Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Fuchsia excorticata. Fuchsia excorticata, commonly known as tree fuchsia, New Zealand fuchsia and by its Māori name kōtukutuku, is a New Zealand native tree belonging to the family Onagraceae. It is commonly found throughout New Zealand and as far south as the Auckland Islands. It grows from sea level up to about 1000 (m), particularly alongside creeks and rivers. It is easily recognised in its native environment by the characteristic appearance of its bark, which peels spontaneously, hanging in red papery strips to show a pale bark underneath. Its scientific name, "excorticata", reflects this distinctive property."Fuchsia excorticata" is the largest member of.

Fuchsia excorticata. in colour.## Distribution.## Natural global range."Fuchsia excorticata" is endemic to New Zealand.## New Zealand range."Fuchsia excorticata" has a range throughout the North and South Islands, as well as Stewart Island and the Auckland Islands.## Habitat preferences."Fuchsia excorticata" is common in lowland and lower mountainous forest areas, especially on the forest margins, in clearings, and by streams. Even if a forest is close to being destroyed, or is destroyed, tree fuchsias are more than often not still standing because they are close to indestructible. This species is also abundant in cold mountain areas in the South Island.## Life cycle/phenology.The seeds of.

Fuchsia excorticata. which are the main pollinators of "F. excorticata". This species flowers from August to December and produces berries from December to March.## Soil preference.Tree fuchsia can grow in riparian soil and can be utilised as a predecessor species for areas where conditions and soils are not the best. It likes moist soil with a canopy overhead for shade.## Predators, parasites, and diseases.Local birds such as tui, bellbirds, kererū, and silvereyes feed on tree fuchsia. Tui and kererū eat the flowers and fruit; other birds consume the nectar. Tree fuchsia can, and has in some locations, been pushed out of its.

Fuchsia excorticata. habitat by plant competitors such as banana passionfruit and Buddleia. Mammalian threats, such as goats, have been known to forage on tree fuchsia, but they do not have as large an effect as possums. Possums put the tree at risk because they eat the fruit and seeds, and does this without stopping when seed production is low.## Cultural uses.Known as kōtukutuku in Māori, "Fuchsia excorticata" had many uses for the Māori people and early settlers of New Zealand. These uses included as a basic foodstuff, in jams, and use by Māori woman in vapor baths after childbirth. Tannins in the.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Mammillaria plumosa. Mammillaria plumosa, the feather cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Cactaceae, native to Northeastern Mexico.It grows to 12 (cm) tall by 40 (cm) broad. The clustering spherical stems, 7 (cm) in diameter, are completely covered in white downy spines. White or greenish yellow flowers are borne in late summer.Its status is listed as “Near Threatened” by the IUCN Red List. ## Cultivation."Mammillaria plumosa" is one of several "Mammillaria" species to be cultivated. In temperate regions it must be grown under glass with heat. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Solanum americanum. Solanum americanum, commonly known as American black nightshade, small-flowered nightshade or glossy nightshade, is a herbaceous flowering plant of wide though uncertain native range. The certain native range encompasses the tropics and subtropics of the Americas, Melanesia, New Guinea, and Australia.The plant is widely naturalised around the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans, including Hawaii, Indochina, Madagascar and Africa, possibly via anthropogenic introduction in these locales."Solanum americanum" is one of the most widespread and morphologically variable species belonging to the section "Solanum". It can be confused with other black nightshade species in the "Solanum nigrum" complex.## Description."Solanum americanum" grows up to.

Solanum americanum. 1 - 1.5 (m) tall and is an annual or short-lived perennial. The leaves are alternate on the branch, and vary greatly in size, up to 10 (cm) long and 7 (cm) broad, with a 4 (cm) petiole and a coarsely wavy or toothed margin. The flowers are about 1 cm diameter, white or occasionally light purple, with yellow stamens. The fruit is a shiny black berry 5 - 10 (mm) diameter, containing numerous small seeds.## Taxonomy."Solanum americanum" is a variable taxon. It is considered by some botanists to be more than one species, and others recognise subspecies. Some botanists.

Solanum americanum. have suggested that "Solanum americanum" may be conspecific with the European nightshade, "S. nigrum".## Toxicity.Research indicates the presence of toxic glycoalkaloids and there are warnings to be careful on the use of "S. americanum" as herbal medicine and food. The green fruit is particularly poisonous and eating unripe berries has caused the death of children. Ripe berries and foliage may also cause poisoning, though the toxicity seems to diminish somewhat with ripening. This is via high levels of the glycoalkaloids, solanine and solamargine. Other toxins present in the plant include chaconine, solasonine, solanigrine, gitogenin and traces of saponins, as well.

Solanum americanum. as the tropane alkaloids scopolamine (hyoscine), atropine and hyoscyamine.Significant amounts of solasodine (0.65%) have been found in the green berries. The ripe fruit also contains 0.3–0.45% solasonine, and acetylcholine, and has a cholinesterase-inhibiting effect on human plasma. In Transkei, rural people have a high incidence of esophageal cancer thought to be a result of using "S. americanum" as a food. Livestock can also be poisoned by high nitrate levels in the leaves.Toxicity varies widely depending on the genetic strain and the location conditions, like soil and rainfall. Poisonous plant experts advise: "...unless you are certain that the berries are from.

Solanum americanum. an edible strain, leave them alone."Sobemovirus"Solanum americanum": Occurrence data from Global Biodiversity Information FacilityPacific Island Ecosystems at Risk: "Solanum americanum" (very detailed description)Identifying nightshades as weeds — Images, specimens and a full list of scientific synonyms. Full descriptions and identification keys coming soon!Plants for a future.


Question: What is the litter size of this bird?

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Laughing falcon. to 800 (g) compared to the males' 410 to 680 (g).Adults have a pale buff head, changeable between a more brownish and an almost white hue according to feather wear and individual variation. The broad black face mask stretches across the neck as a narrow collar, bordered with white. On the crown, the feather shafts are dark, producing a somewhat streaked effect. The upper wings and back are blackish brown. The uppertail coverts are whitish buff again, and the rectrices are barred black and whitish, ending in white. The underside is uniformly pale buff; there may be a bit of.

Laughing falcon. and "guaycurú" (Guaraní).## Distribution and habitat.It is found from both coastal slopes of Mexico through Central and South America south to the Peruvian Amazon and Bolivian Amazon region, practically all of Brazil, and northern Argentina and Paraguay, at altitudes up to 1500 (m) (rarely to 2400 (m) in Colombia), though it is often absent from mountainous regions. It occupies varied habitats, usually including at least scattered trees; it prefers humid regions to arid ones and tends to avoid closed forest. It is generally not migratory, though in some areas it may make seasonal movements.## Behavior.The flight is slow, with quick,.

Laughing falcon. imitate the call of a laughing falcon in order to cure a snake bite.Bassie-Sweet, Karen (2015): "The Ch'ol Maya of Chiapas"; University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Channing, Keith & Hawk Conservancy Trust (HCT) (1996). Cuervo, Andrés M.; Hernández-Jaramillo, Alejandro; Cortés-Herrera, José Oswaldo & Laverde, Oscar (2007): Nuevos registros de aves en la parte alta de la Serranía de las Quinchas, Magdalena medio, Colombia [New bird records from the highlands of Serranía de las Quinchas, middle Magdalena valley, Colombia]. "Ornitología Colombiana" 5: 94-98 [Spanish with English abstract]. PDF fulltext Howell, Steven N.G. & Webb, Sophie (1995): "A Guide to the Birds.

Laughing falcon. of Mexico and Northern Central America". Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York. Jiménez, Mariano II & Jiménez, Mariano G. (2003): El Zoológico Electrónico – El Halcón Guaicurú "Herpetotheres cachinnans". Version of 2003-AUG-01. Retrieved 2007-FEB-22. Lewis, Charlton T. & Short, Charles (1879): "căchinno. In: A Latin Dictionary". Clarendon Press, Oxford. HTML fulltext Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): "A guide to the birds of Costa Rica". Comistock, Ithaca. Remsen, J. V., Jr.; Cadena, C. D.; Jaramillo, A.; Nores, M.; Pacheco, J. F.; Robbins, M. B.; Schulenberg, T. S.; Stiles, F. G.; Stotz, D. F.; and Zimmer, K. J.

Laughing falcon. Version (2008-12-22). A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithologists' Union. HTML fulltext Woodhouse, S.C. (1910): English-Greek Dictionary – A Vocabulary of the Attic Language. George Routledge & Sons Ltd., Broadway House, Ludgate Hill, E.C. Searchable JPEG fulltext Photos, videos and observations at Cornell Lab of Ornithologys Birds of the WorldLaughing falcon videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection.


Question: Where is this plant originally discovered?

