Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Lantana camara. Lantana camara (common lantana) is a species of flowering plant within the verbena family (Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics. It is a very adaptable species, which can inhabit a wide variety of ecosystems; once it has been introduced into a habitat it spreads rapidly; between 45ºN and 45ºS and more than 1400 (m) in altitude.It has spread from its native range to around 50 countries, where it has become an invasive species. It first spread out of the Americas when it was brought to Europe by Dutch explorers and cultivated widely, soon spreading further into Asia and Oceania where.

Lantana camara. it has established itself as a notorious weed, and in Goa it was introduced by the Portuguese."L. camara" can outcompete native species, leading to a reduction in biodiversity. It can also cause problems if it invades agricultural areas as a result of its toxicity to livestock, as well as its ability to form dense thickets which, if left unchecked, can greatly reduce the productivity of farmland.## Description."Lantana camara" is a perennial, erect sprawling or scandent, shrub which typically grows to around 2 (m) tall and form dense thickets in a variety of environments. Under the right conditions, it can scramble.

Lantana camara. up into trees and can grow to 6 (m) tall.The leaves are broadly ovate, opposite, and simple and have a strong odour when crushed."L. camara" has small tubular-shaped flowers, which each have four petals and are arranged in clusters in terminal areas stems. Flowers come in many different colours, including red, yellow, white, pink and orange, which differ depending on location in inflorescences, age, and maturity. The flower has a tutti frutti smell with a peppery undertone. After pollination occurs, the colour of the flowers changes (typically from yellow to orangish, pinkish, or reddish); this is believed to be a.

Lantana camara. signal to pollinators that the pre-change colour contains a reward as well as being sexually viable, thus increasing pollination efficiency. In frost-free climates the plant can bloom all year round, especially when the soil is moist.There are five major flower colour varieties in Australia: "Pink" – Bud: pink; Middle ring: yellow opening with pale yellow petals; Outer ring: orange opening with pale or dark pink petals "White" – Bud: cream coloured; Middle ring: yellow opening with light yellow petals; Outer ring: orange or yellow opening with lilac petals "Pink-edged Red" – Bud: pink to reddish pink; Middle ring: orange opening.

Lantana camara. with light yellow to orange petals; Outer ring: orange opening having two pink to red petals "Red" – Bud: blood red; Middle ring: yellow opening with yellow petals; Outer ring: red throat having red petals "Orange" – Bud: orange; Middle ring: yellow to orange opening, yellow petals; Outer ring: orange opening with orange petalsThe fruit is a berry-like drupe which turns from green to dark purple when mature. Green unripe fruits are inedible to humans and animals alike. Because of dense patches of hard spikes on their rind, ingestion of them can result in serious damage to the digestive tract.

Lantana camara. Both seed and vegetative reproduction occur. Up to 12,000 fruits can be produced by each plant.## Taxonomy.Due to extensive selective breeding throughout the 17th and 18th centuries for use as an ornamental plant, there are now many different cultivars.Other common names include Cariaquillo (Boriken, Puerto Rico), Spanish flag, big-sage (Malaysia), Putush (West Bengal), Kongini (Kerala), wild-sage, red-sage, white-sage (Caribbean), korsu wiri or korsoe wiwiri (Suriname), tickberry (South Africa), Kashi Kothan (Maldives), West Indian lantana, umbelanterna, and Gu Phool in Assam, and Thirei in Manipur.## Etymology.The name "Lantana" derives from the Latin name of the wayfaring tree "Viburnum lantana", the flowers.

Lantana camara. of which closely resemble "Lantana"."Camara" is derived from Greek, meaning 'arched', 'chambered', or 'vaulted'.## Distribution and habitat.The native range of "Lantana camara" is Central and South America; however, it has become naturalised in around 60 tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide. It is found frequently in east and southern Africa, where it occurs at altitudes below 2000 (m), and often invades previously disturbed areas such as logged forests and areas cleared for agriculture."L. camara" has also spread across the areas of Africa, Southern Europe, such as Spain and Portugal, and also the Middle East, India, tropical Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and.

Lantana camara. the US, as well as many Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. It has become a significant weed in Sri Lanka after escaping from the Royal Botanical Gardens in 1926. Lantanas were brought to Australia as an ornamental garden plant in 1841, which spread and escaped domestic cultivation and became established in the wild within 20 years. They were brought to India by the British around 200 years ago, which then spread and became invasive there as well.It was introduced into the Philippines from Hawaii as part of an exchange program between the United States and the Philippines; however, it.

Lantana camara. managed to escape and has become naturalized in the islands. It has also been introduced to the whole southern US, from California to North Carolina, and is considered hardy in US Department of Agriculture zones 10 and 11.The range of "L. camara" is still increasing, shown by the fact that it has invaded many islands on which it was not present in 1974, including the Galapagos Islands, Saipan and the Solomon Islands. There is also evidence that "L. camara" is still increasing its range in areas where it has been established for many years, such as East Africa, Australia and.

Lantana camara. New Zealand. The ability of "L. camara" to rapidly colonise areas of land which have been disturbed has allowed it to proliferate in countries where activities such as logging, clearance for agriculture and forest fires are common. In contrast, in countries with large areas of intact primary forest, the distribution of "L. camara" has been limited.## Ecology.Birds and other animals eat the seeds, helping spread them over large distances.## Habitat.The species is found in a variety of environments, including: Agricultural areas Forest margins and gaps Riparian zones Grasslands Secondary forest, and Beach fronts."L. camara" is rarely found in natural or.

Lantana camara. semi-natural areas of forest, as it is unable to compete with taller trees due to its lack of tolerance for shade. Instead it grows at the forest edge. "L. camara" can survive in a wide range of climatic conditions, including drought, different soil types, heat, humidity and salt. It is also relatively fire tolerant and can quickly establish itself in recently burnt areas of forest.## As an invasive species."L. camara" is considered to be a weed in large areas of the Paleotropics where it has established itself. In agricultural areas or secondary forests it can become the dominant understorey shrub,.

Lantana camara. crowding out other native species and reducing biodiversity. The formation of dense thickets of "L. camara" can significantly slow down the regeneration of forests by preventing the growth of new trees.In the US, "L. camara" is considered invasive in tropical areas such as Florida and Hawaii.Although "L. camara" is itself quite resistant to fire, it can change fire patterns in a forest ecosystem by altering the fuel load, causing a buildup of forest fuel, which itself increases the risk of fires spreading to the canopy. This can be particularly destructive in dry, arid areas where fire can spread quickly and.

Lantana camara. lead to the loss of large areas of natural ecosystem."L. camara" reduces the productivity in pasture through the formation of dense thickets, which reduce growth of crops as well as make harvesting more difficult. There are also secondary impacts, including the finding that in Africa, mosquitos which transmit malaria and tsetse flies shelter within the bushes of "L. camara".Even though "L. camara" is considered invasive to the Western Ghats, the plant does not seem to impact biodiversity in the region; rather it tends to simply occupy the same moist regions as other species.There are many reasons why "L. camara" has.

Lantana camara. been so successful as an invasive species; however, the primary factors which have allowed it to establish itself are: Wide dispersal range made possible by birds and other animals that eat its drupes Less prone to being eaten by animals due to toxicity Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions Increase in logging and habitat modification, which has been beneficial to "L. camara" as it prefers disturbed habitats Production of toxic chemicals which inhibit competing plant species Extremely high seed production (12,000 seeds from each plant per year)## Management and control.Effective management of invasive "L. camara" in the long.

Lantana camara. term will require a reduction in activities that create degraded habitats. Maintaining functioning (healthy) ecosystems is key to preventing invasive species from establishing themselves and out-competing native fauna and flora.## Biological.Insects and other biocontrol agents have been implemented with varying degrees of success in an attempt to control "L. camara". It was the first weed ever subjected to biological control; however, none of the programs have been successful despite 36 control agents being used across 33 regions.The lack of success using biological control in this case is most likely due to the many hybrid forms of "L. camara", as well.

Lantana camara. as its large genetic diversity which makes it difficult for the control agents to target all plants effectively. A recent study in India has shown some results around biological control of this plant using tingid bugs.## Mechanical.Mechanical control of "L. camara" involves physically removing the plants. Physical removal can be effective but is labour-intensive and expensive, therefore removal is usually only appropriate in small areas or at the early stages of an infestation. Another method of mechanical control is to use fire treatment, followed by revegetation with native species.## Chemical.Using herbicides to manage "L. camara" is very effective but also.

Lantana camara. expensive, prohibiting its use in many poorer countries where "L. camara" is well established. The most effective way of chemically treating plant species is to first mow the area, then spray the area with a weed-killer, although this may have serious environmental consequences.## Toxicity."Lantana camara" is known to be toxic to livestock such as cattle, sheep, horses, dogs and goats. The active substances causing toxicity in grazing animals are pentacyclic triterpenoids, which result in liver damage and photosensitivity. "L. camara" also excretes allelopathic chemicals, which reduce the growth of surrounding plants by inhibiting germination and root elongation.The toxicity of "L.

Lantana camara. camara" to humans is undetermined, with several studies suggesting that ingesting berries can be toxic to humans, such as a study by O. P. Sharma which states "Green unripe fruits of the plant are toxic to humans". North Carolina State University's Extension Gardener website states that ingestion of the flowers, fruits, and leaves can cause vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and liver failure, while the leaves can cause contact dermatitis. A field guide by the US Department of the Army says the plant can even be fatal. Contrarily, some studies have claimed that the species poses no risk to humans when.

Lantana camara. eaten, and is in fact edible when ripe.## Uses."Lantana camara" stalks have been used in the construction of furniture, such as chairs and tables; however, the main uses have historically been medicinal and ornamental.## Medicinal value.Studies conducted in India have found that "Lantana" leaves can display antimicrobial, fungicidal and insecticidal properties. "L. camara" has also been used in traditional herbal medicines for treating a variety of ailments, including cancer, skin itches, leprosy, chicken pox, measles, asthma and ulcers."L. camara" extract has shown to reduce gastric ulcer development in rats.## Ornamental."Lantana camara" has been grown specifically for use as an ornamental.

