Question: Who is the creator of this building?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. west side of the base displays a sculpture, by Caius Gabriel Cibber, in alto and bas relief, of the destruction of the City; with Charles II and his brother, James, the Duke of York (later King James II), surrounded by liberty, architecture, and science, giving directions for its restoration.It gives its name to the nearby London Underground station, Monument.## History.The first Rebuilding Act, passed in 1669, stipulated that "the better to preserve the memory of this dreadful visitation", a column of either brass or stone should be set up on Fish Street Hill, on or near the site of Farynor's.


Question: What kind of effect does this item have?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Power inverter. size and volume. In 2014, Google together with IEEE started an open competition named Little Box Challenge, with a prize money of $1,000,000, to build a (much) smaller power inverter.## History.## Early inverters.From the late nineteenth century through the middle of the twentieth century, DC-to-AC power conversion was accomplished using rotary converters or motor-generator sets (M-G sets). In the early twentieth century, vacuum tubes and gas-filled tubes began to be used as switches in inverter circuits. The most widely used type of tube was the thyratron.The origins of electromechanical inverters explain the source of the term "inverter". Early AC-to-DC converters.


Question: Who commissioned this building?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Rocchetta Mattei. Rocchetta Mattei is a fortress located on the Northern Apennine Mountains, on a hill which is 407 meters above sea level, in the locality of Savignano in the municipality of Grizzana Morandi, on the Strada Statale 64 Porrettana, in the Metropolitan City of Bologna.Built in the second half of nineteenth century, it blends various eclectic styles, from Medieval to Moorish.## History.Rocchetta Mattei was the home of count Cesare Mattei, a scholar, politician and self-taught physician who founded electrohomeopathy, a practice founded on homeopathy.On November 5, 1850, the first stone of Rocchetta Mattei was laid, and as early as 1859 it.

Rocchetta Mattei. became habitable and eventually Cesare Mattei’s permanent residence. Inside Rocchetta Mattei, the count led a life as a medieval castellan and even created a court, complete with a buffoon.The castle hosted illustrious individuals who came from everywhere to undergo Mattei's treatment, including Ludwig III of Bavaria and Alexander II of Russia. In 1925, there was an official visit by the Prince of Piedmont. Even Fyodor Dostoevsky quotes the Count in "The Brothers Karamazov", when he tells the devil he managed to recover from terrible rheumatism thanks to a book and some drops from Count Mattei.## After World War II.During World.

Rocchetta Mattei. it a prime tourist destination.In 1989, Stefanelli died and the situation deteriorated; due to various problems, Rocchetta Mattei was definitively closed to the public.In 1997, a committee was created for the preservation of the castle which, in the face of total abandonment by the owners and government institutions, seemed destined to ruin. Many initiatives were launched, such as a human chain around Rocchetta Mattei and conferences and debates, which were very successful.In 2000, a museum was established about Count Cesare Mattei, the Rocchetta Mattei, and electrohomeopathy on Via Nazionale 117 in Riola di Vergato, seat of the Committee "Archivio Museo.

Rocchetta Mattei. Cesare Mattei". It continues in the present day collecting historical things relating to the life of Count Cesare Mattei.In 2006, the foundation of Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna officially announced the acquisition of Rocchetta Mattei, restored it, which ultimately led to the reopening to the public on August 9, 2015.## Description.The set of buildings that make up the present castle was located on a medieval complex, which belonged to the emperors Frederick I and Otto IV and the domain of Matilda of Tuscany, who held a vassal, Lanfranco da Savignano, as guardian. The need to defend the passage on the.

Rocchetta Mattei. Rhine made this castle precious to the rulers of the time. Having fallen into the hands of the Bolognese, and created a more advanced defensive line, the fortress became useless and was destroyed in 1293.Before choosing Savignano for its castle, it seems that Cesare Mattei had visited several places. The place was preferred for many reasons: the ease of access, the rock forming a gigantic natural pedestal, and the location on the confluence of the rivers Limentra orientale and Reno. The predominant style of the building is Moorish, with additional medieval and modern Italian architecture.The main entrance opens onto a.

Rocchetta Mattei. branch of highway 64. An inscription at the top commemorates the origin and completion of the building with the following words:A large and spacious staircase leads to the vestibule of the main living area. A hippogriff is guarding the entrance, through which one passes into a courtyard dug into the rock. Two caryatids support the jamb of the front door. The monolith basin that occupies the center comes from the parish church of Verzuno where it served as a baptismal font. Entering the courtyard, in the left corner, Cesare Mattei laid the first stone of the building in November 5,.

Rocchetta Mattei. 1850, in the presence of a few friends.From the same side, a door leads to a ladder and then to the magnificent loggia known as the Loggia Carolina built in oriental style. The staircase of the tower leads through a drawbridge to a small room with small windows and a stalactite ceiling, which was the bedroom of Count Cesare Mattei. Here, the original furniture and pipes owned by the count are still preserved. There is also the ‘Vision’s Staircase’ (Scala delle visioni) which is allegorical depiction in the vault representing the new homeopathic science winning over traditional medicine. Two couplets.

Rocchetta Mattei. from the Latinist abbot Giordan, Nicoise, friend of Mattei and guest in Rocchetta Mattei, celebrate the victory:The staircase leads to a room on the top of the main tower. Returning to the Loggia Carolina is the White Room and the Turkish Room. After a short stretch of uncovered rock, there is the Courtyard of the Lions, a reproduction of the courtyard of the Alhambra in Granada. The remains of Cesare Mattei are found inside an ark covered with majolica.Going back from the Courtyard of the Lions one enters the hall of peace, named so in homage to the victorious end.


Question: Which body of water is this place located in or next to?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Front de Seine. Front de Seine is a development in the district of Beaugrenelle in Paris, France, located along the river Seine in the 15th arrondissement at the south of the Eiffel Tower. It is, with the 13th arrondissement, one of the few districts in the city of Paris containing highrise buildings, as most have been constructed outside the city (notably in La Défense).The Front de Seine district is the result of an urban planning project from the 1970s. It includes about 20 towers reaching nearly 100 m of height built all around an elevated esplanade. That esplanade is paved with frescos that.

Front de Seine. can be seen only from the elevated floors of the towers. As opposed to Italie 13, the design of the towers is much more varied. The Hôtel Novotel Paris-Tour Eiffel (formerly known as Hôtel Nikkō), for instance, has red-encircled windows, while the Tour Totem consists of a stack of several glazed blocks.A newly redesigned shopping centre, the Centre commercial Beaugrenelle opened in 2013.Furthermore, while 13th arrondissement towers are predominantly residential and La Défense towers are predominantly commercial, the towers of the Front de Seine are of mixed commercial and residential use. Tour Avant-Seine (1975): 98 m, 32 storeys. Tour Mars.

Front de Seine. (1974): 98 m, 32 storeys. Tour Paris Côté Seine (1977): 98 m, 32 storeys. Tour Seine (1970): 98 m, 32 storeys Tour Espace 2000 (1976): 98 m, 31 storeys. Tour Évasion 2000 (1971): 98 m, 31 storeys. Hôtel Novotel Paris-Tour Eiffel (1976): 98 m, 31 storeys. Tour Totem (1979): 98 m, 31 storeys. Tour Beaugrenelle (1979): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Panorama (1974): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Perspective 1 (1973): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Perspective 2 (1975): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Reflets (1976): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Rive Gauche (1975): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Keller.

Front de Seine. (1970): 98 m, 29 storeys. Tour Cristal (1990): 98 m, 27 storeys. 79 quai André Citroën: 24 storeys. Tour Mirabeau (1972): 18 storeys. Immeuble le Village (1973): 17 storeys. Bureaux Hachette Livre (1969): 12 storeys. Tour Mercure (1973): 12 storeys.Other structures Cheminée du Front de Seine (1971): 130 meters Italie 13 La Défense List of tallest structures in Paris Front de Seine website.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Lemnoideae. Lemnoideae is a subfamily of flowering aquatic plants, known as duckweeds, water lentils, or water lenses. They float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of fresh water and wetlands. Also known as bayroot, they arose from within the arum or aroid family (Araceae), so often are classified as the subfamily Lemnoideae within the family Araceae. Other classifications, particularly those created prior to the end of the twentieth century, place them as a separate family, Lemnaceae.These plants have a simple structure, lacking an obvious stem or leaves. The greater part of each plant is a small.

Lemnoideae. or male and which are derived from the spadix in the Araceae. Evolution of the duckweed inflorescence remains ambiguous due to the considerable evolutionary reduction of these plants from their earlier relatives.The flower of the duckweed genus "Wolffia" is the smallest known, measuring merely 0.3 mm long. The fruit produced through this occasional reproduction is a utricle, and a seed is produced in a bag containing air that facilitates flotation.## Duckweed in various environments.One of the more important factors influencing the distribution of wetland plants, and aquatic plants in particular, is nutrient availability. Duckweeds tend to be associated with fertile,.

