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Pontederia crassipes. Pontederia crassipes (formerly "Eichhornia crassipes"), commonly known as common water hyacinth is an aquatic plant native to South America, naturalized throughout the world, and often invasive outside its native range. It is the sole species of the subgenus "Oshunae" within the genus "Pontederia". Anecdotally, it is known as the "terror of Bengal" due to its invasive growth tendencies.## Description.Water hyacinth is a free-floating perennial aquatic plant (or hydrophyte) native to tropical and sub-tropical South America. With broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves, water hyacinth may rise above the surface of the water as much as 1 (m) in height. The leaves.

Pontederia crassipes. are 10–20 (cm) across on a stem which is floating by means of buoyant bulb-like nodules at its base above the water surface. They have long, spongy and bulbous stalks. The feathery, freely hanging roots are purple-black. An erect stalk supports a single spike of 8–15 conspicuously attractive flowers, mostly lavender to pink in colour with six petals. When not in bloom, water hyacinth may be mistaken for frog's-bit ("Limnobium spongia") or Amazon frogbit ("Limnobium laevigatum").One of the fastest-growing plants known, water hyacinth reproduces primarily by way of runners or stolons, which eventually form daughter plants. Each plant additionally can.

Pontederia crassipes. produce thousands of seeds each year, and these seeds can remain viable for more than 28 years. The common water hyacinth ("Pontederia crassipes") are vigorous growers and mats can double in size in one to two weeks. And in terms of plant count rather than size, they are said to multiply by more than a hundredfold in number, in a matter of 23 days.In their native range, these flowers are pollinated by long-tongued bees and they can reproduce both sexually and clonally. The invasiveness of the hyacinth is related to its ability to clone itself and large patches are likely.

Pontederia crassipes. to all be part of the same genetic form.Water hyacinth has three flower morphs and is termed "tristylous". The flower morphs are named for the length of their pistil: long, medium and short. Tristylous populations are however limited to the native lowland South America range of water hyacinth; in the introduced range, the M-morph prevails, with the L-morph occurring occasionally and the S-morph is absent altogether. This geographical distribution of the floral morphs indicates that founder events have played a prominent role in the species' worldwide spread.## Habitat and ecology.Its habitat ranges from tropical desert to subtropical or warm temperate.

Pontederia crassipes. desert to rainforest zones. The temperature tolerance of the water hyacinth is the following; its minimum growth temperature is 12 (C); its optimum growth temperature is 25 - 30 (C); its maximum growth temperature is 33 - 35 (C), and its pH tolerance is estimated at 5.0–7.5. Leaves are killed by frost and plants do not tolerate water temperatures > 34 (C). Water hyacinths do not grow where the average salinity is greater than 15% that of sea water (around 5 g salt per kg). In brackish water, its leaves show epinasty and chlorosis, and eventually die. Rafts of harvested.

Pontederia crassipes. water hyacinth have been floated to the sea where it is killed."Azotobacter chroococcum", a species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, is probably concentrated around the bases of the petioles, but the bacteria do not fix nitrogen unless the plant is suffering extreme nitrogen deficiency.Fresh plants contain prickly crystals. This plant is reported to contain hydrogen cyanide, alkaloids, and triterpenoids, and may induce itching. Plants sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid may accumulate lethal doses of nitrates, and other harmful elements in polluted environments.## Invasive species.Water hyacinth grows and reproduces quickly, so it can cover large portions of ponds and lakes. Particularly vulnerable are bodies.

Pontederia crassipes. of water that have already been affected by human activities, such as artificial reservoirs or eutrophied lakes that receive large amounts of nutrients. It outcompetes native aquatic plants, both floating and submerged. In 2011, Wu Fuqin et al. tracked the results of Yunnan Dianchi Lake and also showed that water hyacinth could affect the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, submerged plants and algae by water environment quality and inhibit its growth. The decay process depletes dissolved oxygen in the water, often killing fish.Water hyacinth can absorb a large amount of harmful heavy metals and other substances. After death, it will rot and.

Pontederia crassipes. sink to the bottom of the water, causing secondary pollution to the water body, destroying the natural water quality, and may even affect the quality of residents' drinking water in severe cases. Water where water hyacinth grows heavily is often a breeding place for disease vectors (e.g. mosquitoes and snails) and harmful pathogens, posing a potential threat to the health of local residents. On the other hand, water hyacinth can also provide a food source for goldfish, keep water clean and help to provide oxygen.The invasion of water hyacinth also has socioeconomic consequences. Since water hyacinth is comprised up of.

Pontederia crassipes. 95% water, the evapotranspiration rate is high. As such, small lakes that have been covered with the species can dry out and leave communities without adequate water or food supply. In some areas, dense mats of water hyacinth prevents the use of a waterway, leading to the loss of transportation (both human and cargo) as well as a loss of fishing possibilities. Large sums of money are allocated to the removal of water hyacinth from the water bodies as well as figuring out how to destroy the remains harvested. Harvesting water hyacinth mechanically requires a lot of effort. A million.

Pontederia crassipes. tons of fresh biomass would require 75 trucks with a capacity of 40m^3, per day, for 365 days to get rid of a million tons of water hyacinth. The water hyacinth would then be transferred to a dumping site and allowed to decompose which releases CO2, CH4 and nitrogen oxides which would all negatively impact the air quality and contribute to global warming.Water hyacinth has been widely introduced in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and New Zealand. In many areas, it has become an important and pernicious invasive species. In New Zealand, it is listed on the National Pest.

Pontederia crassipes. Plant Accord, which prevents it from being propagated, distributed, or sold. In large water areas such as Louisiana, the Kerala Backwaters in India, Tonlé Sap in Cambodia, and Lake Victoria, it has become a serious pest. The common water hyacinth has become an invasive plant species on Lake Victoria in Africa after it was introduced into the area in the 1980s.## United States.## Introduction into the U.S..Various accounts are given as to how the water hyacinth was introduced to the United States.The claim that the water hyacinth was introduced to the U.S. in 1884 at the World's Fair in New.

Pontederia crassipes. Orleans, also known as the World Cotton Centennial, has been characterized as the "first authentic account", as well as "local legend".At some time, versions of the "legend" asserted that the plants had been given away as a gift by a Japanese delegation at the fair. This claim is absent in a pertinent article published in a military engineer's trade journal dating to 1940, but appears in a piece penned in 1941 by the director of the wildlife and fisheries division at the Louisiana Department of Conservation, where the author writes, "the Japanese government maintained a Japanese building" at the fair,.

Pontederia crassipes. and the "Japanese staff imported from Venezuela considerable numbers of water hyacinth, which were given away as souvenirs". The claim has been repeated by later writers, with various shifts in the details. Thus NAS fellow Noel D. Vietmeyer (1975) wrote that "Japanese entrepreneurs" introduced the plant into the U.S., and the plants had been "collected from the Orinoco River in Venezuela", and the claim was echoed along the same gist by a pair of NASA researchers (), who asserted that the souvenir plants were carelessly dumped in various waterways. Canadian biologist Spencer C. H. Barrett (2004) meanwhile favored the theory.

Pontederia crassipes. they were first cultivated in garden ponds, after which they multiplied and escaped to the environs. The account gains a different detail as told by children's story-teller Carole Marsh (1992), who says "Japan gave away water hyacinth seeds" during the exposition, and another Southern raconteur, Gaspar J. "Buddy" Stall (1998) assured his readership that the Japanese gave each family a package of those seeds.One paper has also inquired into the role which catalog sales of seeds and plants may have played in the dissemination of invasive plants. It has been found that "P. crassipes" was offered in the 1884 issue.

Pontederia crassipes. of Bordentown, New Jersey-based Edmund D. Sturtevant's "Catalogue of rare water lilies and other choice aquatic plants", and of Germany has offered the plant since 1864 (since the firm was founded). By 1895, it was offered by seed-purveyors in the states of NJ, NY, California, and Florida.The "Harper's Weekly" magazine (1895) printed an anecdotal account stating that a certain man from New Orleans collected and brought home water hyacinths he collected from Colombia, c. 1892, and the plant proliferated in a matter of 2 years.## Infestation and control in the Southeast.As the hyacinths multiply into mats, they eliminate the presence.

Pontederia crassipes. of fish, and choke waterways for boating and shipping. This effect was well taking hold in the state of Louisiana by the turn of the 20th century.The plant invaded Florida in 1890, and an estimated 50 kg/m2 of the plant mass choked Florida's waterways. The clogging of the St. Johns River was posing a serious threat, and in 1897 the government dispatched a task force of the United States Army Corps of Engineers to solve the water hyacinth problem plaguing the Gulf states such as Florida and Louisiana.Thus in the early 20th century, the U.S. War Department (i.e., the Army.

Pontederia crassipes. Corps of Engineers) tested various means of eradicating the plants, including the jet-streaming of steam and hot water, application of various strong acids, and application of petroleum followed by incineration. Spraying with saturated salt solution (but not dilute solutions) effectively killed the plants; unfortunately this was considered prohibitively expensive, and the engineers selected Harvesta brand herbicide, whose active ingredient was arsenic acid, as the optimal cost-effective tool for eradication. This herbicide was used until 1905, when it was substituted with a different, white arsenic based compound. An engineer charged with the spraying did not think the poison to be a.

Pontederia crassipes. matter of concern, stating that the crew of the spraying boat would routinely catch fish from their working areas and consume them. However, spraying had little hope of completely eradicating the water hyacinth, due to the vastness of escaped colonies and the inaccessibility of some of the infested areas, and the engineer suggested that some biological means of control may be needed. In 1910, a bold solution was put forth by the New Foods Society. Their plan was to import and release hippopotamus from Africa into the rivers and bayous of Louisiana. The hippopotamus would then eat the water hyacinth.

