Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Trillium chloropetalum. Trillium chloropetalum, also known as giant trillium, giant wakerobin, or common trillium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. It is endemic to the western U.S. state of California, being especially frequent in and around the San Francisco Bay Area.## Description."Trillium chloropetalum" is a perennial, clump-forming herbaceous plant with a thick underground rhizome. Like all trilliums, it has a whorl of three bracts (leaves) and a single trimerous flower with 3 sepals, 3 petals, two whorls of 3 stamens each, and 3 carpels fused into a single ovary with 3 stigmas. Since its flower has no stalk,.

Trillium chloropetalum. "T. chloropetalum" belongs to subgenus "Sessilium", the sessile-flowered trilliums. It is one of the largest of all "Trillium" species, with a scape (stem) from 20 to 70 (cm) long. The bracts are broadly ovate, 7 to 21 (cm) long and 7 to 18 (cm) wide, usually with brownish mottling but sometimes unmottled. Petal color is highly variable, typically ranging from pale greenish yellow to greenish bronze (or purplish green) to dark purple. A variety that lacks yellow pigments has petal colors ranging from white to reddish-purple. The flower petals enclose purple stamens, 15 to 30 (mm) long, and a purple.

Trillium chloropetalum. ovary. Flowering occurs from late February to early April.In the San Francisco Bay Area, a white-petaled form of "T. chloropetalum" is often confused with "T. albidum", which also has white petals. The former is distinguished by the purple pigment in its anther connective tissue, a character lacking in "T. albidum".## Taxonomy.In 1856, John Torrey described "Trillium sessile" var. "chloropetalum" based on a specimen collected by John Milton Bigelow two years earlier in the "redwoods" of California. At the time, Bigelow was exploring the valleys and tributaries of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, but the precise original location of his.

Trillium chloropetalum. specimen remains unknown. In 1903, Thomas Jefferson Howell described the species "Trillium chloropetalum" based on Torrey's variety. The epithet "chloropetalum" means "green-petaled".In 1975, John Daniel Freeman published an influential revision of subgenus "Sessilium" that included the description of a new species "Trillium albidum" and a completely new circumscription of "Trillium chloropetalum" . By separating out white-flowered "T. albidum", Freeman was able to provide a rational circumscription of "T. chloropetalum" that includes the following taxa: "Trillium chloropetalum" var. "chloropetalum" "Trillium chloropetalum" var. "giganteum" The petals of "T. chloropetalum" var. "chloropetalum" always show yellow pigments but these are often masked by purple.

Trillium chloropetalum. or other pigments. In contrast, the petals of "T. chloropetalum" var. "giganteum" lack yellow pigments altogether. The former is characterized by the green-petaled form described by Torrey while the latter includes a white-flowered form of "T. chloropetalum" distinguished from "T. albidum" by the presence of dark purple stamens and carpels.Freeman's treatment of "Trillium chloropetalum" is widely (if not universally) accepted. Some authorities consider "Trillium chloropetalum" var. "giganteum" to be a synonym for "Trillium chloropetalum", but even those authorities cite Freeman.## Distribution and habitat."Trillium chloropetalum" is endemic to California. Some authorities claim the species ranges across ten California counties, from Monterey.

Trillium chloropetalum. County on the central California coast to Lake County in the north central part of the state: Alameda, Contra Costa, Lake, Marin, Monterey, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, SonomaOther authorities claim that "T. chloropetalum" has a broader range that extends northward to Siskiyou County or southward to Santa Barbara County."T. chloropetalum" is found at the edges of redwood forests and chaparral, usually on moist slopes, canyon banks, and alluvial soils.## Uses.The variety "Trillium chloropetalum" var. "giganteum", with its deep maroon flower petals, gained the Award of Garden Merit (AGM) from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1993. Pacific Railroad.

Trillium chloropetalum. Surveys Calflora Database: "Trillium chloropetalum" (Giant wakerobin) Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for "Trillium chloropetalum" Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for "Trillium chloropetalum" var. "chloropetalum" Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for "Trillium chloropetalum" var. "giganteum.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Asclepias viridiflora. Asclepias viridiflora, is commonly known as green comet milkweed, green-flower milkweed, and green milkweed. It is a widely distributed species of milkweed ("Asclepias"), known from much of the eastern and central United States from Connecticut to Georgia to Arizona to Montana, as well as southern Canada. The Latin specific epithet "viridiflora" means green-flowered."Asclepias viridiflora" is an erect to ascending herb up to 50 cm tall, with distinctive greenish-white flowers. The pods lack the warts and tubercules common on other species of Asclepias. It grows in moist to dry shaded roadsides, fields, and prairies.## Conservation status.It is listed as endangered in.

Asclepias viridiflora. Florida, as threatened in New York (state), and as endangered in Connecticut.## Native American Ethnobotany.The Blackfoot apply a poultice of chewed roots to swellings, rashes, sore gums of nursing infants, and sore eyes. They also chew the root for sore throats, use the plant to spice soups, and use the fresh roots for food. The Brulé Lakota give pulverized roots to children with diarrhea, and an infusion of the whole plant is taken by mothers to increase their milk.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Bullock's oriole. Bullock's oriole ("Icterus bullockii") is a small New World blackbird. At one time, this species and the Baltimore oriole were considered to be a single species, the northern oriole. This bird is named after William Bullock, an English amateur naturalist.## Description.Bullock's orioles are sexually dimorphic, with males being more brightly colored than females. In addition, adult males tend to be slightly larger and heavier than females.Measurements: Length: 6.7-7.5 in (17-19 cm) Weight: 1.0-1.5 oz (29-43 g) Wingspan: 12.2 in (31 cm)Adults have a pointed bill with a straight culmen. In adult males, the tail is long, square, and jet black.

Bullock's oriole. - Encyclopedia of Life Bullock's oriole - "Icterus bullockii" - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Bullock's oriole - BirdHouses101.com ## External links.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Sherardia. Sherardia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. Sherardia arvensis or (blue) field madder, which is widespread across most of Europe and northern Africa as well as southwest and central Asia (from Turkey to Saudi Arabia to Kazakhstan) and Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Azores, Madeira, Savage Islands). It is also reportedly naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, Kerguelen, Ethiopia, Sudan, southern Africa, Mexico, Costa Rica, South America, Bermuda, Cuba, Haiti and much of Canada and the United States (especially the Pacific States and the lower Mississippi Valley).## Description."Sherardia arvensis" is.

Sherardia. dry and about 3 mm long with two lobes giving rise to two small, dry, indehiscent fruits called nutlets.The four-angled stems with whorls of bristly leaves and tiny flowers are reminiscent of the Bedstraws and other related Rubiaceae, but "Sherardia" is distinguished by its mauve/pink flowers that are organized in clusters and having a long corolla tube."Sherardia arvensis" plants are hermaphroditic and pollinated by flies.## Uses."Sherardia arvensis" is a common weed of fields, pasture, grassland, and disturbed areas. The fleshy roots, though much inferior to the common madder ("Rubia tinctorum"), are sometimes used for the production of a red dye.##.

Sherardia. Taxonomy.The genus and species were described by Carl Linnaeus in "Hortus Cliffortianus" in 1736 and also appeared in his masterwork "Species Plantarum" in 1753. The genus was named in memory of the prominent English botanist William Sherard (1659–1728). The Latin epithet "arvensis" means that it is found in fields."Sherardia" in the World Checklist of RubiaceaeUSDA Plants ProfilePlants of MissouriWildflowers of the United States, "Sherardia arvensis" Calflora taxon report, "Sherardia arvensis" University of California at Davis, Integrated Pest Management On-line, Field Madder ("Sherardia arvensis")Tela Botanica, "Sherardia arvensis" News from Rockcliff Farm, Natural Gardens of North Carolina, Blue Field-Madder, "Sherardia arvensis" Herbario.


Question: On what date did this building officially open?

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Pro Football Hall of Fame. Village, an estimated $900 million expansion project adjacent to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, has completed Phase I of construction; preparations for beginning Phase II are currently underway.Dick McCann (April 4, 1962 – November 1967)Dick Gallagher (April 1968 – December 31, 1975)Pete Elliott (February 1979 – October 31, 1996)John Bankert (November 1, 1996 – December 31, 2005)Steve Perry (April 24, 2006 – January 2014)David Baker (January 6, 2014 – October 16, 2021)Jim Porter (2021 – present)## Inductees.Through 2021, all players in the Hall, except Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw, played at least some part of their professional career in.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. 2002, the ceremony was moved to Fawcett Stadium (now Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium), where it was held from 1963 to 1965. Since 2007, the enshrinement ceremony has been held on the Saturday night, since 2017 two days after the Hall of Fame Game. In 2022, the ceremony was moved to noon ET.## Hall of Fame Game.The Hall of Fame Game, the annual NFL preseason opener, is played in Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium at Hall of Fame Village in Canton, Ohio. In 2017, the Hall of Fame Game was held for the first time on Thursday night.