Lemnoideae. taxonomic mystery, and usually have been considered to be their own family, the Lemnaceae. They primarily reproduce asexually. Flowers, if present at all, are small. Roots are either very much reduced, or absent entirely. They were suspected of being related to the Araceae as long ago as 1876, but until the advent of molecular phylogeny, testing this hypothesis was difficult.Starting in 1995, studies began to confirm their placement in the Araceae and since then, most systematists consider them to be part of that family.Their position within their family has been slightly less clear; however, several twenty-first century studies place them.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Common greenshank. The common greenshank (Tringa nebularia) is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae, the typical waders. The genus name "Tringa" is the New Latin name given to the green sandpiper by Aldrovandus in 1599 based on Ancient Greek "trungas", a thrush-sized, white-rumped, tail-bobbing wading bird mentioned by Aristotle. The specific "nebularia" is from Latin "nebula" "mist". Like the Norwegian "Skoddefoll", this refers to the greenshank's damp marshy habitat.## Relatives.Its closest relative is the greater yellowlegs, which together with the spotted redshank form a close-knit group. Among them, these three species show all the basic leg and foot colours found in.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Cerioporus squamosus. Cerioporus squamosus aka "Polyporus squamosus" is a basidiomycete bracket fungus, with common names including dryad's saddle and pheasant's back mushroom. It has a widespread distribution, being found in North America, Australia, Asia, and Europe, where it causes a white rot in the heartwood of living and dead hardwood trees. The name "dryad's saddle" refers to creatures in Greek mythology called dryads who could conceivably fit and ride on this mushroom, whereas the "pheasant's back" analogy derives from the pattern of colors on the bracket matching that of a pheasant's back.## Etymology."Squamosus" comes from the Latin "squamosus" meaning covered with scales.

Cerioporus squamosus. or scaly, referring to the signature dark brown scales found on the mushroom's cap.## Taxonomy.The species was first described scientifically by British botanist William Hudson in 1778, who named it "Boletus squamosus". It was given its current name in 1886 by Quélet but is still widely known by the Friesian name "Polyporus squamosus".## Description.Dryad's Saddle is an annual mushroom commonly found attached to dead logs and stumps or on living hardwood trees at one point with a thick stem. Generally, the fruit body is round and between 8 – 30 (cm) across and up to 10 (cm) thick. The body.

Cerioporus squamosus. can be yellow to brown and has "squamules" or scales on its upper side. On the underside one can see the pores that are characteristic of the genus "Cerioporus"; they are made up of tubes packed together closely. The tubes are between 1 and 12 (mm) long. The stalk is thick and short, up to 5 (cm) long. The fruit body will produce a white spore print if laid onto a sheet of paper. The spores are 11-15 x 4-5 µm and are long and smooth ellipsoids. They can be found alone, in clusters of two or three, or forming.

Cerioporus squamosus. made from this and many other mushrooms of the genus "Cerioporus". The mushroom's smell resembles watermelon rind. "Polyporus squamosus" has a mild nutty flavour. Mushroom-Collecting.com: Polyporus squamosus – Dryad's Saddle Mushroom-Collecting.com: Dryad's Saddle, Pheasant Back Mushroom, Hawks Wing (Polyporus squamosus).


Question: Who is the creator of this building?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet). Jeanne d'Arc is an 1874 French gilded bronze equestrian sculpture of Joan of Arc by Emmanuel Frémiet. The outdoor statue is prominently displayed in the Place des Pyramides in Paris. == History == The original statue was commissioned by the French government after the defeat of the country in the 1870 Franco-Prussian War. It is the only public commission of the state from 1870 to 1914, called the Golden Age of statuary in Paris, the other statues were funded by private subscriptions. The sculptor took as his model Aimée Girod (1856–1937), a young woman from Domrémy, Joan of Arc's village.


Question: Which (geo)physical feature is the place located in or on?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Adventfjorden. Adventfjorden (Advent Bay) is a 7 km long and 4 km wide bay running south-eastwards from the southern side of Isfjorden, on the west coast of Spitsbergen in Svalbard. The name represents a corruption of "Adventure Bay" - probably named after the Hull-built whaleship "Adventure", which operated in Isfjorden in 1656. The fjord was originally known as "Klass Billen Bay". At the head of Adventfjorden is Adventdalen (Advent Valley).The former mining-camp of Longyearbyen (now Svalbard's main town) lies on the fjord's southwestern shore, while another former mining-camp, Hiorthhamn, is located on its northeastern shore.Conway, W. M. 1906. No Man's Land:.

Adventfjorden. A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country. Cambridge: At the University Press. Norwegian Polar Institute: Place names in Norwegian polar areas.


Question: Which place is this animal endemic to?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Texas river cooter. The Texas river cooter ("Pseudemys texana") is a species of freshwater turtle endemic to the U.S. state of Texas. It is found in the river basins of the Brazos, San Bernard, Colorado, Guadalupe, San Antonio, Nueces, and their tributaries. It is one of three species of cooters ("Pseudemys") occurring in Texas, including the Rio Grande cooter ("Pseudemys gorzugi") and the river cooter ("Pseudemys concinna").## Description.The Texas river cooter is a relatively large turtle, capable of growing to a shell length of 12+ inches (30.5 cm). They are green in color, with yellow and black markings that fade with age. Males.

Texas river cooter. can be distinguished from females by their longer tails, longer claws, and overall smaller size.## Taxonomy.The Texas cooter was once reclassified to a subspecies of the eastern cooter, "Pseudemys concinna", but was given full species status in 1991.## Similar species.The red-eared slider ("Trachemys scripta elegans") shares its range and habits, but can easily be distinguished from the Texas cooter by red patches on either side of its head. Various species of map turtle can also look much like juvenile Texas cooters.Chelonia.org: "Pseudemys" care.


Question: What country does this place belong to?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Athirappilly Falls. Athirappilly Falls, is situated in Athirappilly Panchayat in Chalakudy Taluk of Thrissur District in Kerala, India on the Chalakudy River, which originates from the upper reaches of the Western Ghats at the entrance to the Sholayar ranges. It is the largest waterfall in Kerala, which stands tall at 80 feet. Just a short drive from Athirappilly to the Vazhachal falls, which is close to dense green forests that are home to many endangered and endemic species of flora and fauna.There is another waterfall on the way from Athirappilly to Vazhachal Falls, in close proximity to the road, which is locally.

Athirappilly Falls. called "Charpa Falls". Athirappilly Falls is the largest waterfall in Kerala and is nicknamed "The Niagara of South India".Controversy about a state-proposed hydroelectric dam on the Chalakudy River above the waterfalls began in the 1990s and continued through 2017.## River.The 145 (km) long Chalakudy River, originates in the Anaimalai mountains of the Western Ghats and flows through the Vazhachal Forest toward the Arabian Sea. The river starts off smooth but becomes more turbulent as it nears Athirapilly. At Athirappilly Falls, the water surges around big rocks and cascades down in three separate plumes. Below the falls, the river remains turbulent.

Athirappilly Falls. for about 1 (km) until it reaches Kannamkuzhi, from where it calms and flows smooth until reaching the dam at Thumpoormuzhi.## Wildlife.Forest wildlife in the area includes the Indian elephant, Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, gaur, sambar, and lion-tailed macaque. The unique 180 (m) elevation riparian forest in the Athirappilly-Vazhachal area is the only location where all four South Indian species of hornbills — the great hornbill (the state bird of Kerala), Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar grey hornbill, and the Indian grey hornbill are found living together.Plantations in the area contain teak, bamboo, and eucalyptus. Environmentalists claim that Athirappilly is a.

Athirappilly Falls. one-of its-kind riparian ecosystem in Kerala. V.S. Vijayan, Chairman of the Kerala State Biodiversity Board and former Director of the Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History (SACON), Coimbatore, has been quoted in Down to Earth magazine as affirming that the Vazhachal forest division is the second most biodiverse area in the State. The International Bird Association has declared it an ‘Important Bird Area' and the Asian Nature Conservation Foundation has recommended that the area should be declared a sanctuary or a national park, he points out. The Wildlife Trust of India says it represents one of India's best.

Athirappilly Falls. elephant conservation efforts. "Any disruption to this fragile ecosystem will spell disaster," says Vijayan. The river provides habitat for 85 species of fresh water fishes. Among these, 35 are endemic species.## Tourism.The railway station nearest Athirappilly Falls is 30 kilometres (19 mi) to the west in Chalakkudy Railway Station, and the nearest airport is Cochin International Airport, about 55 kilometres (34 mi) southwest of the waterfall and 58 kilometres (36 mi) south of City of Thrissur. Athirappilly is easily reachable from Chalakkudy by taxi or by bus from the Chalakkudy bus terminal. Athirappilly is situated on a state highway connecting.

Athirappilly Falls. Tamil Nadu and Kerala, in a thick forest and so night travel is not permitted. The checkpoints at either ends close by 6:30 pm IST prior to which all vehicles have to exit through either checkpoints.The journey from Chalakkudy to the Athirappilly Falls passes through a landscape of winding roads, small villages and lush green trees. Visitors can reach the top of the waterfall via a paved path that leads through thick bamboo clusters . From Angamaly, the route is in the midst of an Oil Palm Reserve at Ezhattumugham tourism village. A steep narrow path or a wide staired.

Athirappilly Falls. path can be taken to the bottom of the falls. The falls attract visitors from across India, especially during the monsoon months (June–September). About 7 million tourists visit the falls and the Vazhachal picnic spot each year.## Jungle safari.Daily jungle safari trips are organized by Thrissur District Tourism Promotion Council with Athirappilly Destination Management Council from Chalakudy to Malakkappara.## Movies.Athirappilly falls has been used as a location for several Malayalam films as well as in other regional language films in India The fall is featured in old Malayalam movie "Ponnapuram Kotta" (1973), specially the song "Valliyoor Kaavile", starring Prem Nasir,.