Lantana camara. plant since Dutch explorers first brought it to Europe from the New World. Its ability to last for a relatively long time without water, and the fact that it does not have many pests or diseases which affect it, have contributed to it becoming a common ornamental plant. "L. camara" also attracts butterflies and birds and is frequently used in butterfly gardens. As an ornamental, "L. camara" is often cultivated indoors, or in a conservatory, in cool climates, but can also thrive in a garden with sufficient shelter.## As a host plant.Many butterfly species feed on the nectar of "L.

Lantana camara. camara." "Papilio homerus", the largest butterfly in the western hemisphere, is known to feed on the nectar of the flowers as an opportunistic flower feeder. A jumping spider, "Evarcha culicivora", has an association with "L. camara". They consume the nectar for food and preferentially use these plants as a location for courtship. USDA Forest service brochure Invasion of Exotic Weeds in the Natural Forests of Tropical India due to Forest Fire – A Threat to Biodiversity. International Forest Fire News. 2002.


Question: What is this plant named after?

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Hickory. Hickory is a common name for trees composing the genus Carya, which includes around 18 species. Five or six species are native to China, Indochina, and India (Assam), as many as twelve are native to the United States, four are found in Mexico, and two to four are native to Canada. A number of hickory species are used for products like edible nuts or wood.Hickories are temperate forest trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. Hickory flowers are small, yellow-green catkins produced in spring. They are wind-pollinated and self-incompatible. The fruit is a globose or oval nut, 2 –.

Hickory. name "Carya" is , "káryon", meaning "nut".## Species and classification.The genus "Carya" is in the walnut family, Juglandaceae. In the APG system, this family is included in the order Fagales. Several species are known to hybridize, with around nine accepted, named hybrids. Beaked hickory ("Annamocarya sinensis") is a species formerly classified as "Carya sinensis", but now considered its own genus, "Annamocarya".## Asian hickories.Carya" sect. "Sinocarya"Carya dabieshanensis" – Dabie Shan hickory (may be synonymous with "C. cathayensis")"Carya cathayensis" – Chinese hickory"Carya hunanensis" – Hunan hickory"Carya kweichowensis" – Guizhou hickory"Carya poilanei" – Poilane's hickory"Carya tonkinensis" – Vietnamese hickory## North American hickories.Carya" sect.

Hickory. "Carya – typical hickories"Carya floridana" – scrub hickory"Carya glabra" – pignut hickory, pignut, sweet pignut, coast pignut hickory, smoothbark hickory, swamp hickory, broom hickory"Carya laciniosa" – shellbark hickory, shagbark hickory, bigleaf shagbark hickory, kingnut, big shellbark, bottom shellbark, thick shellbark, western shellbark"Carya myristiciformis" – nutmeg hickory, swamp hickory, bitter water hickory"Carya ovalis" – red hickory, spicebark hickory, sweet pignut hickory (treated as a synonym of "C. glabra" by "Flora N. Amer.")"Carya ovata" – shagbark hickory"C. o." var. "ovata" – northern shagbark hickory"C. o." var. "australis" – southern shagbark hickory, Carolina hickory (syn. "C. carolinae-septentrionalis")"Carya pallida" – sand hickory"Carya texana" –.

Hickory. black hickory"Carya tomentosa" – mockernut hickory (syn. "C. alba")†"Carya washingtonensis" – Miocene of Kittitas County, WashingtonCarya" sect. "Apocarya – pecans"Carya aquatica" – bitter pecan or water hickory"Carya cordiformis" – bitternut hickory"Carya illinoinensis" – pecan"Carya palmeri" – Mexican hickory## Ecology.Hickory is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. These include: Luna moth ("Actias luna") Brown-tail moth ("Euproctis chrysorrhoea") "Coleophora" case-bearers, "C. laticornella" and "C. ostryae" Regal moths ("Citheronia regalis"), whose caterpillars are known as hickory horn-devils Walnut sphinx ("Amorpha juglandis") The bride (nominate subspecies "Catocala neogama neogama") Hickory tussock moth ("Lophocampa caryae")The hickory leaf stem gall.

Hickory. also found feeding on galls of the hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera.The banded hickory borer ("Knulliana cincta") is also found on hickories.## Evolutionary history.The oldest fossils attributed to "Carya" are Cretaceous pollen grains from Mexico and New Mexico. Fossil and molecular data suggest the genus "Carya" may have diversified during the Miocene. Modern "Carya" first appear in Oligocene strata 34 million years ago. Recent discoveries of "Carya" fruit fossils further support the hypothesis that the genus has long been a member of Eastern North American landscapes, however its range has contracted and Carya is no longer extant west of the.

Hickory. Rocky Mountains.Fossils of early hickory nuts show simpler, thinner shells than modern species with the exception of pecans, suggesting that the trees gradually developed defenses to rodent seed predation. During this time, the genus had a distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, but the Pleistocene Ice Age beginning 2 million years ago obliterated it from Europe. The distribution of Carya in North America also contracted and it completely disappeared from the continent west of the Rocky Mountains. Since fossil records show North America as having the largest number of Juglandaceae species, it is likely that the genus originated there and later.

Hickory. spread to Europe and Asia.## Fruit.Some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize. Hickory nuts ("Carya") and walnuts ("Juglans") in the Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are sometimes considered to be drupes or drupaceous nuts, rather than true botanical nuts. "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes.## Nutrition.Dried hickory nuts are 3% water, 18% carbohydrates, 13% protein, and 64% fats (table). In a 100 gram (3.5 oz) reference amount, dried hickory nuts supply 657 calories, and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of several B vitamins and dietary.

Hickory. regarded by some as the finest nut trees. Pecans are the most important nut tree native to North America.When cultivated for their nuts, clonal (grafted) trees of the same cultivar cannot pollinate each other because of their self-incompatibility. Two or more cultivars must be planted together for successful pollination. Seedlings (grown from hickory nuts) will usually have sufficient genetic variation. Hican WalnutPhilips, Roger. "Trees of North America and Europe". Random House, Inc., New York. , 1979. "Carya" images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database Damery, Jonathan. "The "Carya" Collection." "Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website." Accessed.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Eastern diamondback rattlesnake. The eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) is a species of pit viper in the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to the Southeastern United States. It is one of the heaviest venomous snakes in the Americas and the largest rattlesnake. No subspecies are recognized.## Description.The eastern diamondback rattlesnake is the largest rattlesnake species and is one of the heaviest known species of venomous snake, with one specimen shot in 1946 measuring 7.8 (ft) in length and weighing 15.4 (kg). However, other venomous snakes may rival this species in weight such as the much longer but more slender king cobra and.

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake. "What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains". ( With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century Company. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. ("Crotalus adamanteus", pp. 145–147 + Plate 30, Figure 86).Cope ED (1867). "On the Reptilia and Batrachia of the Sonoran province of the Nearctic region". "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" 18: 300-314 [307].Cope ED (1875). "Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptiles with a systematic list of higher groups, and an essay on.

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake. geographical distribution based on specimens contained in the United States National Museum". Washington, District of Columbia: Government Printing Office. 104 pp.Ditmars RL (1936). "The Reptiles of North America: A review of the crocodilians, lizards, snakes, turtles and tortoises inhabiting the United States and northern Mexico". Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co. i-xvi + 476 pp., Goin OB, (1978). "Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition". San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company. xi + 378 pp. . ("Crotalus adamanteus", pp. 155, 333, Figure16-23). (in French).Klauber LM (1956). "Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories and Influence on Mankind". 1st edition. Berkeley and Los.

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake. Angeles, California: University of California Press. 1,708 pp. [29, fig. 2.11].Klauber LM (1972). "Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind". 2nd edition. 2 Volumes. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.Minton SA (1974). "Venom diseases". Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas. 235 pp.Palisot de Beauvois AMFJ (1799). "Memoir on Amphibia. Serpents". "Transactions of the American Philosophical Society" 4: 362-381 [368]. ("Crotalus adamanteus", new species).Schmidt KP (1953). "A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles, Sixth Edition". Chicago: American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 280 pp.Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). "Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada".

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp., 34 plates, 103 figures. ("Crotalus adamanteus", pp. 297–298).Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). "Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification". New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. (hardcover), (paperback). ("Crotalus adamanteus", pp. 202–203).Sonnini CS, Latreille PA (1801). "Histoire naturelle des reptiles, avec figures dissinées d'après nature". 4 Vols. Paris: Deterville. (in French). [for a discussion of the publication date see Harper F (1940). "American Midland Naturalist" 23: 692-723.].Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). "Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide". New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp.

Eastern diamondback rattlesnake. ("Crotalus adamanteus", pp. 11–112, 156). Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake at Yale Herpetology Page. Accessed 2 March 2007.Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake at Biology Dept., Davidson College. Accessed 2 March 2007.Images of "Crotalus adamanteus" at SREL Herpetology. Accessed 2 March 2007."Crotalus adamanteus" at Munich AntiVenom INdex. Accessed 2 March 2007.


Question: Who is the owner of this building?

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Bodrum Castle. standing lions, and one running leopard.When faced with an attack from Sultan Suleiman, Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitallers, ordered the Castle to be strengthened again. Much of the remaining portions of the mausoleum were broken up and used as building material to fortify the castle. By 1522 almost every block of the mausoleum had been removed.In June 1522 the sultan attacked the Order's headquarters in Rhodes from the Bay of Marmaris with 200,000 soldiers (Siege of Rhodes (1522)). The castle of Rhodes fell in December 1522. The terms of surrender included the handing over.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Coccoloba uvifera. Coccoloba uvifera is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family, Polygonaceae, that is native to coastal beaches throughout tropical America and the Caribbean, including southern Florida, the Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and Bermuda. Common names include seagrape and baygrape.## Fruit.In late summer, it bears green fruit, about 2 (cm) diameter, in large, grape-like clusters. The fruit gradually ripens to a purplish color. Each contains a large pit that constitutes most of the volume of the fruit.## Cultivation and propagation.Although it is capable of surviving down to about 2 °C (35.6 °F), the tree cannot survive frost.

