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Electric motor. An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate through the interaction between the motor's magnetic field and electric current in a wire winding to generate force in the form of torque applied on the motor's shaft. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates with a reversed flow of power, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or electrical generators.Electric.

Electric motor. braking with traction motors, electric motors can be used in reverse as generators to recover energy that might otherwise be lost as heat and friction.Electric motors produce linear or rotary force (torque) intended to propel some external mechanism, such as a fan or an elevator. An electric motor is generally designed for continuous rotation, or for linear movement over a significant distance compared to its size. Magnetic solenoids are also transducers that convert electrical power to mechanical motion, but can produce motion over only a limited distance.## History.## Early motors.Before modern electromagnetic motors, experimental motors that worked by electrostatic force.

Electric motor. persistent electric currents. Hans Christian Ørsted discovered in 1820 that an electric current creates a magnetic field, which can exert a force on a magnet. It only took a few weeks for André-Marie Ampère to develop the first formulation of the electromagnetic interaction and present the Ampère's force law, that described the production of mechanical force by the interaction of an electric current and a magnetic field. The first demonstration of the effect with a rotary motion was given by Michael Faraday on 3 September 1821 in the basement of the Royal Institution. A free-hanging wire was dipped into a.

Electric motor. pool of mercury, on which a permanent magnet (PM) was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close circular magnetic field around the wire. Faraday published the results of his discovery in the "Quarterly Journal of Science", and sent copies of his paper along with pocket-sized models of his device to colleagues around the world so they could also witness the phenomenon of electromagnetic rotations. This motor is often demonstrated in physics experiments, substituting brine for (toxic) mercury. Barlow's wheel was an early refinement.

Electric motor. to this Faraday demonstration, although these and similar homopolar motors remained unsuited to practical application until late in the century.In 1827, Hungarian physicist Ányos Jedlik started experimenting with electromagnetic coils. After Jedlik solved the technical problems of continuous rotation with the invention of the commutator, he called his early devices "electromagnetic self-rotors". Although they were used only for teaching, in 1828 Jedlik demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical DC motors: the stator, rotor and commutator. The device employed no permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving components were produced.

Electric motor. then higher performance.In 1855, Jedlik built a device using similar principles to those used in his electromagnetic self-rotors that was capable of useful work. He built a model electric vehicle that same year.A major turning point came in 1864, when Antonio Pacinotti first described the ring armature (although initially conceived in a DC generator, i.e. a dynamo). This featured symmetrically-grouped coils closed upon themselves and connected to the bars of a commutator, the brushes of which delivered practically non-fluctuating current. The first commercially successful DC motors followed the developments by Zénobe Gramme who, in 1871, reinvented Pacinotti's design and adopted.

Electric motor. from such tasks as handling grain or pumping water. Household uses (like in washing machines, dishwashers, fans, air conditioners and refrigerators (replacing ice boxes)) of electric motors reduced heavy labor in the home and made higher standards of convenience, comfort and safety possible. Today, electric motors consume more than half of the electric energy produced in the US.## AC motors.In 1824, French physicist François Arago formulated the existence of rotating magnetic fields, termed Arago's rotations, which, by manually turning switches on and off, Walter Baily demonstrated in 1879 as in effect the first primitive induction motor. In the 1880s many.

Electric motor. stator, which does not. It also includes two electrical parts, a set of magnets and an armature, one of which is attached to the rotor and the other to the stator, together forming a magnetic circuit: Field magnets - The magnets create a magnetic field that passes through the armature. These can be electromagnets or permanent magnets. The field magnet is usually on the stator and the armature on the rotor, but in some types of motor these are reversed.## Bearings.The rotor is supported by bearings, which allow the rotor to turn on its axis. The bearings are in turn.

Electric motor. supported by the motor housing.## Rotor.The rotor is the moving part that delivers the mechanical power. The rotor typically holds conductors that carry currents, which the magnetic field of the stator exerts force on to turn the shaft. Alternatively, some rotors carry permanent magnets, and the stator holds the conductors. Permanent magnets offer high efficiency over a larger operating speed and power range.An air gap between the stator and rotor allows it to turn. The width of the gap has a significant effect on the motor's electrical characteristics. It is generally made as small as possible, as a large gap.

Electric motor. weakens performance. It is the main source of the low power factor at which motors operate. The magnetizing current increases and the power factor decreases with the air gap, so narrow gaps are better. Conversely, gaps that are too small may pose mechanical problems in addition to noise and losses.The motor shaft extends through the bearings to the outside of the motor, where the load is applied. Because the forces of the load are exerted beyond the outermost bearing, the load is said to be overhung.## Stator.The stator surrounds the rotor, and usually holds field magnets, which are either electromagnets.

Electric motor. consisting of wire windings around a ferromagnetic iron core or permanent magnets. These create a magnetic field that passes through the rotor armature, exerting force on the windings. The stator core is made up of many thin metal sheets that are insulated from each other, called laminations. Laminations are used to reduce energy losses that would result if a solid core were used. Resin-packed motors, used in washing machines and air conditioners, use the damping properties of resin (plastic) to reduce noise and vibration. These motors encapsulate the stator in plastic.## Armature.The armature consists of wire windings on a ferromagnetic.

Electric motor. core. Electric current passing through the wire causes the magnetic field from the field magnet to exert a force (Lorentz force) on it, turning the rotor, which delivers the mechanical output. Windings are wires that are laid in coils, usually wrapped around a laminated, soft, iron, ferromagnetic core so as to form magnetic poles when energized with current.Electric machines come in salient- and nonsalient-pole configurations. In a salient-pole motor the ferromagnetic cores on the rotor and stator have projections called poles facing each other, with a wire winding around each pole below the pole face, which become north or south.

Electric motor. poles of the magnetic field when current flows through the wire. In a nonsalient-pole (or distributed field or round-rotor) motor, the ferromagnetic core is a smooth cylinder, with the windings distributed evenly in slots about the circumference. Supplying alternating current in the windings creates poles in the core that rotate continuously. A shaded-pole motor has a winding around part of the pole that delays the phase of the magnetic field for that pole.## Commutator.A commutator is a rotary electrical switch that supplies current to the rotor. It periodically reverses the flow of current in the rotor windings as the shaft.

Electric motor. each rotor winding would reverse with each half turn, so the rotor would stop. Commutators are inefficient and commutated motors have been mostly replaced by brushless direct current motors, permanent magnet motors, and induction motors.## Motor supply and control.## Motor supply.A DC motor is usually supplied through a split ring commutator as described above. AC motors' commutation can be achieved using either a slip ring commutator or external commutation. It can be fixed-speed or variable-speed control type, and can be synchronous or asynchronous. Universal motors can run on either AC or DC.## Motor control.DC motors can be operated at variable.

Electric motor. speeds by adjusting the voltage applied to the terminals or by using pulse-width modulation (PWM).AC motors operated at a fixed speed are generally powered directly from the grid or through motor soft starters.AC motors operated at variable speeds are powered with various power inverter, variable-frequency drive or electronic commutator technologies.The term electronic commutator is usually associated with self-commutated brushless DC motor and switched reluctance motor applications.## Types.Electric motors operate on one of three physical principles: magnetism, electrostatics and piezoelectricity.In magnetic motors, magnetic fields are formed in both the rotor and the stator. The product between these two fields gives rise.

Electric motor. to a force, and thus a torque on the motor shaft. One, or both, of these fields must change with the rotation of the rotor. This is done by switching the poles on and off at the right time, or varying the strength of the pole.The main types are DC motors and AC motors, with the latter replacing the former. AC electric motors are either asynchronous or synchronous.Once started, a synchronous motor requires synchrony with the moving magnetic field's speed for all normal torque conditions.In synchronous machines, the magnetic field must be provided by means other than induction, such as.

Electric motor. from separately excited windings or permanent magnets.A fractional-horsepower motor either has a rating below about 1 horsepower (0.746 kW), or is manufactured with a standard-frame size smaller than a standard 1 HP motor. Many household and industrial motors are in the fractional-horsepower class.Notes: Rotation is independent of the frequency of the AC voltage. Rotation is equal to synchronous speed (motor-stator-field speed). In SCIM, fixed-speed operation rotation is equal to synchronous speed, less slip speed. In non-slip energy-recovery systems, WRIM is usually used for motor-starting but can be used to vary load speed. Variable-speed operation. Whereas induction- and synchronous-motor drives are.