Pontederia crassipes. and also produce meat to solve another serious problem at the time, the American meat crisis.Known as the American Hippo bill, H.R. 23621 was introduced by Louisiana Congressman Robert Broussard and debated by the Agricultural Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives. The chief collaborators in the New Foods Society and proponents of Broussard's bill were Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the celebrated American Scout, and Captain Fritz Duquesne, a South African Scout who later became a notorious spy for Germany. Presenting before the Agricultural Committee, Burnham made the point that none of the animals that Americans ate, chickens, pigs, cows,.

Pontederia crassipes. sheep, lambs, were native to the U.S.; all had been imported by European settlers centuries before, so why should Americans hesitate to introduce hippopotamus and other large animals into the American diet? Duquesne, who was born and raised in South Africa, further noted that European settlers on that continent commonly included hippopotamus, ostrich, antelope, and other African wildlife in their diets and suffered no ill effects. The American Hippo bill nearly passed, but fell one vote short.Water hyacinths have also been introduced into waters inhabited by manatees in Florida, for the purpose of bioremediation (cf. §Phytoremediation below) of the waters.

Pontederia crassipes. that have become contaminated and fallen victim to algal blooming. The manatees include the water hyacinth in their diet, but it may not be the food of first choice for them.## Legality of sale and shipment in the United States.In 1956 "E. crassipes" was banned for sale or shipment in the United States, subject to a fine and/or imprisonment. This law was repealed by HR133 [116th Congress (2019-2020)] on 12/27/2020.## Africa.The water hyacinth may have been introduced into Egypt in the late 18th to early 19th century during Muhammad Ali of Egypt's era, but was not recognized as an invasive.

Pontederia crassipes. threat until 1879. The invasion into Egypt is dated between 1879 and 1892 by Brij Gopal. Gopal; Junk; Davis (2000) ", Biodiversity in Wetlands" 2p. 109.</ref>The plant (Afrikaans: "waterhiasint") arguably invaded South Africa in 1910, although earlier dates have been claimed.The plant was introduced by Belgian colonists to Rwanda to beautify their holdings. It then advanced by natural means to Lake Victoria where it was first sighted in 1988. There, without any natural enemies, it has become an ecological plague, suffocating the lake, diminishing the fish reservoir, and hurting the local economies. It impedes access to Kisumu and other harbors.The.

Pontederia crassipes. water hyacinth has also appeared in Ethiopia, where it was first reported in 1965 at the Koka Reservoir and in the Awash River, where the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority has managed to bring it under moderate control at considerable cost of human labor. Other infestations in Ethiopia include many bodies of water in the Gambela Region, the Blue Nile from Lake Tana into Sudan, and Lake Ellen near Alem Tena. By 2018, it has become a serious problem on Lake Tana in Ethiopia.The water hyacinth is also present on the Shire River in the Liwonde National Park in.

Pontederia crassipes. Malawi.## Asia.Water hyacinth was introduced to North America in 1884 and later to Asia, Africa, and Australia. Since there are no natural enemies in the new location, it can multiply quickly and cause disaster.The water hyacinth was introduced to Bengal, India because of its beautiful flowers and shapes of leaves, but turned out to be an invasive weed draining oxygen from the water bodies and resulted in devastation of fish stock. The water hyacinth was referred to as the "(Beautiful) Blue Devil" in Bengal, and "Bengal Terror" elsewhere in India; it was called "German weed" (Bengali: "Germani pana") in Bangladesh.

Pontederia crassipes. out of belief the German Kaiser submarine mission was involved in introducing them at the outbreak of World War I; and called "Japanese trouble" in Sri Lanka, due to the rumor that the British had planted them in order to entice Japanese aircraft to land on the insecure pads.In Bangladesh, projects have begun to utilize water hyacinth for the construction of floating vegetable gardens.Water hyacinth has also invaded the Tonlé Sap lake in Cambodia. An Osmose project in Cambodia is trying to fight it by having local people make baskets from it.The plant entered Japan in 1884 for horticultural appreciation,.

Pontederia crassipes. according to conventional wisdom, but a researcher devoted to the study of the plant has discovered that ukiyo-e artist Utagawa Kunisada (aka Utagawa Toyokuni III, d. 1865) produced a wood-block print featuring the water hyacinth, goldfish, and beautiful women, dated to 1855. The plant is floated on the water surface of filled (glassware) fishbowls, or glazed earthenware waterlily pots (hibachi pots serving as substitute).In the 1930s, water hyacinth was introduced into China as a feed, ornamental plant and sewage control plant, and it was widely planted in the south as an animal feed. Beginning in the 1980s, with the rapid.

Pontederia crassipes. development of China's inland industry, the eutrophication of inland waters has intensified. With the help of its efficient asexual reproduction and environmental adaptation mechanisms, water hyacinth has begun to spread widely in the river basin. The hyacinths blocked the river and hindered the internal water traffic. For example, many waterways in Zhejiang and other provinces were blocked by the rapidly growing water hyacinth. In addition, a large number of water hyacinths floating in the water will block sunlight from entering the water, and its decay consumes a lot of dissolved oxygen in the water, pollutes the water quality, and can.

Pontederia crassipes. kill other aquatic plants. The outbreak of water hyacinth has seriously affected the biodiversity of the local ecosystem and threatened the production, life and health of community residents.In Iraq, water hyacinth which was imported in the 1990s as a decorative plant, caused major problems for water supply systems and fishermen at the Euphrates.## Europe.In 2016, the European Union banned any sales of the water hyacinth in the EU. The species features on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern. This means that not only the sales but also importation, cultivation, or intentional release into the environment are forbidden.

Pontederia crassipes. in the whole of the European Union.## Oceania.In Papua New Guinea, water hyacinth blocked sunlight to other aquatic organisms, created habitat for malaria-carrying mosquitoes, clogged waterways to the point that boats could not get through and reduced the quality of water for purposes such as cooking, washing and drinking. People have lost income or even died due to being unable to travel to get food or medical care, or due to diseases from contaminated water or mosquitoes.## Control.Control depends on the specific conditions of each affected location such as the extent of water hyacinth infestation, regional climate, and proximity to.

Pontederia crassipes. human and wildlife.## Chemical control.Chemical control is the least used out of the three controls of water hyacinth, because of its long-term effects on the environment and human health. The use of herbicides requires strict approval from governmental protection agencies of skilled technician to handle and spray the affected areas. The use of chemical herbicides is only used in case of severe infiltration of water hyacinth. However, the most successful use of herbicides is when it is used for smaller areas of infestation of water hyacinth. This is because in larger areas, more mats of water hyacinths are likely to.

Pontederia crassipes. survive the herbicides and can fragment to further propagate a large area of water hyacinth mats. In addition, it is more cost-effective and less laborious than mechanical control. Yet, it can lead to environmental effects as it can penetrate into the ground water system and can affect not only the hydrological cycle within an ecosystem but also negatively affect the local water system and human health. It is also notable that the use of herbicides is not strictly selective of water hyacinths; keystone species and vital organisms such as microalgae can perish from the toxins and can disrupt fragile food.

Pontederia crassipes. webs.The chemical regulation of water hyacinths can be done using common herbicides such as 2,4-D, glyphosate, and diquat. The herbicides are sprayed on the water hyacinth leaves and leads to direct changes to the physiology of the plant. The use of the herbicide known as 2,4-D leads to the death of water hyacinth through inhibition of cell growth of new tissue and cellular apoptosis. It can take almost a two-week period before mats of water hyacinth are destroyed with 2, 4-D. Between 75000 and 150000 (acre) of water hyacinth and alligator weed are treated annually in Louisiana.The herbicide known as.

Pontederia crassipes. diquat is a liquid bromide salt that can rapidly penetrate the leaves of the water hyacinth and lead to immediate inactivity of plant cells and cellular processes. For the herbicide glyphosate, it has a lower toxicity than the other herbicides; therefore, it takes longer for the water hyacinth mats to be destroyed (about three weeks). The symptoms include steady wilting of the plants and a yellow discoloration of the plant leaves that eventually leads to plant decay.## Physical control.Physical control is performed by land-based machines such as bucket cranes, draglines, or boom or by water based machinery such as aquatic.

Pontederia crassipes. weed harvesters, dredges, or vegetation shredder. Mechanical removal is seen as the best short-term solution to the proliferation of the plant. A project on Lake Victoria in Africa used various pieces of equipment to chop, collect, and dispose of 1500 (ha) of water hyacinth in a 12-month period. It is, however, costly and requires the use of both land and water vehicles, but it took many years for the lake to become in poor condition and reclamation will be a continual process.It can have an annual cost from $6 million to $20 million and is only considered a short-term solution.

Pontederia crassipes. to a long-term problem. Another disadvantage with mechanical harvesting is that it can lead to further fragmentation of water hyacinths when the plants are broken up by spinning cutters of the plant-harvesting machinery. The fragments of water hyacinth that are left behind in the water can easily reproduce asexually and cause another infestation.However, transportation and disposal of the harvested water hyacinth is a challenge because the vegetation is heavy in weight. The harvested water hyacinth can pose a health risk to humans because of the plant's propensity for absorbing contaminants, and it is considered toxic to humans. Furthermore, the practice.

Pontederia crassipes. of mechanical harvesting is not effective in large-scale infestations of the water hyacinth, because this aquatic invasive species grows much more rapidly than it can be eliminated. Only 1 to 2 (acre) of water hyacinth can be mechanically harvested daily because of the vast amounts of water hyacinths in the environment. Therefore, the process is very time-intensive.## Biological control.As chemical and mechanical removal is often too expensive, polluting, and ineffective, researchers have turned to biological control agents to deal with water hyacinth. The effort began in the 1970s when USDA researchers released into the United States three species of weevil.

Pontederia crassipes. known to feed on water hyacinth, "Neochetina bruchi", "N. eichhorniae", and the water hyacinth borer "Sameodes albiguttalis". The weevil species were introduced into the Gulf Coast states, such as Louisiana, Texas, and Florida, where thousands of acres were infested by water hyacinth. It was found that a decade later in the 1980s that there was a decrease in water hyacinth mats by as much as 33%. However, because the life cycle of the weevils is ninety days, it puts a limitation on the use of biological predation to efficiently suppress water hyacinth growth. These organisms regulate water hyacinth by limiting.

