fernández Islands (Chile) in May 1957, the raft was in a very poor state and they asked for a towing, but it was damaged during the operation and had to be abandoned, but they were able to preserve all the equipment that had been aboard.## "Tahiti-Nui II".A second "Tahiti-Nui" was.

Kon-Tiki expedition. built in Constitución, Chile, leaving on April 13, 1958, towards Callao, then towards the Marquesas. It missed its target and after four months, the raft began to sink. The crew built a new smaller raft, the "Tahiti Nui III", in the ocean out of the more buoyant parts of the "Tahiti Nui II". They were swept towards Cook Islands where on August 30, the raft went aground and was wrecked at Rakahanga atoll. Éric de Bisschop died in this accident.## "Tangaroa" (1965).A Peruvian expedition led by Carlos Caravedo crossed the Pacific Ocean in 1965 in 115 days in a raft.

Kon-Tiki expedition. named "Tangaroa", of which 18 days were used by the crew to cross Tuamotus, the Tuamotu Archipielago, making "Tangaroa" the only raft that has managed to cross that dangerous archipelago of French Polynesia by its own means. On November 18, 1965, the "Tangaroa" ended its journey on the Fakarava island. Fakarava is where the "Tangaroa" is currently preserved.## Las Balsas.The 1973 Las Balsas expedition was the first (and so far only) multiple-raft crossing of the Pacific Ocean in recent history. It is the longest-known raft voyage in history. The expedition was led by Spaniard Vital Alsar, who, in 1970, led.

Kon-Tiki expedition. the La Balsa expedition, only on that occasion with one raft and three companions. The crossing was successful and, at the time, the longest raft voyage in history, until eclipsed in 1973 by Las Balsas. The purpose of the 1973 expedition was three-fold: (1) to prove that the success of 1970 was no accident, (2) to test different currents in the sea, which Alsar maintained ancient mariners knew as modern humans know road maps, and (3) to show that the original expeditions, directed perhaps toward trade or colonisation, may have consisted of small fleets of balsa rafts.## "Tangaroa" (2006).In 2006,.

Kon-Tiki expedition. the Tangaroa Expedition recreated the "Kon-Tiki" voyage using a newly built raft, the "Tangaroa", named after the Māori sea-god Tangaroa. Tangaroa's six-man crew was led by Norwegian Torgeir Higraff and included Olav Heyerdahl, grandson of Thor Heyerdahl, Bjarne Krekvik (captain), Øyvin Lauten (executive officer), Swedish Anders Berg (photographer) and Peruvian Roberto Sala. "Tangaroa" was launched on the same day that "Kon-Tiki" had been—April 28—and it reached its destination on July 7, which was 30 days faster than Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki which had taken 101 days for the voyage. Tangaroa's speed was credited to the proper use of guaras (centerboards).## "An-Tiki".On January.

Kon-Tiki expedition. 30, 2011, "An-Tiki", a raft modeled after "Kon-Tiki", began a 3000 (mi), 70-day journey across the Atlantic Ocean from the Canary Islands to the island of Eleuthera in the Bahamas. The expedition was piloted by four men, aged from 56 to 84 years, led by Anthony Smith. The trip was designed to commemorate the journey in an open boat of survivors from the British steamship "Anglo-Saxon", sunk by the German cruiser "Widder" in 1940. The raft ended its voyage in the Caribbean island of St Maarten, completing its trip to Eleuthera in the following year with Smith and a new.

Kon-Tiki expedition. crew.## "Kon-Tiki2".On 7 November 2015, two teams with two balsa rafts "Rahiti Tane" and "Tupac Yupanqui" left Lima, Peru for Easter Island. Expedition "Kon-Tiki2" got its name because it had 2 crews from many nations: Norway, Russia, UK, Mexico, New Zealand, Sweden, and Peru. It sought to double down on Heyerdahl's voyage by sailing two rafts from South America to Polynesia and then back. Expedition leader was Torgeir Higraff from Tangaroa Expedition (2006). Øyvin Lauten and Kari Skår Dahl were captains on the first leg, while Signe Meling and Ola Borgfjord were captains on the second leg. The raft reached.

Kon-Tiki expedition. Easter Island, but did not complete the return.The two rafts were made of 11 balsa logs and 10 crossbeams held together by 2000 meters (1¼ miles) of natural fiber ropes. Tens of thousands of waves, up to six meters (20') tall, hit the rafts in an El Niño year. This stress for 16 weeks weakened the ropes, but the crew could not replace all of them. On March 3, 2016, all crew members were taken on board the Hokuetsu Ushaka freight ship after 115 days of sailing and 4½ months at sea.## Documentation.## Memoir book.A book documenting the voyage and.

Kon-Tiki expedition. raft was released in 1948 by Thor Heyerdahl, called "".## Documentary film.A film documentary about the voyage and raft was released in 1950, called "Kon-Tiki". It won the 1951 Oscar for Best Documentary Feature.## In popular culture."Kon-Tiki" is a 2012 Norwegian historical dramatized feature film about the 1947 "Kon-Tiki" expedition. It starred Pål Sverre Valheim Hagen as Thor Heyerdahl and was directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg. It was the highest-grossing film of 2012 in Norway and the country's most expensive production to date.Episode 5 of the tenth season of HBO's "Curb Your Enthusiasm" features Clive Owen as himself.

Kon-Tiki expedition. in a one-man play entitled "Kon Tiki".Episode 2 of the second season of Apple TV+'s "For All Mankind" mentions a Space Shuttle named Kon-Tiki. Experimental archaeology Polynesian navigation Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories Pre-Columbian rafts Chincha culture Hyperdiffusionism Tupac Inca Yupanqui Atlantis Expedition Heyerdahl, Thor; Lyon, F.H. (translator) (1950). "Kon-Tiki: Across the Pacific by Raft". Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, Ill. Hesselberg, Erik (1950). "Kon-Tiki and I : illustrations with text, begun on the Pacific on board the raft "Kon-Tiki" and completed at "Solbakken" in Borre." Allen & Unwin Andersson, Axel (2010) "A Hero for the Atomic Age: Thor Heyerdahl and.

Kon-Tiki expedition. the Kon-Tiki Expedition" (Peter Lang) "Kon-Tiki" Museum National NC-173 receiver Quick Facts: Comparing the Two Rafts: Kon-Tiki and Tangaroa "Azerbaijan International", Vol 14:4 (Winter 2006) Testing Heyerdahl's Theories about Kon-Tiki 60 Years Later: Tangaroa Pacific Voyage (Summer 2006) "Azerbaijan International", Vol 14:4 (Winter 2006) Kon-Tiki in Reverse: The Tahiti-Nui Expedition TV2Sumo WebTV programme "Ekspedisjonen Tangaroa" (Tangaroa Expedition) – Norsk Acali 1973 – expedition by raft across Atlantic Librarything, 2007 Hsu-Fu 1993 – bamboo raft across Pacific (west to east) personal.psu.edu "Kon-Tiki" 1947 Documentary.


Question: What is the length of the incubation period (in day) of this bird's egg?

