Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. Asplenium rhizophyllum, the (American) walking fern, is a frequently-occurring fern native to North America. It is a close relative of "Asplenium ruprechtii" (syn: "Camptosorus sibiricus") which is found in East Asia and also goes by the common name of "walking fern".## Description."Asplenium rhizophyllum" is a small fern whose undivided, evergreen leaves and long, narrow leaf tips, sometimes curving back and rooting, give it a highly distinctive appearance. It grows in tufts, often surrounded by child plants formed from the leaf tips. The leaves of younger plants tend to lie flat to the ground, while older plants have leaves more erect.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. or arching.## Roots and rhizomes.It does not spread and form new plants via the roots. Its rhizomes (underground stems) are upright or nearly so, short, about 1 (mm) in diameter, and generally unbranched. They bear dark brown or blackish, narrowly triangular or lance-shaped scales which are strongly clathrate (bearing a lattice-like pattern). The scales are 2 to 3 (mm) long and 0.5 to 1 (mm) wide (occasionally as narrow as 0.2 (mm)) with untoothed margins.## Leaves.The stipe (the stalk of the leaf, below the blade) is 0.5 to 12 (cm) long (occasionally up to 15 (cm) long), and ranges from.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. one-tenth to one and one-half times the length of the blade. The stipe is reddish-brown and sometimes shiny at the base, becoming green above, and narrowly winged. Scales like those of the rhizome are present at the stipe base, changing to tiny club-shaped hairs above.The leaf blades are not subdivided, as in most other ferns, but are narrowly triangular to linear or lance-shaped. Their shape can be quite variable, even on the same plant. They measure from 1 to 30 (cm) long and from 0.5 to 5 (cm) across and have a leathery texture with sparse hairs, more abundant below.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. than above. The rachis (leaf axis) is dull green in color and almost devoid of hairs. On the underside of the blade, the veins are difficult to see and anastomose (split and rejoin each other), forming a series of areoles (the small areas enclosed by the veins) near the rachis. Fertile fronds are usually larger than sterile fronds, but their shape is otherwise the same. The base of the blade is typically heart-shaped (with the stipe protruding from the cleft); the bulges on either side of the cleft are frequently enlarged into auricles (rounded lobes), or occasionally into sharply-pointed, tapering.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. lobes. The leaf tips may be rounded but are typically very long and attenuate (drawn out); the attenuate tips are capable of sprouting roots and growing into a new plant when the tip touches a surface suitable for growth. On rare occasions, the auricles at the leaf base will also take on an attenuate shape and form roots at the tip. The ability of the leaf tips to root and form a new plant at some distance from the parent gives the species its common name. The young leaves forming from a bud at the leaf tip are round to.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. pointed at their apex, not yet having developed the long-attenuate shape.Specimens of "A. rhizophyllum" with forked blades have been found in Arkansas and Missouri. The fork usually occurs in the tip, perhaps due to growth after insect damage, but one specimen was found forking from the upper part of the stipe.## Sori and spores.Fertile fronds bear a large number of sori underneath, 1 to 4 (mm) long, which are not arranged in any particular order. The sori are often fused where veins join, and may curve to follow the vein to which they are attached. The sori are covered by.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. inconspicuous thin, white indusia with untoothed edges. Each sporangium in a sorus carries 64 spores. The diploid sporophyte has a chromosome number of 72.## Similar species.The leaf shape and proliferating tips easily distinguish "A. rhizophyllum" from most other ferns. Its hybrid descendants share the long-attenuate leaf tip, but are more deeply lobed. An artificial backcross between "A. rhizophyllum" and "A. tutwilerae" was closer to "A. rhizophyllum" in morphology, but still remained some lobes in the basal part of the blade, had a shallowly undulating, rather than smoothly curved, leaf edge in the apical part, showed a maroon color in the.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. stipe up to the base of the leaf blade, and possessed the abortive spores of a sterile hybrid. "A. ruprechtii", the Asian walking fern, also possesses attenuate, proliferating tips, but has a lanceolate leaf blade, which tapers to a wedge at the base rather than forming a heart shape. "A. scolopendrium", the hart's-tongue fern, has larger, longer leaves that are glossy with a rounded tip.## Taxonomy.This species is commonly known as North American walking fern or simply walking fern, because the growth of new plants at the leaf tip allows it to "walk" across surfaces over several generations. The specific.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. epithet "rhizophyllum", meaning "root leaf", also reflects this characteristic.Linnaeus first gave the walking fern the binomial "Asplenium rhizophyllum" in his "Species Plantarum" of 1753. In 1833, J.H.F. Link placed the species in a segregate genus, "Camptosorus", because of the irregular arrangement of its sori (in contrast to the rest of "Asplenium", where the sori are confined to the edge of veins). John Smith did not feel that this character was sufficient to segregate it from the rest of "Asplenium", but placed it in the genus "Antigramma", another "Asplenium" segregate, on the basis of its reticulate venation, to the convolutions of.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. which he attributed the soral arrangement. It was commonly placed either in "Asplenium" and "Camptosorus" by later authors, the latter genus including the similar Asian species "A. ruprechtii" but phylogenetic studies have shown that "Camptosorus" is nested within "Asplenium" and its species should be treated as part of that genus. The name "Asplenium rhizophyllum" has also been applied to two other species; in current botanical practice, these are illegitimate later homonyms of Linnaeus' name of 1753. The first of these homonyms was created by Linnaeus himself in 1763, when he accidentally used the name twice, applying it first to his.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. original taxon and again to a species from the West Indies which also proliferates at the leaf tips. He had referred to the West Indian species as "A. radicans" in 1759, the name by which it is known today. In 1834, Gustav Kunze transferred the species "Caenopteris rhizophylla" to "Asplenium" without changing the epithet; George Proctor identified this species, based on a specimen from Dominica, with "A. conquisitum", now synonymized with "A. rutaceum". A global phylogeny of "Asplenium" published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades, which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study. "A. rhizophyllum" belongs to.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. the ""A. cordatum" subclade" of the ""Schaffneria" clade". The "Schaffneria" clade has a worldwide distribution, and members vary widely in form and habitat. There is no clear morphological feature that unites the "A. cordatum" subclade; the sister species of "A. rhizophyllum" is "A. ruprechtii", which shares an undivided leaf blade and a proliferating tip, while the other three species are scaly spleenworts of dry habitats in Africa and the Middle East.## Hybrids.Walking fern is one of the three parental species of the "Appalachian "Asplenium" complex", a group of Asplenium hybrids and their progenitors known from eastern North America. Hybridization between.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. walking fern and mountain spleenwort ("A. montanum") has given rise through chromosome doubling to a new, fertile, species, lobed spleenwort ("A. pinnatifidum"). The sterile hybrid between walking fern and ebony spleenwort ("A. platyneuron"), known as Scott's spleenwort ("A. × ebenoides"), may be found where the two parents are in contact; at one locality, in Havana Glen, Alabama, "A. × ebenoides" has undergone chromosome doubling to produce a fertile species, Tutwiler's spleenwort ("A. tutwilerae").Much more rarely, walking fern hybridizes with two other common spleenworts of eastern North America. The hybrid between walking fern and wall-rue ("A. ruta-muraria"), known as unexpected spleenwort.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. ("A. × inexpectatum"), is known from a single specimen collected on dolomite in Adams County, Ohio. The hybrid between walking fern and maidenhair spleenwort, ("A. trichomanes" ssp. "trichomanes"), Shawnee spleenwort ("A. × shawneense"), is known from one collection on sandstone in the Shawnee Hills of Illinois.A triploid hybrid between walking fern and Tutwiler's spleenwort was accidentally produced in culture. A similar plant collected from limestone in Shepherdstown, West Virginia could have originated from the same parents, from an unreduced (diploid) gametophyte of Scott's spleenwort crossed with walking fern, or from an unreduced walking fern gametophyte crossed with ebony spleenwort.## Infraspecific.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. taxa.In 1813, Henry Muhlenberg listed lobed spleenwort as "Asplenium rhizophyllum" var. "pinnatifidum", although he did not provide a description distinguishing the variety from the typical species. It was described as the species "A. pinnatifidum" by Thomas Nuttall in 1818.A number of forms have been described, of limited taxonomic value. In 1883, J. C. Arthur described walking ferns from limestone cliffs in Muscatine County, Iowa that lacked auricles at the leaf base, with the blade abruptly tapering at the base instead. In this respect, the plants closely resembled "A. ruprechtii", but the leaf shape of the Iowa plants was lanceolate (widest.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. near the base) rather than ovate (widest in the middle), and the wide point of the leaf in the Iowa plants appeared slightly lobed. He named these plants "Camptosorus rhizophyllus" var. "intermedius"; the variety was subsequently given the status of a form by Willard N. Clute. In 1922, Ralph Hoffmann gave the name "C. rhizophyllus" f. "auriculatus" to specimens with proliferating auricles, based on material on limestone from New Marlborough, Massachusetts. In 1924, Frederick W. Gray described as "C. rhizophyllus" f. "angustatus" material from a sandstone boulder in Monroe County, West Virginia. These had a short stipe, less than 1.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. (in) long, and narrow leaf blades, less than 0.375 (in) wide, with the sori almost at the margins. He argued that as they were found along with normal material, they were not solely due to sun exposure. Finally, in 1935, Carl L. Wilson described "C. rhizophyllus" f. "boycei" based on material collected from the base of a limestone boulder in Highgate Springs, Vermont by Guy Boyce. These plants had deeply lobed auricles, and erose (jagged or indented) leaf margins with rounded edges.## Distribution.The principal range of "A. rhizophyllum" is in the Appalachian Mountains and the Ozarks. It can be found.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. from southern Quebec and Ontario along the Appalachians and Piedmont southwestward to Mississippi and Alabama, along the Ohio Valley and into the Ozarks west to Nebraska and Oklahoma, and along the Mississippi Valley north to Wisconsin and Minnesota. It has become extinct in Maine and Delaware. The distribution typically follows area of limy soil; sometimes said to be rare, it is better described as locally abundant where conditions favor it.## Ecology and conservation.Walking fern grows on shaded boulders, ledges and in crevices, usually covered with moss. On rare occasions, it is found on fallen tree trunks, as an epiphyte, or.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. on the ground. It is usually found on limestone or other alkaline rocks, rarely on sandstone or other acidic rocks.While globally secure, it is endangered in some states and provinces at the edge of its range. NatureServe considers it critically imperiled (S1) in Mississippi, New Hampshire and Rhode Island, imperiled (S2) in Michigan and South Carolina, and vulnerable (S3) in North Carolina and Quebec.## Cultivation.It was introduced into cultivation in England in 1680. It prefers low to medium light levels, and a moist, basic potting mix, or soil with added lime chips. Michigan conservation plan Last report from Maine Report.