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Rye. northern China.Production levels of rye have fallen since 1992 in most of the producing nations, . For instance, production of rye in Russia fell from 13.9 (e6t) in 1992 to 2.4 (e6t) in 2020. Corresponding figures for other countries are as follows: Polandfalling from 4.0 (Mt) in 1992 to 2.9 (Mt) in 2020; Belarusfalling from 3.1 (Mt) in 1992 to 1.1 (Mt) in 2020; Chinafalling from 1.7 (Mt) in 1992 to 0.5 (Mt) in 2020. However, production levels rose in Germany from 2.4 (Mt) in 1992 to 3.5 (Mt) in 2020.World trade of rye is low compared with other grains.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Ferocactus hamatacanthus. Ferocactus hamatacanthus, commonly named Turk's Head, is a barrel cactus in the tribe Cacteae.## Distribution."Ferocactus hamatacanthus" is widespread in the Chihuahuan Desert of north-western Mexico, New Mexico, and south-western Texas. The "Ferocactus hamatacanthus" Type Locality was found in Mexico.## Description."Ferocactus hamatacanthus" forms to be solitary, usually a globular to oblong shape, and grows up to 60 (cm). This plant contains 13 ribs normally, but can sometimes be around 17. These ribs of the cactus are strongly tubercled and are generally 2 (cm) to 3 (cm) high. Its aeroles are large and 1 (cm) to 3 (cm) apart. There are about.

Ferocactus hamatacanthus. 12 radial spines, 5 (cm) to 7 (cm) long, that are acicular and terete. However, there are fewer central spines, only 4, that tend to be angled and elongated at around 15 (cm). One of the central spines is hooked at its apex as well.This cactus' flowers are large, usually 7 (cm) to 8 (cm), and display a yellow color with an inner scarlet color in some forms. This cactus also produces a fruit that is oblong, 2 (cm) to 5 (cm) long, fleshy, edible, and a dark brown to drab-color (not red). In addition to these features, its seeds.

Ferocactus hamatacanthus. are pitted.## Features."Ferocactus hamatacanthus" develops elongated glands, usually 2 (cm) to 4 (cm), in the aeroles between the flower and the spines. At first, these glands are soft, but as they mature they become hard and spine-like. Another key feature is the difference of its fruit compared to other species. The fruit of this species is thin and the flesh is very juicy and edible, reminiscent of kiwis in flavor.


Question: Where is this object originally invented or found?

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Parka. A parka or anorak is a type of coat with a hood, often lined with fur or faux fur. This kind of garment is a staple of Inuit clothing, traditionally made from caribou or seal skin, for hunting and kayaking in the frigid Arctic. Some Inuit anoraks require regular coating with fish oil to retain their water resistance.The words "anorak" and "parka" have been used interchangeably, but they are somewhat different garments. Strictly speaking, an anorak is a waterproof, hooded, pull-over jacket without a front opening, and sometimes drawstrings at the waist and cuffs, and a parka is a hip-length.

Parka. is sometimes used as a mildly derogatory term.The word "parka" is derived from the Nenets language. In the Aleutian Islands the word simply means "animal skin". It first entered the English written record in a 1625 work by Samuel Purchas.The Inuit who speak Inuktitut use parkas and have various terms related to them as follows:## N-3B ("scrub snorkel" or "snorkel") parka.The original snorkel parka (USAF N-3B parka, which is 3/4 length and has a full, attached hood; the similar N-2B parka is waist-length and has an attached split hood) was developed in the United States during the early 1950s for.

Parka. pocket. It was invented by Noel Bibby of Peter Storm Ltd. in the early 1960s. It may have a full-zippered front opening, or pull over the head like an original anorak and close with snaps or a short zipper, has an integral hood, and elasticated or drawstring cuffs. In some versions, when rolled up, the hood doubles as a bag into which the rest of the coat is pushed. It became very popular in the United Kingdom during the 1970s.Anorak (slang)Capote (garment)Goggle jacketHoodieMackintoshYup'ik clothing"The Anorak", a play about the Montreal Massacre written and performed by Adam KellyA traditional Inuit parka.


Question: How many day is the egg incubation period of this bird?

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Least grebe. The least grebe ("Tachybaptus dominicus"), an aquatic bird, is the smallest member of the grebe family. It occurs in the New World from the southwestern United States and Mexico to Argentina, and also on Trinidad and Tobago, the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles.## Description.The least grebe ranges in length from 21 – 27 (cm) (depending on the subspecies) and in weight from 112 – 180 (g). Weights are variable based on region and subspecies, being smaller in Panama, where males weighed a mean of 129 (g) against the females 116 (g) and larger in the West Indies, where the sexes.

Least grebe. seconds.## Breeding.Least grebes breed throughout the year. Those in the tropics tend to breed during the rainy season, while active nests have been found in every month of the year in Texas. Each pair builds a compact floating nest of vegetation—typically a variety of aquatic weeds—which is anchored to rooted plants in still open water as deep as 1.5 (m). The female lays three to six white eggs, though the damp nest material soon stains them with brown. Both adults incubate the eggs, which hatch after 21 days. The striped young are sometimes carried on the adult's back.## Voice.The breeding.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Casa Navàs. Casa Navàs is a modernist building in the city of Reus, Catalonia, Spain. Casa Navàs is a building designed by Catalan architect Lluís Domènech i Montaner, located in the city's Plaça del Mercadal.Joaquim Navàs Padró of Reus contracted Lluís Domènech i Muntaner as the architect of his new house. The building was constructed from 1901 to 1908.The building had a tower on the left facade, but it was destroyed by bombing by Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War and never rebuilt. Inside the building is a very wide and brightly lit space. Marble works were done by Alfons Juyol.


Question: What is the source of energy of this vehicle?

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Steam locomotive. A steam locomotive is a locomotive that provides the force to move itself and other vehicles by means of the expansion of steam. It is fuelled by burning combustible material (usually coal, oil or, rarely, wood) to heat water in the locomotive's boiler to the point when it becomes gaseous and its volume increases 1,700 times. Functionally, it is a steam engine on wheels.In most locomotives, the steam is admitted alternately to each end of its cylinders, in which pistons are mechanically connected to the locomotive's main wheels. Fuel and water supplies are usually carried with the locomotive, either on.

Steam locomotive. a train along the tramway from the Pen-y-darren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil, to Abercynon in South Wales. Accompanied by Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency.Trevithick visited the Newcastle area in 1804 and had a ready audience of colliery (coal mine) owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the colliery railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of the steam locomotive. Trevithick continued his own steam propulsion experiments through.

Steam locomotive. Völklingen), but neither could be returned to working order after being dismantled, moved and reassembled. On 7 December 1835, the "Adler" ran for the first time between Nuremberg and Fürth on the Bavarian Ludwig Railway. It was the 118th engine from the locomotive works of Robert Stephenson and stood under patent protection.In Russia, the first steam locomotive was built in 1834 by Cherepanovs, however, it suffered from the lack of coal in the area and was replaced with horse traction after all the woods nearby had been cut down. The first Russian Tsarskoye Selo steam railway started in 1837 with.

Steam locomotive. Hungary which used the water-tube Brotan boiler.A boiler consists of a firebox where the fuel is burned, a barrel where water is turned into steam and a smokebox which is kept at a slightly lower pressure than outside the firebox.Solid fuel, such as wood, coal or coke, is thrown into the firebox through a door by a fireman, onto a set of grates which hold the fuel in a bed as it burns. Ash falls through the grate into an ashpan. If oil is used as the fuel, a door is needed for adjusting the air flow, maintaining the firebox,.

Steam locomotive. This pressure difference causes air to flow up through the coal bed and keeps the fire burning.The search for thermal efficiency greater than that of a typical fire-tube boiler led engineers, such as Nigel Gresley, to consider the water-tube boiler. Although he tested the concept on the LNER Class W1, the difficulties during development exceeded the will to increase efficiency by that route.The steam generated in the boiler not only moves the locomotive, but is also used to operate other devices such as the whistle, the air compressor for the brakes, the pump for replenishing the water in the boiler.

Steam locomotive. in various configurations, including two tanks alongside (side tanks or pannier tanks), one on top (saddle tank) or one between the frames (well tank).The fuel used depended on what was economically available to the railway. In the UK and other parts of Europe, plentiful supplies of coal made this the obvious choice from the earliest days of the steam engine. Until 1870, the majority of locomotives in the United States burned wood, but as the Eastern forests were cleared, coal gradually became more widely used until it became the dominant fuel worldwide in steam locomotives. Railways serving sugar cane farming.

Steam locomotive. operations burned bagasse, a byproduct of sugar refining. In the US, the ready availability and low price of oil made it a popular steam locomotive fuel after 1900 for the southwestern railroads, particularly the Southern Pacific. In the Australian state of Victoria, many steam locomotives were converted to heavy oil firing after World War II. German, Russian, Australian and British railways experimented with using coal dust to fire locomotives.During World War 2, a number of Swiss steam shunting locomotives were modified to use electrically heated boilers, consuming around 480 kW of power collected from an overhead line with a pantograph.

Steam locomotive. These locomotives were significantly less efficient than electric ones; they were used because Switzerland was suffering a coal shortage because of the War, but had access to plentiful hydroelectricity.A number of tourist lines and heritage locomotives in Switzerland, Argentina and Australia have used light diesel-type oil.Water was supplied at stopping places and locomotive depots from a dedicated water tower connected to water cranes or gantries. In the UK, the US and France, water troughs ("track pans" in the US) were provided on some main lines to allow locomotives to replenish their water supply without stopping, from rainwater or snowmelt that.

Steam locomotive. be removed by hand at the end of the run. As with the arrestor, a screen was incorporated to retain any large embers.Locomotives of the British Railways standard classes fitted with self-cleaning smokeboxes were identified by a small cast oval plate marked "S.C.", fitted at the bottom of the smokebox door. These engines required different disposal procedures and the plate highlighted this need to depot staff.## Stokers.A factor that limits locomotive performance is the rate at which fuel is fed into the fire. In the early 20th century some locomotives became so large that the fireman could not shovel coal.