Pontederia crassipes. water hyacinth size, its vegetative propagation, and seed production. They also carry microorganisms that can be pathological to the water hyacinth. These weevils eat stem tissue, which results in a loss of buoyancy for the plant, which will eventually sink. Although meeting with limited success, the weevils have since been released in many other countries. However, the most effective control method remains the control of excessive nutrients and prevention of the spread of this species.In May 2010, the USDA's Agricultural Research Service released "Megamelus scutellaris" as an additional biological control insect for the invasive water hyacinth species. "Megamelus scutellaris" is.

Pontederia crassipes. a small planthopper insect native to Argentina. Researchers have been studying the effects of the biological control agent in extensive host-range studies since 2006 and concluded that the insect is highly host-specific and will not pose a threat to any other plant population other than the targeted water hyacinth. Researchers also hope that this biological control will be more resilient than existing biological controls and the herbicides that are already in place to combat the invasive water hyacinth.Another insect being considered as a biological control agent is the semi-aquatic grasshopper "Cornops aquaticum". This insect is specific to the water hyacinth.

Pontederia crassipes. and its family, and besides feeding on the plant, it introduces a secondary pathogenic infestation. This grasshopper has been introduced into South Africa in controlled trials.The introduction of manatees into waterways was reportedly successful in controlling the plant's growth in Guyana.The Rhodes University Centre for Biological Control is rearing "Megamelus scutellaris" and the water hyacinth weevils "Neochetina eichhorniae" and "Neochetina bruchi" en masse for biological control at dams in South Africa; of importance is the Hartbeespoort Dam.The moth "Niphograpta albiguttalis" (Warren) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) has been introduced to North America, Africa and Australia. Larvae of this moth bore in the stems.

Pontederia crassipes. and flower buds of water hyacinth.## Uses.Since water hyacinth is so prolific, harvesting it for various uses also serves as a means of environmental control.## Bioenergy.Because of its extremely high rate of development, "Pontederia crassipes" is an excellent source of biomass. 1 (ha) of standing crop thus produces more than 70000 (m3/ha) of biogas (70% , 30% ). According to Curtis and Duke, 1 (kg) of dry matter can yield 370 (l) of biogas, giving a heating value of 22000 (kJ/m3) compared to pure methane (895 Btu/ft3)Wolverton and McDonald report approximately 0.2 (m3/kg) methane, indicating biomass requirements of 350 (t/ha).

Pontederia crassipes. to attain the 70000 (m3/ha ) yield projected by the National Academy of Sciences (Washington). Ueki and Kobayashi mention more than 200 (t/ha) per year. Reddy and Tucker found an experimental maximum of more than 1/2 (t/ha) per day.Bengali farmers collect and pile up these plants to dry at the onset of the cold season; they then use the dry water hyacinths as fuel. The ashes are used as fertilizer. In India, 1 (t) of dried water hyacinth yields about 50 liters ethanol and 200 kg residual fiber (7,700 Btu). Bacterial fermentation of 1 (t) yields 26,500 ft3 gas (600.

Pontederia crassipes. Btu) with 51.6% methane (), 25.4% hydrogen (), 22.1% carbon dioxide (), and 1.2% oxygen (). Gasification of 1 (t) dry matter by air and steam at high temperatures (800 (C)) gives about 40,000 ft3 (1,100 m3) natural gas (143 Btu/ft3) containing 16.6% , 4.8% , 21.7% (carbon monoxide), 4.1% , and 52.8% (nitrogen). The high moisture content of water hyacinth, adding so much to handling costs, tends to limit commercial ventures. A continuous, hydraulic production system could be designed, which would provide a better utilization of capital investments than in conventional agriculture, which is essentially a batch operation.The labor.

Pontederia crassipes. involved in harvesting water hyacinth can be greatly reduced by locating collection sites and processors on impoundments that take advantage of prevailing winds. Wastewater treatment systems could also favorably be added to this operation. The harvested biomass would then be converted to ethanol, biogas, hydrogen, gaseous nitrogen, and/or fertilizer. The byproduct water can be used to irrigate nearby cropland.## Phytoremediation, waste water treatment.Water hyacinth removes arsenic from arsenic-contaminated drinking water. It may be a useful tool in removing arsenic from tube well water in Bangladesh.Water hyacinth is also observed to enhance nitrification in wastewater treatment cells of living technology. Their.

Pontederia crassipes. root zones are superb micro-sites for bacterial communities.Water hyacinth is a common fodder plant in the third world especially Africa though excessive use can be toxic. It is high in protein (nitrogen) and trace minerals and the goat feces are a good source of fertilizer as well.Water hyacinth is reported for its efficiency to remove about 60–80% nitrogen and about 69% of potassium from water. The roots of water hyacinth were found to remove particulate matter and nitrogen in a natural shallow eutrophicated wetland.The plant is extremely tolerant of, and has a high capacity for, the uptake of heavy metals,.

Pontederia crassipes. including cadmium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, lead, and mercury, which could make it suitable for the biocleaning of industrial wastewater.The roots of "Pontederia crassipes" naturally absorb some organic compounds believed to be carcinogenic, in concentrations 10,000 times that in the surrounding water. Water hyacinths can be cultivated for waste water treatment (especially dairy waste water).In addition to heavy metals, "Pontederia crassipes" can also remove other toxins, such as cyanide, which is environmentally beneficial in areas that have endured gold-mining operations.Water hyacinth can take in and degrade ethion, a phosphorus pesticide.## Agriculture.In places where water hyacinth is invasive, overabundant, and in need.

Pontederia crassipes. of clearing away, these traits make it free for the harvesting, which makes it very useful as a source of organic matter for composting in organic farming. It is used internationally for fertilizer and as animal feed and silage for cattle, sheep, geese, pigs, and other livestock.In Bengal, India the "kachuri-pana" has been used primarily for fertilizer, compost or mulch, and secondarily as fodder for livestock and fish. In Bangladesh, farmers in the southwestern region cultivate vegetables on "floating gardens" usually with a bamboo-built frame base, with dried mass of water hyacinth covered in soil as bedding. As a large.

Pontederia crassipes. portion of cultivable land goes under water for months during monsoon in this low-lying region, farmers have grown this method for many decades now. The method of this agriculture is known by many names including "dhap chash" and "vasoman chash".In Kenya, East Africa, it has been used experimentally as organic fertilizer, although there is controversy stemming from the high alkaline pH value of the fertilizer.## Other uses.In various places in the world, the plant is used for making furniture, handbags, baskets, rope, and household goods/interior products (lampshades, picture frames) by businesses launched by NGOs and entrepreneurs.## Woven products.American-Nigerian Achenyo Idachaba.

Pontederia crassipes. has won an award for showing how this plant can be exploited for profit as woven procuts in Nigeria.## Paper.Though a study found water hyacinths of very limited use for paper production, they are nonetheless being used for paper production on a small scale. Goswami pointed out in his article that water hyacinth has the potential to make tough and strong paper. He found that adding water hyacinth pulp to the raw material of bamboo pulp for anti-grease paper can increase the physical strength of paper.## Edibility.The plant is used as a carotene-rich table vegetable in Taiwan. Javanese sometimes cook.

Pontederia crassipes. and eat the green parts and inflorescence. Vietnamese also cook the plant and sometimes add its young leaves and flower to their salads.## Medicinal use.In Kedah (Malaysia), the flowers are used for medicating the skin of horses. The species is a "tonic".## Potential as bioherbicidal agent.Water hyacinth leaf extract has been shown to exhibit phytotoxicity against another invasive weed "Mimosa pigra". The extract inhibited the germination of "Mimosa pigra" seeds in addition to suppressing the root growth of the seedlings. Biochemical data suggested that the inhibitory effects may be mediated by enhanced hydrogen peroxide production, inhibition of soluble peroxidase activity,.

Pontederia crassipes. and stimulation of cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in the root tissues of "Mimosa pigra". (Complete List of References) "Eichhornia crassipes"Species Profile – Water Hyacinth ("Eichhornia crassipes"), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Water Hyacinth.Eichhornia crassipes Israel Wildflowers and native plantsPractical uses of Water HyacinthIUCN Leaflet on "E. crassipes" in the context of Lake Tanganyika"Water hyacinth", AquaPlant Profile.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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East Pacific red octopus. Octopus rubescens (Commonly the East Pacific red octopus, also known as the ruby octopus, a preferred common name due to the abundance of octopus species colloquially known as red octopus) is the most commonly occurring shallow-water octopus on much of the North American West Coast, and a ubiquitous benthic predator in these habitats. Its range extends from the southern Gulf of California at least to the Gulf of Alaska, but may also occur in the western Pacific Ocean. "O. rubescens" occurs intertidally to a depth of 300 m.## Taxonomy.In the years prior to the description of this species in 1953,.


Question: What has this village crossed over?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Anderton Boat Lift. The Anderton Boat Lift is a two caisson lift lock near the village of Anderton, Cheshire, in North West England. It provides a 50 (ft) vertical link between two navigable waterways: the River Weaver and the Trent and Mersey Canal. The structure is designated as a scheduled monument, and is included in the National Heritage List for England; it is also known as one of the Seven Wonders of the Waterways.Built in 1875, the boat lift was in use for over 100 years until it was closed in 1983 due to corrosion. Restoration started in 2001 and the boat lift.

Anderton Boat Lift. was re-opened in 2002. The lift and associated visitor centre and exhibition are operated by the Canal & River Trust. It is one of only two working boat lifts in the United Kingdom; the other is the Falkirk Wheel in Scotland.## Economic background.Salt has been extracted from rock salt beds underneath the Cheshire Plain since Roman times. By the end of the 17th century a major salt mining industry had developed around the Cheshire "salt towns" of Northwich, Middlewich, Nantwich and Winsford.Completion of the River Weaver Navigation in 1734 provided a navigable route for transporting salt from Winsford, through Northwich,.