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Northern jacana. and stable. A male may create several nests at different sites and the female may choose one or find a site of her own in the territory.This bird lays a clutch of four brown eggs with black markings. These eggs usually measure around 30 by 23 (mm). The male incubates the eggs for 28 days. A female may sometimes shade and squat over the eggs but rarely incubate them. A female may reluctantly incubate the eggs if a male does not have sufficient time to forage throughout the day due to rain and cool temperatures. Males spend most of their.


Question: For the animal in the image, what do they commonly eat?

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Elephant. tall. As with other megaherbivores, including the extinct sauropod dinosaurs, the large size of elephants likely developed to allow them to survive on vegetation with low nutritional value. Their limbs grew longer and the feet shorter and broader. The feet were originally plantigrade and developed into a digitigrade stance with cushion pads and the sesamoid bone providing support. Early proboscideans developed longer mandibles and smaller craniums while more derived ones developed shorter mandibles, which shifted the head's centre of gravity. The skull grew larger, especially the cranium, while the neck shortened to provide better support for the skull. The increase.

Elephant. in size led to the development and elongation of the mobile trunk to provide reach. The number of premolars, incisors and canines decreased.The cheek teeth (molars and premolars) of proboscideans became larger and more specialized, especially after elephants started to switch from C3-plants to C4-grasses, which caused their teeth to undergo a three-fold increase in teeth height as well as substantial multiplication of lamellae after about five million years ago. Only in the last million years or so did they return to a diet mainly consisting of C3 trees and shrubs. The upper second incisors grew into tusks, which varied.

Elephant. gait similar to running. In walking, the legs act as pendulums, with the hips and shoulders rising and falling while the foot is planted on the ground. With no "aerial phase", the fast gait does not meet all the criteria of running, although the elephant uses its legs much like other running animals, with the hips and shoulders falling and then rising while the feet are on the ground. Fast-moving elephants appear to 'run' with their front legs, but 'walk' with their hind legs and can reach a top speed of 25 (km/h). At this speed, most other quadrupeds are.

Elephant. impede dehydration and improve thermal regulation over a long period of time.## Behaviour and life history.## Ecology and activities.The African bush elephant can be found in habitats as diverse as dry savannahs, deserts, marshes, and lake shores, and in elevations from sea level to mountains above the snow line. Forest elephants mainly live in equatorial forests but will enter gallery forests and ecotones between forests and savannahs. Asian elephants prefer areas with a mix of grasses, low woody plants, and trees, primarily inhabiting dry thorn-scrub forests in southern India and Sri Lanka and evergreen forests in Malaya. Elephants are herbivorous.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Reddish egret. The reddish egret ("Egretta rufescens") is a medium-sized heron. It is a resident breeder in Central America, The Bahamas, the Caribbean, the Gulf Coast of the United States, and Mexico. There is post-breeding dispersal to well north of the nesting range. In the past, this bird was a victim of the plume trade.According to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, there are only 1,500 to 2,000 nesting pairs of reddish egrets in the United States — and most of these are in Texas. They are classified as "threatened" in Texas and receive special protection.## Description.This species reaches 68 - 82.

Reddish egret. (cm) in length, with a 116 - 125 (cm) wingspan. Body mass in this species can range from 364 - 870 (g). Among standard linear measurements, the wing chord is 29 - 34.3 (cm), the tail is 8.8 - 13 (cm), the bill is 7.3 - 9.2 (cm) and the tarsus is 11.7 - 14.7 (cm). It is a medium-sized, long-legged, long-necked heron with a long pointed pinkish bill with a black tip. It is distinctly larger than other co-existing members of the genus "Egretta", but smaller than the great blue heron and great egret. The legs and feet are.

Reddish egret. have raucous courtship displays. They generally involve shaking of the head during the greeting ceremony, followed by chases and circle flights. They also involve raising of the neck, back and crest feathers, accompanied by bill clacking, similar to the tricolored heron. Egretta rufescens at Field Guide: Birds of the World on Flickr.


Question: Which significant event was held in this place?

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Blenheim Palace. 1720s. It is unique in its combined use as a family home, mausoleum and national monument. The palace is notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill.Following the palace's completion, it became the home of the Churchill (later Spencer-Churchill) family for the next 300 years, and various members of the family have wrought changes to the interiors, park and gardens. At the end of the 19th century, the palace was saved from ruin by funds gained from the 9th Duke of Marlborough's marriage to American railroad heiress Consuelo Vanderbilt.## Churchills.John Churchill was born in Devon. Although his.

Blenheim Palace. left (east) side of the plan on either side of the bow room "(marked "O")" can be seen a smaller but nearly identical layout of rooms, which were the suites of the Duke and Duchess themselves. Thus, the bow room corresponds exactly to the saloon in terms of its importance to the two smaller suites.Blenheim Palace was the birthplace of the 1st Duke's famous descendant, Winston Churchill, whose life and times are commemorated by a permanent exhibition in the suite of rooms in which he was born "(marked "K" on the plan)". Blenheim Palace was designed with all its principal.


Question: Which city or region does this park locate in?

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Huis Ten Bosch (theme park). Is a theme park in Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan, which recreates the Netherlands by displaying life-sized copies of old Dutch buildings. The name "Huis Ten Bosch" translates into English as "House at the Woods/Forest". It is named after Huis ten Bosch in The Hague, one of the three official residences of the Dutch Royal Family.## Overview.The park features many Dutch-style buildings such as hotels, villas, theatres, museums, shops and restaurants, along with canals, windmills, amusement rides, and a park planted in seasonal flowers. Huis Ten Bosch, which opened on March 25, 1992, is located around 12 km southeast of Sasebo. It.

Huis Ten Bosch (theme park). is on Hario Island, essentially an area of reclaimed marshland on the main coastline of Kyushu facing Ōmura Bay. Its location in this area of the country reflects the historical relations between the Netherlands and Japan, which began in 1609 when a trading post was opened by the Dutch in Hirado, an island off the coast of Kyushu around 35 km northwest of central Sasebo.The Huis Ten Bosch park is open daily from 9.00 a.m. to 9.30 p.m. (9.00 a.m. to 8.30 p.m. from December to February). A day "passport" ticket, covering entry and a number of attractions within the.

Huis Ten Bosch (theme park). park costs 5,600 yen for adults and 4,400 yen for children. The park can be reached by JR train or bus from Nagasaki. It can also be reached by boat from Nagasaki Airport or from Sasebo.The park recorded the peak of 4.25 million visitors in 1996. However, due to the fall of the number of visitors caused by economic slump in Japan, the park declared bankruptcy in 2003 with debt of 220 billion yen. The rebuilding plan was sponsored by Nomura Principal Finance Company until March 2010, when H.I.S., a travel agency, took over the management by injecting 2 billion.


Question: What is the immediately prior item that this building follows in a series?

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Palais de Chaillot. The Palais de Chaillot () is a building at the top of the in the Trocadéro area in the 16th "arrondissement" of Paris, France.For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old 1878 Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt to create the Palais de Chaillot. It was designed in classicising "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. The Palais consists of two separate wings shaped to form a wide arc, which are those of the former building with new taller portions built in front. The pair of larger central pavilions are also those of.


Question: Who designed this building?