Steam locomotive. such equipment.Booster engines were also fitted to tender trucks in the US and known as auxiliary locomotives. Two and even three truck axles were connected together using side rods which limited them to slow-speed service.## Firedoor.The firedoor is used to cover the firehole when coal is not being added. It serves two purposes, first, it prevents air being drawn over the top of the fire, rather forcing it to be drawn through it. The second purpose is to safeguard the train crew against blowbacks. It does, however, have a means to allow some air to pass over the top of.

Steam locomotive. of smoke for the engine driver to breathe as the locomotive passed through mountain tunnels and snow sheds. Another variation was the Camelback locomotive, with the cab situated halfway along the boiler. In England, Oliver Bulleid developed the SR Leader class locomotive during the nationalisation process in the late 1940s. The locomotive was heavily tested but several design faults (such as coal firing and sleeve valves) meant that this locomotive and the other part-built locomotives were scrapped. The cab-forward design was taken by Bulleid to Ireland, where he moved after nationalisation, where he developed the "turfburner". This locomotive was more.

Steam locomotive. steam is either a by-product or is cheaply available). The water vessel ("boiler") is heavily insulated, the same as with a fired locomotive. Until all the water has boiled away, the steam pressure does not drop except as the temperature drops.Another class of fireless locomotive is a compressed-air locomotive.## Mixed power.## Steam diesel hybrid locomotive.Mixed power locomotives, utilising both steam and diesel propulsion, have been produced in Russia, Britain and Italy.## Electric-steam locomotive.Under unusual conditions (lack of coal, abundant hydroelectricity) some locomotives in Switzerland were modified to use electricity to heat the boiler, making them electric-steam locomotives.## Steam-electric locomotive.A steam-electric.

Steam locomotive. railways used dynamometer cars to measure tractive force at speed in actual road testing.British railway companies have been reluctant to disclose figures for drawbar horsepower and have usually relied on continuous tractive effort instead.## Relation to wheel arrangement.Classification is indirectly connected to locomotive performance. Given adequate proportions of the rest of the locomotive, power output is determined by the size of the fire, and for a bituminous coal-fuelled locomotive, this is determined by the grate area. Modern non-compound locomotives are typically able to produce about 40 drawbar horsepower per square foot of grate. Tractive force, as noted earlier, is largely.

Steam locomotive. solids on the inside the surfaces of pipes and heat exchangers. This precipitation is principally caused by thermal decomposition of bicarbonate ions but also happens in cases where the carbonate ion is at saturation concentration. The resulting build-up of scale restricts the flow of water in pipes. In boilers, the deposits impair the flow of heat into the water, reducing the heating efficiency and allowing the metal boiler components to overheat.The reciprocating mechanism on the driving wheels of a two-cylinder single expansion steam locomotive tended to pound the rails (see hammer blow), thus requiring more maintenance. Raising steam from coal.

Steam locomotive. took a matter of hours, and created serious pollution problems. Coal-burning locomotives required fire cleaning and ash removal between turns of duty. Diesel or electric locomotives, by comparison, drew benefit from new custom-built servicing facilities. The smoke from steam locomotives was also deemed objectionable; the first electric and diesel locomotives were developed in response to smoke abatement requirements, although this did not take into account the high level of less-visible pollution in diesel exhaust smoke, especially when idling. In some countries, however, power for electric locomotives is derived from steam generated in power stations, which are often run by coal.##.

Steam locomotive. Unknown Warrior" project, GWR "47xx 4709, 2999 "Lady of Legend", 1014 "County of Glamorgan" and 6880 "Betton Grange" projects. These United Kingdom based new build projects are further complemented by the new build Pennsylvania Railroad 5550 project in the United States. One of the group's goals is to surpass the steam locomotive speed record held by the 4468 "Mallard" when the 5550 is completed and for the 5550 to fill in a huge gap in steam locomotive preservation.In 1980, American financier Ross Rowland established American Coal Enterprises to develop a modernised coal-fired steam locomotive. His ACE 3000 concept attracted considerable.

Steam locomotive. same company also rebuilt a German DR Class 52.80 2-10-0 locomotive to new standards with modifications such as roller bearings, light oil firing and boiler insulation.## Climate change.The future use of steam locomotives in the United Kingdom is in doubt because of government policy on climate change. The Heritage Railway Association is working with the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Heritage Rail in an effort to continue running steam locomotives on coal.Many tourist railroads use oil-fired steam locomotives (or have converted their locomotives to run on oil) to reduce their environmental footprint, and because fuel oil can be easier to obtain.

Steam locomotive. than coal of the proper type and sizing for locomotives. For example, the Grand Canyon Railway runs its steam locomotives on used vegetable oil.An organization called the Coalition for Sustainable Rail (CSR) is developing an environmentally friendly coal substitute made from torrefied biomass. In early 2019, they performed a series of tests using Everett Railroad to evaluate the performance of the biofuel, with positive results. The biofuel was found to burn slightly faster and hotter than coal. The goal of the project is primarily to find a sustainable fuel for historic steam locomotives on tourist railroads, but CSR has also.


Question: What is the vertex figure of this object?

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Tetrahedron. of a tetrahedron the base is a triangle (any of the four faces can be considered the base), so a tetrahedron is also known as a "triangular pyramid".Like all convex polyhedra, a tetrahedron can be folded from a single sheet of paper. It has two such nets.For any tetrahedron there exists a sphere (called the circumsphere) on which all four vertices lie, and another sphere (the insphere) tangent to the tetrahedron's faces.## Regular tetrahedron.A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron in which all four faces are equilateral triangles. It is one of the five regular Platonic solids, which have been known.

Tetrahedron. edge of the base. This follows from the fact that the medians of a triangle intersect at its centroid, and this point divides each of them in two segments, one of which is twice as long as the other (see ).For a regular tetrahedron with side length "a", radius "R" of its circumscribing sphere, and distances "di" from an arbitrary point in 3-space to its four vertices, we haveformula_7## Isometries of the regular tetrahedron.The vertices of a cube can be grouped into two groups of four, each forming a regular tetrahedron (see above, and also , showing one of the.

Tetrahedron. with four congruent triangles as faces; the triangles necessarily have all angles acute. The regular tetrahedron is a special case of a disphenoid. Other names for the same shape include bisphenoid, isosceles tetrahedron and equifacial tetrahedron.## Orthoschemes.A 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron where all four faces are right triangles. An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular. In a 3-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of three perpendicular edges connecting all four vertices in a linear path that makes two right-angled turns. The 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron having two.

Tetrahedron. its characteristic tetrahedron by its planes of symmetry.If the tetrahedron has edge length 2, its characteristic tetrahedron's six edges have lengths , , (the exterior right triangle face, the "characteristic triangle" of the tetrahedron), plus , , (edges that are the "characteristic radii" of the tetrahedron). The 3-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is , , , first from a tetrahedron vertex to an tetrahedron edge center, then turning 90° to an tetrahedron face center, then turning 90° to the tetrahedron center. The orthoscheme has four dissimilar right triangle faces. The exterior face is a 30-60-90 triangle which.

Tetrahedron. is one-sixth of a tetrahedron face. The three faces interior to the tetrahedron are: a right triangle with edges , , , a right triangle with edges , , , and a right triangle with edges , , .## Space-filling tetrahedra.A space-filling tetrahedron packs with directly congruent or enantiomorphous (mirror image) copies of itself to tile space. The cube can be dissected into six 3-orthoschemes, three left-handed and three right-handed (one of each at each cube face), and cubes can fill space, so the characteristic 3-orthoscheme of the cube is a space-filling tetrahedron in this sense. A disphenoid can be.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. as calculated here. Then another volume formula is given byformula_25## Properties analogous to those of a triangle.The tetrahedron has many properties analogous to those of a triangle, including an insphere, circumsphere, medial tetrahedron, and exspheres. It has respective centers such as incenter, circumcenter, excenters, Spieker center and points such as a centroid. However, there is generally no orthocenter in the sense of intersecting altitudes.Gaspard Monge found a center that exists in every tetrahedron, now known as the Monge point: the point where the six midplanes of a tetrahedron intersect. A midplane is defined as a plane that is orthogonal to.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. face.The radius of the twelve-point sphere is one third of the circumradius of the reference tetrahedron.There is a relation among the angles made by the faces of a general tetrahedron given byformula_26where "α" is the angle between the faces "i" and "j".The geometric median of the vertex position coordinates of a tetrahedron and its isogonic center are associated, under circumstances analogous to those observed for a triangle. Lorenz Lindelöf found that, corresponding to any given tetrahedron is a point now known as an isogonic center, "O", at which the solid angles subtended by the faces are equal, having a common.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. of the tetrahedron.With this definition, the circumcenter of a tetrahedron with vertices ,, can be formulated as matrix-vector product:formula_35In contrast to the centroid, the circumcenter may not always lay on the inside of a tetrahedron.Analogously to an obtuse triangle, the circumcenter is outside of the object for an obtuse tetrahedron.## Centroid.The tetrahedron's center of mass computes as the arithmetic mean of its four vertices, see Centroid.## Faces.The sum of the areas of any three faces is greater than the area of the fourth face.## Integer tetrahedra.There exist tetrahedra having integer-valued edge lengths, face areas and volume. These are called Heronian.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.


