Question: What is the location of this building?

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Predjama Castle. Predjama Castle ( or , German: "", ) is a Renaissance castle built within a cave mouth in south-central Slovenia, in the historical region of Inner Carniola. It is located in the village of Predjama, approximately 11 kilometres from the town of Postojna and 9 kilometres from Postojna Cave.## History of the castle.The castle was first mentioned in 1274 with the German name "Luegg", when the Patriarch of Aquileia built the castle in Gothic style. The castle was built under a natural rocky arch high in the stone wall to make access to it difficult. It was later acquired and.

Predjama Castle. expanded by the Luegg noble family, also known as the Knights of Adelsberg (the German name of Postojna).## Legend of Erasmus of Lueg.The castle became known as the seat of the knight Erasmus of Lueg (or Luegg, Luegger), lord of the castle in the 15th century and a renowned robber baron. He was the son of the imperial governor of Trieste, Nikolaj Lueger.According to legend, Erasmus came into conflict with the Habsburgs when he killed the commander of the imperial army, Marshal Pappenheim, who had offended the honour of Erasmus's deceased friend and famous condottiere Andrej Baumkircher of Vipava. Fleeing.

Predjama Castle. the vengeance of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Erasmus reached the family fortress of Predjama. From there, he allied himself with King Matthias Corvinus and began to attack Habsburg estates and towns in Carniola. The emperor commissioned the governor of Trieste, Andrej Ravbar, with the capture or killing of Erasmus. Erasmus was killed after a long siege. According to a popular but unfounded legend, Erasmus was betrayed by one of his men and was killed by a shot from a cannon in his lavatory.## After the reconstruction.After the siege and destruction of the original castle, its ruins were acquired.

Predjama Castle. by the Oberburg family. In 1511, the second castle, built by the Purgstall family in the first decade of the 16th century, was destroyed in an earthquake. In the year 1567, Archduke Charles of Austria leased the castle to Baron Philipp von Cobenzl, who paid it off after 20 years. In 1570, the current castle was built in the Renaissance style, pressed next to a vertical cliff under the original medieval fortification. The castle has remained in this form, virtually unchanged, to the present day.In the 18th century, it became one of the favourite summer residences of the Cobenzl family.

Predjama Castle. Both the Austrian statesman and famous art collector Philipp von Cobenzl and the diplomat Count Ludwig von Cobenzl spent time in the castle.In 1810, the castle was inherited by Count Michael Coronini von Cronberg, and in 1846 it was sold to the Windischgrätz family, who remained its owners until the end of World War II, when it was confiscated and nationalized by the Yugoslav Communist authorities and turned into a museum.## Hidden passageway.A vertical natural shaft, which Erasmus ordered to be enlarged, leads out of the original castle, and leads to the exit located at the top of the cliff,.

Predjama Castle. 25 meters away from the cliff's edge. This shaft allowed Erasmus to secretly supply the castle with food in the time of the siege; he also used it to continue with his robberies. Predjama Castle. Postojna Cave. Virtual panoramas of Predjama castle. Burger.si.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Yellow-bellied slider. The yellow-bellied slider ("Trachemys scripta scripta") is a land and water turtle belonging to the family Emydidae. This subspecies of pond slider is native to the southeastern United States, specifically from Florida to southeastern Virginia, and is the most common turtle species in its range. It is found in a wide variety of habitats, including slow-moving rivers, floodplain swamps, marshes, seasonal wetlands, and permanent ponds. Yellow-bellied sliders are popular as pets.## Description.Adult male yellow-bellied sliders typically reach 5 - 9 (in) in length; females range from 8 - 13 (in). The carapace (upper shell) is typically brown and black, often.


Question: What is the genre of this building?

