Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Tiger snake. Tiger snakes ("Notechis scutatus") are a large and highly venomous snake of southern Australia, including its coastal islands and Tasmania. These snakes are often observed and locally well known by their banding, black and yellow like a tiger, although the species can be highly variable in coloration and patterning. All populations are classified within the genus Notechis (Elapidae). Their diverse characteristics have been classified either as distinct species or by subspecies and regional variation.While tiger snakes are usually ground-dwelling, they are able to swim as well as climb into trees and buildings.## Taxonomy.The genus "Notechis" is allied to the elapid.

Tiger snake. family, venomous snakes with fixed front fangs. The classification of this genus is given as a single and highly variable species, "Notechis scutatus", or a second species "Notechis ater", and by an arrangement of subspecies or regional morphs.A 2016 genetic analysis showed that the closest relative of the tiger snakes is the rough-scaled snake ("Tropidechis carinatus").The two extensively recognized species of this genus are "Notechis scutatus" (Peters, 1861) and "Notechis ater" (Krefft, 1866), which show further variety in their characteristics. Several authors have published revisions or described subspecies of these species. Others consider the names contained by this taxonomic arrangement.

Tiger snake. to be unwarranted, and describe "Notechis" as a monotypic genus. Various authorities accept some or all the systematics previously applied, but most agree a revision of the genus is needed. Names for these subdivisions include the western types, appended to both species names as "occidentalis" (Glauert 1948) The island groups have also been described as subspecies: Chappell Island tiger snake as "N. ater serventyi" (Warrell, 1963), King Island and Tasmanian tiger snakes subspecies as "N. ater humphreysi", (Warrell, 1963) and the Peninsula tiger snake as "N. ater niger" (Kinghorn 1921).Island populations of "N. scutatus" have evolved larger heads to cope.

Tiger snake. with large prey animals. Young populations have larger heads by phenotypic plasticity, whereas large heads have become genetically assimilated in older populations."* Not including the nominate subspecies (typical form)."## Description."Notechis" is a genus of large venomous snakes in the family Elapidae restricted to subtropical and temperate regions of Australia. Tiger snakes are a large group of distinct populations, which may be isolated or overlapping, with extreme variance in size and colour. Individuals also show seasonal variation in colour. The total length is typically about 1.2 (m) The patterning is darker bands, strongly contrasting or indistinct, which are pale to very.

Tiger snake. distinct from a robust body. The giant of the tiger snakes species, it averages 1.9 m (over 6 ft) in length. Dorsally, its colour is olive-brown to almost black, sometimes with lighter crossbands. The ventral surface is usually lighter in colour. Juveniles are banded. Mid-body scales are in 17 rows; ventrals number 160 to 171, subcaudals 47 to 52 (single), and the anal scale is single. These snakes are quite docile.The King Island and Tasmanian tiger snakes each have a blunt head distinct from a robust body. Younger snakes may be slimmer and similar to other tiger snakes, eventually growing.

Tiger snake. up to 1.5 (m) in length. Dorsally, they may be jet black, jet black with lighter crossbands, grey with black flecks forming faint bands, or an unbanded grey or brown. The ventral surface is usually a lighter colour. Midbody scales are in 19, 17 or sometimes 15 rows, ventrals number 161 to 174, subcaudals 48 to 52 (single) and the anal scale is single. Tasmanian tiger snakes tend to be quiet snakes, probably due to the lower temperature ranges they inhabit.The Peninsula tiger snake has a blunt head distinct from a robust body; it averages 1.1 (m) in length. Roxby.

Tiger snake. is single.The subspecies "Notechis ater ater", found away from mainland Australia, is typically uniformly black.As with most snakes, the colours vary widely between individuals and are an unreliable means of identifying subspecies. Accurate identification is best performed with a venom test kit or scale count.## Reproduction.Tiger snakes give birth to 20 to 30 live young; an exceptional record was made of 64 from an eastern female.They usually mate in spring when it is in the warmer seasons and will give birth to live young in summer.## Habitat.Tiger snakes are usually found in coastal regions, where they favour wetlands, creeks, dams,.

Tiger snake. Identifying the snake is not necessary if bitten in Tasmania, because the same antivenom is used to treat all Tasmanian snakes' bites. The availability of antivenom has greatly reduced the incidence of fatal tiger snake bites. Among the number of deaths caused by snakebite in Australia, those from tiger snakes are exceeded only by the brown snake. The venom yield is 35-65 mg, while the lethal dose for humans is 3 mg.## Conservation.In most Australian states, they are protected species, and to kill or injure one incurs a fine up to $7,500, as well as a jail sentence of 18.

Tiger snake. months in some states. It is also illegal to export a native Australian snake.Information on bites from survivaliq.comInformation on the genus from snakeshow.netMainland Tiger Snake - Australian Reptile ParkIntegrated Taxonomic Information System - Notechis.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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East Pacific red octopus. Octopus rubescens (Commonly the East Pacific red octopus, also known as the ruby octopus, a preferred common name due to the abundance of octopus species colloquially known as red octopus) is the most commonly occurring shallow-water octopus on much of the North American West Coast, and a ubiquitous benthic predator in these habitats. Its range extends from the southern Gulf of California at least to the Gulf of Alaska, but may also occur in the western Pacific Ocean. "O. rubescens" occurs intertidally to a depth of 300 m.## Taxonomy.In the years prior to the description of this species in 1953,.


Question: What pattern, design or motif is applied to the surface of this material?

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Gingham. Gingham, also called Vichy check, is a medium-weight balanced plain-woven fabric typically with striped, check or plaid duotone patterns, in bright colour and in white made from dyed cotton or cotton-blend yarns. It is made of carded, medium or fine yarns.## History.The name may originate . Alternatively, it is speculated that the fabric now known as "gingham" may have been made at Guingamp, a town in Brittany, France, and that the fabric may be named after the town. Some sources say that the name came into English via Dutch. When originally imported into Europe in the 17th century, gingham was.

Gingham. a striped fabric, though now it is distinguished by its checkered pattern. From the mid-18th century, when it was being produced in the mills of Manchester, England, it started to be woven into checked or plaid patterns (often blue and white). Checked gingham became more common over time, though striped gingham was still available in the late Victorian period. The equivalent in the French language is the noun "vichy", from the town of Vichy in France. The same word is used in Spain where this pattern is called "cuadro vichy" or "estampado vichy".In the United States, the mass popularity of.


Question: Where is this bird originally discovered?

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Canada jay. widespread "boreal" or "taiga" clade ranging from Alaska to Newfoundland and ranging south to the Black Hills of South Dakota, Wyoming and Utah in the west and New England in the east, a "transcascade" clade in eastern Washington and Oregon and ranging into Alberta and Montana, a "Rocky Mountains (Colorado)" clade from the southern Rocky Mountains, and a "Pacific" clade from coastal British Columbia, Washington, and southwestern Oregon. There was also a population of the boreal clade in the central Rocky Mountains between the Colorado and transcascade clades. Genetic dating suggests the Pacific clade diverged from the common ancestor of.

Canada jay. the Alberta jay, was described by American ornithologist James L. Peters in 1920. It ranges from northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta southeastward, east of the Rocky Mountains to the Black Hills of South Dakota. It is an occasional visitor to northwestern Nebraska. "P. c. bicolor", described by American zoologist Alden H. Miller in 1933, is found in southeastern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, northern and central Idaho, and western Montana. Miller noted that the subspecies appeared to be a stable intermediate form between "canadensis" and "capitalis". It was a similar size to subspecies "canadensis", and had.

Canada jay. (Philadelphia)."P. c. capitalis" is found in the southern Rocky Mountains from eastern Idaho, south-central Montana, and western and southern Wyoming south through eastern Utah, and western and central Colorado, to east-central Arizona and north-central New Mexico. American naturalist Spencer Fullerton Baird described this subspecies in 1873. It has a wholly whitish head with a pale band on the back of the neck, and overall more ashy grey plumage. It is also generally larger than the nominate subspecies "canadensis"."P. c. griseus" occurs from southwestern British Columbia and Vancouver Island south through central Washington and central Oregon to the mountains of north-central.

Canada jay. and northeastern California. It was described by Robert Ridgway in 1899."P. c. nigricapillus", also known as the Labrador jay, is found in northern Quebec (Kuujjuaq, Whale River, and George River), throughout Labrador and Nova Scotia, and in southeastern Quebec (Mingan and Blanc-Sablon). It was described by Ridgway in 1882."P. c. obscurus", described by Ridgway in 1874, is native to the coastal strip from Washington (Crescent Lake, Seattle, and Columbia River) through western Oregon to northwestern California (Humboldt County). Also known as the Oregon jay, this subspecies has more dark brown than grey upperparts. "P. c. pacificus" ranges from central Alaska.

Canada jay. a magnolia warbler ("Dendroica magnolia") in flight. They have been reported to opportunistically hunt young amphibians such as the western chorus frog ("Pseudacris triseriata") in Chambers Lake, Colorado, and the long-toed salamander ("Ambystoma macrodactylum") in Whitehorse Bluff in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Canada jays have been seen landing on moose ("Alces alces") to remove and eat engorged winter ticks ("Dermacentor albipictus") during April and May in Algonquin Provincial Park. Researchers also found a Canada jay nest containing a brooding female, three hatchlings, and three warm, engorged winter deer ticks. Because the ticks were too large for the hatchlings to.


Question: Who commissioned this facility?

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Battersea Power Station. Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned Grade II* listed coal-fired power station, located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a.

Battersea Power Station. to the proposal by forming the London Power Company (LPC). They planned to heed parliament's recommendations and build a small number of very large stations.The London Power Company's first of these super power stations was planned for the Battersea area, on the south bank of the River Thames in London. The proposal was made in 1927, for a station built in two stages and capable of generating 400 megawatts (MW) of electricity when complete. The site chosen was a 15 (acre) plot of land which had been the site of the reservoirs for the former Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company.