Question: Which place is this animal endemic to?

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Cane toad. The cane toad (Rhinella marina), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean, as well as Northern Australia. It is a member of the genus "Rhinella", which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus "Bufo".The cane toad is an old species. A fossil toad (specimen UCMP 41159) from the La Venta fauna of the late Miocene in Colombia is indistinguishable.

Cane toad. from modern cane toads from northern South America. It was discovered in a floodplain deposit, which suggests the "R. marina" habitat preferences have long been for open areas. The cane toad is a prolific breeder; females lay single-clump spawns with thousands of eggs. Its reproductive success is partly because of opportunistic feeding: it has a diet, unusual among anurans, of both dead and living matter. Adults average 10 – 15 (cm) in length; the largest recorded specimen had a snout-vent length of 24 (cm).The cane toad has poison glands, and the tadpoles are highly toxic to most animals if ingested.

Cane toad. "Dominican toad", "giant marine toad", and "South American cane toad". In Trinidadian English, they are commonly called "crapaud", the French word for toad.The genus "Rhinella" is considered to constitute a distinct genus of its own, thus changing the scientific name of the cane toad. In this case, the specific name "marinus" (masculine) changes to "marina" (feminine) to conform with the rules of gender agreement as set out by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, changing the binomial name from "Bufo marinus" to "Rhinella marina"; the binomial "Rhinella marinus" was subsequently introduced as a synonym through misspelling by Pramuk, Robertson, Sites,.

Cane toad. and Noonan (2008). Though controversial (with many traditional herpetologists still using "Bufo marinus") the binomial "Rhinella marina" is gaining in acceptance with such bodies as the IUCN, Encyclopaedia of Life, Amphibian Species of the World and increasing numbers of scientific publications adopting its usage.Since 2016, cane toad populations native to Mesoamerica and northwestern South America are sometimes considered to be a separate species, "Rhinella horribilis".In Australia, the adults may be confused with large native frogs from the genera "Limnodynastes", "Cyclorana", and "Mixophyes". These species can be distinguished from the cane toad by the absence of large parotoid glands behind their.

Cane toad. toads lose the toxicity that protected them as eggs and tadpoles, but have yet to fully develop the parotoid glands that produce bufotoxin. Only an estimated 0.5% of cane toads reach adulthood, in part because they lack this key defense - but also due to tadpole cannibalism. Although cannibalism does occur in the native population in South America, the rapid evolution occurring in the unnaturally large population in Australia has produced tadpoles 30x more likely to be "interested" in cannibalising their siblings, and 2.6x more likely to actually "do so". They have also evolved to shorten their tadpole phase in.

Cane toad. Saw-shelled Turtles have also been seen successfully and safely eating cane toads.## Distribution.The cane toad is native to the Americas, and its range stretches from the Rio Grande Valley in South Texas to the central Amazon and southeastern Peru, and some of the continental islands near Venezuela (such as Trinidad and Tobago). This area encompasses both tropical and semiarid environments. The density of the cane toad is significantly lower within its native distribution than in places where it has been introduced. In South America, the density was recorded to be 20 adults per 100 m (109 yd) of shoreline, 1.

Cane toad. in spite of the failure of the earlier introductions. On September 8, 2013, the cane toad was also discovered on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas.## The Philippines.The cane toad was first introduced deliberately into the Philippines in 1930 as a biological control agent of pests in sugarcane plantations, after the success of the experimental introductions into Puerto Rico. It subsequently became the most ubiquitous amphibian in the islands. It still retains the common name of "bakî" or "kamprag" in the Visayan languages, a corruption of 'American frog', referring to its origins. It is also commonly known as.

Cane toad. 17 months. The toads were sent to the other islands, and more than 100,000 toads were distributed by July 1934; eventually over 600,000 were transported.## Uses.Other than the use as a biological control for pests, the cane toad has been employed in a number of commercial and noncommercial applications. Traditionally, within the toad's natural range in South America, the Embera-Wounaan would "milk" the toads for their toxin, which was then employed as an arrow poison. The toxins may have been used as an entheogen by the Olmec people. The toad has been hunted as a food source in parts of.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

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Calvatia gigantea. Calvatia gigantea, commonly known as the giant puffball, is a puffball mushroom commonly found in meadows, fields, and deciduous forests usually in late summer and autumn. It is found in temperate areas throughout the world.## Description.Most giant puffballs grow to be 10 to 50 (cm), sometimes to be 90 (cm) in diameter; although occasionally some can reach diameters up to 150 (cm) and weights of 20 (kg). The inside of mature giant puffballs is greenish brown, whereas the interior of immature puffballs is white. The large white mushrooms are edible when young.The fruiting body of a puffball mushroom will develop.

Calvatia gigantea. in the past been placed in two other genera, "Lycoperdon" and "Langermannia". However, the current view is that the giant puffball is "Calvatia".## Conservation status.The giant puffball is widespread and common in the UK. It is protected in parts of Poland and is of conservation concern in Norway.## Cooking.All true puffballs are considered edible when immature, but can cause digestive upset if the spores have begun to form, as indicated by the color of the flesh being not pure white (first yellow, then brown). Immature gilled species still contained within their universal veil can be look alikes for puffballs. To.


Question: What is the immediately prior item that this building follows in a series?

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Palais de Chaillot. The Palais de Chaillot () is a building at the top of the in the Trocadéro area in the 16th "arrondissement" of Paris, France.For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old 1878 Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt to create the Palais de Chaillot. It was designed in classicising "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. The Palais consists of two separate wings shaped to form a wide arc, which are those of the former building with new taller portions built in front. The pair of larger central pavilions are also those of.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Shoebill. The shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) also known as whalehead, whale-headed stork, whalebill, or shoebill stork, is a very large stork-like bird. It derives its name from its enormous shoe-shaped bill. It has a somewhat stork-like overall form and has previously been classified with the storks in the order Ciconiiformes based on this morphology. However, genetic evidence places it with pelicans and herons in the Pelecaniformes. The adult is mainly grey while the juveniles are more brown. It lives in tropical east Africa in large swamps from South Sudan to Zambia.## Taxonomy and systematics.The shoebill was known to ancient Egyptians but was.

Shoebill. not classified until the 19th century, after skins and eventually live specimens were brought to Europe. John Gould described it in 1850, giving it the name "Balaeniceps rex". The genus name comes from the Latin words "balaena" "whale", and "caput" "head", abbreviated to "-ceps" in compound words.Traditionally considered as allied with the storks (Ciconiiformes), it was retained there in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy which lumped a massive number of unrelated taxa into their "Ciconiiformes". Based on osteological evidence, the suggestion of a pelecaniform affinity was made in 1957 by Patricia Cottam. Microscopic analysis of eggshell structure by Konstantin Mikhailov in 1995.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Loggerhead shrike. The loggerhead shrike ("Lanius ludovicianus") is a passerine bird in the family Laniidae. It is the only member of the shrike family endemic to North America; the related northern shrike ("L. borealis") occurs north of its range, however it is also found in Siberia. It is nicknamed the butcherbird after its carnivorous tendencies, as it consumes prey such as amphibians, insects, lizards, small mammals and small birds, and some prey end up displayed and stored at a site, for example in a tree. Due to its small size and weak talons, this predatory bird relies on impaling its prey upon.

Loggerhead shrike. thorns or barbed wire for facilitated consumption. The numbers of loggerhead shrike have significantly decreased in recent years, especially in Midwestern, New England and Mid-Atlantic areas.## Taxonomy.In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the loggerhead shrike in his "Ornithologie" based on a specimen collected in Louisiana in the United States. He used the French name "La pie-griesche de la Louisiane" and the Latin "Lanius ludovicianus". Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not usually conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish.

Loggerhead shrike. naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his "Systema Naturae" for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the loggerhead shrike. Linnaeus included a brief description, adopted the binomial name "Lanius ludovicianus" (identical to Brisson's Latin name) and cited Brisson's work. The specific name "ludovic" is Late Latin for "Louis" and the epithet “-ianus” is to describe something being of another or possessed by it. When translated, its scientific name means something alongside the lines of “Louis’ butcher”. “Loggerhead,” a similar word to “blockhead,” refers to the unusually large head to body.

Loggerhead shrike. that the wing-chord-to-tail-length ratio was an important indicator for distinguishing between subspecies. "Lanius ludovicianus migrans", found in eastern North America, can be distinguished from the western subspecies, "L. l. excubitorides" by wing length, tail length, and colour. "L. l. migrans" have a paler forehead than the top of the head.According to Mundy et al.’s 1997 study, there is a substantial genetic difference between the island subspecies "L. l. mearnsi" and the mainland subspecies "L. l. gambeli" due to a gene flow barrier between the two species.## Description.The loggerhead shrike is a medium-sized passerine. "Loggerhead" refers to the relatively large size.