Electric motor. typically with either six-step or sinusoidal-waveform output, BLDC-motor drives are usually with trapezoidal-current waveform; the behavior of both sinusoidal and trapezoidal PM machines is, however, identical in terms of their fundamental aspects. In variable-speed operation, WRIM is used in slip-energy recovery and double-fed induction-machine applications. A cage winding is a shorted-circuited squirrel-cage rotor, a wound winding is connected externally through slip rings. Mostly single-phase with some three-phase.Abbreviations: BLAC – Brushless AC BLDC – Brushless DC BLDM – Brushless DC motor EC – Electronic commutator PM – Permanent magnet IPMSM – Interior permanent-magnet synchronous motor PMSM – Permanent magnet synchronous motor.

Electric motor. SPMSM – Surface permanent magnet synchronous motor SCIM – Squirrel-cage induction motor SRM – Switched reluctance motor SyRM – Synchronous reluctance motor VFD – Variable-frequency drive WRIM – Wound-rotor induction motor WRSM – Wound-rotor synchronous motor LRA – Locked-rotor amps: The current you can expect under starting conditions when you apply full voltage. It occurs instantly during start-up. RLA – Rated-load amps: The maximum current a motor should draw under any operating conditions. Often mistakenly called running-load amps, which leads people to believe, incorrectly, that the motor should always pull these amps. FLA – Full-load amps: Changed in 1976 to.

Electric motor. "RLA – rated-load amps".## Self-commutated motor.## Brushed DC motor.Most DC motors are small permanent magnet (PM) types. They contain a brushed internal mechanical commutation to reverse motor windings' current in synchronism with rotation.## Electrically excited DC motor.A commutated DC motor has a set of rotating windings wound on an armature mounted on a rotating shaft. The shaft also carries the commutator. Thus, every brushed DC motor has AC flowing through its windings. Current flows through one or more pairs of brushes that touch the commutator; the brushes connect an external source of electric power to the rotating armature.The rotating armature.

Electric motor. consists of one or more wire coils wound around a laminated, magnetically "soft" ferromagnetic core. Current from the brushes flows through the commutator and one winding of the armature, making it a temporary magnet (an electromagnet). The magnetic field produced interacts with a stationary magnetic field produced by either PMs or another winding (a field coil), as part of the motor frame. The force between the two magnetic fields rotates the shaft. The commutator switches power to the coils as the rotor turns, keeping the poles from ever fully aligning with the magnetic poles of the stator field, so that.

Electric motor. – A set of windings that produces a magnetic field. Commutation: A mechanical technique in which rectification can be achieved, or from which DC can be derived.The five types of brushed DC motor are: Shunt-wound Series-wound Compound (two configurations): Cumulative compound Differentially compounded Permanent magnet (not shown) Separately excited (not shown).## Permanent magnet.A permanent magnet (PM) motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, relying instead on PMs to provide the magnetic field. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. This field is fixed and cannot.

Electric motor. be adjusted for speed control. PM fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the "dynamo" type, which have stator windings. Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed flux. However, large PMs are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large machines.To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with neodymium; most are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With.

Electric motor. their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly-fed synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they have at least three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets.## Electronic commutator (EC).## Brushless DC.Some of the problems of the brushed DC motor are eliminated in the BLDC design. In this motor, the mechanical "rotating switch" or commutator is replaced by an external electronic switch.

Electric motor. synchronised to the rotor's position. BLDC motors are typically 85%+ efficient, reaching up to 96.5%, while brushed DC motors are typically 75–80% efficient.The BLDC motor's characteristic trapezoidal counter-electromotive force (CEMF) waveform is derived partly from the stator windings being evenly distributed, and partly from the placement of the rotor's permanent magnets. Also known as electronically commutated DC or inside-out DC motors, the stator windings of trapezoidal BLDC motors can be single-phase, two-phase or three-phase and use Hall effect sensors mounted on their windings for rotor position sensing and low cost closed-loop commutator control.BLDC motors are commonly used where precise speed.

Electric motor. motors are usually used in small equipment such as computers and are generally used in fans to remove heat. They make little noise, which is an advantage in equipment that is affected by vibrations.Modern BLDC motors range in power from a fraction of a watt to many kilowatts. Larger BLDC motors rated up to about 100 kW are used in electric vehicles. They also find use in electric model aircraft.## Switched reluctance motor.The switched reluctance motor (SRM) has no brushes or permanent magnets, and the rotor has no electric currents. Torque comes from a slight misalignment of poles on the.

Electric motor. rotor with poles on the stator. The rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field of the stator, while the stator field windings are sequentially energized to rotate the stator field.The magnetic flux created by the field windings follows the path of least magnetic sending the flux through rotor poles that are closest to the energized poles of the stator, thereby magnetizing those poles of the rotor and creating torque. As the rotor turns, different windings are energized, keeping the rotor turning.SRMs are used in some appliances and vehicles.## Universal AC/DC motor.A commutated, electrically excited, series or parallel wound motor is.

Electric motor. referred to as a universal motor because it can be designed to operate on either AC or DC power. A universal motor can operate well on AC because the current in both the field and the armature coils (and hence the resultant magnetic fields) synchronously reverse polarity, and hence the resulting mechanical force occurs in a constant direction of rotation.Operating at normal power line frequencies, universal motors are often used in sub-kilowatt applications. Universal motors formed the basis of the traditional railway traction motor in electric railways. In this application, using AC power on a motor designed to run on.

Electric motor. DC would experience efficiency losses due to eddy current heating of their magnetic components, particularly the motor field pole-pieces that, for DC, would have used solid (un-laminated) iron. They are now rarely used.An advantage is that AC power may be used on motors that specifically have high starting torque and compact design if high running speeds are used. By contrast, maintenance is higher and lifetimes are shortened. Such motors are used in devices that are not heavily used, and have high starting-torque demands. Multiple taps on the field coil provide (imprecise) stepped speed control. Household blenders that advertise many speeds.

Electric motor. an asynchronous AC motor where power is transferred to the rotor by electromagnetic induction, much like transformer action. An induction motor resembles a rotating transformer, because the stator (stationary part) is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating part) is the secondary side. Polyphase induction motors are widely used in industry.## Cage and wound rotor.Induction motors may be divided into Squirrel Cage Induction Motors (SCIM) and Wound Rotor Induction Motors (WRIM). SCIMs have a heavy winding made up of solid bars, usually aluminum or copper, electrically connected by rings at the ends of the rotor. The.

Electric motor. bars and rings as a whole are much like an animal's rotating exercise cage.Currents induced into this winding provide the rotor magnetic field. The shape of the rotor bars determines the speed-torque characteristics. At low speeds, the current induced in the squirrel cage is nearly at line frequency and tends to stay in the outer parts of the cage. As the motor accelerates, the slip frequency becomes lower, and more current reaches the interior. By shaping the bars to change the resistance of the winding portions in the interior and outer parts of the cage, a variable resistance is effectively.

Electric motor. steering wheels.Another common application is to control the throttle of an internal combustion engine with an electronic governor. The motor works against a return spring to move the throttle in accord with the governor output. The latter monitors engine speed by counting electrical pulses from the ignition system or from a magnetic pickup and depending on the speed, makes small adjustments to the amount of current. If the engine slows down relative to the desired speed, the current increases, producing more torque, pulling against the return spring and opening the throttle. Should the engine run too fast, the governor reduces.

Electric motor. the current, allowing the return spring to pull back and reduce the throttle.## Synchronous motor.A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor. It includes a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same frequency as the AC and produces a magnetic field to drive it. It has zero slip under typical operating conditions. By contrast induction motors must slip to produce torque. One type of synchronous motor is like an induction motor except that the rotor is excited by a DC field. Slip rings and brushes conduct current to the rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and.