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Bedside. Bedside is a 1934 American pre-Code drama film starring Warren William, Jean Muir and Allen Jenkins. A man passes himself off as a doctor. Warren William as Bob Brown Jean Muir as Caroline Grant Allen Jenkins as Sam Sparks David Landau as Smith Katharine Sergava (Kathryn Sergava) as Mimi Maritza Henry O'Neill as Dr. William Chester Donald Meek as Dr. George Wiley Renee Whitney as Mme. Varsova Walter Walker as Dr. Michaels Marjorie Lytell as Patient with Sprained Ankle Frederick Burton as Hospital Superintendent Philip Faversham as Intern Attending Caroline (as Phillip Faversham) Louise Beavers as Pansy Earle Foxe as.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Lysimachia latifolia. Lysimachia latifolia, sometimes called Trientalis latifolia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae. It is known as starflower, chickweed-wintergreen, or Pacific starflower.## Description.It is a low-growing, creeping perennial reaching (5 to 30 (cm)).The roots are tuberous, creeping rhizomes. The stems are erect, 10 – 20 (cm) high. It has 5 to 7 whorled, lanceolate, entire leaves distributed levelly in a single group.The flowers are white or pink flowers are borne in April or May. Calyx (the collective term for sepals) is 5- to 9-parted and persistent. Corolla (the collective term for petals) is also 5- to 9-parted,.

Lysimachia latifolia. a foot, or 4 (in) high. "Latifolia" is derived from the Latin words ('broad or wide') and ('leaves') and means approximately 'broad-leaved'.The alternative name "Indian potato" refers to a small subterranean swelling at the stem's base, which is not listed as being edible by modern sources. Jepson Manual Online "Trientalis latifolia" Hook.


Question: In which year was this vehicle invented or discovered?

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Steam locomotive. another trio of locomotives, concluding with the "Catch Me Who Can" in 1808.In 1812, Matthew Murray's successful twin-cylinder rack locomotive "Salamanca" first ran on the edge-railed rack-and-pinion Middleton Railway. Another well-known early locomotive was "Puffing Billy", built 1813–14 by engineer William Hedley. It was intended to work on the Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on static display at the Science Museum, London.## George Stephenson.George Stephenson, a former miner working as an engine-wright at Killingworth Colliery, developed up to sixteen Killingworth locomotives, including "Blücher" in 1814, another in 1815, and a (newly.


Question: Which geographic area is this plant found?

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Jujube. more likely introduced there. The plant in Arabic and Persian is known as "Enab (عناب)", and is known as the "hinap" or "finab" in the eastern part of Bulgaria. It grows wild but is also a garden shrub, kept for its fruit. The fruit is picked in the autumn.The tree tolerates a wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for acceptable fruiting. Unlike most of the other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about −15 (°C), and the tree is, for instance, commonly cultivated in Beijing.


Question: What is the country of origin of this sauce?

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Marinara sauce. Marinara () sauce is a tomato sauce usually made with tomatoes, garlic, herbs, and onions. Variations include capers, olives, spices, and a dash of wine. Widely used in Italian-American cuisine, it is known as alla marinara in Italy, where it is typically made with tomatoes, basil, and oregano, but also sometimes olives, capers, and salted anchovies. It is used for spaghetti and vermicelli, but also with meat or fish. The terms should not be confused with "spaghetti marinara", a popular dish in Australia, New Zealand, Spain, and South Africa, in which a tomato-based sauce is mixed with fresh seafood. In.

Marinara sauce. Italy, a pasta sauce including seafood is more commonly called "alla pescatora".## Origin.Several folk theories exist as to the origin of this sauce. One version states that cooks aboard Neapolitan ships returning from the Americas invented marinara sauce in the mid-16th century after Spaniards introduced the tomato to Europe. Another theory states this was a sauce prepared by the wives of Neapolitan sailors upon their return from the sea. Historically, however, the first Italian cookbook to include tomato sauce, "Lo Scalco alla Moderna" ('The Modern Steward'), was written by Italian chef Antonio Latini and was published in two volumes in.