Anderton Boat Lift. to Frodsham, where the Weaver joins the River Mersey. In 1759 the second Weaver Navigation Act appointed the Trustees of the Weaver Navigation and gave them responsibility for maintaining and operating the route. The opening of the Trent and Mersey Canal in 1777 provided a second route close to the Weaver Navigation for part of its length, but extended further south to the coal mining and pottery industries around Stoke-on-Trent.Rather than competing with each other the owners of the two waterways decided it would be more profitable to work together. In 1793 a basin was excavated on the north bank.

Anderton Boat Lift. owners of the Trent and Mersey Canal, to ask for a contribution towards the cost. When this approach was unsuccessful the Trustees decided to fund the project themselves.The Trustees asked their Chief Engineer, Edward Leader Williams, to draw up plans for a boat lift. He settled on a design involving a pair of water-filled caissons that would counterbalance one another and require relatively little power to lift boats up and down. A similar boat lift on the Grand Western Canal, completed in 1835, used chains to connect the caissons via an overhead balance wheel. It had a solid masonry superstructure.

Anderton Boat Lift. in normal operation.## Construction.In October 1871 the Weaver Navigation Trustees held a special general meeting which resolved "to consider the desirability of constructing a lift with basins and all other requisite works for the interchange of traffic between the River Weaver and the North Staffordshire Canal at Anderton and of applying to Parliament for an Act to authorise the construction of such works."In July 1872 Royal Assent was granted for the Weaver Navigation 1872 Act, which authorised the construction of the boat lift. The contract for its construction was awarded to Emmerson, Murgatroyd & Co. of Stockport and Liverpool. Work.

Anderton Boat Lift. launching a restoration bid. It was originally intended to restore the lift to electrical operation but after consultation with English Heritage, in 1997 it was decided to restore the lift to hydraulic operation using hydraulic oil.To raise the £7 million restoration cost, a partnership was forged between the Waterways Trust, the Inland Waterways Association, the Anderton Boat Lift Trust, the Friends of Anderton Boat Lift, the Association of Waterways Cruising Clubs, British Waterways and the Trent and Mersey Canal Society. Heritage Lottery Funding contributed £3.3 million, and more than 2,000 individuals contributed to the scheme, raising a further £430,000.Restoration commenced.


Question: What is the conservation status of this bird? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Kākā. for the honeydew excreted by scale insects. A closely related species, "Nestor productus", the Norfolk kākā, became extinct in 1851 for similar reasons.New Zealand kākā are absolutely protected under New Zealand's Wildlife Act 1953. The species is also listed under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) meaning international export/import (including parts and derivatives) is regulated.## Predation.Predatory mammals are responsible for the loss of an estimated 26 million native birds and their eggs each year in New Zealand.As cavity nesters with a long incubation period that requires the mother to.


Question: What is this plant named after?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Allamanda. Allamanda is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. They are native to the Americas, where they are distributed from Mexico to Argentina. Some species are familiar as ornamental plants cultivated for their large, colorful flowers. Most species produce yellow flowers; "A. blanchetii" bears pink flowers. The genus name "Allamanda" honors the Swiss botanist and physician Frédéric-Louis Allamand (1736–1809). It is the official flower of Kuching North City Hall.## Description.Plants of the genus are evergreen trees, shrubs, or vines. They contain a white latex. The leaves are opposite or arranged in whorls of up to 5. The blades.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Cattle egret. The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) is a cosmopolitan species of heron (family Ardeidae) found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Bubulcus, although some authorities regard its two subspecies as full species, the western cattle egret and the eastern cattle egret. Despite the similarities in plumage to the egrets of the genus "Egretta", it is more closely related to the herons of "Ardea". Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe, it has undergone a rapid expansion in its distribution and successfully colonised much of the rest of the world.

Cattle egret. was moved to its current genus by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1855. Its generic name "Bubulcus" is Latin for herdsman, referring, like the English name, to this species' association with cattle. "Ibis" is a Latin and Greek word which originally referred to another white wading bird, the sacred ibis, but was applied to this species in error.The cattle egret has two geographical races, which are sometimes classified as full species, the western cattle egret, "B. ibis", and eastern cattle egret, "B. coromandus". The two forms were split by McAllan and Bruce, but were regarded as conspecific by almost all other.


Question: What is the parent organization of this aircraft?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. produced by HAL with plans to build 20 more during 2013-14.In 1985, Dornier became a member of the Daimler-Benz group, integrating its aeronautic assets with the parent company. As part of this transaction, Lindauer Dornier GmbH was spun off, creating a separate, family-owned firm, concentrating on textile machinery design and manufacturing. The rest of the company was split into several subsidiaries for defence, satellites, medtech and aircraft.In 1996, the majority of Dornier Aircraft was acquired by Fairchild Aircraft, forming Fairchild Dornier. This company became insolvent in early 2002. Production of its 328 Jet was acquired by US company Avcraft. Asian.


Question: Where is this plant native to?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Myrsine australis. Myrsine australis, commonly known as māpou, red matipo, māpau, tīpau, and mataira, is a species of shrub within the family Myrsinaceae. It is endemic to New Zealand, found throughout both the mainland and offshore islands.## Description."Myrsine australis" is a small shrub or tree, growing from 3–6 metres tall with short upright branches that create a compact crown. The trunk grows up to 20 cm in diameter, with the bark of the trunk and older branches a dark brown/black, whereas the juvenile branches are reddish, a distinguishing feature of this plant. The leaves are coloured pale green with a yellow tinge.

Myrsine australis. global range.Red matipo is a species native to the North, South and Stewart Islands of New Zealand, though its representative abundance is higher in Northern New Zealand Along with four other "Myrsine" species native to the North, South and Stewart Islands, there are four further "Myrsine" species native only to outlying islands separate from the New Zealand mainland; the Chatham Islands, the Three Kings Islands, and the Kermadec Islands. Outside of New Zealand, there are a further 300 "Myrsine" species found throughout the world.## New Zealand range.Red matipo is found naturally throughout the North, South and Stewart Islands. It would.

Myrsine australis. have once been common throughout all of lowland New Zealand, which was largely composed of podocarp/broadleaf species, however with clearance for purposes such as timber milling and agriculture, the amount remaining is vastly smaller than what it was. The species is now, however, commonly found within revegetation and riparian planting areas throughout the country, and has been taken up by gardeners that are fond of its aesthetic appeal and its useful properties as a hedge plant. Pine plantations in New Zealand take up a vast area of land, often on steep, erosion prone surfaces, and red matipo is one of.

Myrsine australis. a number of New Zealand native plants that commonly persists beneath the canopy of pine trees.## Habitat preferences.Red matipo is found from sea level to 900m in elevation, preferring forest margins, scrub land and coastal forest, and more rarely, as a part of the understory within mature inland forest. found red matipo to be an early coloniser when previous land uses such as agriculture are abandoned and natural regeneration occurs (provided there is an available seed source), and as a result, it is known as a hardy species that is commonly used in planted revegetation sites to provide initial cover.

Myrsine australis. on the branchlets where older leaves have already been lost. They are small and inconspicuous (like most other New Zealand native flowers), measuring from 1.5mm to 2.5mm in diameter, and are a cream to whitish colour, covered in small orange glands. The flowers are unisexual, therefore some individuals produce only male flowers for pollen distribution, and other individuals produce only female flowers for fertilization and fruit growth. The petals of the flowers are lanceolate, obtuse, free and revolute. Due to the occurrence of flowering and fruiting periods overlapping, some specimens can display both fruit and flowers at the same time.

Myrsine australis. that after seed fall, embryos may still be developing. Therefore, germination can take nearly four to five times as long in comparison to other New Zealand natives such as "Hoheria angustifolia" and "Coprosma foetidissima" which typically germinate far more rapidly. These time periods are rough averages as each specimen of "Myrsine australis" has its own natural variety and irregular pattern.## Diet / prey / predators.## Diet and foraging.Red matipo is a fast growing, early colonizing species, yet can also survive within dense forest understorey, and so it is therefore tolerant of varying environmental conditions, such as light. As it is.

Myrsine australis. found throughout the North, South and Stewart Islands, its climatic tolerance is also high, and once established can live within drought prone, and also frost prone, conditions. Red matipo grows well on most soil types. showed that on average, a high level of phosphorus in the soil is beneficial to red matipo’s growth, however it consistently persists at low phosphorus levels, and is altered little in comparison to other New Zealand native plants.## Predators, parasites, and diseases.With the introduction of wild grazing mammals such as deer and goats to New Zealands native forests, there has been a widespread loss in.

Myrsine australis. The Australian common brushtail possum, an invasive selective browser, also has a tendency to avoid red matipo foliage, and that in a study of fruit seeds and flowers of the brushtail possum diet in New Zealand, seeds of red matipo were only found occasionally in possum faeces. Avian fauna consume the fruit of red matipo, particularly native birds such as the New Zealand bellbird and tui (bird), but also introduced species such as the common blackbird. These birds provide a vital role for red matipo by dispersing its seed in the process.## Other information.The genus "Myrsine" was first described by.

Myrsine australis. Linnaeus for "Myrsine africana", a species with a broad native range in Africa, India and China. This genus was originally split into three separate genera, "Myrsine", "Suttonia", and "Rapanea", however due to a lack adequate characters to separate them, the around 300 species are now all combined under the one genus "Myrsine". Red matipo is a species that is often confused with another native New Zealand plant species, "Pittosporum tenuifolium", common name Kōhūhū. Although these two species are evolutionarily distinct, this confusion normally occurs when only the leaves are used for identification, as the bark of the young branches is.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Hammond's flycatcher. Hammond's flycatcher ("Empidonax hammondii") is a flycatcher in the family Tyrannidae. This small insectivorous bird inhabits the coniferous and mixed forests of western North America. The name of this bird commemorates William Alexander Hammond who was the surgeon general of the US Army. Hammond collected bird specimens for Spencer Fullerton Baird.## Description.Adults are 12–14 cm long (4.7-5.5 in), span about 22 cm (8.7 in) across the wing and weigh 8-12 g (0.3-04 oz). They have grayish-olive upperparts, darker on the wings and tail, with whitish underparts; they have a conspicuous white eye ring, white wing bars, a small bill and.