Electric motor. when slip rate decreases sufficiently, the rotor (a smooth cylinder) becomes temporarily magnetized. Its distributed poles make it act like a permanent magnet synchronous motor. The rotor material, like that of a common nail, stays magnetized, but can be demagnetized with little difficulty. Once running, the rotor poles stay in place; they do not drift.Low-power synchronous timing motors (such as those for traditional electric clocks) may have multi-pole permanent magnet external cup rotors, and use shading coils to provide starting torque. "Telechron" clock motors have shaded poles for starting torque, and a two-spoke ring rotor that performs like a discrete.

Electric motor. allows for a smaller electronic converter but the cost of the rotor winding and slip rings may offset the saving in the power electronics components. Difficulties affect controlling speed near synchronous speed limit applications.## Special magnetic motors.## Rotary.## Ironless or coreless rotor motor.The coreless or ironless DC motor is a specialized permanent magnet DC motor. Optimized for rapid acceleration, the rotor is constructed without an iron core. The rotor can take the form of a winding-filled cylinder, or a self-supporting structure comprising only wire and bonding material. The rotor can fit inside the stator magnets; a magnetically soft stationary cylinder.

Electric motor. inside the rotor provides a return path for the stator magnetic flux. A second arrangement has the rotor winding basket surrounding the stator magnets. In that design, the rotor fits inside a magnetically soft cylinder that can serve as the motor housing, and provides a return path for the flux.Because the rotor is much lower mass than a conventional rotor, it can accelerate much more rapidly, often achieving a mechanical time constant under one millisecond. This is especially true if the windings use aluminum rather than (heavier) copper. The rotor has no metal mass to act as a heat sink;.

Electric motor. even small motors must be cooled. Overheating can be an issue for these designs.The vibrating alert of cellular phones can be generated by cylindrical permanent-magnet motors, or disc-shaped types that have a thin multipolar disc field magnet, and an intentionally unbalanced molded-plastic rotor structure with two bonded coreless coils. Metal brushes and a flat commutator switch power to the rotor coils.Related limited-travel actuators have no core and a bonded coil placed between the poles of high-flux thin permanent magnets. These are the fast head positioners for rigid-disk ("hard disk") drives. Although the contemporary design differs considerably from that of loudspeakers,.

Electric motor. it is still loosely (and incorrectly) referred to as a "voice coil" structure, because some earlier rigid-disk-drive heads moved in straight lines, and had a drive structure much like that of a loudspeaker.## Pancake or axial rotor motor.The printed armature or pancake motor has windings shaped as a disc running between arrays of high-flux magnets. The magnets are arranged in a circle facing the rotor spaced to form an axial air gap. This design is commonly known as the pancake motor because of its flat profile.The armature (originally formed on a printed circuit board) is made from punched copper sheets.

Electric motor. with 180 (C), Class H rating.The unique advantage of ironless DC motors is the absence of cogging (torque variations caused by changing attraction between the iron and the magnets). Parasitic eddy currents cannot form in the rotor as it is totally ironless, although iron rotors are laminated. This can greatly improve efficiency, but variable-speed controllers must use a higher switching rate (>40 kHz) or DC because of decreased electromagnetic induction.These motors were invented to drive the capstan(s) of magnetic tape drives, where minimal time to reach operating speed and minimal stopping distance were critical. Pancake motors are widely used in.

Electric motor. high-performance servo-controlled systems, robotic systems, industrial automation and medical devices. Due to the variety of constructions now available, the technology is used in applications from high temperature military to low cost pump and basic servos.Another approach (Magnax) is to use a single stator sandwiched between two rotors. One such design has produced peak power of 15 kW/kg, sustained power around 7.5 kW/kg. This yokeless axial flux motor offers a shorter flux path, keeping the magnets further from the axis. The design allows zero winding overhang; 100 percent of the windings are active. This is enhanced with the use of rectangular-crosssection.

Electric motor. copper wire. The motors can be stacked to work in parallel. Instabilities are minimized by ensuring that the two rotor discs put equal and opposing forces onto the stator disc. The rotors are connected directly to one another via a shaft ring, cancelling out the magnetic forces.Magnax motors range in size from 0.15-5.4 (m) in diameter.## Servo motor.A servo motor is a motor that is used within a position-control or speed-control feedback system. Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems. Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have predictable characteristics for.

Electric motor. speed, torque, and power. The speed/torque curve is important and is high ratio for a servo motor. Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are important; these factors limit performance. Large, powerful, but slow-responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback. As dynamic response requirements increase, more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used. AC motors' superior power density and acceleration characteristics tends to favor permanent magnet synchronous, BLDC, induction, and SRM drive approaches.A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that position.

Electric motor. feedback is continuous while the motor is running. A stepper system inherently operates open-loop—relying on the motor not to "miss steps" for short term accuracy—with any feedback such as a "home" switch or position encoder external to the motor system.## Stepper motor.Stepper motors are typically used to provide precise rotations. An internal rotor containing permanent magnets or a magnetically soft rotor with salient poles is controlled by a set of electronically switched external magnets. A stepper motor may also be thought of as a cross between a DC electric motor and a rotary solenoid. As each coil is energized in.

Electric motor. turn, the rotor aligns itself with the magnetic field produced by the energized field winding. Unlike a synchronous motor, the stepper motor may not rotate continuously; instead, it moves in steps—starting and then stopping—advancing from one position to the next as field windings are energized and de-energized in sequence. Depending on the sequence, the rotor may turn forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down at any time.Simple stepper motor drivers entirely energize or entirely de-energize the field windings, leading the rotor to "cog" to a limited number of positions. Microstepping drivers can proportionally.

Electric motor. made them uncompetitive—thus newer hard disk drives use voice coil-based head actuator systems. (The term "voice coil" in this connection is historic; it refers to the structure in a cone-type loudspeaker.)Stepper motors are often used in computer printers, optical scanners, and digital photocopiers to move the active element, the print head carriage (inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers.So-called quartz analog wristwatches contain the smallest commonplace stepping motors; they have one coil, draw little power, and have a permanent magnet rotor. The same kind of motor drives battery-powered quartz clocks. Some of these watches, such as chronographs, contain more.

Electric motor. 1978 era HP 7225A pen plotter used two linear stepper motors to move the pen along the X and Y axes.## Electromagnetism.## Force and torque.An electric motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy through the force between two opposed magnetic fields. At least one of the two magnetic fields must be created by an electromagnet through the magnetic field caused by an electrical current.The force between a current formula_1 in a conductor of length formula_2 perpendicular to a magnetic field formula_3 may be calculated using the Lorentz force law: formula_4Note: X denotes vector cross product. The most general approaches to.

Electric motor. resistance Ir2 – square of current induced in the rotor s – motor slip; i.e., difference between synchronous speed and slip speed, which provides the relative movement needed for current induction in the rotor.## Back EMF.The movement of armature windings of a direct-current or universal motor through a magnetic field, induce a voltage in them. This voltage tends to oppose the motor supply voltage and so is called "back electromotive force (EMF)". The voltage is proportional to the running speed of the motor. The back EMF of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance and brushes,.

Electric motor. enacted legislation to encourage the manufacture and use of higher-efficiency motors. Electric motors have efficiencies ranging from at least 15% for shaded pole motors, up to 98% for permanent magnet motors, with efficiency also dependent on load. Peak efficiency is usually at 75% of the rated load. So (as an example) a 10 HP motor is most efficient when driving a load that requires 7.5 HP. Efficiency also depends on motor size; larger motors tend to be more efficient. Some motors can not operate continually for more than a specified period of time (e.g. for more than an hour per.

Electric motor. run)## Goodness factor.Eric Laithwaite proposed a metric to determine the 'goodness' of an electric motor: formula_21Where: formula_22 is the goodness factor (factors above 1 are likely to be efficient) formula_23 are the cross sectional areas of the magnetic and electric circuit formula_24 are the lengths of the magnetic and electric circuits formula_25 is the permeability of the core formula_20 is the angular frequency the motor is driven atFrom this, he showed that the most efficient motors are likely to have relatively large magnetic poles. However, the equation only directly relates to non PM motors.## Performance parameters.## Torque.Electromagnetic motors derive torque.

Electric motor. from the vector product of the interacting fields. Calculating torque requires knowledge of the fields in the air gap. Once these have been established, the torque is the integral of all the force vectors multiplied by the vector's radius. The current flowing in the winding produces the fields. For a motor using a magnetic material the field is not proportional to the current.A figure relating the current to the torque can inform motor selection. The maximum torque for a motor depends on the maximum current, absent thermal considerations.When optimally designed within a given core saturation constraint and for a given.