Coccoloba uvifera. The leaves turn reddish before withering. The seeds of this plant, once gathered, must be planted immediately, for unlike most plants, the seeds cannot withstand being stored for future planting."C. uvifera" is wind-resistant, moderately tolerant of shade, and highly tolerant of salt, so it is often planted to stabilize beach edges; it is also planted as an ornamental shrub. The fruit is very tasty, and can be used for jam or eaten directly from the tree.Sea grape is a dioecious species, that is, male and female flowers are borne on separate plants, and cross-pollination is necessary for fruit to develop.

Coccoloba uvifera. Honey bees and other insects help pollinate these plants; male and female plants can be distinguished by the appearance of their flowers, as males usually show dead flower stalks.Hardiness: USDA zone 9B–11Propagation: seeds and cuttingsCulture: partial shade/full sun, drought tolerance## Uses."Coccoloba uvifera" is a popular ornamental plant in south Florida yards. It serves as a dune stabilizer and protective habitat for small animals. Tall sea grape plants behind beaches help prevent sea turtles from being distracted by lights from nearby buildings. The sap has been used for dyeing and tanning leather. The wood has occasionally been used in furniture, as.

Coccoloba uvifera. firewood, or for making charcoal. The fruits of the sea grape may be eaten raw, cooked into jellies and jams, or fermented into sea grape wine.## Classification.The first botanical names of the plant were assigned in 1696 by Hans Sloane, who called it "Prunus maritima racemosa", "maritime grape-cluster Prunus", and Leonard Plukenet, who named it "Uvifera littorea", "grape-bearer of the shore", both of which names reflect the European concept of "sea-grape", expressed in a number of languages by the explorers of the times. The natives viewed it as a large mulberry.The first edition of Linnaeus's "Species Plantarum" (1753), based on.

Coccoloba uvifera. Plukenet, assigned the plant to "Polygonum uvifera" and noted "flores non vidi", "I have not seen the flowers." Subsequently, Patrick Browne, "The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica" (1756) devised "Coccoloba" for it. Relying on Browne, Linnaeus' second edition (1762), changed the classification to "Coccolobus uvifera", citing all the other names. "Coccoloba" comes from the Greek "kokkolobis", a kind of grape, literally, "berry pod". Preview available, Google Books.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Wyethia glabra. Wyethia glabra is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Coast Range mule's ears. It is endemic to California, where it grows in the North and Central Coast Ranges. It is a perennial herb growing from a tough taproot and caudex unit and producing a stem up to 40 centimeters tall. It is hairless to hairy and glandular. The leaves have lance-shaped or oval blades up to 45 centimeters long. The inflorescence is usually a solitary flower head or occasionally a cluster of 2 or more. The head has lance-shaped leaflike phyllaries at.

Wyethia glabra. the base. It contains up to 21 yellow ray florets each up to 5 centimeters long and many yellow disc florets. The fruit is an achene over a centimeter long, including its pappus.Jepson Manual TreatmentUSDA Plants ProfileFlora of North AmericaPhoto gallery.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Phlox subulata. Phlox subulata the creeping phlox, moss phlox, moss pink or mountain phlox, is a species of flowering plant in the family Polemoniaceae, native to eastern and central USA, and widely cultivated.The odor given off by the plants may be mistaken for that of marijuana.## Description.Growing to about 13 (cm) high at most and covering a 50 (cm) wide area, it is an evergreen perennial forming mats or cushions of hairy, linear leaves. The small, five-petaled flowers bloom in rose, mauve, blue, white, or pink in late spring to early summer.## Taxonomy.The Latin specific epithet "subulata" means awl- or needle-shaped.## Cultivation.The.

Phlox subulata. plant is cultivated as a front-of-border or groundcover plant. Requiring full sun and well-drained soil, it is very hardy, tolerating temperatures down to -20 (C), and is suitable for hardiness zones USDA 3 to 9.## Cultivars.The following cultivars have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:'Kelly's Eye' (pink)'McDaniel's Cushion' (deep pink)'Red Wings' (carmine red)## Uses.The Native American Mahuna people use the plant internally for rheumatism.## See also."Phlox stolonifera"Bay Books. P. 2005. The A-Z of Garden Flowers.


Question: In which year was this building published?

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Strapless. Strapless is a 1989 film written and directed by David Hare.## Plot summary.An expatriate American doctor in London allows herself to lighten up when her freewheeling younger sister and a mysterious man enter her life. Her inhibitions released, the beautiful doctor learns that freedom has its own price.Blair Brown – Dr. Lillian HempelBruno Ganz – Raymond ForbesBridget Fonda – Amy HempelAlan Howard – Mr. CooperMichael Gough – Douglas BrodieHugh Laurie – ColinDana Gillespie – Julie KovagoSpencer Leigh – HusAlexandra Pigg - Helen## Release.After the film's May 1990 U.S. theatrical release, it was released on videocassette in the United States by.


Question: What is the country of origin of this food?

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Teriyaki. Teriyaki (kanji: 照り焼き) is a cooking technique used in Japanese cuisine in which foods are broiled or grilled with a glaze of soy sauce, mirin, and sugar.Fish – yellowtail, marlin, skipjack tuna, salmon, trout, and mackerel – is mainly used in Japan, while white and red meat – chicken, pork, lamb, and beef – is more often used in the West. Other ingredients sometimes used in Japan include squid, hamburger steak, and meatballs.The word "teriyaki" derives from the noun , which refers to a shine or luster given by the sugar content in the , and , which refers to.

Teriyaki. the cooking method of grilling or broiling. Traditionally the meat is dipped in or brushed with sauce several times during cooking. Teriyaki was invented by Japanese chefs in the 1600s.The is traditionally made by mixing and heating soy sauce, sake (or mirin), and sugar (or honey). The sauce is boiled and reduced to the desired thickness, then used to marinate meat, which is then grilled or broiled. Sometimes ginger is added and the final dish may be garnished with spring onions. (see tare).## Variations.A is a variety of hamburger either topped with teriyaki sauce or with the sauce worked into.

Teriyaki. the ground meat patty. "Teriyaki stir-fry" refers to stir frying meat or vegetables in teriyaki sauce.Another variety is teriyaki-style prepared vegetarian products.## By country.## United States.## Teriyaki sauce.In North America, any dish made with a teriyaki-like sauce is described using the word teriyaki. This often even includes those using foreign alternatives to "sake" or "mirin", such as wine, or with added ingredients, such as sesame or garlic (uncommon in traditional Japanese cuisine). The sauce used for teriyaki is generally sweet, although it can also be spicy. Pineapple juice is sometimes used, as it not only provides sweetness but also bromelain.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this fish?

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Flying gurnard. The flying gurnard ("Dactylopterus volitans"), also known as the helmet gurnard, is a bottom-dwelling fish of tropical to warm temperate waters on both sides of the Atlantic. On the American side, it is found as far north as Massachusetts (exceptionally as far as Canada) and as far south as Argentina, including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. On the European and African side, it ranges from the English Channel to Angola, including the Mediterranean. This is the only species in the monotypic genus Dactylopterus. Similar and related species from the genus "Dactyloptena" are found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.This.


Question: Where is this animal native to?

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Pseudacris sierra. The Sierran chorus frog or Sierran treefrog ("Pseudacris sierra") has a range from the West Coast of the United States from Central California inland through Idaho. They live from sea level to more than 10,000 feet in many types of habitats, reproducing in aquatic settings. They occur in shades of greens or browns and can change colors over periods of hours and weeks.## Taxonomy.The naming of this frog has a very confusing history. These frogs have long been known as Pacific chorus frogs "Pseudacris regilla". Then, in 2006, Recuero et al. split that taxonomic concept into three species. Recuero et.


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

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Rolduc. border was drawn through the ancient land of Rode, separating the abbey from the castle. The eastern part (including the castle) became Prussian Herzogenrath and the western part (including the abbey) became part of the Dutch municipality of Kerkrade.In the 19th century Rolduc became a famous boarding school run by Jesuits, and a seminary of the Diocese of Roermond. Many influential Dutch Roman Catholics (e.g. the writer Lodewijk van Deyssel and the social reformer Alphons Ariëns) were educated at Rolduc.The former abbey is now a secondary school ("Charlemagne College", formerly "College Rolduc"), a Roman Catholic seminary, and the "Rolduc Congress.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Phalaenopsis amabilis. on distribution but occurs from April to December in New Guinea.## Taxonomy and naming.In 1750, before the system of binomial nomenclature had been formalised by Carl Linnaeus, Georg Eberhard Rumphius had collected the species on Ambon Island and described it as "Angraecum albus majus" in his book "Herbarium Amboinense". Linnaeus described it in "Species Plantarum" giving it the binomial "Epidendrum amabile" and in 1825, Carl Ludwig Blume changed the name to "Phalaenopsis amabilis". The specific epithet ("amabilis") is a Latin word meaning "lovely".SubspeciesThere are three subspecies of "P. amabilis" recognised by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: "Phalaenopsis amabilis.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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Sheep moth. The sheep moth, or common sheep moth ("Hemileuca eglanterina"), is a member of the family Saturniidae of silk moths and is native to western North America. In California, its range is west of the Sierran crest and the mountains of Southern California, ranging near to the coast. The moth is dayflying and appears in summer. It feeds on plants of three genera: "Ceanothus", "Rhamnus" (including coffeeberry), and "Rosa". Nuttall's sheep moth and one other species are similar, occurring in sagebrush areas east of the Sierra Nevada. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1852.The sheep moth has.


Question: What country does this building belong to?

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Port Hercules. Port Hercules () is the only deep-water port in Monaco. The port has been in use since ancient times. The modern port was completed in 1926, and underwent substantial improvements in the 1970s. It covers almost 40 (acre), enough to provide anchorage for up to 700 vessels. The port is located in the La Condamine district. Harbour pilots are required for all vessels longer than 30 metres. The depth of water in the harbour ranges from seven metres for standard berths and up to 40 metres for the outer piers and cruise ship docks.## History.During the 6th-century BC. Phocaeans Greeks.