Battersea Power Station. stations). It was also the most thermally efficient power station in the world when it opened.The A Station had been operated by the London Power Company, but by the time the B Station was completed, the UK's electric supply industry had been nationalised, and ownership of the two stations had passed into the hands of the British Electricity Authority in 1948.On 20 April 1964, the power station was the site of a fire that caused power failures throughout London, including at the BBC Television Centre, which was due to launch BBC2 that night. The launch was delayed until the following.

Battersea Power Station. day at 11 am.## Design and specification.Both of the stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was headed by Dr. Leonard Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Power Company, but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, and T. P. O'Sullivan who was later responsible for the Assembly Hall at Filton. J. Theo Halliday was employed as architect, with Halliday & Agate Co. employed as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for the supervision and execution of the appearance of the exterior and interior of the building. Architect Sir.

Battersea Power Station. thermal power station, is used to condense steam from the steam turbines before it is returned to the boiler. Water cycled through the power station's systems was taken from the Thames. The station could extract an average of 340000000 (impgal) of water from the river each day.After the end of World War II, the London Power Company used the waste heat to supply the Pimlico District Heating Undertaking.## Scrubbers.The reduction of sulphur emissions was an important factor from when the station was in the design stages, as it was one of the main concerns of the protesters. The London Power.


Question: Which city or region does this town locate in?

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Tsumago-juku. Was the forty-second of the sixty-nine post towns on the Nakasendō. It is located in Nagiso, Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. It has been restored to its appearance as an Edo-era post town and is now a popular tourist destination.## History.During the Edo period, Tsumago was the forty-second of the sixty-nine post towns, which connected Edo (present-day Tokyo) with Kyoto. Prior to becoming part of the Nakasendō, it was the tenth of eleven stations along the Kisoji, a minor trade route running through the Kiso Valley. As such, it was a relatively prosperous and cosmopolitan town, with an economy based.

Tsumago-juku. to visitors today. The "honjin", which was the main inn of the post town, was originally destroyed, but it was rebuilt in 1995. The original building of the "waki-honjin", which was the secondary inn, however, still remains and was named an Important Cultural Property in 2001.The Nagiso Museum of History (歴史資料館) contains information on the areas history, the preservation of row houses and data about row houses throughout the country.Kabuto Kannon Shrine (かぶと観音) is a small shrine dedicated to Minamoto no Yoshinaka, the "General of the Rising Sun," who built a citadel at Tsumago. The shrine was built around 1180.Tsumago.

Tsumago-juku. Tsumago-juku - Magome-juku## Access.Tsumago sits at the south end of the Kiso District at the juncture of Routes 19 and 256. It can also be reached via a nearby railway station at the town of Nagiso on the Chūō Main Line.Groups of Traditional Buildings Map of Tsumago (Japanese) Aerial view (Google Maps).


Question: What is the oldest age of this animal?

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Wild boar. Eastern Europe, males average 110 - 130 (kg) in weight, 95 (cm) in shoulder height and 160 (cm) in body length, while females weigh 95 (kg), reach 85 - 90 (cm) in shoulder height, and reach 145 (cm) in body length. In Western and Central Europe, the largest males weigh 200 (kg) and females 120 (kg). In Northeastern Asia, large males can reach brown bear-like sizes, weighing 270 (kg) and measuring 110 - 118 (cm) in shoulder height. Some adult males in Ussuriland and Manchuria have been recorded to weigh 300 - 350 (kg) and measure 125 (cm) in shoulder.


Question: What is this building dedicated to?

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Marble Church, Bodelwyddan. of stained glass on the north and south sides, featuring Saint Margaret and Saint Kentigern. It is a popular tourist destination. The church was designated with Grade II* listed status in November 1962.Until the latter part of the 20th century the church, and in particular its high steeple, was very distinctive because it was so white. With the passage of time, pollution has resulted in the colour becoming more grey, and therefore more like other stone buildings.Local government reorganisation resulted in the church being in Flintshire until 1974, in Clwyd from 1974 until 1996, and since then in Denbighshire.## Churchyard.Immediately.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Peregrine falcon. The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a cosmopolitan bird of prey (raptor) in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head. The peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching up to 200 (mph) during its characteristic hunting stoop (high-speed dive), making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a "National Geographic" TV program, the highest measured speed of a peregrine falcon is 389 (km/h). As is typical for bird-eating raptors, peregrine falcons.

Peregrine falcon. which in turn now supports many peregrine populations as a prey species. The peregrine is a highly successful example of urban wildlife in much of its range, taking advantage of tall buildings as nest sites and an abundance of prey such as pigeons and ducks. Both the English and scientific names of this species mean "wandering falcon," referring to the migratory habits of many northern populations. Experts recognize 17 to 19 subspecies, which vary in appearance and range; disagreement exists over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon is represented by two subspecies of "Falco peregrinus," or is a separate species, "F.

Peregrine falcon. radiation. That supports the solar glare hypothesis.## Taxonomy and systematics."Falco peregrinus" was first described under its current binomial name by English ornithologist Marmaduke Tunstall in his 1771 work "Ornithologia Britannica". The scientific name "Falco peregrinus" is a Medieval Latin phrase that was used by Albertus Magnus in 1225. The specific name is taken from the fact that juvenile birds were taken while journeying to their breeding location rather than from the nest, as falcon nests were difficult to get at. The Latin term for falcon, , is related to , meaning "sickle", in reference to the silhouette of the falcon's.

Peregrine falcon. mya in the Gelasian).## Subspecies.Numerous subspecies of "Falco peregrinus" have been described, with 19 accepted by the 1994 "Handbook of the Birds of the World", which considers the Barbary falcon of the Canary Islands and coastal North Africa to be two subspecies ("pelegrinoides" and "babylonicus") of "Falco peregrinus", rather than a distinct species, "F. pelegrinoides". The following map shows the general ranges of these 19 subspecies., described by Bonaparte in 1838, is known as the American peregrine falcon or "duck hawk"; its scientific name means "duck peregrine falcon". At one time, it was partly included in "leucogenys". It is mainly.

Peregrine falcon. weigh 800 (to(-)). It has become extinct in eastern North America and populations there are hybrids as a result of reintroductions of birds from elsewhere.Falco peregrinus babylonicus, described by P.L. Sclater in 1861, is found in eastern Iran along the Hindu Kush and the Tian Shan to the Mongolian Altai ranges. A few birds winter in northern and northwestern India, mainly in dry semi-desert habitats. It is paler than "pelegrinoides" and somewhat similar to a small, pale lanner falcon ("Falco biarmicus"). Males weigh 330 to 400 (g), while females weigh 513 to 765 (g)., described by Sharpe in 1873, is.

Peregrine falcon. includes "caeruleiceps". It breeds in the Arctic tundra of Eurasia from Murmansk Oblast to roughly Yana and Indigirka Rivers, Siberia. It is completely migratory and travels south in winter as far as South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It is often seen around wetland habitats. It is paler than the nominate subspecies, especially on the crown. Males weigh 588 (to(-)), while females weigh 925 (to(-)).Falco peregrinus cassini, described by Sharpe in 1873, is also known as the austral peregrine falcon. It includes "kreyenborgi", the pallid falcon, a leucistic colour morph occurring in southernmost South America, which was long believed to be.

Peregrine falcon. a distinct species. Its range includes South America from Ecuador through Bolivia, northern Argentina and Chile to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. It is non-migratory. It is similar to the nominate subspecies, but slightly smaller with a black ear region. The pallid falcon morph "kreyenborgi" is medium grey above, has little barring below and has a head pattern like the saker falcon ("Falco cherrug"), but the ear region is white.Falco peregrinus ernesti, described by Sharpe in 1894, is found from the Sunda Islands to the Philippines and south to eastern New Guinea and the nearby Bismarck Archipelago. Its.

Peregrine falcon. geographical separation from "nesiotes" requires confirmation. It is non-migratory. It differs from the nominate subspecies in the very dark, dense barring on its underside and its black ear coverts.Falco peregrinus furuitii, described by Momiyama in 1927, is found on the Izu and Ogasawara Islands south of Honshū, Japan. It is non-migratory. It is very rare and may only remain on a single island. It is a dark form, resembling "pealei" in colour, but darker, especially on the tail.Falco peregrinus japonensis, described by Gmelin in 1788, includes "kleinschmidti", "pleskei", and "harterti", and seems to refer to intergrades with "calidus". It is.

Peregrine falcon. found from northeast Siberia to Kamchatka (though it is possibly replaced by "pealei" on the coast there) and Japan. Northern populations are migratory, while those of Japan are resident. It is similar to the nominate subspecies, but the young are even darker than those of "anatum".Falco peregrinus macropus, described by Swainson in 1837, is the Australian peregrine falcon. It is found in Australia in all regions except the southwest. It is non-migratory. It is similar to "brookei" in appearance, but is slightly smaller and the ear region is entirely black. The feet are proportionally large.Falco peregrinus madens, described by Ripley.

Peregrine falcon. and Watson in 1963, is unusual in having some sexual dichromatism. If the Barbary falcon (see below) is considered a distinct species, it is sometimes placed therein. It is found in the Cape Verde Islands and is non-migratory; it is also endangered, with only six to eight pairs surviving. Males have a rufous wash on the crown, nape, ears and back; the underside is conspicuously washed pinkish-brown. Females are tinged rich brown overall, especially on the crown and nape.Falco peregrinus minor, first described by Bonaparte in 1850. It was formerly often known as "perconfusus". It is sparsely and patchily distributed.