Electric motor. active current (i.e., torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density, all categories of electric motors/generators exhibit virtually the same maximum continuous shaft torque (i.e., operating torque) within a given air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth, which determines the physical size of electromagnetic core. Some applications require bursts of torque beyond the maximum, such as bursts to accelerate an electric vehicle from standstill. Always limited by magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage, the capacity for torque bursts beyond the maximum differs significantly across motor/generator types.Electric machines without a.

Electric motor. transformer circuit topology, such as that of WRSMs or PMSMs, cannot provide torque bursts without saturating the magnetic core. At that point, additional current cannot increase torque. Furthermore, the permanent magnet assembly of PMSMs can be irreparably damaged.Electric machines with a transformer circuit topology, such as induction machines, induction doubly-fed electric machines, and induction or synchronous wound-rotor doubly-fed (WRDF) machines, permit torque bursts because the EMF-induced active current on either side of the transformer oppose each other and thus contribute nothing to the transformer coupled magnetic core flux density, avoiding core saturation.Electric machines that rely on induction or asynchronous principles.

Electric motor. the air-gap area and the back-iron depth, which are determined by the power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation. Despite the high coercivity of neodymium or samarium-cobalt permanent magnets, continuous torque density is virtually the same amongst electric machines with optimally designed armature winding sets. Continuous torque density relates to method of cooling and permissible operation period before destruction by overheating of windings or permanent magnet damage.Other sources state that various e-machine topologies have differing torque density. One source shows the following:where—specific torque density is normalized.

Electric motor. to 1.0 for the surface permanent magnet (SPM)—brushless ac, 180° current conduction.Torque density is approximately four times greater for liquid cooled motors, compared to those which are air cooled.A source comparing direct current, induction motors (IM), PMSM and SRM showed:Another source notes that PMSM up to 1 MW have considerably higher torque density than induction machines.## Continuous power density.The continuous power density is determined by the product of the continuous torque density and the constant torque speed range. Electric motors can achieve densities of up to 20KW/KG, meaning 20 Kilowatts of output power per kilogram.## Acoustic noise and vibrations.Acoustic noise.

Electric motor. and vibrations are usually classified in three sources: mechanical sources (e.g. due to bearings) aerodynamic sources (e.g. due to shaft-mounted fans) magnetic sources (e.g. due to magnetic forces such as Maxwell and magnetostriction forces acting on stator and rotor structures)The latter source, which can be responsible for the "whining noise" of electric motors, is called electromagnetically induced acoustic noise.## Standards.The following are major design, manufacturing, and testing standards covering electric motors: American Petroleum Institute: API 541 Form-Wound Squirrel Cage Induction Motors – 375 kW (500 Horsepower) and Larger American Petroleum Institute: API 546 Brushless Synchronous Machines – 500 kVA and.

Electric motor. 60072 Dimensions and output series for rotating electrical machines National Electrical Manufacturers Association: MG-1 Motors and Generators Underwriters Laboratories: UL 1004 – Standard for Electric Motors Indian Standard: IS:12615-2018 – Line Operated Three Phase a.c. Motors (IE CODE) “Efficiency Classes and Performance Specification” (Third Revision)## Non-magnetic motors.An electrostatic motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge. Usually, electrostatic motors are the dual of conventional coil-based motors. They typically require a high-voltage power supply, although small motors employ lower voltages. Conventional electric motors instead employ magnetic attraction and repulsion, and require high current at low voltages. In the.

Electric motor. produces acoustic or ultrasonic vibrations to produce linear or rotary motion. In one mechanism, the elongation in a single plane is used to make a series of stretches and position holds, similar to the way a caterpillar moves.An electrically powered spacecraft propulsion system uses electric motor technology to propel spacecraft in outer space. Most systems are based on electrically accelerating propellant to high speed, while some systems are based on electrodynamic tethers principles of propulsion to the magnetosphere. Electric generator Regenerative brake Goodness factor Motor capacitor Traction motor Motor controller Houston, Edwin J.; Kennelly, Arthur, "Recent Types of Dynamo-Electric Machinery",.


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Sumburgh Head. Sumburgh Head is a headland located at the southern tip of the Shetland Mainland in northern Scotland. The head consists of a 100 m high rocky spur and topped by the Sumburgh Head Lighthouse. In the Old Norse language, Sumburgh Head was called "Dunrøstar høfdi", it means "The Head onto the loud tide-race", referring to the noise of Sumburgh Roost. Robert Stevenson was the engineer in charge of building the Sumburgh Head lighthouse. Work started on the building in 1819, and the light was first lit in 1821.## Local ecology.The area is now recognized as a nature reserve by the.

Sumburgh Head. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The cliffs are home to large numbers of seabirds with 33,000 puffins being estimated in the year 2000. These numbers have declined sharply: for example only 570 of the birds were counted in 2017. The decline in Puffin numbers also appears to apply to other species native to Sumburgh Head. In as birds, Sumburgh Head has become a popular viewing point for whales and dolphins.## Nearby locations.Sumburgh Airport, which takes its name from the head, lies immediately to the north, and serves as the main airport for the Shetland Islands. Flights from here.

Sumburgh Head. connect to mainland Scotland, the Orkney Islands and Norway. Also close to the Sumburgh Head is the archaeological site of Jarlshof, at which a series of settlements existed dating back to the neolithic period. The tiny settlement of Grutness, which is the terminus of the Shetland Mainland to Fair Isle ferry service, lies 1 (mi) north of Sumburgh Head. Images from around Sumburgh.


Question: Where is this plant native to?

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Pseudopanax crassifolius. Pseudopanax crassifolius, the horoeka or lancewood, is a New Zealand native tree belonging to the family Araliaceae. It is found throughout New Zealand from sea level up to about 750 m. The juvenile form, which lasts for between 15 and 20 years, is very easily recognized. The leaves are stiff and leathery with a prominent central rib, about 1 cm wide and up to 1 m long with irregular teeth, all growing downwards from a central stem. The young trunk has characteristic vertical swollen ridges. As the tree gets older the stem begins to branch, producing a bushy top, and.

Pseudopanax crassifolius. the leaves become wider and shorter, losing their teeth. It is only when the tree is mature that it adopts a typical tree shape.One of the theories about this curious change of appearance is that the young plant had to protect itself against browsing by the moa, the giant flightless bird that roamed New Zealand's bush in prehistoric times. Once above moa height, it was out of danger and turns into a "regular" tree. A study of leaf colour development in "P. crassifolius" found that leaves of seedlings would blend with leaf litter, while juvenile leaf colouration would draw attention.

Pseudopanax crassifolius. to their spines. A closely related Chatham Island species, which evolved in the absence of moa, did not display these changes.Closely related is "Pseudopanax ferox", the toothed lancewood. It is similar to "P. crassifolius" except the leaves are more abundant and severely toothed, resembling remotely a bandsaw blade. Salmon J T, "The Native Trees of New Zealand", AH & AW Reed Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand, 1973. ."Flora of New Zealand", URL:"Pseudopanax crassifolius"."New Zealand Plant Conservation Network", "Pseudopanax crassifolius".


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Frogfish. Frogfishes are any member of the anglerfish family Antennariidae, of the order Lophiiformes. Antennariids are known as anglerfish in Australia, where the term "frogfish" refers to members of the unrelated family Batrachoididae. Frogfishes are found in almost all tropical and subtropical oceans and seas around the world, the primary exception being the Mediterranean Sea.Frogfishes are small, short and stocky, and sometimes covered in spinules and other appendages to aid in camouflage. The camouflage aids in protection from predators and enables them to lure prey. Many species can change colour; some are covered with other organisms such as algae or hydrozoa.

Frogfish. barbuttii", and is the oldest known member of the family.## Taxonomy.Frogfishes belong to the order Lophiiformes, commonly known as anglerfish, which is a member of the superorder Paracanthopterygii with four other orders. They belong to the infraclass Teleostei, the bony fishes, in the class Actinopterygii. There are two subfamilies, Antennariinae and Histiophryninae, which differ in their distribution and reproductive method. Tree of Life - Antennariidae Frogfishes in Fishbase Website only about Frogfishes (Anglerfishes).