Athirappilly Falls. Vijayasree. Scenes from the Malayalam movie "Vanadevatha" (1976) starring Prem Nazir, Madhushala A major portion of the 1986 Tamil movie "Punnagai Mannan" was shot near the falls, the falls itself playing a role in it. It made the falls so popular in Tamil Nadu that it got the nickname "Punnagai Mannan Falls". The falls were featured in Mani Ratnam's film "Dil Se..", starring Shahrukh Khan, Manisha Koirala, and Preity Zinta, and featuring the song "Jiya Jale/Nenjinile". The falls are also famous as a site location for "Narumugaye Narumugaye", a song from the Tamil film "Iruvar", acted by Mohanlal and actress.

Athirappilly Falls. Aishwarya Rai. This waterfall is also a major location for songs like "Behne de" and most scenes in the Hindi film "Raavan" and Tamil film "Raavanan". The song "Adada Mazhaida" from "Paiyaa" featuring Karthi and Tamannaah was shot in this location. The song from "Kannathil Muthamittal" of the same name was shot here. The song "Kurukku Siruthavale" from "Mudhalvan" starring Arjun Sarja and Manisha Koirala, and "Chalo Chalain Mitwa" from its 2001 remake "Nayak", starring Anil Kapoor and Rani Mukerji The song "Sunta hai tera khuda" from "Pukar", starring Anil Kapoor The song "Achi lagti ho" from "Kuch Naa Kaho.

Athirappilly Falls. Climax scenes from "Lajja (film)" starring "Ajay Devgn", "Manisha Koirala" "Sirf Tum", starring Sanjay Kapoor and Sushmita Sen A song in tamil movie "Samurai (2002 film)" starring Vikram (actor) Songs from "Saaya" (2003), starring John Abraham A scene from "Madras Cafe" starring John Abraham The song from tamil movie "Maanasthan" starring R. Sarathkumar, Sakshi Shivanand Scenes from "Anandabhadram" starring Manoj K Jayan, Prithviraj Sukumaran Song from "4 the People" starring Bharath, Gopika A scene from the Hindi movie "Mela (2000 film)" The opening scene of the tamil movie "Kandukondain Kandukondain" A few scenes in the Hindi movie "Agyaat" A scene.

Athirappilly Falls. from the Tamil movie "Villu" Few scenes from the Malayalam movie "Manjeeradhwani" (1998) starring Vineeth, Sakshi Sivanand The song "Bambara Kannu" from Tamil movie "Madhurey" A scene from the Tamil movie "Vettaikaaran (2009 film)" The song "Rosappoo chinna rosappoo" from "Suryavamsam" "Arjuna Arjuna", a song featuring R. Sarathkumar and Namitha in the movie "Aei", was shot here. "Evo Evevo", a song from telugu film "Lovely (2012 film)" The song "Baarish" and climax scenes from "Yaariyan" (2014) The song "Oru kannil vegam" from "Samar" (2013) The song "Oh kamini" and a scene from "Rang Rasiya" The Telugu movie "Brindavanam" (2010) The.

Athirappilly Falls. song "Egire Mabbullona" from "Happy" (2006), Telugu and Malayalam The song "Ayyo Ayyo Dhanayya" from "Ready" (2008) Scenes from the Tamil movie "Alex Pandian" The song "Aaayi re aayi re khushi" from "Khushi" (2003, Hindi), starring Kareena Kapoor The title song of the Hindi movie "Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne" The song "Sha La La" from the movie "Ghilli" (2004) starring "Trisha (actress)" and "Vijay (actor)" The song "Vaana Chinukulu" from the Telugu movie "Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu" The English movie "Before the Rains" (2007) The English movie "Pirate's Blood" (2008) Scenes from the Malayalam movie "Cousins" Scenes and a song.

Athirappilly Falls. from "", India's biggest motion picture, a 2015 Tamil/Telugu bilingual movie The Tamil movie "Puli" (2015) "Rock On Bro", a song from "Janatha Garage" (2016, Telugu) A song "Unnavitta Yaarum Yenakilla" from the film "Seemaraja" starring Sivakarthikeyan and Samantha Ruth Prabhu A scene from Malayalam movie "Odiyan" (2018) starring Mohanlal A song from Telugu movie "Husharu" (2018) starring Tejus Kancherla and Priya Vadlamani "He's So Cute", a song from "Sarileru Neekevvaru" (2020, Telugu) starring Mahesh Babu, Rashmika Mandanna A scene from Telugu movie Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy starring Chiranjeevi Scenes from the Telugu movie "" Climax scene from the Tamil.

Athirappilly Falls. movie "Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal" (2022) starring Vijay Sethupathi, Nayanthara and Samantha Ruth Prabhu## Hydroelectric project.In 1994, the Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) proposed a 163 megawatt Athirappilly Hydro Electric Project. It was to include a dam 23 metres (75 ft) high and 311 metres (1,020 ft) wide on the Chalakudy River in the Vazhachal Forest Division about 5 kilometres (3 mi) upstream of Athirappilly Falls and 400 metres (1,312 ft) upstream of Vazhachal Rapids (Vazhachal Falls). However, environmental groups and people's collectives opposed the project on grounds that it would damage the environment, infringe on human rights, and threaten tourism.

Athirappilly Falls. Though it was not their main concern, critics also noted that if the entire course of the river were diverted to make electricity, the Athirappilly-Vazhachal waterfalls could dry up. To avoid damaging the falls, the KSEB proposed adjusting the water releases to maintain the falls. The debate continued in 2007. Environmentalists also expressed concern over whether the proposed hydroelectric project at Athirappilly waterfalls would lead to displacement and eventual extinction of the primitive tribal group, 'Kadars,' in the area.In 2005, the Kerala Ministry of Environment and Forests approved the project on the basis of a report by Water and Power.

Athirappilly Falls. Consultancy Services (India) Ltd. (WAPCOS), an environmental impact assessment (EIA) agency. In 2006, the Kerala High Court quashed the clearance and ordered another public hearing. The debate continued the following years.On 29 January 2011, the chairman of the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP) Madhav Gadgil opined that the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Athirappilly hydel power project was not properly carried out and 70% of it is bogus. The panel, appointed by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests, was asked to look into and give recommendations on various projects in the Western Ghats such as the hydroelectric.

Athirappilly Falls. projects in Gundiya in Karnataka and Athirappilly in Kerala and the overall development projects in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Maharashtra. Gadgil said that the proposed Athirappilly hydro-electric project cannot be approved until the Forest Rights Act is implemented in its true spirit for the Kadar tribal community of the area and also no comprehensive study had been carried out so far on the natural riparian forest vegetation along the Western Ghats.On 14 June 2011, Union Minister for Environment and Forests Jairam Ramesh said his ministry would not grant approval to the Athirappilly hydro electric project. The minister also stated.

Athirappilly Falls. “When states are denied such projects on larger and long-term environmental considerations, they are entitled to some sort of green bonus,”The first part of WGEEP report was submitted to the Ministry on August 31. The Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), on Sep 6th 2011 recommended to the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests against granting permission to carry out any construction activities at the sensitive Athirappilly-Vazhachal region. The panel, which submitted its report to Union Environment Minister Jayanti Natarajan in the capital, named Athirappilly as one of the 18 eco-sensitive localities (ESL) in the state. But K. Radhakrishnan, a.

Athirappilly Falls. former member (generation), KSEB, has opined that this panel report was highly biased with vested interests and the project was eco-friendly doing minimum damage to environment and forests because KSEB itself has its own vested interests if the Dam Project takes life . While there are reports from renowned experts from Kerala State Biodiversity Board that the power project would adversely affect the ecology of the area and the estimated power output would be dependable upon the rainfall and dry summer seasons, which is undependable in its own way. M. Sivasankar, a KSEB chairman and MD states the need of.

Athirappilly Falls. more environment-friendly power projects with lower operating cost and higher output like super critical boiler plants. Vazhachal Falls Charpa Falls List of waterfalls in India List of waterfalls in India by height Prince Charles, celebrated his 65th birthday in Athirappilly Visiting Athirapilly Waterfalls - What to Know Chalakudy River Protection Forum (CPF) Athirappilly - Vazhachal - Thumboormuzhi - Destination Management Council Official Site: www.thrissur.nic.in Athirappilly Projects Vanishing falls Protests mark hearing on Athirappilly project Salim Ali Foundation.


Question: Who designed this facility?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

La Recoleta Cemetery. () and a church, Our Lady of Pilar ("), built in 1732.The order was disbanded in 1822, and the garden of the convent was converted into the first public cemetery in Buenos Aires. Inaugurated on 17 November of the same year under the name of " (Northern Cemetery), those responsible for its creation were the then-Governor Martin Rodríguez, who would be eventually buried in the cemetery, and government minister Bernardino Rivadavia.The 1822 layout was done by French civil engineer Próspero Catelin, who also designed the current facade of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral. The cemetery was last remodeled in 1881,.


Question: What is the vertex figure of this object?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Octagon. angles total 360°.If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of an octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares form a quadrilateral that is both equidiagonal and orthodiagonal (that is, whose diagonals are equal in length and at right angles to each other).The midpoint octagon of a reference octagon has its eight vertices at the midpoints of the sides of the reference octagon. If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of the midpoint octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite.

Octagon. squares themselves form the vertices of a square.## Regular octagon.A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8. A regular octagon is represented by the Schläfli symbol {8}.The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135° (formula_1 radians). The central angle is 45° (formula_2 radians).## Area.The area of a regular octagon of side length "a" is given byformula_3In terms of the circumradius "R", the area isformula_4In terms of the apothem "r" (see also.