Port Hercules. from Massalia (modern day Marseille) founded the colony of Mònoikos. The name of the colony derives from the local veneration of the Greek demigod and mythological hero Hercules, also later adopted by the Romans, who was said to have constructed the ancient path that passed through the region from Spain to Italy. The Roman emperor Julian also wrote of Hercules's construction of Monaco's port and a coastal road. The road was dotted with altars to Hercules, and a temple dedicated to him was established on the Rock of Monaco. The name Port Hercules was subsequently used for the ancient port.

Port Hercules. The commentator Servius's use of the passage (in R. Maltby, "Lexicon of Ancient Latin Etymologies," Leeds) asserts, under the entry "portus," that the epithet was derived:No temple to Hercules has been found at Monaco (see also Lucan 1.405.), although the rocky ground and dense conurbation make future excavations unlikely.The port is mentioned in Pliny the Elder's "Natural History" (III.v) and in Tacitus' "Histories" (III.42), when Fabius Valens was forced to put into the port ("Fabius Valens e sinu Pisano segnitia maris aut adversante vento portum Herculis Monoeci depellitur").In 2010 the Finnish manufacturer of marinas and pontoons was hired to deliver.

Port Hercules. three new pontoons to Port Hercule. Monaco's old fixed piers were replaced by Marinetek's floating concrete pontoons. The renovation was completed in 2011.## Events.In 2011, Jean Michel Jarre performed a free concert in front of 85,000 spectators, to celebrate the wedding of Prince Albert II and Charlene Wittstock.The Port Hercule is home to the "Foire de Monaco", an annual fair that runs from October to November.## In popular culture.In 1995, the harbour was used as a location in the James Bond film "GoldenEye". Bond (played for the first time by Pierce Brosnan) tries to stop the villainous Xenia Onatopp (Famke.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Peregrine falcon. The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a cosmopolitan bird of prey (raptor) in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head. The peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching up to 200 (mph) during its characteristic hunting stoop (high-speed dive), making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a "National Geographic" TV program, the highest measured speed of a peregrine falcon is 389 (km/h). As is typical for bird-eating raptors, peregrine falcons.

Peregrine falcon. which in turn now supports many peregrine populations as a prey species. The peregrine is a highly successful example of urban wildlife in much of its range, taking advantage of tall buildings as nest sites and an abundance of prey such as pigeons and ducks. Both the English and scientific names of this species mean "wandering falcon," referring to the migratory habits of many northern populations. Experts recognize 17 to 19 subspecies, which vary in appearance and range; disagreement exists over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon is represented by two subspecies of "Falco peregrinus," or is a separate species, "F.

Peregrine falcon. radiation. That supports the solar glare hypothesis.## Taxonomy and systematics."Falco peregrinus" was first described under its current binomial name by English ornithologist Marmaduke Tunstall in his 1771 work "Ornithologia Britannica". The scientific name "Falco peregrinus" is a Medieval Latin phrase that was used by Albertus Magnus in 1225. The specific name is taken from the fact that juvenile birds were taken while journeying to their breeding location rather than from the nest, as falcon nests were difficult to get at. The Latin term for falcon, , is related to , meaning "sickle", in reference to the silhouette of the falcon's.

Peregrine falcon. mya in the Gelasian).## Subspecies.Numerous subspecies of "Falco peregrinus" have been described, with 19 accepted by the 1994 "Handbook of the Birds of the World", which considers the Barbary falcon of the Canary Islands and coastal North Africa to be two subspecies ("pelegrinoides" and "babylonicus") of "Falco peregrinus", rather than a distinct species, "F. pelegrinoides". The following map shows the general ranges of these 19 subspecies., described by Bonaparte in 1838, is known as the American peregrine falcon or "duck hawk"; its scientific name means "duck peregrine falcon". At one time, it was partly included in "leucogenys". It is mainly.

Peregrine falcon. weigh 800 (to(-)). It has become extinct in eastern North America and populations there are hybrids as a result of reintroductions of birds from elsewhere.Falco peregrinus babylonicus, described by P.L. Sclater in 1861, is found in eastern Iran along the Hindu Kush and the Tian Shan to the Mongolian Altai ranges. A few birds winter in northern and northwestern India, mainly in dry semi-desert habitats. It is paler than "pelegrinoides" and somewhat similar to a small, pale lanner falcon ("Falco biarmicus"). Males weigh 330 to 400 (g), while females weigh 513 to 765 (g)., described by Sharpe in 1873, is.

Peregrine falcon. includes "caeruleiceps". It breeds in the Arctic tundra of Eurasia from Murmansk Oblast to roughly Yana and Indigirka Rivers, Siberia. It is completely migratory and travels south in winter as far as South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It is often seen around wetland habitats. It is paler than the nominate subspecies, especially on the crown. Males weigh 588 (to(-)), while females weigh 925 (to(-)).Falco peregrinus cassini, described by Sharpe in 1873, is also known as the austral peregrine falcon. It includes "kreyenborgi", the pallid falcon, a leucistic colour morph occurring in southernmost South America, which was long believed to be.

Peregrine falcon. a distinct species. Its range includes South America from Ecuador through Bolivia, northern Argentina and Chile to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. It is non-migratory. It is similar to the nominate subspecies, but slightly smaller with a black ear region. The pallid falcon morph "kreyenborgi" is medium grey above, has little barring below and has a head pattern like the saker falcon ("Falco cherrug"), but the ear region is white.Falco peregrinus ernesti, described by Sharpe in 1894, is found from the Sunda Islands to the Philippines and south to eastern New Guinea and the nearby Bismarck Archipelago. Its.

Peregrine falcon. geographical separation from "nesiotes" requires confirmation. It is non-migratory. It differs from the nominate subspecies in the very dark, dense barring on its underside and its black ear coverts.Falco peregrinus furuitii, described by Momiyama in 1927, is found on the Izu and Ogasawara Islands south of Honshū, Japan. It is non-migratory. It is very rare and may only remain on a single island. It is a dark form, resembling "pealei" in colour, but darker, especially on the tail.Falco peregrinus japonensis, described by Gmelin in 1788, includes "kleinschmidti", "pleskei", and "harterti", and seems to refer to intergrades with "calidus". It is.

Peregrine falcon. found from northeast Siberia to Kamchatka (though it is possibly replaced by "pealei" on the coast there) and Japan. Northern populations are migratory, while those of Japan are resident. It is similar to the nominate subspecies, but the young are even darker than those of "anatum".Falco peregrinus macropus, described by Swainson in 1837, is the Australian peregrine falcon. It is found in Australia in all regions except the southwest. It is non-migratory. It is similar to "brookei" in appearance, but is slightly smaller and the ear region is entirely black. The feet are proportionally large.Falco peregrinus madens, described by Ripley.

Peregrine falcon. and Watson in 1963, is unusual in having some sexual dichromatism. If the Barbary falcon (see below) is considered a distinct species, it is sometimes placed therein. It is found in the Cape Verde Islands and is non-migratory; it is also endangered, with only six to eight pairs surviving. Males have a rufous wash on the crown, nape, ears and back; the underside is conspicuously washed pinkish-brown. Females are tinged rich brown overall, especially on the crown and nape.Falco peregrinus minor, first described by Bonaparte in 1850. It was formerly often known as "perconfusus". It is sparsely and patchily distributed.

Peregrine falcon. and the Aleutian Islands to the far eastern Bering Sea coast of Russia, and may also occur on the Kuril Islands and the coasts of Kamchatka. It is non-migratory. It is the largest subspecies and it looks like an oversized and darker "tundrius" or like a strongly barred and large "anatum". The bill is very wide. Juveniles occasionally have pale crowns. Males weigh 700 (to(-)), while females weigh 1000 (to(-)).Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, first described by Temminck in 1829, is found in the Canary Islands through North Africa and the Near East to Mesopotamia. It is most similar to "brookei", but.

Peregrine falcon. is markedly paler above, with a rusty neck, and is a light buff with reduced barring below. It is smaller than the nominate subspecies; females weigh around 610 (g).Falco peregrinus peregrinator, described by Sundevall in 1837, is known as the Indian peregrine falcon, black shaheen, Indian shaheen or shaheen falcon. It was formerly sometimes known as "Falco atriceps" or "Falco shaheen". Its range includes South Asia from across the Indian subcontinent to Sri Lanka and southeastern China. In India, the shaheen falcon is reported from all states except Uttar Pradesh, mainly from rocky and hilly regions. The shaheen falcon is.

Peregrine falcon. higher hills, while the migrant "calidus" is more often seen along the coast., the nominate (first-named) subspecies, described by Tunstall in 1771, breeds over much of temperate Eurasia between the tundra in the north and the Pyrenees, Mediterranean region and Alpide belt in the south. It is mainly non-migratory in Europe, but migratory in Scandinavia and Asia. Males weigh 580 (to(-)), while females weigh 925 (to(-)). It includes "brevirostris", "germanicus", "rhenanus" and "riphaeus".Falco peregrinus radama, described by Hartlaub in 1861, is found in Madagascar and the Comoros. It is non-migratory.Falco peregrinus submelanogenys, described by Mathews in 1912, is the Southwest.

Peregrine falcon. down and have disproportionately large feet. The male (called the "") and the female (simply called the "falcon") both leave the nest to gather prey to feed the young. The hunting territory of the parents can extend a radius of 19 to 24 (km) from the nest site. Chicks fledge 42 to 46 days after hatching, and remain dependent on their parents for up to two months.## Predators and parasites.The peregrine falcon is host to a range of parasites and pathogens. It is a vector for Avipoxvirus, Newcastle disease virus, Falconid herpesvirus 1 (and possibly other Herpesviridae), and some mycoses.

Peregrine falcon. peregrine falcons throughout the contiguous United States. Several peregrine subspecies were included in the breeding stock, including birds of Eurasian origin. Due to the extirpation of the eastern population of "Falco peregrinus anatum", the near-extirpation of "anatum" in the Midwest and the limited gene pool within North American breeding stock, the inclusion of non-native subspecies was justified to optimize the genetic diversity found within the species as a whole.During the 1970s, peregrine falcons in Finland experienced a population bottleneck as a result of large declines associated with bio-accumulation of organochloride pesticides. However, the genetic diversity of peregrines in Finland is.