Question: What type of wing is designed for this object?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Airplane. An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne-kilometers of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to.

Airplane. and either Latin "planus", "level", or Greek πλάνος ("planos"), "wandering". "Aéroplane" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a plane moving through the air. In an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft.In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland and most of the Commonwealth, the term "aeroplane" () is usually applied to these aircraft.## History.## Antecedents.Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and the Vimana in ancient Indian.

Airplane. of Birds" (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the center of mass and the center of pressure of flying birds.In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying glider in 1853. In 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider "L'Albatros artificiel" pulled by a horse on a beach. Then the Russian Alexander F. Mozhaisky also.

Airplane. subsequently abandoned work on it.In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and developed a box kite that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing, his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the.

Airplane. rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of flight tests to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly. Upon passing these tests, the plane is ready to receive the "final touchups" (internal configuration, painting, etc.), and is then ready for the customer.## Characteristics.## Airframe.The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for.

Airplane. to stabilize the plane's pitch (tilt up or down) and mounts the elevators, which provide pitch control. "Landing gear", a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag.## Wings.The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an.

Airplane. airfoil and is shaped like a bird's wing.## Wing structure.Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength.Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge.Early airplane engines.

Airplane. control, most fixed-wing types have an empennage comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane.Some types have a horizontal "canard" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it. This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these.## Controls and.


Question: Where is this animal originally discovered?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

White-tailed deer. (Coiba Island, Panama)"O. v. seminolus" (27)– Florida white-tailed deer"O. v. sinaloae" (28)– (southern Mexico)"O. v. taurinsulae" (29)– Bulls Island white-tailed deer (Bulls Island, South Carolina)"O. v. texanus" (30)– Texas white-tailed deer"O. v. thomasi" (31)– (southern Mexico)"O. v. toltecu" (32)– (southern Mexico to El Salvador)"O. v. venatorius" (35)– Hunting Island white-tailed deer (Hunting Island, South Carolina)"O. v. veraecrucis" (36)– (eastern coastal Mexico)"O. v. virginianus" (37)– Virginia white-tailed deer or southern white-tailed deer"O. v. yucatanesis" (38)– (northern Yucatán, Mexico)"O. v. cariacou" (3)– (French Guiana and northern Brazil)"O. v. curassavicus" (8)– (Curaçao)"O. v. goudotii" (10)– (Colombia (Andes) and western Venezuela)"O. v. gymnotis" (11)–.

White-tailed deer. South American white-tailed deer (northern half of Venezuela, including Venezuela's Llanos region)"O. v. margaritae" (16)– (Margarita Island)"O. v. nemoralis" (20)– Nicaraguan white-tailed deer (Gulf of Mexico to Surinam in South America; further restricted from Honduras to Panama)"O. v. peruvianus" (25)– South American white-tailed deer or Andean white-tailed deer (most southerly distribution in Peru and possibly Bolivia)"O. v. tropicalis" (33)– Peru and Ecuador (possibly Colombia)"O. v. ustus" (34)– Ecuador (possibly southern Colombia and northern Peru)## Description.The deer's coat is a reddish-brown in the spring and summer and turns to a grey-brown throughout the fall and winter. The deer can be recognized.

White-tailed deer. use deer-hunter orange as a safety color on caps and clothing to avoid accidental shootings during hunting seasons.## Antlers.Males regrow their antlers every year. About one in 10,000 females also has antlers, although this is usually associated with freemartinism. Bucks without branching antlers are often termed "spikehorn", "spiked bucks", "spike bucks", or simply "spikes/spikers". The spikes can be quite long or very short. Length and branching of antlers are determined by nutrition, age, and genetics. Rack growth tends to be very important from late spring until about a month before velvet sheds. Healthy deer in some areas that are well-fed.

White-tailed deer. can have eight-point branching antlers as yearlings (1.5 years old). Although antler size typically increases with age, antler characteristics (e.g., number of points, length, or thickness of the antlers) are not good indicators of buck age, in general, because antler development is influenced by the local environment. The individual deer's nutritional needs for antler growth is dependent on the diet of the deer, particularly protein intake. Good antler-growth nutritional needs (calcium) and good genetics combine to produce wall trophies in some of their range. Spiked bucks are different from "button bucks" or "nubbin' bucks", that are male fawns and are.

White-tailed deer. are not the only limitations for typical and atypical antler arrangement. The Boone and Crockett or Pope and Young scoring systems also define relative degrees of typicality and atypicality by procedures to measure what proportion of the antlers is asymmetrical. Therefore, bucks with only slight asymmetry are scored as "typical". A buck's inside spread can be from 3 to 25 in (8–64 cm). Bucks shed their antlers when all females have been bred, from late December to February.## Ecology.White-tailed deer are generalists and can adapt to a wide variety of habitats. The largest deer occur in the temperate regions of.

White-tailed deer. white-tailed deer of the Llanos region of Colombia and Venezuela ("O. v. apurensis" and "O. v. gymnotis") have antler dimensions similar to the Arizona white-tailed deer.In some western regions of North America, the white-tailed deer range overlaps with those of the mule deer. White-tail incursions in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas have resulted in some hybrids. In the extreme north of the range, their habitat is also used by moose in some areas. White-tailed deer may occur in areas that are also exploited by elk (wapiti) such as in mixed deciduous river valley bottomlands and formerly in the mixed deciduous.

White-tailed deer. forest of eastern United States. In places such as Glacier National Park in Montana and several national parks in the Columbian Mountains (Mount Revelstoke National Park) and Canadian Rocky Mountains, as well as in the Yukon Territory (Yoho National Park and Kootenay National Park), white-tailed deer are shy and more reclusive than the coexisting mule deer, elk, and moose.Central American white-tailed deer prefer tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, seasonal mixed deciduous forests, savanna, and adjacent wetland habitats over dense tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. South American subspecies of white-tailed deer live in two types of environments. The first.

White-tailed deer. type, similar to the Central American deer, consists of savannas, dry deciduous forests, and riparian corridors that cover much of Venezuela and eastern Colombia. The other type is the higher elevation mountain grassland/mixed forest ecozones in the Andes Mountains, from Venezuela to Peru. The Andean white-tailed deer seem to retain gray coats due to the colder weather at high altitudes, whereas the lowland savanna forms retain the reddish brown coats. South American white-tailed deer, like those in Central America, also generally avoid dense moist broadleaf forests.Since the second half of the 19th century, white-tailed deer have been introduced to Europe.

White-tailed deer. and any will readily consume deer as carrion. Records exist of American crows and common ravens attempting to prey on white-tailed deer fawns by pecking around their face and eyes, though no accounts of success are given. Occasionally, both golden and bald eagles may capture deer fawns with their talons. In one case, a golden eagle was filmed in Illinois unsuccessfully trying to prey on a large mature white-tailed deer.White-tailed deer typically respond to the presence of potential predators by breathing very heavily (also called blowing) and fleeing. When they blow, the sound alerts other deer in the area. As.

White-tailed deer. of eastern North America, high deer densities have caused large reductions in plant biomass, including the density and heights of certain forest wildflowers, tree seedlings, and shrubs. Although they can be seen as a nuisance species, white-tailed deer also play an important role in biodiversity. At the same time, increases in browse-tolerant grasses and sedges and unpalatable ferns have often accompanied intensive deer herbivory. Changes to the structure of forest understories have, in turn, altered the composition and abundance of forest bird communities in some areas. Deer activity has also been shown to increase herbaceous plant diversity, particularly in disturbed.

White-tailed deer. of nutrient competitors. Deer consuming earlier-succession plants allows in enough light for nutrient competitors to invade. Since slow-growing oaks need several decades to develop root systems sufficient to compete with faster-growing species, removal of the canopy prior to that point amplifies the effect of deer on succession. High-density deer populations possibly could browse eastern hemlock seedlings out of existence in northern hardwood forests; however, this scenario seems unlikely, given that deer browsing is not considered the critical factor preventing hemlock re-establishment at large scales.Ecologists have also expressed concern over the facilitative effect high deer populations have on invasions of exotic.

White-tailed deer. plant species. In a study of eastern hemlock forests, browsing by white-tailed deer caused populations of three exotic plants to rise faster than they do in the areas which are absent of deer. Seedlings of the three invading species rose exponentially with deer density, while the most common native species fell exponentially with deer density, because deer were preferentially eating the native species. The effects of deer on the invasive and native plants were magnified in cases of canopy disturbance.## Population and controls.The white-tailed deer population in North America has declined by several million since 2000, but as of 2017.

White-tailed deer. question its humaneness. Another concern regarding translocation is the possible spreading of chronic wasting disease to unaffected deer populations and concerns about exposure to human populations.In addition to the danger of deer-vehicle collisions the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reported that the estimated loss in field crops, nuts, fruits, and vegetables in 2001 was near $765 million.## Behavior.Males compete for the opportunity of breeding females. Sparring among males determines a dominance hierarchy. Bucks attempt to copulate with as many females as possible, losing physical condition, since they rarely eat or rest during the rut. The general geographical trend is for.