Loggerhead shrike. Account – Cornell Lab of OrnithologyLoggerhead Shrike – "Lanius ludovicianus" – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenterStamps (for Mexico) with Range Map at bird-stamps.org Recording of its call.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Staghorn coral. The staghorn coral ("Acropora cervicornis") is a branching, stony coral with cylindrical branches ranging from a few centimetres to over two metres in length and height. It occurs in back reef and fore reef environments from 0 to 30 (m) depth. The upper limit is defined by wave forces, and the lower limit is controlled by suspended sediments and light availability. Fore reef zones at intermediate depths 5 - 25 (m) were formerly dominated by extensive single-species stands of staghorn coral until the mid-1980s. This coral exhibits the fastest growth of all known western Atlantic fringe corals, with branches increasing.

Staghorn coral. very few larvae survive to settle and metamorphose into new colonies.## Conservation.## Threats and concerns.The preponderance of asexual reproduction in this species raises the possibility that genetic diversity in the remnant populations may be very low. These uncertainties as to recruitment/recovery potential and genetic status are the basis for conservation concerns for this species.From 1970 to 2020, there has been a significant decline in the population of "Acropora cerviconis" in the Florida Keys caused by a combination of coral disease and bleaching as well as other stressors such as pollution and predation. In order to reduce the loss of this.

Staghorn coral. species, the Coral Restoration Foundation in conjunction with the NOAA Recovery Plan (NRP) started in 2007 outplanting coral projects to restore populations at sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary where "A. cerviconis" was previously abundant.## ESA listing history.On March 4, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned NMFS to list elkhorn ("Acropora palmata"), staghorn ("A. cervicornis"), and fused-staghorn ("A. prolifera") coral under the ESA. On June 23, 2004, NOAA Fisheries found that listing these species may be warranted and initiated a formal review of their biological status. NMFS convened the Atlantic Acropora Biological Review Team to summarize the.

Staghorn coral. the elkhorn and staghorn corals as endangered, but determined in September 2014 that they would remain listed as threatened (79 FR 53852).NOAA Fisheries Species Directory - Staghorn Coral ("Acropora cervicornis").


Question: What is the litter size of this bird?

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Sora (bird). face at the base of the bill and on the throat. Sexes are similar, but young soras lack the black facial markings and have a whitish face and buff breast. They weigh about 49 - 112 (g).The sora's breeding habitat is marshes throughout much of North America. They nest in a well-concealed location in dense vegetation. The female usually lays 10 to 12 eggs, sometimes as many as 18, in a cup built from marsh vegetation. The eggs do not all hatch together. Both parents incubate and feed the young, who leave the nest soon after they hatch and are.

Sora (bird). and underparts, and black and white barring on the flanks. They have a short thick yellow bill, with black markings on the face at the base of the bill and on the throat. Sexes are similar, but young soras lack the black facial markings and have a whitish face and buff breast. They weigh about 49 - 112 (g) and have a wingspan of 35–40 cm. Soras have two common calls: a loud, squeaking "whinny" that decelerates and descends in pitch, often used to advertise territories; and a softer, ascending "ker-wee" or "sor-ah". The latter call is sometimes presented as.

Sora (bird). York, cover was greater than 70% at 95% of sora nests. In addition, nesting sites had more horizontal cover at 20 inches (0.5 m) above water level than random sites. However, average stem density on sora territories was not significantly (p>0.05) different from random sites in northwestern Iowa.Height of emergent vegetation in sora habitat also varies. It ranged from 8 to 11 (in) in the spring after a winter disturbance in northwestern Iowa to 84 (in) in areas heavily used by soras in Arizona. In marshes of western New York, average vegetation height at sora nesting sites was shorter than.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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Eastern carpenter bee. Xylocopa virginica, sometimes referred to as the eastern carpenter bee, extends through the eastern United States and into Canada. They are sympatric with "Xylocopa micans" in much of southeastern United States. They nest in various types of wood and eat pollen and nectar. In "X. virginica", dominant females do not focus solely on egg-laying, as in other bee species considered to have "queens". Instead, dominant "X. virginica" females are responsible for a full gamut of activities including reproduction, foraging, and nest construction, whereas subordinate bees may engage in little activity outside of guarding the nest.## Description and identification.The bee is.

Eastern carpenter bee. similar in size to bumblebees, but has a glossy, mostly black body with a slight metallic purple tint. "X. virginica" males and females have generally the same mass, but can be differentiated visually by the male's longer body and the female's wider head. The males also have a white spot on their face. Additionally, the males have larger thoracic volumes for given masses. Females of different social standing can also be told apart based on morphology. Primary females are larger than secondary or tertiary females, and also have more mandibular and wing wear."X. virginica" have distinctive maxillae that are adapted.

Eastern carpenter bee. to performing perforations on corolla tubes to reach nectaries. Their maxillae are sharp and wedge-shaped, allowing them to split the side of corolla tubes externally to access the nectar. Eastern carpenter bees also have galae on their maxillae that are shaped like large, flat blades. Bees with sharp galae can use these to further aid in penetrating the corolla tubes.## Taxonomy and phylogeny."X. virginica" belongs to the genus "Xylocopa", which consists of over 400 species worldwide, in the subgenus "Xylocopoides", which contains only 5 New World species, including "Xylocopa californica", which also occurs in the U.S.## Distribution."X. virginica" is found.

Eastern carpenter bee. throughout much of North America east of the Rocky Mountains and at least as far north as Nebraska, southern Ontario, and Maine.## Nesting."X. virginica" build their nests in wood, bamboo culms, agave stalks, and other comparable materials, but they prefer to nest in milled pine or cedar lumber. The nests are built by scraping wood shavings off of the wall. These shavings are then used to create partitions between nesting cells. The entrance cuts into the wood perpendicular to the grain, but they are built parallel beyond the entrance. These nests may be either social, containing groups of two to.

Eastern carpenter bee. five females, or solitary. Social nests are more common, despite the fact that brood productivity is actually lower when females choose to nest together. Because "X. virginica" builds its nests in wood structures, it is common for it to nest in constructed furniture or buildings. "X. virginica" is the most common large carpenter bee in eastern North America, and it nests in small groups, so nests are fairly commonly encountered.The nests are usually round and typically have one to four tunnels. They have multiple branches, with each adult female living and laying eggs in a separate branch but females sharing.

Eastern carpenter bee. one common entrance. Because the nests are costly to build, it is common for females to reuse old nests.## Life cycle.In "X. virginica," mating occurs only once a year, in the spring. Eggs are laid in July, starting farthest from the exit hole, and by about August and mid-September, larval development has completed and all the pupae have become adults. Researchers suggest that there is a mechanism that synchronizes the emergence time of young that are laid at different times by causing the younger eggs to develop faster. This mechanism prevents bees that would emerge sooner from removing their siblings.

Eastern carpenter bee. and decreasing their potential competition.Bees that have newly emerged have a soft cuticle and white wings. The wings later transition to brown, then to a bluish black. They can fly 3–4 days after emergence, but they remain in their nest for at least two weeks, consuming nectar but not pollen. The juveniles begin the next mating cycle the following spring, so one generation develops in a year.Females begin to exhibit signs of senescence around July. The indicative behavior includes resting in flowers, remaining in the nest, or even just falling to the ground from flight. Older individuals also crawl, avoid.

Eastern carpenter bee. taking flight, and do not struggle when handled by humans. The old bees die by early August, the same time that juveniles emerge from brood cells. Due to the simultaneous nature of expiration of old bees and emergence of new ones, there is little overlap between generations, except for some females that survive a second winter.## Behavior."X. virginica" is not a solitary bee species, but it is not truly social either. The weak form of sociality they exhibit, with one female doing the majority of the work and caring for her sisters, may be a transitional step in the evolution.

Eastern carpenter bee. of sociality.## Dominance hierarchy.Female "X. virginica" can have solitary nests, but they usually nest in social groups. The social order of "X. virginica" is broken into three groups: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary females act as the dominant within a nest and are in charge of reproduction, providing food for the larvae, and laying all the eggs. This is different from many bee species in which there is a queen that focuses her energy solely on laying eggs while relying on provisions provide by subordinate bees. Secondary females may sometimes participate in oviposition, and they reinforce this potential role by.

Eastern carpenter bee. helping provide for the larvae or performing nest maintenance. Tertiary females rely on the provisions provided by primary females and quietly await overwintering while remaining inactive.Studies have shown that primary females are usually the bees that have overwintered twice, while tertiary bees have only overwintered once. Tertiary bees will most likely survive a second overwintering and develop further to become primary female the following year. Secondary bees may survive a second winter, but that is unlikely if they actively forage after their first overwintering.## Division of labor among the sexes.Not all females do the same work in a social nest.