Peregrine falcon. and the Aleutian Islands to the far eastern Bering Sea coast of Russia, and may also occur on the Kuril Islands and the coasts of Kamchatka. It is non-migratory. It is the largest subspecies and it looks like an oversized and darker "tundrius" or like a strongly barred and large "anatum". The bill is very wide. Juveniles occasionally have pale crowns. Males weigh 700 (to(-)), while females weigh 1000 (to(-)).Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, first described by Temminck in 1829, is found in the Canary Islands through North Africa and the Near East to Mesopotamia. It is most similar to "brookei", but.

Peregrine falcon. is markedly paler above, with a rusty neck, and is a light buff with reduced barring below. It is smaller than the nominate subspecies; females weigh around 610 (g).Falco peregrinus peregrinator, described by Sundevall in 1837, is known as the Indian peregrine falcon, black shaheen, Indian shaheen or shaheen falcon. It was formerly sometimes known as "Falco atriceps" or "Falco shaheen". Its range includes South Asia from across the Indian subcontinent to Sri Lanka and southeastern China. In India, the shaheen falcon is reported from all states except Uttar Pradesh, mainly from rocky and hilly regions. The shaheen falcon is.

Peregrine falcon. higher hills, while the migrant "calidus" is more often seen along the coast., the nominate (first-named) subspecies, described by Tunstall in 1771, breeds over much of temperate Eurasia between the tundra in the north and the Pyrenees, Mediterranean region and Alpide belt in the south. It is mainly non-migratory in Europe, but migratory in Scandinavia and Asia. Males weigh 580 (to(-)), while females weigh 925 (to(-)). It includes "brevirostris", "germanicus", "rhenanus" and "riphaeus".Falco peregrinus radama, described by Hartlaub in 1861, is found in Madagascar and the Comoros. It is non-migratory.Falco peregrinus submelanogenys, described by Mathews in 1912, is the Southwest.

Peregrine falcon. down and have disproportionately large feet. The male (called the "") and the female (simply called the "falcon") both leave the nest to gather prey to feed the young. The hunting territory of the parents can extend a radius of 19 to 24 (km) from the nest site. Chicks fledge 42 to 46 days after hatching, and remain dependent on their parents for up to two months.## Predators and parasites.The peregrine falcon is host to a range of parasites and pathogens. It is a vector for Avipoxvirus, Newcastle disease virus, Falconid herpesvirus 1 (and possibly other Herpesviridae), and some mycoses.

Peregrine falcon. peregrine falcons throughout the contiguous United States. Several peregrine subspecies were included in the breeding stock, including birds of Eurasian origin. Due to the extirpation of the eastern population of "Falco peregrinus anatum", the near-extirpation of "anatum" in the Midwest and the limited gene pool within North American breeding stock, the inclusion of non-native subspecies was justified to optimize the genetic diversity found within the species as a whole.During the 1970s, peregrine falcons in Finland experienced a population bottleneck as a result of large declines associated with bio-accumulation of organochloride pesticides. However, the genetic diversity of peregrines in Finland is.

Peregrine falcon. an injured peregrine falcon and the endangered species program. It was filmed with the assistance of the University of California's peregrine falcon project in Santa Cruz.Streamed footage from several webcams at the University of California, Berkeley, that followed a breeding pair on a university bell tower achieved notoriety in the early2020s. Webcams such as these which livestream the daily lives of urban peregrines are immensely popular, and are essential for the outreach programmes of raptor conservationists around the world. List of birds by flight speed Perilanner, a hybrid of the peregrine falcon and the lanner falcon ("Falco biarmicus") Perlin, a.

Peregrine falcon. hybrid of the peregrine falcon and the merlin ("Falco columbarius") Conservation organizations Arctic Raptors – Ongoing research with raptors in the Canadian Arctic Falcon Research Group Peregrine Falcon Fund The Canadian Peregrine Foundation Peregrine Falcon Recovery Project (Manitoba) London Peregrine Partnership (UK) Video and other media of peregrines Live webcams at a Peregrine nest site in Landshut (Scroll down and press play button.) A video of the falcon stooping at a top speed of 389 (km/h). Derby Cathedral Peregrine Project, UK. Links to webcams and video sequences Norwich Cathedral Peregrine Web Cam 2015, UK. The Raptor Resource Project. Links to.

Peregrine falcon. Peregrine Falcon webcams Peregrines on Brussels Cathedral Photo documentation of Peregrines returning to south California beach cliffs after over 50 years absence Nottingham Trent University, where peregrines return to breed on the top of the Newton building every year. Includes images and webcam. University of Massachusetts Amherst Live Falcon Cam at the top of the W.E.B. DuBois library, active each year from when the bonded pair of peregrine falcons brood eggs until the chicks are fledged. Worcester Peregrine Falcon Project, UK. Includes feeds from 'Peregrines in Worcester' Facebook Fan page, YouTube & Flickr photo groups Peregrine Falcon Banding, Metropolitan Transportation.

Peregrine falcon. Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 3 June 2010; 3-minute YouTube video clip Throgs Neck Bridge Peregrine Banding 2011, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 27 May 2011; 10:54 YouTube video clip Peregrine Falcon Banding 2012, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 4 June 2012; 2:40 YouTube video clip Peregrine Falcon Banding 2016, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 2 June 2016; 4:15 YouTube video clip.


Question: Which geographic area is this animal found?

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Ocelot. on small terrestrial mammals, such as armadillos, opossums, and lagomorphs. Both sexes become sexually mature at around two years of age and can breed throughout the year; peak mating season varies geographically. After a gestation period of two to three months the female gives birth to a litter of one to three kittens. They stay with their mother for up to two years, after which they leave to establish their own home ranges.The ocelot is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, and is threatened by habitat destruction, hunting, and traffic accidents. Populations are decreasing in many parts.

Ocelot. of its range. The association of the ocelot with humans dates back to the Aztec and Incan civilizations; it has occasionally been kept as a pet.## Etymology.The name "ocelot" comes from the Nahuatl word (), which generally refers to the jaguar, rather than the ocelot. Another possible origin for the name is the Latin ("having little eyes" or "marked with eye-like spots"), in reference to the cat's spotted coat.Other vernacular names for the ocelot include (Venezuela), (Argentina), (Panama), (Suriname), , (Brazil), (Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela), , , , , (Belize), (Bolivia) and (Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Peru).## Taxonomy."Felis pardalis.

Ocelot. was the scientific name proposed for the ocelot by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The genus "Leopardus" was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1842 for several spotted cat skins in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London.Several ocelot specimens were described in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including:"Felis mitis" by Frédéric Cuvier in 1824 was a specimen from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."F. chibi-gouazou" by Edward Griffith in 1827 was based on earlier descriptions and illustrations."Leopardus griseus" by John Edward Gray in 1842 was a spotted cat skin from Central America."F. pseudopardalis" by Pierre Boitard in 1845 was an ocelot.

Ocelot. marked with a few horizontal streaks. Its round ears are marked with a bright white spot. Its fur is short, about 0.8 (cm) long on the belly, but with about 1 (cm) long guard hairs on the back. The body has a notably strong odor.Each ocelot has a unique color pattern, which can be used to identify individuals.The ocelot can be easily confused with the margay ("Leopardus wiedii") and the oncilla ("L. tigrinus"), though the ocelot is noticeably larger and heavier with a shorter tail. Though all three have rosettes on their coats, the ocelot typically has a more blotched.

Ocelot. pattern; the oncilla has dark spots on its underbelly unlike the other two. Other differences lie in the facial markings, appearance of the tail and fur characteristics. The ocelot is similar in size to a bobcat ("Lynx rufus"), though larger individuals have occasionally been recorded.The jaguar is notably larger and heavier, and has rosettes instead of spots and stripes.Its eyes are brown, but reflect in a golden hue when illuminated. It has 28 to 30 teeth, with the dental formula .It has a bite force quotient at the canine tip of 113.8.## Distribution and habitat.The ocelot ranges from the southwestern.

Ocelot. United States to northern Argentina, up to an elevation of 3000 (m). In the United States, it is found in Texas and Arizona, and is extirpated from Louisiana and Arkansas. Fossils of ocelots were found in Florida, specifically in the Reddick Fossil Site.It inhabits tropical forests, thorn forests, mangrove swamps and savannas. A 2019 study in the Brazilian Amazon showed that it prefers habitats with good availability of prey and water, and tends to avoid other predators. It favors areas with dense forest cover and water sources, far from roads and human settlement, avoiding steep slopes and highly elevated areas.

Ocelot. on the kill immediately, but removes bird feathers before. It typically preys on animals that weigh less than 1 (kg), but rarely targets large ungulates such as deer and sheep, and peccaries, as well as anteaters, monkeys, iguanas. It requires 600–800 (g) of food every day to satisfy its energy requirements.Primates prevail in the diet of ocelots in southeastern Brazil, and iguanas in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. The composition of the diet varies by season; in Venezuela, ocelots were found to prefer iguanas and rodents in the dry season and then switch to land crabs in the wet.

Ocelot. season. In southeastern Brazil, ocelots have a similar prey preference as margays and oncillas. The oncillas focus on tree-living marsupials and birds while the margays are not as selective.## Reproduction and life cycle.Both male and female ocelots produce a long-range "yowl" in the mating season and a short-range "meow".Ocelots can mate any time during the year. The peak mating season varies geographically; in Argentina and Paraguay peaks have been observed in autumn, and in Mexico and Texas in autumn and winter. Estrus lasts four to five days, and recurs every 25 days in a non-pregnant female. A study in southern.

