Question: What are the locomotion methods of this animal?

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Hedgehog. belly, which are not quilled. Since the effectiveness of this strategy depends on the number of spines, some desert hedgehogs that evolved to carry less weight are more likely to flee or attack, ramming an intruder with the spines; rolling into a spiny ball for those species is a last resort. Hedgehogs are primarily nocturnal, though some species can also be active during the day. Hedgehogs sleep for a large portion of the day under bushes, grasses, rocks, or most commonly in dens dug in the ground, with varying habits among the species. All wild hedgehogs can hibernate, though not.


Question: What is the location of this place?

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Histria (ancient city). establishment, with fishing and agriculture as additional sources of income. By 100 AD, however, fishing had become the main source of Istrian revenue.Around 30 AD, Histria came under Roman domination. During the Roman period from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, temples were built for the Roman gods, besides a public bath and houses for the wealthy. Altogether, it was in continuous existence for some 14 centuries, starting with the Greek period up to the Roman-Byzantine period. The Halmyris bay where was the city founded was closed by sand deposits and access to the Black Sea gradually was cut. Trade.

Histria (ancient city). continued until the 6th century AD. The invasion of the Avars and the Slavs in the 7th century AD almost entirely destroyed the fortress, and the Istrians dispersed; the name and the city disappeared.## Geographic setting.Ancient Histria was situated on a peninsula, about 5 (km) east of the modern Romanian commune of Istria, on the Dobruja coast. The ancient seashore has since been transformed into the western shore of Sinoe Lake, as the Danube's silt deposits formed a shoal which closed off the ancient coastline. The current Sinoe Lake was at the time the open northern bay, while another bay.

Histria (ancient city). Mangalia) over Tomis "emporion" (Εμπόριον, market) (i.e. modern Constanţa). Another destruction of the city, somewhere around 175 BC, was most probably wreaked by Bastarni passing through after being called upon by Macedonian king Philip V or Perseus to reinforce the army.## Hellenistic layer III (175–100 BC).Mithridates installed a military garrison in Histria, which probably caused the third destruction of the city in the Hellenistic period. During the rule of Mithridates staters are minted in Histria.## Hellenistic layer IV (100–20 BC).Burebista arrived in Dobruja. (Gaius Antonius Hybrida)...while governor of Macedonia, had inflicted many injuries upon the subject territory as well as.

Histria (ancient city). upon that which was in alliance with Rome, and had suffered many disasters in return. 2 For after ravaging the possessions of the Dardanians and their neighbours, he did not dare to await their attack, but pretending to retire with his cavalry for some other purpose, took to flight; in this way the enemy surrounded his infantry and forcibly drove them out of the country, even taking away their plunder from them. 3 When he tried the same tactics on the allies in Moesia, he was defeated near the city of the Istrians by the Bastarnian Scythians who came to.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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West Coast lady. The West Coast lady ("Vanessa annabella") is one of three North American species of brush-footed butterflies known colloquially as the "painted ladies". "V. annabella" occurs throughout much of the western US and southwestern Canada. The other two species are the cosmopolitan "Vanessa cardui" (painted lady) and the eastern "Vanessa virginiensis" (American painted lady). This species has also been considered a subspecies of the South American "Vanessa carye" and is frequently misspelled as "anabella".## Distinguishing features.Aside from general differences in distribution, "V. annabella" can be distinguished from the other two painted ladies of North America as follows:Most conspicuously, it lacks obvious.

West Coast lady. usually two eyespots are larger and have more conspicuous blue centers. In "V. virginiensis", these normally are the spot at each end of the row, whereas in the present species it is the two middle ones."Cynthia" (butterfly)"Vanessa carye"West Coast Lady, Butterflies of Canada.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Cattle egret. The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) is a cosmopolitan species of heron (family Ardeidae) found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Bubulcus, although some authorities regard its two subspecies as full species, the western cattle egret and the eastern cattle egret. Despite the similarities in plumage to the egrets of the genus "Egretta", it is more closely related to the herons of "Ardea". Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe, it has undergone a rapid expansion in its distribution and successfully colonised much of the rest of the world.

Cattle egret. was moved to its current genus by Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1855. Its generic name "Bubulcus" is Latin for herdsman, referring, like the English name, to this species' association with cattle. "Ibis" is a Latin and Greek word which originally referred to another white wading bird, the sacred ibis, but was applied to this species in error.The cattle egret has two geographical races, which are sometimes classified as full species, the western cattle egret, "B. ibis", and eastern cattle egret, "B. coromandus". The two forms were split by McAllan and Bruce, but were regarded as conspecific by almost all other.


Question: What is this building named after?

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BMW Welt. The BMW Welt is a combined exhibition, delivery, adventure museum, and event venue located in Munich's district Am Riesenfeld, next to the Olympic Park, in the immediate vicinity of the BMW Headquarters and factory. It was built from August 2003 to summer 2007. A solar system with 800 kW of power is installed on the roof of the main building. The opening took place on 17 October 2007. The BMW Welt is the most visited tourist attraction in Bavaria.## Operations.BMW Welt operations are coordinated with the other local BMW facilities, the BMW Museum and BMW Headquarters. It has a showroom.

BMW Welt. with the current model lineup of BMW cars and motorcycles, and the other two BMW Group brands, Mini and Rolls-Royce. Customers picking up special ordered cars are given a dramatic "staged experience" in which they await their new car in an enormous glass-walled hall, and their cars are lifted up from lower levels on round elevator platforms. BMW Welt also has shops selling BMW-branded promotional merchandise and accessories, and a restaurant.## Design and construction.In 2001, an international architectural design competition was sponsored by BMW. Twenty-seven offices participated in the competition four of which were awarded prizes. The jury awarded two.

BMW Welt. offices Sauerbruch Hutton and COOP HIMMELB(L)AU first prize and made the recommendation for the competitors to rework their design submissions in a third design phase in order for BMW to determine which office would be awarded the contract.The contract was awarded to the Vienna-based architects COOP HIMMELB(L)AU and the facility was constructed from August 2003 through summer 2007 at a cost of US$200 million. Originally conceived to be open and ready for World Cup 2006, it eventually opened on 17 October 2007, and deliveries commenced on 23 October 2007. The first customer to take European delivery of a new BMW.

BMW Welt. at the Welt was Jonathan Spira.There were 2,200,000 visitors during the first 12 months of operation. The number of visitors increased to 2,930,000 in 2013, of which 60% came from Germany.Designed with an 800 kW solar plant on its roof, "the building does not have the boredom of an exhibition hall, it is not only a temple but also a market place and communication center, and a meeting point for knowledge transfer", said architect Wolf D. Prix at the opening ceremony.COOP HIMMELB(L)AU's BMW Welt project records are archived at the Canadian Centre for Architecture in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. World Architecture.

BMW Welt. Survey BMW-Welt on www.muenchenarchitektur.com BMW European Delivery wiki, on the Bimmerfest.com site.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Calamagrostis purpurascens. Calamagrostis purpurascens, is a perennial grass commonly known as purple reedgrass, purple pinegrass, or alpine reedgrass. It grows 30 to 80 (cm) tall.## Description."Calamagrostis purpurascens" is a large, clump forming, perennial grass; growing 30-80 cm (12-31 in.) tall. It grows from short rhizomes and has dense, often purpled tinted flower heads that are 4 to 13 cm (1.6 to 5.1 in.) long. It has one flowered spikelets, two subequal glumes, and lemma with a dorsal awn. The awn is longer than the glum and sharply bent, and longer than the tip of the spiklet. Flowering stems have typically one or.

Calamagrostis purpurascens. two leaves.## Distribution."Calamagrostis purpurascens" is native from arctic Greenland, to much of Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Yukon Territory) and the western and northern U.S. (Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Minnesota, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming). It is rare and scattered in the southern U.S. states, such as Louisiana, where it is a post-glacial relict.Further south, "C. purpurascens" is also known in Chile, where it was recorded by Rodolfo Amando Philippi in 1860. Philippi gave it the name "Deyeuxia robusta", now relegated to synonymy.It is also found.

Calamagrostis purpurascens. in Asia (in eastern Siberia).## Habitat."Calamagrostis purpurascens" grows in dry mountainous zones, from high up on the foothills to close to the snow-line, often taking root in gaps in the talus, where few other plants can grow. It is an arctic-alpine species with disjunct boreal populations in eastern North America. In Minnesota it is an endangered species found growing in the north eastern part of the state in the coniferous region in Cook county where it is found on tall north facing cliffs composed of slate and diabase; these locations are cool, moist, and lack heavy competition from other plant.

Calamagrostis purpurascens. species.## Ecology."Carterocephalus palaemon" (arctic skipper) butterflies eat the nectar from "C. purpurascens" flowers, and their caterpillars feed on the shoots. "Ovis canadensis" (bighorn sheep) are known to graze this grass.