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Emirates Stadium. official name of Highbury. Emirates and Arsenal agreed to a new deal worth £150 million in November 2012, and shirt-sponsorship was extended to five years while naming rights were extended to 2028.## Construction and opening.Actual construction of the stadium began once Arsenal secured funding. The club appointed Sir Robert McAlpine in January 2002 to carry out building work and the stadium was designed by Populous, who were the architects for Stadium Australia (home of the 2000 Olympics and the South Sydney Rabbitohs NRL club) and the redevelopment of Ascot Racecourse. Construction consultants Arcadis and engineering firm Buro Happold were also.

Emirates Stadium. around the lower tier before kick off.## Structure and facilities.Described as "beautiful" and "intimidating" by architect Christopher Lee of Populous, the Emirates Stadium is a four-tiered bowl with translucent polycarbonate roofing over the stands, but not over the pitch. The underside is clad with metallic panels and the roof is supported by four triangular trusses, made of welded tubular steel. Two trusses span 200 (m) in a north–south direction while a further two span an east–west direction. The trusses are supported by the stadium's vertical concrete cores, eight of which connected to them by steel tripods. They in turn each.

Emirates Stadium. house four stairways, a passenger lift as well as service access. Façades are either glazed or woven between the cores which allows visitors on the podium to see inside the stadium. The glass and steel construction was devised by Populous to give an impression that the stadium sparkles in sunlight and glows in the night.The upper and lower parts of the stadium feature standard seating. The stadium has two levels below ground that house its support facilities such as commercial kitchens, changing rooms and press and education centres. The main middle tier, known as the "Club Level", is premium priced.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Venus flytrap. The Venus flytrap ("Dionaea muscipula") is a carnivorous plant native to subtropical wetlands on the East Coast of the United States in North Carolina and South Carolina. It catches its prey—chiefly insects and arachnids—with a trapping structure formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves, which is triggered by tiny hairs (called "trigger hairs" or "sensitive hairs") on their inner surfaces.When an insect or spider crawling along the leaves contacts a hair, the trap prepares to close, snapping shut only if another contact occurs within approximately twenty seconds of the first strike. Triggers may occur with a.

Venus flytrap. tenth of a second of contact. The requirement of redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against wasting energy by trapping objects with no nutritional value, and the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli to ensure it has caught a live bug worthy of consumption."Dionaea" is a monotypic genus closely related to the waterwheel plant ("Aldrovanda vesiculosa") and sundews ("Drosera"), all of which belong to the family Droseraceae.Although widely cultivated for sale, the population of the Venus flytrap has been rapidly declining in its native range. The species is currently under Endangered Species Act review.

Venus flytrap. by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.## Etymology.The plant's common name (originally "Venus's flytrap") refers to Venus, the Roman goddess of love. The genus name, "Dionaea" ("daughter of Dione"), refers to the Greek goddess Aphrodite, while the species name, "muscipula", is Latin for both "mousetrap" and "flytrap". The Latin word ("mousetrap") is derived from "mus" ("mouse") and ("trap"), while the homonym word ("flytrap") is derived from ("fly") and ("trap").Historically, the plant was also known by the slang term "tipitiwitchet" or "tippity twitchet", possibly an oblique reference to the plant's resemblance to human female genitalia. The term is similar to the.

Venus flytrap. and scientific name "Dionaea muscipula".## Description.The Venus flytrap is a small plant whose structure can be described as a rosette of four to seven leaves, which arise from a short subterranean stem that is actually a bulb-like object. Each stem reaches a maximum size of about three to ten centimeters, depending on the time of year; longer leaves with robust traps are usually formed after flowering. Flytraps that have more than seven leaves are colonies formed by rosettes that have divided beneath the ground.The leaf blade is divided into two regions: a flat, heart-shaped photosynthesis-capable petiole, and a pair of.

Venus flytrap. 3–5 years in most places for "D. muscipula" to thrive. After fire, "D. muscipula" seeds germinate well in ash and sandy soil, with seedlings growing well in the open post-fire conditions. The seeds germinate immediately without a dormant period.## Distribution."Dionaea muscipula" occurs naturally only along the coastal plain of North and South Carolina in the U.S, with all known current sites within 90 km of Wilmington, North Carolina. A 1958 survey of herbaria specimens and old documents found 259 sites where the historical record documented the presence of "D. muscipula", within 21 counties in North and South Carolina. As of.

Venus flytrap. and other crawling arthropods. The "Dionaea" diet is 33% ants, 30% spiders, 10% beetles, and 10% grasshoppers, with fewer than 5% flying insects.Given that "Dionaea" evolved from an ancestral form of "Drosera" (carnivorous plants that use a sticky trap instead of a snap trap) the reason for this evolutionary branching becomes clear. "Drosera" consume smaller, aerial insects, whereas "Dionaea" consume larger terrestrial bugs. "Dionaea" are able to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs. This gives "Dionaea" an evolutionary advantage over their ancestral sticky trap form.## Mechanism of trapping.The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants.

Venus flytrap. been activated, digestion is catalysed by hydrolase enzymes secreted by the glands. One of these enzymes includes GH18 chitinase, which breaks down chitin-containing exoskeleton of trapped insects. Synthesis of this enzyme begins with at least five action potentials, which will stimulate transcription of chitinase.Oxidative protein modification is likely to be a pre-digestive mechanism used by "Dionaea muscipula". Aqueous leaf extracts have been found to contain quinones such as the naphthoquinone plumbagin that couples to different NADH-dependent diaphorases to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide upon autoxidation. Such oxidative modification could rupture animal cell membranes. Plumbagin is known to induce apoptosis, associated.

Venus flytrap. with the regulation of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. When the "Dionaea" extracts were pre-incubated with diaphorases and NADH in the presence of serum albumin (SA), subsequent tryptic digestion of SA was facilitated. Since the secretory glands of Droseraceae contain proteases and possibly other degradative enzymes, it may be that the presence of oxygen-activating redox cofactors function as extracellular pre-digestive oxidants to render membrane-bound proteins of the prey (insects) more susceptible to proteolytic attacks.Digestion takes about ten days, after which the prey is reduced to a husk of chitin. The trap then reopens, and is ready for reuse.## Evolution.Carnivory in.

Venus flytrap. plants is a very specialized form of foliar feeding, and is an adaptation found in several plants that grow in nutrient-poor soil. Carnivorous traps were naturally selected to allow these organisms to compensate for the nutrient deficiencies of their harsh environments and compensate for the reduced photosynthetic benefit. Phylogenetic studies have shown that carnivory in plants is a common adaptation in habitats with abundant sunlight and water but scarce nutrients. Carnivory has evolved independently six times in the angiosperms based on extant species, with likely many more carnivorous plant lineages now extinct.The "snap trap" mechanism characteristic of "Dionaea" is shared.

Venus flytrap. with only one other carnivorous plant genus, "Aldrovanda". For most of the 20th century, this relationship was thought to be coincidental, more precisely an example of convergent evolution. Some phylogenetic studies even suggested that the closest living relatives of "Aldrovanda" were the sundews. It was not until 2002 that a molecular evolutionary study, by analyzing combined nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences, indicated that "Dionaea" and "Aldrovanda" were closely related and that the snap trap mechanism evolved only once in a common ancestor of the two genera.A 2009 study presented evidence for the evolution of snap traps of "Dionaea" and "Aldrovanda.