Hammond's flycatcher. a short tail. The breast is washed with grey and the sides of the belly with yellow. Female usually have a shorter, wider bill compare with male's. Immature are similar to adults, but have broader wing bars and are more buff.Many species of "Empidonax" flycatchers look closely alike. Hammond's flycatchers are mainly confused with Dusky ("E. oberholseri") and Gray ("E. wrightii") flycatchers, which are similar in color and size and have an overlapping range. The best way to distinguish the Hammond's flycatcher is by its call, breeding habitat and/or range.## Taxonomy.Hammond's flycatchers are part of the genus "Empidonax", which includes.

Hammond's flycatcher. at the beginning of the mating season and drops as summer progresses; males that do not have a partner sing more often and at a higher frequency than paired males.Like in other species of the genus "Empidonax", bill snapping and mandibles clicking are commonly used in a threatening context.## Diet.Their favorite preys include beetles, flies, bees, butterflies and moths, with a mean length of 5.7 mm and a mean weight of 1.656 mg. True beetles, and net-winged insects can also be part of their diet. They wait on an open perch high or in the middle of a tree and.


Question: Which geographic area is this plant found?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Jujube. more likely introduced there. The plant in Arabic and Persian is known as "Enab (عناب)", and is known as the "hinap" or "finab" in the eastern part of Bulgaria. It grows wild but is also a garden shrub, kept for its fruit. The fruit is picked in the autumn.The tree tolerates a wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for acceptable fruiting. Unlike most of the other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about −15 (°C), and the tree is, for instance, commonly cultivated in Beijing.


Question: Who is the developer of this object?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Barnes & Noble Nook. The Barnes & Noble Nook (styled nook or NOOK) is a brand of e-readers developed by American book retailer Barnes & Noble, based on the Android platform. The original device was announced in the U.S. in October 2009, and was released the next month. The original Nook had a six-inch E-paper display and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device and was capable of Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity. The original Nook was followed in November 2010 by a color LCD device called the Nook Color, in June 2011 by the Nook Simple Touch,.

Barnes & Noble Nook. and in November 2011 and February 2012 by the Nook Tablet. On April 30, 2012, Barnes & Noble entered into a partnership with Microsoft that spun off the Nook and college businesses into a subsidiary. On August 28, 2012, Barnes and Noble announced partnerships with retailers in the UK, which began offering the Nook digital products in October 2012. In December 2014, B&N purchased Microsoft's Nook shares, ending the partnership.Nook users may read nearly any Nook Store e-book, digital magazines or newspapers for one hour once per day while connected to a Barnes & Noble's Wi-Fi.## Naming.The Nook name and.

Barnes & Noble Nook. identity was devised and created by the Brand Development Group at R/GA. Nook was initially rejected as a name by Barnes & Noble but eventually the connection to a nook being a familiar place to read was compelling enough to change the minds of the company's executives. This decision pivoted on the information contained within an NPR article which suggested that female readers tend to read more than men. The name is also claimed by Rex Wilder when he was consulting for Ammunition Design Group. The name was among over 400 he created, although that naming project ended with no.

Barnes & Noble Nook. name being chosen.## Devices.## Current.## Nook 10" HD (LCD).On April 2, 2021, Lenovo and Barnes and Noble released the Nook 10" HD, a successor to their 2018 model. The Android 10-based tablet has a 2.3GHz octa-core MediaTek P22T processor and 2 gigabytes of RAM. It has a 10.1 inch IPS display at a resolution of 1280 x 800. The tablet includes a microSD card slot, and comes with 32 gigabytes of onboard storage, though only 23 GB of that is usable. It has an 8MP rear camera and a 5MP front camera. It cost $129.99 at launch.## Nook GlowLight 4.

Barnes & Noble Nook. (E Ink).In December of 2021, B&N announced the 4th generation of the GlowLight e-reader. The Glowlight 4 has an enhanced lighting system that provides a cool white during the day or in rooms with bright light, but then can manually or automatically switch to night mode with an orange tone for reading in dark spaces with less blue light. The device also has physical page turn buttons and is the first device to have USB-C.## Discontinued.## E Ink Devices.## Nook 1st Edition.The device has two versions, a Nook that includes Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity, and one that only.

Barnes & Noble Nook. includes Wi-Fi. This version made its debut on November 22, 2009, at a retail price of US$259. It was offered with built-in Wi-Fi + 3G connectivity for free access to the Barnes & Noble online store. This has a six-inch E Ink display, and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device. The price was dropped to US$199 on June 21, 2010, upon the release of the new Nook Wi-Fi. With the announcement of the newer Nook Simple Touch Reader, on May 25, 2011 the price was dropped to US$169. In early 2011, Nook Wi-Fi +.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 3G was discontinued. This version of the Nook 1st Edition supports only Wi-Fi (not 3G Wireless), and is easily distinguishable due to its white back panel (in contrast to the gray back panel of the Wi-Fi + 3G version). Nook Wi-Fi made its debut on June 21, 2010, at a retail price of US$149. With the announcement of the newer Nook Simple Touch Reader, on May 25, 2011 the price was dropped to US$119. In September 2011, the price was dropped again, to US$89. In late 2011, Nook Wi-Fi was discontinued.## Nook Simple Touch.Announced on May 25, 2011, the Simple.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Touch Reader (also informally referred as Nook 2nd Edition) was released on June 10, 2011 at a retail price of US$139. The Simple Touch is a Wi-Fi only Nook, with an infrared touch-screen, E Ink technology, and battery life of up to two months (or 150 hours, offering approximately 25,000 continuous page turns with Wi-Fi turned off). The device weighs 212 (g) with dimensions of 6.5" × 5" × 0.47". On November 7, 2011, the Simple Touch Reader's price dropped to US$99. On December 9, 2012, the Simple Touch Reader's price dropped to US$79. On December 4, 2013, the Simple.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Touch Reader's price dropped to US$59. In February 2014, the Simple Touch Reader was discontinued due to being phased out by the GlowLight.## Nook Simple Touch with GlowLight.On April 12, 2012, a Nook Simple Touch Reader with built-in LED lighting, called "GlowLight", was released with a retail price of US$139.This model is distinguishable from the non glow light model by a gray bezel on the outer edge. On September 30, 2012, the Simple Touch Reader with Glowlight's price dropped to US$119. On August 18, 2013, the Simple Touch Reader with Glowlight's price dropped to US$99. On October 30, 2013, the.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Simple Touch Reader with Glowlight was discontinued due to being phased out by the Nook Glowlight.## Nook GlowLight.The Nook Glowlight (marketed as the "nook GlowLight") e-reader was released on October 30, 2013. The Glowlight uses a 6-inch touchscreen with E Ink Pearl, Wi-Fi and has a battery life of two months with wireless off; it launched at a US$119 retail price. It weighs 175 (g) with dimensions of 6.5" × 5" × 0.42" and has 4 GB of storage, of which 2 GB is reserved for Nook Store content and 512 MB for additional user content. The device uses Android.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 2.3 Gingerbread and it has an 800 MHz processor with 256 MB of RAM. Compared to the Nook Simple Touch Reader, the GlowLight has a white exterior, a brighter screen, a boost in screen resolution to 1024 × 758 and a more durable silicone edge. Compared to the Simple Touch, the microSD card slot and page-turn buttons have been removed. On November 21, 2014, the Glowlight's price dropped to US$99.## Nook GlowLight Plus.The Nook GlowLight Plus e-reader was released on October 21, 2015 and it features a 6-inch 300ppi Carta E Ink screen with frontlight and touchscreen, Wi-Fi, an aluminum.

Barnes & Noble Nook. rear shell, six weeks of battery (1,500 mAh) life with wireless off,6.4 by 4.6 by 0.4 inches and weighs 6.9 ounces, and meets IP67, meaning it is waterproof for up to 30 minutes at a maximum depth of 1 meter and is dustproof. The Nook software is run on Android 4.4 KitKat and it has 2.8GB of user-accessible storage. The GlowLight Plus uses a Freescale i.MX6 1 GHz CPU and has 512MB RAM.Since the device runs Android 4.4, third party apps and launchers can be installed. Due to the lack of physical buttons, initial set up to install third party.

Barnes & Noble Nook. apps is done through a USB connection to a computer.## Nook GlowLight Plus.In May 2019, B&N announced the GlowLight Plus e-reader. The device is the largest Nook e-reader to date with a 7.8-inch E Ink screen. The Glowlight Plus is waterproof, has 8GB of storage, a color-shifting frontlight similar to the GlowLight 3, and it has physical page turn buttons. The lighting technology has adjustable settings for a cool white color during the day and a warmer tone at night.## Nook GlowLight 3.In November 2017, B&N announced the 3rd generation of the GlowLight e-reader. The device returned to a design.

Barnes & Noble Nook. more reminiscent of the original Simple Touch with its 6-inch screen and dropped the IP67 certification. The Glowlight 3 has an enhanced lighting system that provides a cool white during the day or in rooms with bright light, but then can manually or automatically switch to night mode with an orange tone for reading in dark spaces with less blue light.## LCD Devices.## Nook Color.Released on November 19, 2010 and priced at US$249, the Nook Color comes installed with Android 2.1 Eclair. The device is powered by a TI OMAP 3621 800 MHz processor, and has 512 MB of RAM,.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 8 GB of flash storage, a 7" LCD screen, and a microSD expansion slot. On February 21, 2012, the price of the Nook Color was reduced to US$169. On August 12, 2012, the price of the Nook Color was reduced to US$149. On November 3, 2012, following the release of the Nook HD and Nook HD+, the price of the Nook Color was reduced to US$139.## Nook Tablet.The 7-inch Nook Tablet, based on Android OS, with 16 GB of internal storage became available on November 17, 2011 for US$249. A version with 8 GB of internal storage was made available.