Marinara sauce. 1692 and 1694. Latini served as the Steward of the First Minister to the Spanish Viceroy of Naples. This early tomato sauce was more like a modern tomato salsa.A sauce similar to Italian-American marinara sauce is known in some areas of Central Italy as "sugo finto", literally "fake (meatless) sauce". List of sauces List of common dips List of condiments.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this game?

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Jigsaw puzzle. A jigsaw puzzle is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of often irregularly shaped interlocking and mosaiced pieces, each of which typically has a portion of a picture. When assembled, the puzzle pieces produce a complete picture.In the 18th century, jigsaw puzzles were created by painting a picture on a flat, rectangular piece of wood, then cutting it into small pieces. Despite the name, a jigsaw was never used. John Spilsbury, a London cartographer and engraver, is credited with commercialising jigsaw puzzles around 1760. They have since come to be made primarily of cardboard.Typical images on jigsaw puzzles include.

Jigsaw puzzle. be attached to a backing with adhesive and displayed as art.## History.John Spilsbury is believed to have produced the first jigsaw puzzle around 1760, using a marquetry saw.Early puzzles, known as dissections, were produced by mounting maps on sheets of hardwood and cutting along national boundaries, creating a puzzle useful for teaching geography. Royal governess Lady Charlotte Finch used such "dissected maps" to teach the children of King George III and Queen Charlotte Cardboard jigsaw puzzles appeared in the late 1800s, but were slow to replace wooden ones because manufacturers felt that cardboard puzzles would be perceived as low-quality, and.


Question: What kind of effect does this item have?

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Alarm device. An alarm device is a mechanism that gives an audible, visual or other kind of alarm signal to alert someone to a problem or condition that requires urgent attention.## Etymology.The word "alarm" comes from the Old French "a l'arme" meaning "to the arms", or "to the weapons", telling armed men to pick up their weapons and get ready for action because an enemy may have suddenly appeared.The word "alarum" is an archaic form of "alarm". It was sometimes used as a call to arms in the stage directions of Elizabethan dramas. The term comes from the Italian "all'armi" and appears.

Alarm device. either case. A person in such a state can be characterized as "alarmed".## False alarms.With any kind of alarm, you must balance between the danger of false alarms (called "false positives") — the signal going off in the absence of a problem — or an alarm failing to signal an actual problem (called a "false negative"). False alarms can waste resources expensively and can even be dangerous. For example, false alarms of a fire can waste firefighter manpower, making them unavailable for a real fire, and risk injury to firefighters and others as the fire engines race to the alleged.

Alarm device. fire's location. In addition, false alarms may acclimatise people to ignore alarm signals, and thus possibly to ignore an actual emergency: Aesop's fable of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" exemplifies this problem.A false alarm is one of the most significant issues with conventional alarm systems. They can be triggered for several reasons, such as the movement of pets, typing in the wrong security codes, or loud sounds from windows or doors. In the case of fire alarms, aerosol sprays, smoking, or burning food can all lead to a false alarm.Many avoid the risk of false alarms by ensuring their alarms.

Alarm device. fire alarm which is used to give occupants of a building early warning of a potential fire and give them time to evacuate. warning devices on a vehicle that sound when it is moving in an unexpected direction, such as reversing, a siren, often accompanied by flashing coloured lights, on emergency vehicles responding to an emergencyAlarm devices, by category, include: burglar alarms, designed to warn of burglaries. This is often a silent alarm; law enforcement or guards are warned without alerting the burglar, which increases the chances of stopping the theft while in progress. alarm clocks can beep, buzz or.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

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Coprinopsis lagopus. Coprinopsis lagopus is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Until 2001, the species was known as "Coprinus lagopus"; advances in the understanding of phylogenetic relationships between the various coprinoid species led to a major reorganization of that genus. It is a delicate and short-lived fungus, the fruit bodies lasting only a few hours before dissolving into a black ink – a process called "deliquescence". The vague resemblance of the young fruit body to the paw of a white rabbit has earned this species the common name harefoot mushroom.## Description.The fruit body size of "Coprinopsis lagopus" can vary tremendously.