Venus flytrap. from a flypaper trap like "Drosera regia", based on molecular data. The molecular and physiological data imply that "Dionaea" and "Aldrovanda" snap traps evolved from the flypaper traps of a common ancestor with "Drosera". Pre-adaptations to the evolution of snap traps were identified in several species of "Drosera", such as rapid leaf and tentacle movement. The model proposes that plant carnivory by snap trap evolved from the flypaper traps, driven by increasing prey size. Bigger prey provides greater nutritional value, but large insects can easily escape the sticky mucilage of flypaper traps; the evolution of snap traps would therefore prevent.

Venus flytrap. somewhere in its evolutionary history, the Venus flytrap repurposed these genes to facilitate carnivory. ## Proposed evolutionary history.Carnivorous plants are generally herbaceous, and their traps the result of primary growth. They generally do not form readily fossilizable structures such as thick bark or wood. As a result, there is no fossil evidence of the steps that might link "Dionaea" and "Aldrovanda", or either genus with their common ancestor, "Drosera". Nevertheless, it is possible to infer an evolutionary history based on phylogenetic studies of both genera. Researchers have proposed a series of steps that would ultimately result in the complex snap-trap.

Venus flytrap. digestive glands found inside the trap, rather than using the dews in the stalks, further differentiating it from genus "Drosera".Phylogenetic studies using molecular characters place the emergence of carnivory in the ancestors of "Dionaea muscipula" to 85.6 million years ago, and the development of the snap-trap in the ancestors of "Dionaea" and its sister genus "Aldrovanda" to approximately 48 million years ago.## Cultivation.Plants can be propagated by seed, taking around four to five years to reach maturity. More commonly, they are propagated by clonal division in spring or summer. Venus flytraps can also be propagated "in vitro" using plant tissue.

Venus flytrap. without sufficient data on vulnerability". The IUCN Red List classifies the species as "vulnerable". The State of North Carolina lists "Dionaea muscipula" as a species of "Special Concern–Vulnerable". The species is protected under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system. NatureServe classified it as "Imperiled" (G2) in a 2018 review.The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has not indicated a timeline to conclude its current review of "Dionaea muscipula". The Endangered Species Act specifies a two-year timeline for a species review.

Venus flytrap. a variety of human ailments including HIV, Crohn's disease and skin cancer, but available scientific evidence does not support the health claims made for Venus flytrap extract.Carnivorous plants of North AmericaList of ineffective cancer treatments Images and movies of the Venus flytrap "(Dionaea muscipula)" at ARKive Venus Flytrap Growing Guide and Distribution Map The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Flytraps Venus flytrap origins uncovered – BBC The CP Photo Finder: "Dionaea" Criminal Podcast Episode Five: Dropping Like Flies.


Question: What is this facility dedicated to?

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Library of Celsus. The Library of Celsus () is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey. The building was commissioned in the 110s A.D. by a consul, Gaius Julius Aquila, as a funerary monument for his father, former proconsul of Asia Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, and completed during the reign of Hadrian, sometime after Aquila's death. The library is considered an architectural marvel, and is one of the only remaining examples of a library from the Roman Empire. The Library of Celsus was the third-largest library in the Roman world behind only Alexandria and Pergamum, believed to have.

Library of Celsus. held around twelve thousand scrolls. Celsus is buried in a crypt beneath the library in a decorated marble sarcophagus. The interior measured roughly 180 square metres (2,000 square feet).The interior of the library and its contents were destroyed in a fire that resulted either from an earthquake or a Gothic invasion in 262 A.D., and the façade by an earthquake in the tenth or eleventh century. It lay in ruins for centuries until the façade was re-erected by archaeologists between 1970 and 1978.## History.Celsus enjoyed a successful military and political career, having served as a commander in the Roman army.

Library of Celsus. before being elected to serve as a consul in Rome in 92 A.D. Celsus, a native of Sardis, was one of the first men from the Greek-speaking eastern provinces to serve as a consul, the highest elected office in imperial Rome. He was later appointed as proconsul, or governor, of Asia, the Roman province that covered roughly the same area as modern-day Turkey. Celsus's son Aquila commissioned the library in his honor, though it was not completed until after Aquila's death. An inscription records that Celsus left a large legacy of 25,000 denarii to pay for the library's reading material.The.

Library of Celsus. library operated as a public space for the city from its completion around 117–135 A.D. until 262. The main floor functioned as a reading room, lit by abundant natural light from the eastern windows. Shelves or "armaria" set into niches along the walls held papyrus book rolls that visitors could read, though borrowing would not have been permitted because copies of books were rare and labor-intensive to produce. Additional scrolls may have been held in free-standing book boxes placed around the room, in which case the library would have had a holding capacity of up to sixteen thousand scrolls.The interior.

Library of Celsus. and contents of the library were destroyed by fire in 262 C.E., though it remains unknown whether this fire was the result of natural disaster or a Gothic invasion, as it seems the city was struck by one of each that year. Only the façade survived, until an earthquake in eleventh or tenth century left it in ruins as well.Between 1970 and 1978, a reconstruction campaign was led by the German archaeologist Volker Michael Strocka. Strocka analysed the fragments that had been excavated by Austrian archaeologists between 1903 and 1904. In the meantime, some of the architectural elements had been.

Library of Celsus. acquired by museums in Vienna and Istanbul. The absent fragments had to be replaced by copies or left missing. Only the façade was rebuilt, while the rest of the building remains in ruin.## Architecture.The east-facing marble façade of the library is intricately decorated with botanical carvings and portrait statuary. Design features include acanthus leaves, scrolls, and fasces emblems, the latter being a symbol of magisterial power that alludes to Celsus's tenure as a consul. The library is built on a platform, with nine steps the width of the building leading up to three front entrances. These are surmounted by large.

Library of Celsus. windows, which may have been fitted with glass or latticework. Flanking the entrances are four pairs of Composite columns elevated on pedestals. A set of Corinthian columns stands directly above. The columns on the lower level frame four aediculae containing statues of female personifications of virtues: Sophia (wisdom), Episteme (knowledge), Ennoia (intelligence) and Arete (excellence). These virtues allude to the dual purpose of the structure, built to function as both a library and a mausoleum; their presence both implies that the man for whom it was built exemplified these four virtues, and that the visitor may cultivate these virtues in.

Library of Celsus. him or herself by taking advantage of the library's holdings. This type of façade with inset frames and niches for statues is similar to that of the "skene" found in ancient Greek theatres and is thus characterised as "scenographic". The columns on the second level flank four podia, paralleling the aediculae below, which held statues of Celsus and his son. A third register of columns may have been present in antiquity, though today only two remain.The interior of the building, which has yet to be restored, consisted of a single rectangular room measuring 17x11 m, with a central apse framed.