Barnes & Noble Nook. February 21, 2012 for US$199, replacing the Nook Color in that price range. On August 12, 2012, the price of the Nook Tablet 8 GB and Nook Tablet 16 GB were reduced to US$179 and US$199 respectively.## Nook HD.Nook HD (styled NOOK HD), announced September 26, 2012 and released November 1, 2012 along with the Nook HD+, is a 7-inch tablet with a resolution of 1440x900. It competes with the 7-inch Kindle Fire HD and comes in two colors: snow and smoke (a dark gray). It has a Texas Instruments 1.3 GHz dual-core processor with 1 GB RAM. It can.

Barnes & Noble Nook. play back video at 720p from the NOOK Video store, much like Amazon.com's Instant Video service. The Nook HD was initially priced at US$199 for 8 GB and US$229 for 16 GB. It then sold at reduced prices at US$129 for 8 GB and US$149 for 16 GB.The Nook HD runs a heavily modified version of Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich.The Nook HD/HD+ line was originally planned to be discontinued, as announced in Barnes and Noble's 2013 Fiscal Year-End Report, due to financial losses. A few months later, B&N President Michael P. Huseby announced that the company "intends to continue.

Barnes & Noble Nook. to design and develop cutting-edge Nook black and white and color devices at the best values in the marketplace", following the resignation of former CEO William Lynch.## Nook HD+.Nook HD+ (styled NOOK HD+) is Barnes & Noble's first tablet capable of playing back movies and television shows downloadable from NOOK Video store at 1080p resolution. Announced on September 26, 2012, the NOOK HD+ is a 9-inch tablet with a 1920 × 1280 resolution. It competes with the similar 8.9-inch Kindle Fire HD and has a Texas Instruments 1.5 GHz dual-core OMAP 4470 processor and was initially priced at US$269 and.

Barnes & Noble Nook. US$299 for 16 and 32 GB, respectively. Nook HD+ runs a heavily modified version of Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich.## Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook.On October 22, 2014, B&N released the Galaxy Tab 4 Nook 10.1 that has a 10.1" LCD. It features the same specifications as the Galaxy Tab 4 10.1, so it has a 1.2 GHz Qualcomm processor, 1280x800 resolution with 149 ppi, a 1.3 MP front camera without flash, a 3.0 MP rear-facing camera, and a microSD storage slot that accepts cards up to 64GB. It launched with a US$299 retail price.## Samsung Galaxy Tab Nook.In February.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 2014, B&N announced a new Nook color tablet would be released in 2014. In June 2014, Barnes & Noble announced it would be teaming up with Samsung to develop co-branded tablets titled the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook. The devices would feature Samsung's hardware with a 7-inch display, and customized Nook software from Barnes & Noble.## Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook.The Galaxy Tab 4 Nook was released in the U.S. on August 21, 2014, with B&N's Nook Division focusing on the software and content, and Samsung focusing on the hardware with a 7" LCD. The product uses Android 4.4.2 KitKat.

Barnes & Noble Nook. on a 1.2 GHz quad-core Snapdragon SOC with 1.5 GB RAM, WiFi, and Bluetooth, and features a 1.2 MP front-facing camera, a 3.2 MP rear camera, screen resolution of 1280 × 800, and a microSD storage slot that accepts cards up to 64GB. It launched with a US$199 retail price.## Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Nook.In September 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 8" LCD tablet that includes some Samsung and B&N software. It uses Android 5.0.2 Lollipop, and features an 8-core CPU (1.9 GHz Quad + 1.3 GHz.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Quad) with 3GB RAM, 32GB of internal storage, a microSD card slot, two cameras (2.1MP front and 8MP rear), and a 4,000 mAh battery, which B&N says will last for up to 14 hours of video usage and launched with a US$399.99 retail price.## Samsung Galaxy Tab E Nook.In October 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab E Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 9.7 9.7" LCD tablet that includes some Samsung, B&N and Microsoft software. This tablet runs Android 5.1.1 Lollipop on a 1.2 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 CPU with 16GB of storage, microSD card.

Barnes & Noble Nook. support, weighs 547 grams, and two cameras (2MP front and 5MP rear); and its 9.6" display has a resolution of 1280 x 800 and it retails for $249.## Nook Tablet 7.In November 2016, B&N released the Nook Tablet 7, which is a Nook-branded tablet with a 7" LCD screen that has a resolution of 600 x 1024, and retails at $50. It is using Android 6.0 Marshmallow with Nook apps included with a 1.3 GHz MediaTek CPU. It has 8GB storage, a microSD card slot, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. It weighs 8.8 ounces and has a battery for up to 7.

Barnes & Noble Nook. hours. In December 2018 B&N released updated version with 16GB storage and Android 8.1 (Go edition).## Nook Tablet 10.1".On November 14, 2018, B&N released the Nook Tablet 10.1", an Android 8.1 (Go edition) tablet with a 10.1" LCD screen at a resolution of 1920 x 1200 and a 224 ppi pixel density. It has a 1.5 GHz MediaTek processor and 2GB of RAM. The device has 32GB of onboard storage (25 usable), which can be expanded with a microSD card (up to 256 GB). It has a 3.5mm headphone jack, a microUSB 2.0 port, ac Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. The front.

Barnes & Noble Nook. and rear cameras are both 2 megapixels and can record 720p video. The tablet was manufactured by white-label manufacturer Southern Telecom, and sold at a launch price of $129.99.## Features and specifications.All models have the following features: Wi-Fi## Sales.On December 1, 2011, Barnes & Noble stated that Nook and Nook-related sales for Q2 of 2011 were US$920 million. The Nook had 13.4% global market share for E-paper readers in 2011.On October 29, 2012, the rival Blackwells and Foyles bookshops, the John Lewis department stores, the Waitrose and Sainsbury's supermarket chains and high street catalogue retailer Argos launched the Nook e-reader.

Barnes & Noble Nook. in the UK—and, from November, the Nook HD and Nook HD+ tablet computers went on sale in the stores.In March 2016, Barnes & Noble stated they would no longer sell digital content in the United Kingdom. It announced that from March 15, 2016, the UK Nook Store and the UK Nook Reading App for Android will cease operation. Whilst Barnes & Noble did not give a reason for ceasing Nook sales in the UK, commentators attributed the decision to declining sales. On March 15, 2016, Barnes & Noble announced it would close the Nook App Store and Nook Video, probably.

Barnes & Noble Nook. because Google's Play Store, which runs on Barnes & Noble devices, has been far more successful. In the UK, those who have bought, respectively, e-book or video content will need to open accounts with other providers in order to not lose the content.B&N continues to sell e-books as well as digital magazines and newspapers in the US.## Nook e-reader applications for third party devices.Barnes & Noble provides free e-reader applications to permit reading on devices other than Nooks. Selections include Nook Reading Apps, Nook for Web and Nook Study.## Nook free reading applications.Barnes & Noble offers free applications for various.

Barnes & Noble Nook. platforms, with which to access Nook digital reading material: For desktop and laptop computers: NOOK for Windows 8 and Windows 10 (US only) For smartphones and tablets: NOOK for Android NOOK for iPhone and iPad## NookStudy and Yuzu.## NookStudy.In August 2010, concurrently with introducing a web-based textbook rental service, Barnes and Noble - "one of the largest textbook retailers in the US" - introduced the NOOK Study app "for the PC or Mac that lets users buy or rent e-book versions of their textbooks for use on the computer. Mobileread describes Nook Study (sometimes styled "NookStudy" or "NOOK Study") as.

Barnes & Noble Nook. "a free e-textbook application from Barnes and Noble that provides a suite of digital study tools. It is available for Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X." Nook Study cannot be used on Nook e-readers; rather it is designed for use only on PCs, Macs, and iPads, and it permits one to read e-textbooks "on up to two (2) computers".Nook Study offers two categories of benefits: the ability to read ebooks and other content that is accessible via other eReading devices, and the ability to read e-textbooks purchased from Barnes & Noble, which are meant to be read on one's.

Barnes & Noble Nook. computer via the Nook Study application. According to Barnes & Noble's NookStudy FAQs: "You cannot use your Nook or mobile device to read textbooks as the screens are too small to properly view the contents."In "The Digital Reader", Nate Hoffelder describes capabilities possessed by Nook Study that render it superior to other e-reading software for reading textbooks. For example, he writes:In an August 2, 2011, press release, BN College cited kudos publicized on NBC's "Today Show" and MSNBC.com that deemed NOOK Study "the "Coolest Digital Study Tool Around". On the "Today Show" and in an MSNBC.com post, Wilson Rothman, Deputy.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Technology & Science Editor at MSNBC, had included NOOK Study in a list of 10 back-to-school tech survival tips to consider when shopping for college technology necessities, recommending: "NOOK Study is an essential back-to-school tool that students should consider when heading back to college – and may be the 'coolest digital study tool around.'""Barnes & Noble may well have the coolest digital study tool around. Seriously, this free eTextbook application for PC and Mac lets you not only get books digitally, but organize coursework, compile syllabi and other documents, take notes, print, export and go online for related research. While.

Barnes & Noble Nook. the same warning about Amazon's textbook rental program applies here — that your particular study materials might not be available — it's certainly worth the $0.00 price to check it out, and the other features may end up being useful on their own."## Yuzu.In April 2014, the Barnes & Noble website announced the Nook Study had been replaced by Yuzu, which the company called "the next-generation digital education platform from Barnes & Noble." In April, NOOK Study had already been "retired", and a Beta version of Yuzu was introduced for the iPad and for Internet Explorer and Safari 6.1/7 browsers.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Yuzu was formally rolled out that summer and made available to more browsers, and as an Android, iOS, and Windows app. However, the Nook Study site continued offering a link to the Nook Study program, explaining: "We understand that as a NOOK Study user, you may have some questions. On this page we will try to direct you to the appropriate websites to find what you are looking for." Clicking "Get NookStudy Help" redirects one to the "NOOK Study Knowledge Base", where they can download the Nook Study app as well as find answers to frequently asked questions. Yuzu, like.