Eastern carpenter bee. This is evident based on the varying levels of wear on the wings and mandibles of females of various social standing. Although many nests have more than one female, there is a division of labor between the older and younger females. During nesting time, only the older females are responsible for nesting duties such as digging, excavating the cells, lining the cells, collecting food, and ovipositing. Evidence of this activity can be found in their worn mandibles. Young females rarely leave the nest and guard the entrance while the older females work, resulting in unworn wings and mandibles in the.

Eastern carpenter bee. younger females. Additionally, "X. virginica" is the only known species in which one-year-old females cohabit the nest with two-year-old females that do all the labor.Males often spend long periods of time hovering, flying, or in fast pursuit of intruders, while female flight activity is usually very directed, such as flights to flowers and food sites. Larger females have an advantage because they can carry larger amounts of pollen or nectar back to the nest and can fly longer distances.## Diet."X. virginica" survive mostly on nectar and pollen. Newly emerged bees do not have food stored in their nest, but they.

Eastern carpenter bee. are occasionally brought nectar. "X. virginica" use their maxillae to penetrate the corolla of plants and reach the nectar stores, a behavior known as nectar robbing. This happens when the bee pierces the corollas of long-tubed flowers, thus accessing nectar without making contact with the anthers and bypassing pollination. In some plants this reduces fruit production and seed number. In other plants, defensive mechanisms allow pollination to occur despite perforation of the corolla.## Mating behavior.Each nest usually has one mated individual. Mating occurs in April and is often accompanied by a bobbing dance that involves about a dozen males and.

Eastern carpenter bee. only a few females.Males require female activity, specifically flight, in mating. Occasionally before mating, the couple will face each other and hover for a few minutes. When the male contacts the female, he mounts her back and attempts to push his abdomen under hers. Copulation then occurs, and it is almost always followed by more mating attempts. If, during copulation, the female lands, the couple will disengage and the male will hover waiting for the female to take flight again; however, although the males almost always disengage and pause copulation when the female lands, there have been instances recorded in.

Eastern carpenter bee. which the males will hold on to the female with all six legs and flap his wings in an attempt to lift her back into the air.Larger males are usually more successful in mating. Because of their competitive advantage due to their size, males will likely claim a territory near female nest sites. Smaller males will stay at foraging sites or other areas they think females may pass so they can mate with reduced competition.## Kin selection.Research has shown that, regardless of sex, "X. virginica" show more aggression toward non-nestmates than nestmates, indicating that they can recognize each other. By.

Eastern carpenter bee. living in social groups with inclusive fitness, the bees can raise offspring with the help of the nest community rather than as a solitary effort.The ability of "X. virginica" to recognize nestmates allows primaries and secondaries to exclude tertiary bees from their nests. Tertiary bees are a burden on resources because they do not perform any useful activities, but they benefit from the food and shelter provided by the primary females.## Defense.## Territorial behavior in males.Males will establish territories near an active nest entrance to protect the colony and seek mating opportunities. For males that are near the nest entrance,.

Eastern carpenter bee. their boundaries are usually linear and several meters long. For males that are farther from the exit, their boundaries are usually in the shape of a square and shorter in length. Males can stay in one territory for as long as two weeks. Although they do most of their foraging and resting during the night, they take small breaks throughout the day as well. After these breaks, they often have to fight off intruders that have taken advantage of their absence.Flights near the nest are usually uniform and involve much hovering. Flights protecting a bee's territory can be as short.

Eastern carpenter bee. as a few minutes, but may extend beyond an hour. Males will not react to another bee unless the other is flying at high speed. When other individuals hover near the nest, it is unlikely that the male will pursue, whereas if another male comes into a territory at a high speed, the territorial male will give chase. When males patrolling the entrance of a nest are confronted with either dead or living Eastern carpenter bees suspended from a thread and dangled within the male's territory, the male does not respond when the bee is suspended and motionless, whether it.

Eastern carpenter bee. is living or dead—even though "X. virginica" are capable of recognizing other individuals of their species. However, when the suspended bee is released and allowed to fly in the male's territory or is swung through the territory on the thread, the territorial male pursues it.## Parasites.There is one common species of bombyliid flies known to parasitize the larvae of "Xylocopa virginica": "Xenox tigrinus".## Marking.Eastern carpenter bees have mandibular glands that are known to produce a marking chemical in "X. hirsutissima" that functions as a nest marker or for female attraction. The glands are present in both males and females, but.

Eastern carpenter bee. they produce no marking substance. However, "X. virginica" does have a Dufour's gland that is used to deposit a scent on a flower immediately following nectar collection. The scent, composed of hydrocarbons and esters, discourages "X. virginica", as well as other bee species, from returning to that same flower.## Stinging.The male bee is unable to sting because the stinger is simply a modified ovipositor (which males lack by definition), though they will commonly approach human beings and buzz loudly around them or fly close to them. The female, on the other hand, is capable of stinging; while the pain level.

Eastern carpenter bee. of these stings is not well-documented, researchers have testified that "X. virginica" will sting if roughly handled. As the stinger is not barbed, a female can sting multiple times.## Human importance.## Agriculture."X. virginica" visits many different kinds of flowers in order to gather pollen and nectar to bring back to the nest for larvae. Most of the plants they visit are wild grown or grown for decorative value; however, they can be good pollinators of blueberry crops. Their active seasons are quite long, and they forage on a wide variety of plant species. Also, because the start of their activity.

Eastern carpenter bee. season is dependent on temperature, it is easy for greenhouse workers to manipulate the beginning of foraging activity. However, in comparison to species such as the honey bee, their smaller nest makes them less powerful as pollinators.## Destructive behavior.Because "X. virginica" builds its nests in various types of wood, it presents the disadvantage of weakening wood in manmade structures. They are also able to produce an excrement upon exiting their tunnels that may splash on the sides of buildings and negatively affect the aesthetic appeal of that structure. However, when weighed against the benefits "X. virginica" have as pollinators, the.

Eastern carpenter bee. costs of its destructive behavior are insignificant. "X. virginica" offer benefits in the form of pollination for fruits, vegetables, legumes, and flower crops. Although the pollination strengths of "X. virginica" are secondary to that of the bumblebees and honey bees, the contribution is great enough to overlook destructive tendencies. "X. virginica" avoid entrances that are stained white, which is a possible solution to keeping them out of unwanted areas. Mitchell, Theodore B. (1962): Bees of the Eastern United States. Vol. II, The North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Tech. Bul. No.152, pp. 557 (p. 507 ff)Balduf WV, 1962. Life of the.

Eastern carpenter bee. carpenter bee, "Xylocopa virginica" (Linn.) (Xylocopidae, Hymenoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 55:263-271.Barrows EM, 1983. Male Territoriality in the Carpenter Bee "Xylocopa virginica". Animal Behaviour 31: 806-813.Barthell JF, Baird TA, 2004. Size variation and Aggression among Male "Xylocopa virginica" (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at a Nesting Site in Central Oklahoma. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 77:10-20.Gerling D, Hermann HR, 1976. Biology and Mating Behavior of "Xylocopa virginica" L. (Hymenoptera, Anthrophoridae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3:99-111.Sabrosky CW, 1962. Mating in "Xylocopa virginica". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of America 64:184.Rau,Phil, 1933. The Jungle Bees and Wasps of Barro Colorado.

Eastern carpenter bee. Island: with notes on other insects, Chapter VIII: The Behavior of the Great Carpenter Bee, "Xylocopa virginica" with notes on the genesis of certain instincts. OSU Agricultural Extension Fact Sheet - HYG-2074-06 Carpenter Bees - Penn State Entomology Department Fact Sheet.


Question: What country does this place belong to?

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Amanohashidate. Amanohashidate (天橋立) is one of Japan's three scenic views. The sandbar is located in Miyazu Bay in northern Kyoto Prefecture. It forms part of the Tango-Amanohashidate-Ōeyama Quasi-National Park.## Location.A thin strip of land connects two opposing sides of Miyazu Bay. This sand bar is 3.3 (km) long and covered with about 7,000 pine trees.It can be viewed from mountains on either side of the bay or it can be traversed on foot. Near the northern end is Kono Shrine, Shinto Shrine and the southern end is Chion-ji, a Buddhist temple.On the bar is the Isoshimizu fresh water well cherished since.

Amanohashidate. the Heian period, which was selected as one of 100 best springs and rivers in Japan by the Environmental Agency in 1985.## Access.Amanohashidate Station on the Miyazu Line railway, about two hours from Kyoto Station or Osaka Station, is located within walking distance from the southern end of Amanohashidate.List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments The 100 Views of Nature in KansaiAmanohashidate Tourist Association (English page).