Asplenium rhizophyllum. from sandstone in Michigan Hardy Fern Library Connecticut Botanical Society Flora of Pennsylvania.


Question: Who is the developer of this object?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Barnes & Noble Nook. The Barnes & Noble Nook (styled nook or NOOK) is a brand of e-readers developed by American book retailer Barnes & Noble, based on the Android platform. The original device was announced in the U.S. in October 2009, and was released the next month. The original Nook had a six-inch E-paper display and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device and was capable of Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity. The original Nook was followed in November 2010 by a color LCD device called the Nook Color, in June 2011 by the Nook Simple Touch,.

Barnes & Noble Nook. and in November 2011 and February 2012 by the Nook Tablet. On April 30, 2012, Barnes & Noble entered into a partnership with Microsoft that spun off the Nook and college businesses into a subsidiary. On August 28, 2012, Barnes and Noble announced partnerships with retailers in the UK, which began offering the Nook digital products in October 2012. In December 2014, B&N purchased Microsoft's Nook shares, ending the partnership.Nook users may read nearly any Nook Store e-book, digital magazines or newspapers for one hour once per day while connected to a Barnes & Noble's Wi-Fi.## Naming.The Nook name and.

Barnes & Noble Nook. identity was devised and created by the Brand Development Group at R/GA. Nook was initially rejected as a name by Barnes & Noble but eventually the connection to a nook being a familiar place to read was compelling enough to change the minds of the company's executives. This decision pivoted on the information contained within an NPR article which suggested that female readers tend to read more than men. The name is also claimed by Rex Wilder when he was consulting for Ammunition Design Group. The name was among over 400 he created, although that naming project ended with no.

Barnes & Noble Nook. name being chosen.## Devices.## Current.## Nook 10" HD (LCD).On April 2, 2021, Lenovo and Barnes and Noble released the Nook 10" HD, a successor to their 2018 model. The Android 10-based tablet has a 2.3GHz octa-core MediaTek P22T processor and 2 gigabytes of RAM. It has a 10.1 inch IPS display at a resolution of 1280 x 800. The tablet includes a microSD card slot, and comes with 32 gigabytes of onboard storage, though only 23 GB of that is usable. It has an 8MP rear camera and a 5MP front camera. It cost $129.99 at launch.## Nook GlowLight 4.

Barnes & Noble Nook. (E Ink).In December of 2021, B&N announced the 4th generation of the GlowLight e-reader. The Glowlight 4 has an enhanced lighting system that provides a cool white during the day or in rooms with bright light, but then can manually or automatically switch to night mode with an orange tone for reading in dark spaces with less blue light. The device also has physical page turn buttons and is the first device to have USB-C.## Discontinued.## E Ink Devices.## Nook 1st Edition.The device has two versions, a Nook that includes Wi-Fi and AT&T 3G wireless connectivity, and one that only.

Barnes & Noble Nook. includes Wi-Fi. This version made its debut on November 22, 2009, at a retail price of US$259. It was offered with built-in Wi-Fi + 3G connectivity for free access to the Barnes & Noble online store. This has a six-inch E Ink display, and a separate, smaller color touchscreen that serves as the primary input device. The price was dropped to US$199 on June 21, 2010, upon the release of the new Nook Wi-Fi. With the announcement of the newer Nook Simple Touch Reader, on May 25, 2011 the price was dropped to US$169. In early 2011, Nook Wi-Fi +.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 3G was discontinued. This version of the Nook 1st Edition supports only Wi-Fi (not 3G Wireless), and is easily distinguishable due to its white back panel (in contrast to the gray back panel of the Wi-Fi + 3G version). Nook Wi-Fi made its debut on June 21, 2010, at a retail price of US$149. With the announcement of the newer Nook Simple Touch Reader, on May 25, 2011 the price was dropped to US$119. In September 2011, the price was dropped again, to US$89. In late 2011, Nook Wi-Fi was discontinued.## Nook Simple Touch.Announced on May 25, 2011, the Simple.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Touch Reader (also informally referred as Nook 2nd Edition) was released on June 10, 2011 at a retail price of US$139. The Simple Touch is a Wi-Fi only Nook, with an infrared touch-screen, E Ink technology, and battery life of up to two months (or 150 hours, offering approximately 25,000 continuous page turns with Wi-Fi turned off). The device weighs 212 (g) with dimensions of 6.5" × 5" × 0.47". On November 7, 2011, the Simple Touch Reader's price dropped to US$99. On December 9, 2012, the Simple Touch Reader's price dropped to US$79. On December 4, 2013, the Simple.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Touch Reader's price dropped to US$59. In February 2014, the Simple Touch Reader was discontinued due to being phased out by the GlowLight.## Nook Simple Touch with GlowLight.On April 12, 2012, a Nook Simple Touch Reader with built-in LED lighting, called "GlowLight", was released with a retail price of US$139.This model is distinguishable from the non glow light model by a gray bezel on the outer edge. On September 30, 2012, the Simple Touch Reader with Glowlight's price dropped to US$119. On August 18, 2013, the Simple Touch Reader with Glowlight's price dropped to US$99. On October 30, 2013, the.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Simple Touch Reader with Glowlight was discontinued due to being phased out by the Nook Glowlight.## Nook GlowLight.The Nook Glowlight (marketed as the "nook GlowLight") e-reader was released on October 30, 2013. The Glowlight uses a 6-inch touchscreen with E Ink Pearl, Wi-Fi and has a battery life of two months with wireless off; it launched at a US$119 retail price. It weighs 175 (g) with dimensions of 6.5" × 5" × 0.42" and has 4 GB of storage, of which 2 GB is reserved for Nook Store content and 512 MB for additional user content. The device uses Android.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 2.3 Gingerbread and it has an 800 MHz processor with 256 MB of RAM. Compared to the Nook Simple Touch Reader, the GlowLight has a white exterior, a brighter screen, a boost in screen resolution to 1024 × 758 and a more durable silicone edge. Compared to the Simple Touch, the microSD card slot and page-turn buttons have been removed. On November 21, 2014, the Glowlight's price dropped to US$99.## Nook GlowLight Plus.The Nook GlowLight Plus e-reader was released on October 21, 2015 and it features a 6-inch 300ppi Carta E Ink screen with frontlight and touchscreen, Wi-Fi, an aluminum.

Barnes & Noble Nook. rear shell, six weeks of battery (1,500 mAh) life with wireless off,6.4 by 4.6 by 0.4 inches and weighs 6.9 ounces, and meets IP67, meaning it is waterproof for up to 30 minutes at a maximum depth of 1 meter and is dustproof. The Nook software is run on Android 4.4 KitKat and it has 2.8GB of user-accessible storage. The GlowLight Plus uses a Freescale i.MX6 1 GHz CPU and has 512MB RAM.Since the device runs Android 4.4, third party apps and launchers can be installed. Due to the lack of physical buttons, initial set up to install third party.

Barnes & Noble Nook. apps is done through a USB connection to a computer.## Nook GlowLight Plus.In May 2019, B&N announced the GlowLight Plus e-reader. The device is the largest Nook e-reader to date with a 7.8-inch E Ink screen. The Glowlight Plus is waterproof, has 8GB of storage, a color-shifting frontlight similar to the GlowLight 3, and it has physical page turn buttons. The lighting technology has adjustable settings for a cool white color during the day and a warmer tone at night.## Nook GlowLight 3.In November 2017, B&N announced the 3rd generation of the GlowLight e-reader. The device returned to a design.

Barnes & Noble Nook. more reminiscent of the original Simple Touch with its 6-inch screen and dropped the IP67 certification. The Glowlight 3 has an enhanced lighting system that provides a cool white during the day or in rooms with bright light, but then can manually or automatically switch to night mode with an orange tone for reading in dark spaces with less blue light.## LCD Devices.## Nook Color.Released on November 19, 2010 and priced at US$249, the Nook Color comes installed with Android 2.1 Eclair. The device is powered by a TI OMAP 3621 800 MHz processor, and has 512 MB of RAM,.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 8 GB of flash storage, a 7" LCD screen, and a microSD expansion slot. On February 21, 2012, the price of the Nook Color was reduced to US$169. On August 12, 2012, the price of the Nook Color was reduced to US$149. On November 3, 2012, following the release of the Nook HD and Nook HD+, the price of the Nook Color was reduced to US$139.## Nook Tablet.The 7-inch Nook Tablet, based on Android OS, with 16 GB of internal storage became available on November 17, 2011 for US$249. A version with 8 GB of internal storage was made available.

Barnes & Noble Nook. February 21, 2012 for US$199, replacing the Nook Color in that price range. On August 12, 2012, the price of the Nook Tablet 8 GB and Nook Tablet 16 GB were reduced to US$179 and US$199 respectively.## Nook HD.Nook HD (styled NOOK HD), announced September 26, 2012 and released November 1, 2012 along with the Nook HD+, is a 7-inch tablet with a resolution of 1440x900. It competes with the 7-inch Kindle Fire HD and comes in two colors: snow and smoke (a dark gray). It has a Texas Instruments 1.3 GHz dual-core processor with 1 GB RAM. It can.