White-tailed deer. called the rut, in the autumn, normally in late October or early November, triggered mainly by the declining photoperiod. Sexual maturation of females depends on population density, as well as availability of food. Young females often flee from an area heavily populated with males. Some does may be as young as six months when they reach sexual maturity, but the average age of maturity is 18 months. Copulation consists of a brief copulatory jump.Females give birth to one to three spotted young, known as fawns, in mid- to late spring, generally in May or June. Fawns lose their spots during.

White-tailed deer. lost their spots (for several months, or until the end of fall) as seen by rehabilitators and other studies. Males leave their mothers after a year and females leave after two.Bucks are generally sexually mature at 1.5 years old and begin to breed even in populations stacked with older bucks.## Communication.White-tailed deer have many forms of communication involving sounds, scent, body language, and marking. In addition to the aforementioned blowing in the presence of danger, all white-tailed deer are capable of producing audible noises unique to each animal. Fawns release a high-pitched squeal, known as a bleat, to call out.

White-tailed deer. way white-tailed deer communicate is through the use of their white tail. When spooked, it will raise its tail to warn the other deer in the immediate area.## Marking.White-tailed deer possess many glands that allow them to produce scents, some of which are so potent they can be detected by the human nose. Four major glands are the preorbital, forehead, tarsal, and metatarsal glands. Secretions from the preorbital glands (in front of the eye) were thought to be rubbed on tree branches, but research suggests this is not so. Scent from the forehead or sudoriferous glands (found on the head,.

White-tailed deer. between the antlers and eyes) is used to deposit scent on branches that overhang "scrapes" (areas scraped by the deer's front hooves prior to rub-urination). The tarsal glands are found on the upper inside of the hock (middle joint) on each hind leg. Scent is deposited from these glands when deer walk through and rub against vegetation. These scrapes are used by bucks as a sort of "sign-post" by which bucks know which other bucks are in the area, and to let does know a buck is regularly passing through the area—for breeding purposes. The scent from the metatarsal glands,.

White-tailed deer. deer's legs, over the tarsal glands, and onto the hair covering these glands. Bucks rub-urinate more frequently during the breeding season. Secretions from the tarsal gland mix with the urine and bacteria to produce a strong-smelling odor. During the breeding season, does release hormones and pheromones that tell bucks a doe is in heat and able to breed. Bucks also rub trees and shrubs with their antlers and heads during the breeding season, possibly transferring scent from the forehead glands to the tree, leaving a scent other deer can detect.Sign-post marking (scrapes and rubs) is a very obvious way white-tailed.

White-tailed deer. areas. High densities of deer can have severe impacts on native plants and animals in parks and natural areas; however, deer browsing can also promote plant and animal diversity in some areas. Deer can also cause substantial damage to landscape plants in suburban areas, leading to limited hunting or trapping to relocate or sterilize them. In parts of the Eastern US with high deer populations and fragmented woodlands, deer often wander into suburban and urban habitats that are less than ideal for the species.## Hunting.White-tailed deer have long been hunted as game, for pure sport and for their commodities. In.

White-tailed deer. Mesoamerica, white-tailed deer ("Odocoileus virginianus") was hunted from very early times. Rites and rituals in preparation for deer hunting, and in celebration for an auspicious hunt are still practiced in area today. Ancient hunters ask their gods for permission to hunt, and some deer rites take place in caves.Venison, or deer meat, is a natural, organic, and nutritious form of lean animal protein that can be obtained through responsible and regulated deer hunting. In some areas where their populations are very high, they are considered a pest, and hunting is used as a method to control it.In 1884, one of.

White-tailed deer. spread, such as sniffing food intermingled with waste, nuzzling noses, polygamy, and the sharing of salt licks. Canadian researchers uncovered an entirely new SARS-CoV-2 variant within a November–December 2021 study of Ontario white-tailed deer. The new COVID variant had also infected a person who had close contact with local deer, potentially marking the first instance of deer-to-human transmission.## Cultural significance.In the U.S., the species is the state animal of Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, the game animal of Oklahoma, and the wildlife symbol of Wisconsin. The white-tailed deer is also the inspiration.


Question: What is the hymenium type of this plant?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Morchella esculenta. are ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled, translucent (hyaline), and measure 17.5–21.9 by 8.8–11.0 µm. The asci are eight-spored, 223–300 by 19–20 µm, cylindrical, and hyaline. The paraphyses are filamentous, cylindrical, 5.8–8.8 µm wide, and hyaline.The hyphae of the stem are interwoven, hyaline, and measure 5.8–9.4 µm wide. The surface hyphae are inflated, spherical to pear-shaped, 22–44 µm wide, covered by a network of interwoven hyphae 11–16.8 µm wide with recurved cylindrical hyphal ends.## Development.Fruit bodies have successfully been grown in the laboratory. R. Ower was the first to describe the developmental stages of ascomata grown in a controlled chamber. This was followed.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

European robin. The European robin (Erithacus rubecula), known simply as the robin or robin redbreast in Great Britain & Ireland, is a small insectivorous passerine bird that belongs to the chat subfamily of the Old World flycatcher family. About 12.5 – 14.0 (cm) in length, the male and female are similar in colouration, with an orange breast and face lined with grey, brown upper-parts and a whitish belly. It is found across Europe, east to Western Siberia and south to North Africa; it is sedentary in most of its range except the far north.The term "robin" is also applied to some birds.

European robin. in other families with red or orange breasts. These include the American robin ("Turdus migratorius"), a thrush, and the Australasian robins of the family Petroicidae, the relationships of which are unclear.## Taxonomy, etymology and systematics.The European robin was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Motacilla rubecula". Its specific epithet "rubecula" is a diminutive derived from the Latin , meaning 'red'. The genus "Erithacus" was introduced by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1800, giving the bird its current binomial name "E. rubecula". The genus name "Erithacus" is from Ancient.

European robin. Greek and refers to an unknown bird, now usually identified as robin.The distinctive orange breast of both sexes contributed to the European robin's original name of "redbreast", "orange" as a colour name being unknown in English until the 16th century, by which time the fruit had been introduced. In the 15th century, when it became popular to give human names to familiar species, the bird came to be known as "robin redbreast", which was eventually shortened to "robin". As a given name, Robin is originally a diminutive of Robert. Other older English names for the bird include "ruddock" and "robinet".

European robin. In American literature of the late 19th century, this robin was frequently called the "English robin". The Dutch , French , German , Italian , Spanish and Portuguese all refer to the distinctively coloured front.The genus "Erithacus" previously included the Japanese robin and the Ryukyu robin. These east Asian species were shown in molecular phylogenetic studies to be more similar to a group of other Asian species than to the European robin. In a reorganisation of the genera, the Japanese and the Ryukyu robins were moved to the resurrected genus "Larvivora" leaving the European robin as the sole member of.

European robin. "Erithacus". The phylogenetic analysis placed "Erithacus" in the subfamily Erithacinae, which otherwise contained only African species, but its exact position with respect to the other genera was not resolved.The genus "Erithacus" was formerly classified as a member of the thrush family (Turdidae) but is now considered to belong to the Old World flycatcher family (Muscicapidae), specifically to the chats (subfamily Saxicolinae) which also include the common nightingale.## Subspecies.In their large continental Eurasian range, robins vary somewhat, but do not form discrete populations that might be considered subspecies. Robin subspecies are mainly distinguished by forming resident populations on islands and in.

European robin. mountainous areas. The robin found in the British Isles and much of western Europe, "Erithacus rubecula melophilus", occurs as a vagrant in adjacent regions. "E. r. witherbyi" from northwest Africa, Corsica, and Sardinia closely resembles "melophilus" but has shorter wings. The northeasternmost birds, large and fairly washed-out in colour, are "E. r. tataricus". In the southeast of its range, "E. r. valens" of the Crimean Peninsula, "E. r. caucasicus" of the Caucasus and northern Transcaucasia, and "E. r. hyrcanus" southeastwards into Iran are generally accepted as significantly distinct.On Madeira and the Azores, the local population has been described as "E.

European robin. r. microrhynchos", and although not distinct in morphology, its isolation seems to suggest the subspecies is valid (but see below).## Canary Islands robin.The most distinct birds are those of Gran Canaria ("E. r. marionae") and Tenerife ("E. r. superbus"), which may be considered two distinct species or at least two different subspecies. They are readily distinguished by a white eye-ring, an intensely coloured breast, a grey line that separates the orange-red from the brown colouration, and the belly is entirely white.Cytochrome "b" sequence data and vocalisations indicate that the Gran Canaria/Tenerife robins are indeed very distinct and probably derived from.

European robin. colonisation by mainland birds some 2 million years ago.Christian Dietzen, Hans-Hinrich Witt and Michael Wink published in 2003 in "Avian Science" a study called "The phylogeographic differentiation of the European robin "Erithacus rubecula" on the Canary Islands revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics: evidence for a new robin taxon on Gran Canaria?". In it they concluded that Gran Canaria's robin diverged genetically from their European relatives as far back as 2.3 million years, while the Tenerife ones took another half a million years to make this leap, 1.8 million years ago. The most likely reason would be a.