Question: What place inflows harbour?

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Bristol Harbour. the River Frome in the 1240s into an artificial "deep channel" known as "Saint Augustine's Reach", which flowed into the River Avon. Saint Augustine's Reach became the heart of Bristol's docks with its quays and wharfs. The River Avon within the gorge, and the River Severn into which it flows, has tides which fluctuate about 30 (ft) between high and low water. This means that the river is easily navigable at high tide but reduced to a muddy channel at low tide in which ships would often run aground. Ships had no option but to be stranded in the harbour.


Question: Who designed this building?

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BMW Welt. at the Welt was Jonathan Spira.There were 2,200,000 visitors during the first 12 months of operation. The number of visitors increased to 2,930,000 in 2013, of which 60% came from Germany.Designed with an 800 kW solar plant on its roof, "the building does not have the boredom of an exhibition hall, it is not only a temple but also a market place and communication center, and a meeting point for knowledge transfer", said architect Wolf D. Prix at the opening ceremony.COOP HIMMELB(L)AU's BMW Welt project records are archived at the Canadian Centre for Architecture in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. World Architecture.


Question: Which protected area is this place usually located in?

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Amanohashidate. Amanohashidate (天橋立) is one of Japan's three scenic views. The sandbar is located in Miyazu Bay in northern Kyoto Prefecture. It forms part of the Tango-Amanohashidate-Ōeyama Quasi-National Park.## Location.A thin strip of land connects two opposing sides of Miyazu Bay. This sand bar is 3.3 (km) long and covered with about 7,000 pine trees.It can be viewed from mountains on either side of the bay or it can be traversed on foot. Near the northern end is Kono Shrine, Shinto Shrine and the southern end is Chion-ji, a Buddhist temple.On the bar is the Isoshimizu fresh water well cherished since.


Question: What country does this facility belong to?

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Library of Celsus. The Library of Celsus () is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey. The building was commissioned in the 110s A.D. by a consul, Gaius Julius Aquila, as a funerary monument for his father, former proconsul of Asia Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, and completed during the reign of Hadrian, sometime after Aquila's death. The library is considered an architectural marvel, and is one of the only remaining examples of a library from the Roman Empire. The Library of Celsus was the third-largest library in the Roman world behind only Alexandria and Pergamum, believed to have.

Library of Celsus. before being elected to serve as a consul in Rome in 92 A.D. Celsus, a native of Sardis, was one of the first men from the Greek-speaking eastern provinces to serve as a consul, the highest elected office in imperial Rome. He was later appointed as proconsul, or governor, of Asia, the Roman province that covered roughly the same area as modern-day Turkey. Celsus's son Aquila commissioned the library in his honor, though it was not completed until after Aquila's death. An inscription records that Celsus left a large legacy of 25,000 denarii to pay for the library's reading material.The.

Library of Celsus. Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D." "The Journal of Roman Studies" 88 (1998): 56-93. doi:10.2307/300805. classics.uc.edu, Architecture, classical studies, bibliography (Archived) Virtual reconstruction of the Celsus library in Ephesus, Turkey.


Question: What is this place named after?

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Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). The Arch of Hadrian is an ancient Roman structure in Jerash, Jordan. It is an 11-metre high triple-arched gateway erected to honor the visit of Roman Emperor Hadrian to the city (then called Gerasa) in the winter of 129–130. The arch originally stood to almost 22 m and probably had wooden doors. It features some unconventional, possibly Nabataean, architectural features, such as acanthus bases. The columns are decorated with capitals at the bottom rather than the top. The monument served both as a commemorative arch and as an approach to Gerasa. The Arch's relative remoteness from the city walls points.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). to a plan for southward expansion of Gerasa during its heyday. The expansion, however, has not been implemented.## Description.In 2005, the arch was under restoration. Reconstruction was completed in 2007 and the arch is now roughly 21 meters high (about 36 feet), 37.45 meters long, and 9.25 meters wide. Each face of the arch has four engaged columns standing on pedestals and bases. Each pedestal is 2.20 meters high, 2.25 meters wide and 1.20 meters deep. The base of each column is topped by a row of acanthus leaves.There are three vaulted passageways on the lower level and each of.

Arch of Hadrian (Jerash). these is flanked by two columns with Corinthian capitals. The two flanked archways are topped with niches. Each niche is on top of a small entablature, which stands on two pilasters crowned with capitals.The arch was crowned with an attic, which might have held a dedicatory inscription. The lower part of the attic was decorated with a frieze of acanthus leaves and the central part was crowned with a triangular cornice.## Inscription.There was a marble "tabula ansata" panel that was 1.03 meters in height and 7.14 meters in width, with letters 12–13 cm tall.List of Roman triumphal archesArch of Hadrian.


Question: What is the weight of a male of this bird in kilogram?

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Wandering albatross. The length of the body is about 107 to 135 (cm) with females being slightly smaller than males. Adults can weigh from 5.9 to 12.7 (kg), although most will weigh 6.35 to 11.91 (kg). On Macquarie Island, three males averaged 8.4 (kg) and three females averaged 6.2 (kg). In the Crozet Islands, males averaged 9.44 (kg) while females averaged 7.84 (kg). However, 10 unsexed adults from the Crozets averaged 9.6 (kg). On South Georgia, 52 males were found to average 9.11 (kg) while 53 females were found to average 7.27 (kg). Immature birds have been recorded weighing as much as.


Question: What is the immediately prior item that this town follows in a series?

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Tsumago-juku. Castle (妻籠城) is nothing but a few ruins today. During the Edo period, however, its mountaintop location gave it wonderful views of both Tsumago-juku and Midono-juku. It served as the site of a large battle in 1584 and was dismantled in the early 17th century, as a result of the Genna era's "one country, one castle" rule.Rurisan Kōtoku-ji Temple (光徳寺), with its white walls and stone base, rises one story above the area's buildings. Founded in 1500, its main deity was added in 1599, and is notable for its Nightingale floors and a 500-year-old weeping cherry tree out front.Perhaps its.

Tsumago-juku. most interesting aspect, however, is the restored row of houses along the former post road. Most were houses built for common people in the mid-18th century, with shops and inns for travelers along the Nakasendō.A quiet portion of the original highway has been preserved between Tsumago and Magome, the next post town (also restored). It provides for a pleasant walk through the forests and past a waterfall. Also, so guests do not have to walk the path twice to return to the beginning of the hike, bus service is provided between the two ends of the road.Nakasendō & KisojiMidono-juku -.


Question: How many days does the gestation of this animal take?

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Gray fox. lice, nematodes, and tapeworms. In the United States, the most common parasite of the gray fox is a flea ("Pulex simulans"); however, several new parasitic arthropods were found in populations in central Mexico, and a warming climate may encourage them to migrate north.## Hunting.Gray foxes are hunted in the U.S. The intensity of the hunting has correlated with the value of their pelts. Between the 1970–1971 and 1975–1976 hunting seasons, the price of gray fox pelts greatly increased and the number of individuals hunted jumped over six-fold from 26,109 to 163,458.## Subspecies.There are 16 subspecies recognized for the gray fox."Urocyon.


Question: Which building or structure has been replaced by the building in the image?

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Palais de Chaillot. The Palais de Chaillot () is a building at the top of the in the Trocadéro area in the 16th "arrondissement" of Paris, France.For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old 1878 Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt to create the Palais de Chaillot. It was designed in classicising "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. The Palais consists of two separate wings shaped to form a wide arc, which are those of the former building with new taller portions built in front. The pair of larger central pavilions are also those of.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Acer pensylvanicum. Acer pensylvanicum, known as the striped maple, moosewood, moose maple or goosefoot maple, is a small North American species of maple. The striped maple is a sequential hermaphrodite, meaning that it can change its sex throughout its lifetime.## Description.The striped maple is a small deciduous tree growing to 5 – 10 (m) tall, with a trunk up to 20 (cm) in diameter.The shape of the tree is broadly columnar, with a short, forked trunk that divides into arching branches which create an uneven, flat-topped crown.The young bark is striped with green and white, and when a little older, brown.The leaves.

Acer pensylvanicum. are broad and soft, 8 – 15 (cm) long and 6 – 12 (cm) broad, with three shallow forward-pointing lobes.The fruit is a samara; the seeds are about 27 (mm) long and 11 (mm) broad, with a wing angle of 145° and a conspicuously veined pedicel.The bloom period for Acer pensylvanicum is around late spring.The spelling "pensylvanicum" is the one originally used by Linnaeus.Small, finger-diameter sections of branches can be used to make whistles due to the ability to lightly bruise the bark, slip it off the wood, carve the whistle hollow and airflow channel into the wood, and slip.