Ocelot. Brazil showed that sperm production in ocelots, margays and oncillas peaks in summer. Captive ocelots spend more time together when mating; both scent-mark extensively and eat less during this time. Breeding ocelots in captivity is often difficult.A litter of one to three is born after a gestation period of two to three months. Females give birth in dens, usually located in dense vegetation. A newborn kitten weighs 200–340 (g). The kitten is born with spots and stripes, though on a gray background; the color changes to golden as the ocelot grows older. A study in southern Texas revealed that a.

Ocelot. resulted in severe exploitation of felids such as the ocelot and the jaguar. In the 1960s, ocelot skins were among the most highly preferred in the US, reaching an all-time high of 140,000 skins traded in 1970. This was followed by prohibitions on commercial trade of spotted cat skins in several range states such as Brazil and the US, causing ocelot skins in trade to plummet. In 1986, the European Economic Community banned import of ocelot skins, and in 1989, the ocelot was included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and.

Ocelot. Flora. However, hunting of ocelots for skins has continued and is still a major threat to ocelot survival.Another threat has been the international pet trade; this typically involves capturing ocelot kittens by killing their mothers; these cats are then sold to tourists. Though it is banned in several countries, pet trade survives; in some areas of Central and South America ocelots are still sold in a few local markets.## Conservation.The ocelot is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List because of its wide distribution in the Americas. Ocelot hunting is banned in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica,.

Ocelot. the population in Texas is estimated to be 50–80 individuals. The reduced numbers have led to increased inbreeding and low genetic diversity. Despite this, the US Fish and Wildlife Service failed to acknowledge the ocelot population in Texas as a distinct population segment worthy of listing as endangered.The US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and The Nature Conservancy are among agencies actively involved in ocelot conservation efforts, such as the protection and regeneration of vegetation in the Rio Grande Valley.## In captivity.The American Zoo and Aquarium Association established a Species Survival Plan for the ocelot.

Ocelot. populations in Brazil. In 2006, the captive population in North American zoos consisted of 16 ocelots representing six founders and their offspring. Some litters were produced using artificial insemination.The Emperor Valley Zoo in Trinidad keeps foremost confiscated and trapped ocelots.## In culture.Ocelots have been associated with humans since the time of the Aztec and Incan civilizations, who depicted ocelots in their art and mythology. Representations of ocelots appear in every artistic medium, from Moche ceramics to murals, architectural details, and landscape features. Ocelot bones were made into thin, pointed instruments to pierce ears and limbs for ritual bloodletting. Several figurines.

Ocelot. depicting ocelots and similar felids are known. In her 1904 work "A Penitential Rite of the Ancient Mexicans", archaeologist Zelia Nuttall described a statue depicting an ocelot or another felid excavated in Mexico City and its relation to the Aztec deity Tezcatlipoca. She argued that the sculpture depicted an ocelot, writing,Moreover, she described a photograph of a seated person to corroborate her claim:Like many other felids, occasionally ocelots are kept as pets. They might demand a lot of attention from their owners and have a tendency to chew on or suck on objects, such as fabric and the fingers of.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). The Old St. Louis County Courthouse was built as a combination federal and state courthouse in St. Louis, Missouri. Missouri's tallest habitable building from 1864 to 1894, it is now part of Gateway Arch National Park and operated by the National Park Service for historical exhibits and events.## History.Land for the courthouse was donated in 1816 by Judge John Baptiste Charles Lucas and St. Louis founder Auguste Chouteau. Lucas and Chouteau required the land be "used forever as the site on which the courthouse of the County of St. Louis should be erected." The Federal style courthouse was completed in.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). 1828.It was designed by the firm of Laveille & Morton, which also designed the early buildings at Jefferson Barracks as well as the Old Cathedral. Laveille & Morton was the first architecture firm west of the Mississippi River above New Orleans. As street commissioner in 1823–26, Joseph C. Laveille devised the city's street name grid, with ordinal numbers for north–south streets and arboreal names for east–west streets.Missouri became a state in 1821, and the St. Louis population tripled in 10 years. A new courthouse was soon needed. In 1839, ground was broken on a courthouse designed by Henry Singleton in.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). the Greek Revival style, with four wings, including an east wing that comprised the original courthouse and a three-story cupola dome at the center.In 1851, Robert S. Mitchell began a redesign of the courthouse in which the east wing was torn down and replaced. From 1855 to 1858, the west wing was remodeled. The famous Dred Scott citizenship case was heard in the west wing before the remodeling.In 1861, William Rumbold replaced the cupola with an Italian Renaissance cast iron dome modeled on St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City. The United States Capitol dome, built at the same time during.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). the American Civil War, is also modeled on the basilica. The St. Louis dome was completed in 1864, and Karl Ferdinand Wimar was commissioned to paint murals, which are featured in the rotunda.The last slave auction held at the Old Courthouse took place in 1861. Slave auctions were held in the Probate Courts of the Old Courthouse near the East Door. The Court ordered sales of slaves whose owners had died without a will or had declared bankruptcy. This was common practice in all Missouri courthouses.Rumbold's dome in the courthouse is wrought and cast iron with a copper exterior. Four.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). lunettes in the dome have paintings by Carl Wimar, depicting four events in St. Louis history. Ettore Miragoli painted over them in 1880, but they were restored in 1888.Louis Brandeis was admitted to the bar in the Old Courthouse, in 1878.When St. Louis County, Missouri and the city split in 1877, the courthouse became city property. The courthouse was abandoned by the city in 1930 after it built the Civil Courts Building, and descendants of Chouteau and Lucas sued to regain ownership. In 1935, during the Great Depression, St. Louis voted for a bond issue to raze nearly 40 blocks.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). around the courthouse in the center of St. Louis for the new Gateway Arch National Park, which was then known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. President Franklin Roosevelt declared in an Executive Order the area would be a national monument and landscape design, sidewalks and other infrastructure was added. The courthouse formally became part of the new monument area in 1940. Replaced in 1941, the roof was renovated in 1955, 1985 and 2010. The National Park Service maintains four history galleries on St. Louis and NPS offices within. The courthouse once had up to 12 courtrooms, but now there are.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). two in period presentation. The east wing has Circuit Court #13 restored to its 1910 appearance, while the west wing has Circuit Court #4 restored to an approximate 1850s detail.The courthouse building was the tallest building in Missouri and St. Louis until 1896 when Union Station was built. It remained the largest structure in the national monument until the Gateway Arch was built in 1965.In 1846 the slave Dred Scott sued for his and his wife's freedom as they had been held as slaves in free states. All of the trials, including a Missouri Supreme Court hearing, were held in.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). the Old Courthouse. The case was ultimately decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1857 "Dred Scott v. Sandford", which ruled against the Scotts, saying they did not have grounds as citizens to sue. In 1872 Virginia Minor attempted to vote in a St. Louis election and was arrested. Her trials, including the deliberations before the Missouri Supreme Court, were held in this building. The United States Supreme Court in "Minor v. Happersett" (1875) upheld the male-only voting rules, as the Constitution did not address voting rules, which were set by the states.In Season 3 of the TV series "The.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). Last Ship", the Old Courthouse becomes the new White House and the base of operations for the reformed United States government in the post-plague days of the Red Flu. The courthouse is destroyed in the disaster films "Supernova" and "The Black Hole".The Old Courthouse is featured on many of Saint Louis's Architectural tours. List of the oldest buildings in the United StatesArchitecture of St. LouisNPS Old Court House"The Old Courthouse in St. Louis: Yesterday and Today," a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Elymus hystrix. Elymus hystrix, known as eastern bottlebrush grass, or bottle-brush-grass, is a bunchgrass in the grass family, Poaceae. It is native to the Eastern United States and Eastern Canada.## Description."Elymus hystrix" is a herbaceous plant with alternate, simple leaves, on erect stems. The flowers are white and bloom in spring. "Elymus hystrix" ranges from approximately two and a half to four and a half feet in height. There are usually two spikelets at each of the five to nine nodes of the plant. Unlike some similar native grasses, the blades of "Elymus hystrix" do not have glumes surrounding its spikelets."Elymus hystrix.

Elymus hystrix. is self-compatible; that is, it can reproduce using its own pollen. "Elymus hystrix" is a perennial meaning it does not completely die at the end of each season, but comes back the next year."Elymus hystrix" has four copies of its genome, exhibiting a type of polyploidy called tetraploidy.## Taxonomy."Elymus hystrix" was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It was transferred to the new genus "Hystrix" as the type species "Hystrix patula" by Conrad Moench in 1794. Genomic studies from the 1960s onwards showed that it does in fact belong in "Elymus".## Distribution and habitat."Elymus hystrix" is found in the.

Elymus hystrix. United States east of the Great Plains as well as in Eastern Canada. It is usually found in rocky, wet, and partially shaded habitat such as near rivers, creeks, or woods. "Elymus hystrix" does not grow well in heavily shaded areas and often inhabits the regions on the edge of shaded wooded areas such as forests. Growth of "Elymus hystrix" appears to be inhibited by excess shade, but is relatively resistant to soil compaction when compared to other herbaceous plant species.## Potential as a food crop."Mus musculus", or mice, feed on "Elymus" seeds. It is reasonable that through domestication and.

Elymus hystrix. enhancement of seed size and nutritional value seeds of "Elymus hystrix" could be useful for consumption by other vertebrates such as humans. Similar species of grasses are eaten by livestock throughout the United States. Other "Elymus" species have been found to be high in crude protein when compared to other native grasses, but research is needed to investigate whether specifically "Elymus hystrix" also exhibits this trait. It is also not immediately evident how nutritious the herbaceous grassy portion of the plant would be to humans, but potential for "Elymus hystrix" as a food source for livestock is also of interest.##.

Elymus hystrix. Ecology.It is a larval host to the northern pearly eye.