European robin. different colonization of the Canaries by this bird, which arrived at the oldest island first (Gran Canaria) and subsequently passed to the neighboring island (Tenerife).A thorough comparison between "marionae" and "superbus" is pending to confirm that the first one is effectively a different subspecies. Initial results suggest that birds from Gran Canaria have wings about 10% shorter than those on Tenerife. The west Canary Islands' populations are younger (Middle Pleistocene) and only beginning to diverge genetically. Robins from the western Canary Islands: El Hierro, La Palma and La Gomera ("E. r. microrhynchus") are similar to the European type subspecies ("E.

European robin. r. rubecula").Finally, the robins which can be found in Fuerteventura are the European ones, which is not surprising as the species does not breed either in this island or in the nearby Lanzarote; they are wintering birds or just passing through during their long migration between Africa and Europe.## Other robins.The larger American robin ("T. migratorius") is named for its similarity to the European robin, but the two birds are not closely related. The similarity lies largely in the orange chest patch in both species. This American species was incorrectly shown "feathering its nest" in London in the film "Mary.

European robin. Poppins", but it only occurs in the U.K. as a very rare vagrant.Some South and Central American "Turdus" thrushes are also called robins, such as the rufous-collared thrush. The Australian "robin redbreast", more correctly the scarlet robin ("Petroica multicolor"), is more closely related to crows and jays than it is to the European robin. It belongs to the family Petroicidae, whose members are commonly called "Australasian robins". The red-billed leiothrix ("Leiothrix lutea") is sometimes named the "Pekin robin" by aviculturalists. Another group of Old World flycatchers, this time from Africa and Asia, is the genus "Copsychus"; its members are known.

European robin. as magpie-robins, one of which, the Oriental magpie robin ("C. saularis"), is the national bird of Bangladesh.## Description.The adult European robin is 12.5 – 14.0 (cm) long and weighs 16 – 22 (g), with a wingspan of 20 – 22 (cm). The male and female bear similar plumage: an orange breast and face (more strongly coloured in the otherwise similar British subspecies "E. r. melophilus"), lined by a bluish grey on the sides of the neck and chest. The upperparts are brownish, or olive-tinged in British birds, and the belly whitish, while the legs and feet are brown. The bill.

European robin. and eyes are black. Juveniles are a spotted brown and white in colouration, with patches of orange gradually appearing.## Distribution and habitat.The robin occurs in Eurasia east to Western Siberia, south to Algeria and on the Atlantic islands as far west as the Central Group of the Azores and Madeira. It is a vagrant in Iceland. In the southeast, it reaches Iran the Caucasus range. Irish and British robins are largely resident but a small minority, usually female, migrate to southern Europe during winter, a few as far as Spain. Scandinavian and Russian robins migrate to Britain and western Europe.

European robin. to escape the harsher winters. These migrants can be recognised by the greyer tone of the upper parts of their bodies and duller orange breast. The European robin prefers spruce woods in northern Europe, contrasting with its preference for parks and gardens in Great Britain.In southern Iberia, habitat segregation of resident and migrant robins occurs, with resident robins remaining in the same woodlands where they bred.Attempts to introduce the European robin into Australia and New Zealand in the latter part of the 19th century were unsuccessful. Birds were released around Melbourne, Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington and Dunedin by various local acclimatisation.

European robin. societies, with none becoming established. There was a similar outcome in North America, as birds failed to become established after being released in Long Island, New York in 1852, Oregon in 1889–1892, and the Saanich Peninsula in British Columbia in 1908–1910.## Behaviour and ecology.The robin is diurnal, although it has been reported to be active hunting insects on moonlit nights or near artificial light at night. Well known to British and Irish gardeners, it is relatively unafraid of people and drawn to human activities involving the digging of soil, in order to look out for earthworms and other food freshly.

European robin. turned up. The robin is considered to be a gardener's friend, and from the traditional association of the red breast with the blood of Christ, the robin would never be harmed. In continental Europe, on the other hand, robins were hunted and killed as were most other small birds, and are therefore more wary. Robins also approach large wild animals, such as wild boar, which disturb the ground, to look for any food that might be brought to the surface.In autumn and winter, robins will supplement their usual diet of terrestrial invertebrates, such as spiders, worms and insects, with berries.

European robin. and fruit. They will also eat seed mixtures and suet placed on bird-tables.Male robins are noted for their highly aggressive territorial behaviour. They will fiercely attack other males and competitors that stray into their territories and have been observed attacking other small birds without apparent provocation. There are instances of robins attacking their own reflection. Territorial disputes sometimes lead to fatalities, accounting for up to 10% of adult robin deaths in some areas.Because of high mortality in the first year of life, a robin has an average life expectancy of 1.1 years; however, once past its first year, life expectancy.

European robin. increases. One robin has been recorded as reaching 19 years of age. A spell of very low temperatures in winter can, however, result in higher mortality rates. The species is parasitised by the moorhen flea ("Dasypsyllus gallinulae") and the acanthocephalan "Apororhynchus silesiacus".## Breeding.Robins may choose a wide variety of sites for building a nest. In fact, anything which can offer some shelter, like a depression or hole, may be considered. As well as the usual crevices, or sheltered banks, other objects include pieces of machinery, barbecues, bicycle handlebars, bristles on upturned brooms, discarded kettles, watering cans, flower pots and hats.

European robin. Robins will also nest in manmade nest boxes, favouring a design with an open front placed in a sheltered position up to 2 (m) from the ground. Nests are generally composed of moss, leaves and grass, with fine grass, hair and feathers for lining.Two or three clutches of five or six eggs are laid throughout the breeding season, which commences in March in Britain and Ireland. The eggs are a cream, buff or white speckled or blotched with reddish-brown colour, often more heavily so at the larger end. When juvenile birds fly from the nests, their colouration is entirely mottled.

European robin. brown. After two to three months out of the nest, the juvenile bird grows some orange feathers under its chin, and over a similar period this patch gradually extends to complete the adult appearance of an entirely red-orange breast.## Vocalisation.The robin produces a fluting, warbling during the breeding season. Both the male and female sing during the winter, when they hold separate territories, the song then sounding more plaintive than the summer version. The female robin moves a short distance from the summer nesting territory to a nearby area that is more suitable for winter feeding. The male robin keeps.

European robin. the same territory throughout the year. During the breeding season, male robins usually initiate their morning song an hour before civil sunrise, and usually terminate their daily singing around thirty minutes after sunset. Nocturnal singing can also occur, especially in urban areas that are artificially lit during the night. Under artificial light, nocturnal singing can be used by urban robins to actively shunt daytime anthropogenic noise.## Magnetoreception.The avian magnetic compass of the robin has been extensively researched and uses vision-based magnetoreception, in which the robin's ability to sense the magnetic field of the earth for navigation is affected by the.

European robin. light entering the bird's eye. The physical mechanism of the robin's magnetic sense involves quantum entanglement of electron spins in cryptochrome in the bird's eyes.## Conservation status.The European robin has an extensive range and a population numbering in the hundreds of millions. The species does not approach the vulnerable thresholds under the population trend criterion (>30 percent decline over ten years or three generations); the population appears to be increasing. The International Union for Conservation of Nature evaluates it as least concern.## Cultural depictions.The robin features prominently in British folklore and that of northwestern France, but much less so in.

European robin. other parts of Europe. It was held to be a storm-cloud bird and sacred to Thor, the god of thunder, in Norse mythology. Robins feature in the traditional children's tale "Babes in the Wood"; the birds cover the dead bodies of the children.The robin has become strongly associated with Christmas, taking a starring role on many Christmas cards since the mid-19th century. The robin has appeared on many Christmas postage stamps. An old British folk tale seeks to explain the robin's distinctive breast. Legend has it that when Jesus was dying on the cross, the robin, then simply brown in.

European robin. colour, flew to his side and sang into his ear in order to comfort him in his pain. The blood from his wounds stained the robin's breast, and thereafter all robins carry the mark of Christ's blood upon them.An alternative legend has it that its breast was scorched fetching water for souls in Purgatory. The association with Christmas more probably arises from the fact that postmen in Victorian Britain wore red jackets and were nicknamed "Robins"; the robin featured on the Christmas card is an emblem of the postman delivering the card.In the 1960s, in a vote publicised by "The.

European robin. Times", the robin was adopted as the unofficial national bird of the United Kingdom. In 2015, the robin was again voted Britain's national bird in a poll organised by birdwatcher David Lindo, taking 34% of the final vote.Several English and Welsh sports organisations are nicknamed "the Robins". The nickname is typically used for teams whose home colours predominantly use red. These include the professional football clubs Bristol City, Crewe Alexandra, Swindon Town, Cheltenham Town (with Bristol City, as of 2019, Swindon Town, and Cheltenham Town also incorporating a robin image in their current badge designs), and, traditionally, Wrexham FC, as.

European robin. well as the English rugby league team the Hull Kingston Rovers (whose home colours are white with a red band). A small bird is an unusual choice, although it is thought to symbolise agility in darting around the field.European Robin videos, photos & sounds on Internet Bird Collection. Sonatura : Song of the European Robin Ageing and sexing (PDF; 2.9 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Fissurella volcano. Fissurella volcano, commonly named the volcano limpet or volcano keyhole limpet, is a species of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets. Like other members of the keyhole limpet family, the volcano limpet is not considered a "true" limpet. Adults measure up to approximately 2.5-4.1 cm with a keyhole-shaped pore on the apex of its conical shell. They feed on benthic microalgae and potentially some macroalgal, or seaweed, fronds.This species occurs in the Western Pacific Ocean, where it is found in the intertidal zone on the underside of rocks. The distribution is.