Acer pensylvanicum. the tube of bark back on.## Distribution.The natural range of the striped maple extends from Nova Scotia and the Gaspe Peninsula of Quebec, west to southern Ontario, Michigan, and Saskatchewan; south to northeastern Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, and along the Appalachian Mountains as far south as northern Georgia.## Ecology.Moosewood is an understory tree of cool, moist forests, often preferring slopes. It is among the most shade-tolerant of deciduous trees, capable of germinating and persisting for years as a small understory shrub, then growing rapidly to its full height when a gap opens up. However, it does not grow high.

Acer pensylvanicum. enough to become a canopy tree, and once the gap above it closes through succession, it responds by flowering and fruiting profusely, and to some degree spreading by vegetative reproduction.Mammals such as moose, deer, beavers, and rabbits eat the bark, particularly during the winter. Interactive Distribution Map of "Acer pensylvanicum" NRCS: United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile and map: "Acer pennsylvanicum.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Saxon Railway Museum. The Saxon Railway Museum ("Sächsisches Eisenbahnmuseum" or "SEM") is located in Chemnitz, in the state of Saxony, eastern Germany. It is situated on the site of the former locomotive depot ("Bahnbetriebswerk" or "Bw") for goods train locomotives in the district Hilbersdorf.After the locomotive depot was closed in 1992, the society moved into the buildings which were protected as historical monuments. As a result, the museum has two roundhouses with 20 (m) turntables. In addition there are coaling and sanding facilities, water cranes, a working jack for inspection pits and a range of other equipment found in an operational depot.The exhibition.

Saxon Railway Museum. locomotives. The SEM, together with the Museum of Technology Cable Running System, are also known as "Schauplatz Eisenbahn" (both located in Hilbersdorf). This new technical museum area is the largest one in Germany. ## Literature.Egon Kretzschmar: "Die Bahnbetriebswerke in Chemnitz/Karl-Marx-Stadt" Bildverlag Böttger, Witzschdorf 2003 "(German)"Website of the Saxon Railway Museum.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this object?

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Thermostat. a mercury thermostat to regulate the temperature of a chicken incubator. This is one of the first recorded feedback-controlled devices.Modern thermostat control was developed in the 1830s by Andrew Ure (1778–1857), a Scottish chemist, who invented the bi-metallic thermostat. The textile mills of the time needed a constant and steady temperature to operate optimally, so to achieve this Ure designed the bimetallic thermostat, which would bend as one of the metals expanded in response to the increased temperature and cut off the energy supply.Warren S. Johnson (1847–1911) of Wisconsin patented a bi-metal room thermostat in 1883, and two years later.

Thermostat. a heating or cooling system via a series of air-filled control tubes. This "control air" system responds to the pressure changes (due to temperature) in the control tube to activate heating or cooling when required. The control air typically is maintained on "mains" at 15-18 psi (although usually operable up to 20 psi). Pneumatic thermostats typically provide output/ branch/ post-restrictor (for single-pipe operation) pressures of 3-15 psi which is piped to the end device (valve/ damper actuator/ pneumatic-electric switch, etc.).The pneumatic thermostat was invented by Warren Johnson in 1895 soon after he invented the electric thermostat. In 2009, Harry Sim.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Anatinae. The Anatinae are a subfamily of the family Anatidae (swans, geese and ducks). Its surviving members are the dabbling ducks, which feed mainly at the surface rather than by diving. The other members of the Anatinae are the extinct moa-nalo, a young but highly apomorphic lineage derived from the dabbling ducks.There has been much debate about the systematical status and which ducks belong to the Anatinae. Some taxonomic authorities only include the dabbling ducks and their close relatives, the extinct moa-nalos. Alternatively, the Anatinae are considered to include most "ducks", and the dabbling ducks form a tribe Anatini within these.

Anatinae. The classification as presented here more appropriately reflects the remaining uncertainty about the interrelationships of the major lineages of Anatidae (waterfowl).## Systematics.The dabbling duck group, of worldwide distribution, was delimited in a 1986 study to include eight genera and some 50–60 living species. However, Salvadori's teal is almost certainly closely related to the pink-eared duck, and other genera are likewise of unresolved affiliation. The peculiar marbled duck, formerly tentatively assigned to the dabbling ducks, is thought to be a diving duck or even a distinct subfamily.This group of ducks has been so named because its members feed mainly on vegetable.

Anatinae. matter by upending on the water surface, or grazing, and only rarely diving. These are mostly gregarious ducks of freshwater or estuaries. These birds are strong fliers and northern species are highly migratory. Compared to other types of duck, their legs are located more towards the centre of their bodies. They walk well on land, and some species feed terrestrially."Puddle ducks" generally feed on the surface of the water or feed on very shallow bottoms. They are not equipped to dive down several feet like their diving counterparts. The most prominent difference between puddle ducks and divers are the size.

Anatinae. of the feet. A puddle duck's feet are generally smaller because they do not need the extra propulsion to dive for their forage.Another distinguishing characteristic of puddle ducks when compared to diving ducks is the way in which they take flight when spooked or are on the move. Puddle ducks spring straight up from the water, but diving ducks need to gain momentum to take off, so they must run across the water a short distance to gain flight.## History of classification.Traditionally, most ducks were assigned to either the shelducks, the perching ducks, and the dabbling and diving ducks; the.

Anatinae. latter two were presumed to make up the Anatinae. However, the perching ducks turned out to be a paraphyletic assemblage of various tropical waterfowl that happened to evolve the ability to perch well in their forested habitat. Several of these, such as the Brazilian teal, were subsequently assigned to the Anatinae.As for the diving ducks, mtDNA cytochrome "b" and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequence data indicates that they are fairly distant from the dabbling ducks. The morphological similarities are due to convergent evolution.In addition, the genus "Anas", as traditionally defined, is not monophyletic; several South American species belong to a.

Anatinae. distinct clade which would include the "Tachyeres" steamer-ducks. Other species, such as the Baikal teal, should also be considered distinct.## Genera.The following genera are (with one exception) unequivocal dabbling ducks:"Amazonetta" – status not fully resolved, most likely a dabbling duck"Sibirionetta" – Baikal teal"Spatula""Mareca""Lophonetta" – crested duck"Speculanas" –bronze-winged duck"Anas"The three known genera and four known species of moa-nalos all became extinct around AD 1000. They formerly occurred on the Hawaiian Islands and were derived from dabbling ducks, possibly even from a close ancestor of the mallard:"Chelychelynechen""Thambetochen""Ptaiochen"Subfossil remains of a small, flightless dabbling duck have been recovered on Rota in the Mariana.

Anatinae. Islands. These cannot be assigned to a known genus, but probably are closest to "Anas". A most bizarre duck-like bird, "Talpanas lippa" has been found on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. Because of its unique apomorphies (it seems to have had small eyes high and far back on its head), the placement of this anatid is likewise unresolved; only dabbling ducks and true geese are with certainty known to have colonized the Hawaiian archipelago.Another bizarre insular anatine was "Bambolinetta" from the Late Miocene of Tuscana, then part of the Tuscano-Sardinian insular landmass. Flightless or at least a poor flyer, it.

Anatinae. instead shows adaptations for wing-propelled diving, occupying a similar ecological niche to that of penguins and plotopterids.Frequently placed into the Anatinae are these genera, whose relationships must be considered uncertain at present:†"Chenoanas"?†"Dunstanetta" (Johnstone's duck)†"Lavadytis" †"Pinpanetta"†"Tirarinetta""Oxyurini" (stiff-tailed ducks)"Heteronetta" (black-headed duck)"Nomonyx" (masked duck)"Oxyura" "Biziura" – Oxyurini?"Aix" – Tadorninae?"Cairina" – may be paraphyletic, with one species in Tadorninae and the other closer to diving ducks"Callonetta" – Tadorninae?"Chenonetta" – Tadorninae?"Pteronetta" – may belong into a distinct clade with "Cyanochen""Nettapus" – part of ancient Gondwanan lineage?"Mergini" - (seaducks)†"Chendytes"†"Shiriyanetta" "Polysticta""Somateria""Histrionicus"†"Camptorhynchus" "Melanitta""Clangula""Bucephala""Mergellus"?"Lophodytes"?"Mergus"?On the other hand, the following genera, usually considered to belong into the Tadorninae, may actually.

Anatinae. be dabbling ducks:"Sarkidiornis""Tachyeres.


Question: What country does this aircraft belong to?