Question: What is the parent organization of this aircraft?

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Dornier Flugzeugwerke. produced by HAL with plans to build 20 more during 2013-14.In 1985, Dornier became a member of the Daimler-Benz group, integrating its aeronautic assets with the parent company. As part of this transaction, Lindauer Dornier GmbH was spun off, creating a separate, family-owned firm, concentrating on textile machinery design and manufacturing. The rest of the company was split into several subsidiaries for defence, satellites, medtech and aircraft.In 1996, the majority of Dornier Aircraft was acquired by Fairchild Aircraft, forming Fairchild Dornier. This company became insolvent in early 2002. Production of its 328 Jet was acquired by US company Avcraft. Asian.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Rock dove. The rock dove, rock pigeon, or common pigeon ( also ; Columba livia) is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon".The domestic pigeon ("Columba livia domestica", which includes about 1,000 different breeds) descended from this species. Escaped domestic pigeons have increased the populations of feral pigeons around the world.Wild rock doves are pale grey with two black bars on each wing, whereas domestic and feral pigeons vary in colour and pattern. Few differences are seen between males and females. The species is generally monogamous, with.

Rock dove. 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's "Systema Naturae". He placed it with all the other doves and pigeons in the genus "Columba" and coined the binomial name "Columba livia". The genus name "Columba" is the Latin word meaning "pigeon, dove", whose older etymology comes from the Ancient Greek κόλυμβος ("kolumbos"), "a diver", from "κολυμβάω" (kolumbao), "dive, plunge headlong, swim". Aristophanes (Birds, 304) and others use the word κολυμβίς ("kolumbis"), "diver", for the name of the bird, because of its swimming motion in the air. The specific epithet "livia" is.

Rock dove. a medieval Latin variant of "livida", "livid, bluish-gray"; this was Theodorus Gaza's translation of Greek "peleia", "dove", itself thought to be derived from "pellos", "dark-colored". Its closest relative in the genus "Columba" is the hill pigeon, followed by the other rock pigeons: the snow, speckled, and white-collared pigeons. Pigeon chicks are called "squabs".Note that members of the lesser known pigeon genus "Petrophassa" and the speckled pigeon ("Columba guinea"), also have the common name “rock pigeon”.The rock dove was first described by German naturalist Johann Gmelin in 1789. The rock dove was central to Charles Darwin's discovery of evolution, and featured.

Rock dove. pigeon ("Columba livia domestica"). They may have been domesticated as long as 5,000 years ago. Numerous breeds of fancy pigeons of all sizes, colours, and types have been bred. Domesticated pigeons are used as homing pigeons as well as food and pets. They were in the past also used as carrier pigeons. ## War pigeons.So-called war pigeons have played significant roles during wartime, and many pigeons have received awards and medals for their services in saving hundreds of human lives.## Medical uses.Pigeons have notably been "employed" as medical imaging data sorters. They have been successfully trained under research conditions to.

Rock dove. pathogenic H5N1 virus from a Hong Kong sample. The birds received 100 to 1,000 times the concentration that wild birds would encounter in nature. "We couldn't infect the pigeons," Swayne said. "So that's good news." Rock dove - Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds.California Wildlife Center cautions about backyard invadersPower Requirements for Horizontal Flight in the Pigeon "Columba livia" -C. J. PENNYCUICK.


Question: Which company manufactures this item?

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Basket. and broad-leaved tropical bromeliads each require a different method of twisting and braiding to be made into a basket. The practice of basket making has evolved into an art. Artistic freedom allows basket makers a wide choice of colors, materials, sizes, patterns, and details.The carrying of a basket on the head, particularly by rural women, has long been practiced. Representations of this in Ancient Greek art are called Canephorae.## Figurative and literary usage.The phrase "to hell in a handbasket" means "to deteriorate rapidly". The origin of this use is unclear."Basket" is sometimes used as an adjective towards a person who.

Basket. is born out of wedlock. This occurs more commonly in British English. "Basket" also refers to a bulge in a man's crotch.## Materials.Basket makers use a wide range of materials:WickerStrawPlasticMetalBambooPalmCarbon fiber Basket weaving "Canephorae" Weaving Native American basketry Native American basket weavers Baleen basketry Fruits Basket "Japanese Manga series"Zepeda, Ofelia (1995). "Ocean Power: Poems from the Desert". .Baskets, The Women's Committee of the Philadelphia Museum of ArtBaskets at the University of Michigan Museum of ArtBaskets at the Metropolitan Museum of ArtExhibition: "A Measure of the Earth: The Cole-Ware Collection of American Baskets" at the Smithsonian American Art MuseumStudy Lab: "Entwined.


Question: What is this building dedicated to?

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Marble Church, Bodelwyddan. of stained glass on the north and south sides, featuring Saint Margaret and Saint Kentigern. It is a popular tourist destination. The church was designated with Grade II* listed status in November 1962.Until the latter part of the 20th century the church, and in particular its high steeple, was very distinctive because it was so white. With the passage of time, pollution has resulted in the colour becoming more grey, and therefore more like other stone buildings.Local government reorganisation resulted in the church being in Flintshire until 1974, in Clwyd from 1974 until 1996, and since then in Denbighshire.## Churchyard.Immediately.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Euonymus fortunei. Euonymus fortunei, the spindle, Fortune's spindle, winter creeper or wintercreeper, is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae, native to east Asia, including China, Korea, the Philippines and Japan. It is named after the Scottish botanist and plant explorer Robert Fortune. Euonymus is highly invasive and damaging in the United States, causing the death of trees and forest in urban areas.## Description.It is an evergreen shrub which grows as a vine if provided with support. As such it grows to 20 (m), climbing by means of small rootlets on the stems, similar to ivy (an example of convergent.

Euonymus fortunei. evolution, as the two species are not related). Like ivy, it also has a sterile non-flowering juvenile climbing or creeping phase, which on reaching high enough into the crowns of trees to get more light, develops into an adult, flowering phase without climbing rootlets.The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, 2–6 cm long and 1–3 cm broad, with finely serrated margins. The flowers are inconspicuous, 5 mm in diameter, with four small greenish-yellow petals. The fruit is a smooth, dehiscent capsule with reddish arils.## Varieties.There are two or three varieties: "Euonymus fortunei" var. "fortunei" (syn. var. "acutus").

Euonymus fortunei. China, Korea"Euonymus fortunei" var. "radicans" (Sieb. ex Miq.) Rehd. (syn. "E. radicans"). Japan"Euonymus fortunei" var. "vegetus" (Rehd.) Rehd. Northern Japan (Hokkaidō), doubtfully distinct from var. "radicans" (Bean 1973)## Distribution and habitat.It has an extensive native range, including many parts of China (from sea level to 3400 m elevation), India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. It resembles "Euonymus japonicus", which is also widely cultivated but is a shrub, without climbing roots. It also is related to a variety of similar species, including "Euonymus theifolius", or "Euonymus vagans" and also a number of named "species" which are found.

Euonymus fortunei. only in cultivation and better treated as cultivars. Its habitats include woodlands, scrub, and forests.## Cultivation."Euonymus fortunei" is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, with numerous cultivars selected for such traits as yellow, variegated and slow, dwarfed growth. It is used as a groundcover or a vine to climb walls and trees. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: 'Emerald Gaiety' 'Emerald 'n' Gold' 'Emerald Surprise''Kewensis' 'Wolong Ghost'Plants propagated from mature flowering stems (formerly sometimes named "f. "carrierei"") always grow as non-climbing shrubs. Some popular cultivars such as 'Moon Shadow' are shrub forms.Most of.

Euonymus fortunei. the cultivated plants belong to var. "radicans" (Huxley 1992). It is generally considered cold hardy in USDA zones 5 to 9, and is considered an invasive species in some parts of the world, notably the eastern United States and Canada.Bean, W. J. (1973) "Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles" 8th ed., vol. 2: 150-151. John Murray.Huxley, A., ed. (1992) "New RHS Dictionary of Gardening" vol. 2: 242. Macmillan.


Question: What is the architectural style of this place?