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

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Diamondback moth. The diamondback moth ("Plutella xylostella"), sometimes called the cabbage moth, is a moth species of the family Plutellidae and genus "Plutella". The small, grayish-brown moth sometimes has a cream-colored band that forms a diamond along its back. The species may have originated in Europe, South Africa, or the Mediterranean region, but it has now spread worldwide.The moth has a short life cycle (14 days at 25 °C), is highly fecund, and is capable of migrating long distances. Diamondback moths are considered pests as they feed on the leaves of cruciferous crops and plants that produce glucosinolates. However, not all of.

Diamondback moth. tips of the wings can be seen to turn upward slightly when viewed from the side. The antennae are pronounced. The adults of this species are visually identical to the adults of the New Zealand endemic moth "Plutella antiphona." ## Geographic range.The diamondback moth has a global distribution and is found in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and the Hawaiian Islands. It is said by some experts to be the most widely distributed of all Lepidoptera, but despite tremendous interest in limiting the damage it causes, the actual available data is inadequate. It probably originated in Europe,.

Diamondback moth. can effectively slow the encroachment of the resistant diamondback moth.## Potential biological control options.1. Introduction of natural enemies which feed on the larvae, thereby reducing numbers. Although they usually only have a noticeable effect in the later stages of crop growth and can kill up to 70% of their prey. Wasps and spiders are considered common predators. The introduction of natural predators can be one of the most effective ways of both stabilizing ecosystems and managing pests.2. The homologous gene of "Plutella xylostella" was knocked out i.e. changed. This is a genetically-based approach that requires precise research to identify suitable.

Diamondback moth. active at dusk or at night, when the insecticide is most effective. In addition, avoiding coverage of flowering crops can minimize damage to bees and other pollinated insects. Ntonifor et al 2002 finds "Piper guineense" extract to be highly effective in "Brassica" crops. diamondback moth on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site "Plutella xylostella" (Linnaeus, 1758) Diamond Back or Cabbage Moth Coffs Harbour Butterfly House, NSW, Australia. Updated January 2014 R. Srinivasan; Anthony M. Shelton; Hilda L. Collins (1 April 2011), The Sixth International Workshop on Management of the Diamondback Moth and Other Crucifer Insect Pests. AVRDC-WorldVegetableCenter. Download.


Question: Where is this plant originally discovered?

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Rye. northern China.Production levels of rye have fallen since 1992 in most of the producing nations, . For instance, production of rye in Russia fell from 13.9 (e6t) in 1992 to 2.4 (e6t) in 2020. Corresponding figures for other countries are as follows: Polandfalling from 4.0 (Mt) in 1992 to 2.9 (Mt) in 2020; Belarusfalling from 3.1 (Mt) in 1992 to 1.1 (Mt) in 2020; Chinafalling from 1.7 (Mt) in 1992 to 0.5 (Mt) in 2020. However, production levels rose in Germany from 2.4 (Mt) in 1992 to 3.5 (Mt) in 2020.World trade of rye is low compared with other grains.


Question: Where is this bird originally discovered?

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Canada jay. widespread "boreal" or "taiga" clade ranging from Alaska to Newfoundland and ranging south to the Black Hills of South Dakota, Wyoming and Utah in the west and New England in the east, a "transcascade" clade in eastern Washington and Oregon and ranging into Alberta and Montana, a "Rocky Mountains (Colorado)" clade from the southern Rocky Mountains, and a "Pacific" clade from coastal British Columbia, Washington, and southwestern Oregon. There was also a population of the boreal clade in the central Rocky Mountains between the Colorado and transcascade clades. Genetic dating suggests the Pacific clade diverged from the common ancestor of.

Canada jay. the Alberta jay, was described by American ornithologist James L. Peters in 1920. It ranges from northeastern British Columbia and northwestern Alberta southeastward, east of the Rocky Mountains to the Black Hills of South Dakota. It is an occasional visitor to northwestern Nebraska. "P. c. bicolor", described by American zoologist Alden H. Miller in 1933, is found in southeastern British Columbia, southwestern Alberta, eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, northern and central Idaho, and western Montana. Miller noted that the subspecies appeared to be a stable intermediate form between "canadensis" and "capitalis". It was a similar size to subspecies "canadensis", and had.

Canada jay. (Philadelphia)."P. c. capitalis" is found in the southern Rocky Mountains from eastern Idaho, south-central Montana, and western and southern Wyoming south through eastern Utah, and western and central Colorado, to east-central Arizona and north-central New Mexico. American naturalist Spencer Fullerton Baird described this subspecies in 1873. It has a wholly whitish head with a pale band on the back of the neck, and overall more ashy grey plumage. It is also generally larger than the nominate subspecies "canadensis"."P. c. griseus" occurs from southwestern British Columbia and Vancouver Island south through central Washington and central Oregon to the mountains of north-central.

Canada jay. and northeastern California. It was described by Robert Ridgway in 1899."P. c. nigricapillus", also known as the Labrador jay, is found in northern Quebec (Kuujjuaq, Whale River, and George River), throughout Labrador and Nova Scotia, and in southeastern Quebec (Mingan and Blanc-Sablon). It was described by Ridgway in 1882."P. c. obscurus", described by Ridgway in 1874, is native to the coastal strip from Washington (Crescent Lake, Seattle, and Columbia River) through western Oregon to northwestern California (Humboldt County). Also known as the Oregon jay, this subspecies has more dark brown than grey upperparts. "P. c. pacificus" ranges from central Alaska.

Canada jay. a magnolia warbler ("Dendroica magnolia") in flight. They have been reported to opportunistically hunt young amphibians such as the western chorus frog ("Pseudacris triseriata") in Chambers Lake, Colorado, and the long-toed salamander ("Ambystoma macrodactylum") in Whitehorse Bluff in Crater Lake National Park, Oregon. Canada jays have been seen landing on moose ("Alces alces") to remove and eat engorged winter ticks ("Dermacentor albipictus") during April and May in Algonquin Provincial Park. Researchers also found a Canada jay nest containing a brooding female, three hatchlings, and three warm, engorged winter deer ticks. Because the ticks were too large for the hatchlings to.


Question: What kind of effect does this item have?

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Alarm device. An alarm device is a mechanism that gives an audible, visual or other kind of alarm signal to alert someone to a problem or condition that requires urgent attention.## Etymology.The word "alarm" comes from the Old French "a l'arme" meaning "to the arms", or "to the weapons", telling armed men to pick up their weapons and get ready for action because an enemy may have suddenly appeared.The word "alarum" is an archaic form of "alarm". It was sometimes used as a call to arms in the stage directions of Elizabethan dramas. The term comes from the Italian "all'armi" and appears.

Alarm device. either case. A person in such a state can be characterized as "alarmed".## False alarms.With any kind of alarm, you must balance between the danger of false alarms (called "false positives") — the signal going off in the absence of a problem — or an alarm failing to signal an actual problem (called a "false negative"). False alarms can waste resources expensively and can even be dangerous. For example, false alarms of a fire can waste firefighter manpower, making them unavailable for a real fire, and risk injury to firefighters and others as the fire engines race to the alleged.

Alarm device. fire's location. In addition, false alarms may acclimatise people to ignore alarm signals, and thus possibly to ignore an actual emergency: Aesop's fable of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" exemplifies this problem.A false alarm is one of the most significant issues with conventional alarm systems. They can be triggered for several reasons, such as the movement of pets, typing in the wrong security codes, or loud sounds from windows or doors. In the case of fire alarms, aerosol sprays, smoking, or burning food can all lead to a false alarm.Many avoid the risk of false alarms by ensuring their alarms.

Alarm device. fire alarm which is used to give occupants of a building early warning of a potential fire and give them time to evacuate. warning devices on a vehicle that sound when it is moving in an unexpected direction, such as reversing, a siren, often accompanied by flashing coloured lights, on emergency vehicles responding to an emergencyAlarm devices, by category, include: burglar alarms, designed to warn of burglaries. This is often a silent alarm; law enforcement or guards are warned without alerting the burglar, which increases the chances of stopping the theft while in progress. alarm clocks can beep, buzz or.


Question: In which year was this building published?

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Strapless. Strapless is a 1989 film written and directed by David Hare.## Plot summary.An expatriate American doctor in London allows herself to lighten up when her freewheeling younger sister and a mysterious man enter her life. Her inhibitions released, the beautiful doctor learns that freedom has its own price.Blair Brown – Dr. Lillian HempelBruno Ganz – Raymond ForbesBridget Fonda – Amy HempelAlan Howard – Mr. CooperMichael Gough – Douglas BrodieHugh Laurie – ColinDana Gillespie – Julie KovagoSpencer Leigh – HusAlexandra Pigg - Helen## Release.After the film's May 1990 U.S. theatrical release, it was released on videocassette in the United States by.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Ampulloclitocybe clavipes. Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, commonly known as the club-foot or club-footed clitocybe, is a species of gilled mushroom from Europe and North America. The grey brown mushrooms have yellowish decurrent gills and a bulbous stalk, and are found in deciduous and conifer woodlands. Although considered edible, disulfiram-like reactions have been reported after consumption of alcohol after eating this mushroom.## Taxonomy.The species was initially described as "Agaricus clavipes" by South African mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1801, its specific epithet derived from the Latin terms "clava" "club", and "pes" "foot". It was transferred to "Clitocybe" by German naturalist Paul Kummer in 1871 and.