Barnes & Noble Nook. play back video at 720p from the NOOK Video store, much like Amazon.com's Instant Video service. The Nook HD was initially priced at US$199 for 8 GB and US$229 for 16 GB. It then sold at reduced prices at US$129 for 8 GB and US$149 for 16 GB.The Nook HD runs a heavily modified version of Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich.The Nook HD/HD+ line was originally planned to be discontinued, as announced in Barnes and Noble's 2013 Fiscal Year-End Report, due to financial losses. A few months later, B&N President Michael P. Huseby announced that the company "intends to continue.

Barnes & Noble Nook. to design and develop cutting-edge Nook black and white and color devices at the best values in the marketplace", following the resignation of former CEO William Lynch.## Nook HD+.Nook HD+ (styled NOOK HD+) is Barnes & Noble's first tablet capable of playing back movies and television shows downloadable from NOOK Video store at 1080p resolution. Announced on September 26, 2012, the NOOK HD+ is a 9-inch tablet with a 1920 × 1280 resolution. It competes with the similar 8.9-inch Kindle Fire HD and has a Texas Instruments 1.5 GHz dual-core OMAP 4470 processor and was initially priced at US$269 and.

Barnes & Noble Nook. US$299 for 16 and 32 GB, respectively. Nook HD+ runs a heavily modified version of Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich.## Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook.On October 22, 2014, B&N released the Galaxy Tab 4 Nook 10.1 that has a 10.1" LCD. It features the same specifications as the Galaxy Tab 4 10.1, so it has a 1.2 GHz Qualcomm processor, 1280x800 resolution with 149 ppi, a 1.3 MP front camera without flash, a 3.0 MP rear-facing camera, and a microSD storage slot that accepts cards up to 64GB. It launched with a US$299 retail price.## Samsung Galaxy Tab Nook.In February.

Barnes & Noble Nook. 2014, B&N announced a new Nook color tablet would be released in 2014. In June 2014, Barnes & Noble announced it would be teaming up with Samsung to develop co-branded tablets titled the Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook. The devices would feature Samsung's hardware with a 7-inch display, and customized Nook software from Barnes & Noble.## Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook.The Galaxy Tab 4 Nook was released in the U.S. on August 21, 2014, with B&N's Nook Division focusing on the software and content, and Samsung focusing on the hardware with a 7" LCD. The product uses Android 4.4.2 KitKat.

Barnes & Noble Nook. on a 1.2 GHz quad-core Snapdragon SOC with 1.5 GB RAM, WiFi, and Bluetooth, and features a 1.2 MP front-facing camera, a 3.2 MP rear camera, screen resolution of 1280 × 800, and a microSD storage slot that accepts cards up to 64GB. It launched with a US$199 retail price.## Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Nook.In September 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 8" LCD tablet that includes some Samsung and B&N software. It uses Android 5.0.2 Lollipop, and features an 8-core CPU (1.9 GHz Quad + 1.3 GHz.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Quad) with 3GB RAM, 32GB of internal storage, a microSD card slot, two cameras (2.1MP front and 8MP rear), and a 4,000 mAh battery, which B&N says will last for up to 14 hours of video usage and launched with a US$399.99 retail price.## Samsung Galaxy Tab E Nook.In October 2015, B&N released the Samsung Galaxy Tab E Nook, which is a Nook branded Samsung Galaxy Tab S2 9.7 9.7" LCD tablet that includes some Samsung, B&N and Microsoft software. This tablet runs Android 5.1.1 Lollipop on a 1.2 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 410 CPU with 16GB of storage, microSD card.

Barnes & Noble Nook. support, weighs 547 grams, and two cameras (2MP front and 5MP rear); and its 9.6" display has a resolution of 1280 x 800 and it retails for $249.## Nook Tablet 7.In November 2016, B&N released the Nook Tablet 7, which is a Nook-branded tablet with a 7" LCD screen that has a resolution of 600 x 1024, and retails at $50. It is using Android 6.0 Marshmallow with Nook apps included with a 1.3 GHz MediaTek CPU. It has 8GB storage, a microSD card slot, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. It weighs 8.8 ounces and has a battery for up to 7.

Barnes & Noble Nook. hours. In December 2018 B&N released updated version with 16GB storage and Android 8.1 (Go edition).## Nook Tablet 10.1".On November 14, 2018, B&N released the Nook Tablet 10.1", an Android 8.1 (Go edition) tablet with a 10.1" LCD screen at a resolution of 1920 x 1200 and a 224 ppi pixel density. It has a 1.5 GHz MediaTek processor and 2GB of RAM. The device has 32GB of onboard storage (25 usable), which can be expanded with a microSD card (up to 256 GB). It has a 3.5mm headphone jack, a microUSB 2.0 port, ac Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. The front.

Barnes & Noble Nook. and rear cameras are both 2 megapixels and can record 720p video. The tablet was manufactured by white-label manufacturer Southern Telecom, and sold at a launch price of $129.99.## Features and specifications.All models have the following features: Wi-Fi## Sales.On December 1, 2011, Barnes & Noble stated that Nook and Nook-related sales for Q2 of 2011 were US$920 million. The Nook had 13.4% global market share for E-paper readers in 2011.On October 29, 2012, the rival Blackwells and Foyles bookshops, the John Lewis department stores, the Waitrose and Sainsbury's supermarket chains and high street catalogue retailer Argos launched the Nook e-reader.

Barnes & Noble Nook. in the UK—and, from November, the Nook HD and Nook HD+ tablet computers went on sale in the stores.In March 2016, Barnes & Noble stated they would no longer sell digital content in the United Kingdom. It announced that from March 15, 2016, the UK Nook Store and the UK Nook Reading App for Android will cease operation. Whilst Barnes & Noble did not give a reason for ceasing Nook sales in the UK, commentators attributed the decision to declining sales. On March 15, 2016, Barnes & Noble announced it would close the Nook App Store and Nook Video, probably.

Barnes & Noble Nook. because Google's Play Store, which runs on Barnes & Noble devices, has been far more successful. In the UK, those who have bought, respectively, e-book or video content will need to open accounts with other providers in order to not lose the content.B&N continues to sell e-books as well as digital magazines and newspapers in the US.## Nook e-reader applications for third party devices.Barnes & Noble provides free e-reader applications to permit reading on devices other than Nooks. Selections include Nook Reading Apps, Nook for Web and Nook Study.## Nook free reading applications.Barnes & Noble offers free applications for various.

Barnes & Noble Nook. platforms, with which to access Nook digital reading material: For desktop and laptop computers: NOOK for Windows 8 and Windows 10 (US only) For smartphones and tablets: NOOK for Android NOOK for iPhone and iPad## NookStudy and Yuzu.## NookStudy.In August 2010, concurrently with introducing a web-based textbook rental service, Barnes and Noble - "one of the largest textbook retailers in the US" - introduced the NOOK Study app "for the PC or Mac that lets users buy or rent e-book versions of their textbooks for use on the computer. Mobileread describes Nook Study (sometimes styled "NookStudy" or "NOOK Study") as.

Barnes & Noble Nook. "a free e-textbook application from Barnes and Noble that provides a suite of digital study tools. It is available for Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X." Nook Study cannot be used on Nook e-readers; rather it is designed for use only on PCs, Macs, and iPads, and it permits one to read e-textbooks "on up to two (2) computers".Nook Study offers two categories of benefits: the ability to read ebooks and other content that is accessible via other eReading devices, and the ability to read e-textbooks purchased from Barnes & Noble, which are meant to be read on one's.

Barnes & Noble Nook. computer via the Nook Study application. According to Barnes & Noble's NookStudy FAQs: "You cannot use your Nook or mobile device to read textbooks as the screens are too small to properly view the contents."In "The Digital Reader", Nate Hoffelder describes capabilities possessed by Nook Study that render it superior to other e-reading software for reading textbooks. For example, he writes:In an August 2, 2011, press release, BN College cited kudos publicized on NBC's "Today Show" and MSNBC.com that deemed NOOK Study "the "Coolest Digital Study Tool Around". On the "Today Show" and in an MSNBC.com post, Wilson Rothman, Deputy.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Technology & Science Editor at MSNBC, had included NOOK Study in a list of 10 back-to-school tech survival tips to consider when shopping for college technology necessities, recommending: "NOOK Study is an essential back-to-school tool that students should consider when heading back to college – and may be the 'coolest digital study tool around.'""Barnes & Noble may well have the coolest digital study tool around. Seriously, this free eTextbook application for PC and Mac lets you not only get books digitally, but organize coursework, compile syllabi and other documents, take notes, print, export and go online for related research. While.

Barnes & Noble Nook. the same warning about Amazon's textbook rental program applies here — that your particular study materials might not be available — it's certainly worth the $0.00 price to check it out, and the other features may end up being useful on their own."## Yuzu.In April 2014, the Barnes & Noble website announced the Nook Study had been replaced by Yuzu, which the company called "the next-generation digital education platform from Barnes & Noble." In April, NOOK Study had already been "retired", and a Beta version of Yuzu was introduced for the iPad and for Internet Explorer and Safari 6.1/7 browsers.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Yuzu was formally rolled out that summer and made available to more browsers, and as an Android, iOS, and Windows app. However, the Nook Study site continued offering a link to the Nook Study program, explaining: "We understand that as a NOOK Study user, you may have some questions. On this page we will try to direct you to the appropriate websites to find what you are looking for." Clicking "Get NookStudy Help" redirects one to the "NOOK Study Knowledge Base", where they can download the Nook Study app as well as find answers to frequently asked questions. Yuzu, like.

Barnes & Noble Nook. NOOKStudy, "offers students a next-generation reading and note-taking experience in a simple app, but it also improves on NookStudy by making it easier for educators to provide course materials" by integrating with BN's college-focused website Faculty Enlight, where educators can search for the textbooks and other academic material they need, assemble them into course packs, and then build a required and recommended reading list for a class. Downsides of Yuzu, however, are: "Yuzu does not share the same accounts as the Nook Store or NookStudy" and "Yuzu is not compatible with NookStudy textbooks". Emily Price at Engadget made a similar.