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Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Dornier Flugzeugwerke was a German aircraft manufacturer founded in Friedrichshafen in 1914 by Claude Dornier. Over the course of its long lifespan, the company produced many designs for both the civil and military markets.## History.Originally Dornier Metallbau, Dornier Flugzeugwerke took over Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen production facilities (Weingarten, Warnemünde, and the former Zeppelin shed at Manzell) when it failed in 1923.Dornier was well known between the two world wars as a manufacturer of large, all-metal flying boats and of land based airliners. The record-breaking 1924 Wal () was used on many long distance flights and the Do X set records for its.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. immense size and weight. Dornier's successful landplane airliners, including the Komet ("Comet") and Merkur ("Mercury"), were used by Lufthansa and other European carriers during the 1920s and early 30s. Dornier built its aircraft outside Germany during much of this period due to the restrictions placed on German aircraft manufacturers by the Treaty of Versailles: locations included Altenrhein, Switzerland, 12 km from Zeppelin's Lindau (Bodensee) location. Foreign factories licence-building Dornier products included CMASA and Piaggio in Italy, CASA in Spain, Kawasaki in Japan, and Aviolanda in the Netherlands. Once the Nazi government came to power and abandoned the treaty's restrictions, Dornier.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. resumed production in Germany.The success of the Wal family encouraged the development of derivatives, and of more advanced successors, such as the Do 18, and Do 24 which saw service in several armed forces, including German, into World War II.Dornier's most important World War II military aircraft design was the Do 17, nicknamed "The Flying Pencil". It first flew in 1934 as a mailplane for Lufthansa but due to its narrow fuselage (hence its nickname) it was not commercially viable and was passed over. Dornier then developed it further as a military aircraft, with a prototype bomber flying in 1935,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. and in 1937 it was used in by the German Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. Production continued in Germany and it was developed to fill multiple roles for the Luftwaffe. As a medium bomber it saw service during the early part of World War II, particularly during the Battle of Britain. It was later developed into a nightfighter to counter the RAF bomber offensive. Dornier developed the similar looking Do 217 from the Do 17 but it was a larger and completely new design. Dornier also developed the fastest piston-engined fighter of the war, the twin-engined Do 335,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. which was too late to see service.After WWII, aircraft production was again forbidden in Germany, and Dornier relocated to Spain and then to Switzerland where the firm provided aeronautical consultancy services until returning to Germany in 1954. Post-war, Dornier re-established itself with successful STOL Do 27 and Do 28 utility planes. In 1974 it joined a joint venture with French aircraft manufacturers Dassault-Breguet to develop the Alpha Jet.In 1983, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) acquired a production licence for the Dornier 228 and manufactured the aircraft for the Asian market. By 2013 a total of 117 Dornier 228 aircraft had been.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. produced by HAL with plans to build 20 more during 2013-14.In 1985, Dornier became a member of the Daimler-Benz group, integrating its aeronautic assets with the parent company. As part of this transaction, Lindauer Dornier GmbH was spun off, creating a separate, family-owned firm, concentrating on textile machinery design and manufacturing. The rest of the company was split into several subsidiaries for defence, satellites, medtech and aircraft.In 1996, the majority of Dornier Aircraft was acquired by Fairchild Aircraft, forming Fairchild Dornier. This company became insolvent in early 2002. Production of its 328 Jet was acquired by US company Avcraft. Asian.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. groups continued to show interest in its 728 version in August 2004, but production was not restarted. Dornier 228 production was taken over by Swiss manufacturer RUAG, who then sold it off to General Atomics in 2020. Other subsidiaries became part of the EADS.The medtech division was sold to an investment company and now bears the name Dornier MedTech. Dornier Medtech manufactures medical equipment, such as the "Dornier S lithotriptor", HM3, Compact Delta to treat kidney stones. Dornier MedTech also manufactures laser devices for a wide range of applications.## Dornier Seaplane Company.The Dornier family have a spin-off company and project,.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. the Dornier Seastar. It is a turboprop-powered amphibious aircraft built largely of composite materials. This was developed by , and later by his son Cornado by Dornier Seawings.## Dornier Technologie.Claude's grandson, , founded Dornier Technologie in 1996 to manufacture the Dornier S-Ray 007. Dornier Gs Precursor to Wal destroyed by Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control (1919) Dornier Do A Libelle (I 1921, III redesignated Do 12) Dornier Spatz Landplane version of Do A (1922) Dornier Do B Merkur Development of Do C (1926) Dornier Do C Komet (I 1921, II 1922, III 1926) Dornier Do C 2, 3, 4 Fighter.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. unrelated to earlier Do C, redesignated Do 10 (C 2 ?, C 3 1931, C 4 1932) Dornier Do D (1929) Dornier Do E (1924) Dornier Do F (1932, redesignated Do 11, 13, 23) Dornier Do G "Grief" (Cancelled 1920 project) Dornier Do H "Falke" (1922 development of Dornier-Zeppelin D.I) Dornier Do I (1923 twin engine long range reconnaissance aircraft) Dornier Do J Wal (1922) Dornier Do K (K 1 1929, K 2 1929, K 3 1931) Dornier Do L Delphin (I 1920, II 1921, III 1927) Dornier Do N Design for Japanese as Kawasaki Ka 87 (1926) Dornier Do.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. O Wal Custom built version of Do J (1924) Dornier Do P (1930) Dornier Do R.2 and R.4 Superwal (1924) Dornier Do S (1930) Dornier Do T (Komet/Merkur converted to Air Ambulance) Dornier Do U (Cancelled civil variant of Do Y) Dornier Do X (1929) Dornier Do Y (1930, redesignated Do 15)## Dornier aircraft projects.## Letter designations (before 1933).Additional unbuilt projects include 3 different Schneider Trophy racers from 1924, 1928 and 1931 and a large multi-engine seaplane similar to the Do X with engines buried in the wings. Dornier Do 10 Dornier Do 11 Dornier Do 12 Dornier Do 13.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Do 27 Dornier Do 27 Dornier Do 28 - developed from Do 27 Dornier Do 29 Dornier Do 31 Dornier Do 32 Dornier 128 Dornier Do 132 Dornier 228 - developed from Do 28 Dornier Do 231 Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet Dornier 328 Fairchild Dornier 328JET Fairchild Dornier 428JET Fairchild Dornier 728 family Dornier Aerodyne Dornier Seawings Seastar Dornier S-Ray 007 Dornier LA-2000 (Study for a stealth strike aircraft with full delta wing similar to A-12 Avenger) Dornier Delta Dornier Delta II, developed for Hymer## Dornier Faint Object Camera.Dornier GmbH built the Faint Object Camera for the Hubble Space Telescope, which.

Dornier Flugzeugwerke. was used from 1990 to 2002. The ESA funded the unit, which actually consists of two complete and independent camera systems designed to provide extremely high resolution, exceeding 0.05 arcseconds. It is designed to view very faint UV light from 115 to 650 nanometers in wavelength. It was the last original instrument on the Hubble when it was replaced by the Advanced Camera for Surveys in 2002. Dornier Viper AMC-5 (satellite) Project 621 (rocket)Dornier Museum FriedrichshafenList of RLM aircraft designationsZündapp Janus DFW's Web Page Dornier Museum Friedrichshafen.


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Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (also known as the Seven Wonders of the World or simply the Seven Wonders) is a list of seven notable structures present during classical antiquity. The first known list of seven wonders dates back to the 2nd–1st century BC.While the entries have varied over the centuries, the seven traditional wonders are the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Using modern-day countries, two of the wonders were located.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. in Greece, two in Turkey, two in Egypt, and one in Iraq. Of the seven wonders, only the Pyramid of Giza, which is also by far the oldest of the wonders, still remains standing, with the others being destroyed over the centuries. There is scholarly debate over the exact nature of the Hanging Gardens, and there is doubt as to whether they existed at all. ## Background.Alexander the Great's conquest of much of the western world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians. Impressed and captivated by the landmarks.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. including six of the present list (substituting the walls of Babylon for the Lighthouse of Alexandria):Another 2nd century BC writer, who, perhaps dubiously, identified himself as Philo of Byzantium, wrote a short account entitled "The Seven Sights of the World". The surviving manuscript is incomplete, missing its last pages. Still, from the preamble text, we can conclude that the list of seven sights exactly matches Antipater's (the preamble mentions the location of Halicarnassus, but the pages describing the seventh wonder, presumably the Mausoleum, are missing).Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus ( BC– BC) and the poet Callimachus of.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. with the exceptions being the Pyramids of Giza and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.## Influence.## Arts and architecture.The seven wonders on Antipater's list won praises for their notable features, ranging from superlatives of the highest or largest of their types, to the artistry with which they were executed. Their architectural and artistic features were imitated throughout the Hellenistic world and beyond.The Greek influence in Roman culture, and the revival of Greco-Roman artistic styles during the Renaissance caught the imagination of European artists and travellers. Paintings and sculptures alluding to Antipater's list were made, while significant numbers of adventurers travelled to.