Fissurella volcano. California and Baja California.


Question: Where is this animal originally discovered?

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White-tailed deer. (Coiba Island, Panama)"O. v. seminolus" (27)– Florida white-tailed deer"O. v. sinaloae" (28)– (southern Mexico)"O. v. taurinsulae" (29)– Bulls Island white-tailed deer (Bulls Island, South Carolina)"O. v. texanus" (30)– Texas white-tailed deer"O. v. thomasi" (31)– (southern Mexico)"O. v. toltecu" (32)– (southern Mexico to El Salvador)"O. v. venatorius" (35)– Hunting Island white-tailed deer (Hunting Island, South Carolina)"O. v. veraecrucis" (36)– (eastern coastal Mexico)"O. v. virginianus" (37)– Virginia white-tailed deer or southern white-tailed deer"O. v. yucatanesis" (38)– (northern Yucatán, Mexico)"O. v. cariacou" (3)– (French Guiana and northern Brazil)"O. v. curassavicus" (8)– (Curaçao)"O. v. goudotii" (10)– (Colombia (Andes) and western Venezuela)"O. v. gymnotis" (11)–.

White-tailed deer. South American white-tailed deer (northern half of Venezuela, including Venezuela's Llanos region)"O. v. margaritae" (16)– (Margarita Island)"O. v. nemoralis" (20)– Nicaraguan white-tailed deer (Gulf of Mexico to Surinam in South America; further restricted from Honduras to Panama)"O. v. peruvianus" (25)– South American white-tailed deer or Andean white-tailed deer (most southerly distribution in Peru and possibly Bolivia)"O. v. tropicalis" (33)– Peru and Ecuador (possibly Colombia)"O. v. ustus" (34)– Ecuador (possibly southern Colombia and northern Peru)## Description.The deer's coat is a reddish-brown in the spring and summer and turns to a grey-brown throughout the fall and winter. The deer can be recognized.

White-tailed deer. use deer-hunter orange as a safety color on caps and clothing to avoid accidental shootings during hunting seasons.## Antlers.Males regrow their antlers every year. About one in 10,000 females also has antlers, although this is usually associated with freemartinism. Bucks without branching antlers are often termed "spikehorn", "spiked bucks", "spike bucks", or simply "spikes/spikers". The spikes can be quite long or very short. Length and branching of antlers are determined by nutrition, age, and genetics. Rack growth tends to be very important from late spring until about a month before velvet sheds. Healthy deer in some areas that are well-fed.

White-tailed deer. can have eight-point branching antlers as yearlings (1.5 years old). Although antler size typically increases with age, antler characteristics (e.g., number of points, length, or thickness of the antlers) are not good indicators of buck age, in general, because antler development is influenced by the local environment. The individual deer's nutritional needs for antler growth is dependent on the diet of the deer, particularly protein intake. Good antler-growth nutritional needs (calcium) and good genetics combine to produce wall trophies in some of their range. Spiked bucks are different from "button bucks" or "nubbin' bucks", that are male fawns and are.

White-tailed deer. are not the only limitations for typical and atypical antler arrangement. The Boone and Crockett or Pope and Young scoring systems also define relative degrees of typicality and atypicality by procedures to measure what proportion of the antlers is asymmetrical. Therefore, bucks with only slight asymmetry are scored as "typical". A buck's inside spread can be from 3 to 25 in (8–64 cm). Bucks shed their antlers when all females have been bred, from late December to February.## Ecology.White-tailed deer are generalists and can adapt to a wide variety of habitats. The largest deer occur in the temperate regions of.

White-tailed deer. white-tailed deer of the Llanos region of Colombia and Venezuela ("O. v. apurensis" and "O. v. gymnotis") have antler dimensions similar to the Arizona white-tailed deer.In some western regions of North America, the white-tailed deer range overlaps with those of the mule deer. White-tail incursions in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas have resulted in some hybrids. In the extreme north of the range, their habitat is also used by moose in some areas. White-tailed deer may occur in areas that are also exploited by elk (wapiti) such as in mixed deciduous river valley bottomlands and formerly in the mixed deciduous.

White-tailed deer. forest of eastern United States. In places such as Glacier National Park in Montana and several national parks in the Columbian Mountains (Mount Revelstoke National Park) and Canadian Rocky Mountains, as well as in the Yukon Territory (Yoho National Park and Kootenay National Park), white-tailed deer are shy and more reclusive than the coexisting mule deer, elk, and moose.Central American white-tailed deer prefer tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, seasonal mixed deciduous forests, savanna, and adjacent wetland habitats over dense tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. South American subspecies of white-tailed deer live in two types of environments. The first.

White-tailed deer. type, similar to the Central American deer, consists of savannas, dry deciduous forests, and riparian corridors that cover much of Venezuela and eastern Colombia. The other type is the higher elevation mountain grassland/mixed forest ecozones in the Andes Mountains, from Venezuela to Peru. The Andean white-tailed deer seem to retain gray coats due to the colder weather at high altitudes, whereas the lowland savanna forms retain the reddish brown coats. South American white-tailed deer, like those in Central America, also generally avoid dense moist broadleaf forests.Since the second half of the 19th century, white-tailed deer have been introduced to Europe.

White-tailed deer. and any will readily consume deer as carrion. Records exist of American crows and common ravens attempting to prey on white-tailed deer fawns by pecking around their face and eyes, though no accounts of success are given. Occasionally, both golden and bald eagles may capture deer fawns with their talons. In one case, a golden eagle was filmed in Illinois unsuccessfully trying to prey on a large mature white-tailed deer.White-tailed deer typically respond to the presence of potential predators by breathing very heavily (also called blowing) and fleeing. When they blow, the sound alerts other deer in the area. As.

White-tailed deer. of eastern North America, high deer densities have caused large reductions in plant biomass, including the density and heights of certain forest wildflowers, tree seedlings, and shrubs. Although they can be seen as a nuisance species, white-tailed deer also play an important role in biodiversity. At the same time, increases in browse-tolerant grasses and sedges and unpalatable ferns have often accompanied intensive deer herbivory. Changes to the structure of forest understories have, in turn, altered the composition and abundance of forest bird communities in some areas. Deer activity has also been shown to increase herbaceous plant diversity, particularly in disturbed.

White-tailed deer. of nutrient competitors. Deer consuming earlier-succession plants allows in enough light for nutrient competitors to invade. Since slow-growing oaks need several decades to develop root systems sufficient to compete with faster-growing species, removal of the canopy prior to that point amplifies the effect of deer on succession. High-density deer populations possibly could browse eastern hemlock seedlings out of existence in northern hardwood forests; however, this scenario seems unlikely, given that deer browsing is not considered the critical factor preventing hemlock re-establishment at large scales.Ecologists have also expressed concern over the facilitative effect high deer populations have on invasions of exotic.

White-tailed deer. plant species. In a study of eastern hemlock forests, browsing by white-tailed deer caused populations of three exotic plants to rise faster than they do in the areas which are absent of deer. Seedlings of the three invading species rose exponentially with deer density, while the most common native species fell exponentially with deer density, because deer were preferentially eating the native species. The effects of deer on the invasive and native plants were magnified in cases of canopy disturbance.## Population and controls.The white-tailed deer population in North America has declined by several million since 2000, but as of 2017.

White-tailed deer. question its humaneness. Another concern regarding translocation is the possible spreading of chronic wasting disease to unaffected deer populations and concerns about exposure to human populations.In addition to the danger of deer-vehicle collisions the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reported that the estimated loss in field crops, nuts, fruits, and vegetables in 2001 was near $765 million.## Behavior.Males compete for the opportunity of breeding females. Sparring among males determines a dominance hierarchy. Bucks attempt to copulate with as many females as possible, losing physical condition, since they rarely eat or rest during the rut. The general geographical trend is for.

White-tailed deer. called the rut, in the autumn, normally in late October or early November, triggered mainly by the declining photoperiod. Sexual maturation of females depends on population density, as well as availability of food. Young females often flee from an area heavily populated with males. Some does may be as young as six months when they reach sexual maturity, but the average age of maturity is 18 months. Copulation consists of a brief copulatory jump.Females give birth to one to three spotted young, known as fawns, in mid- to late spring, generally in May or June. Fawns lose their spots during.

White-tailed deer. lost their spots (for several months, or until the end of fall) as seen by rehabilitators and other studies. Males leave their mothers after a year and females leave after two.Bucks are generally sexually mature at 1.5 years old and begin to breed even in populations stacked with older bucks.## Communication.White-tailed deer have many forms of communication involving sounds, scent, body language, and marking. In addition to the aforementioned blowing in the presence of danger, all white-tailed deer are capable of producing audible noises unique to each animal. Fawns release a high-pitched squeal, known as a bleat, to call out.

White-tailed deer. way white-tailed deer communicate is through the use of their white tail. When spooked, it will raise its tail to warn the other deer in the immediate area.## Marking.White-tailed deer possess many glands that allow them to produce scents, some of which are so potent they can be detected by the human nose. Four major glands are the preorbital, forehead, tarsal, and metatarsal glands. Secretions from the preorbital glands (in front of the eye) were thought to be rubbed on tree branches, but research suggests this is not so. Scent from the forehead or sudoriferous glands (found on the head,.