Barnes & Noble Nook. observation: "With Yuzu, [NOOKStudy]'s being phased out, and sadly any pricey books you've already bought through that service are incompatible with the new app."In March 2016, B&N announced that Yuzu would be shut down and instead B&N would partner with VitalSource for digital textbooks.## Issues.## Compatibility issues.Nook for Mac users have noted the app has compatibility issues with Mac OS 10.8 Mountain Lion. While the application requires OS 10.6 Snow Leopard, many users have documented the performance issues under Mountain Lion (and consequently all Macs sold since July 2012).## Locked file table.The file table on the Nook is locked, meaning.

Barnes & Noble Nook. that external programs, such as Calibre, cannot be used to automatically organize uploaded files. All organization must be undertaken on the device itself, one book at a time, and such organization cannot be backed up or saved elsewhere.## Lending restrictions.A book can only be lent once through the Nook's LendMe program. Purchasing Barnes & Noble digital content and letting the credit card expire prevents re-downloading of the content until a valid credit card is entered into the account. This is required because most downloads from Barnes & Noble have copy restrictions (DRM), and credit cards are required to unlock them.

Barnes & Noble Nook. On September 17, 2014, Barnes & Noble removed the "download" button from many books in the My Nook online library, without advance warning. The removal of these buttons, which permitted readers to download copies of their ebooks and transfer that content to other apps or devices, upset numerous users. User complaints and inquiries, via telephone, email, online chats, and social media forums, yielded the following, standard B&N response: ## Downloading of NOOK Store content.We're sorry, but the ability to sideload NOOK purchased content has been discontinued. We apologize for any inconvenience. — NOOK Customer Care (@NOOK_Care) September 17, 2014## Spinoff.

Barnes & Noble Nook. of business.On June 25, 2014, Barnes & Noble announced that the Nook division business would be spun off into an independent company. On December 4, 2014, Barnes & Noble announced an end to its partnership with Microsoft connected to Nook and that it intended to complete the separation of Nook by the end of the first quarter of 2015. However, in February 2015, B&N decided to keep the Nook division for the short-term future. In April 2016, B&N outsourced most Nook technical services to be managed by an Indian company Bahwan CyberTek. Comparison of e-book readers Comparison of tablet computers.

Barnes & Noble Nook. Amazon Kindle Kobo eReader Official UK website.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this item?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Thermometer. in medicine, and in scientific research.## History.While an individual thermometer is able to measure degrees of hotness, the readings on two thermometers cannot be compared unless they conform to an agreed scale. Today there is an absolute thermodynamic temperature scale. Internationally agreed temperature scales are designed to approximate this closely, based on fixed points and interpolating thermometers. The most recent official temperature scale is the International Temperature Scale of 1990. It extends from 0.65 (K) to approximately 1358 (K).## Early developments.Various authors have credited the invention of the thermometer to Hero of Alexandria. The thermometer was not a single invention,.

Thermometer. however, but a development.Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water. The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water/air interface to move along the tube.Such a mechanism was later used to show the hotness and coldness of the air with a tube in which the water level is controlled by the expansion and contraction of the gas. These devices were developed by several European scientists.

Thermometer. graduations based on the melting and boiling points of water as standards and, in 1694, Carlo Renaldini (1615–1698) proposed using them as fixed points along a universal scale. In 1701, Isaac Newton (1642–1726/27) proposed a scale of 12 degrees between the melting point of ice and body temperature.## Era of precision thermometry.In 1714, scientist and inventor Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented a reliable thermometer, using mercury instead of alcohol and water mixtures. In 1724, he proposed a temperature scale which now (slightly adjusted) bears his name. In 1742, Anders Celsius (1701–1744) proposed a scale with zero at the boiling point and.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Osprey. The osprey (Pandion haliaetus), also called sea hawk, river hawk, and fish hawk, is a diurnal, fish-eating bird of prey with a cosmopolitan range. It is a large raptor reaching more than 60 (cm) in length and 180 (cm) across the wings. It is brown on the upperparts and predominantly greyish on the head and underparts.The osprey tolerates a wide variety of habitats, nesting in any location near a body of water providing an adequate food supply. It is found on all continents except Antarctica, although in South America it occurs only as a non-breeding migrant.As its other common names.

Osprey. suggest, the osprey's diet consists almost exclusively of fish. It possesses specialised physical characteristics and exhibits unique behaviour to assist in hunting and catching prey. As a result of these unique characteristics, it has been given its own taxonomic genus, "Pandion", and family, Pandionidae.## Taxonomy.The osprey was described by Carl Linnaeus under the name "Falco haliaeetus" in his landmark 1758 10th edition of "Systema Naturae". The genus, "Pandion", is the sole member of the family Pandionidae, and used to contain only one species, the osprey ("P. haliaetus"). The genus "Pandion" was described by the French zoologist Marie Jules César Savigny.

Osprey. in 1809. It has always presented something of a riddle to taxonomists, but here it is treated as the sole living member of the family Pandionidae, and the family listed in its traditional place as part of the order Falconiformes.Other schemes place it alongside the hawks and eagles in the family Accipitridae—which itself can be regarded as making up the bulk of the order Accipitriformes or else be lumped with the Falconidae into Falconiformes. The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy has placed it together with the other diurnal raptors in a greatly enlarged Ciconiiformes, but this results in an unnatural paraphyletic classification.The osprey.

Osprey. is unusual in that it is a single living species that occurs nearly worldwide. Even the few subspecies are not unequivocally separable. There are four generally recognised subspecies, although differences are small, and ITIS lists only the first two. "Pandion haliaetus haliaetus" – : the nominate subspecies, occurring in the Palearctic realm. "P. haliaetus carolinensis" – : mainland Americas. This form is larger, darker bodied and has a paler breast than the type of the first description. "P. haliaetus ridgwayi" – : Caribbean islands. This form has a very pale head and breast compared with nominate "haliaetus", with only a.

Osprey. weak eye mask. It is non-migratory. Its scientific name commemorates American ornithologist Robert Ridgway. "P. haliaetus cristatus" – : coastline and some large rivers of Australia and Tasmania. The smallest and most distinctive subspecies, also non-migratory. Some authorities have assigned it full species status as "Pandion cristatus", known as the eastern osprey.## Fossil record.To date there have been two extinct species named from the fossil record. "Pandion homalopteron" was named by Stuart L. Warter in 1976 from fossils of Middle Miocene, Barstovian age, found in marine deposits in the southern part of California. The second named species "Pandion lovensis", was.

Osprey. described in 1985 by Jonathan J. Becker from fossils found in Florida and dating to the latest Clarendonian and possibly representing a separate lineage from that of "P. homalopteron" and "P. haliaetus". A number of claw fossils have been recovered from Pliocene and Pleistocene sediments in Florida and South Carolina.The oldest recognized family Pandionidae fossils have been recovered from the Oligocene age Jebel Qatrani Formation, of Faiyum, Egypt. However they are not complete enough to assign to a specific genus. Another Pandionidae claw fossil was recovered from Early Oligocene deposits in the Mainz basin, Germany, and was described in 2006.

Osprey. by Gerald Mayr.## Etymology.The genus name "Pandion" derives from "Pandíōn" , the mythical Greek king of Athens and grandfather of Theseus, Pandion II. Although Pandion II was not used to name a bird of prey, Nisus, a king of Megara, was used for the genus. The species name "haliaetus" () comes from Greek "haliáetos" "sea-eagle" (also "haliaietos") from the combining form "hali-" of "hals" "sea" and "aetos", "eagle".The origins of "osprey" are obscure; the word itself was first recorded around 1460, derived via the Anglo-French "ospriet" and the Medieval Latin "avis prede" "bird of prey," from the Latin "avis praedae.

Osprey. - 300 (g) and about 25 - 35 (cm) in length, but virtually any type of fish from 50 (g) to 2 (kg) can be taken. Even larger 2.8 (kg) northern pike ("Esox lucius") has been taken in Russia.Ospreys have vision that is well adapted to detecting underwater objects from the air. Prey is first sighted when the osprey is 10 - 40 (m) above the water, after which the bird hovers momentarily and then plunges feet first into the water. They catch fish by diving into a body of water, oftentimes completely submerging their entire bodies. As an osprey.

Osprey. dives it adjusts the angle of its flight to account for the distortion of the fish's image caused by refraction. Ospreys will typically eat on a nearby perch but have also been known to carry fish for longer distances.Occasionally, the osprey may prey on rodents, rabbits, hares, other mammals, snakes, frogs, birds, salamanders, conchs and crustaceans. Reports of ospreys feeding on carrion are rare. They have been observed eating dead white-tailed deer and Virginia opossum.## Adaptations.The osprey has several adaptations that suit its piscivorous lifestyle: reversible outer toes sharp spicules on the underside of the toes closable nostrils to keep.

Osprey. logging observations on reproductive success.Ospreys usually mate for life. Rarely, polyandry has been recorded. The breeding season varies according to latitude; spring (September–October) in southern Australia, April to July in northern Australia and winter (June–August) in southern Queensland. In spring the pair begins a five-month period of partnership to raise their young. The female lays two to four eggs within a month, and relies on the size of the nest to conserve heat. The eggs are whitish with bold splotches of reddish-brown and are about 6.2 x 4.5 (cm) and weigh about 65 (g). The eggs are incubated for about.

Osprey. the official bird of Södermanland, Sweden. The cap badge of Rhodesia's Selous Scouts (1973-1980) was a stylized osprey. Ospreys are a common feature of First nations artwork in the Pacific Northwest, such as Kwakwakaʼwakw art. They are often used to depict the mythical thunderbird.## Sports.The osprey is used as a brand name for various products and sports teams, such as the Ospreys (a Welsh Rugby team) and Seattle Seahawks (an American football team of the National Football League). The official mascot of athletic teams at the University of North Carolina Wilmington is named Sammy C. Hawk. The Riverhawk is the.