Question: Which protected area is this building usually located in?

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Old Courthouse (St. Louis). The Old St. Louis County Courthouse was built as a combination federal and state courthouse in St. Louis, Missouri. Missouri's tallest habitable building from 1864 to 1894, it is now part of Gateway Arch National Park and operated by the National Park Service for historical exhibits and events.## History.Land for the courthouse was donated in 1816 by Judge John Baptiste Charles Lucas and St. Louis founder Auguste Chouteau. Lucas and Chouteau required the land be "used forever as the site on which the courthouse of the County of St. Louis should be erected." The Federal style courthouse was completed in.

Old Courthouse (St. Louis). around the courthouse in the center of St. Louis for the new Gateway Arch National Park, which was then known as Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. President Franklin Roosevelt declared in an Executive Order the area would be a national monument and landscape design, sidewalks and other infrastructure was added. The courthouse formally became part of the new monument area in 1940. Replaced in 1941, the roof was renovated in 1955, 1985 and 2010. The National Park Service maintains four history galleries on St. Louis and NPS offices within. The courthouse once had up to 12 courtrooms, but now there are.


Question: Which city or region does this lake locate in?

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Pfäffikersee. Pfäffikersee (or "Lake Pfäffikon") is a lake in the canton of Zürich, Switzerland, near the town of Pfäffikon. It is 2.5 km long and 1.3 km wide at the middle. The lake was created in the last ice age when a moraine blocked off the ability for the lake to empty north towards Winterthur. There is also a hiking trail around the lake that people often bike and walk on, and the area is considered protected lands, among them the "Robenhauser Ried" and the prehistoric settlement Wetzikon–Robenhausen, discovered and researched by Jakob Messikommer (1828–1917), which became a serial site of.

Pfäffikersee. the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps". In Roman era, along "Pfäffikersee" there was a Roman road from the "vicus Centum Prata" (Kempraten) on Obersee–Lake Zürich via "Vitudurum" (Oberwinterthur) to "Tasgetium" (Eschenz) to the Rhine. To secure this important transport route, the Irgenhausen Castrum was built.List of lakes of SwitzerlandWaterlevels of Pfäffikersee at Pfäffikon.


Question: Who is the main building contractor of this building?

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30 St Mary Axe. Tower were dropped, 30 St Mary Axe was designed by Norman Foster and the Arup Group. It was erected by Skanska; construction started in 2001.The building has become a recognisable landmark of London, and it is one of the city's most widely recognised examples of contemporary architecture. It won the 2003 Emporis Skyscraper Award.## Site and early plans.The building stands on the site of the former Baltic Exchange (24–28 St Mary Axe), which was the headquarters of a global marketplace for shipping freight contracts and soft commodities, and the Chamber of Shipping (30–32 St Mary Axe). The tower's topmost panoramic.

30 St Mary Axe. Barclays' former city headquarters in Lombard Street, the idea was that the passer-by in neighbouring streets would be nearly oblivious to the tower's existence until directly underneath it.## Design and construction.The building was constructed by Skanska, completed in December 2003 and opened on 28 April 2004. The primary occupant of the building is Swiss Re, a global reinsurance company, which had the building commissioned as the head office for its UK operation. The tower is thus sometimes known as the Swiss Re Building, although this name has never been official and was never in popular usage anyway, unlike the Gherkin.

30 St Mary Axe. Engineers examined the other 744 glass panels on the building. The cost of repair was covered by main contractor Skanska and curtain-wall supplier Schmidlin (now called Schmidlin-TSK AG). The open-floor ventilation system did not operate as designed due to tenants adding glass partitions to increase security.Since its completion, the building has won a number of awards for architecture. In October 2004, the architect was awarded the 2004 Stirling Prize. For the first time in the prize's history, the judges were unanimous. In December 2005, a survey of the world's largest firms of architects published in "2006 BD World Architecture 200.


Question: What product does this object produce?

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Macramé. Macramé is a form of textile produced using knotting (rather than weaving or knitting) techniques.The primary knots of macramé are the square (or reef knot) and forms of "hitching": various combinations of half hitches. It was long crafted by sailors, especially in elaborate or ornamental knotting forms, to cover anything from knife handles to bottles to parts of ships.Cavandoli macramé is one variety that is used to form geometric and free-form patterns like weaving. The Cavandoli style is done mainly in a single knot, the double half-hitch knot. Reverse half hitches are sometimes used to maintain balance when working left.

Macramé. and right halves of a balanced piece.Leather or fabric belts are another accessory often created via macramé techniques. Most friendship bracelets exchanged among schoolchildren and teens are created using this method. Vendors at theme parks, malls, seasonal fairs and other public places may sell macramé jewelry or decoration as well.## History.One of the earliest recorded uses of macramé-style knots as decoration appeared in the carvings of the Babylonians and Assyrians. Fringe-like plaiting and braiding adorned the costumes of the time and were captured in their stone statuary.Arab weavers knotted excess thread along the edges of hand-loomed fabrics such as towels,.

Macramé. shawls, and veils into decorative fringes. The word "macramé" is derived from the Arabic "macramia" (), believed to mean "striped towel", "ornamental fringe" or "embroidered veil". Another school of thought indicates that it comes from Turkish "makrama", "napkin" or "towel". The decorative fringes also helped to keep flies off camels and horses in northern Africa.The Moorish conquest took the craft to Spain, then Italy, especially in the region of Liguria, then it spread through Europe. In England, it was introduced at the court of Mary II in the late 17th century. Queen Mary taught it to her ladies-in-waiting.Macramé was most.

Macramé. popular in the Victorian era. It adorned most homes in items such as tablecloths, bedspreads and curtains. The popular "Sylvia's Book of Macramé Lace" (1882) showed how "to work rich trimmings for black and coloured costumes, both for home wear, garden parties, seaside ramblings, and balls—fairylike adornments for household and underlinens ...".It was a specialty in Genoa, and was popular in the 19th century. There, "Its roots were in a 16th-century technique of knotting lace known as "punto a groppo"" Sailors made macramé objects while not busy at sea, and sold or bartered them when they landed. Nineteenth-century British and.

Macramé. American sailors made hammocks, bell fringes, and belts from macramé. They called the process "square knotting" after the knot they used most often. Sailors also called macramé "McNamara's lace".Macramé's popularity faded, but resurged in the 1970s for making wall hangings, clothing accessories, small jean shorts, bedspreads, tablecloths, draperies, plant hangers and other furnishings. Macramé jewelry became popular in America. Using mainly square knots and granny knots, this jewelry often features handmade glass beads and natural elements such as bone and shell. Necklaces, anklets and bracelets have become popular forms of macramé jewelry. By the early 1980s, macramé again began to.

Macramé. fall out of fashion, only to be revived by millennials.## Materials and process.Materials used in macramé include cords made of cotton twine, linen, hemp, jute, leather or yarn. Cords are identified by construction, such as a 3-ply cord, made of three lengths of fibre twisted together. Jewelry is often made in combination of both the knots and various beads (of glass, wood, and so on), pendants or shells. Sometimes 'found' focal points are used for necklaces, such as rings or gemstones, either wire-wrapped to allow for securing or captured in a net-like array of intertwining overhand knots. A knotting board.

Macramé. is often used to mount the cords for macramé work. Cords may be held in place using a C-clamp, straight pins, T-pins, U-pins, or upholstery pins.For larger decorative pieces, such as wall hangings or window coverings, a work of macramé might be started out on a wooden or metal dowel, allowing for a spread of dozens of cords that are easy to manipulate. For smaller projects, push-pin boards are available specifically for macramé, although a simple corkboard works adequately. Many craft stores offer beginners' kits, work boards, beads and materials ranging in price for the casual hobbyist or ambitious crafter.


Question: What is the source that produces this material?

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Tortoiseshell. Tortoiseshell or tortoise shell is a material produced from the shells of the larger species of tortoise and turtle, mainly the hawksbill sea turtle, which is a critically endangered species according to the IUCN Red List largely because of its exploitation for this trade. The large size, fine color, and unusual form of the hawksbill's scutes make it especially suitable. The distinctive patterning is referred to in names such as the tortoiseshell cat, several breeds of guinea pig, and the common names of several species of the butterfly genera "Nymphalis" and "Aglais", and some other uses.## Uses.Tortoiseshell was widely used.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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Striped bark scorpion. The striped bark scorpion (Centruroides vittatus) is an extremely common scorpion found throughout the midsection of the United States and northern Mexico. It is perhaps the most frequently encountered scorpion in the U.S.## Appearance.A medium-sized scorpion that is rarely longer than 70 mm (up to around 2 3/4 in), the striped bark scorpion is a uniform pale-yellow scorpion that can be identified by two dark, longitudinal stripes on its carapace, with a dark triangle above the ocular tubercle. Minor variations on this theme occur, however; specimens that are lighter-colored and lack the characteristic stripes have been described as separate species.