Question: What country does this village belong to?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Cranny. Cranny () is a small village in County Clare, Ireland.## Location.Cranny lies on the banks of the Cloon River, which flows into the estuary of the River Shannon at Clonderlaw Bay.## Facilities.There is a local Gaelic Athletic Association club, Coolmeen GAA, founded in 1887 three years after the association came together. Coolmeen GAA succeeded in the Clare Senior Football Championship in 1919 and 1921, in the Clare Intermediate Football Championship in 1959, 1966 and 1967 and in the Clare Junior A Football Championship in 1958, 1964, 1983 and 1999. The parish also has a national school. The Cranny N.S. is.

Cranny. a co-educational catholic primary school Peadar Clancy List of towns and villages in Ireland.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Fomitopsis pinicola. thick. Its surface is more or less smooth, at first orange-yellow with a white margin, later dark reddish to brown and then frequently with an orange margin. The pore surface is pale yellow to leather-brown, 3–4 pores per mm. It grows as thick shelves on live and dead coniferous or (less commonly) deciduous trees. The spores are pale yellow and smooth. The species also grows as a layer of tubes on the bottom of fallen wood.The fruiting body of "Fomitopsis pinicola" is called the "conk". It is a woody, pileate fruiting body with pores lined with basidia on its underside.


Question: Who is the screenwriter of this building?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Strapless. Strapless is a 1989 film written and directed by David Hare.## Plot summary.An expatriate American doctor in London allows herself to lighten up when her freewheeling younger sister and a mysterious man enter her life. Her inhibitions released, the beautiful doctor learns that freedom has its own price.Blair Brown – Dr. Lillian HempelBruno Ganz – Raymond ForbesBridget Fonda – Amy HempelAlan Howard – Mr. CooperMichael Gough – Douglas BrodieHugh Laurie – ColinDana Gillespie – Julie KovagoSpencer Leigh – HusAlexandra Pigg - Helen## Release.After the film's May 1990 U.S. theatrical release, it was released on videocassette in the United States by.


Question: What is the location of this facility?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Library of Celsus. The Library of Celsus () is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey. The building was commissioned in the 110s A.D. by a consul, Gaius Julius Aquila, as a funerary monument for his father, former proconsul of Asia Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, and completed during the reign of Hadrian, sometime after Aquila's death. The library is considered an architectural marvel, and is one of the only remaining examples of a library from the Roman Empire. The Library of Celsus was the third-largest library in the Roman world behind only Alexandria and Pergamum, believed to have.

Library of Celsus. Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D." "The Journal of Roman Studies" 88 (1998): 56-93. doi:10.2307/300805. classics.uc.edu, Architecture, classical studies, bibliography (Archived) Virtual reconstruction of the Celsus library in Ephesus, Turkey.


Question: What is this building dedicated to?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Tarkhany. Tarkhany () is a Writer's house museum in a Russian estate where the Romantic writer Mikhail Lermontov (1814–1841) spent his childhood and was buried. The late 18th Century–early 19th Century estate is located in the village of Lermontovo (formerly Tarkhany) in the Belinsky District of Penza Oblast. Tarkhany is the main tourist attraction of Penza Oblast.Manor houseChurch of St. Mary of EgyptThe Human cottage (restored)Steward's house (restored)Arseniev Crypt and chapelCountryside Church of the Archangel MichaelLodge## The estate today.The estate is now the State Lermontov Museum — Tarkhany Reserve, created in 1939. It has an area of 485.3 acres. The museum.


Question: Which maintenance method is used for this place?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Road. a road for the environment in order to extend its longevity and reduce maintenance. The Shell pavement design method is used in many countries for the design of new asphalt roadsides.Adverse camber: Where a road slopes towards the outside of a bend, increasing the likelihood that vehicles travelling at speed will skid or topple. Usually only a temporary situation during road maintenance.Alignment: The route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves.All-weather road: Unpaved road that is constructed of a material that does not create mud during rainfall.Banked turnBelisha Beacon: An orange globe, lit at night,.

Road. drivers pay an average of $746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. In contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax).## Slab stabilization.Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. The voids usually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water infiltration. The most common causes of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. Slab stabilization is a non-destructive method of solving this problem and is usually.


Question: How many offspring can this bird produce at the same time?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Shoebill. of 21.7 to 25.5 (cm). The shoebill's feet are exceptionally large, with the middle toe reaching 16.8 to 18.5 (cm) in length, likely assisting the species in its ability to stand on aquatic vegetation while hunting. The neck is relatively shorter and thicker than other long-legged wading birds such as herons and cranes. The wings are broad, with a wing chord length of 58.8 to 78 (cm), and well-adapted to soaring.The plumage of adult birds is blue-grey with darker slaty-grey flight feathers. The breast presents some elongated feathers, which have dark shafts. The juvenile has a similar plumage colour, but.

Shoebill. eggs to hatch around the beginning of the following wet season. Both parents engage in building the nest on a floating platform after clearing out an area of approximately 3 (m) across. The large, flattish nesting platform is often partially submerged in water and can be as much as 3 (m) deep. The nest itself is about 1 to 1.7 (m) wide. Both the nest and platform are made of aquatic vegetation. From one to three white eggs are laid. These eggs measure 80 to 90 (mm) high by 56 to 61 (mm) and weigh around 164 (g). Incubation lasts.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Long-billed thrasher. The long-billed thrasher ("Toxostoma longirostre") is a medium-sized resident songbird of South Texas and eastern Mexico. It bears a strong resemblance to its close relative the brown thrasher in appearance, calls, and various other behaviors; however, the two species do not overlap in range except in the winter when the brown thrasher will temporarily reside in the northern range of the long-billed.The bird is a large sized mimid that is not especially wary, but it will take precautionary measures to prevent itself from being potential prey. Like other thrashers, it is named after its sweeping methods when searching for food,.


Question: What fields are the person in the image specialized in?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Gardener. A gardener is someone who practices gardening, either professionally or as a hobby.## Description.A gardener is any person involved in gardening, arguably the oldest occupation, from the hobbyist in a residential garden, the home-owner supplementing the family food with a small vegetable garden or orchard, to an employee in a plant nursery or the head gardener in a large estate.## Garden design and maintenance.The garden designer is someone who will design the garden, and the gardener is the person who will undertake the work to produce the desired outcome.## Design.The term gardener is also used to describe garden designers and.

Gardener. landscape architects, who are involved chiefly in the design of gardens, rather than the practical aspects of horticulture. Garden design is considered to be an art in most cultures, distinguished from gardening, which generally means "garden maintenance". Vita Sackville-West, Gertrude Jekyll and William Robinson were garden designers as well as gardeners.Garden design is the creation of a plan for the construction of a garden, in a design process. The product is the garden, and the garden designers attempt to optimize the given general conditions of the soil, location and climate, ecological, and geological conditions and processes to choose the right.

Gardener. such as starting young plants from seeds for later transplantation are usually performed in early spring.History of gardeningLandscape architectureCelebrity gardenerList of professional gardenersGarden centreFlower gardenOrder of Free Gardeners.


Question: Who designed this bridge?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Franz Joseph Bridge. Franz Joseph Bridge (), later renamed Štefanik Bridge (), was a suspension bridge over the Vltava in Prague, opened in 1868.The bridge was designed by the English engineer Rowland Mason Ordish. The design, which used the Ordish–Lefeuvre system, was originally created for the Albert Bridge over the River Thames in London. However, after construction of the Albert Bridge was delayed, Ordish decided to build a bridge in Prague first. The foundation stone was laid on 19 October 1865, and engineer František Schön was charged with supervising the construction work. Emperor Franz Joseph, after whom the bridge was named, attended the.


Question: Who designed this facility?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Battersea Power Station. Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned Grade II* listed coal-fired power station, located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a.

Battersea Power Station. day at 11 am.## Design and specification.Both of the stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was headed by Dr. Leonard Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Power Company, but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, and T. P. O'Sullivan who was later responsible for the Assembly Hall at Filton. J. Theo Halliday was employed as architect, with Halliday & Agate Co. employed as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for the supervision and execution of the appearance of the exterior and interior of the building. Architect Sir.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Anacamptis pyramidalis. Anacamptis pyramidalis, the pyramidal orchid, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus "Anacamptis" of the family Orchidaceae. The scientific name "Anacamptis" derives from Greek ανακάμτειν 'anakamptein' meaning 'bend forward', while the Latin name "pyramidalis" refers to the pyramidal form of the inflorescence.## Description.This hardy plant reaches on average 10 - 25 (cm) of height, with a maximum of 60 (cm). The stem is erect and unbranched. The basal leaves are linear-lanceolate with parallel venation, up to 25 (cm) long, the cauline ones are shorter and barely visible on the stem. The arrangement of hermaphroditic flowers in a compact.

Anacamptis pyramidalis. pyramidal shape is very distinctive and gives the orchid its common name. The colour of the flower varies from pink to purple, or rarely white, and the scent is described as "foxy". The flowers have six tepals, being three small sepals and three petals. Two small petals are on the sides, while the third and lower (labellum) is large and trilobate. At the back of the flower there is a tubular spur of about 1.5 (cm) long, while the labellum bears two lateral small flaps. The flowering period extends from April through July.## Habitat and distribution."Anacamptis pyramidalis" requires a sunny.

Anacamptis pyramidalis. spot on diverse soils: loamy or clay. It can even grow on very alkaline soil. It can be found on meadows, in grassland, sand dunes, maquis as well as dry and well exposed slopes, at an altitude of 0 - 1600 (m) above sea level.In the UK, "Anacamptis pyramidalis" is one of the most successful orchid species on roadside verges, and colonises other disturbed habitats like airfields, quarries and reservoirs.This orchid is native to southwestern Eurasia, from western Europe through the Mediterranean region eastwards to Iran. In Germany, it is rare and was declared Orchid of the Year in 1990.