Osprey. over the House microphone. A compromise was reached in SCR 18, which was passed on the last day of the session, designating the western meadowlark as the state songbird and the osprey as the state raptor. UK Osprey Information Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Osprey species text in "The Atlas of Southern African Birds" Osprey – "Pandion haliaetus" – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter Osprey Info Animal Diversity Web USDA Forest Service osprey data Osprey Nest Monitoring Program at OspreyWatch "Ospreys Rebound, Rely On Help From Humans" Documentary produced by Oregon Field Guide Hellgate Ospreys Bird Cam Montana.


Question: Where is this insect native to?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Nyctemera annulata. Nyctemera annulata, the magpie moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1832. It is endemic to New Zealand and found in all parts of the country.## Description.The magpie moth's "woolly bear" caterpillars are around 35–38 mm when fully grown and predominantly black with lines of red down its sides and back, blue spots and tufts of hair on each segment. Its liking for the introduced ragwort causes its caterpillars to be sometimes misidentified as those of the cinnabar moth which was introduced as a biological control for ragwort. By.

Nyctemera annulata. can be seen flying over the tops of host plants."Nyctemera annulata" is closely related to "Nyctemera amica", an Australian species which also occurs in New Zealand. The two species may be able to interbreed."Nyctemera annulata annulata" (New Zealand)"Nyctemera annulata antipodea" (Antipodes Islands)## Distribution.## Natural global range."Nyctemera annulata" is only found in New Zealand.## New Zealand range."Nyctemera annulata" is found all over New Zealand, both in the North and South Islands as well as on smaller outlying islands. The "N. annulata" caterpillar have the ability to freeze themselves and survive. This tolerance of cold weather and freezing temperatures has ensured they.

Nyctemera annulata. are able to exist throughout New Zealand.## Habitat preferences."Nyctemera annulata" are only present in habitats where "Senecio" species occur. They are found most commonly in natural habitats but were also found to occur modified and urban habitats as long as "Senecio" host plants were present, either naturalized or native.## Life cycle/phenology.The life cycle of "Nyctemera annulata" takes 6–7 weeks to complete and requires warm weather with the winter being passed in the pupa stage. The moth will lay yellow eggs on the undersides of herbaceous Senecio species. The eggs gradually become dark and will hatch after approximately 6 – 7.

Nyctemera annulata. of year.## Diet and foraging.The primary food source of "Nyctemera annulata" are plants from the tribe Senecioinae of the Asteraceae. Thirty three species are known to exist in the wild and New Zealand has 19 native "Senecio" species with 14 of them naturalised exotics. "N. annulata" diet is specifically limited to one specific plant. Even though the magpie moth is a native, it has been found that they do not restrict themselves to only the native Senecio species in New Zealand and will also feed on exotic introduced species."N. annulata" is a monophagous herbivore insect meaning that their diet is.

Nyctemera annulata. limited to a species of plant. A study found that "N. annulata" did not restrict itself to the native "Senecio" although the insects were found more frequently in the native forested areas than in the urban/rural area These findings are based on research in the Auckland area, and the study found that the numbers of "Nyctemera" would be far fewer if there were not the naturalised exotic species available to them.The most common form of "Senecio" found in New Zealand is the introduced 'ragwort' ("Jacobaea vulgaris") - a weed in most cultivated areas of the country and the magpie moth.

Nyctemera annulata. answer would depend on which way the pupa wriggled – up to indicate "yes" and down was for "no".There has been some research into the role of plant metabolites, particularly pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are sequestered by "N. annulata". The alkaloids are produced by the plant as a defence against herbivory and the larvae of the moth take them up, potentially also as a form of defense suggested by the high levels of toxin found in the moth. This may be another reason there is not much predation of either the larvae or moth.Species info at Monarch.org.nz.


Question: Where is this plant originally discovered?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Alnus rubra. British Columbia and the northwestern Pacific Coast Ranges of the United States, red alder grows on cool and moist slopes; inland and at the southern end of its range (California) it grows mostly along the margins of watercourses and wetlands. It is shade intolerant.In moist forest areas, "Alnus rubra" will rapidly cover a former burn or clearcut, often preventing the establishment of conifers. It is a prolific seed producer, but the small, wind-dispersed seeds require an open area of mineral soil to germinate, and so skid trails and other areas disturbed by logging or fire are ideal seedbeds. Such areas.


Question: Which historic county does this place belong to?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Blenheim Palace. Blenheim Palace (pronounced ) is a country house in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough and the only non-royal, non-episcopal country house in England to hold the title of palace. The palace, one of England's largest houses, was built between 1705 and 1722, and designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.The palace is named after the 1704 Battle of Blenheim, and thus ultimately after Blindheim (also known as Blenheim) in Bavaria. It was originally intended to be a reward to John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough for his military triumphs against the French.

Blenheim Palace. a robbery: unknown thieves entered the palace at night time, just after the opening of the show, and stole a golden toilet, valued at $5 million, which had been installed by the artist in one of the bathrooms.The public have free access to about five miles (8 km) of public rights of way through the Great Park area of the grounds, which are accessible from Old Woodstock and from the Oxfordshire Way, and which are close to the Column of Victory. Blenheim Palace in film and media List of Baroque residences "Noble Households" – book with Blenheim Palace inventory of.


Question: What is this building named after?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Meycauayan Church. The Saint Francis of Assisi Parish Church, commonly known as the Meycauayan Church or Simbahan sa Bayan, is a Roman Catholic church located in Meycauayan, Philippines. It is one of the oldest parishes in Bulacan which even predates the Malolos Cathedral established in 1580 and the Barasoain Church established in 1859. It is also the province's largest parish with an estimated population of about 80,000 parishioners. The church is the seat of the vicariate of St. Francis of Assisi in the Diocese of Malolos.## History.## Parish foundation.The parish was founded in 1578 by Fr. Juan de Plasencia and Fr. Diego.

Meycauayan Church. relic in Meycauayan. Every October 4 during the feast day of the town's patron saint, Saint Francis of Assisi, this cross is brought from Brgy. Bahay Pare to the parish church for public veneration.]## Transfer to the second site.A request was made to build a stone church, and on November 16, 1588, Dr. Santiago de Vera, made justified by such request, instantly dispatch Secretary Gaspar de Azebo to Christoval de Asquera, Mayor of the Province of Meycauayan. By the order of St. Pedro Bautista, it was transferred to a place called Lagolo, by R. P. Fr. Antonio de Nombela, Minister.

Meycauayan Church. 30, 2020.## Meycauayan bells.The Meycauayan bells are hand bells from the Saint Francis Church that was lost during the Philippine–American War. The altar bell are two bells connected by a hard block of dark wood with a handle on top. It is approximately 10 (in) long and about 3.5 (in) wide. The 5 (lb) bells were believed taken as war booty from the Mercauayan Church, after it was captured and headquartered by the Americans. A paper note with inscription is attached to the wooden block of the bells that reads: “Taken from the Church at MEYCAUAYAN, Luczon (sic) Islands after.


Question: What is the conservation status of this bird? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Weka. broods throughout the whole year. Nests are made on the ground under the cover of thick vegetation, and built by making grass (or similar material) into a bowl to hold about four eggs. On average, female weka lay three creamy or pinkish eggs blotched with brown and mauve. Both sexes incubate. The chicks hatch after a month, and are fed by both parents until fully grown between six and ten weeks.## Conservation status.Weka are classed as a vulnerable species. The Department of Conservation's weka recovery plan, approved in 1999, aims to improve the conservation status of threatened weka, clarify the.


Question: Which company manufactures this item?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Basket. and broad-leaved tropical bromeliads each require a different method of twisting and braiding to be made into a basket. The practice of basket making has evolved into an art. Artistic freedom allows basket makers a wide choice of colors, materials, sizes, patterns, and details.The carrying of a basket on the head, particularly by rural women, has long been practiced. Representations of this in Ancient Greek art are called Canephorae.## Figurative and literary usage.The phrase "to hell in a handbasket" means "to deteriorate rapidly". The origin of this use is unclear."Basket" is sometimes used as an adjective towards a person who.

Basket. is born out of wedlock. This occurs more commonly in British English. "Basket" also refers to a bulge in a man's crotch.## Materials.Basket makers use a wide range of materials:WickerStrawPlasticMetalBambooPalmCarbon fiber Basket weaving "Canephorae" Weaving Native American basketry Native American basket weavers Baleen basketry Fruits Basket "Japanese Manga series"Zepeda, Ofelia (1995). "Ocean Power: Poems from the Desert". .Baskets, The Women's Committee of the Philadelphia Museum of ArtBaskets at the University of Michigan Museum of ArtBaskets at the Metropolitan Museum of ArtExhibition: "A Measure of the Earth: The Cole-Ware Collection of American Baskets" at the Smithsonian American Art MuseumStudy Lab: "Entwined.


Question: Which body of water is this place located in or next to?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Front de Seine. Front de Seine is a development in the district of Beaugrenelle in Paris, France, located along the river Seine in the 15th arrondissement at the south of the Eiffel Tower. It is, with the 13th arrondissement, one of the few districts in the city of Paris containing highrise buildings, as most have been constructed outside the city (notably in La Défense).The Front de Seine district is the result of an urban planning project from the 1970s. It includes about 20 towers reaching nearly 100 m of height built all around an elevated esplanade. That esplanade is paved with frescos that.

Front de Seine. can be seen only from the elevated floors of the towers. As opposed to Italie 13, the design of the towers is much more varied. The Hôtel Novotel Paris-Tour Eiffel (formerly known as Hôtel Nikkō), for instance, has red-encircled windows, while the Tour Totem consists of a stack of several glazed blocks.A newly redesigned shopping centre, the Centre commercial Beaugrenelle opened in 2013.Furthermore, while 13th arrondissement towers are predominantly residential and La Défense towers are predominantly commercial, the towers of the Front de Seine are of mixed commercial and residential use. Tour Avant-Seine (1975): 98 m, 32 storeys. Tour Mars.