Library of Celsus. by a large arch at the far wall. The apse contained a podium for a statue, now lost, that likely depicted Celsus, although some scholars have suggested it was Minerva, goddess of wisdom. A crypt containing Celsus's sarcophagus was located beneath the floor of the apse. It was unusual in Roman culture for someone to be buried within a library or even within city limits, so this was a special honour for Celsus, reflecting his prominent role as a public official.The three remaining walls were lined with either two or three levels of niches measuring 2.55x1.1x0.58 m on average, which.

Library of Celsus. would have held the "armaria" to house the scrolls. These niches, which were backed with double walls, may have also had a function to control the humidity and protect the scrolls from the extreme temperature. The upper level was a gallery with a balcony overlooking the main floor, creating a lofty spatial effect inside. It could be reached via a set of stairs built into the walls, which added structural support. The ceiling was flat and may have had a central round oculus to provide more light.The design of the library, with its ornate, balanced façade, reflects the influence of.

Library of Celsus. Greek style on Roman architecture, which reached its height in the second century.## Portraiture of Celsus.The cuirassed statue of Celsus now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum was one of three statues of the building's patron located on the second level of the façade. He is depicted with a strong jaw, curly hair, and a neat beard, Hellenizing portrait features that echo the stylistic choices of the building's façade. The style imitates traits of Hadrianic imperial portraiture, suggesting that it was sculpted after the lifetime of not only Celsus, but of his son Aquila as well. The choice to depict him.

Library of Celsus. in full armor suggests that Celsus's descendants considered his military career memorable and a source of pride.## Commemoration.The building's façade was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 20 million lira banknote of 2001–2005 and of the 20 new lira banknote of 2005–2009. List of libraries in the ancient world List of destroyed librariesCasson, Lionel (2001). "Libraries in the Ancient World". New Haven: Yale University Press. .Houston, George W. 2014. I"nside Roman Libraries: Book Collections and their Management in Antiquity". Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-469-63920-8. Smith, R. R. R. "Cultural Choice and Political Identity in.

Library of Celsus. Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D." "The Journal of Roman Studies" 88 (1998): 56-93. doi:10.2307/300805. classics.uc.edu, Architecture, classical studies, bibliography (Archived) Virtual reconstruction of the Celsus library in Ephesus, Turkey.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

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Clitocybe nuda. Cooke called it the amethyst lepista, John Sibthorp called it the blue-gilled agaric in his 1794 work "Flora Oxoniensis".## Description.This mushroom can range from lilac to purple-pink. Some North American specimens are duller and tend toward tan, but usually have purplish tones on the stem and gills. Younger specimens are lighter with more convex caps, while mature specimens have a darker color and flatter cap, ranging from in diameter. The gills are attached to the short, stout stem, which is about long and 1–2.5 cm wide, sometimes larger at the base. Wood blewits have a very distinctive odor, which has.

Clitocybe nuda. been likened by one author to that of frozen orange juice.Wood blewits can be easily distinguished by their odor, as well as by their spore print, which is white to pale pink.## Similar species.Wood blewits can be confused with certain blue or purple species of the genus "Cortinarius", including the uncommon "C. camphoratus", many of which may be poisonous. "Cortinarius" mushrooms often have the remains of a veil under their caps and a ring-like impression on their stem. "Cortinarius" species produce a rusty brown spore print after several hours on white paper. Their brown spores often dust their stems and.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Bradybaena similaris. Bradybaena similaris, the Asian trampsnail, is a species of small, invasive land snail. It is a pulmonate gastropod terrestrial mollusc in the family Bradybaenidae. It earned the common name based on its origins, and its habit of roosting on freight containers . This habit means that this may be one of the most broadly-distributed species of terrestrial snail in the world. "Bradybaena similaris" is the type species of the genus "Bradybaena".## Distribution.This species is native to Southeast Asia, but it has been accidentally introduced to many areas around the world. The distribution includes: Pratas Island, TaiwanThe introduced distribution includes states.

Bradybaena similaris. on the Gulf of Mexico, and it is widespread in Florida, USA. It has become widespread in Eastern Australia, usually living in association with exotic weeds. It can be found on Reunion island, Mayotte and Mauritius, New-Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesia.## Description.The width of the shell is about 12 to 16 mm with whorls. The color of the shell is light brown, often with a single, apical chestnut band. The shell is sculptured with fine, irregular growth lines and fine spiral striae. The lip of the adult shell is reflected and the columella is partially covering the umbilicus.##.

Bradybaena similaris. Food.The Asian trampsnail primarily consumes live plant matter, such as growing vegetables or plants like arugula. They are known for being destructive to gardens and crops because of their eating habits. It has also been observed consuming coffee rust and the mycoparasite "Lecanicillium lecanii".## Ecology.As an introduced species, the Asian trampsnail is often found in areas with tall grasses and high humidity. Typically this species is found in gardens, greenhouses, and similar habitats, sometimes retreating under logs or fallen branches.This species is often common with abundant old shells on the ground and among leaf litter, as well as on vegetation.

Bradybaena similaris. and on trees. It is active after rainfall.Dundee and Cancienne reported that this snail can survive winters in Louisiana where the temperature can fall as low as 5-10°C.It feeds on a wide variety of plants including citrus and is considered as pest in agriculture. This snail is often exported by accident from Florida to other areas and thus poses a quarantine problem for Florida.This species of snail creates and uses love darts during mating. Snail eggs generally take 2-4 weeks to hatch, lifespan 2-3 years.## References.This article incorporates public domain text, a public domain work of the United States Government.

Bradybaena similaris. from the reference. Almeida M. N. & Bessa E. C. A. (2001). "Estudo do crescimento e da reprodução de "Bradybaena similaris" (Mollusca, Xanthonychidae) em laboratório. [Growth and reproduction of "Bradybaena similaris" (Férussac) (Mollusca, Xanthonychidae) in laboratory conditions]". "Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" 18(4): 1115-1122. . PDF."Bradybaena similaris" on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site.


Question: For the animal in the image, what do they commonly eat?

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Elephant. tall. As with other megaherbivores, including the extinct sauropod dinosaurs, the large size of elephants likely developed to allow them to survive on vegetation with low nutritional value. Their limbs grew longer and the feet shorter and broader. The feet were originally plantigrade and developed into a digitigrade stance with cushion pads and the sesamoid bone providing support. Early proboscideans developed longer mandibles and smaller craniums while more derived ones developed shorter mandibles, which shifted the head's centre of gravity. The skull grew larger, especially the cranium, while the neck shortened to provide better support for the skull. The increase.

Elephant. in size led to the development and elongation of the mobile trunk to provide reach. The number of premolars, incisors and canines decreased.The cheek teeth (molars and premolars) of proboscideans became larger and more specialized, especially after elephants started to switch from C3-plants to C4-grasses, which caused their teeth to undergo a three-fold increase in teeth height as well as substantial multiplication of lamellae after about five million years ago. Only in the last million years or so did they return to a diet mainly consisting of C3 trees and shrubs. The upper second incisors grew into tusks, which varied.

Elephant. gait similar to running. In walking, the legs act as pendulums, with the hips and shoulders rising and falling while the foot is planted on the ground. With no "aerial phase", the fast gait does not meet all the criteria of running, although the elephant uses its legs much like other running animals, with the hips and shoulders falling and then rising while the feet are on the ground. Fast-moving elephants appear to 'run' with their front legs, but 'walk' with their hind legs and can reach a top speed of 25 (km/h). At this speed, most other quadrupeds are.