Question: Which place is this plant endemic to?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Metrosideros polymorpha. Metrosideros polymorpha, the ōhia lehua, is a species of flowering evergreen tree in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, that is endemic to the six largest islands of Hawaii. It is a highly variable tree, being 20 - 25 (m) tall in favorable situations, and a much smaller prostrate shrub when growing in boggy soils or directly on basalt. It produces a brilliant display of flowers, made up of a mass of stamens, which can range from fiery red to yellow. Many native Hawaiian traditions refer to the tree and the forests it forms as sacred to Pele, the volcano goddess, and.

Metrosideros polymorpha. to Laka, the goddess of hula. Ōhia trees grow easily on lava, and are usually the first plants to grow on new lava flows.It is a common misconception that the word "ōhia" is used to refer to the tree and that the word "lehua" refers only to its flowers. "The Hawaiian Dictionary" (Pukui and Elbert 1986: 199) defines "lehua" with these words: "The flower of the "ōhia" tree... "also the tree itself" [emphasis added]." Thus the "Metrosideros polymorpha" may be referred to correctly as a "lehua" tree, or as an "ōhia lehua", or simply an "ōhia".## Distribution."Metrosideros polymorpha" is the.

Metrosideros polymorpha. most common native tree in the Hawaiian Islands, tolerating a wide range of soil conditions, temperature, and rainfall. It grows from sea level right up to the tree line at elevations of 2500 (m) and is commonly found in moist and dry forests, high shrublands, and is a colonizer of recent lava flows. It is relatively slow growing. Dominant in cloud forests above 400 (m), the tree is also common in seasonally wet forests, where it may be dominant or form mixtures with the native "Acacia koa".## Habitat."Metrosideros polymorpha" may occur as a tall tree or a prostrate shrub, and.

Metrosideros polymorpha. stomata of the leaves are able to close up in the presence of harmful gases, which gives it an advantage over many non-native trees.## Uses.The reddish brown heartwood of "M. polymorpha" is very hard, fine textured, and has a specific gravity of 0.7. In native Hawaiian society, it is used in house and "heiau" construction, as well as to make "papa kui ai" (poi boards), weapons, tool handles, "hohoa" (round "kapa" beaters), and "kii" (statues and idols). Although the trunk of "ōhia" is not used to make the "kaele" (hull) of "waa" (outrigger canoes), it was used for their "nohona.

Metrosideros polymorpha. waa" (seats), "pale" (gunwales), and "pola" (decking). "Wae" (spreaders) were made from the curved stilt roots of "ōhia". "Pā" (fencing) was made from the wood due to its availability; "kauila" ("Colubrina oppositifolia" or "Alphitonia ponderosa"), more durable woods when in contact with soil, was rarer. As the wood burns hot and cleanly, it is excellent "wahie" (firewood). The "lehua" (flowers) and "liko lehua" (leaf buds) are used in making "lei". The flowers were used medicinally to treat pain experienced during childbirth.Ōhia lehua is one of the few honey plants that is native to the Hawaiian Islands.## Similar species.There are about.

Metrosideros polymorpha. 50 species in the genus "Metrosideros" in Southeast Asia and the Pacific and as well one species in South Africa. The Hawaiian Islands are home to five species of "Metrosideros" that are "endemic" to the islands, meaning they are found nowhere else in the world. These are: Metrosideros polymorpha, "M. macropus", "M. rugosa", "M. tremuloides", and "M. waialealae". The species are readily distinguished from one another by the characteristics of their leaves."Metrosideros kermadecensis", from the Kermadec Islands north of New Zealand, has recently become naturalized on Maui and may become a pest species. Several cultivars of "M. excelsa", the pohutukawa.

Metrosideros polymorpha. tree of New Zealand, have been sometimes planted as ornamentals in Hawaii but are not reported to have naturalized. "Metrosideros polymorpha" was originally classified as a variety of "M. collina", native to Rarotonga, Tahiti, and other islands of Polynesia, but now is generally accepted as a distinct Hawaiian endemic species.## Conservation."Metrosideros polymorpha" forests in Hawaii have been invaded by myriad alien species. In the wet forests these include the strawberry guava ("Psidium littorale"), albizia ("Falcataria moluccana"), and "purple plague" ("Miconia calvescens"). In drier areas, problematic invaders include faya tree ("Myrica faya") and Christmasberry ("Schinus terebinthifolius"). Alien grasses such as meadow.

Metrosideros polymorpha. 'many forms', is very appropriate, since individuals of this species exhibit many different morphologies and inhabit a broad range of ecological situations. The Hawaiian language word "ōhia" is thought to have been derived from the ancestral Proto-Oceanic word, "*kafika." Throughout Oceania, there are many similar-sounding words that were also derived from the same ancestral protoform and, in most cases, they are names for the "mountain apple", or "Malay apple" tree, "Syzygium malaccense." In the Hawaiian Islands, however, the word "ōhia" is not only used to refer to "Syzygium malaccense", but also to other species of "Syzygium" and "Metrosideros" that occur.

Metrosideros polymorpha. there.The derivation of the word "lehua" is more obscure, and while there are many opinions regarding its origin, there has been, to date, no historical linguistic study of the word to provide convincing evidence for any particular etymology.## Mythology.In Hawaiian mythology, Ōhia and Lehua were two young lovers. The volcano goddess Pele fell in love with the handsome Ōhia and approached him, but he turned down her advances. In a fit of jealousy, Pele transformed Ōhia into a tree. Lehua was devastated by this transformation and out of pity the other gods turned her into a flower and placed her.

Metrosideros polymorpha. upon the ōhia tree. Other versions say that Pele felt remorseful but was unable to reverse the change, so she turned Lehua into a flower herself. It is said that when a "lehua" flower is plucked from an "ōhia" tree, the sky will fill with rain representing the separated lovers' tears. Medeiros, A.C., C.F. Davenport, and C.G. Chimera, "Auwahi: Ethnobotany of a Hawaiian Dryland Forest". URL:Ethnobotany of Auwahi.pdf, accessed 3 January 2007. Simpson, P., 2005. "Pōhutukawa & Rātā: New Zealand's Iron-Hearted Trees". Te Papa Press. 346 pp. Starr, F., K. Starr, and L.L. Loope. New plant records from the Hawaiian.


Question: What is the hymenium type of this plant?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Astraeus hygrometricus. common in temperate and tropical regions. Its common names refer to the fact that it is hygroscopic (water-absorbing), and can open up its rays to expose the spore sac in response to increased humidity, and close them up again in drier conditions. The rays have an irregularly cracked surface, while the spore case is pale brown and smooth with an irregular slit or tear at the top. The gleba is white initially, but turns brown and powdery when the spores mature. The spores are reddish-brown, roughly spherical with minute warts, measuring 7.5–11 micrometers in diameter.Despite a similar overall appearance, "A.

Astraeus hygrometricus. alternate spelling of "Geastrum"). According to the American botanist Andrew P. Morgan, however, the species differed from those of "Geastrum" in not having open chambers in the young gleba, having larger and branched capillitium threads, not having a true hymenium, and having larger spores. Accordingly, Morgan set Persoon's "Geaster hygrometricum" as the type species of his new genus "Astraeus" in 1889. Despite Morgan's publication, some authorities in the following decades continued to classify the species in "Geastrum". The New-Zealand based mycologist Gordon Herriot Cunningham explicitly transferred the species back to the genus "Geastrum" in 1944, explaining: The treatment of this.

Astraeus hygrometricus. species by certain taxonomists well illustrates the pitfalls that lie in wait for those who worship at the shrine of ontogenic classification ... The only feature of those outlined in which the species differs from others of "Geastrum" is the somewhat primitive hymenium. In the developing plant the glebal cavities are separated by tramal plates so tenuous as to be overlooked by the uncritical worker. Each cavity is filled with basidia somewhat irregularly arranged in clusters (like those of "Scleroderma") and not in the definite palisade of the species which have been studied. This difference disappears as maturity is reached,.

Astraeus hygrometricus. interior of the spore case, the gleba, is white and solid when young, and divided into oval locules—a characteristic that helps to distinguish it from "Geastrum". The gleba becomes brown and powdery as the specimen matures. Small dark hairlike threads (rhizomorphs) extend from the base of the fruit body into the substrate. The rhizomorphs are fragile, and often break off after maturity.The spores are spherical or nearly so, reddish-brown, thick-walled and verrucose (covered with warts and spines). The spores' dimensions are 7–11 µm; the warts are about 1 µm long. The spores are non-amyloid, and will not stain with iodine.

Astraeus hygrometricus. published before it was known that North American and Asian versions of "A. hygrometricus" were not always the same; in some cases Asian specimens have been identified as new species, such as "A. asiaticus" and "A. odoratus".## Similar species.Although "A. hygrometricus" bears a superficial resemblance to members of the "true earthstars" "Geastrum", it may be readily differentiated from most by the hygroscopic nature of its rays. Hygroscopic earthstars include "G. arenarium", "G. corollinum", "G. floriforme", "G. recolligens", and "G. kotlabae". Unlike "Geastrum", the young fruit bodies of "A. hygrometricus" do not have a columella (sterile tissue in the gleba, at.

Astraeus hygrometricus. moist soil. The spore ornamentation of "A. odoratus" is also distinct from "A. hygrometricus", with longer and narrower spines that often joined. "A. asiaticus" has an outer peridial surface covered with small granules, and a gleba that is purplish-chestnut in color, compared to the smooth peridial surface and brownish gleba of "A. hygrometricus". The upper limit of the spore size of "A. asiaticus" is larger than that of its more common relative, ranging from 8.75 to 15.2 μm. "A. koreanus" (sometimes named as the variety "A. hygrometricus" var. "koreanus"; see Taxonomy) differs from the more common form in its smaller.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Balchik Palace. The Balchik Palace (, "Dvorets v Balchik"; ) is a palace in the Bulgarian Black Sea town and resort of Balchik in Southern Dobruja. The official name of the palace was the Quiet Nest Palace. It was constructed between 1926 and 1937, during the Romanian control of the region, for the needs of Queen Marie of Romania. The palace complex consists of a number of residential villas, a smoking hall, a wine cellar, a power station, a monastery, a holy spring, a chapel and many other buildings, as well as most notably a park that is today a state-run botanical.