Peregrine falcon. an injured peregrine falcon and the endangered species program. It was filmed with the assistance of the University of California's peregrine falcon project in Santa Cruz.Streamed footage from several webcams at the University of California, Berkeley, that followed a breeding pair on a university bell tower achieved notoriety in the early2020s. Webcams such as these which livestream the daily lives of urban peregrines are immensely popular, and are essential for the outreach programmes of raptor conservationists around the world. List of birds by flight speed Perilanner, a hybrid of the peregrine falcon and the lanner falcon ("Falco biarmicus") Perlin, a.

Peregrine falcon. hybrid of the peregrine falcon and the merlin ("Falco columbarius") Conservation organizations Arctic Raptors – Ongoing research with raptors in the Canadian Arctic Falcon Research Group Peregrine Falcon Fund The Canadian Peregrine Foundation Peregrine Falcon Recovery Project (Manitoba) London Peregrine Partnership (UK) Video and other media of peregrines Live webcams at a Peregrine nest site in Landshut (Scroll down and press play button.) A video of the falcon stooping at a top speed of 389 (km/h). Derby Cathedral Peregrine Project, UK. Links to webcams and video sequences Norwich Cathedral Peregrine Web Cam 2015, UK. The Raptor Resource Project. Links to.

Peregrine falcon. Peregrine Falcon webcams Peregrines on Brussels Cathedral Photo documentation of Peregrines returning to south California beach cliffs after over 50 years absence Nottingham Trent University, where peregrines return to breed on the top of the Newton building every year. Includes images and webcam. University of Massachusetts Amherst Live Falcon Cam at the top of the W.E.B. DuBois library, active each year from when the bonded pair of peregrine falcons brood eggs until the chicks are fledged. Worcester Peregrine Falcon Project, UK. Includes feeds from 'Peregrines in Worcester' Facebook Fan page, YouTube & Flickr photo groups Peregrine Falcon Banding, Metropolitan Transportation.

Peregrine falcon. Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 3 June 2010; 3-minute YouTube video clip Throgs Neck Bridge Peregrine Banding 2011, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 27 May 2011; 10:54 YouTube video clip Peregrine Falcon Banding 2012, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 4 June 2012; 2:40 YouTube video clip Peregrine Falcon Banding 2016, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 2 June 2016; 4:15 YouTube video clip.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this fish?

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Crucian carp. The crucian carp ("Carassius carassius") is a medium-sized member of the common carp family Cyprinidae. It occurs widely in northern European regions. Its name derives from the Low German "karusse" or "karutze", possibly from Medieval Latin "coracinus" (a kind of river fish).## Distribution.The crucian carp is a widely distributed European species, its range spanning from England to Russia; it is found as far north as the Arctic Circle in the Scandinavian countries, and as far south as central France and the region of the Black Sea. Its habitat includes lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers. It has been established that the.

Crucian carp. morph is not permanent, it is expected that the trait might have some survivability trade-offs in the absence of predators. Notably, the deep-bodied morph is associated with compromised immune function and resource allocation. Specifically, deep-bodied crucian carp have a lower level of baseline natural antibodies relative to the sleeker-bodied morphs. In addition, crucian carp with the deep-bodied morphology exhibit reduced growth rates when compared to their sleeker-bodied counterparts.## Physiology."Carassius" species exhibit some remarkable physiological adaptations to their environment. For example, in entirely anoxic conditions during winter "Carassius carassius" can survive for considerable periods by anaerobic respiration, with ethanol as the.

Crucian carp. typical crucian specimen of 54 cm, weighing 3 kg has been caught and photographed.## Relation to goldfish.Some sources state that the goldfish ("Carassius auratus") is a cultivated breed of crucian carp taken from the wild.Aside from confusion in nomenclature, there is the practical issue of distinguishing true crucian carp from goldfish hybrids in, e.g., competitive coarse fishing. The following is based on a similar table of guidelines constructed by the Farnham Angling Society:## Use.These carp are also occasionally kept as freshwater aquarium fish, as well as in water gardens, although they are not commonly available commercially, mainly because they are.

Crucian carp. crassius" (read "Carassius" spp.), FAO's 2006 statistics show 5.53 thousand tons harvested, which ranked 13th worldwide among freshwater fishes caught. The breakdown was Kazakhstan 2.2, Japan 1.12, Serbia 0.84, Moldova 0.19, Uzbekistan 0.19, Poland 0.13. In these figures, the tonnage from European countries may represent C. crassius in some part.In Poland, crucian carp () is considered the best-tasting pan fish, and traditionally served with sour cream ("karasie w śmietanie").King's carp (previously Galician carp as in Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian Empire) – the breed of carp created in Poland, the "hump" is bigger than average and the scales are larger than.

Crucian carp. images of "Carassius carassius" at ZipcodeZoo.com. Fish Holds Breath for Months How carp 'hold their breath' through winter - New Scientist.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

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Coprinopsis lagopus. Coprinopsis lagopus is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Until 2001, the species was known as "Coprinus lagopus"; advances in the understanding of phylogenetic relationships between the various coprinoid species led to a major reorganization of that genus. It is a delicate and short-lived fungus, the fruit bodies lasting only a few hours before dissolving into a black ink – a process called "deliquescence". The vague resemblance of the young fruit body to the paw of a white rabbit has earned this species the common name harefoot mushroom.## Description.The fruit body size of "Coprinopsis lagopus" can vary tremendously.

Coprinopsis lagopus. very dark-brown at center beneath the whitish to silvery grey veil but becomes paler towards the margin. As the mushroom matures, the shape of the cap becomes more conical or convex, and finally flattens out, with edges curved upward. The veil is initially whitish, then turns to a silvery grey or grey-brown; it eventually splits up, becoming hairy (fibrillose). The gills are freely attached to the stem, very thin and crowded closely together. Initially, the color of the gills is white, then progresses to grayish-brown then to black as the spores mature. In maturity the gill edges dissolve ("deliquesce") into.

Coprinopsis lagopus. a black liquid. These mushrooms are evanescent, lasting only a few hours before dying; the autodigestive process is enhanced in humid environments. The stem is whitish in color, and is hollow, hairy (flocculose) over the whole surface but especially at lower parts, and becomes smooth (glabrous) with age. The spore print is violet-black.The species is nonpoisonous. Its edibility is unknown but it is considered too small to be worthwhile.## Microscopic features.Spores have dimensions of 11–13 x 6–8 μm. They are ellipsoid or ovoid in shape, with a rounded base and apex, dark red-brown in color, and nonamyloid.The cystidia found on.


Question: What has this village crossed over?

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Anderton Boat Lift. The Anderton Boat Lift is a two caisson lift lock near the village of Anderton, Cheshire, in North West England. It provides a 50 (ft) vertical link between two navigable waterways: the River Weaver and the Trent and Mersey Canal. The structure is designated as a scheduled monument, and is included in the National Heritage List for England; it is also known as one of the Seven Wonders of the Waterways.Built in 1875, the boat lift was in use for over 100 years until it was closed in 1983 due to corrosion. Restoration started in 2001 and the boat lift.

Anderton Boat Lift. was re-opened in 2002. The lift and associated visitor centre and exhibition are operated by the Canal & River Trust. It is one of only two working boat lifts in the United Kingdom; the other is the Falkirk Wheel in Scotland.## Economic background.Salt has been extracted from rock salt beds underneath the Cheshire Plain since Roman times. By the end of the 17th century a major salt mining industry had developed around the Cheshire "salt towns" of Northwich, Middlewich, Nantwich and Winsford.Completion of the River Weaver Navigation in 1734 provided a navigable route for transporting salt from Winsford, through Northwich,.

Anderton Boat Lift. to Frodsham, where the Weaver joins the River Mersey. In 1759 the second Weaver Navigation Act appointed the Trustees of the Weaver Navigation and gave them responsibility for maintaining and operating the route. The opening of the Trent and Mersey Canal in 1777 provided a second route close to the Weaver Navigation for part of its length, but extended further south to the coal mining and pottery industries around Stoke-on-Trent.Rather than competing with each other the owners of the two waterways decided it would be more profitable to work together. In 1793 a basin was excavated on the north bank.

Anderton Boat Lift. owners of the Trent and Mersey Canal, to ask for a contribution towards the cost. When this approach was unsuccessful the Trustees decided to fund the project themselves.The Trustees asked their Chief Engineer, Edward Leader Williams, to draw up plans for a boat lift. He settled on a design involving a pair of water-filled caissons that would counterbalance one another and require relatively little power to lift boats up and down. A similar boat lift on the Grand Western Canal, completed in 1835, used chains to connect the caissons via an overhead balance wheel. It had a solid masonry superstructure.

Anderton Boat Lift. in normal operation.## Construction.In October 1871 the Weaver Navigation Trustees held a special general meeting which resolved "to consider the desirability of constructing a lift with basins and all other requisite works for the interchange of traffic between the River Weaver and the North Staffordshire Canal at Anderton and of applying to Parliament for an Act to authorise the construction of such works."In July 1872 Royal Assent was granted for the Weaver Navigation 1872 Act, which authorised the construction of the boat lift. The contract for its construction was awarded to Emmerson, Murgatroyd & Co. of Stockport and Liverpool. Work.

Anderton Boat Lift. launching a restoration bid. It was originally intended to restore the lift to electrical operation but after consultation with English Heritage, in 1997 it was decided to restore the lift to hydraulic operation using hydraulic oil.To raise the £7 million restoration cost, a partnership was forged between the Waterways Trust, the Inland Waterways Association, the Anderton Boat Lift Trust, the Friends of Anderton Boat Lift, the Association of Waterways Cruising Clubs, British Waterways and the Trent and Mersey Canal Society. Heritage Lottery Funding contributed £3.3 million, and more than 2,000 individuals contributed to the scheme, raising a further £430,000.Restoration commenced.


Question: What is the parent organization of this aircraft?