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes. was even designated, improperly, the type species by Howard E. Bigelow in 1965. French mycologist Lucien Quélet chose to place it in "Omphalia" (now "Omphalina") in 1886.Scott Redhead and colleagues proposed the genus "Ampulloclitocybe" for it, as the species was only distantly related to other members of "Clitocybe" proper and more closely related instead to "Rimbachia bryophila", "Omphalina pyxidata" and ""Clitocybe" lateritia". Around the same time, Finnish mycologist Harri Harmaja proposed the genus "Clavicybe". However, as the former name was published on November 5, 2002, and the latter one on December 31, 2002, Harmaja conceded that "Ampulloclitocybe" had priority.English mycologist.

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes. P. D. Orton described a "Clitocybe squamulosoides" in 1960, which he held to be a slender relative with large spores, though the differences are inconsistent and there are intermediate forms. hence it is considered indistinguishable from "A. clavipes".Common names include club foot, club-footed funnel cap, club-footed clitocybe and clavate-stalked clitocybe.## Description.The cap of the mushroom is 4 – 8 (cm) in diameter, convex with a small boss, becoming plane to depressed in shape. It has a smooth surface often covered in fibrils, and usually moist. Cap colours are generally grey-brown, sometimes tinged olive, with a pale margin. The stem has.

Ampulloclitocybe clavipes. are some smaller gills in between the regular gills, and the gills are occasionally forked near the stem. The gill edges are straight in younger mushrooms and sometimes wavy (undulate) in older ones. The spore print is white. The round to oval spores are 4.5–5 by 3.5–4 microns.It resembles the clouded agaric ("Clitocybe nebularis"), but can be distinguished by its bulbous stem, deeply decurrent gills, and overall darker colour. In the western United States, it can be confused with "Ampulloclitocybe avellaneialba", which is larger and has a darker cap and white gills.## Distribution and habitat.It is widespread and abundant across.


Question: What is the conservation status of this bird? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Canada jay. a panel of experts convened the following month to review the top five selections: the Canada jay, common loon ("Gavia immer"), snowy owl ("Bubo scandiacus"), Canada goose ("Branta canadensis") and black-capped chickadee ("Poecile atricapillus"). The project announced on 16 November 2016 that the Canada jay was selected as the winner of the contest. Organizers hoped for the Canadian government to formally recognize the result as part of Canada's sesquicentennial celebrations in 2017, however the Department of Canadian Heritage responded that no new official symbol proposals were being considered at the time.## Conservation.Canada jays are classified as least concern (LC) according.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Frogfish. Frogfishes are any member of the anglerfish family Antennariidae, of the order Lophiiformes. Antennariids are known as anglerfish in Australia, where the term "frogfish" refers to members of the unrelated family Batrachoididae. Frogfishes are found in almost all tropical and subtropical oceans and seas around the world, the primary exception being the Mediterranean Sea.Frogfishes are small, short and stocky, and sometimes covered in spinules and other appendages to aid in camouflage. The camouflage aids in protection from predators and enables them to lure prey. Many species can change colour; some are covered with other organisms such as algae or hydrozoa.

Frogfish. barbuttii", and is the oldest known member of the family.## Taxonomy.Frogfishes belong to the order Lophiiformes, commonly known as anglerfish, which is a member of the superorder Paracanthopterygii with four other orders. They belong to the infraclass Teleostei, the bony fishes, in the class Actinopterygii. There are two subfamilies, Antennariinae and Histiophryninae, which differ in their distribution and reproductive method. Tree of Life - Antennariidae Frogfishes in Fishbase Website only about Frogfishes (Anglerfishes).


Question: Which historic county does this place belong to?

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Durdle Door. Durdle Door (sometimes written Durdle Dor) is a natural limestone arch on the Jurassic Coast near Lulworth in Dorset, England. It is privately owned by the Weld Family who own the Lulworth Estate, but it is also open to the public.## Geology.The form of the coastline around Durdle Door is controlled by its geology—both by the contrasting hardnesses of the rocks, and by the local patterns of faults and folds. The arch has formed on a concordant coastline where bands of rock run parallel to the shoreline. The rock strata are almost vertical, and the bands of rock are quite.

Durdle Door. "Durdle Doorus" is magically transformed into rock.Dorset-born Arthur Moule, a friend of Thomas Hardy and missionary to China, wrote these lines about Durdle Door for his 1879 book of poetry "Songs of heaven and home, written in a foreign land": Arch of Cabo San Lucas Delicate Arch and Landscape Arch in the USA Durdle Pier, Isle of Portland Étretat, France Geology of Dorset Green Bridge of Wales Rocher Percé, Québec, Canada Stair Hole Swyre Head, Chaldon Down and Bat's Head, to the west List of Dorset beaches Arkell, W.J., 1978. "The Geology of the Country around Weymouth, Swanage, Corfe and.

Durdle Door. Lulworth, 4th pr.". London: Geological Survey of Great Britain, HMSO. Davies, G.M., 1956. "A Geological Guide to the Dorset Coast, 2nd ed.". London: Adam & Charles Black. Perkins, J.W., 1977. "Geology Explained in Dorset". London: David & Charles."Caves, Arches & Stacks" Southwest Coastal Group"Durdle Door: Past and Future" animationSection of Lulworth Crumple, labelled diagram by Ian West (2013)Durdle Door Educational Activity Sheet for Kids at EasyScienceforKids.


Question: In which year was this building published?

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Bedside. Bedside is a 1934 American pre-Code drama film starring Warren William, Jean Muir and Allen Jenkins. A man passes himself off as a doctor. Warren William as Bob Brown Jean Muir as Caroline Grant Allen Jenkins as Sam Sparks David Landau as Smith Katharine Sergava (Kathryn Sergava) as Mimi Maritza Henry O'Neill as Dr. William Chester Donald Meek as Dr. George Wiley Renee Whitney as Mme. Varsova Walter Walker as Dr. Michaels Marjorie Lytell as Patient with Sprained Ankle Frederick Burton as Hospital Superintendent Philip Faversham as Intern Attending Caroline (as Phillip Faversham) Louise Beavers as Pansy Earle Foxe as.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Prumnopitys ferruginea. Prumnopitys ferruginea, commonly called miro, is an evergreen coniferous tree which is endemic to New Zealand. Before the genus "Prumnopitys" was distinguished, it was treated in the related genus "Podocarpus" as "Podocarpus ferrugineus".It grows up to 25 m high, with a trunk up to 1.3 m diameter. The leaves are linear to sickle-shaped, 15–25 mm long and 2–3 mm broad, with downcurved margins. The plants are dioecious with pollen cones being solitary while those of female plants hang from a curved, scaly stalk. The seed cones are highly modified, reduced to a central stem 2–3 cm long bearing 1-3 scales,.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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Common whitetail. The common whitetail or long-tailed skimmer ("Plathemis lydia") is a common dragonfly across much of North America, with a striking and unusual appearance. The male's chunky white body (about 5 cm or 2 inches long), combined with the brownish-black bands on its otherwise translucent wings, give it a checkered look. Females have a brown body and a different pattern of wing spots, closely resembling that of female "Libellula pulchella", the twelve-spotted skimmer. Whitetail females can be distinguished by their smaller size, shorter bodies, and white zigzag abdominal stripes; the abdominal stripes of "L. puchella" are straight and yellow.The common whitetail.

Common whitetail. nymphs are dark green or brown, but are usually found covered in algae. They feed on aquatic invertebrates such as mayfly larvae and small crayfish, and also on small aquatic vertebrates such as tadpoles and minnows. Because of their abundance, whitetail naiads are in turn an important food source for various fish, frogs, and birds, and also for other aquatic insects.Some authorities classify the whitetails, including the common whitetail, in genus "Libellula" rather than "Plathemis". This matter has been debated at least since the end of the nineteenth century. Recent molecular systematics evidence suggests that separation of the whitetails from.

Common whitetail. the rest of "Libellula" may be appropriate.## Mating.Every few days, female "Plathemis lydia" dragonflies will go to ponds in order to lay their eggs, also known as ovipost. Male dragonflies that are defending mating territories at the ponds will then attempt to mate with the female dragonflies. While the females are at the pond to ovipost, they will actively discriminate against the males attempting to mate with them, rejecting up to 48.9% of all mating attempts. The females prefer to ovipost in the middle of the day, and will actively look for particular parts of the pond to find a.