Coprinopsis lagopus. very dark-brown at center beneath the whitish to silvery grey veil but becomes paler towards the margin. As the mushroom matures, the shape of the cap becomes more conical or convex, and finally flattens out, with edges curved upward. The veil is initially whitish, then turns to a silvery grey or grey-brown; it eventually splits up, becoming hairy (fibrillose). The gills are freely attached to the stem, very thin and crowded closely together. Initially, the color of the gills is white, then progresses to grayish-brown then to black as the spores mature. In maturity the gill edges dissolve ("deliquesce") into.

Coprinopsis lagopus. a black liquid. These mushrooms are evanescent, lasting only a few hours before dying; the autodigestive process is enhanced in humid environments. The stem is whitish in color, and is hollow, hairy (flocculose) over the whole surface but especially at lower parts, and becomes smooth (glabrous) with age. The spore print is violet-black.The species is nonpoisonous. Its edibility is unknown but it is considered too small to be worthwhile.## Microscopic features.Spores have dimensions of 11–13 x 6–8 μm. They are ellipsoid or ovoid in shape, with a rounded base and apex, dark red-brown in color, and nonamyloid.The cystidia found on.


Question: What is the weight of a male of this animal in kilogram?

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Sea otter. The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Adult sea otters typically weigh between 14 and 45 (kg), making them the heaviest members of the weasel family, but among the smallest marine mammals. Unlike most marine mammals, the sea otter's primary form of insulation is an exceptionally thick coat of fur, the densest in the animal kingdom. Although it can walk on land, the sea otter is capable of living exclusively in the ocean.The sea otter inhabits nearshore environments, where it dives to the sea floor to.

Sea otter. Description.The sea otter is one of the smallest marine mammal species, but it is the heaviest mustelid. Male sea otters usually weigh 22 to 45 (kg) and are 1.2 to 1.5 (m) in length, though specimens up to 54 (kg) have been recorded. Females are smaller, weighing 14 to 33 (kg) and measuring 1.0 to 1.4 (m) in length. For its size, the male otter's baculum is very large, massive and bent upwards, measuring 150 (mm) in length and 15 (mm) at the base.Unlike most other marine mammals, the sea otter has no blubber and relies on its exceptionally thick.

Sea otter. the urchin's shell.The sea otter's use of rocks when hunting and feeding makes it one of the few mammal species to use tools. To open hard shells, it may pound its prey with both paws against a rock on its chest. To pry an abalone off its rock, it hammers the abalone shell using a large stone, with observed rates of 45 blows in 15 seconds. Releasing an abalone, which can cling to rock with a force equal to 4,000 times its own body weight, requires multiple dives.## Social structure.Although each adult and independent juvenile forages alone, sea otters tend.

Sea otter. 1745, they began to move on to the Aleutian Islands. The Russians initially traded with the Aleuts inhabitants of these islands for otter pelts, but later enslaved the Aleuts, taking women and children hostage and torturing and killing Aleut men to force them to hunt. Many Aleuts were either murdered by the Russians or died from diseases the hunters had introduced. The Aleut population was reduced, by the Russians' own estimate, from 20,000 to 2,000. By the 1760s, the Russians had reached Alaska. In 1799, Tsar Paul I consolidated the rival fur-hunting companies into the Russian-American Company, granting it an.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Pholiota microspora. Pholiota microspora, commonly known as Pholiota nameko or simply , is a small, amber-brown mushroom with a slightly gelatinous coating that is used as an ingredient in miso soup and nabemono. In some countries this mushroom is available in kit form and can be grown at home. It is one of Japan's most popular cultivated mushrooms, tastes slightly nutty and is often used in stir-fries. They are also sold dried.Nameko is a cold triggered mushroom that typically fruits in the fall months when the temperature drops below 10°C for the first time, and flushes twice a few weeks apart.In Mandarin.