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Dornier Flugzeugwerke. produced by HAL with plans to build 20 more during 2013-14.In 1985, Dornier became a member of the Daimler-Benz group, integrating its aeronautic assets with the parent company. As part of this transaction, Lindauer Dornier GmbH was spun off, creating a separate, family-owned firm, concentrating on textile machinery design and manufacturing. The rest of the company was split into several subsidiaries for defence, satellites, medtech and aircraft.In 1996, the majority of Dornier Aircraft was acquired by Fairchild Aircraft, forming Fairchild Dornier. This company became insolvent in early 2002. Production of its 328 Jet was acquired by US company Avcraft. Asian.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Gymnadenia conopsea. Gymnadenia conopsea, commonly known as the fragrant orchid or chalk fragrant orchid, is a herbaceous plant of the family Orchidaceae native to northern Europe.## Etymology.The name of the genus "Gymnadenia" is formed from Greek words (', "nude") and (', "gland") and refers to the characteristics of the organs for secreting nectar. The specific Latin name "conopsea" derives from the Greek ' ('), literally meaning "mosquito-like", probably because of the similarity of the long spur of the flower with the mouthparts of a mosquito.The scientific binomial name of this plant was initially "Orchis conopsea", proposed by the Swedish naturalist and botanist.

Gymnadenia conopsea. Gren. Rouy 1912 "Gymnadenia pyrenaica" Giraudias 1882 "Gymnadenia sibirica" Turcz. ex Lindl. 1835 "Gymnadenia splendida" Dworschak 2002 "Gymnadenia splendida subsp. odorata" Dworschak 2002 "Gymnadenia transsilvanica" Schur 1866 "Gymnadenia vernalis" Dworschak 2002 "Gymnadenia wahlenbergii" Afzel. ex Rchb.f. 1851 "Habenaria conopsea" (L.) Benth. (1880) "Habenaria gymnadenia" Druce 1897 "Orchis conopea" Gras 1862 "Orchis conopsea" L. 1753 "Orchis cornopica" Mill. 1768 "Orchis ornithis" Jacq. 1774 "Orchis peloria" Foucault ex Poir. 1816 "Orchis pseudoconopea" Gren. 1869 "Orchis pseudo-conopsea" Gren. 1865 "Orchis pseudoconopsea" J.Parm. 1894 "Orchis setacea" Gilib. 1792 "Orchis suaveolens" Salisb. 1796 "Satyrium conopseum" (L.) Wahlenb. 1826 Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia (3 voll.).


Question: Which location has this plant invaded?

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Pontederia crassipes. of water that have already been affected by human activities, such as artificial reservoirs or eutrophied lakes that receive large amounts of nutrients. It outcompetes native aquatic plants, both floating and submerged. In 2011, Wu Fuqin et al. tracked the results of Yunnan Dianchi Lake and also showed that water hyacinth could affect the photosynthesis of phytoplankton, submerged plants and algae by water environment quality and inhibit its growth. The decay process depletes dissolved oxygen in the water, often killing fish.Water hyacinth can absorb a large amount of harmful heavy metals and other substances. After death, it will rot and.

Pontederia crassipes. tons of fresh biomass would require 75 trucks with a capacity of 40m^3, per day, for 365 days to get rid of a million tons of water hyacinth. The water hyacinth would then be transferred to a dumping site and allowed to decompose which releases CO2, CH4 and nitrogen oxides which would all negatively impact the air quality and contribute to global warming.Water hyacinth has been widely introduced in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Africa, and New Zealand. In many areas, it has become an important and pernicious invasive species. In New Zealand, it is listed on the National Pest.

Pontederia crassipes. and the "Japanese staff imported from Venezuela considerable numbers of water hyacinth, which were given away as souvenirs". The claim has been repeated by later writers, with various shifts in the details. Thus NAS fellow Noel D. Vietmeyer (1975) wrote that "Japanese entrepreneurs" introduced the plant into the U.S., and the plants had been "collected from the Orinoco River in Venezuela", and the claim was echoed along the same gist by a pair of NASA researchers (), who asserted that the souvenir plants were carelessly dumped in various waterways. Canadian biologist Spencer C. H. Barrett (2004) meanwhile favored the theory.

Pontederia crassipes. they were first cultivated in garden ponds, after which they multiplied and escaped to the environs. The account gains a different detail as told by children's story-teller Carole Marsh (1992), who says "Japan gave away water hyacinth seeds" during the exposition, and another Southern raconteur, Gaspar J. "Buddy" Stall (1998) assured his readership that the Japanese gave each family a package of those seeds.One paper has also inquired into the role which catalog sales of seeds and plants may have played in the dissemination of invasive plants. It has been found that "P. crassipes" was offered in the 1884 issue.

Pontederia crassipes. Corps of Engineers) tested various means of eradicating the plants, including the jet-streaming of steam and hot water, application of various strong acids, and application of petroleum followed by incineration. Spraying with saturated salt solution (but not dilute solutions) effectively killed the plants; unfortunately this was considered prohibitively expensive, and the engineers selected Harvesta brand herbicide, whose active ingredient was arsenic acid, as the optimal cost-effective tool for eradication. This herbicide was used until 1905, when it was substituted with a different, white arsenic based compound. An engineer charged with the spraying did not think the poison to be a.

Pontederia crassipes. sheep, lambs, were native to the U.S.; all had been imported by European settlers centuries before, so why should Americans hesitate to introduce hippopotamus and other large animals into the American diet? Duquesne, who was born and raised in South Africa, further noted that European settlers on that continent commonly included hippopotamus, ostrich, antelope, and other African wildlife in their diets and suffered no ill effects. The American Hippo bill nearly passed, but fell one vote short.Water hyacinths have also been introduced into waters inhabited by manatees in Florida, for the purpose of bioremediation (cf. §Phytoremediation below) of the waters.

Pontederia crassipes. development of China's inland industry, the eutrophication of inland waters has intensified. With the help of its efficient asexual reproduction and environmental adaptation mechanisms, water hyacinth has begun to spread widely in the river basin. The hyacinths blocked the river and hindered the internal water traffic. For example, many waterways in Zhejiang and other provinces were blocked by the rapidly growing water hyacinth. In addition, a large number of water hyacinths floating in the water will block sunlight from entering the water, and its decay consumes a lot of dissolved oxygen in the water, pollutes the water quality, and can.

Pontederia crassipes. kill other aquatic plants. The outbreak of water hyacinth has seriously affected the biodiversity of the local ecosystem and threatened the production, life and health of community residents.In Iraq, water hyacinth which was imported in the 1990s as a decorative plant, caused major problems for water supply systems and fishermen at the Euphrates.## Europe.In 2016, the European Union banned any sales of the water hyacinth in the EU. The species features on the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern. This means that not only the sales but also importation, cultivation, or intentional release into the environment are forbidden.

Pontederia crassipes. in the whole of the European Union.## Oceania.In Papua New Guinea, water hyacinth blocked sunlight to other aquatic organisms, created habitat for malaria-carrying mosquitoes, clogged waterways to the point that boats could not get through and reduced the quality of water for purposes such as cooking, washing and drinking. People have lost income or even died due to being unable to travel to get food or medical care, or due to diseases from contaminated water or mosquitoes.## Control.Control depends on the specific conditions of each affected location such as the extent of water hyacinth infestation, regional climate, and proximity to.

Pontederia crassipes. root zones are superb micro-sites for bacterial communities.Water hyacinth is a common fodder plant in the third world especially Africa though excessive use can be toxic. It is high in protein (nitrogen) and trace minerals and the goat feces are a good source of fertilizer as well.Water hyacinth is reported for its efficiency to remove about 60–80% nitrogen and about 69% of potassium from water. The roots of water hyacinth were found to remove particulate matter and nitrogen in a natural shallow eutrophicated wetland.The plant is extremely tolerant of, and has a high capacity for, the uptake of heavy metals,.

Pontederia crassipes. portion of cultivable land goes under water for months during monsoon in this low-lying region, farmers have grown this method for many decades now. The method of this agriculture is known by many names including "dhap chash" and "vasoman chash".In Kenya, East Africa, it has been used experimentally as organic fertilizer, although there is controversy stemming from the high alkaline pH value of the fertilizer.## Other uses.In various places in the world, the plant is used for making furniture, handbags, baskets, rope, and household goods/interior products (lampshades, picture frames) by businesses launched by NGOs and entrepreneurs.## Woven products.American-Nigerian Achenyo Idachaba.


Question: What product does this aircraft produce?

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Dornier Flugzeugwerke. immense size and weight. Dornier's successful landplane airliners, including the Komet ("Comet") and Merkur ("Mercury"), were used by Lufthansa and other European carriers during the 1920s and early 30s. Dornier built its aircraft outside Germany during much of this period due to the restrictions placed on German aircraft manufacturers by the Treaty of Versailles: locations included Altenrhein, Switzerland, 12 km from Zeppelin's Lindau (Bodensee) location. Foreign factories licence-building Dornier products included CMASA and Piaggio in Italy, CASA in Spain, Kawasaki in Japan, and Aviolanda in the Netherlands. Once the Nazi government came to power and abandoned the treaty's restrictions, Dornier.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. resumed production in Germany.The success of the Wal family encouraged the development of derivatives, and of more advanced successors, such as the Do 18, and Do 24 which saw service in several armed forces, including German, into World War II.Dornier's most important World War II military aircraft design was the Do 17, nicknamed "The Flying Pencil". It first flew in 1934 as a mailplane for Lufthansa but due to its narrow fuselage (hence its nickname) it was not commercially viable and was passed over. Dornier then developed it further as a military aircraft, with a prototype bomber flying in 1935,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. which was too late to see service.After WWII, aircraft production was again forbidden in Germany, and Dornier relocated to Spain and then to Switzerland where the firm provided aeronautical consultancy services until returning to Germany in 1954. Post-war, Dornier re-established itself with successful STOL Do 27 and Do 28 utility planes. In 1974 it joined a joint venture with French aircraft manufacturers Dassault-Breguet to develop the Alpha Jet.In 1983, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) acquired a production licence for the Dornier 228 and manufactured the aircraft for the Asian market. By 2013 a total of 117 Dornier 228 aircraft had been.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. groups continued to show interest in its 728 version in August 2004, but production was not restarted. Dornier 228 production was taken over by Swiss manufacturer RUAG, who then sold it off to General Atomics in 2020. Other subsidiaries became part of the EADS.The medtech division was sold to an investment company and now bears the name Dornier MedTech. Dornier Medtech manufactures medical equipment, such as the "Dornier S lithotriptor", HM3, Compact Delta to treat kidney stones. Dornier MedTech also manufactures laser devices for a wide range of applications.## Dornier Seaplane Company.The Dornier family have a spin-off company and project,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. the Dornier Seastar. It is a turboprop-powered amphibious aircraft built largely of composite materials. This was developed by , and later by his son Cornado by Dornier Seawings.## Dornier Technologie.Claude's grandson, , founded Dornier Technologie in 1996 to manufacture the Dornier S-Ray 007. Dornier Gs Precursor to Wal destroyed by Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control (1919) Dornier Do A Libelle (I 1921, III redesignated Do 12) Dornier Spatz Landplane version of Do A (1922) Dornier Do B Merkur Development of Do C (1926) Dornier Do C Komet (I 1921, II 1922, III 1926) Dornier Do C 2, 3, 4 Fighter.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. O Wal Custom built version of Do J (1924) Dornier Do P (1930) Dornier Do R.2 and R.4 Superwal (1924) Dornier Do S (1930) Dornier Do T (Komet/Merkur converted to Air Ambulance) Dornier Do U (Cancelled civil variant of Do Y) Dornier Do X (1929) Dornier Do Y (1930, redesignated Do 15)## Dornier aircraft projects.## Letter designations (before 1933).Additional unbuilt projects include 3 different Schneider Trophy racers from 1924, 1928 and 1931 and a large multi-engine seaplane similar to the Do X with engines buried in the wings. Dornier Do 10 Dornier Do 11 Dornier Do 12 Dornier Do 13.