Striped bark scorpion. like microphyllous desertic brushwood or other classifications.## Behavior.While placement in the genus "Centruroides" implies this species is a semi-arboreal one, the striped bark scorpion spends a substantial amount of its time on the ground; and can be found under rock and surface debris, within vegetation, and in weathered rural structures such as old sheds and barns during the day. The terrestrial preferences of this species carry into the night hours, when the scorpion emerges from its temporal shelter at or after sunset to forage for potential prey. Juveniles, however, spend a substantial amount of time in vegetation, likely to avoid.

Striped bark scorpion. IgE immunoblots reveal that nine of these proteins elicit an IgE-mediated immune response, which is known to be consistent with a hypersensitive reaction. In addition, Api-Zym and radial diffusion assays show that "C. vittatus" venom contains the enzymes alkaline phosphatase, esterase, esterase lipase, acid phosphatase, and phospholipase A.While a "C. vittatus" sting is not typically deadly, and signs such as swelling can be treated using an ice pack, several other species from the genus "Centruroides" can have a deadly sting and medical attention should be sought immediately. Arizona bark scorpion Video of C. vittatus in Texas.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Insect. ago in the Triassic period, but achieved their wide diversity more recently in the Cenozoic era, which began 66 million years ago. Some highly successful insect groups evolved in conjunction with flowering plants, a powerful illustration of coevolution.## Internal phylogeny.The internal phylogeny is based on the works of Sroka, Staniczek & Bechly 2014, Prokop et al. 2017 and Wipfler et al. 2019.## Taxonomy.Traditional morphology-based or appearance-based systematics have usually given the Hexapoda the rank of superclass, and identified four groups within it: insects (Ectognatha), springtails (Collembola), Protura, and Diplura, the latter three being grouped together as the Entognatha on the.

Insect. basis of internalized mouth parts. Supraordinal relationships have undergone numerous changes with the advent of methods based on evolutionary history and genetic data. A recent theory is that the Hexapoda are polyphyletic (where the last common ancestor was not a member of the group), with the entognath classes having separate evolutionary histories from the Insecta. Many of the traditional appearance-based taxa are paraphyletic, so rather than using ranks like subclass, superorder, and infraorder, it has proved better to use monophyletic groupings (in which the last common ancestor is a member of the group). The following represents the best-supported monophyletic groupings.


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

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Sacred Heart Cathedral (Guangzhou). the clock tower was ordered from a Chinese clock factory.## Mass times.Weekdays: 06:45 (Cantonese)Saturday: 06:45 (Cantonese), 16:00 (Korean), 19:30 (Mandarin)Sunday: 07:00 (Cantonese), 08:30 (Cantonese), 10:30 (Mandarin), 15:30 (English) Christianity & Catholicism in China Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou List of Catholic cathedrals in China.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

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Lycaena hyllus. Lycaena hyllus, the bronze copper, is a butterfly of the lycaenids family found in North America.## Description.The upperside has a brown background with golden zig-zag borders along the margins of the hindwings. Females have lighter areas in the forewings with several dark spots within the lighter areas. The undersides are primarily white with dark spots and underlying orange areas. The wingspan is 23 to 38 mm.## Range.It is widespread from Alberta to northern Nevada in the west through to the east coasts of Canada and the United States. This butterfly's range is similar to that of the "Lycaena heteronea", especially.

Lycaena hyllus. in Alberta. It is listed as a species of special concern in the US state of Connecticut.## Host plants.Their hosts are plants of the family Polygonaceae, especially Water dock and curled dock.## Adult plants.Adults have been observed feeding from blackberry and red clover. "Lycaena" at Markku Savela's website on Lepidoptera.


Question: In which year was this item invented or discovered?

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Electric motor. issues. As no electricity distribution system was available at the time, no practical commercial market emerged for these motors.After many other more or less successful attempts with relatively weak rotating and reciprocating apparatus Prussian/Russian Moritz von Jacobi created the first real rotating electric motor in May 1834. It developed remarkable mechanical output power. His motor set a world record, which Jacobi improved four years later in September 1838. His second motor was powerful enough to drive a boat with 14 people across a wide river. It was also in 1839/40 that other developers managed to build motors with similar and.


Question: What product does this tunnel produce?

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Shaft sinking. Shaft mining or shaft sinking is the action of excavating a mine shaft from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom. Shallow shafts, typically sunk for civil engineering projects, differ greatly in execution method from deep shafts, typically sunk for mining projects.Shaft sinking is one of the most difficult of all mine development methods: restricted space, gravity, groundwater and specialized procedures make the task quite formidable. Shafts may be sunk by conventional drill and blast or mechanised means.Historically, mine shaft sinking has been among the most dangerous of all the mining occupations and the preserve.

Shaft sinking. of mining contractors called sinkers. Today shaft sinking contractors are concentrated in Canada, Germany, China and South Africa.The modern shaft sinking industry is gradually shifting further towards greater mechanisation, recent innovations in the form of full-face shaft boring (akin to a vertical tunnel boring machine) have shown promise but the use of this method is, as of 2019, not widespread.## Mine shafts.Mine shafts are vertical or near-vertical tunnels, which are "sunk" as a means of accessing an underground ore body, during of the development of an underground mine.The shape (in plan view), dimensions and depth of mine shafts vary greatly.

Shaft sinking. in response to the specific needs of the mine they are part of and the geology they are sunk through. For example, in North and South America, smaller shafts are designed to be rectangular in plan view with timber supports. Larger shafts are round in plan and are concrete lined.Mine shafts may be used for a variety of purposes, including as a means of escape in the event of an emergency underground and allowing for the movement of: People Materials Mine services (such as compressed air, water, backfill, power, communications and fuel) Ventilation air Broken rock (in the form of.

Shaft sinking. payable ore, or non payable waste) Or any combination of the aboveWhen the top of the excavation is the ground surface, it is referred to as a "shaft"; when the top of the excavation is underground, it is called a "winze" or a "sub-shaft". Small shafts may be excavated upwards from within an existing mine as long as there is access at the bottom, in which case they are called "raises".A shaft may be either vertical or inclined (between 80 and 90 degrees to the horizontal), although most modern mine shafts are vertical. If access exists at the bottom of.

Shaft sinking. the proposed shaft, and ground conditions allow, then raise boring may be used to excavate the shaft from the bottom up; such shafts are called "borehole shafts".Following the Hartley Colliery disaster where the single shaft at the mine became blocked, the United Kingdom made single shaft mines illegal in 1862, establishing the practice that all underground mines must have a "a second means of egress". Many other global mining jurisdictions have adopted this rule and shafts are therefore often found in pairs (although there are multiple alternative methods of providing a second means of egress).The current the deepest single lift.

Shaft sinking. (i.e. continuous) mine shaft in the world is the 2991m deep, main shaft at South Deep Mine in South Africa, owned by Gold Fields Limited, which, along with its twin ventilation shafts, took ten years to sink and equip.## Parts of a mine shaft.The most visible feature of a traditionally-built mine shaft is the headframe (or winding tower, poppet head or pit head) which stands above the shaft. Depending on the type of hoist (or winder) used, the top of the headframe will either house a hoist motor or a sheave wheel (with the hoist motor mounted on the ground).

Shaft sinking. The headframe will also typically contain bins for storing ore being transferred to the processing facility.At ground level beneath and around the headframe is the Shaft Collar (also called the Bank or Deck), which provides the foundation necessary to support the weight of the headframe and provides a means for workers, materials and services to enter and exit the shaft. Collars are usually massive reinforced concrete structures with more than one level. If the shaft is used for mine ventilation, a plenum space or casing is incorporated into the collar to ensure the proper flow of air into and out.

Shaft sinking. of the mine.Beneath the collar the part of the shaft which continues into the ground is called the "shaft barrel".At locations where the shaft barrel meets horizontal workings there is a "shaft station" (or inset) which allows men, materials and services to enter and exit the shaft. From the station tunnels (drifts, galleries or levels) extend towards the ore body, sometimes for many kilometers. The lowest shaft station is most often the point where rock leaves the mine levels and is transferred to the shaft, if so a "loading pocket" is excavated on one side of the shaft at this.

Shaft sinking. location to allow transfer facilities to be built.Beneath the lowest shaft station the shaft continues on for some distance, this area is referred to as the "shaft bottom". A tunnel called a "ramp" typically connects the bottom of the shaft with the rest of the mine, this ramp often contains the mine's water handling facility, called the "sump", as water will naturally flow to the lowest point in the mine.## Shaft lining.Many (although not all) shafts are lined following excavation and the installation of temporary ground support.The shaft lining performs several functions; it is first and foremost a safety feature.