Common whitetail. as well as risks of males losing their territories during the process of mating also may be important factors as to why females fail to discriminate.Due to the need to fight off other males in order to be more successful in breeding, male dragonflies have developed extensive flight muscles. The majority of male "Plathemis lydia" dragonflies' body mass is accounted for by flight muscle, and is one of the highest flight-muscle ratio (FMR, found by flight-muscle mass/body weight) of an animal. Males with smaller FMRs have a slight decrease in mating success when compared to their counterparts. This decrease in.

Common whitetail. shown in the accompanying video. Females may also deposit their eggs in smaller bodies of water, where fish are less likely to occur. Once the eggs have been deposited, female "P. lydia" have limited influence on the survival of offspring because they do not provide parental care.## Life cycle.Dragonflies, including "Plathemis lydia", spend most of their life cycle as aquatic larvae or nymphs, during which there is up to a 99.9% mortality rate. The two most common sources of mortality during the aquatic stage of life are predation and desiccation. "P. lydia" then enter the adult stage of life, which.

Common whitetail. only lasts a few weeks. During the adult stage of life, "P. lydia" mate and select suitable sites to deposit their eggs.## Anatomy."Plathemis lydia" are adapted to swift flight that is made possible by the presence of broad wings and powerful muscles that move them. This means that there is a need for a plentiful supply of oxygen in order to work the muscles. In order to meet this oxygen requirement, "P. lydia" are equipped with a complex tracheal system which belongs to the peripneustic type in which the prothoracic and abdominal stigmata are present but not functional through the.


Question: Who designed this facility?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Battersea Power Station. Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned Grade II* listed coal-fired power station, located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a.

Battersea Power Station. day at 11 am.## Design and specification.Both of the stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was headed by Dr. Leonard Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Power Company, but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, and T. P. O'Sullivan who was later responsible for the Assembly Hall at Filton. J. Theo Halliday was employed as architect, with Halliday & Agate Co. employed as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for the supervision and execution of the appearance of the exterior and interior of the building. Architect Sir.


Question: Who is the architect of this building?

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Buchlovice Castle. Buchlovice Castle () is a chateau in Buchlovice in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. Its history is closely connected with nearby Buchlov Castle which grew more and more uncomfortable in the late 17th century, and that is why Jan Dětřich of Petřwald decided to build a new castle. Buchlovice Castle was built as a copy of an Italian villa in baroque style, by Domenico Martinelli. It is one of the most romantic buildings in this country. In 1800 it became property of the Berchtolds, and since 1945 the state castle is open to the public.## History.The area around.

Buchlovice Castle. Buchlovice was inhabited as early as the Stone Age, and the first written records of this district date from 1270. In 1540 Buchlovice became part of the estate of nearby Buchlov Castle. This medieval fortress, which did not meet the increasing demands for a comfortable and prestigious residence, ceased to suit its owners, who decided at the beginning of the 18th century to replace it with the grandiose castle in Buchlovice. Jan Dětrích of Petřvald had the castle built according to the proposals of Italian architect Domenico Martinelli between 1707 and 1738.The castle complex is made up the ceremonial building.


Question: What is the source of energy of this equipment?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Chainsaw. A chainsaw (or chain saw) is a portable gasoline-, electric-, or battery-powered saw that cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar. It is used in activities such as tree felling, limbing, bucking, pruning, cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, and harvesting of firewood. Chainsaws with specially designed bar-and-chain combinations have been developed as tools for use in chainsaw art and chainsaw mills. Specialized chainsaws are used for cutting concrete during construction developments. Chainsaws are sometimes used for cutting ice; for example, ice sculpture and winter swimming in Finland.## History.## In surgery.The.

Chainsaw. to Samuel J. Bens of San Francisco on January 17, 1905, his intent being to fell giant redwoods. The first portable chainsaw was developed and patented in 1918 by Canadian millwright James Shand. After he allowed his rights to lapse in 1930, his invention was further developed by what became the German company Festo in 1933. The company, now operating as Festool, produces portable power tools. Other important contributors to the modern chainsaw are Joseph Buford Cox and Andreas Stihl; the latter patented and developed an electric chainsaw for use on bucking sites in 1926 and a gasoline-powered chainsaw in.

Chainsaw. 1929, and founded a company to mass-produce them. In 1927, Emil Lerp, the founder of Dolmar, developed the world's first gasoline-powered chainsaw and mass-produced them.World War II interrupted the supply of German chain saws to North America, so new manufacturers sprang up, including Industrial Engineering Ltd (IEL) in 1939, the forerunner of Pioneer Saws Ltd and part of Outboard Marine Corporation, the oldest manufacturer of chainsaws in North America.In 1944, Claude Poulan was supervising German prisoners cutting pulpwood in East Texas. Poulan utilized an old truck fender and fashioned it into a curved piece utilized to guide the chain. The.

Chainsaw. man-powered saws in forestry. They are made in many sizes, from small electric saws intended for home and garden use, to large "lumberjack" saws. Members of military engineer units are trained to use chainsaws, as are firefighters to fight forest fires and to ventilate structure fires.Three main types of chainsaw sharpeners are used: handheld file, electric chainsaw, and bar-mounted.The first electric chainsaw was invented by Stihl in 1926. Corded chainsaws became available for sale to the public from the 1960s onwards, but these were never as successful commercially as the older gas-powered type due to limited range, dependency upon the.

Chainsaw. presence of an electrical socket, plus the health and safety risk of the blade's proximity to the cable.For most of the early 21st century petrol driven chainsaws remained the most common type, but they faced competition from cordless lithium battery powered chainsaws from the late 2010s onwards. Although most cordless chainsaws are small and suitable only for hedge trimming and tree surgery, Husqvarna and Stihl began manufacturing full size chainsaws for cutting logs during the early 2020s. Battery powered chainsaws should eventually see increased market share in California due to state restrictions planned to take effect in 2024 on gas.

Chainsaw. powered gardening equipment.## Construction.A chainsaw consists of several parts:## Engine.Chainsaw engines are traditionally either a two-stroke gasoline (petrol) internal combustion engine (usually with a cylinder volume of 30 to 120 cm3) or an electric motor driven by a battery or electric power cord. In a petrol chainsaw, fuel is generally supplied to the engine by a carburetor at the intake.To allow use in any orientation, modern gas chainsaws use a diaphragm carburetor, which draws fuel from the tank using the alternating pressure differential within the crankcase. Early engines used carburetors with gravity fed float chambers, which caused the engine to.

Chainsaw. the garment.## Maintenance.Two-stroke chainsaws require about 2–5% of oil in the fuel to lubricate the engine, while the motor in electrical chain-saws is normally lubricated for life. Most modern gasoline-operated saws today require a fuel mix of 2% (1:50). Gasoline that contains ethanol can result in problems for the equipment because ethanol dissolves plastic, rubber, and other material. This leads to problems, especially on older equipment. A workaround for this problem is to run fresh fuel only and run the saw dry at the end of the work.Separate chain oil or bar oil is used for the lubrication of the.

Chainsaw. or steel spring was introduced. Heated handles are additional help. Newer, lighter, and easier to wield cordless electric chainsaws use brushless motors, which further decrease noise and vibration compared to traditional petroleum-powered models.The risks associated with chainsaw use mean that protective clothing such as chainsaw boots, chaps, and hearing protectors are normally worn while operating them, and many jurisdictions require that operators be certified or licensed to work with chainsaws. Injury can also result if the chain breaks during operation due to poor maintenance or attempting to cut inappropriate materials.Gasoline-powered chainsaws expose operators to harmful carbon monoxide gas, especially indoors.

Chainsaw. to cut bulk wood into planks or boards. Such usage is called a chainsaw mill or Alaskan sawmill.## Cutting stone, concrete, and brick.Special chainsaws can cut concrete, brick, and natural stone. These use similar chains to ordinary chainsaws, but with cutting edges embedded with diamond grit. They may use gasoline or hydraulic power, and the chain is lubricated with water, because of high friction and to remove stone dust. The machine is used in construction, for example, in cutting deep, square holes in walls or floors, in stone sculpture for removing large chunks of stone during pre-carving, by fire departments.


Question: Who is the owner of this building?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). The Old St. Louis County Courthouse was built as a combination federal and state courthouse in St. Louis, Missouri. Missouri's tallest habitable building from 1864 to 1894, it is now part of Gateway Arch National Park and operated by the National Park Service for historical exhibits and events.## History.Land for the courthouse was donated in 1816 by Judge John Baptiste Charles Lucas and St. Louis founder Auguste Chouteau. Lucas and Chouteau required the land be "used forever as the site on which the courthouse of the County of St. Louis should be erected." The Federal style courthouse was completed in.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). around the courthouse in the center of St. Louis for the new Gateway Arch National Park, which was then known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. President Franklin Roosevelt declared in an Executive Order the area would be a national monument and landscape design, sidewalks and other infrastructure was added. The courthouse formally became part of the new monument area in 1940. Replaced in 1941, the roof was renovated in 1955, 1985 and 2010. The National Park Service maintains four history galleries on St. Louis and NPS offices within. The courthouse once had up to 12 courtrooms, but now there are.