Question: Where is this bird originally discovered?

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Red-legged honeycreeper. The red-legged honeycreeper ("Cyanerpes cyaneus") is a small songbird species in the tanager family (Thraupidae). It is found in the tropical New World from southern Mexico south to Peru, Bolivia and central Brazil, Trinidad and Tobago, and on Cuba, where possibly introduced. It is also rarely found in southern Texas.## Taxonomy.The red-legged honeycreeper was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1766 in the twelfth edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Certhia cyanea". Linnaeus based his description on "The Black and Blue Creeper" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the English naturalist.

Red-legged honeycreeper. c. tobagensis" Hellmayr & Seilern, 1914 – Tobago "C. c. cyaneus" (Linnaeus, 1766) – Trinidad, east Venezuela, the Guianas and north Brazil "C. c. dispar" Zimmer, JT, 1942 – southeast Colombia and southwest Venezuela to northeast Peru "C. c. violaceus" Zimmer, JT, 1942 – southeast Peru and west Brazil to central Bolivia "C. c. brevipes" (Cabanis, 1851) – central Brazil "C. c. holti" Parkes, 1977 – east Brazil## Description.The red-legged honeycreeper is on average 12.2 (cm) long, weighs 14 (g) and has a medium-long black, slightly decurved, bill. The male is violet-blue with black wings, tail and back, and bright.

Red-legged honeycreeper. red legs. The crown of its head is turquoise, and the underwing, visible only in flight, is lemon yellow. After the breeding season, the male moults into an eclipse plumage, mainly greenish with black wings.Females and immatures are mainly green, with paler, faintly streaked underparts. The legs are red-brown in the female, and brown in young birds.The call of red-legged honeycreeper is a thin, high-pitched "tsip".Several subspecies are known. Differences are generally slight, with the Tobago race " C. c. tobagensis" being slightly larger than the mainland forms for example.The purplish honeycreeper ("Chlorophanes purpurascens"), a bird from Venezuela known only.

Red-legged honeycreeper. from the type specimen, is considered to be an intergeneric hybrid between the green honeycreeper and either the red-legged honeycreeper or the blue dacnis.## Distribution and habitat.This is a species of forest edge, open woodland, and cocoa and citrus plantations. The red-legged honeycreeper is often found in small groups. It feeds on insects and some seeds, fruit and nectar. It responds readily to the (easily imitated) call of the ferruginous pygmy owl ("Glaucidium brasilianum").## Behaviour and ecology.## Breeding.In Costa Rica red-legged honeycreepers generally breed between April and June. The nest is built entirely by the female and is placed in.

Red-legged honeycreeper. a shrub or tree several meters above the ground. The cup-shaped nest has thin side walls and is formed of stiff fibres. It is attached to the supporting twigs with cobwebs. The clutch consists of two eggs that are laid in early morning on consecutive days. They are 13.4 x 19.1 (mm) in size and have a white background with brown speckles forming a ring around the larger end. The female incubates the eggs for 12 or 13 days. When they first hatch the nestlings have their eyes closed and are covered with tuffs of grey down. They are brooded.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this object?

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Thermostat. a mercury thermostat to regulate the temperature of a chicken incubator. This is one of the first recorded feedback-controlled devices.Modern thermostat control was developed in the 1830s by Andrew Ure (1778–1857), a Scottish chemist, who invented the bi-metallic thermostat. The textile mills of the time needed a constant and steady temperature to operate optimally, so to achieve this Ure designed the bimetallic thermostat, which would bend as one of the metals expanded in response to the increased temperature and cut off the energy supply.Warren S. Johnson (1847–1911) of Wisconsin patented a bi-metal room thermostat in 1883, and two years later.

Thermostat. a heating or cooling system via a series of air-filled control tubes. This "control air" system responds to the pressure changes (due to temperature) in the control tube to activate heating or cooling when required. The control air typically is maintained on "mains" at 15-18 psi (although usually operable up to 20 psi). Pneumatic thermostats typically provide output/ branch/ post-restrictor (for single-pipe operation) pressures of 3-15 psi which is piped to the end device (valve/ damper actuator/ pneumatic-electric switch, etc.).The pneumatic thermostat was invented by Warren Johnson in 1895 soon after he invented the electric thermostat. In 2009, Harry Sim.


Question: Which city or region does this village locate in?

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Cranny. Cranny () is a small village in County Clare, Ireland.## Location.Cranny lies on the banks of the Cloon River, which flows into the estuary of the River Shannon at Clonderlaw Bay.## Facilities.There is a local Gaelic Athletic Association club, Coolmeen GAA, founded in 1887 three years after the association came together. Coolmeen GAA succeeded in the Clare Senior Football Championship in 1919 and 1921, in the Clare Intermediate Football Championship in 1959, 1966 and 1967 and in the Clare Junior A Football Championship in 1958, 1964, 1983 and 1999. The parish also has a national school. The Cranny N.S. is.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Belding's ground squirrel. Belding's ground squirrel ("Urocitellus beldingi"), also called pot gut, sage rat or picket-pin, is a squirrel that lives on mountains in the western United States. In California, it often is found at 6500 (to(-)) in meadows between Lake Tahoe and Kings Canyon. This species is not of conservation concern, and its range includes some protected areas.## Physical description.The Belding's ground squirrel is medium-sized with "a relatively short tail, short limbs, and small ears". It has a gray pelage become more cinnamon at the underside and reddish-brown on the back. Its body length is 230 (to(-)). The tail is 44 (to(-)).


Question: Who is the architect of this building?

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Odesa City Hall. Odesa City Hall () is the city hall of Odesa, Ukraine, located at the junction of Primorskiy Boulevard, Chaikovskogo Lane and Pushkinska Street. It occupies a Neoclassical building, built to a design by Francesco Boffo and Gregorio Toricelli in 1828-34. Rebuilt in 1871-1873 by Franz Morandi.## Description.The frontage features two large statues depicting Ceres and Mercury in their roles as the goddess of agriculture and the god of trade respectively, marking the building's original purpose as an Exchange. Ceres and Mercury designed by sculptor Luigi Dominicovich Iorini. Sculptures of Greek gods appeared on the building later. Initially, on both sides.


Question: What is the hymenium type of this plant?

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Cerioporus squamosus. can be yellow to brown and has "squamules" or scales on its upper side. On the underside one can see the pores that are characteristic of the genus "Cerioporus"; they are made up of tubes packed together closely. The tubes are between 1 and 12 (mm) long. The stalk is thick and short, up to 5 (cm) long. The fruit body will produce a white spore print if laid onto a sheet of paper. The spores are 11-15 x 4-5 µm and are long and smooth ellipsoids. They can be found alone, in clusters of two or three, or forming.


Question: What is this animal named after?

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Catfish. Catfish (or catfishes; order Siluriformes or Nematognathi) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Named for their prominent barbels, which resemble a cat's whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior from the three largest species alive, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia, the wels catfish of Eurasia, and the piraíba of South America, to detritivores (species that eat dead material on the bottom), and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called the candiru, "Vandellia cirrhosa". Neither the armour-plated types nor the naked types have scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent barbels or "whiskers". Members of.

Catfish. spines. Due to these constraints, some fish may not even be able to produce a specific sound. In several different species of catfish, aggressive sound production occurs during cover site defense or during threats from other fish. More specifically, in long-whiskered catfish, drumming sounds are used as a threatening signal and stridulations are used as a defense signal. Kaatz investigated 83 species from 14 families of catfish, and determined that catfish produce more stridulatory sounds in disturbance situations and more swimbladder sounds in intraspecific conflicts.## Economic importance.## Aquaculture.Catfish are easy to farm in warm climates, leading to inexpensive and safe.

Catfish. found in the aquarium trade are banjo catfish, talking catfish, and long-whiskered catfish.## Catfish as food.Catfish have widely been caught and farmed for food for hundreds of years in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America. Judgments as to the quality and flavor vary, with some food critics considering catfish excellent to eat, while others dismiss them as watery and lacking in flavor. Catfish is high in vitamin D. Farm-raised catfish contains low levels of omega-3 fatty acids and a much higher proportion of omega-6 fatty acids.In Central Europe, catfish were often viewed as a delicacy to be enjoyed on feast.


Question: Where is this insect native to?