Elephant. impede dehydration and improve thermal regulation over a long period of time.## Behaviour and life history.## Ecology and activities.The African bush elephant can be found in habitats as diverse as dry savannahs, deserts, marshes, and lake shores, and in elevations from sea level to mountains above the snow line. Forest elephants mainly live in equatorial forests but will enter gallery forests and ecotones between forests and savannahs. Asian elephants prefer areas with a mix of grasses, low woody plants, and trees, primarily inhabiting dry thorn-scrub forests in southern India and Sri Lanka and evergreen forests in Malaya. Elephants are herbivorous.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). The Chapel of the Resurrection is the centerpiece structure on the campus of Valparaiso University in Valparaiso, Indiana. Primarily used to facilitate many Lutheran campus worship services, the Chapel of the Resurrection also serves as a site for convocations, musical performances, guest lectures, and commencement ceremonies.The chapel's chancel is 98 (ft) high and is circular in shape; the roof of the apse is shaped like a nine-pointed star. The nave is 58 (ft) high and 193 (ft) long. The building capacity is around 2000, although this number is flexible depending upon the configuration of the chairs, which recently replaced the.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). pews. To the southwest of the Chapel lies the Brandt Campanile, a 12-bell tower rising 143 (ft) tall.Clearly visible from U.S. Route 30 and throughout the surrounding community, the building is located on the highest point of ground on the Valparaiso University campus and is a Northwest Indiana landmark.## History.Groundbreaking for the Chapel construction took place in 1956. The building was designed by the architectural firm Charles Stade and Associates of Park Ridge, Illinois, though certain elements and features (e.g., the stone baptistry, the stained glass windows, etc.) were designed by other artists. Peter Dohmen Studios of St. Paul, Minnesota.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). designed the 95 (ft) high stained glass windows, as well as the marble interzia altar, and the mosaic at the entrance of the chapel. Adalbert Raphael Kretzmann, pastor and brother of Valparaiso University president O. P. Kretzmann, joined Charles Stade in the building's design.The altar is 20 (ft) long, made of various types of Italian marble. Peter Dohmen designed the inlaid marble pedestals to depict, with symbols, the four evangelists. Matthew is represented by an angel, Mark by a lion, John by an eagle, and Luke by an ox.Peter Dohmen learned his skills at the top art academies of Europe.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). He became a well-known artist in Germany during the 1930s, executing major art works, such as stained glass windows, frescos on major public buildings, mosaics, etc. During the early 1940s he was blackballed by the government because of his outspoken opposition against the Nazi party. He emigrated to the United States with his family in 1951 and continued his artistic trade with great success. Amongst some of his major works are the stained glass windows in the library of the University of Notre Dame.Total construction costs of the chapel were about $7.5 million, much of which came through individual donations.The.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). building was dedicated in 1959, part of Valparaiso University's centennial celebration, and officially designated as the Chapel of the Resurrection at the 10th anniversary service in 1969.In July and August 2005, the university built a medieval-style prayer labyrinth on the east side of the chapel, 64 feet in diameter. The university is adding 11000 (sqft) to the building in 2014, known as the Helge Center.## Organ.The Reddel Organ in the chapel was built by organ builder Herman Schlicker of Buffalo, New York. A contract for the organ was signed on September 27, 1957 at a cost of $68,000. These funds.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). paid for about three-quarters of the entire specification, the price of which would have been $98,000. Paul Bunjes of Concordia College, River Forest, Illinois, was retained as consultant. The instrument was dedicated at the morning Eucharist on September 27, 1959, and was featured that evening in a recital by E. Power Biggs to a record audience of over 2,000 people. It was rebuilt and enlarged in 1995-1996 by Dobson Pipe Organ Builders of Lake City, Iowa.Chapel of the Resurrection—official websiteVirtual tour of the chapelOrgan history Coventry Cathedral, a church building in very similar style in Coventry, England Christ Church Lutheran.

Chapel of the Resurrection (Valparaiso, Indiana). (Minneapolis, Minnesota), an influence on the Chapel of the Resurrection, and whose pastor would become Valparaiso's Dean of the Chapel in 1964 First Unitarian Society of Madison Meeting House, a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed church building that influenced the chapel's design.


Question: Which place is this bird endemic to?

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Caspian tern. Europe (mainly around the Baltic Sea and Black Sea), Asia, Africa, and Australasia (Australia and New Zealand). North American birds migrate to southern coasts, the West Indies and northernmost South America. European and Asian birds spend the non-breeding season in the Old World tropics. African and Australasian birds are resident or disperse over short distances.In 2016, a nest of the Caspian tern was found in the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in northwestern Alaska, 1,000 miles further north than any previous sighting. This development was part of a general trend in Alaska of species moving to the north, a tendency ascribed.


Question: What is the source of energy of this equipment?

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Chainsaw. A chainsaw (or chain saw) is a portable gasoline-, electric-, or battery-powered saw that cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar. It is used in activities such as tree felling, limbing, bucking, pruning, cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, and harvesting of firewood. Chainsaws with specially designed bar-and-chain combinations have been developed as tools for use in chainsaw art and chainsaw mills. Specialized chainsaws are used for cutting concrete during construction developments. Chainsaws are sometimes used for cutting ice; for example, ice sculpture and winter swimming in Finland.## History.## In surgery.The.

Chainsaw. to Samuel J. Bens of San Francisco on January 17, 1905, his intent being to fell giant redwoods. The first portable chainsaw was developed and patented in 1918 by Canadian millwright James Shand. After he allowed his rights to lapse in 1930, his invention was further developed by what became the German company Festo in 1933. The company, now operating as Festool, produces portable power tools. Other important contributors to the modern chainsaw are Joseph Buford Cox and Andreas Stihl; the latter patented and developed an electric chainsaw for use on bucking sites in 1926 and a gasoline-powered chainsaw in.

Chainsaw. 1929, and founded a company to mass-produce them. In 1927, Emil Lerp, the founder of Dolmar, developed the world's first gasoline-powered chainsaw and mass-produced them.World War II interrupted the supply of German chain saws to North America, so new manufacturers sprang up, including Industrial Engineering Ltd (IEL) in 1939, the forerunner of Pioneer Saws Ltd and part of Outboard Marine Corporation, the oldest manufacturer of chainsaws in North America.In 1944, Claude Poulan was supervising German prisoners cutting pulpwood in East Texas. Poulan utilized an old truck fender and fashioned it into a curved piece utilized to guide the chain. The.

Chainsaw. man-powered saws in forestry. They are made in many sizes, from small electric saws intended for home and garden use, to large "lumberjack" saws. Members of military engineer units are trained to use chainsaws, as are firefighters to fight forest fires and to ventilate structure fires.Three main types of chainsaw sharpeners are used: handheld file, electric chainsaw, and bar-mounted.The first electric chainsaw was invented by Stihl in 1926. Corded chainsaws became available for sale to the public from the 1960s onwards, but these were never as successful commercially as the older gas-powered type due to limited range, dependency upon the.