Pholiota microspora. Chinese the mushroom is known as 滑子蘑; (Pinyin: huá zi mó) or 滑菇; (Pinyin: huá gū).In Russia it is also consumed widely, and is known as (often sold as) "opyonok" (опёнок) or plural "opyata" (опята).In America the mushroom is sometimes called a "butterscotch mushroom".List of "Pholiota" speciesTouch Detective, a video game featuring Japanese character "Nameko.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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American pika. The American pika (Ochotona princeps), a diurnal species of pika, is found in the mountains of western North America, usually in boulder fields at or above the tree line. They are herbivorous, smaller relatives of rabbits and hares. Pikas have two different ways of foraging; they either directly consume food or they cache food in piles for the winter (haying).Pikas are vocal, using both calls and songs to warn when predators are nearby and during the breeding season. Predators of the pika include eagles, hawks, coyotes, bobcats, foxes, and weasels.Recent studies suggest some populations are declining due to habitat loss.

American pika. of pika, it is one of only two which inhabit North America, along with the collared pika ("O. collaris"). In relation to the distribution of the American pika, the collared pika is located farther north of those regions and is separated by a gap of about 500 (mi) extending across British Columbia and Alberta.Pikas inhabit talus fields that are fringed by suitable vegetation on alpine areas. They also live in piles of broken rock. Sometimes, they live in man-made substrate such as mine tailings and piles of scrap lumber. Pikas usually have their den and nest sites below rock around.

American pika. 0.2–1 m in diameter, but often sit on larger and more prominent rocks. They generally reside in scree near or above the tree line. Pikas are restricted to cool, moist microhabitats on high peaks or watercourses. Intolerant of high diurnal temperatures, in the northern portion of their range, they may be found near sea level, but in the south they are rare below 2500 (m). Pikas rely on existing spaces in the talus for homes and do not dig burrows. However, they can enlarge their homes by digging.## Diet.The American pika is a generalist herbivore. It eats a large variety.

American pika. of green plants, including different kinds of grasses, sedges, thistles, and fireweed. Although a pika can meet its water demand from the vegetation eaten, it does drink water if it is available in its environment.Pikas have two different ways of foraging; they directly consume food (feeding) or they cache food in haypiles to use for a food source in the winter (haying). They feed throughout the year while haying is limited to the summer. Since they do not hibernate, pikas have greater energy demands than other montane mammals. They also make 13 trips per hour to collect vegetation when haying,.

American pika. up to a little over 100 trips per day. The timing of haying seems to correlate to the amount of precipitation from the previous winter. Pikas start and then quit haying earlier in years following little snow and early spring. In areas at lower elevations, haying begins before the snow has melted at high altitudes; at higher elevations, haying continues after it ends in lower elevations.When haying, pikas harvest plants in a deliberate sequence, corresponding to their seasonal phenology. They seem to assess the nutritional value of available food and harvest accordingly. Pikas select plants that have the higher caloric,.

American pika. protein, lipid, and water content. Forbs and tall grass tend to be hayed more than eaten directly. Haypiles tend to be stored under the talus near the talus-meadow interface, although they may be constructed on the talus surface. Males generally store more vegetation than females and adults usually store more than juveniles. Pikas deposit two kinds of fecal droppings: Hard, brown, round pellets and pellets that are soft black shiny strings that form in the caecum. Caecal pellets have more energy value than stored plant food and the pika may consume them directly or store them for later.## Life history.The.

American pika. American Pika is diurnal. The total area of land that an American Pika uses is known as a home range. About 55% of its home range is territory that the Pika defends against intruders. Territory size can vary from 410–709 m² and is dependent on configuration, distance to vegetation, and quality of vegetation. The home ranges of Pikas may overlap, with the distances of the home ranges of a mating pair being shorter than that of the nearest neighbors of the same sex. Spatial distances between adults of a pair is greatest during early and midsummer and reduces during late.