Anacamptis pyramidalis. to heighten awareness of this plant. This orchid is especially common on the Isle of Wight in the South of England, and was designated the county plant in 2008. On the Isle of Wight, it favours growth in chalky or sandstone-rich soil, and thus can easily be found on the Downland and cliffs to the west and south of the island.## Ecology.The flowers are pollinated by butterflies and moths. To ensure the fertilization, their morphology is well adapted to the proboscis of Lepidoptera, especially "Euphydryas", "Melanargia", "Melitaea", "Pieris" and "Zygaena" species. The mechanism by which its pairs of pollinia attach.

Anacamptis pyramidalis. themselves to an insect's proboscis was discovered by Charles Darwin and described in his book on the "Fertilisation of Orchids"."Anacamptis pyramidalis" has been suggested to form mycorrhizal relationships with "Rhizoctonia", "Fusarium" and "Papulaspora" species.## Varieties.There are some notable varieties, which are sometimes treated as subspecies – and as they seem to be limited to certain regions, this may be correct: "Anacamptis pyramidalis" var. "tanayensis" – Tanay Pyramidal Orchid - Flowers darker and smaller. Fribourg and Valais cantons (Switzerland). "Anacamptis pyramidalis" var. "urvilleana" – Maltese Pyramidal Orchid, an endemic orchid from Malta with smaller and paler flowers flowering 4–6 weeks before.

Anacamptis pyramidalis. "Anacamptis pyramidalis". "Anacamptis pyramidalis" var. "sanguinea" – Western Irish Pyramidal Orchid. -Inflorescence rounder, plant smaller overall. County Galway to County Kerry (Ireland)The variety "alba" can be found anywhere in the Pyramidal Orchid's range; its flowers are white.## Medicinal uses.The dried and ground tuber (from various species of "Orchis" and "Anacamptis") can be made into a fine white powder, called salep. This is a very nutritious sweet starchlike substance. It is used in drinks, cereals and in making bread. In Turkey it is used in ice-creams. It was also used medicinally in diets for children and convalescents.## Culture.The pyramidal orchid was.

Anacamptis pyramidalis. voted the County flower of the Isle of Wight in 2002 following a poll by the wild flora conservation charity Plantlife. Den virtuella floran - Distribution Comprehensive profile for "Anacamptis pyramidalis" from the website MaltaWildPlants.com Biolib.


Question: Who is the architect of this building?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Palais de Chaillot. The Palais de Chaillot () is a building at the top of the in the Trocadéro area in the 16th "arrondissement" of Paris, France.For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old 1878 Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt to create the Palais de Chaillot. It was designed in classicising "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. The Palais consists of two separate wings shaped to form a wide arc, which are those of the former building with new taller portions built in front. The pair of larger central pavilions are also those of.