Front de Seine. (1974): 98 m, 32 storeys. Tour Paris Côté Seine (1977): 98 m, 32 storeys. Tour Seine (1970): 98 m, 32 storeys Tour Espace 2000 (1976): 98 m, 31 storeys. Tour Évasion 2000 (1971): 98 m, 31 storeys. Hôtel Novotel Paris-Tour Eiffel (1976): 98 m, 31 storeys. Tour Totem (1979): 98 m, 31 storeys. Tour Beaugrenelle (1979): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Panorama (1974): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Perspective 1 (1973): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Perspective 2 (1975): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Reflets (1976): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Rive Gauche (1975): 98 m, 30 storeys. Tour Keller.

Front de Seine. (1970): 98 m, 29 storeys. Tour Cristal (1990): 98 m, 27 storeys. 79 quai André Citroën: 24 storeys. Tour Mirabeau (1972): 18 storeys. Immeuble le Village (1973): 17 storeys. Bureaux Hachette Livre (1969): 12 storeys. Tour Mercure (1973): 12 storeys.Other structures Cheminée du Front de Seine (1971): 130 meters Italie 13 La Défense List of tallest structures in Paris Front de Seine website.


Question: What is the highest observed lifespan of this animal?

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Sea otter. with more near Kamchatka and the Commander Islands. After the years of the Great Hunt, the population in these areas, currently part of Russia, was only 750. By 2004, sea otters had repopulated all of their former habitat in these areas, with an estimated total population of about 27,000. Of these, about 19,000 are at the Kurils, 2,000 to 3,500 at Kamchatka and another 5,000 to 5,500 at the Commander Islands. Growth has slowed slightly, suggesting the numbers are reaching carrying capacity.## British Columbia.Along the North American coast south of Alaska, the sea otter's range is discontinuous. A remnant population.

Sea otter. bites, raising concerns that the population had reached a plateau. However, the population increased markedly from 2015 to 2016, with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) California sea otter survey 3-year average reaching 3,272 in 2016, the first time it exceeded the threshold for delisting from the Endangered Species Act (ESA). If populations continued to grow and ESA delisting occurred, southern sea otters would still be fully protected by state regulations and the Marine Mammal Protection Act, which set higher thresholds for protection, at approximately 8,400 individuals. However, ESA delisting seems unlikely due to a precipitous population decline recorded in.


Question: Which city or region does this island locate in?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Sumburgh Head. Sumburgh Head is a headland located at the southern tip of the Shetland Mainland in northern Scotland. The head consists of a 100 m high rocky spur and topped by the Sumburgh Head Lighthouse. In the Old Norse language, Sumburgh Head was called "Dunrøstar høfdi", it means "The Head onto the loud tide-race", referring to the noise of Sumburgh Roost. Robert Stevenson was the engineer in charge of building the Sumburgh Head lighthouse. Work started on the building in 1819, and the light was first lit in 1821.## Local ecology.The area is now recognized as a nature reserve by the.

Sumburgh Head. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. The cliffs are home to large numbers of seabirds with 33,000 puffins being estimated in the year 2000. These numbers have declined sharply: for example only 570 of the birds were counted in 2017. The decline in Puffin numbers also appears to apply to other species native to Sumburgh Head. In as birds, Sumburgh Head has become a popular viewing point for whales and dolphins.## Nearby locations.Sumburgh Airport, which takes its name from the head, lies immediately to the north, and serves as the main airport for the Shetland Islands. Flights from here.

Sumburgh Head. connect to mainland Scotland, the Orkney Islands and Norway. Also close to the Sumburgh Head is the archaeological site of Jarlshof, at which a series of settlements existed dating back to the neolithic period. The tiny settlement of Grutness, which is the terminus of the Shetland Mainland to Fair Isle ferry service, lies 1 (mi) north of Sumburgh Head. Images from around Sumburgh.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Rhus ovata. Rhus ovata, commonly known as sugar bush or sugar sumac, is a shrub or small tree found growing in the canyons and slopes of the chaparral and related ecosystems in Southern California, Arizona, Baja California and Baja California Sur. It is a long lived-plant, up to 100 years, and has dense evergreen foliage that make it conspicuous. It is closely related to and hybridizes with the lemonade sumac.## Description.## Morphology.This plant is a tall, wide woody shrub to small tree that ranges in height from 2 – 10 (m) with a rounded appearance. The stout twigs are thick and reddish.

Rhus ovata. when young. The foliage is suspended on a petiole 10–30 mm long. The leaves are 3 to 8 cm long, and roughly the same size in width, shaped broadly ovate to broadly elliptic, folded at the midrib, and have a leathery, glabrous texture. The leaf tips range from acute to acuminate, and the leaf margins are entire.The flowers are small, less than 1 cm wide, composed of 5 white to pink petals and 5 reddish sepals with ciliate margins. They are gynodioecious and self-incompatible. Some plants may only have female flowers, others may be hermaphroditic with bisexual flowers, and some.

Rhus ovata. with a combination of both male-sterile female flowers and bisexual flowers. The flowers occur clustered on branched inflorescences at the end of current seasonal branches. The branches of the inflorescence are stout, with the bractlets being less than 2 mm large. The fruit is a reddish, hairy and sticky drupe, 3–5 mm long and 6–8 mm in diameter, with a flattened appearance, producing a single seed surrounded by a stony endocarp. Male-sterile plants tend to set the most fruits.## Taxonomy.## Phylogeny and hybridization.Over 20 species in the genus "Rhus" occur in North America, Europe, and Asia. Phylogenetic analysis based on.

Rhus ovata. numerous traits placed "Rhus ovata" in the section "Styphonia", alongside "Rhus integrifolia", the lemonade sumac. Both plants are their closest relatives, and hybridize where their range overlaps, this overlap typically being in coastal mountains. Lemonade sumac tends to occur with a more western distribution along the coast and on islands, while sugar bush is typically found more inland and to the east, with both intergrading where they meet.The two species diverged roughly 3 million years ago, and had several period of expanding and contracting distributions, with fossils being found as far north as Nevada. Species distribution modeling implies a future.

Rhus ovata. northward shift for the populations in Arizona, but ecosystems in California will likely remain stable into the future. However, human impact will likely continue to fracture suitable habitats as climate change affects human development, with some implications for gene flow and adaptation. A worst-case scenario of global climate change may even see "R. ovata" being pushed towards the coast by 2070.The hybrids produced are a result due to the fact that both species are visited by the same pollinators. Hybrids possess morphological traits intermediate between both species. Research has show that only 19% of interspecific crosses produced seeds, a much.

Rhus ovata. lower fertility rate compared to the 61% and 73% exhibited by crosses within species. The low fertility rate of hybrids indicates that they have a loss of fitness from their parents, suggesting that there is some incompatibility between the two species. Although hybrids may be sterile, populations of sugar bush have high levels of genetic diversity.## Etymology.The epithet "ovata" refers to the egg-shaped leaves present on the plant.## Distribution and habitat.The sugar bush is primarily located in inland localities, as it grades into its relative, the lemonade sumac, near the coast. However, it does occur on Santa Cruz and Catalina.

Rhus ovata. Island. It may be found throughout the inland mountains and foothills of Southern California, continuing southward through the Peninsular Ranges of San Diego County into northern Baja California, in the foothills and mountains of the Sierra de Juarez and the Sierra de San Pedro Martir. Further south, more disjunct distributions are found in the sky islands of the Central Desert of Baja California, primarily in the mountains of the Sierra La Asamblea and the Sierra San Borja. The southern limit occurs in Baja California Sur, on the Tres Virgenes volcano. The species is also found distantly in Arizona, on the.

Rhus ovata. Mogollon Rim.The plant may be found along the slopes of canyons in the foothills of mountains, mostly in the chaparral and associated ecosystems. They are drought-tolerant plants, and even occur along the edges of the Colorado Desert in the eastern foothills of the Peninsular Ranges. Their preferred soil types include well-drained mediums derived from both granitic and sedimentary materials, but not alkaline soils.## Ecology.The flowers bloom from March to May, and a variety of bee species may be seen visiting the flowers, including the Western honey bee and the black-tailed bumblebee, along with smaller bee genera such as Andrena, Perdita,.

Rhus ovata. Nomada, Evylaeus. After pollination, fruits mature over the summer and may be collected from July to August. They generally will fall onto the ground, forming a seed bank in the soil, but many will also remain on the plant into fall. Seeds may be consumed by the larvae of eurytomid wasps.The fruits and the seeds of "Rhus" species are generally dispersed by birds and mammals, and in the related "Rhus integrifolia", many animals even dispersed fruits before they fell off the shrub. The larvae of the eurytomid wasps may predate up to 50% of the fallen seeds in the wild,.

Rhus ovata. with a singular larvae consuming the seed by entering, eating the entire interior, leaving an exit hole upon departure, which may be noticeable. Other interactors with the fruits include rodents and birds, who will also eat or disperse the seeds. Some rodents, like the dusky-footed woodrat, will strip and consume the bark of the plant, leaving entire branches bare. Pieces of the sugarbush form a minor portion of the food supply within wood-rat nests.## Uses.## Ethnobotany."Rhus ovata" was used by the Cahuilla to treat colds and coughs, by making a tea with the leaves. It was also used as food,.

Rhus ovata. by eating the fresh fruits raw, dried, or ground into mush. The Cahuilla were also reported to boiled flower cluster and consume them. There are unconfirmed reports that "Rhus ovata" contains urushiol, the chemical irritant in plants such as poison ivy. "Rhus" plants have been confirmed to contain flavones, cardanols, bichalcones, chemicals which may have antimicrobial properties, and high concentrations of "R. ovata" extract have been proven to have antibacterial properties that impede the growth of gram-positive bacteria like "Staphylococcus", but not gram-negative bacteria like "E. coli" or fungi.The Kumeyaay have diverse uses for the plant, including for food, medicine,.