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Blenheim Palace. and Bavarians in the War of the Spanish Succession, culminating in the Battle of Blenheim. The land was given as a gift, and construction began in 1705, with some financial support from Queen Anne. The project soon became the subject of political infighting, with the Crown cancelling further financial support in 1712, Marlborough's three-year voluntary exile to the Continent, the fall from influence of his duchess, and lasting damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh.Designed in the rare, and short-lived, English Baroque style, architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this fish?

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Mycteroperca bonaci. Mycteroperca bonaci, the black grouper, black rockfish or marbled rockfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses. Other fish are sometimes called the black grouper including the similar gag grouper ("Mycteroperca microlepis"), the misty grouper ("Hyporthodus mystacinus"), and the critically endangered Warsaw grouper ("Epinephelus nigritus"). This species is found in the western Atlantic Ocean from the northeastern United States to Brazil.## Description."Myctoperca bonaci" has an oblong, laterally compressed body with a standard length which is 3.3 to 3.5 times.

Mycteroperca bonaci. its depth. It has an evenly rounded preopercle with no incisions or lobes at its angle. The dorsal fin contains 11 spines and 15-17 soft rays while the anal fin has 3 spines and 11-13 soft rays, both fins having rounded margins. The caudal fin is truncate to emarginate, althoughit may be convex if spread widely. This species has an overall t’s an olive grey colour and is marked with dark blotches and brassy hexagonal spots over the head and flanks. The pectoral fins are sooty brown, fading to orange towards the margin; the soft rayed part of the dorsal.

Mycteroperca bonaci. fin and the anal fin, as well as the forward edge of the pelvic fin have a dark margin. This fish attains a maximum total length of 150 (cm), although they are more common at around 70 (cm) and a maximum published weight of 100 (kg).## Distribution."Mycteroperca bonaci" is found in the western Atlantic where its range extends from Cape Canaveral in Florida and Bermuda south to the Bahamas, into the Gulf of Mexico as far north as Alabama and from southern Texas along the coast of Mexico and Cuba. It occurs throughout the Caribbean Sea, along the coast of.

Mycteroperca bonaci. South America to Santa Catarina in Brazil. Its range extends to the Brazilian islands of Trinidade and Fernando de Noronha. There is a gap in its distribution along the northern coast of South America between Paramaribo in Suriname and Maranhao in Brazil. Occurrences in United States waters north to Massachusetts are juveniles and therefore considered vagrants.## Habitat and biology."Mycteroperca bonaci" occurs over rocky bottoms and coral reefs at depths of 10 to 30 (m), however in the eastern Gulf of Mexico it is normally encountered at depths of more than 30 (m). It is usually a solitary species, the adults.

Mycteroperca bonaci. feeding mainly on fishes, such as grunts, snapper and herrings, and the juveniles feed on crustaceans. Black groupers have been recorded forming seasonal feeding aggregations along the outer continental shelf off Brazil, these coincide with spawning aggregations of some fish species the groupers prey on. They are monandric protogynous hermaphrodites and form spawning aggregations which have been reported from in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Females attain sexual maturity at around 5years old and at a length of around 82.6 (cm) and the change of sex to males occurs when they are around 15 years old and at.

Mycteroperca bonaci. a mean length of 121.4 (cm).## Predators and parasites.The recorded predators of "Mycteroperca bonaci" include sandbar shark ("Carcharhinus plumbeus") and great hammerhead ("Sphyrna mokarran") while they may also be prey for great barracuda ("Sphyraena barracuda") and moray eels. Black groupers are hosts to a variety of common parasites which include endoparasites affecting stomach and intestines and ectoparasites which live on its skin.## Taxonomy."Mycteroperca bonaci" was first formally described as "Serranus bonaci" in 1860 by the Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey (1799-1891) with Cuba being given as the type locality.## Utilisation."Mycteroperca bonaci" is quite tasty and an important food fish. It is.

Mycteroperca bonaci. fished for sale and for sport.## Conservation."Mycteroperca bonaci" is an IUCN Red List near threatened species, vulnerable to increases in exploitation because it is a relatively slow breeder.## External links.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Black-cheeked woodpecker. The black-cheeked woodpecker ("Melanerpes pucherani") is a resident breeding bird from southeastern Mexico south to western Ecuador.This woodpecker occurs in the higher levels of wet forests, semi-open woodland and old second growth. It nests in an unlined hole 6 - 30 (m) high in a dead tree. The clutch is two to four glossy white eggs, incubated by both sexes.The binomial commemorates the French zoologist Jacques Pucheran. The black-cheeked woodpecker feeds on insects, but will take substantial quantities of fruit and nectar.This common and conspicuous species gives a rattling "krrrrrl" call and both sexes drum on territory.## Description.The adult is.


Question: Which city or region does this facility locate in?

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Brühl's Terrace. Brühl's Terrace () is a historic architectural ensemble in Dresden, Germany. Nicknamed "The Balcony of Europe", the terrace stretches high above the shore of the river Elbe. Located north of the recently rebuilt Neumarkt Square and the Frauenkirche, is one of the favourite inner-city places of both locals and tourists for walking, people watching, and having a coffee.## History and character.The present-day terrace was part of the city's fortifications, rebuilt upon the 1546/47 Schmalkaldic War at the behest of Elector Maurice of Saxony and his successors Augustus and Christian. The name Brühl's Terrace is a reference to Count Heinrich von.

Brühl's Terrace. the terrace from Castle Square and Augustus Bridge. The Brühl Palace was demolished in the course of the building of the Saxon "Ständehaus" in 1900.The ensemble was totally destroyed in February 1945 when the city centre was heavily hit by the Allied Bombing of Dresden during the end phase of World War II. Today, it has been rebuilt; the precise amount restored is difficult to say as a percentage, but in general one can say the emsemble looks very much the same today as it did in the past.Today, Brühl's Terrace is again one of the main city landmarks besides.

Brühl's Terrace. the Frauenkirche (Church of our Lady), Dresden Castle, the Hofkirche and buildings on Theatre Square such as the Zwinger and the Semperoper, which are all located in the vicinity. At the "Bärenzwinger" students' club near the monument for Johann Friedrich Böttger, one can see a fingerprint in a guard rail of the terrace garden. This dactylogram is said to be proof of the strength of Augustus the Strong, who is said to have left the mark - but is only one of many myths surrounding August, such as the legend that he fathered 365 children.## Architectural parts of the terrace.Most.

Brühl's Terrace. Schilling Johann Friedrich Böttger The "Four Times of the Day" group ("Vier Tageszeiten") by Johannes Schilling## The balconies of Europe and of Dresden.Brühl's Terrace is known as the "Balcony of Europe", a name which was first thought up and used at the beginning of the 19th century and which since then has been used in all kinds of literature.The name "Balcony of Dresden", on the other hand, is more regionally used for a tower six kilometers further to the East on a slope by the Elbe in Loschwitz, an area known for expensive living. Dresden wiki.


Question: Which (geo)physical feature is the place located in or on?

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Adventfjorden. Adventfjorden (Advent Bay) is a 7 km long and 4 km wide bay running south-eastwards from the southern side of Isfjorden, on the west coast of Spitsbergen in Svalbard. The name represents a corruption of "Adventure Bay" - probably named after the Hull-built whaleship "Adventure", which operated in Isfjorden in 1656. The fjord was originally known as "Klass Billen Bay". At the head of Adventfjorden is Adventdalen (Advent Valley).The former mining-camp of Longyearbyen (now Svalbard's main town) lies on the fjord's southwestern shore, while another former mining-camp, Hiorthhamn, is located on its northeastern shore.Conway, W. M. 1906. No Man's Land:.

Adventfjorden. A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country. Cambridge: At the University Press. Norwegian Polar Institute: Place names in Norwegian polar areas.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Harpaphe haydeniana. Harpaphe haydeniana, commonly known as the yellow-spotted millipede, almond-scented millipede or cyanide millipede, is a species of polydesmidan ("flat-backed") millipede found in the moist forests along the Pacific coast of North America, from Southeast Alaska to California. The dark coloration with contrasting yellow-tipped keels warn of its ability to exude toxic hydrogen cyanide as a defense. Despite the various common names given the species, the coloration pattern, cyanide defense, and associated almond scent occur in other flat-backed millipedes around the world.## Description."Harpaphe haydeniana" reach a length of 4–5 centimeters (1.6–2 in) when mature. The upper surface of the body is.