Balchik Palace. garden. Balchik Palace is 17 (m) above sea level.## Architectural complex.Marie of Romania, the wife of Ferdinand I of Romania, visited Balchik in 1921 and liked the location of the summer residence, ordering the vineyards, gardens and water mills of local citizens to be bought so a palace could be constructed at their place. Balkan and Ottoman Turkish motifs were used in the construction of the palace that was carried out by Italian architects Augustino and Americo, while a florist was hired from Switzerland to arrange the park. The main building's extravagant minaret coexists with a Christian chapel, perfectly illustrating.

Balchik Palace. the queen's Baháʼí Faith beliefs.Today many of the former royal villas and other buildings of the complex are reorganized inside and used to accommodate tourists. Some of the older Bulgarian water mills have also been preserved and reconstructed as restaurants or tourist villas.## Botanical garden.In 1940, after the reincorporation of Southern Dobruja in Bulgaria with the Treaty of Craiova, the Balchik Botanical Garden was established at the place of the palace's park. It has an area of 65000 (m2) and accommodates 2000 plant species belonging to 85 families and 200 genera. One of the garden's main attractions is the collection.

Balchik Palace. of large-sized cactus species arranged outdoors on 1000 (m2), the second of its kind in Europe after the one in Monaco. Other notable species include the Metasequoia, the Para rubber tree and the Ginkgo.## Trivia.Francis Ford Coppola spent 11 days at the palace shooting scenes of Youth Without Youth.Dvoreca.com, official website (in Bulgarian and English)Gallery of the Balchik Palace at Balchik.infoInfo end history at Balcic.euBalchik Palace at Journey.bg (in Bulgarian)Gallery of Balchik at the "Jurnalul Naţional" website (mostly covering the palace; in Romanian)Nikola Gruev's gallery of the palaceBulgariaLeisure.com, Tourism Information Portal (in Bulgarian and English)University Botanical Garden - Balchik, Bulgaria.

Balchik Palace. (EN)Balchik Botanical Garden at Balchik.info (in Bulgarian and English)Book about Botanical Garden at Balcic.eu"Save the Balchik Botanical Garden!" campaign (in Bulgarian)BulgariaLeisure.com, Tourism Information Portal (in Bulgarian and English).


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Misumena vatia. Misumena vatia is a species of crab spider with a holarctic distribution. In North America, it is called the goldenrod crab spider or flower (crab) spider, as it is commonly found hunting in goldenrod sprays and milkweed plants. They are called crab spiders because of their unique ability to walk sideways as well as forwards and backwards. Both males and females of this species progress through several molts before reaching their adult sizes, though females must molt more to reach their larger size. Females can grow up to 10 (mm) while males are quite small, reaching 5 (mm) at most.

Misumena vatia. "Misumena vatia" are usually yellow or white or a pattern of these two colors. They may also present with pale green or pink instead of yellow, again, in a pattern with white. They have the ability to change between these colors based on their surroundings through the molting process. They have a complex visual system, with eight eyes, that they rely on for prey capture and for their color-changing abilities. Sometimes, if "Misumena vatia" consumes colored prey, the spider itself will take on that color."Misumena vatia" feed on common insects, often consuming prey much larger than themselves. They use venom.

Misumena vatia. to immobilize their prey, though they are harmless to humans. They face threats due to parasites and larger insects. For "Misumena vatia," survival depends on the choice of hunting site. The spiders closely monitor multiple sites to see if others nearby are frequented by greater numbers of potential prey. The primary sex ratio is biased toward females. Females are stationary and choose a flower to settle on, while males cover great distances searching for mates. Females do not emit pheromones, rather, they leave "draglines" of silk behind them as they move, which males follow. Females live longer than males, on.

Misumena vatia. average. After mating, females guard their nests until the young have hatched, after which they die.## Taxonomy and phylogeny.The species "Misumena vatia" was first described by Swedish arachnologist and entomologist Carl Alexander Clerck in his book "Aranei Svecici". "Misumena vatia" belongs to the family Thomisidae, or spiders known as crab spiders. The family includes more than 2000 species, which are found all over the world. The genus "Misumena" includes many other species which are found worldwide. "Misumena vatia" falls into the Thomisus clade. Other clades in the family Thomisidae include the Borboropactus clade, the Epidius clade, and the Stephanopis clade.##.

Misumena vatia. Similar species.Close relatives include "Mecaphesa asperata," which is also found in North America, as well as Central America and the Caribbean. It is similar in size and shape but is light-gray to brown with pink stripes on the abdomen and cephalothorax. It is also coated with hairs that are short and stiff.Similar species of the "Misumenoides" and "Misumenops" genera tend to be found south of "Misumena vatia"’s home range, but some species, such as "Misumenoides formosipes," are found in North America as well. Philodromidae is a closely related family of wandering spiders. These spiders differ from those in the family.

Misumena vatia. Thomisidae in that their front legs are of a similar length as their back legs. Thus, their hunting style is quite different.## Description.This species has a wide, flat body that is short and crab-like. It can walk sideways in addition to being able to move forward and backward. Of its eight legs, the first two pairs are the longest. These sets of legs are usually held open, as the spider uses them to capture its prey. "Misumena vatia" is harmless to humans, as its fangs are not powerful enough to penetrate human skin and its venom is too weak to.

Misumena vatia. harm larger animals.## Color.These spiders may be yellow or white. This ultimately depends on the flower on which they are hunting (active camouflage). Younger females especially, which may hunt on a variety of flowers such as daisies and sunflowers, have a strong tendency to adapt to the color of the surrounding flower. However, the color-changing process is not instant and can require up to 25 days to complete. Older females need large amounts of relatively large prey to produce the best possible clutch of eggs. In North America, they are most commonly found in goldenrods, bright yellow flowers which attract.

Misumena vatia. large numbers of insects, particularly in autumn. It is often very hard even for a searching human to spot this spider on a yellow flower. These spiders are sometimes called 'banana spiders' because of their striking yellow color.Females have light complexions, either white or yellow with darker sides. They may have some markings on the abdomen that can be brown or red. These markings are genetically determined and not affected by a background color change. Males are darker than females, with red or brown outer shells. They have a characteristic white spot in the middle that continues through the area.

Misumena vatia. around the eyes. Males specifically have two sets of red and white bands both dorsally and laterally. Similar species of the crab spiders appear in a variety of colors such as those of the genus "Diaea", which can be lime green, or some species of "Xysticus" and "Coriarchne" which are brown.## Color change.These spiders change color based on visual cues. The color-change is most obvious on females of this species. The ability of males and juveniles to change color has not been documented. Two other known spiders with this color change ability include "Thomisus onustus" and "Thomisus spectabilis". Depending on.

Misumena vatia. the color of flower they see around them, they can secrete a liquid yellow pigment into the body's outer cell layer. The baseline color of the spider is white. In its white state, the yellow pigment is sequestered beneath the outer cell layer so that inner glands which are filled with white guanine are visible. They are able to match with greater accuracy to white flowers, such as "Chaerophyllum temulum" (the rough chervil) in particular, compared to yellow flowers based on the spectral reflectance functions. While the spider is residing on a white plant, it tends to excrete the yellow.

Misumena vatia. pigment instead of storing it in its glands. In order to change back to yellow, the spider must first produce enough of the yellow pigment. For this reason it takes these spiders much longer to turn from white to yellow than it does for them to go from yellow to white. The color change from white to yellow can take between 10 and 25 days while the opposite color change takes only about six days. The yellow pigments are kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine. Color changes are induced by visual cues and spiders with impaired vision lose this ability.Notably, spiders of this.

Misumena vatia. species sometimes choose to hunt on flowers that, to the human eye, they do not appear to match in color. For instance, they can be found hunting on the pink petals of the pasture rose ("Rosa carolina)." The spider appears white, or changes to white, causing it to stand out to human observers. Arthropods, on the other hand, serve as both predators and prey to "Misumena vatia," and have photoreceptors that allow them to see ultraviolet, blue, and green light but oftentimes lack red receptors altogether. As a result, "Misumena vatia" is camouflaged, appearing dark on a dark background.## Sexual.

Misumena vatia. dimorphism."Misumena vatia" is highly sexually dimorphic. Females are larger than males and tend to fall between 6-9 (mm) in length. Males, on the other hand, are only 3-4 (mm) long. The female's legs are white or yellow, while the male's first and second legs are brown or red and the third and fourth are yellow. Additionally, in concurrence with the male’s smaller size, the male "Misumena vatia" molts two fewer times than the female.## Other physical characteristics."Misumena vatia" has two rows of eyes. Those in the anterior row are equally spaced and curved backward while those in the second row.

Misumena vatia. vary in appearance from animal to animal, and can be curved more or less than the first. The area around the eyes is narrower in the front than the back. The spider's hair is erect and can be either filiform or rod-shaped. The legs do not have spines, except under the tibia and metatarsal bones of the first two sets of legs. The appearance of the clypeus and the structure of the cephalothorax can be used to distinguish the genus "Misumena" within its subfamily.## Habitat and distribution."Misumena vatia" is found only in North America and Europe. Other species of crab.