Barnes & Noble Nook. NOOKStudy, "offers students a next-generation reading and note-taking experience in a simple app, but it also improves on NookStudy by making it easier for educators to provide course materials" by integrating with BN's college-focused website Faculty Enlight, where educators can search for the textbooks and other academic material they need, assemble them into course packs, and then build a required and recommended reading list for a class. Downsides of Yuzu, however, are: "Yuzu does not share the same accounts as the Nook Store or NookStudy" and "Yuzu is not compatible with NookStudy textbooks". Emily Price at Engadget made a similar.

Barnes & Noble Nook. observation: "With Yuzu, [NOOKStudy]'s being phased out, and sadly any pricey books you've already bought through that service are incompatible with the new app."In March 2016, B&N announced that Yuzu would be shut down and instead B&N would partner with VitalSource for digital textbooks.## Issues.## Compatibility issues.Nook for Mac users have noted the app has compatibility issues with Mac OS 10.8 Mountain Lion. While the application requires OS 10.6 Snow Leopard, many users have documented the performance issues under Mountain Lion (and consequently all Macs sold since July 2012).## Locked file table.The file table on the Nook is locked, meaning.

Barnes & Noble Nook. that external programs, such as Calibre, cannot be used to automatically organize uploaded files. All organization must be undertaken on the device itself, one book at a time, and such organization cannot be backed up or saved elsewhere.## Lending restrictions.A book can only be lent once through the Nook's LendMe program. Purchasing Barnes & Noble digital content and letting the credit card expire prevents re-downloading of the content until a valid credit card is entered into the account. This is required because most downloads from Barnes & Noble have copy restrictions (DRM), and credit cards are required to unlock them.

Barnes & Noble Nook. On September 17, 2014, Barnes & Noble removed the "download" button from many books in the My Nook online library, without advance warning. The removal of these buttons, which permitted readers to download copies of their ebooks and transfer that content to other apps or devices, upset numerous users. User complaints and inquiries, via telephone, email, online chats, and social media forums, yielded the following, standard B&N response: ## Downloading of NOOK Store content.We're sorry, but the ability to sideload NOOK purchased content has been discontinued. We apologize for any inconvenience. — NOOK Customer Care (@NOOK_Care) September 17, 2014## Spinoff.

Barnes & Noble Nook. of business.On June 25, 2014, Barnes & Noble announced that the Nook division business would be spun off into an independent company. On December 4, 2014, Barnes & Noble announced an end to its partnership with Microsoft connected to Nook and that it intended to complete the separation of Nook by the end of the first quarter of 2015. However, in February 2015, B&N decided to keep the Nook division for the short-term future. In April 2016, B&N outsourced most Nook technical services to be managed by an Indian company Bahwan CyberTek. Comparison of e-book readers Comparison of tablet computers.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Amazon Kindle Kobo eReader Official UK website.


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Rolduc. border was drawn through the ancient land of Rode, separating the abbey from the castle. The eastern part (including the castle) became Prussian Herzogenrath and the western part (including the abbey) became part of the Dutch municipality of Kerkrade.In the 19th century Rolduc became a famous boarding school run by Jesuits, and a seminary of the Diocese of Roermond. Many influential Dutch Roman Catholics (e.g. the writer Lodewijk van Deyssel and the social reformer Alphons Ariëns) were educated at Rolduc.The former abbey is now a secondary school ("Charlemagne College", formerly "College Rolduc"), a Roman Catholic seminary, and the "Rolduc Congress.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Berteroa incana. Berteroa incana is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family, Brassicaceae. Its common names include hoary alyssum, false hoary madwort, hoary berteroa, and hoary alison. It is a biennial herb native to Eurasia and it has been introduced to western Europe and North America. It is listed as an invasive noxious weed in some areas of United States and Canada## Description."Berteroa incana" is typically a biennial herbaceous flowering plant, but it also grows as an annual to short-lived perennial. It is hairy, with flattened star-shaped and simple hairs. It produces one or more upright stems usually 30 to.

Berteroa incana. 80 centimeters tall, sometimes exceeding one meter. The basal leaves are up to 8 to 10 centimeters long. The leaves are hairy and grayish. The inflorescence is a dense raceme of flowers. The four white petals are roughly half a centimeter long and are tipped with two lobes. The fruit is a hairy silicle up to a centimeter long.## Uses.It is sometimes considered an ornamental plant good for landscaping purposes. It is planted to cover waste ground at mining sites and in urban areas in Europe.## As a weed."B. incana" is an invasive species of roadsides, railroads, farms and pastures,.

Berteroa incana. riverbanks, vacant lots, overgrazed rangelands, and lawns In the United States. It tolerates cold winters and hot, dry summer conditions. It thrives in poor soils with sand and gravel, more often in alkali soils.It is a weed of alfalfa and clover forages, reducing their quality with its nutrient-poor herbage. It competes with native flora and reproduces continuously. It may reduce pollinators.The plant is likely introduced to new areas when its seed is distributed with agricultural crop seeds.## Toxicity.The plant is toxic to horses. Green and dry material is sometimes found in alfalfa feed. Signs of poisoning include lameness due to.

Berteroa incana. laminitis and leg edema, stiffness, fever, diarrhea, intravascular hemolysis, hypovolemic shock, premature birth, abortion, gut ulceration, edema of the kidneys, pulmonary edema, and calcium crystals in the urine. It can be fatal, but most horses survive with treatment. The toxic compound is not known.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

African wild dog. The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), also called the African painted dog and the African hunting dog, is a wild canine which is a native species to sub-Saharan Africa. It is the largest wild canine in Africa, and the only extant member of the genus "Lycaon", which is distinguished from "Canis" by dentition highly specialised for a hypercarnivorous diet, and by a lack of dewclaws. It is estimated that about 6,600 adults (including 1,400 mature individuals) live in 39 subpopulations that are all threatened by habitat fragmentation, human persecution, and outbreaks of disease. As the largest subpopulation probably comprises fewer.

African wild dog. species of hyena. It was later recognised as a canid by Joshua Brookes in 1827, and renamed "Lycaon tricolor". The root word of "Lycaon" is the Greek λυκαίος ("lykaios"), meaning "wolf-like". The specific epithet "pictus" (Latin for "painted"), which derived from the original "picta", was later returned to it, in conformity with the International Rules on Taxonomic Nomenclature.Paleontologist George G. Simpson placed the African wild dog, the dhole, and the bush dog together in the subfamily Simocyoninae on the basis of all three species having similarly trenchant carnassials. This grouping was disputed by Juliet Clutton-Brock, who argued that, other than.

African wild dog. 1.7 million years ago through this suite of adaptations, and these occurred at the same time as large ungulates (its prey) diversified.The oldest "L. pictus" fossil dates back to 200,000 years ago and was found in HaYonim Cave, Israel. The evolution of the African wild dog is poorly understood due to the scarcity of fossil finds. Some authors consider the extinct "Canis" subgenus "Xenocyon" as ancestral to both the genus "Lycaon" and the genus "Cuon", which lived throughout Eurasia and Africa from the Early Pleistocene to the early Middle Pleistocene. Others propose that "Xenocyon" should be reclassified as "Lycaon". The.

African wild dog. species "Canis" ("Xenocyon") "falconeri" shared the African wild dog's absent first metacarpal (dewclaw), though its dentition was still relatively unspecialised. This connection was rejected by one author because "C". ("X".) "falconeri" lacks metacarpal, which is a poor indication of phylogenetic closeness to the African wild dog, and the dentition was too different to imply ancestry.Another ancestral candidate is the Plio-Pleistocene "L. sekowei" of South Africa on the basis of distinct accessory cusps on its premolars and anterior accessory cuspids on its lower premolars. These adaptions are found only in "Lycaon" among living canids, which shows the same adaptations to a.

African wild dog. (Lycaon pictus) from NE Kenya: Recent records and conservation issues. Zoology Department Research Report. National Museum of Kenya. Wozencraft, W. C. (November 2005). D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (eds.). "Mammal Species of the World" (3rd edition). Johns Hopkins University Press. . Van Lawick, H. & Goodall, J. (1971). "Innocent Killers". Houghton Mifflin Company Bostonpainteddog.org, Painted Dog Conservation Websitepainteddog.co.uk/, Painted Dog Conservation United Kingdom WebsiteAfrican Wild Dog ConservancyAfrican Wild Dog WatchWild Dog conservation in ZimbabweNamibia Nature Foundation Wild Dog Project: Conservation of African wild dogs in NamibiaAfrican wild dogs: Wildlife summary at African Wildlife FoundationThe Zambian Carnivore ProgrammeSave the.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Insect. ago in the Triassic period, but achieved their wide diversity more recently in the Cenozoic era, which began 66 million years ago. Some highly successful insect groups evolved in conjunction with flowering plants, a powerful illustration of coevolution.## Internal phylogeny.The internal phylogeny is based on the works of Sroka, Staniczek & Bechly 2014, Prokop et al. 2017 and Wipfler et al. 2019.## Taxonomy.Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass, and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the.

Insect. basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa are paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings.


Question: What historical region did this village belong to?

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Nelahozeves. Nelahozeves is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,200 inhabitants.## Administrative parts.Villages of Hleďsebe 1.díl, Hleďsebe 2.díl, Lešany and Podhořany are administrative parts of Nelahozeves.## Geography.Nelahozeves lies on the left bank of the Vltava River, about 19 (km) north of Prague.## History.The first written mention of Nelahozeves is from 1352, when the Church of Saint Andrew already existed.## Sights.The village has a three-winged Renaissance chateau in the Italianate Northern Mannerist style, featuring elaborate sgraffito designs that depict scenes from Greek mythology and the Old Testament. The castle.