Question: What is this object named after?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board. UAVs are a component of an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), which includes adding a ground-based controller and a system of communications with the UAV. The flight of UAVs may operate under remote control by a human operator, as remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA), or with various degrees of autonomy, such as autopilot assistance, up to fully autonomous aircraft that have no provision for human intervention.UAVs were originally developed through the twentieth century for military missions too "dull, dirty or dangerous.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. for humans, and by the twenty-first, they had become essential assets to most militaries. As control technologies improved and costs fell, their use expanded to many non-military applications. These include forest fire monitoring, aerial photography, product deliveries, agriculture, policing and surveillance, infrastructure inspections, entertainment, science, smuggling, and drone racing.## Terminology.Many terms are used for aircraft which fly without any persons on board:The term drone has been used from the early days of aviation, being applied to remotely-flown target aircraft used for practice firing of a battleship's guns, such as the 1920s Fairey Queen and 1930s de Havilland Queen Bee. Later.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. examples included the Airspeed Queen Wasp and Miles Queen Martinet, before ultimate replacement by the GAF Jindivik. The term remains in common use. In addition to the software, autonomous drones also employ a host of advanced technologies that allow them to carry out their missions without human intervention, such as cloud computing, computer vision, artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning, and thermal sensors. For recreational uses, an aerial photography drone (as opposed to a UAV) is an aircraft that has first-person video, autonomous capabilities, or both.An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is defined as a "powered, aerial vehicle that does not.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload". UAV is a term that is commonly applied to military use cases. However missiles with warheads are not considered UAVs because the vehicle itself is a munition. Also, the relation of UAVs to remote controlled model aircraft is unclear, UAVs may or may not include remote-controlled model aircraft. Some jurisdictions base their definition on size or weight; however, the US FAA defines any uncrewed flying craft as a UAV.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. regardless of size. The term "unmanned aircraft system" (UAS) was adopted by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) and the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in 2005 according to their Unmanned Aircraft System Roadmap 2005–2030. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the British Civil Aviation Authority adopted this term, also used in the European Union's Single-European-Sky (SES) Air-Traffic-Management (ATM) Research (SESAR Joint Undertaking) roadmap for 2020. This term emphasizes the importance of elements other than the aircraft. It includes elements such as ground control stations, data links and other support equipment. A similar term is an "unmanned-aircraft.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. vehicle system" (UAVS), "remotely piloted aerial vehicle" (RPAV), "remotely piloted aircraft system" (RPAS). Many similar terms are in use. "Unoccupied" and "uninhabited" are occasionally used as alternatives to "unmanned". Under new regulations which came into effect 1 June 2019, the term RPAS (Remotely Piloted Aircraft System) has been adopted by the Canadian Government to mean "a set of configurable elements consisting of a remotely piloted aircraft, its control station, the command and control links and any other system elements required during flight operation".## Classification types.UAVs may be classified like any other aircraft, according to design configuration such as weight or.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. engine type, maximum flight altitude, degree of operational autonomy, operational role, etc. According to the United States Department of Defense, UAVs are classified into five categories below:Other classifications of UAVs include:## Range and endurance.There are usually five categories when UAVs are classified by range and endurance:## Size.There are usually four categories when UAVs are classified by size, with at least one of the dimensions (length or wingspan) meet the following respective limits:## Weight.Based on their weight, drones can be classified into five categories — nano (weighing up to 250 g), Micro air vehicles (MAV) (250 g – 2 kg), Miniature.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. UAV or small (SUAV) (2–25 kg), medium (25–150 kg), and large (over 150 kg).## Degree of autonomy.Drones could also be classified based on the degree of autonomy in their flight operations. ICAO classifies uncrewed aircraft as either remotely piloted aircraft or fully autonomous. Some UAVs offer intermediate degrees of autonomy. For example, a vehicle may be remotely piloted in most contexts but have an autonomous return-to-base operation. Some aircraft types may optionally fly manned or as UAVs, which may include manned aircraft transformed into uncrewed or Optionally Piloted UAVs (OPVs).## Altitude.Based on the altitude, the following UAV classifications have been.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. Carrier Guidance System (CACGS) for UAVs## Composite criteria.An example of classification based on the composite criteria is U.S. Military's unmanned aerial systems (UAS) classification of UAVs based on weight, maximum altitude and speed of the UAV component.## History.## Early drones.The earliest recorded use of an unmanned aerial vehicle for warfighting occurred in July 1849, with a balloon carrier (the precursor to the aircraft carrier) in the first offensive use of air power in naval aviation. Austrian forces besieging Venice attempted to launch some 200 incendiary balloons at the besieged city. The balloons were launched mainly from land; however, some were.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. also launched from the Austrian ship . At least one bomb fell in the city; however, due to the wind changing after launch, most of the balloons missed their target, and some drifted back over Austrian lines and the launching ship "Vulcano".The Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres y Quevedo introduced a radio-based control-system called the "Telekino" at the Paris Academy of Science in 1903 with the intention of testing an airship of his own design without risking human lives.Significant development of drones started in the 1900s, and originally focused on providing practice targets for training military personnel. The earliest attempt at.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. a powered UAV was A. M. Low's "Aerial Target" in 1916. Low confirmed that Geoffrey de Havilland's monoplane was the one that flew under control on 21 March 1917 using his radio system. Following this successful demonstration in the spring of 1917 Low was transferred to develop aircraft controlled fast motor launches D.C.B.s with the Royal Navy in 1918 intended to attack shipping and port installations and he also assisted Wing Commander Brock in preparations for the Zeebrugge Raid. Other British unmanned developments followed, leading to the fleet of over 400 de Havilland 82 Queen Bee aerial targets that went.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. in the late 1930s.## World War II.In 1940 Denny started the Radioplane Company and more models emerged during World War II used both to train antiaircraft gunners and to fly attack-missions. Nazi Germany produced and used various UAV aircraft during the war, like the Argus As 292 and the V-1 flying bomb with a jet engine.## Postwar period.After World War II development continued in vehicles such as the American JB-4 (using television/radio-command guidance), the Australian GAF Jindivik and Teledyne Ryan Firebee I of 1951, while companies like Beechcraft offered their Model 1001 for the U.S. Navy in 1955. Nevertheless, they.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. were little more than remote-controlled airplanes until the Vietnam War.In 1959 the U.S. Air Force, concerned about losing pilots over hostile territory, began planning for the use of uncrewed aircraft. Planning intensified after the Soviet Union shot down a U-2 in 1960. Within days, a highly-classified UAV program started under the code name of "Red Wagon". The August 1964 clash in the Tonkin Gulf between naval units of the U.S. and the North Vietnamese Navy initiated America's highly-classified UAVs (Ryan Model 147, Ryan AQM-91 Firefly, Lockheed D-21) into their first combat missions of the Vietnam War. When the Chinese government.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. showed photographs of downed U.S. UAVs via "Wide World Photos", the official U.S. response was "no comment".During the War of Attrition (1967–1970) in the Middle East, Israeli intelligence tested the first tactical UAVs installed with reconnaissance cameras, which successfully returned photos from across the Suez Canal. This was the first time that tactical UAVs that could be launched and landed on any short runway (unlike the heavier jet-based UAVs) were developed and tested in battle.In the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israel used UAVs as decoys to spur opposing forces into wasting expensive anti-aircraft missiles. After the 1973 Yom Kippur war,.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. a few key people from the team that developed this early UAV joined a small startup company that aimed to develop UAVs into a commercial product, eventually purchased by Tadiran and leading to the development of the first Israeli UAV.In 1973 the U.S. military officially confirmed that they had been using UAVs in Southeast Asia (Vietnam). Over 5,000 U.S. airmen had been killed and over 1,000 more were missing or captured. The USAF 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing flew about 3,435 UAV missions during the war at a cost of about 554 UAVs lost to all causes. In the words of.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. USAF General George S. Brown, Commander, Air Force Systems Command, in 1972, "The only reason we need (UAVs) is that we don't want to needlessly expend the man in the cockpit." Later that year, General John C. Meyer, Commander in Chief, Strategic Air Command, stated, "we let the drone do the high-risk flying ... the loss rate is high, but we are willing to risk more of them ...they save lives!"During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Soviet-supplied surface-to-air missile-batteries in Egypt and Syria caused heavy damage to Israeli fighter jets. As a result, Israel developed the IAI Scout as the.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. first UAV with real-time surveillance. The images and radar decoys provided by these UAVs helped Israel to completely neutralize the Syrian air defenses at the start of the 1982 Lebanon War, resulting in no pilots downed. In Israel in 1987, UAVs were first used as proof-of-concept of super-agility, post-stall controlled flight in combat-flight simulations that involved tailless, stealth-technology-based, three-dimensional thrust vectoring flight-control, and jet-steering.## Modern UAVs.With the maturing and miniaturization of applicable technologies in the 1980s and 1990s, interest in UAVs grew within the higher echelons of the U.S. military. In the 1990s, the U.S. DoD gave a contract to.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. AAI Corporation along with Israeli company Malat. The U.S. Navy bought the AAI Pioneer UAV that AAI and Malat developed jointly. Many of these UAVs saw service in the 1991 Gulf War. UAVs demonstrated the possibility of cheaper, more capable fighting-machines, deployable without risk to aircrews. Initial generations primarily involved surveillance aircraft, but some carried armaments, such as the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, that launched AGM-114 Hellfire air-to-ground missiles.CAPECON, a European Union project to develop UAVs, ran from 1 May 2002 to 31 December 2005. the United States Air Force (USAF) employed 7,494 UAVs almost one in three USAF aircraft.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. The Central Intelligence Agency also operated UAVs. By 2013 at least 50 countries used UAVs. China, Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Turkey, and others designed and built their own varieties. The use of drones has continued to increase. Due to their wide proliferation, no comprehensive list of UAV systems exists.The development of smart technologies and improved electrical-power systems led to a parallel increase in the use of drones for consumer and general aviation activities. As of 2021, quadcopter drones exemplify the widespread popularity of hobby radio-controlled aircraft and toys, however the use of UAVs in commercial and general aviation is limited by.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. a lack of autonomy and by new regulatory environments which require line-of-sight contact with the pilot.In 2020 a Kargu 2 drone hunted down and attacked a human target in Libya, according to a report from the UN Security Council's Panel of Experts on Libya, published in March 2021. This may have been the first time an autonomous killer-robot armed with lethal weaponry attacked human beings.Superior drone technology played a role in Azerbaijan's successes in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war against Armenia.UAVs are also used in NASA missions. The Dragonfly spacecraft is being developed, and is aiming to reach and examine Saturn's.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. moon Titan. Its primary goal is to roam around the surface, expanding the amount of area to be researched previously seen by Landers. As a UAV, Dragonfly allows examination of potentially diverse types of soil. The drone is set to launch in 2027, and is estimated to take a seven more years to reach the Saturnian system.## Design.Crewed and uncrewed aircraft of the same type generally have recognizably similar physical components. The main exceptions are the cockpit and environmental control system or life support systems. Some UAVs carry payloads (such as a camera) that weigh considerably less than an adult.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. human, and as a result, can be considerably smaller. Though they carry heavy payloads, weaponized military UAVs are lighter than their crewed counterparts with comparable armaments.Small civilian UAVs have no life-critical systems, and can thus be built out of lighter but less sturdy materials and shapes, and can use less robustly tested electronic control systems. For small UAVs, the quadcopter design has become popular, though this layout is rarely used for crewed aircraft. Miniaturization means that less-powerful propulsion technologies can be used that are not feasible for crewed aircraft, such as small electric motors and batteries.Control systems for UAVs are.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. often different than crewed craft. For remote human control, a camera and video link almost always replace the cockpit windows; radio-transmitted digital commands replace physical cockpit controls. Autopilot software is used on both crewed and uncrewed aircraft, with varying feature sets.## Aircraft configuration.The primary difference from manned aeroplanes is the lack of need for a cockpit area and its windows. However some types are adapted from piloted examples, or are designed for optional piloted or unmanned operational modes. Air safety is also less of a critical requirement for unmanned aircraft, allowing the designer greater freedom to experiment. These two factors.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. have led to a great variety of airframe and engine configurations in UAVs.For conventional flight the flying wing and blended wing body offer light weight combined with low drag and stealth, and are popular configurations. Larger types which carry a variable payload are more likely to feature a distinct fuselage with a tail for stability, control and trim, although the wing configurations in use vary widely.For vertical flight, the tailless quadcopter requires a relatively simple control system and is common for smaller UAVs. However the mechanism does not scale well to larger aircraft, which tend to use a conventional single.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. rotor with collective and cyclic pitch control, along with a stabilising tail rotor.## Propulsion.Traditional internal combustion and jet engines remain in use for drones requiring long range. However for shorter-range missions electric power has almost entirely taken over. The distance record for a UAV (built from balsa wood and mylar skin) across the North Atlantic Ocean is held by a gasoline model airplane or UAV. Manard Hill "in 2003 when one of his creations flew 1,882 miles across the Atlantic Ocean on less than a gallon of fuel" holds this record.Besides the traditional piston engine, the Wankel rotary engine is.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. used by some drones. This type offers high power output for lower weight, with quieter and more vibration-free running. Claims have also been made for improved reliability and greater range.Small drones mostly use lithium-polymer batteries (Li-Po), while some larger vehicles have adopted the a hydrogen fuel cell. The energy density of modern Li-Po batteries is far less than gasoline or hydrogen. However electric motors are cheaper, lighter and quieter. Complex multi-engine, multi-propeller installations are under development with the goal of improving aerodynamic and propulsive efficiency. For such complex power installations, Battery elimination circuitry (BEC) may be used to centralize power.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. distribution and minimize heating, under the control of a microcontroller unit (MCU).## Ornithopters – wing propulsion.Flapping-wing ornithopters, imitating birds or insects, have been flown as microUAVs. Their inherent stealth recommends them for spy missions.Sub-1g microUAVs inspired by flies, albeit using a power tether, have been able to "land" on vertical surfaces. Other projects mimic the flight of beetles and other insects.## Computer control systems.UAV computing capability followed the advances of computing technology, beginning with analog controls and evolving into microcontrollers, then system-on-a-chip (SOC) and single-board computers (SBC).System hardware for small UAVs is often called the flight controller (FC), flight controller.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. board (FCB) or autopilot.## Architecture.## Sensors.Position and movement sensors give information about the aircraft state. Exteroceptive sensors deal with external information like distance measurements, while exproprioceptive ones correlate internal and external states.Non-cooperative sensors are able to detect targets autonomously so they are used for separation assurance and collision avoidance.Degrees of freedom (DOF) refers to both the amount and quality of sensors on board: 6 DOF implies 3-axis gyroscopes and accelerometers (a typical inertial measurement unit IMU), 9 DOF refers to an IMU plus a compass, 10 DOF adds a barometer and 11 DOF usually adds a GPS receiver.## Actuators.UAV actuators.