Question: Where is this bird native to?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Nene (bird). The nene (Branta sandvicensis), also known as the nēnē or the Hawaiian goose, is a species of bird endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The nene is exclusively found in the wild on the islands of Oahu, Maui, Kauai, Molokai, and Hawaii. In 1957, it was designated as the official state bird of state of Hawaii.The Hawaiian name "nēnē" comes from its soft call. The specific name "sandvicensis" refers to the Sandwich Islands, a former name for the Hawaiian Islands.## Taxonomy.The holotype specimen of "Anser sandvicensis" Vigors (List Anim. Garden Zool. Soc., ed.3, June 1833, p.4.) is held in the vertebrate.

Nene (bird). zoology collection at World Museum, National Museums Liverpool, with accession number NML-VZ T12706. The specimen was collected from the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands) and came to the Liverpool national collection via the Museum of the Zoological Society of London collection, Thomas Campbell Eyton’s collection, and Henry Baker Tristram’s collection.It is thought that the nene evolved from the Canada goose ("Branta canadensis"), which most likely arrived on the Hawaiian islands about 500,000 years ago, shortly after the island of Hawaii was formed. This ancestor is the progenitor of the nene as well as the prehistoric giant Hawaii goose ("Branta rhuax") and.

Nene (bird). nēnē-nui ("Branta hylobadistes"). The nēnē-nui was larger than the nene, varied from flightless to flighted depending on the individual, and inhabited the island of Maui. Similar fossil geese found on Oahu and Kauai may be of the same species. The giant Hawaii goose was restricted to the island of Hawaii and measured 1.2 (m) in length with a mass of 8.6 (kg), making it more than four times larger than the nene. It is believed that the herbivorous giant Hawaii goose occupied the same ecological niche as the goose-like ducks known as moa-nalo, which were not present on the Big.

Nene (bird). Island. Based on mitochondrial DNA found in fossils, all Hawaiian geese, living and extinct, are closely related to the giant Canada goose ("B. c. maxima") and dusky Canada goose ("B. c. occidentalis").## Description.The nene is a medium-sized goose at 41 (cm) tall. Although they spend most of their time on the ground, they are capable of flight, with some individuals flying daily between nesting and feeding areas. Females have a mass of 1.525 - 2.56 (kg), while males average 1.695 - 3.05 (kg), 11% larger than females. Adult males have a black head and hindneck, buff cheeks and heavily furrowed.

Nene (bird). Some populations migrated between lowland breeding grounds and montane foraging areas.The nene could at one time be found on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lānai, Molokai, Oʻahu and Kauai. Today, its range is restricted to Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Kauai. A pair arrived at the James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge on Oʻahu in January 2014; two of their offspring survived and are seen regularly on the nearby golf courses at Turtle Bay Resort.## Ecology and behavior.## Breeding.The breeding season of the nene, from August to April, is longer than that of any other goose; most eggs are laid between.

Nene (bird). November and January. Unlike most other waterfowl, the nene mates on land. Nests are built by females on a site of her choosing, in which one to five eggs are laid (average is three on Maui and Hawaii, four on Kauai). Females incubate the eggs for 29 to 32 days, while the male acts as a sentry. Goslings are precocial, able to feed on their own; they remain with their parents until the following breeding season.## Diet.The nene is a herbivore that will either graze or browse, depending on the availability of vegetation. Food items include the leaves, seeds, fruit,.

Nene (bird). and flowers of grasses and shrubs.## Conservation.The nene population stands at 2,500 birds, making it the world's rarest goose. It is believed that it was once common, with approximately 25,000 Hawaiian geese living in Hawaii when Captain James Cook arrived in 1778. Hunting and introduced predators, such as small Indian mongooses, pigs, and feral cats, reduced the population to 30 birds by 1952. The species breeds well in captivity, and has been successfully re-introduced. In 2004, it was estimated that there were 800 birds in the wild, as well as 1,000 in wildfowl collections and zoos. There is concern about.

Nene (bird). inbreeding due to the small initial population of birds. The nature reserve WWT Slimbridge, in England, was instrumental in the successful breeding of Hawaiian geese in captivity. Under the direction of conservationist Peter Scott, it was bred back from the brink of extinction during the 1950s for later re-introduction into the wild in Hawaii. There are still Hawaiian geese at Slimbridge today. They can now be found in captivity in multiple WWT centres. Successful introductions include Haleakala and Piiholo ranches on Maui.


Question: What kind of effect does this object have?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Airplane. North American X-15 broke many speed and altitude records in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ rocket-assisted take offs for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include spaceplanes, like SpaceShipTwo, for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived Rocket Racing League.## Design and manufacture.Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes.During this process, the objectives and.

Airplane. resulted in reduced noise from aircraft engines in response to increased noise pollution from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other homebuilt aircraft can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane.

Airplane. to stabilize the plane's pitch (tilt up or down) and mounts the elevators, which provide pitch control. "Landing gear", a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag.## Wings.The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an.

Airplane. instruments.Airplanes have complex flight control systems. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the attitude (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust.On manned aircraft, cockpit instruments provide information to the pilots, including flight data, engine output, navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed.## Safety.When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel. Air travel insurance is.

Airplane. relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic. There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.## Environmental impact.Like all activities involving combustion, fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release soot and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause (mainly large jet airliners) emit aerosols and leave contrails, both of which can.

Airplane. increase cirrus cloud formationcloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation. Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly nitrogen compounds, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations. Most light piston aircraft burn avgas, which contains tetraethyllead (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded mogas and turbine engines and diesel enginesneither of which require leadare used on some newer light aircraft. Some non-polluting light electric aircraft are already in production.Another environmental impact of airplanes is noise pollution, mainly caused.


Question: What is the length in kilometre is the island in the image?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Confederation Bridge. The Confederation Bridge () is a box girder bridge carrying the Trans-Canada Highway across the Abegweit Passage of the Northumberland Strait, linking the province of Prince Edward Island with the province of New Brunswick on the mainland. Opened May 31, 1997, the 12.9 (km) bridge is Canada's longest bridge and the world's longest bridge over ice-covered water.Construction took place from October 1993 to May 1997 and cost C$1.3 billion. Before its official naming, Prince Edward Islanders often referred to the bridge as the "Fixed Link". It officially opened to traffic on May 31, 1997. In April 2022, the PEI legislature.


Question: What is the conservation status of this bird? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Weka. broods throughout the whole year. Nests are made on the ground under the cover of thick vegetation, and built by making grass (or similar material) into a bowl to hold about four eggs. On average, female weka lay three creamy or pinkish eggs blotched with brown and mauve. Both sexes incubate. The chicks hatch after a month, and are fed by both parents until fully grown between six and ten weeks.## Conservation status.Weka are classed as a vulnerable species. The Department of Conservation's weka recovery plan, approved in 1999, aims to improve the conservation status of threatened weka, clarify the.


Question: What is this plant named after?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Macadamia. an important source of bushfood for the Aboriginal peoples who are the original inhabitants of the area.The nut was first commercially produced on a wide scale in Hawaii, where Australian seeds were introduced in the 1880s, and for some time they were the world's largest producer. South Africa has been the world's largest producer of the macadamia since the 2010s.## Etymology.The German-Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller gave the genus the name "Macadamia" in 1857 in honour of the Scottish-Australian chemist, medical teacher and politician John Macadam, who was the honorary Secretary of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria beginning in 1857.##.

Macadamia. requires around 2000 N to crack. The shell material is five times harder than hazelnut shells and has mechanical properties similar to aluminum. It has a Vickers hardness of 35.1828Allan Cunningham was the first European to encounter the macadamia plant, in Australia.1857 - 1858German-Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller gave the genus the scientific name "Macadamia". He named it after his friend John Macadam, a noted scientist and secretary of the Philosophical Institute of Australia.1858'Bauple nuts' were discovered in Bauple, Queensland; they are now known as macadamia nuts.Walter Hill, superintendent of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens (Australia), observed a boy eating the.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Woodlouse. A woodlouse (plural woodlice) is an isopod crustacean from the polyphyletic suborder Oniscidea within the order Isopoda. They get their name from often being found in old wood.The first woodlice were marine isopods which are presumed to have colonised land in the Carboniferous, though the oldest known fossils are from the Cretaceous period. They have many common names and although often referred to as terrestrial isopods, some species live semiterrestrially or have recolonised aquatic environments. Woodlice in the families Armadillidae, Armadillidiidae, Eubelidae, Tylidae and some other genera can roll up into a roughly spherical shape (conglobate) as a defensive mechanism;.