Misumena vatia. spiders, however, can be found all over the world. The species prefers a temperate climate and generally inhabits forest biomes. "Misumena vatia" is terrestrial and can be found on several plants and flowers such as milkweed and goldenrod in North America, as well as trillium, white fleabane ("Erigeron strigosus)", ox-eye daisy ("Chrysanthemum leucanthemum"), red clover ("Trifolium pratense") and buttercups ("Ranunculus acris")."## Home range.Females of this species do not travel more than a few yards (meters) from their feeding location. They are attracted by the fragrance of flowers, though other visual and tactile clues also help them choose a territory. Their.

Misumena vatia. survival depends on their ability to choose a small area home to flowering plants which will attract prey. Males are highly motile and may disperse great distances as they search for mates. Additionally, spiderlings may travel great distances by ballooning, if they find the area around their nest to be lacking in resources. However, this is risky as there is no guarantee that the search for a new territory will be successful.## Patch choice."Misumena vatia" hunts large prey with a low rate of success. Hunting success rate is highly dependent upon the spider's choice of hunting site. Before they lay.

Misumena vatia. their eggs, females are heavy and slow, which necessitates that they choose a hunting site on which to stay. When hunting on their preferred plant of milkweed, they monitor nearby umbels to see if another site would be more profitable. Over the course of a few hours, "Misumena vatia" may recognize and move to another nearby hunting site. Most often, they move to flowers that produce more nectar and attract more prey, however occasionally some intentionally and consistently pick less profitable sites to hunt on. Thus, the population is dimorphic in terms of patch choice behavior. The reason a minority.

Misumena vatia. might choose poorer hunting sites on purpose remains unknown.## Diet.## Hunting patterns.Crab spiders are carnivorous, feeding on invertebrate insects such as flies, bees, butterflies, grasshoppers, dragonflies, and hoverflies. Bumblebees ("Bombus appositus") provide the spider with the most biomass, but small syrphid flies ("Toxomerus marginatus") are the prey captured most frequently. Other frequently captured prey include honeybees ("Apis mellifera") and moths. Immature "Misumena vatia" commonly feed on smaller-sized prey such as thrips, aphids in the family Aphididae, and dance flies in the family Empididae. They may also use nectar and pollen as food sources when prey is scarce."Misumena vatia" is primarily.

Misumena vatia. dependent on its vision to hunt, so it typically finds and captures food during the day. Adult males search the upper stratum of field vegetation, where females are commonly found hunting, for potential mates. The spider can hunt bugs and insects larger than itself because it has the ability to use paralyzing venom to immobilize its prey. "Misumena vatia" waits, camouflaging itself on a flowering plant or on the ground, for prey to pass by, and then grabs the prey with its forelegs and quickly injects its venom. Unlike many spiders which wrap their prey in silk, "Misumena vatia" forgoes.

Misumena vatia. wrapping prey and instead allows its venom alone to subdue insects before eating them. It then uses its fangs to inject the immobilized prey with digestive enzymes before sucking out the rendered bodily liquids. This is a form of external digestion. As a result, prey size is not a limiting factor for consumption.Although "Misumena vatia" most often hunts during the daytime, there is evidence that it is sometimes driven to hunt at night due to an increase in nocturnal prey activity. This behavior occurs most commonly in response to increased night-time activity by moths in early September."Misumena vatia" has the.

Misumena vatia. ability to retain its excretions for at least 50 days and will not excrete when confined to small spaces or near its hunting sites. Excretion may alert predators to the spider's whereabouts.## Diet-induced color change."Misumena vatia" can also change color as a result of prey consumption. Once consumed, colorful prey can show through the thin, transparent epidermis of the abdomen, affecting opisthosomal coloration. Ingestion of red-eyed fruit flies cause the abdomen to turn pink. Coloration changes caused by prey consumption revert to the normal white or yellow within 4–6 days after prey ingestion. Color change intensity is positively correlated with.

Misumena vatia. the amount of colorful prey consumed. Color change intensity also decreases with the spider's age. These spiders have been observed to have pink, orange, yellow, brown, green, or white opisthosomas depending on the prey consumed.## Reproduction and lifecycle.Sex ratios among "Misumena vatia" vary from a ratio of 1.5 females per male at hatching to a ratio of 2.5–5.1 females per male by the time they reach adulthood. Since males must spend considerable time searching for females, they face danger from the environment, reducing their numbers. Males cannot mate multiple times in quick succession but require a two-day interval between matings.

Misumena vatia. In nature, "Misumena vatia" produces a single brood. However, females are capable of producing another brood if artificially induced.## Nests.Female "Misumena vatia" prefer common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) over spreading dogbane (Apocynum androsaemifolium), pasture rose (Rosa carolina), and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) for nest construction. Females who lay eggs on milkweed have higher nesting success, which correlates with early survival of clutches. The nest appearance can vary widely, depending on the type of plant on which it is constructed. In the case of the pasture rose and the sensitive fern ("Onoclea sinsibilis)", nests consist of several small leaves bound together. These nests.

Misumena vatia. are more vulnerable to predators though, because they are not as tightly bound as those created on milkweed, and have a greater area that is covered only by silk.## Mate-guarding.A minority of males—only about ten percent—guard pre-reproductive females as they molt into their adult stage. Almost all males who guard such females mate with them after they have molted. The low level of mate guarding is related to the female-leaning sex ratio expressed by "Misumena vatia." Males of this species tend to guard less frequently and exhibit less aggression than other closely related species, such as "Misumenoides formosipes," which do.

Misumena vatia. not have a female-biased sex ratio.## Lifecycle.In May and early June, males molt into adulthood, with the number of adult males peaking between June 5 to July 15. Females do not molt into adulthood until mid to late June, with numbers of adult females peaking around June 25. After males molt, their body mass does not increase, remaining at about 4 (mg). Males, however, do undergo body changes as they enter the adult stage. Their front legs lengthen while the abdomen shrinks. Females live an average of two years and spend most of this time guarding their eggs sacs and.

Misumena vatia. the territory (flowers) on which they hunt. Males have shorter lifespans by about a month. Only near the end of the female's second year of life will she allow males onto her territory to mate. Females lay their eggs most commonly in the middle of the summer; these hatch after 3.5 weeks. Females usually die very soon after their eggs have hatched, during their second winter. Young undergo one molt within the egg sac, and emerge after hatching as second instars. They can sustain themselves for a few days with the nutrients from their yolk sacs.## Mating.## Mate-searching behavior.The much.

Misumena vatia. smaller males scamper from flower to flower in search of females and are often seen missing one or more of their legs. This may be due either to near misses by predators such as birds or to fighting with other males. Males exhibit a random pattern of searching for mates until they discover a female dragline. Females leave these draglines behind them as they search for prey. Males follow the draglines in search of potential mates. Unlike many spider species, the females do not deposit any pheromones on these lines. Males follow the lines mechanically rather than chemically. The tendency.

Misumena vatia. for a male to follow a line is highly influenced by its life stage and the stage of the female of interest. Adult males preferentially follow adult female and juvenile female draglines, while penultimate males do not display a specific preference. Male "Misumena vatia" are also more likely to follow lines laid by their own species than those of a related species.## Male–male interactions.Two males interested in the same female may compete, since encounters with females are relatively rare. This may include light touching, chasing, foreleg lashing, grappling, and biting between males. If the female is being guarded by an.

Misumena vatia. existing male, the guarding male may either fend off the challenger or be replaced. The male which finds the female of interest first has an advantage in any ensuing contest. In this species, unlike many other species of spider, older and younger males are generally the same size. While older males initiate contests more frequently than younger males, the nature of their attacks is less likely to include extensive bodily contact. Younger males win significantly more contests than older males. After a contest between males, the winner immediately mates with the female while the loser retreats.## Female–male interactions.When a male.

Misumena vatia. finds a female, he climbs over her head, over her opisthosoma and onto her underside, where he inserts his pedipalps to inseminate her. The male may wrap the female loosely with silk during copulation. Females have a pair of gonopores which the male pedipalp may enter for copulation. When the male inserts his pedipalp into the female's gonopore he will make rhythmic, vibratory movements that can last from 1–2 seconds. Gonopore contacts of less than 30 seconds will result in unfertilized eggs and a failed copulation. Matings last an average of four minutes.Males can accurately identify the reproductive condition of.

Misumena vatia. potential mates. They prefer to mate with virgin females over those which have previously mated. Males mate for longer with virgin females and produce more pedipalp movements than during copulation with previously-mated females. Males are most likely to enter both gonopores of a virgin female, while they may only enter one gonopore of a previously-mated female. Females have a low probability of mating with a second male, but have a higher probability of mating with a second male than they do a third one.The female then lays her eggs preferentially on plants from the "Asclepias" genus (milkweeds). When preparing to.

Misumena vatia. lay eggs, she first identifies a suitable location for her brood. She descends the plant stalk down to the leaf that she chooses and then rolls up the end of a leaf. She secures the leaf by spreading silk, creating a cocoon-like structure, and lays her eggs inside the nest she has created. She tends to lay her eggs at night. The young grow to be about 5 (mm) by autumn and remain on the ground through winter. Their final molt, from penultimate instars to adults, occurs during May of the next year.Because "Misumena vatia" employs camouflaging, it can focus.

Misumena vatia. more energy on growth and reproduction rather than on finding food and escaping from predators. As in many Thomisidae species, there is a positive correlation between female weight and egg clutch size, or fecundity. Selection for larger female body size thus increases reproductive success.## Sperm quantity.This species exhibits a high first-male sperm precedence, so providing a virgin female with a large sperm quantity is advantageous. Because there is a very limited number of virgin females available at any given time, there is strong selective pressure that favors males that provide large sperm quantities. The need to produce a large sperm.