Shaft sinking. preventing loose or unstable rock from falling into the shaft, then a place for shaft sets to bolt into, and lastly a smooth surface to minimise resistance to airflow for ventilation.Final choice of shaft lining is dependent on the geology of the rock which the shaft passes through, some shafts have several liners sections as required Where shafts are sunk in very competent rock there may be no requirement for lining at all, or just the installation of welded mesh and rock bolts. The material of choice for shaft lining is mass concrete which is poured behind "shaft forms" in.

Shaft sinking. lifts of 6 m as the shaft advances (gets deeper).Shotcrete, fibrecrete, brick, cast iron tubing, and precast concrete segments have all been used at one time or another. Additionally, the use of materials like bitumen and even squash balls have been required by specific circumstances. In extreme cases, particularly when sinking through halite, composite liners consisting of two or more materials may be required.The shaft liner does not reach right to the bottom of the shaft during sinking, but lags behind by a fixed distance. This distance is determined by the methodology of excavation and the design thickness of the.

Shaft sinking. permanent liner. To ensure the safety of persons working on the shaft bottom temporary ground support is installed, usually consisting of welded mesh and rock bolts. The installation of the temporary ground support (called "bolting") is among the most physically challenging parts of the shaft sinking cycle as bolts must be installed using pneumatic powered rock drills.For this reason, and to minimise the number of persons on the shaft bottom a number of projects have successfully switched to shotcrete for this temporary lining. Research and development in this area is focusing on the robotic application of shotcrete and the commercialisation.

Shaft sinking. of thin sprayed polymer liners.## Shaft compartments.Where the shaft is to be used for hoisting it is frequently split into multiple compartments by "shaft sets", these may be made of either timber or steel. Vertical members in a shaft set are called "guides", horizontal members are called "buntons". For steel shaft guides, the main two options are hollow structural sections and top hat sections. Top hat sections offer a number of advantages over hollow structural sections including simpler installation, improved corrosion resistance and increased stiffness. Mine conveyances run on the guides in a similar way to how a steel roller.

Shaft sinking. coaster runs on its rails, both having wheels which keep them securely in place.Some shafts do not use guide beams but instead utilize steel wire rope (called "guide rope") kept in tension by massive weights at shaft bottom called "cheese weights" (because of their resemblance to a truckle or wheel of cheese) as these are easier to maintain and replace.The largest compartment is typically used for the "mine cage", a conveyance used for moving workers and supplies below the surface, which is suspended from the hoist on steel wire rope. It functions in a similar manner to an elevator. Cages.

Shaft sinking. may be single-, double-, or rarely triple-deck, always having multiple redundant safety systems in case of unexpected failure.The second compartment is used for one or more skips, used to hoist ore to the surface. Smaller mining operations use a skip mounted underneath the cage, rather than a separate device, while some large mines have separate shafts for the cage and skips. The third compartment is used for an emergency exit; it may house an auxiliary cage or a system of ladders. An additional compartment houses mine services such as high voltage cables and pipes for transfer of water, compressed air.

Shaft sinking. or diesel fuel.A second reason to divide the shaft is for ventilation. One or more of the compartments discussed above may be used for air intake, while others may be used for exhaust. Where this is the case a steel or concrete wall called a "brattice" is installed between the two compartments to separate the air flow. At many mines there are one or more complete additional separate "auxiliary shafts" with separate head gear and cages.## Shaft construction.The lowest point in a sinking shaft is known as "shaft bottom", shaft projects differ from some other forms of mine development in.

Shaft sinking. that all activities that take place on shaft bottom become part of the critical path for the project schedule. The infrastructure required to sink a shaft is referred to a "the sinking set-up".It is typical for progress (the "sinking rate") in the sinking phase (that is excavation, ground support and lining) of a shaft project to follow a learning curve as the project team repeat the same series of activities over and over in what is called "the sinking cycle", eventually approaching the theoretical maximum rate for that sinking set up over time. The use of experienced shaft sinkers is.

Shaft sinking. necessary to reduce the length of this learning curve and thus the duration of the project as much as possible.Key to a successful shaft sinking project are: Getting the various components of the sinking set-up correct and installed at the right time. Having experienced people involved from as early in the project as possible Using the available time on shaft bottom as efficiently as possible.Although significant emphasis is placed on the rate of progress of a project sinking cycle by shaft sinkers, sinking is only one of a number of phases in the conventional construction of a new shaft, as.

Shaft sinking. follows; "Box Cut Excavation". A box cut is a large square or rectangular excavation typically completed using earthmoving equipment down to bedrock, inside which the shaft collar will be constructed. Having the loads imposed by the collar, headframe and hoisting plant transferred into solid rock is necessary to prevent unplanned subsidence. Where the depth of bedrock is to great to for a box cut to economically viable, or the bedrock is not strong enough, civil engineering techniques such as diaphragm walls or concrete piles may be used to create a deep foundation instead. "Pre-Sink". The pre-sink is the excavation and.

Shaft sinking. support of the first 60 – 100 meters of the shaft barrel, often completed smaller equipment such as handheld, pneumatic drilling equipment to drill holes for basting and ground support and mini-excavators for mucking. During the pre-sink hoisting of muck and equipment is usually performed by a mobile crane on surface. It is necessary to sink this part of the shaft first so that the Galloway, a multi-level working platform may be installed with enough vertical distance to shaft bottom that it will not be damaged by fly rock during blasting. "Collar Construction". From the bottom of the box-cut, the.

Shaft sinking. shaft collar is constructed bottom up in a planned series of concrete pours. "Galloway (Sinking Stage) Construction & Installation." The Galloway (also known as a Sinking Stage or Scaffold) is a multi-level working platform, suspended in the shaft from winches located on surface. The Galloway allows sinkers to efficiently work on differing levels as required by the various tasks of the sinking cycle. It is typical for the Galloway to be constructed off to one side of the shaft and lowered into the pre-sink with a crane in as complete a state as possible. Once in place the Galloway is.

Shaft sinking. "chaired" (suspended from the shaft collar) while the headframe is built above, often protected by a bulkhead. "Headframe & Hoist House Construction." With the collar constructed and the Galloway installed the headframe and hoist (or winder) houses may be constructed and the hoist and winch ropes installed. Headframes may be either steel or concrete and their design will determine how they are constructed. The Galloway is moved in the shaft by means of winches, which move slowly and are rated for significant loads, while the sinking buckets (or kibbles) are moved in the shaft by the sinking hoist, which moves.

Shaft sinking. quickly and is rates for less load that the winches. To protect the hoist(s) and winches and the sensitive electronics which are used to control their operation they are normally installed inside of a build called a hoist (or winder) house. "Commissioning Sinking Set Up." The Sinking set-up must then be commissioned to ensure that all parts are operating as planned. "Full Sink". The activities of the sinking cycle (excavation, installation of temporary ground support, placement of the shaft lining and extending shaft services) all take place in this phase of construction. In a shaft where there are to be.

Shaft sinking. multiple working levels, shaft stations and station stubs (short lengths of horizontal tunnel leading away from the station) will be developed by the sinkers on the way down. As the equipment to excavate these stations must be small enough to fit through the openings in the Galloway, the rate of advance in developing the station stubs is typically low, compared to what can be achieved with full size mining equipment so station stubs are typically kept as short as possible. "Shaft Equipping & Headframe Changeover." Once the shaft reaches the final design depth, the shaft is stripped of any temporary.

Shaft sinking. services, the Galloway cut up or modified to suit the installation of the permanent shaft set-up, the shaft sets (if required) installed and the headframe / winders modified to allow for permanent hoisting. Any permanent conveyances will be installed at this stage. "Commissioning Permanent Set Up." The Permanent set-up must then be commissioned to ensure that all parts are operating as planned before being handed over to the new owner.As with the depth and design of shafts significant variations do exist in this sequence depending on local conditions, for example in that hard Canadian Shield rocks which dominate shaft sinking.

Shaft sinking. in Canada a deep and complex shaft collar is unnecessary as the bedrock is both strong and close to surface. This reduces the amount of time typically required to establish the shaft collar.Traditionally sinking contractors would build a temporary headframe for the sinking set up, which would then be dismantled to make way for a permanent headframe. With the growth in complexity and duration of shaft sinking projects over time it has become more common to incorporate more of the permanent shaft set-up into the sinking phase. This results in a reduced overall project duration, as for example, if the.

Shaft sinking. service piping used to sink the shaft does not need to be stripped out to make way for permanent piping.With the advancements made in raise boring technology, raise borers have been used to create a pilot hole for shaft sinking, where access exists at the bottom of the new shaft, in this case the sinking phase is dedicated to enlarging this pilot hole to full diameter (a process usually called "slashing"). This methodology can be considerably faster than full face sinking as muck (waste rock) from sinking falls down the pilot hole and is handled using existing mine infrastructure off.