Nelahozeves. as the Lobkowicz family's primary residence. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was home to the Order of the Sisters of God's Love, a religious institution for widowed or unmarried noblewomen founded by Princess Wilhelmina Lobkowicz (1863–1945). Nelahozeves Castle was confiscated by the Communist government in 1948, and housed an exhibition of modern socialist art run by the Czech Regional Gallery in the 1970s and 80s. It was returned to the Lobkowicz family in 1993, and now features an exhibition of historical period rooms, demonstrating the lifestyle of a Bohemian noble family in the mid-19th century. The.


Question: Which city or region does this village locate in?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Cranny. Cranny () is a small village in County Clare, Ireland.## Location.Cranny lies on the banks of the Cloon River, which flows into the estuary of the River Shannon at Clonderlaw Bay.## Facilities.There is a local Gaelic Athletic Association club, Coolmeen GAA, founded in 1887 three years after the association came together. Coolmeen GAA succeeded in the Clare Senior Football Championship in 1919 and 1921, in the Clare Intermediate Football Championship in 1959, 1966 and 1967 and in the Clare Junior A Football Championship in 1958, 1964, 1983 and 1999. The parish also has a national school. The Cranny N.S. is.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Ophrys sphegodes. Ophrys sphegodes, commonly known as the early spider-orchid, is a species of sexually-deceptive orchid native to Europe and the Middle East. It is a very varied species with many subspecies recognised.## Description.Plant height varies with latitude. In the UK the maximum height is around 20 cm, but around the Mediterranean a height of 70 cm may be reached. Flowers March–May (April–May in northern latitudes). Each shoot may carry between 2 and 18 flowers.The flowers have yellow-green sepals and a velvety red-brown labellum with a distinctive silvery-blue H marking so that the flowers much resemble an arthropod and especially a spider.Similar.

Ophrys sphegodes. to "Ophrys fuciflora" and "Ophrys apifera" but flowers differ in that late spider orchid and bee orchid have much smaller petals than sepals; in early spider orchid petals and sepals are a similar size. They are also distinguished by patches of colour on the labellum; late spider orchid has a yellow point at the centre of the distal end of the labellum, while bee orchid has a red patch at the proximal end of the labellum.## Distribution and habitat.Found on unimproved alkaline meadows, woodland edges, as well as slopes, banks and waste land. It is widespread across most of Europe.

Ophrys sphegodes. and the middle East from Britain south to Portugal and east to Iran.In Britain, it is restricted to parts of Dorset, Hampshire, Kent and Sussex and is regarded as rare although where it is found it may be in stands of many hundreds of plants. It is classified as a British Red Data Book plant. Despite its apparent vulnerability, it has very successfully colonised the chalk spoil dumping grounds created near Dover at Samphire Hoe from the excavations of the Channel Tunnel. Worldwide, the IUCN conservation status of this species is least concern as of 2018.## Ecology.In the UK "Ophrys.

Ophrys sphegodes. sphegodes" is pollinated by the miner bee "Andrena nigroaenea", a polylectic pollinator (i.e. one that visits many different species of flower), a bee species which requires dry sandy soils. Different subspecies have evolved to attract different pollinators.This orchid species is able to form symbiotic relationships with a range of species of mycorrhizal fungi.## Taxonomy."Ophrys" comes from the Ancient Greek for eyebrow, perhaps a reference to the velvety brown appearance of the labellum. "Sphegodes" comes from the Ancient Greek for wasp-like. This species was formerly called O. aranifera, meaning spider-carrying.The genus "Ophrys" is the most species-rich (i.e. diverse) genus of orchids.

Ophrys sphegodes. in Europe and the Mediterranean with over 200 species, according to 'Orchids of Britain and Europe' by Pierre Delforge.## Subspecies.Many subspecific and varietal names have been proposed. At the present time (May 2014), the following are recognized, one of them apparently originating as a hybrid between two of the others:"Ophrys sphegodes" nothosubsp. "jeanpertii" - France, Spain, Balkans "(O. sphegodes "subsp". araneola × O. sphegodes "subsp". sphegodes)""Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "aesculapii" - Greece"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "araneola" - Germany, Switzerland, France, Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "atrata" - from Portugal to Serbia"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "aveyronensis" - France, Spain"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "catalcana" -.

Ophrys sphegodes. European Turkey"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "cretensis" - Crete and other Greek islands"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "epirotica" - Albania, Greece"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "gortynia" - Crete and other Greek islands"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "helenae" - Albania, Greece"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "mammosa" - from the Balkans to Turkmenistan"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "melitensis" - the Maltese islands"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "passionis" - France, Spain, Sardinia, Sicily, mainland Italy "Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "sipontensis" - Puglia"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "sphegodes" - from Britain and Spain to Hungary and the Balkans"Ophrys sphegodes" subsp. "spruneri" - Crete and other Greek islands.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this fish?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Flying gurnard. The flying gurnard ("Dactylopterus volitans"), also known as the helmet gurnard, is a bottom-dwelling fish of tropical to warm temperate waters on both sides of the Atlantic. On the American side, it is found as far north as Massachusetts (exceptionally as far as Canada) and as far south as Argentina, including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. On the European and African side, it ranges from the English Channel to Angola, including the Mediterranean. This is the only species in the monotypic genus Dactylopterus. Similar and related species from the genus "Dactyloptena" are found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.This.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Amanita velosa. Amanita velosa (also known as the springtime amanita) or bittersweet orange ringless amanita is an edible species of agaric found in California, as well as southern Oregon and Baja California.## Description and classification.It is part of "Amanita" section "Vaginatae", and like other species in this group, it is characterized by its lack of an annulus, striate pileus margin, thick universal veil remnants comprising the veil, volva, and pileus patches, inamyloid spores, and lack of characteristic "Amanita" toxins such as amatoxins and ibotenic acid. It is distinguished from other species in section "Vaginatae" by its lack of any kind of umbo.

Amanita velosa. on its pileus, its short pileus striae, and its distinct pale orange to pale salmon coloration when young. Its coloration can become more brownish with age and entirely white specimens are occasionally seen as well. Like many other "Amanita", the gills are white, but occasionally have a distinct pinkish or orangish tint. In older specimens, the odor can become pungent and fishy.The cap is 5–15 cm wide, convex then plane, with an orange-pink or salmon-like color; it usually has a white universal veil patch. The gills are adnexed to free, close and white (or pinkish with age). The stalk is.

Amanita velosa. 5–15 cm long, and 1–3 cm wide. The volva is white, saclike and sheathes the stalk base. The spores are white, smooth, elliptical, and inamyloid.## Habitat and range."Amanita velosa" is a late-season mushroom in its range of occurrence, being found from midwinter into spring, up until the end of the California rainy season. Its favored habitat is the ecotone between oak (particularly coast live oak) woodlands and open grassland, living in an ectomycorrhizal relationship with young oak trees.Although this species is primarily known from the coastal regions of California, Oregon, and Baja California, it is also reported to have been.

Amanita velosa. found in association with aspen and conifers in the Sierra Nevada and there is also one report of this species being found growing with spruce in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, in the eastern United States.## Edibility and identification.It is considered to be an outstanding edible species with a distinctively sweet or nutty flavor. However, great caution must be exercised to properly identify it, as the deadly "Amanita ocreata" (and occasionally "Amanita phalloides") is also found in the same habitat at the same time of year, and can often be found in close proximity to each other. "A. ocreata.

Amanita velosa. and "A. phalloides" have thin universal veil remnants, a sac-like volva, an annulus, a non-striate pileus margin, and a pileus that is a different color than "A. velosa". These differences can fade as the fruiting body ages, making it important to collect only specimens that have all of their identifying characteristics intact. "Amanita velosa"Mushroom Observer: "Amanita velosa.


Question: Which city or region does this facility locate in?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Hampstead Cemetery. Hampstead Cemetery is a historic cemetery in West Hampstead, London, located at the upper extremity of the NW6 district. Despite the name, the cemetery is three-quarters of a mile from Hampstead Village, and bears a different postcode. It is jointly managed by Islington and Camden Cemetery Service and opens seven days a week, with closing times varying throughout the year.## Location and history.Hampstead Cemetery is situated on Fortune Green Road and is bordered on the northern side by the sports ground of University College School. A public footpath running from Hocroft Road to Fortune Green runs through the cemetery, effectively.


Question: What is the location of this building?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Hammershus. Hammershus is a medieval era fortification at Hammeren on the northern tip of the Danish island of Bornholm.The fortress was partially demolished around 1750 and is now a ruin. It was partially restored around 1900.## History.Hammershus was Scandinavia's largest medieval fortification and is one of the largest medieval fortifications in Northern Europe. It is situated in the Baltic Sea 74 (m) above sea level. The fortification was erected in the 13th century and consists of the base castle residence and features a grand tower called the "mantel" tower. Hammershus Fortress features a 750 (m) perimeter wall around the castle grounds.During.


Question: What kind of effect does this activity have?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Transport. has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.## Human-powered.Human-powered transport, a form of sustainable transport, is the transport of people and/or goods using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running, and swimming. Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-powered transport remains popular for reasons of.

Transport. and timings of travel is not available to other modes of transport. It is possible to provide door-to-door service only by road transport.Automobiles provide high flexibility with low capacity, but require high energy and area use, and are the main source of harmful noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.## Water.Water transport is movement by means of a watercraft—such as a barge, boat, ship, or sailboat—over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean,.

Transport. there is too much traffic and many—if not all—of the negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to be questioned in many places; as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied on—spanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociology, and economics—the viability of the old mobility solutions is increasingly being questioned.## Environment.Transport is a major use of energy and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and.


Question: What is the highest observed lifespan of this plant?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Acer macrophyllum. gold and yellow, contrasting against backdrops of evergreen conifers.In spring, the tree produces flowers in pendulous racemes 10 - 15 (cm) long, greenish-yellow with inconspicuous petals. It is hermaphroditic, bearing both male and female flowers in each raceme. The flowers appear in early spring, before the leaves.The fruit is a paired winged samara, each seed 1 - 1.5 (cm) in diameter with a 4 - 5 (cm) wing. Bigleaf maple begins bearing seed at about ten years of age.In May 2018 the oldest two Oregon maples in Europe, 175 years old, were removed from Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland. The.