Misumena vatia. quantity for each copulation prevents males from remating quickly. Additionally, females are likely to deny subsequent males after their first mating as further reproduction will interfere too strongly with the female's foraging success. More matings are also unfavorable because they can increase the risk of infection with sexually transmitted parasites or diseases.In some cases, males can tell whether a female has mated previously from a distance. This may be due the female's heightened aggression that manifests after she has mated once. It is more common, however, that in order to assess the reproductive history of a given female, the male.

Misumena vatia. must first mount her, which is dangerous for the male as there is a chance the female may attack, capture, and kill him. Since females are difficult to locate and the cost of searching for them is so high, the risk is usually worthwhile to the male. In addition, since locating females is difficult, there is a low chance that another male has previously inseminated a given female, so it is therefore beneficial for males to provide large quantities of sperm. This adaptation is also beneficial in the case that a female loses her first brood. When a female has.

Misumena vatia. been inseminated with a large quantity of sperm, she may have enough to fertilize a second brood to replace the lost first brood.## Sexual cannibalism.Like many other arachnids and insects, "Misumena vatia" may express sexual cannibalism; however it is only considered moderately common. In cases of precopulatory sexual cannibalism, older males are more likely than younger males to be targets of attack, and are more likely to suffer death or injury as a result of such an attack, especially during the latter half of the mating season. This could be a result of a decreased ability among older males to.

Misumena vatia. evade attack from females. Older males do not tend to display riskier mating behavior than younger males. The size of the male does not influence its likelihood of being cannibalized during copulation. Females increase cannibalistic attacks as the mating season progresses. More males tend to be cannibalized after mid July, which could be a result of male aging but is more likely a result of increased female aggression during this time. Non-reproductive cannibalism is uncommon among "Misumena vatia". However, it has been observed in individuals in roughly one percent of broods. In these broods, cannibalism tends to occur among spiderlings.

Misumena vatia. Cannibalistic individuals can be up to three times larger than those who are non-cannibalistic.## Parental care.## Egg-guarding.Like many other species, "Misumena vatia" guards its nest to protect its vulnerable eggs from attack. Nest guarding increases the spider's overall reproductive success by protecting against predation from ichneumonid and dipteran egg predators. These spiders are usually observed guarding the nest by standing on its underside, the most vulnerable face of the nest. Most guarding spiders will remain by the nest until the young have begun to emerge from their eggs—about three weeks. A minority of spiders abandon their nests before spiderlings have.

Misumena vatia. hatched, while some may remain until all the young have hatched or longer. Most die within a few days of the hatching of their young.## Enemies.Parasitization by the ichneumonid wasp, "Trychosis cyperia", an egg predator, is common. The wasp deposits an egg in the nest and its larva feeds on the eggs. One attack can destroy the nest completely. "Misumena vatia" experience strong selection to minimize attack from wasps, which is why egg guarding by the female is important for reproductive success. Wasps tend to feed on small egg masses guarded by small spiders, as small spiders cannot defend their.

Misumena vatia. nests as effectively. Other known predators include ants, other spiders, birds, lizards, and shrews. When defending the nest from an approaching predator, females typically raise their front legs in a display otherwise observed when they are attacking prey.## Physiology.## Sensation.These spiders respond quickly to motion that is both within and outside of their visual range. To do so, they rely heavily on several types of mechanoreceptors. Tactile hairs sense touch, trichobothria sense air currents, and slit sensilla are sensitive to vibrations and mechanical stresses. While still important, vision plays a less important role in prey detection. Remarkably, "Misumena vatia" fail.

Misumena vatia. to notice prey when it is stationary.## Vision.These spiders have two rows of four eyes each for a total of eight eyes. The antero-lateral (75 μm diameter) and postero-lateral (65 μm diameter) eyes are the larger in size of the four sets of eyes. The antero-median (59 μm diameter) are considered the principal eyes and along with the postero-median (55 μm diameter) constitute the smaller of the sets. All of the eyes other than the principal eyes are considered the secondary eyes. The antero-median eyes appear the clearest, while the other sets of eyes appear darker. The postero-median eyes look.

Misumena vatia. directly upward, and their field of view overlaps somewhat with that of the postero-lateral eyes. The antero-lateral and postero-lateral eyes also share a slight overlap in their visual fields. The antero-lateral eyes give these spiders a region of binocular vision. The organization of the antero-lateral, postero-median, and postero-lateral eyes allows these spiders to see nearly their entire upper visual environment.The four pairs of eyes are similar in structure, all containing a retina, a dioptric apparatus, and a cellular vitreous body. The outermost layer of the eye is the lens. The columnar cells of the vitreous body stand between the lens.

Misumena vatia. and the retina, and their nuclei rest next to the retina. Three layers of pigment cells surround the vitreous body. The epidermis is the outer layer, and it contains electron-dense granules and electron-lucent inclusions of micro-crystals. The middle layer contains dark, pigment granules, and the innermost layer contains larger, dark, pigment granules inside glial cells. These layers prevent light that may enter through a nearby transparent cuticle from reaching the retina, keeping each eye isolated. The retina contains photoreceptor cells and other supporting cells.The principle eyes have a complex and unique organization. They have three different photoreceptive segments. The periphery.

Misumena vatia. contains a half-circle of one type of rhabdomere, while the center is pigmented and contains two types of rhabdomeres. These spiders also have a "giant rhabdom" in the lowest layer of the center of the retina. Only the light entering along its optic axis stimulates this giant rhabdom, so the visual information comes in the shape of a dot. "Misumena vatia" can control the trajectory of the giant rhabdom by moving their eye muscles, which means these single points of visual information are integrated to generate the spider's visual field.Vision plays an important role in the spider's substrate color matching.

Misumena vatia. "Misumena vatia" have the necessary physiological machinery to see color, and are most sensitive to wavelengths of light between 340-520 nm. "Misumena vatia's" principle eyes have tiered retinas, with four layers containing different types of photoreceptors. These spiders have been proven to have green and UV photoreceptors, and likely have many other types which allow them to see a full range of colors. The secondary eyes are dichromal, meaning that they have two types of photoreceptors. Since "Misumena vatia" use their visual systems to inform color changes, they must be able to see color in their environment and on their.

Misumena vatia. own bodies. The visual field of the antero-lateral and antero-medial eyes allow the spider to see its legs, while the postero-lateral eyes see the opisthoma. Since the visual fields are so wide, these spiders see their own bodies and the color of their surroundings, which supports the idea that color matching is facilitated by the visual system.## Autotomy.Autotomy, the loss of one leg, can happen in a variety of critical situations, including fleeing from predators, fighting, and getting rid of parasites. The disadvantage is obvious, but most spiders can grow back lost limbs if the loss occurs during a juvenile.

Misumena vatia. stage and before the final molting.The loss of an anterior leg is common among males. Over their lifetimes, approximately 30 percent of males will lose one of their anterior legs. One direct disadvantage of losing a leg is a decrease in mobility. Spiders with all eight legs have considerably higher body weights, showing that losing legs negatively impacts foraging and significantly decreases the speed with which they can move along lines. Since females are widely dispersed, the impairment of mobility adversely affects the male’s reproductive success.


Question: What is the location of this place?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Sugarloaf Mountain. outcroppings known as non-inselberg bornhardts.The mountain is protected by the Sugarloaf Mountain and Urca Hill Natural Monument, created in 2006. This became part of a World Heritage Site declared by UNESCO in 2012.## Origins of the name.The name Sugarloaf was coined in the 16th century by the Portuguese during the heyday of sugarcane trade in Brazil. According to historian Vieira Fazenda, blocks of sugar were placed in conical molds made of clay to be transported on ships. The form of the peak reminded them of the well-known resulting "sugarloaf" shape, and the nickname has since been extended to be a.

Sugarloaf Mountain. general descriptor for formations of this kind.## Cable car.A glass-walled cable car ("bondinho" or, more formally, "teleférico"), capable of holding 65 people, runs along a 1400 (m) route between the peaks of Sugarloaf and Morro da Urca every 20 minutes. The original cable car line was built in 1912 and rebuilt around 1972–73 and in 2008. The cable car goes from a ground station, at the base of Morro da Babilônia, to Morro da Urca and thence to Sugarloaf's summit.## Reaching the summit.To reach the summit, passengers take two cable cars. The first ascends to the shorter Morro da Urca,.

Sugarloaf Mountain. two other mountains in the area with technical rock climbing, Morro da Babilônia and Morro da Urca. Together, they form one of the largest urban climbing areas in the world, with more than 270 routes, between 1 and 10 pitches long."Flying Down to Rio" (1933) Starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The beachside Hotel Atlântico has views across the bay looking toward Sugarloaf Mountain.In the 1979 James Bond film, "Moonraker", the villainous henchman Jaws (played by Richard Kiel) attempts to kill 007 (Roger Moore) and the agent's ally, Dr. Holly Goodhead (Lois Chiles), on a cable car. However, Bond and.

Sugarloaf Mountain. Goodhead escape and Jaws collides with the building at the bottom of the cable car route, demolishing the building, but escaping unscathed. Herb Alpert recorded a song titled "Sugarloaf" for his 1982 album "Fandango".The mountain and cable car are featured in "The Simpsons" episode "Blame it on Lisa", aired in 2002."" (2016), starring Jason Statham. At the beginning of the film Arthur Bishop (Statham) is attacked at a restaurant on Morro da Urca and escapes on the roof of a cable car. —.


Question: What is the conservation status of this plant? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Venus flytrap. without sufficient data on vulnerability". The IUCN Red List classifies the species as "vulnerable". The State of North Carolina lists "Dionaea muscipula" as a species of "Special Concern–Vulnerable". The species is protected under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system. NatureServe classified it as "Imperiled" (G2) in a 2018 review.The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has not indicated a timeline to conclude its current review of "Dionaea muscipula". The Endangered Species Act specifies a two-year timeline for a species review.