American pika. summer and early autumn. Pikas defend their territories with aggression. Actual aggressive encounters are rare and usually occur between members of the same sex and those unfamiliar with each other. A Pika may intrude on another's territory, but usually when the resident is not active. During haying, territorial behavior increases.Adult Pikas of the opposite sex with territories adjacent form mated pairs. When more than one male is available, females exhibit mate choice. Pikas are reflex ovulators; ovulation only occurs after copulation, and they are also seasonally polyestrous. A female has two litters per year and these litters average three young.

American pika. each. Breeding takes place one month before the snow melts and gestation lasts around 30 days. Parturition occurs as early as March in lower elevations, but occurs from April to June at higher elevations. Lactation significantly reduces a female's fat reserves and they only nurse the second litter if the first does not survive, despite exhibiting postpartum estrus. Pikas are born slightly altricial, being blind, slightly haired, and having fully erupted teeth. They weigh between 10 and 12 g at birth. At around nine days old, they are able to open their eyes. Mothers forage most of the day and.

American pika. return to the nest once every two hours to nurse the young. Young become independent after four weeks, around the same time they are weaned. Young may remain in their natal or an adjoining home range. When in their home range, young occupy areas away from their relatives as much as possible. Dispersal appears to be caused by competition for territories.Pikas are vocal, using both calls and songs to communicate among themselves. A call is used to warn when a predator is lurking nearby, and a song is used during the breeding season (males only), and during autumn (both males.

American pika. and females). Predators of the Pika include eagles, hawks, coyotes, bobcats, foxes, and weasels.## Taxonomy.The American pika was described in the scientific literature by John Richardson in "Fauna Boreali-Americana" in 1828. The original scientific name was "Lepus (Lagomys) princeps".## Conservation and decline.As they live in the high and cooler mountain regions, they are very sensitive to high temperatures, and are considered to be one of the best early warning systems for detecting global warming in the western United States. Temperature increases are suspected to be one cause of American pikas moving higher in elevation in an attempt to find suitable.

American pika. habitat, as well as cooler temperatures. American pikas, however, cannot easily migrate in response to climate change, as their habitat is currently restricted to small, disconnected habitat "islands" in numerous mountain ranges. Pikas can die in six hours when exposed to temperatures above 25.5 (°C) if individuals cannot find refuge from heat. In warmer environments, such as during midday sun and at lowerelevation limits, pikas typically become inactive and withdraw into cooler talus openings. Because of behavioral adaptation, American pikas also persist in the hot climates of Craters of the Moon and Lava Beds National Monuments (Idaho and California, respectively).

American pika. species of least concern.The Pikas in Peril Project, funded through the National Park Service Climate Change Response Program, began data collection in May 2010. A large team of academic researchers and National Park Service staff - from three universities and eight national parks - worked together to address questions regarding the vulnerability of the American pika to future climate change scenarios projected for the western United States. The project concluded in 2016.More recent studies have found widespread extirpations and range retractions at lower elevations which are typically warmer and drier, patterns that have been further attributed to varying aspects of.

American pika. climate change such as warmer summer and winter temperatures and changes in precipitation. For example, one study found upslope retractions in 44 of 64 watersheds surveyed in the Northern Rockies, with retractions averaging 281 meters. Another study in North Cascades National Park in Washington found that a single winter of little to no snow caused drastic declines in pika abundance, highlighting how snowpack provides a necessary insulation against cold winter temperatures. View the Pika genome in Ensembl. American pika federal petition.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Wolf. The wolf (Canis lupus), also known as the gray wolf or grey wolf, is a large canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of "Canis lupus" have been recognized, and gray wolves, as popularly understood, comprise wild subspecies. The wolf is the largest extant member of the family Canidae. It is also distinguished from other "Canis" species by its less pointed ears and muzzle, as well as a shorter torso and a longer tail. The wolf is nonetheless related closely enough to smaller "Canis" species, such as the coyote and the golden jackal, to produce fertile.