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Nyctemera annulata. Nyctemera annulata, the magpie moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1832. It is endemic to New Zealand and found in all parts of the country.## Description.The magpie moth's "woolly bear" caterpillars are around 35–38 mm when fully grown and predominantly black with lines of red down its sides and back, blue spots and tufts of hair on each segment. Its liking for the introduced ragwort causes its caterpillars to be sometimes misidentified as those of the cinnabar moth which was introduced as a biological control for ragwort. By.

Nyctemera annulata. can be seen flying over the tops of host plants."Nyctemera annulata" is closely related to "Nyctemera amica", an Australian species which also occurs in New Zealand. The two species may be able to interbreed."Nyctemera annulata annulata" (New Zealand)"Nyctemera annulata antipodea" (Antipodes Islands)## Distribution.## Natural global range."Nyctemera annulata" is only found in New Zealand.## New Zealand range."Nyctemera annulata" is found all over New Zealand, both in the North and South Islands as well as on smaller outlying islands. The "N. annulata" caterpillar have the ability to freeze themselves and survive. This tolerance of cold weather and freezing temperatures has ensured they.

Nyctemera annulata. are able to exist throughout New Zealand.## Habitat preferences."Nyctemera annulata" are only present in habitats where "Senecio" species occur. They are found most commonly in natural habitats but were also found to occur modified and urban habitats as long as "Senecio" host plants were present, either naturalized or native.## Life cycle/phenology.The life cycle of "Nyctemera annulata" takes 6–7 weeks to complete and requires warm weather with the winter being passed in the pupa stage. The moth will lay yellow eggs on the undersides of herbaceous Senecio species. The eggs gradually become dark and will hatch after approximately 6 – 7.

Nyctemera annulata. of year.## Diet and foraging.The primary food source of "Nyctemera annulata" are plants from the tribe Senecioinae of the Asteraceae. Thirty three species are known to exist in the wild and New Zealand has 19 native "Senecio" species with 14 of them naturalised exotics. "N. annulata" diet is specifically limited to one specific plant. Even though the magpie moth is a native, it has been found that they do not restrict themselves to only the native Senecio species in New Zealand and will also feed on exotic introduced species."N. annulata" is a monophagous herbivore insect meaning that their diet is.

Nyctemera annulata. limited to a species of plant. A study found that "N. annulata" did not restrict itself to the native "Senecio" although the insects were found more frequently in the native forested areas than in the urban/rural area These findings are based on research in the Auckland area, and the study found that the numbers of "Nyctemera" would be far fewer if there were not the naturalised exotic species available to them.The most common form of "Senecio" found in New Zealand is the introduced 'ragwort' ("Jacobaea vulgaris") - a weed in most cultivated areas of the country and the magpie moth.

Nyctemera annulata. answer would depend on which way the pupa wriggled – up to indicate "yes" and down was for "no".There has been some research into the role of plant metabolites, particularly pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are sequestered by "N. annulata". The alkaloids are produced by the plant as a defence against herbivory and the larvae of the moth take them up, potentially also as a form of defense suggested by the high levels of toxin found in the moth. This may be another reason there is not much predation of either the larvae or moth.Species info at Monarch.org.nz.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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African elephant. threat in several range countries as well."Loxodonta" is one of two extant genera of the family Elephantidae. The name refers to the lozenge-shaped enamel of their molar teeth. Fossil remains of "Loxodonta" species have been excavated in Africa, dating to the Middle Pliocene.## Taxonomy.The first scientific description of the African elephant was written in 1797 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who proposed the scientific name "Elephas africanus"."Loxodonte" was proposed as a generic name for the African elephant by Frédéric Cuvier in 1825. This name refers to the lozenge-shaped enamel of the molar teeth, which differs significantly from the rounded shape of.

African elephant. primarily by the trigeminal nerve, and thought to be manipulated by about 40,000–60,000 muscles. Because of this muscular structure, the trunk is so strong that elephants can use it for lifting about 3% of their own body weight. They use it for smelling, touching, feeding, drinking, dusting, producing sounds, loading, defending and attacking. Elephants sometimes swim underwater and use their trunks as snorkels.## Tusks and molars.Both male and female African elephants have tusks that grow from deciduous teeth called tushes, which are replaced by tusks when calves are about one year old. Tusks are composed of dentin, which forms small.

African elephant. diamond-shaped structures in the tusk's center that become larger at its periphery. Tusks are primarily used to dig for roots and strip the bark from trees for food, for fighting each other during mating season, and for defending themselves against predators. The tusks weigh from 23 (to(-)) and can be from 1.5 (to(-)) long. They are curved forward and continue to grow throughout the elephant's lifetime.The dental formula of elephants is . Elephants have four molars; each weighs about 5 (kg) and measures about 30 (cm) long. As the front pair wears down and drops out in pieces, the back.

African elephant. pair moves forward, and two new molars emerge in the back of the mouth. Elephants replace their teeth four to six times in their lifetimes. At around 40 to 60 years of age, the elephant loses the last of its molars and will likely die of starvation which is a common cause of death. African elephants have 24 teeth in total, six on each quadrant of the jaw. The enamel plates of the molars are fewer in number than in Asian elephants.## Size.The African bush elephant is the largest terrestrial animal. Cows are 2.2 - 2.6 (m) tall at the.

African elephant. third largest terrestrial animal.## Distribution and habitat.African elephants are distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa, where they inhabit Sahelian scrubland and arid regions, tropical rainforests, mopane and miombo woodlands. African forest elephant populations occur only in Central Africa.## Behavior and ecology.## Sleeping pattern.Elephants are the animals with the lowest sleep times, especially African elephants. Their average sleep was found to be only 2 hours in 24-hour cycles.## Family.Both African elephant species live in family units comprising several adult cows, their daughters and their subadult sons. Each family unit is led by an older cow known as the matriarch. African forest elephant groups.

African elephant. are less cohesive than African bush elephant groups, probably because of the lack of predators.When separate family units bond, they form kinship or bond groups. After puberty, male elephants tend to form close alliances with other males. While females are the most active members of African elephant groups, both male and female elephants are capable of distinguishing between hundreds of different low frequency infrasonic calls to communicate with and identify each other.Elephants use some vocalisations that are beyond the hearing range of humans, to communicate across large distances. Elephant mating rituals include the gentle entwining of trunks.The bulls were believed.

African elephant. the elephant's cortex has as many neurons as that of a human brain, suggesting convergent evolution.Elephants exhibit a wide variety of behaviours, including those associated with grief, learning, mimicry, art, play, a sense of humor, altruism, use of tools, compassion, cooperation, self-awareness, memory and possibly language. All of these behaviors point to a highly intelligent species that is thought to be equal with cetaceans and primates.## Reproduction.African elephants are at their most fertile between the ages of 25 and 45. Calves are born after a gestation period of up to nearly two years. The calves are cared for by their.

African elephant. scaring elephants away by more aggressive means such as fire or the use of chili peppers along fences to protect their crops.## Conservation.In 1986, the African Elephant Database was initiated with the aim to monitor the status of African elephant populations. This database includes results from aerial surveys, dung counts, interviews with local people and data on poaching.In 1989, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora listed the African elephant on CITES Appendix I. This listing banned international trade of African elephants and their body parts by countries that signed the CITES agreement. Hunting.

African elephant. elephants is banned in the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Côte d'Ivoire, and Senegal. After the ban came into force in 1990, retail sales of ivory carvings in South Africa have plummeted by more than 95% within 10 years.As a result of the trade ban, African elephant populations recovered in Southern African range countries.The African Elephant Specialist Group has set up a "Human-Elephant Conflict Task Force" with the aim to develop conflict mitigation strategies.In 2005, the West African Elephant Memorandum of Understanding was signed by 12 West African countries. The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species.

African elephant. of Wild Animals provided financial support for four years to implement the West African Elephant Conservation Strategy, which forms the central component of this intergovernmental treaty.In 2019, the export of wild African elephants to zoos around the world was banned, with an exception added by the EU to allow export in "exceptional cases where … it is considered that a transfer to ex-situ locations will provide demonstrable in-situ conservation benefits for African elephants". Previously, export had been allowed in Southern Africa with Zimbabwe capturing and exporting more than 100 baby elephants to Chinese zoos since 2012.It was found that elephant.

African elephant. to represent wisdom, strength, moderation and eternity.In the western African Kingdom of Dahomey, the elephant was associated with the 19th century rulers of the Fon people, Guezo and his son Glele. The animal is believed to evoke strength, royal legacy, and enduring memory as related by the proverbs: ""There where the elephant passes in the forest, one knows" and "The animal steps on the ground, but the elephant steps down with strength"." Their flag depicted an elephant wearing a royal crown."Africa's Elephant Kingdom"Indian elephantList of individual elephantsSri Lankan elephantSumatran elephant Elephant Information Repository – An in-depth resource on elephants "Elephant.

African elephant. caves" of Mt Elgon National Park ElephantVoices – Resource on elephant vocal communications Amboseli Trust for Elephants – Interactive web site Another Elephant – A hub for saving the elephants. EIA 25 yrs investigating the ivory trade, reports etc EIA (in the USA) reports etc International Elephant Foundation.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this game?

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Jigsaw puzzle. A jigsaw puzzle is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of often irregularly shaped interlocking and mosaiced pieces, each of which typically has a portion of a picture. When assembled, the puzzle pieces produce a complete picture.In the 18th century, jigsaw puzzles were created by painting a picture on a flat, rectangular piece of wood, then cutting it into small pieces. Despite the name, a jigsaw was never used. John Spilsbury, a London cartographer and engraver, is credited with commercialising jigsaw puzzles around 1760. They have since come to be made primarily of cardboard.Typical images on jigsaw puzzles include.

Jigsaw puzzle. be attached to a backing with adhesive and displayed as art.## History.John Spilsbury is believed to have produced the first jigsaw puzzle around 1760, using a marquetry saw.Early puzzles, known as dissections, were produced by mounting maps on sheets of hardwood and cutting along national boundaries, creating a puzzle useful for teaching geography. Royal governess Lady Charlotte Finch used such "dissected maps" to teach the children of King George III and Queen Charlotte Cardboard jigsaw puzzles appeared in the late 1800s, but were slow to replace wooden ones because manufacturers felt that cardboard puzzles would be perceived as low-quality, and.