Harpaphe haydeniana. black to olive green, and is distinctively marked along the sides with patches of a yellowish colour. "H. haydeniana" has approximately twenty body segments, bearing a total of 30 (males) or 31 (females) pairs of legs. The difference between males and females is due to one pair of legs on the seventh segment in males being modified to form gonopods used for sperm transfer. Individuals may live for 2–3 years.## Distribution."Harpaphe haydeniana" occurs from southeast Alaska south to Monterey County, California, as far east as the Sierra Nevada mountains.## Ecology."Harpaphe haydeniana" is an important part of the forest ecosystem, breaking.

Harpaphe haydeniana. down leaf litter and freeing its nutrients for other organisms. It is commonly associated with redwood forests where many individuals may be found within a small area. Immature millipedes feed on humus."Harpaphe haydeniana" has few predators, due to its aposematic coloration and its ability to secrete hydrogen cyanide when threatened. This behaviour gives rise to the common names "cyanide millipede" and "almond-scented millipede" (since cyanide smells of almonds), although cyanide secretion is not unique to "H. haydeniana". Nonetheless, at least one species, the ground beetle "Promecognathus laevissimus", is a specialised predator of "H. haydeniana".## Similar species.Two other species of "Harpaphe.

Harpaphe haydeniana. ("H. pottera" and "H. telodonta") occur within the range of "H. haydeniana", both with yellow-tipped paranota. "H. telodonta" (Humboldt and Del Norte counties, California) is slightly more brown in colour and has more strongly pointed keels while "H. pottera" (Mendocino and Humboldt counties) can only be distinguished by close examination of the male reproductive organs (gonopods).The genus "Harpaphe" is in the family Xystodesmidae, which contains several other species with similar markings, including North American species of "Boraria", "Chonaphe", "Paimokia", "Hybaphe" and "Montaphe". Exact species determination requires examination of the male gonopods, but the sharply pointed posterior corners of the paranota.

Harpaphe haydeniana. can help distinguish "Harpaphe" from "Hybaphe" and "Chonaphe".Outside of North America, superficially similar species include "Anoplodesmus saussurii" which has been mistakenly called "H. haydeniana", and "Asiomorpha coarctata", the latter species being native to Southeast Asia but widely introduced around the world, including the American Gulf Coast region. The ability to secrete hydrogen cyanide is shared by other members of the Polydesmida, the largest order of millipedes.


Question: Who/what operates this building?

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Richmond Castle. imprisoned there during the First World War.List of castles in EnglandNotesBibliographyEnglish Heritage's page on Richmond CastleGatehouse record for Richmond Castle, containing a comprehensive bibliographyhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/local/york/hi/people_and_places/religion_and_ethics/newsid_8342000/8342995.stm.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Eijsden Castle. Eijsden Castle (Dutch:"Kasteel Eijsden") is a moated manor house with several farm buildings, a gatehouse and castle park, in Eijsden-Margraten, Limburg, Netherlands. The current castle was built in 1637 and is located next to the river Maas.The castle is a rijksmonument. Also other parts of the terrain are separately listed, making a total of 27 rijksmonuments. It is part of the Top 100 Dutch heritage sites, established in 1990 by the Department for Conservation.## Description.The current castle was built in 1636, renovated in 1767, and restored between 1881-1886. The castle is made up out of two angled wings with at.


Question: Which historic county does this place belong to?

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Durdle Door. Durdle Door (sometimes written Durdle Dor) is a natural limestone arch on the Jurassic Coast near Lulworth in Dorset, England. It is privately owned by the Weld Family who own the Lulworth Estate, but it is also open to the public.## Geology.The form of the coastline around Durdle Door is controlled by its geology—both by the contrasting hardnesses of the rocks, and by the local patterns of faults and folds. The arch has formed on a concordant coastline where bands of rock run parallel to the shoreline. The rock strata are almost vertical, and the bands of rock are quite.

Durdle Door. "Durdle Doorus" is magically transformed into rock.Dorset-born Arthur Moule, a friend of Thomas Hardy and missionary to China, wrote these lines about Durdle Door for his 1879 book of poetry "Songs of heaven and home, written in a foreign land": Arch of Cabo San Lucas Delicate Arch and Landscape Arch in the USA Durdle Pier, Isle of Portland Étretat, France Geology of Dorset Green Bridge of Wales Rocher Percé, Québec, Canada Stair Hole Swyre Head, Chaldon Down and Bat's Head, to the west List of Dorset beaches Arkell, W.J., 1978. "The Geology of the Country around Weymouth, Swanage, Corfe and.

Durdle Door. Lulworth, 4th pr.". London: Geological Survey of Great Britain, HMSO. Davies, G.M., 1956. "A Geological Guide to the Dorset Coast, 2nd ed.". London: Adam & Charles Black. Perkins, J.W., 1977. "Geology Explained in Dorset". London: David & Charles."Caves, Arches & Stacks" Southwest Coastal Group"Durdle Door: Past and Future" animationSection of Lulworth Crumple, labelled diagram by Ian West (2013)Durdle Door Educational Activity Sheet for Kids at EasyScienceforKids.


Question: What is the location of this building?

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Eijsden Castle. Eijsden Castle (Dutch:"Kasteel Eijsden") is a moated manor house with several farm buildings, a gatehouse and castle park, in Eijsden-Margraten, Limburg, Netherlands. The current castle was built in 1637 and is located next to the river Maas.The castle is a rijksmonument. Also other parts of the terrain are separately listed, making a total of 27 rijksmonuments. It is part of the Top 100 Dutch heritage sites, established in 1990 by the Department for Conservation.## Description.The current castle was built in 1636, renovated in 1767, and restored between 1881-1886. The castle is made up out of two angled wings with at.

Eijsden Castle. the outside corner a heavy cornertower flanked by a small stair tower. At the end of the eastwing Athere is another towerlike building containing a gate which grands access to the inner square. On top of this gate is placed the year of completion and the arms of the De Lamargelle and von Bocholtz families. The whole is surrounded by a moat. The castle is built in Mosan Renaissance-style.Next to the castle is a gatebuilding with sidebuilding, built in 1649 when a fire destroyed the earlier buildings. They were restored between 1883-1885.The castle park, created around 1900, is freely accessible.

Eijsden Castle. It was designed by French garden artist Achille Duchêne (1866-1947), replacing an earlier 18th century park. Of this original 18th century park only a small part remains on the northside of the castle, where there is also an 18th-century basement for the storage of ice. The current park has a neo-rococo pond and a group of statues containing three putti.## History and inhabitants.The castle is located on or near the location of a medieval castle, named "Caestertburg" or "Kettelhof". During the early Middle Ages the court and fertile riverlands were owned by the prince-bishops of Liège.First mention of the castle.

Eijsden Castle. was in 1334 when "den hof tot Esde" was granted to Dyederic van Montjoy en Valkenburg by John III, Duke of Brabant. In 1558 Eijsden was owned by Arnold II Huyn van Amstenrade, lord of Geleen, drossaerd of Valkenburg, governor of Brabant owned Maastricht and captain-general of Limburg and the lands east of the Maas. His daughter Anna married Willem de Lamargelle, and their son, Arnold de Lamargelle, build the current castle in 1636-1637. By inheritance the castle was owned successively by the families "van Hoensbroeck", "de Geloes" and "de Liedekerke", who are the current owners of the castle.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Scissor-tailed flycatcher. The scissor-tailed flycatcher ("Tyrannus forficatus"), also known as the Texas bird-of-paradise and swallow-tailed flycatcher, is a long-tailed bird of the genus "Tyrannus", whose members are collectively referred to as kingbirds. The kingbirds are a group of large insectivorous (insect-eating) birds in the tyrant flycatcher (Tyrannidae) family. The scissor-tailed flycatcher is found in North and Central America.## Latin name and etymology.Its former Latin name was "Muscivora forficata". The former genus name "Muscivora" derives from the Latin words for 'fly' () and 'to devour' (), while the species name "forficata" derives from the Latin word for 'scissors' (). The scissortail is now.