Chainsaw. presence of an electrical socket, plus the health and safety risk of the blade's proximity to the cable.For most of the early 21st century petrol driven chainsaws remained the most common type, but they faced competition from cordless lithium battery powered chainsaws from the late 2010s onwards. Although most cordless chainsaws are small and suitable only for hedge trimming and tree surgery, Husqvarna and Stihl began manufacturing full size chainsaws for cutting logs during the early 2020s. Battery powered chainsaws should eventually see increased market share in California due to state restrictions planned to take effect in 2024 on gas.

Chainsaw. powered gardening equipment.## Construction.A chainsaw consists of several parts:## Engine.Chainsaw engines are traditionally either a two-stroke gasoline (petrol) internal combustion engine (usually with a cylinder volume of 30 to 120 cm3) or an electric motor driven by a battery or electric power cord. In a petrol chainsaw, fuel is generally supplied to the engine by a carburetor at the intake.To allow use in any orientation, modern gas chainsaws use a diaphragm carburetor, which draws fuel from the tank using the alternating pressure differential within the crankcase. Early engines used carburetors with gravity fed float chambers, which caused the engine to.

Chainsaw. the garment.## Maintenance.Two-stroke chainsaws require about 2–5% of oil in the fuel to lubricate the engine, while the motor in electrical chain-saws is normally lubricated for life. Most modern gasoline-operated saws today require a fuel mix of 2% (1:50). Gasoline that contains ethanol can result in problems for the equipment because ethanol dissolves plastic, rubber, and other material. This leads to problems, especially on older equipment. A workaround for this problem is to run fresh fuel only and run the saw dry at the end of the work.Separate chain oil or bar oil is used for the lubrication of the.

Chainsaw. or steel spring was introduced. Heated handles are additional help. Newer, lighter, and easier to wield cordless electric chainsaws use brushless motors, which further decrease noise and vibration compared to traditional petroleum-powered models.The risks associated with chainsaw use mean that protective clothing such as chainsaw boots, chaps, and hearing protectors are normally worn while operating them, and many jurisdictions require that operators be certified or licensed to work with chainsaws. Injury can also result if the chain breaks during operation due to poor maintenance or attempting to cut inappropriate materials.Gasoline-powered chainsaws expose operators to harmful carbon monoxide gas, especially indoors.

Chainsaw. to cut bulk wood into planks or boards. Such usage is called a chainsaw mill or Alaskan sawmill.## Cutting stone, concrete, and brick.Special chainsaws can cut concrete, brick, and natural stone. These use similar chains to ordinary chainsaws, but with cutting edges embedded with diamond grit. They may use gasoline or hydraulic power, and the chain is lubricated with water, because of high friction and to remove stone dust. The machine is used in construction, for example, in cutting deep, square holes in walls or floors, in stone sculpture for removing large chunks of stone during pre-carving, by fire departments.


Question: Which place is this plant endemic to?

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Cupressus macrocarpa. Hesperocyparis macrocarpa is a coniferous tree. It is commonly known as the Monterey cypress and is one of several species of cypress trees endemic to California.The Monterey cypress is found naturally only on the Central Coast of California. The natural distributional range of the species during modern times is confined to two small relict populations near Carmel, California, at Cypress Point in Pebble Beach and at Point Lobos. Historically during the peak of the last ice age, Monterey cypress would have likely comprised a much larger forest that extended much further north and south.## Description."Hesperocyparis macrocarpa" is a medium-sized coniferous.

Cupressus macrocarpa. 20–40 mm long, with 6–14 scales, green at first, maturing brown about 20–24 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 3–5 mm long, and release their pollen in late winter or early spring. The Latin specific epithet "macrocarpa" means "with large fruit".Because of the large trunk size some trees develop, people have assumed that individual "H. macrocarpa" trees may be up to 2,000 years old. However, the longest-lived report based on physical evidence is only 284 years old. The renowned Californian botanist Willis Linn Jepson wrote that "the advertisement of ["C. macrocarpa" trees] in seaside literature as 1,000 to 2,000.

Cupressus macrocarpa. native range, particularly along the coasts of California and Oregon. Its European distribution includes Great Britain (including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands), France, Ireland, Greece, Italy and Portugal. In New Zealand, plantings have naturalized, finding conditions there more favorable than in its native range. It has also been grown experimentally as a timber crop in Kenya."Hesperocyparis macrocarpa" is also grown in South Africa. For example, a copse has been planted to commemorate South African infantrymen who lost their lives in the Allied cause in Italy and North Africa during World War 2. As in California, the Cape.

Cupressus macrocarpa. trees are gnarled and wind-sculpted, and very beautiful.## Cultivation.Monterey cypress has been widely cultivated away from its native range, both elsewhere along the California coast, and in other areas with similar cool summer, mild winter oceanic climates. It is a popular private garden and public landscape tree in California. It is so widely planted in Golden Gate Park that the silhouette of the tree is sometimes printed as a symbol of the park.When planted in areas with hot summers, for example in interior California away from the coastal fog belt, Monterey cypress has proved highly susceptible to cypress canker, caused.


Question: What is the weight of a male of this animal in kilogram?

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Sea otter. The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Adult sea otters typically weigh between 14 and 45 (kg), making them the heaviest members of the weasel family, but among the smallest marine mammals. Unlike most marine mammals, the sea otter's primary form of insulation is an exceptionally thick coat of fur, the densest in the animal kingdom. Although it can walk on land, the sea otter is capable of living exclusively in the ocean.The sea otter inhabits nearshore environments, where it dives to the sea floor to.

Sea otter. Description.The sea otter is one of the smallest marine mammal species, but it is the heaviest mustelid. Male sea otters usually weigh 22 to 45 (kg) and are 1.2 to 1.5 (m) in length, though specimens up to 54 (kg) have been recorded. Females are smaller, weighing 14 to 33 (kg) and measuring 1.0 to 1.4 (m) in length. For its size, the male otter's baculum is very large, massive and bent upwards, measuring 150 (mm) in length and 15 (mm) at the base.Unlike most other marine mammals, the sea otter has no blubber and relies on its exceptionally thick.

Sea otter. the urchin's shell.The sea otter's use of rocks when hunting and feeding makes it one of the few mammal species to use tools. To open hard shells, it may pound its prey with both paws against a rock on its chest. To pry an abalone off its rock, it hammers the abalone shell using a large stone, with observed rates of 45 blows in 15 seconds. Releasing an abalone, which can cling to rock with a force equal to 4,000 times its own body weight, requires multiple dives.## Social structure.Although each adult and independent juvenile forages alone, sea otters tend.

Sea otter. 1745, they began to move on to the Aleutian Islands. The Russians initially traded with the Aleuts inhabitants of these islands for otter pelts, but later enslaved the Aleuts, taking women and children hostage and torturing and killing Aleut men to force them to hunt. Many Aleuts were either murdered by the Russians or died from diseases the hunters had introduced. The Aleut population was reduced, by the Russians' own estimate, from 20,000 to 2,000. By the 1760s, the Russians had reached Alaska. In 1799, Tsar Paul I consolidated the rival fur-hunting companies into the Russian-American Company, granting it an.