Rhus ovata. and as firewood or construction material. They eat the fruits, preparing them in a number of ways. They may be cooked or toasted when ripe, and grinded into a meal like pinole. Alternatively, fruits would be made into a tangy drink, using the sugar that forms on the skin, creating a concoction with a sweet and sour taste, similar to lemonade. Medicinal uses of the plant are primarily for treatment of conditions that affect the female reproductive system. The leaves and stems, once cut, are made into a tea, which works as an anesthetic for women going through labor. The.

Rhus ovata. same treatment may also be applied to animals going through colic or birth, except with the infusion being made from the leaves.The seeds are reportedly not edible.## Cultivation."Rhus ovata" prefers well-drained soil in a sunny location, with little water once established, being a very drought-tolerant plant. It does not respond to formal boxed pruning well; however, as needed for wildfire fuel reduction or rejuvenation, occasional autumnal cutting, down to above the base crown, is done for new basal sprouting. The plant is good at controlling erosion.## Seed.Extracting seed from the fruit involves cleaning the flesh off by placing fruits in.

Rhus ovata. a macerator, blender, or by soaking the fruits until the walls are soft enough to be removed. Because the fruits have a hard endocarp, seeds must be scarified to germinate, as they are adapted to natural scarification from wildfire. Scarification can be achieved through heat treatment by boiling water or in the oven at a temperature of 100 °C for 5 minutes, or by soaking the seeds in sulfuric acid for 3 to 5 minutes. Without pretreatment, less than 5% of fresh seeds will germinate. The related lemonade sumac's seeds will germinate simply by sanding the edges of the drupe.

Rhus ovata. and hydrating the seed in water for a day. California chaparral and woodlands – ("ecoregion") California coastal sage and chaparral – subecoregion Coastal sage scrub – ("plant association") California montane chaparral and woodlands – subecoregion Jepson Flora Project – "Rhus ovata" "Rhus ovata" – Photo Gallery Sonoran Desert Field Guide.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Crotalus mitchellii. Common names: speckled rattlesnake, Mitchell's rattlesnake, white rattlesnake"Crotalus mitchellii is a venomous pit viper species in the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to the Southwestern United States and adjacent northern Mexico. The species was named in honor of Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914), an American medical doctor who also studied rattlesnake venoms. Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.## Description.Generally, "C. mitchelli" does not exceed 100 (cm) in total length (including tail), with large males measuring between 90 and 100 (cm). The race on Isla Ángel de la Guarda is known to become larger, the maximum.

Crotalus mitchellii. recorded length for a specimen there being 136.7 (cm). In contrast, the population on El Muerto Island only reaches a maximum of 63.7 (cm) in length.## Geographic range."C. mitchelli" is found in the southwestern United States and in northwestern Mexico. In the US, its range includes east-central and southern California, southwestern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah, and western Arizona. In Mexico, it is native in most of Baja California, including Baja California Sur. It also inhabits a number of islands in the Gulf of California, including Angel de la Guarda Island, Carmen, Cerralvo, El Muerto, Espíritu Santo, Monserrate, Piojo, Salsipuedes, and.

Crotalus mitchellii. San José, as well as on Santa Margarita Island off the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur.The type locality is listed as "Cape St. Lucas, Lower California" (Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico).## Subspecies and taxonomy.Grismer (1999) argued that "C. m. angelensis" and "C. m. muertensis" should be given species status, mainly due to differences in body size.More recently, Douglas et al. (2007) recognised "C.m. stephensi" as a full species, and Meik et al. (2015) elevated both the southwestern and the Angel de la Guarda speckled rattlesnakes to the state of full species, "C. pyrrhus" and "C. angelensis", whereas.

Crotalus mitchellii. the El Muerto Island speckled rattlesnake was considered part of "C. pyrrhus"## Conservation status.The nominate subspecies ("C. m. mitchellii" ) is classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2007. Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.Cope ED (1861). "Contributions to the Ophiology of Lower California, Mexico and Central America". "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" 13: 292-306. ("Caudisona mitchellii",.

Crotalus mitchellii. new species, pp. 293–294)."Crotalus angelensis" at San Diego Natural History Museum"Crotalus mitchelli" at San Diego Natural History Museum"Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus.


Question: What is this lake named after?

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Pfäffikersee. Pfäffikersee (or "Lake Pfäffikon") is a lake in the canton of Zürich, Switzerland, near the town of Pfäffikon. It is 2.5 km long and 1.3 km wide at the middle. The lake was created in the last ice age when a moraine blocked off the ability for the lake to empty north towards Winterthur. There is also a hiking trail around the lake that people often bike and walk on, and the area is considered protected lands, among them the "Robenhauser Ried" and the prehistoric settlement Wetzikon–Robenhausen, discovered and researched by Jakob Messikommer (1828–1917), which became a serial site of.

Pfäffikersee. the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps". In Roman era, along "Pfäffikersee" there was a Roman road from the "vicus Centum Prata" (Kempraten) on Obersee–Lake Zürich via "Vitudurum" (Oberwinterthur) to "Tasgetium" (Eschenz) to the Rhine. To secure this important transport route, the Irgenhausen Castrum was built.List of lakes of SwitzerlandWaterlevels of Pfäffikersee at Pfäffikon.


Question: What is the hymenium type of this plant?

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Morchella esculenta. are ellipsoidal, smooth, thin-walled, translucent (hyaline), and measure 17.5–21.9 by 8.8–11.0 µm. The asci are eight-spored, 223–300 by 19–20 µm, cylindrical, and hyaline. The paraphyses are filamentous, cylindrical, 5.8–8.8 µm wide, and hyaline.The hyphae of the stem are interwoven, hyaline, and measure 5.8–9.4 µm wide. The surface hyphae are inflated, spherical to pear-shaped, 22–44 µm wide, covered by a network of interwoven hyphae 11–16.8 µm wide with recurved cylindrical hyphal ends.## Development.Fruit bodies have successfully been grown in the laboratory. R. Ower was the first to describe the developmental stages of ascomata grown in a controlled chamber. This was followed.


Question: What event does this building commemorate?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Wallace Monument. The National Wallace Monument (generally known as the Wallace Monument) is a 67 metre tower on the shoulder of the Abbey Craig, a hilltop overlooking Stirling in Scotland. It commemorates Sir William Wallace, a 13th- and 14th-century Scottish hero.The tower is open to the public for an admission fee. Visitors approach by foot from the base of the crag on which it stands. On entry there are 246 steps to the final observation platform, with three exhibition rooms within the body of the tower. The tower is not accessible to disabled visitors.## Background.The tower was constructed following a fundraising campaign,.

Wallace Monument. first heroines to be celebrated in the hall.## Statue of Wallace.The original Victorian statue of Wallace stands on the corner of the monument and is by the Edinburgh sculptor David Watson Stevenson.## "Braveheart" statue.In 1996 Tom Church carved a statue of Wallace called "Freedom", which was inspired by the film "Braveheart". It has the face of Mel Gibson, the actor who played William Wallace in the film. Church leased the statue to Stirling Council, who in 1997 installed it in the car park of the visitor centre at the foot of the craig. The statue was deeply unpopular, being described.

Wallace Monument. decapitated governor of York. In April 2016, it was reported in local press that the statue might be moved to Ardrossan's old Barony Church. In September 2021, it was moved to Glebe Park stadium in Brechin.Statue of William Wallace, AberdeenWallace's Monument, AyrshireStatue of William Wallace, BemersydeWallace's Monument at ElderslieNational Monument of ScotlandIn Stirling's page on the monument.


Question: Which place is this plant endemic to?

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Cupressus macrocarpa. Hesperocyparis macrocarpa is a coniferous tree. It is commonly known as the Monterey cypress and is one of several species of cypress trees endemic to California.The Monterey cypress is found naturally only on the Central Coast of California. The natural distributional range of the species during modern times is confined to two small relict populations near Carmel, California, at Cypress Point in Pebble Beach and at Point Lobos. Historically during the peak of the last ice age, Monterey cypress would have likely comprised a much larger forest that extended much further north and south.## Description."Hesperocyparis macrocarpa" is a medium-sized coniferous.

Cupressus macrocarpa. 20–40 mm long, with 6–14 scales, green at first, maturing brown about 20–24 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 3–5 mm long, and release their pollen in late winter or early spring. The Latin specific epithet "macrocarpa" means "with large fruit".Because of the large trunk size some trees develop, people have assumed that individual "H. macrocarpa" trees may be up to 2,000 years old. However, the longest-lived report based on physical evidence is only 284 years old. The renowned Californian botanist Willis Linn Jepson wrote that "the advertisement of ["C. macrocarpa" trees] in seaside literature as 1,000 to 2,000.

Cupressus macrocarpa. native range, particularly along the coasts of California and Oregon. Its European distribution includes Great Britain (including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands), France, Ireland, Greece, Italy and Portugal. In New Zealand, plantings have naturalized, finding conditions there more favorable than in its native range. It has also been grown experimentally as a timber crop in Kenya."Hesperocyparis macrocarpa" is also grown in South Africa. For example, a copse has been planted to commemorate South African infantrymen who lost their lives in the Allied cause in Italy and North Africa during World War 2. As in California, the Cape.

Cupressus macrocarpa. trees are gnarled and wind-sculpted, and very beautiful.## Cultivation.Monterey cypress has been widely cultivated away from its native range, both elsewhere along the California coast, and in other areas with similar cool summer, mild winter oceanic climates. It is a popular private garden and public landscape tree in California. It is so widely planted in Golden Gate Park that the silhouette of the tree is sometimes printed as a symbol of the park.When planted in areas with hot summers, for example in interior California away from the coastal fog belt, Monterey cypress has proved highly susceptible to cypress canker, caused.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Pluteus cervinus. fibres when seen through a lens, indicating that the microscopic cuticle structure is filamentous. The gills are initially white, but soon show a distinctive pinkish sheen, caused by the ripening spores. The stipe is 5–12 cm long and 0.5–2 cm in diameter, usually thicker at the base. It is white and covered with brown vertical fibrils. The flesh is soft and white. The mushroom has a mild to earthy radish smell and a mild taste at first, which may become slightly bitter.The spore size is approximately 8×5μ, and the individual spores are elliptical and smooth. The spore print is salmon-pink.