Scissor-tailed flycatcher. considered to be a member of the "Tyrannus", or 'tyrant-like' genus. This genus earned its name because several of its species are extremely aggressive on their breeding territories, where they will attack larger birds such as crows, hawks and owls.## Description.Adult birds have pale gray heads and upper parts, light underparts, salmon-pink flanks and undertail coverts, and dark gray wings. Axillars and patch on underwing coverts are red. Their extremely long, forked tails, which are black on top and white on the underside, are characteristic and unmistakable. At maturity, the male may be up to 15 (in) in length, while.

Scissor-tailed flycatcher. sympatric, ecologically similar sister species. Both these species have simultaneously expanded their breeding ranges eastward over the past 50 years Scissor-tailed flycatcher - "Tyrannus forficatus" - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Stamps for El Salvador, Nicaragua, United States at bird-stamps.org Birds of Oklahoma: Scissor-tailed Flycatcher, Oklahoma's State Bird (with link to image gallery).


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

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Rolduc. border was drawn through the ancient land of Rode, separating the abbey from the castle. The eastern part (including the castle) became Prussian Herzogenrath and the western part (including the abbey) became part of the Dutch municipality of Kerkrade.In the 19th century Rolduc became a famous boarding school run by Jesuits, and a seminary of the Diocese of Roermond. Many influential Dutch Roman Catholics (e.g. the writer Lodewijk van Deyssel and the social reformer Alphons Ariëns) were educated at Rolduc.The former abbey is now a secondary school ("Charlemagne College", formerly "College Rolduc"), a Roman Catholic seminary, and the "Rolduc Congress.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Black-footed ferret. The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), also known as the American polecat or prairie dog hunter, is a species of mustelid native to central North America.The black-footed ferret is roughly the size of a mink and is similar in appearance to the European polecat and the Asian steppe polecat. It is largely nocturnal and solitary, except when breeding or raising litters. Up to 90% of its diet is composed of prairie dogs.The species declined throughout the 20th century, primarily as a result of decreases in prairie dog populations and sylvatic plague. It was declared extinct in 1979, but a residual wild.

Black-footed ferret. ferret, a female named Elizabeth Ann, was introduced to the public.## Evolution.Like its close relative, the Asian steppe polecat (with which it was once thought to be conspecific), the black-footed ferret represents a more progressive form than the European polecat in the direction of carnivory. The black-footed ferret's most likely ancestor was "Mustela stromeri" (from which the European and steppe polecats are also derived), which originated in Europe during the Middle Pleistocene. Molecular evidence indicates that the steppe polecat and black-footed ferret diverged from "M. stromeri" between 500,000 and 2,000,000 years ago, perhaps in Beringia. The species appeared in the.

Black-footed ferret. Institution – North American Mammals: Mustela nigripes.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

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Cerioporus squamosus. Cerioporus squamosus aka "Polyporus squamosus" is a basidiomycete bracket fungus, with common names including dryad's saddle and pheasant's back mushroom. It has a widespread distribution, being found in North America, Australia, Asia, and Europe, where it causes a white rot in the heartwood of living and dead hardwood trees. The name "dryad's saddle" refers to creatures in Greek mythology called dryads who could conceivably fit and ride on this mushroom, whereas the "pheasant's back" analogy derives from the pattern of colors on the bracket matching that of a pheasant's back.## Etymology."Squamosus" comes from the Latin "squamosus" meaning covered with scales.

Cerioporus squamosus. or scaly, referring to the signature dark brown scales found on the mushroom's cap.## Taxonomy.The species was first described scientifically by British botanist William Hudson in 1778, who named it "Boletus squamosus". It was given its current name in 1886 by Quélet but is still widely known by the Friesian name "Polyporus squamosus".## Description.Dryad's Saddle is an annual mushroom commonly found attached to dead logs and stumps or on living hardwood trees at one point with a thick stem. Generally, the fruit body is round and between 8 – 30 (cm) across and up to 10 (cm) thick. The body.

Cerioporus squamosus. can be yellow to brown and has "squamules" or scales on its upper side. On the underside one can see the pores that are characteristic of the genus "Cerioporus"; they are made up of tubes packed together closely. The tubes are between 1 and 12 (mm) long. The stalk is thick and short, up to 5 (cm) long. The fruit body will produce a white spore print if laid onto a sheet of paper. The spores are 11-15 x 4-5 µm and are long and smooth ellipsoids. They can be found alone, in clusters of two or three, or forming.

Cerioporus squamosus. made from this and many other mushrooms of the genus "Cerioporus". The mushroom's smell resembles watermelon rind. "Polyporus squamosus" has a mild nutty flavour. Mushroom-Collecting.com: Polyporus squamosus – Dryad's Saddle Mushroom-Collecting.com: Dryad's Saddle, Pheasant Back Mushroom, Hawks Wing (Polyporus squamosus).


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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Black saddlebags. The black saddlebags ("Tramea lacerata") is a species of skimmer dragonfly found throughout North America. It has distinctive wings with characteristic black blotches at their proximal ends, which make the dragonfly look as though it is wearing saddlebags.The black saddlebags is a relatively large dragonfly at about 5 centimeters in length. The body is thin and black, and the female may have lighter spotting or mottling dorsally. The head is much wider than the rest of the body and is dark brown in color.The insect can be found at bodies of stagnant water, such as ponds and ditches.## Reproduction.Like all.

Black saddlebags. dragonflies, "Tramea lacerata" pairs mate in the "wheel" position. The female mates once and stores all the sperm she needs for fertilization. If she should mate again, the second male will remove the sperm of the first male from her body with the brush-like apparatus on his specially-adapted penis.During egg laying, the male releases the female so she can drop down to the water to release some eggs, whereupon she returns to the clutches of the male's claspers.The larvae of the dragonflies hatch and eat anything they can catch, favoring a carnivorous diet of organisms smaller than themselves. Adults of.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this drink?

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Bénédictine. Bénédictine () is a herbal liqueur produced in France. It was developed by wine merchant Alexandre Le Grand in the 19th century, and is reputedly flavored with twenty-seven flowers, berries, herbs, roots, and spices. A drier version, B&B, blending Bénédictine with brandy, was developed in the 1930s.## History.In 1863 Alexandre Le Grand developed a recipe for an herbal liqueur, helped by a local chemist, from old medicinal recipes that he had acquired from a religious foundation where a maternal grandparent had held office as a fiscal prosecutor. To market it, he embellished a story of it having been developed by.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Turquoise-browed motmot. The turquoise-browed motmot ("Eumomota superciliosa") also known as Torogoz, is a colourful, medium-sized bird of the motmot family, Momotidae. It inhabits Central America from south-east Mexico (mostly the Yucatán Peninsula), to Costa Rica, where it is common and not considered threatened. It lives in fairly open habitats such as forest edge, gallery forest and scrubland. It is more conspicuous than other motmots, often perching in the open on wires and fences. From these perches it scans for prey, such as insects and small reptiles. White eggs (3–6) are laid in a long tunnel nest in an earth bank or sometimes.


Question: Where is the starting point of this event.

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Kon-Tiki expedition. attempt to show a possible link between the civilization of ancient Egypt and the New World.## The voyage."Kon-Tiki" left Callao, Peru, on the afternoon of April 28, 1947. To avoid coastal traffic it was initially towed 50 (mi) out by the Peruvian Navy fleet tug "Guardian Rios", then sailed roughly west carried along on the Humboldt Current.On 2 July Heyerdahl writes about an encounter with a rogue wave; in his book he describes a "Three Sister" phenomenon: "During a night-shift with quiet seas appears an 'abnormal huge wave' followed by two more waves. The raft is being swept up and.

Kon-Tiki expedition. built in Constitución, Chile, leaving on April 13, 1958, towards Callao, then towards the Marquesas. It missed its target and after four months, the raft began to sink. The crew built a new smaller raft, the "Tahiti Nui III", in the ocean out of the more buoyant parts of the "Tahiti Nui II". They were swept towards Cook Islands where on August 30, the raft went aground and was wrecked at Rakahanga atoll. Éric de Bisschop died in this accident.## "Tangaroa" (1965).A Peruvian expedition led by Carlos Caravedo crossed the Pacific Ocean in 1965 in 115 days in a raft.