White-tailed deer. between the antlers and eyes) is used to deposit scent on branches that overhang "scrapes" (areas scraped by the deer's front hooves prior to rub-urination). The tarsal glands are found on the upper inside of the hock (middle joint) on each hind leg. Scent is deposited from these glands when deer walk through and rub against vegetation. These scrapes are used by bucks as a sort of "sign-post" by which bucks know which other bucks are in the area, and to let does know a buck is regularly passing through the area—for breeding purposes. The scent from the metatarsal glands,.

White-tailed deer. deer's legs, over the tarsal glands, and onto the hair covering these glands. Bucks rub-urinate more frequently during the breeding season. Secretions from the tarsal gland mix with the urine and bacteria to produce a strong-smelling odor. During the breeding season, does release hormones and pheromones that tell bucks a doe is in heat and able to breed. Bucks also rub trees and shrubs with their antlers and heads during the breeding season, possibly transferring scent from the forehead glands to the tree, leaving a scent other deer can detect.Sign-post marking (scrapes and rubs) is a very obvious way white-tailed.

White-tailed deer. areas. High densities of deer can have severe impacts on native plants and animals in parks and natural areas; however, deer browsing can also promote plant and animal diversity in some areas. Deer can also cause substantial damage to landscape plants in suburban areas, leading to limited hunting or trapping to relocate or sterilize them. In parts of the Eastern US with high deer populations and fragmented woodlands, deer often wander into suburban and urban habitats that are less than ideal for the species.## Hunting.White-tailed deer have long been hunted as game, for pure sport and for their commodities. In.

White-tailed deer. Mesoamerica, white-tailed deer ("Odocoileus virginianus") was hunted from very early times. Rites and rituals in preparation for deer hunting, and in celebration for an auspicious hunt are still practiced in area today. Ancient hunters ask their gods for permission to hunt, and some deer rites take place in caves.Venison, or deer meat, is a natural, organic, and nutritious form of lean animal protein that can be obtained through responsible and regulated deer hunting. In some areas where their populations are very high, they are considered a pest, and hunting is used as a method to control it.In 1884, one of.

White-tailed deer. spread, such as sniffing food intermingled with waste, nuzzling noses, polygamy, and the sharing of salt licks. Canadian researchers uncovered an entirely new SARS-CoV-2 variant within a November–December 2021 study of Ontario white-tailed deer. The new COVID variant had also infected a person who had close contact with local deer, potentially marking the first instance of deer-to-human transmission.## Cultural significance.In the U.S., the species is the state animal of Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina, the game animal of Oklahoma, and the wildlife symbol of Wisconsin. The white-tailed deer is also the inspiration.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Bushshrike. by Storrs Olson, who reports that Swainson used the term "Malaconoti" as a non-defining plural, and placed the genus in the Thamnophilinae within the shrike family Laniidae.Peters regarded the group as a subfamily, Malaconotinae, of the shrikes. In 1971, the group was raised to family status, with their resemblance to typical shrikes considered to be more a result of convergent evolution.Bushshrikes, helmetshrikes (Prionopidae), ioras (Aegithinidae), vangas (Vangidae) and the Australian butcherbirds, magpies and currawongs (Cracticidae) and woodswallows (Artamidae) are part of a large group of shrike-like birds distributed from Africa to Australia, which have been defined as the superfamily Malaconotoidea.


Question: Who occupies this building?

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Liquor store. (and any shops that sells alcohol) from its effects. The mandatory closing time for any licensed liquor stores are regulated by Licensing Act 2003 instead.During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, all pubs closed during the lockdown from 20 March 2020. However, on 25 March, off-licences were added to the list of essential businesses allowed to stay open, also enabling pubs and brewery taprooms with licences to sell beer for home consumption to offer takeaway sales and home deliveries.In the Republic of Ireland, there are five kinds of off-licence: Wine Retailer’s Off LicenceBeer Retailer’s Off LicenceSpirit Retailer’s Off LicenceCider.


Question: Where do you usually find this animal?

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Jungle cat. has often been sighted near human settlements. As reeds and tall grasses are typical of its habitat, it is known as "reed cat" or "swamp cat". It can thrive even in areas of sparse vegetation, but does not adapt well to cold climates and is rare in areas where snowfall is common. Historical records indicate that it occurs up to elevations of 2310 (m) in the Himalayas. It shuns rainforests and woodlands.In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir.In the Palestinian territories, it was recorded in.

Jungle cat. in a highly fragmented forest in the Selangor state in 2010.A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.## Ecology and behaviour.The jungle cat is typically diurnal and hunts throughout the day. Its activity tends to decrease during the hot noon hours. It rests in burrows, grass thickets and scrubs. It often sunbathes on winter days. Jungle cats have been estimated to walk 3 – 6 (km) at night, although this likely varies depending on the availability of prey. The behaviour of the jungle cat has not been extensively studied. Solitary in nature, it does not.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Scabiosa. Scabiosa is a genus in the honeysuckle family (Caprifoliaceae) of flowering plants. Many of the species in this genus have common names that include the word scabious, but some plants commonly known as scabious are currently classified in related genera such as "Knautia" and "Succisa"; at least some of these were formerly placed in "Scabiosa". Another common name for members of this genus is pincushion flowers.## Etymology.The common name 'scabious' comes the Latin word "scabiosus" meaning 'mangy, rough or itchy' which refers to the herb's traditional usage as a folk medicine to treat scabies, an illness that causes a severe.


Question: Which structure replaced this bridge?

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Franz Joseph Bridge. Franz Joseph Bridge (), later renamed Štefanik Bridge (), was a suspension bridge over the Vltava in Prague, opened in 1868.The bridge was designed by the English engineer Rowland Mason Ordish. The design, which used the Ordish–Lefeuvre system, was originally created for the Albert Bridge over the River Thames in London. However, after construction of the Albert Bridge was delayed, Ordish decided to build a bridge in Prague first. The foundation stone was laid on 19 October 1865, and engineer František Schön was charged with supervising the construction work. Emperor Franz Joseph, after whom the bridge was named, attended the.


Question: How wide is the island in the image? answer in metre.

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Confederation Bridge. ship traffic. The bridge rests on 62 piers, of which the 44 main piers are 250 (m) apart. The bridge is 11 (m) wide.The speed limit on the bridge is 80 (km/h) but can vary with wind and weather conditions. When travelling at the speed limit, it takes about 12 minutes to cross the bridge.## Tolls.Tolls apply only when leaving Prince Edward Island (when travelling westbound). The toll rates are $50.25 for a two-axle automobile and $8.50 for each additional axle. Motorcycles are charged $20.00. While pedestrians and cyclists are not permitted to cross the bridge, a shuttle service is.


Question: What is the length of the incubation period (in day) of this bird's egg?

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Northern jacana. and stable. A male may create several nests at different sites and the female may choose one or find a site of her own in the territory.This bird lays a clutch of four brown eggs with black markings. These eggs usually measure around 30 by 23 (mm). The male incubates the eggs for 28 days. A female may sometimes shade and squat over the eggs but rarely incubate them. A female may reluctantly incubate the eggs if a male does not have sufficient time to forage throughout the day due to rain and cool temperatures. Males spend most of their.


Question: Who designed this building?

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Monument to the Great Fire of London. Margaret, New Fish Street, the first church to be destroyed by the Great Fire. It is Grade I-listed and is a scheduled monument. Another monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped.The Monument comprises a Doric column built of Portland stone topped with a gilded urn of fire. It was designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke. Its height marks its distance from the site of the shop of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor), the king's baker, where the blaze began.The viewing platform near the top of the Monument is reached by.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. bakery, where the fire began. Christopher Wren, as surveyor-general of the King's Works, was asked to submit a design. Wren worked with Robert Hooke on the design. It is impossible to know the extent of the collaboration between Hooke and Wren, but Hooke's drawings of possible designs for the column still exist, with Wren's signature on them indicating his approval of the drawings rather than their authorship. It was not until 1671 that the City Council approved the design, and it took six years to complete the 202 (ft) column. It was two more years before the inscription (which had.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. in 1844, describes the Monument thus: The Monument is a prominent setting in "The System of the World", the third book in Neal Stephenson's "Baroque Cycle". George, the hero of Charlie Fletcher's children's book about unLondon "Stoneheart", has a fight at the top of the Monument with a raven and a gargoyle. In Robert J. Lloyd's mystery novel "The Bloodless Boy", Robert Hooke (designer of the Monument with Christopher Wren), investigates the sinister death of a blood-drained boy discovered on the banks of the River Fleet. Hooke's assistant, Harry Hunt, witnessing another murder, is chased up to the top of.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. 'London’s Standard: Christopher Wren and the Heraldry of the Monument’, in "RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics", vol.73/74, Autumn 2020, pp. 325–39 Hart, V., "Christopher Wren: In Search of Eastern Antiquity" (Yale University Press, 2020) Jardine, L., "On a Grander Scale: The Outstanding Career of Sir Christopher Wren" ( hardback, paperback) Official Monument website City of London Monument pageHistory of The Monument with some account of the great fire of London, which it commemorates (1921), by Charles Welch3D photoscan of the base or the Monument showing Latin inscription.