Question: What type of wing is designed for this object?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Airplane. An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne-kilometers of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to.

Airplane. and either Latin "planus", "level", or Greek πλάνος ("planos"), "wandering". "Aéroplane" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a plane moving through the air. In an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft.In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland and most of the Commonwealth, the term "aeroplane" () is usually applied to these aircraft.## History.## Antecedents.Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and the Vimana in ancient Indian.

Airplane. of Birds" (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the center of mass and the center of pressure of flying birds.In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying glider in 1853. In 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider "L'Albatros artificiel" pulled by a horse on a beach. Then the Russian Alexander F. Mozhaisky also.

Airplane. subsequently abandoned work on it.In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and developed a box kite that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing, his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the.

Airplane. rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of flight tests to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly. Upon passing these tests, the plane is ready to receive the "final touchups" (internal configuration, painting, etc.), and is then ready for the customer.## Characteristics.## Airframe.The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for.

Airplane. to stabilize the plane's pitch (tilt up or down) and mounts the elevators, which provide pitch control. "Landing gear", a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag.## Wings.The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an.

Airplane. airfoil and is shaped like a bird's wing.## Wing structure.Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength.Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge.Early airplane engines.

Airplane. control, most fixed-wing types have an empennage comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane.Some types have a horizontal "canard" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it. This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these.## Controls and.


Question: What type of wing is designed for this object?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Airplane. An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Worldwide, commercial aviation transports more than four billion passengers annually on airliners and transports more than 200 billion tonne-kilometers of cargo annually, which is less than 1% of the world's cargo movement. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to.

Airplane. and either Latin "planus", "level", or Greek πλάνος ("planos"), "wandering". "Aéroplane" originally referred just to the wing, as it is a plane moving through the air. In an example of synecdoche, the word for the wing came to refer to the entire aircraft.In the United States and Canada, the term "airplane" is used for powered fixed-wing aircraft. In the United Kingdom and Ireland and most of the Commonwealth, the term "aeroplane" () is usually applied to these aircraft.## History.## Antecedents.Many stories from antiquity involve flight, such as the Greek legend of Icarus and Daedalus, and the Vimana in ancient Indian.

Airplane. of Birds" (1502), noting for the first time the distinction between the center of mass and the center of pressure of flying birds.In 1799, George Cayley set forth the concept of the modern airplane as a fixed-wing flying machine with separate systems for lift, propulsion, and control. Cayley was building and flying models of fixed-wing aircraft as early as 1803, and he built a successful passenger-carrying glider in 1853. In 1856, Frenchman Jean-Marie Le Bris made the first powered flight, by having his glider "L'Albatros artificiel" pulled by a horse on a beach. Then the Russian Alexander F. Mozhaisky also.

Airplane. subsequently abandoned work on it.In the 1890s, Lawrence Hargrave conducted research on wing structures and developed a box kite that lifted the weight of a man. His box kite designs were widely adopted. Although he also developed a type of rotary aircraft engine, he did not create and fly a powered fixed-wing aircraft.Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal developed heavier-than-air flight. He was the first person to make well-documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. Lilienthal's work led to him developing the concept of the modern wing, his flight attempts in 1891 are seen as the.

Airplane. rigorously inspected to search for imperfections and defects. After approval by inspectors, the plane is put through a series of flight tests to assure that all systems are working correctly and that the plane handles properly. Upon passing these tests, the plane is ready to receive the "final touchups" (internal configuration, painting, etc.), and is then ready for the customer.## Characteristics.## Airframe.The structural parts of a fixed-wing aircraft are called the airframe. The parts present can vary according to the aircraft's type and purpose. Early types were usually made of wood with fabric wing surfaces, When engines became available for.

Airplane. to stabilize the plane's pitch (tilt up or down) and mounts the elevators, which provide pitch control. "Landing gear", a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag.## Wings.The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an.

Airplane. airfoil and is shaped like a bird's wing.## Wing structure.Airplanes have flexible wing surfaces which are stretched across a frame and made rigid by the lift forces exerted by the airflow over them. Larger aircraft have rigid wing surfaces which provide additional strength.Whether flexible or rigid, most wings have a strong frame to give them their shape and to transfer lift from the wing surface to the rest of the aircraft. The main structural elements are one or more spars running from root to tip, and many ribs running from the leading (front) to the trailing (rear) edge.Early airplane engines.

Airplane. control, most fixed-wing types have an empennage comprising a fin and rudder which act horizontally and a tailplane and elevator which act vertically. These control surfaces can typically be trimmed to relieve control forces for various stages of flight. This is so common that it is known as the conventional layout. Sometimes there may be two or more fins, spaced out along the tailplane.Some types have a horizontal "canard" foreplane ahead of the main wing, instead of behind it. This foreplane may contribute to the lift, the trim, or control of the aircraft, or to several of these.## Controls and.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Pygmy marmoset. parental care is shared between the group.The pygmy marmoset has been viewed as somewhat different from typical marmosets, most of which are classified in the genera "Callithrix" and "Mico", and thus is accorded its own genus, "Cebuella", within the family Callitrichidae. The biggest threats are habitat loss and the pet trade.## Evolution and taxonomy.There has been debate among primatologists concerning the proper genus in which to place the pygmy marmoset. An examination of the interstitial retinol binding protein nuclear gene (IRBP) in three marmoset species showed that "Callithrix" as constructed in the 1990s also needed to include "C. pygmaea" to.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Pygmy marmoset. parental care is shared between the group.The pygmy marmoset has been viewed as somewhat different from typical marmosets, most of which are classified in the genera "Callithrix" and "Mico", and thus is accorded its own genus, "Cebuella", within the family Callitrichidae. The biggest threats are habitat loss and the pet trade.## Evolution and taxonomy.There has been debate among primatologists concerning the proper genus in which to place the pygmy marmoset. An examination of the interstitial retinol binding protein nuclear gene (IRBP) in three marmoset species showed that "Callithrix" as constructed in the 1990s also needed to include "C. pygmaea" to.


Question: What is the hymenium type of this plant?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Astraeus hygrometricus. common in temperate and tropical regions. Its common names refer to the fact that it is hygroscopic (water-absorbing), and can open up its rays to expose the spore sac in response to increased humidity, and close them up again in drier conditions. The rays have an irregularly cracked surface, while the spore case is pale brown and smooth with an irregular slit or tear at the top. The gleba is white initially, but turns brown and powdery when the spores mature. The spores are reddish-brown, roughly spherical with minute warts, measuring 7.5–11 micrometers in diameter.Despite a similar overall appearance, "A.

Astraeus hygrometricus. alternate spelling of "Geastrum"). According to the American botanist Andrew P. Morgan, however, the species differed from those of "Geastrum" in not having open chambers in the young gleba, having larger and branched capillitium threads, not having a true hymenium, and having larger spores. Accordingly, Morgan set Persoon's "Geaster hygrometricum" as the type species of his new genus "Astraeus" in 1889. Despite Morgan's publication, some authorities in the following decades continued to classify the species in "Geastrum". The New-Zealand based mycologist Gordon Herriot Cunningham explicitly transferred the species back to the genus "Geastrum" in 1944, explaining: The treatment of this.

Astraeus hygrometricus. species by certain taxonomists well illustrates the pitfalls that lie in wait for those who worship at the shrine of ontogenic classification ... The only feature of those outlined in which the species differs from others of "Geastrum" is the somewhat primitive hymenium. In the developing plant the glebal cavities are separated by tramal plates so tenuous as to be overlooked by the uncritical worker. Each cavity is filled with basidia somewhat irregularly arranged in clusters (like those of "Scleroderma") and not in the definite palisade of the species which have been studied. This difference disappears as maturity is reached,.

Astraeus hygrometricus. interior of the spore case, the gleba, is white and solid when young, and divided into oval locules—a characteristic that helps to distinguish it from "Geastrum". The gleba becomes brown and powdery as the specimen matures. Small dark hairlike threads (rhizomorphs) extend from the base of the fruit body into the substrate. The rhizomorphs are fragile, and often break off after maturity.The spores are spherical or nearly so, reddish-brown, thick-walled and verrucose (covered with warts and spines). The spores' dimensions are 7–11 µm; the warts are about 1 µm long. The spores are non-amyloid, and will not stain with iodine.

Astraeus hygrometricus. published before it was known that North American and Asian versions of "A. hygrometricus" were not always the same; in some cases Asian specimens have been identified as new species, such as "A. asiaticus" and "A. odoratus".## Similar species.Although "A. hygrometricus" bears a superficial resemblance to members of the "true earthstars" "Geastrum", it may be readily differentiated from most by the hygroscopic nature of its rays. Hygroscopic earthstars include "G. arenarium", "G. corollinum", "G. floriforme", "G. recolligens", and "G. kotlabae". Unlike "Geastrum", the young fruit bodies of "A. hygrometricus" do not have a columella (sterile tissue in the gleba, at.

Astraeus hygrometricus. moist soil. The spore ornamentation of "A. odoratus" is also distinct from "A. hygrometricus", with longer and narrower spines that often joined. "A. asiaticus" has an outer peridial surface covered with small granules, and a gleba that is purplish-chestnut in color, compared to the smooth peridial surface and brownish gleba of "A. hygrometricus". The upper limit of the spore size of "A. asiaticus" is larger than that of its more common relative, ranging from 8.75 to 15.2 μm. "A. koreanus" (sometimes named as the variety "A. hygrometricus" var. "koreanus"; see Taxonomy) differs from the more common form in its smaller.