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. include digital electronic speed controllers (which control the RPM of the motors) linked to motors/engines and propellers, servomotors (for planes and helicopters mostly), weapons, payload actuators, LEDs and speakers.## Software.UAV software called the flight stack or autopilot. The purpose of the flight stack is to obtain data from sensors, control motors to ensure UAV stability, and facilitate ground control and mission planning communication.UAVs are real-time systems that require rapid response to changing sensor data. As a result, UAVs rely on single-board computers for their computational needs. Examples of such single-board computers include Raspberry Pis, Beagleboards, etc. shielded with NavIO, PXFMini,.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. etc. or designed from scratch such as NuttX, preemptive-RT Linux, Xenomai, Orocos-Robot Operating System or DDS-ROS 2.0.Civil-use open-source stacks include: Agilicious (also open-source hardware) ArduCopter CrazyFlie KKMultiCopter MultiWii BaseFlight (forked from MultiWii) CleanFlight (forked from BaseFlight) BetaFlight (forked from CleanFlight) iNav (forked from CleanFlight) RaceFlight (forked from CleanFlight) OpenPilot dRonin (forked from OpenPilot) LibrePilot (forked from OpenPilot) TauLabs (forked from OpenPilot) Paparazzi PX4 autopilot DroneCode (Umbrella organization managing PX4 within the Linux Foundation)Due to the open-source nature of UAV software, they can be customized to fit specific applications. For example, researchers from the Technical University of Košice have replaced the.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. default control algorithm of the PX4 autopilot. This flexibility and collaborative effort has led to a large number of different open-source stacks, some of which are forked from others, such as CleanFlight, which is forked from BaseFlight and from which three other stacks are forked from.## Loop principles.UAVs employ open-loop, closed-loop or hybrid control architectures. Open loop This type provides a positive control signal (faster, slower, left, right, up, down) without incorporating feedback from sensor data. Closed loop This type incorporates sensor feedback to adjust behavior (reduce speed to reflect tailwind, move to altitude 300 feet). The PID controller is.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. common. Sometimes, feedforward is employed, transferring the need to close the loop further.## Communications.UAVs use a radio for control and exchange of video and other data. Early UAVs had only narrowband uplink. Downlinks came later. These bi-directional narrowband radio links carried command and control (C&C) and telemetry data about the status of aircraft systems to the remote operator.In most modern UAV applications, video transmission is required. So instead of having separate links for C&C, telemetry and video traffic, a broadband link is used to carry all types of data. These broadband links can leverage quality of service techniques and carry.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. TCP/IP traffic that can be routed over the Internet.The radio signal from the operator side can be issued from either: Ground control – a human operating a radio transmitter/receiver, a smartphone, a tablet, a computer, or the original meaning of a military ground control station (GCS). Remote network system, such as satellite duplex data links for some military powers. Downstream digital video over mobile networks has also entered consumer markets, while direct UAV control uplink over the cellular mesh and LTE have been demonstrated and are in trials. Another aircraft, serving as a relay or mobile control station military manned-unmanned.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. teaming (MUM-T).Modern networking standards have explicitly considered drones and therefore include optimizations. The 5G standard has mandated reduced user plane latency to 1ms while using ultra-reliable and low-latency communications.## Autonomy.The level of autonomy in UAVs varies widely. UAV manufacturers often build in specific autonomous operations, such as: Self-level: attitude stabilization on the pitch and roll axes. Altitude hold: The aircraft maintains its altitude using barometric pressure and/or GPS data. Hover/position hold: Keep level pitch and roll, stable yaw heading and altitude while maintaining position using GNSS or inertial sensors. Headless mode: Pitch control relative to the position of the pilot.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. Performance considerations.## Flight envelope.UAVs can be programmed to perform aggressive maneuvers or landing/perching on inclined surfaces, and then to climb toward better communication spots. Some UAVs can control flight with varying flight modelisation, such as VTOL designs.UAVs can also implement perching on a flat vertical surface.## Endurance.UAV endurance is not constrained by the physiological capabilities of a human pilot.Because of their small size, low weight, low vibration and high power to weight ratio, Wankel rotary engines are used in many large UAVs. Their engine rotors cannot seize; the engine is not susceptible to shock-cooling during descent and it does not.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. require an enriched fuel mixture for cooling at high power. These attributes reduce fuel usage, increasing range or payload.Proper drone cooling is essential for long-term drone endurance. Overheating and subsequent engine failure is the most common cause of drone failure.Hydrogen fuel cells, using hydrogen power, may be able to extend the endurance of small UAVs, up to several hours.Micro air vehicles endurance is so far best achieved with flapping-wing UAVs, followed by planes and multirotors standing last, due to lower Reynolds number.Solar-electric UAVs, a concept originally championed by the AstroFlight Sunrise in 1974, have achieved flight times of several weeks.Solar-powered.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. atmospheric satellites ("atmosats") designed for operating at altitudes exceeding 20 km (12 miles, or 60,000 feet) for as long as five years could potentially perform duties more economically and with more versatility than low Earth orbit satellites. Likely applications include weather monitoring, disaster recovery, Earth imaging and communications.Electric UAVs powered by microwave power transmission or laser power beaming are other potential endurance solutions.Another application for a high endurance UAV would be to "stare" at a battlefield for a long interval (ARGUS-IS, Gorgon Stare, Integrated Sensor Is Structure) to record events that could then be played backwards to track battlefield activities.##.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. Reliability.Reliability improvements target all aspects of UAV systems, using resilience engineering and fault tolerance techniques.Individual reliability covers robustness of flight controllers, to ensure safety without excessive redundancy to minimize cost and weight. Besides, dynamic assessment of flight envelope allows damage-resilient UAVs, using non-linear analysis with ad hoc designed loops or neural networks. UAV software liability is bending toward the design and certifications of crewed avionics software.Swarm resilience involves maintaining operational capabilities and reconfiguring tasks given unit failures.## Applications.In recent years, autonomous drones have begun to transform various application areas as they can fly beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) while.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. maximizing production, reducing costs and risks, ensuring site safety, security and regulatory compliance, and protecting the human workforce in times of a pandemic. They can also be used for consumer-related missions like package delivery, as demonstrated by Amazon Prime Air, and critical deliveries of health supplies.There are numerous civilian, commercial, military, and aerospace applications for UAVs. These include:General: Recreation, Disaster relief, archeology, conservation of biodiversity and habitat, law enforcement, crime, and terrorism. Commercial: Aerial surveillance, filmmaking, journalism, scientific research, surveying, cargo transport, mining, manufacturing, Forestry, solar farming, thermal energy, ports and agriculture.## Warfare.With extensive cost reductions and advancements in the.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. UAVs technology, the defense forces around the globe are increasingly using these for various applications such as surveillance, logistics, communication, attack and combat.As of 2020, seventeen countries have armed UAVs, and more than 100 countries use UAVs in a military capacity. The global military UAV market is dominated by companies based in the United States, Turkey, China, Israel and Iran. By sale numbers, the US held over 60% military-market share in 2017. Top military UAV manufactures are including General Atomics, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, Boeing, Baykar, TAI, IAIO, CASC and CAIG. China has established and expanded its presence in military.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. UAV market since 2010. Turkey also established and expanded its presence in military UAV market.Of the 18 countries that are known to have received military drones between 2010 to 2019, the top 12 all purchased their drones from China. According to a report of 2015, Israeli companies mainly focus on small surveillance UAV systems and by quantity of drones, Israel exported 60.7% (2014) of UAV on the market while the United States export 23.9% (2014). Between 2010 and 2014, there were 439 drones exchanged compared to 322 in the five years previous to that, among these only small fraction of.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. overall trade – just 11 (2.5%) of the 439 are armed drones. The US alone operated over 9,000 military UAVs in 2014; among them more than 7000 are RQ-11 Raven miniature UAVs. General Atomics is the dominant manufacturer with the Global Hawk and Predator/Mariner systems product-line.For intelligence and reconnaissance missions, the inherent stealth of micro UAV flapping-wing ornithopters, imitating birds or insects, offers potential for covert surveillance and makes them difficult targets to bring down.UAVs are used for reconnaissance, attack, demining, and target practice.## Civil.The civilian (commercial and general) drone market is dominated by Chinese companies. Chinese drone manufacturer DJI.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. alone had 74% of the civil market share in 2018, with no other company accounting for more than 5%, and with $11 billion forecast global sales in 2020. Following increased scrutiny of its activities, the US Interior Department grounded its fleet of DJI drones in 2020, while the Justice Department prohibited the use of federal funds for the purchase of DJI and other foreign made UAVs. DJI is followed by Chinese company Yuneec, US company 3D Robotics and French company Parrot with a significant gap in market share. As of May 2021, 873,576 UAVs have been registered with the US.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. FAA, of which 42% are categorized as commercial drones and 58% as recreational drones. 2018 NPD point to consumers increasingly purchasing drones with more advanced features with 33 percent growth in both the $500+ and $1000+ market segments.The civil UAV market is relatively new compared to the military one. Companies are emerging in both developed and developing nations at the same time. Many early stage startups have received support and funding from investors as is the case in the United States and by government agencies as is the case in India. Some universities offer research and training programs or degrees.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. Private entities also provide online and in-person training programs for both recreational and commercial UAV use.Consumer drones are also widely used by military organizations worldwide because of the cost-effective nature of consumer product. In 2018, Israeli military started to use DJI Mavic and Matrice series of UAV for light reconnaissance mission since the civil drones are easier to use and have higher reliability. DJI drones is also the most widely used commercial unmanned aerial system that the US Army has employed. DJI surveillance drones have also been used by Chinese police in Xinjiang since 2017.The global UAV market will reach.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. US$21.47 billion, with the Indian market touching the US$885.7 million mark, by 2021.Lighted drones are beginning to be used in nighttime displays for artistic and advertising purposes.## Aerial photography.Drones are ideally suited to capturing aerial shots in photography and cinematography, and are widely used for this purpose. Small drones avoid the need for precise coordination between pilot and cameraman, with the same person taking on both roles. However, big drones with professional cine cameras, there is usually a drone pilot and a camera operator who controls camera angle and lens. For example, the AERIGON cinema drone which is used in.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. film production in big blockbuster movies is operated by 2 people. Drones provide access to dangerous, remote or otherwise inaccessible sites.## Agriculture and forestry.As global demand for food production grows exponentially, resources are depleted, farmland is reduced, and agricultural labor is increasingly in short supply, there is an urgent need for more convenient and smarter agricultural solutions than traditional methods, and the agricultural drone and robotics industry is expected to make progress. Agricultural drones have been used in areas such as Africa to help build sustainable agriculture.The use of UAVs is also being investigated to help detect and fight wildfires,.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. whether through observation or launching pyrotechnic devices to start backfires.## Law enforcement.Police can use drones for applications such as search and rescue and traffic monitoring.## Safety and security.## Threats.## Nuisance.UAVs can threaten airspace security in numerous ways, including unintentional collisions or other interference with other aircraft, deliberate attacks or by distracting pilots or flight controllers. The first incident of a drone-airplane collision occurred in mid-October 2017 in Quebec City, Canada. The first recorded instance of a drone collision with a hot air balloon occurred on 10 August 2018 in Driggs, Idaho, United States; although there was no significant damage to.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. the balloon nor any injuries to its 3 occupants, the balloon pilot reported the incident to the National Transportation Safety Board, stating that "I hope this incident helps create a conversation of respect for nature, the airspace, and rules and regulations". Unauthorized UAV flights into or near major airports have prompted extended shutdowns of commercial flights.Drones caused significant disruption at Gatwick Airport during December 2018, needing the deployment of the British Army.In the United States, flying close to a wildfire is punishable by a maximum $25,000 fine. Nonetheless, in 2014 and 2015, firefighting air support in California was hindered on.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. several occasions, including at the Lake Fire and the North Fire. In response, California legislators introduced a bill that would allow firefighters to disable UAVs which invaded restricted airspace. The FAA later required registration of most UAVs.## Security vulnerabilities.By 2017, drones were being used to drop contraband into prisons.The interest in UAVs cyber security has been raised greatly after the Predator UAV video stream hijacking incident in 2009, where Islamic militants used cheap, off-the-shelf equipment to stream video feeds from a UAV. Another risk is the possibility of hijacking or jamming a UAV in flight. Several security researchers have made.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. public some vulnerabilities in commercial UAVs, in some cases even providing full source code or tools to reproduce their attacks. At a workshop on UAVs and privacy in October 2016, researchers from the Federal Trade Commission showed they were able to hack into three different consumer quadcopters and noted that UAV manufacturers can make their UAVs more secure by the basic security measures of encrypting the Wi-Fi signal and adding password protection.## Aggression.UAVs could be loaded with dangerous payloads, and crashed into vulnerable targets. Payloads could include explosives, chemical, radiological or biological hazards. UAVs with generally non-lethal payloads could possibly.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. be hacked and put to malicious purposes. Anti-UAV systems are being developed by states to counter this threat. This is, however, proving difficult. As Dr J. Rogers stated in an interview to A&T "There is a big debate out there at the moment about what the best way is to counter these small UAVs, whether they are used by hobbyists causing a bit of a nuisance or in a more sinister manner by a terrorist actor".## Countermeasures.## Counter unmanned air system.The malicious use of UAVs has led to the development of counter unmanned air system (C-UAS) technologies. Automatic tracking and.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. detection of UAVs from commercial cameras have become accurate thanks to the development of deep learning based machine learning algorithms. It is also possible to automatically identify UAVs across different cameras with different view points and hardware specification with re-identification methods. Commercial solutions such as the Aaronia AARTOS have been installed on major international airports. Anti-aircraft missile systems such as the Iron Dome are also being enhanced with C-UAS technologies. Utilising a smart UAV swarm to counter one or more hostile UAVs is also proposed.## Regulation.Regulatory bodies around the world are developing unmanned aircraft system traffic management solutions to better.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. integrate UAVs into airspace.The use of unmanned aerial vehicles is becoming increasingly regulated by the civil aviation authorities of individual countries. Regulatory regimes can differ significantly according to drone size and use. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) began exploring the use of drone technology as far back as 2005, which resulted in a 2011 report. France was among the first countries to set a national framework based on this report and larger aviation bodies such as the FAA and the EASA quickly followed suit. In 2021, the FAA published a rule requiring all commercially-used UAVs and all UAVs regardless.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. of intent weighing 250g or more to participate in Remote ID, which makes drone locations, controller locations, and other information public from takeoff to shutdown; this rule has since been challenged in the pending federal lawsuit "RaceDayQuads v. FAA".## Export controls.The export of UAVs or technology capable of carrying a 500 kg payload at least 300 km is restricted in many countries by the Missile Technology Control Regime. List of unmanned aerial vehicles Delivery drone Drone in a Box International Aerial Robotics Competition List of films featuring drones Micromechanical Flying Insect ParcAberporth Quadcopter Radio-controlled aircraft Satellite Sentinel Project Tactical Control.