Wolf. hybrids with them. The banded fur of a wolf is usually mottled white, brown, gray, and black, although subspecies in the arctic region may be nearly all white.Of all members of the genus "Canis", the wolf is most specialized for cooperative game hunting as demonstrated by its physical adaptations to tackling large prey, its more social nature, and its highly advanced expressive behaviour including individual or group howling. It travels in nuclear families consisting of a mated pair accompanied by their offspring. Offspring may leave to form their own packs on the onset of sexual maturity and in response to.

Wolf. and Wolfdregil ("Wolf Runner").## Taxonomy.In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his "Systema Naturae" the binomial nomenclature. "Canis" is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as "Canis familiaris", and the wolf as "Canis lupus". Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its "cauda recurvata" (upturning tail) which is not found in any other canid.## Subspecies.In the third edition of "Mammal Species of the World" published in 2005, the mammalogist W.

Wolf. sister taxa, as modern wolves are not closely related to the population of wolves that was first domesticated. In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea singing dog and the dingo to be feral "Canis familiaris", and therefore should not be assessed for the IUCN Red List.## Evolution.The phylogenetic descent of the extant wolf "C. lupus" from "C. etruscus" through "C. mosbachensis" is widely accepted. The earliest fossils of "C. lupus" were found in what was once eastern Beringia at Old Crow, Yukon, Canada, and at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Galium odoratum. Galium odoratum, the sweet woodruff or sweetscented bedstraw, is a flowering perennial plant in the family Rubiaceae, native to much of Europe from Spain and Ireland to Russia, as well as Western Siberia, Turkey, Iran, the Caucasus, China and Japan. It is also sparingly naturalized in scattered locations in the United States and Canada. It is widely cultivated for its flowers and its sweet-smelling foliage.A herbaceous plant, it grows to 30 - 50 (cm) long, often lying flat on the ground or supported by other plants.It owes its sweet smell to the odoriferous agent coumarin, and is sometimes used as.

Galium odoratum. a flavouring agent due to its chemical content.## Description.The leaves are simple, lanceolate, glabrous, 2 - 5 (cm) long, and borne in whorls of 6–9. The small (4–7 mm diameter) flowers are produced in cymes, each white with four petals joined together at the base. The fruits are 2–4 mm diameter, produced singly, and each is covered in tiny hooked bristles which help disperse them by sticking temporarily to clothing and animal fur.This plant prefers partial to full shade in moist, rich soils. In dry summers it needs frequent watering. Propagation is by crown division, separation of the rooted stems,.

Galium odoratum. or digging up of the barely submerged perimeter stolons. It is ideal as a groundcover or border accent in woody, acidic gardens where other shade plants fail to thrive. Deer and chickens avoid eating it (Northeast US).## Uses and health risks.As the epithet "odoratum" suggests, the plant is strongly scented, the sweet scent being derived from coumarin. This scent increases on wilting and then persists on drying, and the dried plant is used in potpourri and as a moth deterrent. It was, and partially is, used to flavour May wine (called "Maibowle" or "Maitrank" in German/French), sweet juice punch, syrup.

Galium odoratum. for beer (Berliner Weisse), brandy, jelly, jam, a soft drink (Tarhun, which is Georgian), ice cream, and herbal tea. Also very popular are sweet woodruff flavoured jellies, with and without alcohol. In Germany, it was and to some extent still is also used to flavour sherbet powder, which features prominently in Günter Grass' novel "The Tin Drum".However, the usage of the plant for sweets was prohibited in Germany in 1974, due to coumarin, the flavorant found in woodruff, being toxic to rats and mice in studies. It has however not been found to be harmful to humans, even in large.

Galium odoratum. doses, in which it follows a different metabolic pathway. The flavour is still popular for sweets in Germany, but is achieved artificially with 6-methyl coumarin. Products targeted towards adults, such as alcoholic drinks, are still permitted to include coumarin, in limited quantities.Plants for a FutureUSDA plants profileMissouri Botanical Gardens Plant Finder.