Question: What country does this village belong to?

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Cranny. Cranny () is a small village in County Clare, Ireland.## Location.Cranny lies on the banks of the Cloon River, which flows into the estuary of the River Shannon at Clonderlaw Bay.## Facilities.There is a local Gaelic Athletic Association club, Coolmeen GAA, founded in 1887 three years after the association came together. Coolmeen GAA succeeded in the Clare Senior Football Championship in 1919 and 1921, in the Clare Intermediate Football Championship in 1959, 1966 and 1967 and in the Clare Junior A Football Championship in 1958, 1964, 1983 and 1999. The parish also has a national school. The Cranny N.S. is.

Cranny. a co-educational catholic primary school Peadar Clancy List of towns and villages in Ireland.


Question: What is the location of this island?

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Confederation Bridge. voted unanimously in favour of renaming the bridge to "Epekwitk Crossing", whereas Epekwitk ( ) is the traditional Mi'kmaq name for Prince Edward Island. The name change would need to be approved by the Canadian federal government in order to take effect.## Structure.The bridge is a two-lane toll bridge that carries the Trans-Canada Highway between Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island (at Route 1) and Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick (at Route 16).It is a multi-span balanced cantilever bridge with a post-tensioned concrete box girder structure. Most of the curved bridge is 40 (m) above water with a 60 (m) navigation span for.

Confederation Bridge. act as wind barriers, placing bridge deck and navigational lighting, constructing the Borden-Carleton toll plaza, and finishing the New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island approach roads. In separate construction, the federal and provincial governments built a new commercial and tourist development on the abandoned CN rail yards in Borden-Carleton, with phase I of this facility opening in spring 1997 as "Gateway Village". New Brunswick has never received similar federal support to improve the economy of Cape Tormentine, which has become a shadow of its former role in PEI transportation history, although in recent years a new eco-tourist and visitor centre.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this object?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Thermostat. a mercury thermostat to regulate the temperature of a chicken incubator. This is one of the first recorded feedback-controlled devices.Modern thermostat control was developed in the 1830s by Andrew Ure (1778–1857), a Scottish chemist, who invented the bi-metallic thermostat. The textile mills of the time needed a constant and steady temperature to operate optimally, so to achieve this Ure designed the bimetallic thermostat, which would bend as one of the metals expanded in response to the increased temperature and cut off the energy supply.Warren S. Johnson (1847–1911) of Wisconsin patented a bi-metal room thermostat in 1883, and two years later.

Thermostat. a heating or cooling system via a series of air-filled control tubes. This "control air" system responds to the pressure changes (due to temperature) in the control tube to activate heating or cooling when required. The control air typically is maintained on "mains" at 15-18 psi (although usually operable up to 20 psi). Pneumatic thermostats typically provide output/ branch/ post-restrictor (for single-pipe operation) pressures of 3-15 psi which is piped to the end device (valve/ damper actuator/ pneumatic-electric switch, etc.).The pneumatic thermostat was invented by Warren Johnson in 1895 soon after he invented the electric thermostat. In 2009, Harry Sim.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Indotyphlops braminus. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. ("Typhlops braminus", pp. 16–17). Daudin FM. 1802. "Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. Tome septième [Volume 7]. Paris: F. Dufart. 436 pp. , Marion AB, Lipp KM, Marin J, Vidal N. 2014. A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). "Caribbean Herpetology" (49): 1-61. ("Indotyphlops braminus", new combination). Jones GS, Thomas LA, Wong K. 1995. ""Ramphotyphlops braminus" ". "Herpetological Review" 26 (4):210-211. Kelaart EF. 1854. Catalogue of reptiles collected in Ceylon. "Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Second Series" 13: 137–140. , Carvalho D.

Indotyphlops braminus. 2001. The Risk to Hawai'i from Snakes. "Pacific Science" 55 (4): 409–417. PDF at University of Hawai'i press. Accessed 20 April 2008. . 1980. The brahminy blind snake ("Ramphotyphlops braminus") in the Seychelles Archipelago: Distribution, variation, and further evidence for parthenogenesis. "Herpetologica" 36 (3): 215–221. Oliver JA, Shaw CE. 1953. The amphibians and reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands. "Zoologica, New York" 38 (5): 65–95. O'Shea M, Halliday T. 2002. "Smithsonian Handbooks: Reptiles and Amphibians". London: DK Publishing. 256 pp. . Mizuno, T., & Kojima, Y. (2015). A blindsnake that decapitates its termite prey. Journal of Zoology, 297(3), 220–224. Ota H,.

Indotyphlops braminus. Hikida T, , Mori A, Wynn AH. 1991. Morphological variation, karyotype and reproduction of the parthenogenetic blind snake, "Ramphotyphlops braminus", from the insular region of East Asia and Saipan. "Amphibia-Reptilia" 12: 181–193. Owen R, Bowman DT Jr, Johnson SA. 1998. "Geographic Distribution. "Ramphotyphlops braminus" ". "Herpetological Review" 29 (2): 115.Palmer, DD and RN Fisher. 2010. "Geographic Distribution. "Ramphotyphlops braminus" ". "Herpetological Review" 41 (4): 518. Thomas LA. 1997. "Geographic Distribution. "Ramphotyphlops braminus" ". "Herpetological Review" 28 (2): 98. Vijayakumar SP, David P. 2006. Taxonomy, Natural History, And Distribution Of The Snakes Of The Nicobar Islands (INDIA), Based On New Materials.

Indotyphlops braminus. And With An Emphasis On Endemic Species. "Russian Journal of Herpetology" 13 (1): 11 – 40. Wall F. 1919. Notes on a collection of Snakes made in the Nilgiri Hills and the adjacent Wynaad. "J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc." 26: 552–584. Wallach V. 1999. "Geographic distribution: "Ramphotyphlops braminus" ". "Herpetological Review" 30 (4): 236. Wynn AH, Cole CJ, Gardner AL. 1987. "Apparent Triploidy in the Unisexual Brahminy Blind Snake, "Ramphotyphlops braminus" ". "American Museum Novitates" 2868: 1–7. Image of "Ramphotyphlops braminus" at the Institute of Toxicology and Genetics. Accessed 30 August 2007. "Ramphotyphlops braminus" at Snakes of Japan. Accessed 30.

Indotyphlops braminus. August 2007. "Ramphotyphlops braminus" at WildHerps.com. Accessed 30 August 2007. "R. braminus" at ThailandSnakes.com. Accessed 22 December 2014.


Question: What equipment or engine is used by this vehicle to provide power?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Nissan Juke. "HR16DE" petrol, 1.5-litre "K9K" diesel and 1.6-litre "MR16DDT" petrol engines: Visia, Acenta (also available with Sport and Premium packs), Tekna, Nismo and Nismo RS. In 2012, Nissan replaced the limited edition Juke Kuru with the Juke Shiro model. The Shiro was a limited edition Juke with white accents throughout the interior including white stitching on the leather seats, gear shifter and steering wheel as well as several other aesthetic options.The car was launched in the UK on 24 September 2010.## New Zealand.Two trim levels: ST and Ti, are available. Both are front-wheel drive and are powered by the HR16DE engine.