Unmanned aerial vehicle. System UAV ground control station Unmanned underwater vehicleAxe, David. "Drone War Vietnam." Pen & Sword, Military. Great Britain. (2021). ISBN 978 1 52677 026 4 Hill, J., & Rogers, A. (2014). "". "Vancouver Island University Arts & Humanities Colloquium Series". Rogers, A., & Hill, J. (2014). "Unmanned: Drone warfare and global security". Between the Lines. How Intelligent Drones Are Shaping the Future of Warfare, "Rolling Stone Magazine.


Question: What is the vertex figure of this object?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Tetrahedron. of a tetrahedron the base is a triangle (any of the four faces can be considered the base), so a tetrahedron is also known as a "triangular pyramid".Like all convex polyhedra, a tetrahedron can be folded from a single sheet of paper. It has two such nets.For any tetrahedron there exists a sphere (called the circumsphere) on which all four vertices lie, and another sphere (the insphere) tangent to the tetrahedron's faces.## Regular tetrahedron.A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron in which all four faces are equilateral triangles. It is one of the five regular Platonic solids, which have been known.

Tetrahedron. edge of the base. This follows from the fact that the medians of a triangle intersect at its centroid, and this point divides each of them in two segments, one of which is twice as long as the other (see ).For a regular tetrahedron with side length "a", radius "R" of its circumscribing sphere, and distances "di" from an arbitrary point in 3-space to its four vertices, we haveformula_7## Isometries of the regular tetrahedron.The vertices of a cube can be grouped into two groups of four, each forming a regular tetrahedron (see above, and also , showing one of the.

Tetrahedron. with four congruent triangles as faces; the triangles necessarily have all angles acute. The regular tetrahedron is a special case of a disphenoid. Other names for the same shape include bisphenoid, isosceles tetrahedron and equifacial tetrahedron.## Orthoschemes.A 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron where all four faces are right triangles. An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular. In a 3-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of three perpendicular edges connecting all four vertices in a linear path that makes two right-angled turns. The 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron having two.

Tetrahedron. its characteristic tetrahedron by its planes of symmetry.If the tetrahedron has edge length 2, its characteristic tetrahedron's six edges have lengths , , (the exterior right triangle face, the "characteristic triangle" of the tetrahedron), plus , , (edges that are the "characteristic radii" of the tetrahedron). The 3-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is , , , first from a tetrahedron vertex to an tetrahedron edge center, then turning 90° to an tetrahedron face center, then turning 90° to the tetrahedron center. The orthoscheme has four dissimilar right triangle faces. The exterior face is a 30-60-90 triangle which.

Tetrahedron. is one-sixth of a tetrahedron face. The three faces interior to the tetrahedron are: a right triangle with edges , , , a right triangle with edges , , , and a right triangle with edges , , .## Space-filling tetrahedra.A space-filling tetrahedron packs with directly congruent or enantiomorphous (mirror image) copies of itself to tile space. The cube can be dissected into six 3-orthoschemes, three left-handed and three right-handed (one of each at each cube face), and cubes can fill space, so the characteristic 3-orthoscheme of the cube is a space-filling tetrahedron in this sense. A disphenoid can be.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. as calculated here. Then another volume formula is given byformula_25## Properties analogous to those of a triangle.The tetrahedron has many properties analogous to those of a triangle, including an insphere, circumsphere, medial tetrahedron, and exspheres. It has respective centers such as incenter, circumcenter, excenters, Spieker center and points such as a centroid. However, there is generally no orthocenter in the sense of intersecting altitudes.Gaspard Monge found a center that exists in every tetrahedron, now known as the Monge point: the point where the six midplanes of a tetrahedron intersect. A midplane is defined as a plane that is orthogonal to.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. face.The radius of the twelve-point sphere is one third of the circumradius of the reference tetrahedron.There is a relation among the angles made by the faces of a general tetrahedron given byformula_26where "α" is the angle between the faces "i" and "j".The geometric median of the vertex position coordinates of a tetrahedron and its isogonic center are associated, under circumstances analogous to those observed for a triangle. Lorenz Lindelöf found that, corresponding to any given tetrahedron is a point now known as an isogonic center, "O", at which the solid angles subtended by the faces are equal, having a common.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. of the tetrahedron.With this definition, the circumcenter of a tetrahedron with vertices ,, can be formulated as matrix-vector product:formula_35In contrast to the centroid, the circumcenter may not always lay on the inside of a tetrahedron.Analogously to an obtuse triangle, the circumcenter is outside of the object for an obtuse tetrahedron.## Centroid.The tetrahedron's center of mass computes as the arithmetic mean of its four vertices, see Centroid.## Faces.The sum of the areas of any three faces is greater than the area of the fourth face.## Integer tetrahedra.There exist tetrahedra having integer-valued edge lengths, face areas and volume. These are called Heronian.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Platanthera ciliaris. Platanthera ciliaris, commonly known as the yellow fringed orchid, yellow-fringed orchid, or orange-fringed orchid, is a large and showy species of orchid. It grows in "acid soil of hillside seepage bogs" in the longleaf pine landscapes of the Gulf Coast of the United States. Like many species in these habitats, including flatwoods, it is dependent upon recurring fire to create open conditions. Further north it is found in bogs, but even here it may be dependent upon fire to create open conditions.It is pollinated by large butterflies, mostly swallowtails.The species is at risk in some areas from loss of habitat.

Platanthera ciliaris. and collecting. For example, it is endangered in Michigan. It has been recorded from extreme southern Ontario, but is now thought to be extirpated.