Shaft sinking. critical path.Drift miningEngine shaftHeadframeMan engineRaise borerSalt-concreteUnderground mining (hard rock)Underground mining (soft rock)Glossary of coal mining terminologyRepurposing old mine shafts for energy storage purposesAbandoned Mine Shafts & TunnelsTop Hat Sections.


Question: What is the conservation status of this bird? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Snowy owl. being a vulnerable species by the IUCN. A 52% decline has been inferred for the North American population since the 1960s with another even more drastic estimate placing the decline from 1970 to 2014 at 64%. Trends are harder to delineate in Scandinavia but a similar downward trend is thought to be occurring. Snowy owls are listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated.## Anthropogenic mortality and persecution.Of 438 band encounters in the USG banding laboratory, almost all causes of death that could be.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Brassica juncea. Brassica juncea, commonly brown mustard, Chinese mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, Oriental mustard and vegetable mustard, is a species of mustard plant.## Cultivar."Brassica juncea" cultivars can be divided into four major subgroups: integrifolia, juncea, napiformis, and tsatsai.## Uses.## Nutrition.In a 100 (g) reference serving, cooked mustard greens provide 26 (kcal) of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value) of vitamins A, C, and K—K being especially high as a multiple of its Daily Value. Mustard greens are a moderate source of vitamin E and calcium. Greens are 92% water, 4.5% carbohydrates, 2.6% protein.

Brassica juncea. and 0.5% fat (table).## Cuisine.The leaves, seeds, and stems of this mustard variety are edible. The plant appears in some form in African, Bangladeshi, Chinese, Filipino, Italian, Indian, Japanese, Nepali, Pakistani, Korean, Southern and African-American (soul food) cuisines. Cultivars of "B. juncea" are grown for their greens, and for the production of mustard oil. The mustard condiment made from the seeds of the "B. juncea" is called brown mustard and is considered to be spicier than yellow mustard.Because it may contain erucic acid, a potential toxin, mustard oil is restricted from import as a vegetable oil into the United States.

Brassica juncea. Essential oil of mustard, however, is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In Russia, this is the main species grown for the production of mustard oil. It is widely used in canning, baking and margarine production in Russia, and the majority of Russian table mustard is also made from "B. juncea".The leaves are used in African cooking, and all plant parts are used in Nepali cuisine, particularly in the mountain regions of Nepal, as well as in the Punjabi cuisine in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, where a dish called "sarson da saag.

Brassica juncea. (mustard greens) is prepared. "B. juncea" subsp. "tatsai", which has a particularly thick stem, is used to make the Nepali pickle called "achar", and the Chinese pickle "zha cai".This plant is called "lai xaak" in Assamese and it is cultivated hugely during the winters. It is eaten in any form in Assam and Northeast, be it boiled or added raw in salad, cooked alone or with pork.The Gorkhas of the Indian states of Darjeeling, West Bengal and Sikkim as well as Nepal prepare pork with mustard greens (also called "rayo" in Nepali). It is usually eaten with relish and steamed.

Brassica juncea. rice, but can also be eaten with "roti" (griddle breads). In Nepal it is also a common practice to cook these greens with meat of all sorts, especially goat meat; which is normally prepared in a pressure cooker with minimal use of spices to focus on the flavour of the greens and dry chillies. "B. juncea" (especially the seeds) is more pungent than greens from the closely related "B. oleracea" (kale, broccoli, and collard greens), and is frequently mixed with these milder greens in a dish of "mixed greens".Chinese and Japanese cuisines also make use of mustard greens. In Japanese.

Brassica juncea. cuisine, it is known as "takana" and often pickled for use as filling in onigiri or as a condiment. Many varieties of "B. juncea" cultivars are used, including "zha cai", "mizuna", "takana" (var. "integrifolia"), "juk gai choy", and "xuelihong". Asian mustard greens are most often stir-fried or pickled. A Southeast Asian dish called "asam gai choy" or "kiam chai boey" is often made with leftovers from a large meal. It involves stewing mustard greens with tamarind, dried chillies and leftover meat on the bone. Brassica juncea is also known as "gai choi", "siu gai choi", "xaio jie cai", baby mustard,.

Brassica juncea. Chinese leaf mustard or "mostaza".## Green manure.Vegetable growers sometimes grow mustard as a green manure. Its main purpose is to act as a mulch, covering the soil to suppress weeds between crops. If grown as a green manure, the mustard plants are cut down at the base when sufficiently grown, and left to wither on the surface, continuing to act as a mulch until the next crop is due for sowing, when the mustard is dug in. In the UK, mustard sown in summer and autumn is cut down starting in October. April sowings can be cut down in June,.

Brassica juncea. keeping the ground clear for summer-sown crops. One of the disadvantages of using mustard as a green manure is its propensity to harbor club root.## Phytoremediation.This mustard plant is used in phytoremediation to remove heavy metals, such as lead, from the soil in hazardous waste sites because it has a higher tolerance for these substances and stores the heavy metals in its cells. In particular, "Brassica juncea" was particularly effective at removing cadmium from soil. The process of removing heavy metals ends when the plant is harvested and properly discarded. Phytoremediation has been shown to be cheaper and easier than.

Brassica juncea. traditional methods for heavy metal reduction in soils. In addition, it has the effect of reducing soil erosion, reducing cross-site contamination."Sinapis alba" (formerly "Brassica alba") – yellow or white mustard, another mustard variety"Brassica oleracea" – wild cabbage"Brassica nigra" – black mustard, another mustard variety"Brassica rapa" – related family of edible greens used in Asian cooking"Brassica carinata" – Ethiopian mustardFor other edible plants in the family Brassicaceae, see cruciferous vegetables. PROTAbase on "Brassica juncea" Brassica juncea Mustard Green Manures: Washington State University Extension paper on cover crops.


Question: Which geographic area is this plant found?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Brazil nut. The Brazil nut ("Bertholletia excelsa") is a South American tree in the family Lecythidaceae, and it is also the name of the tree's commercially harvested edible seeds. It is one of the largest and longest-lived trees in the Amazon rainforest. The fruit and its nutshell – containing the edible Brazil nut – are relatively large, possibly weighing as much as 2 (kg) in total weight. As food, Brazil nuts are notable for diverse content of micronutrients, especially a high amount of selenium. The wood of the Brazil nut tree is prized for its quality in carpentry, flooring, and heavy construction.##.

Brazil nut. Common names.In various countries of South America, Brazil nuts are called or (Spanish). In Brazil, they are more commonly called "" (meaning "chestnuts from Pará" in Portuguese), with other names used in remote and/or small localities.In North America, as early as 1896, Brazil nuts were sometimes known by the slang term "nigger toes", a vulgarity that gradually fell out of use as the racial slur became socially unacceptable.## Taxonomy.The Brazil nut family, the Lecythidaceae, is in the order Ericales, as are other well-known plants such as blueberries, cranberries, sapote, gutta-percha, tea, phlox, and persimmons. The tree is the only species.

Brazil nut. in the monotypic genus "Bertholletia", named after French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet.## Description.The Brazil nut is a large tree, reaching 50 (m) tall and with a trunk 1 to 2 (m) in diameter, making it among the largest of trees in the Amazon rainforest. It may live for 500 years or more, and can often reach a thousand years of age. The stem is straight and commonly without branches for well over half the tree's height, with a large, emergent crown of long branches above the surrounding canopy of other trees.The bark is grayish and smooth. The leaves are dry-season.

Brazil nut. deciduous, alternate, simple, entire or crenate, oblong, 20 – 35 (cm) long, and 10 – 15 (cm) broad. The flowers are small, greenish-white, in panicles 5 – 10 (cm) long; each flower has a two-parted, deciduous calyx, six unequal cream-colored petals, and numerous stamens united into a broad, hood-shaped mass.## Range.The Brazil nut is native to the Guianas, Venezuela, Brazil, eastern Colombia, eastern Peru, and eastern Bolivia. It occurs as scattered trees in large forests on the banks of the Amazon River, Rio Negro, Tapajós, and the Orinoco.As a result, they can be found outside production areas, in the backyards.

Brazil nut. of homes and near roads and streets in the Northern and Northeastern Brazil. The fruit is heavy and rigid; when the fruits fall, they pose a serious threat to vehicles and people passing under the tree. ## Reproduction.Brazil nut trees produce fruit almost exclusively in pristine forests, as disturbed forests lack the large-bodied bees of the genera "Bombus", "Centris", "Epicharis", "Eulaema", and "Xylocopa", which are the only ones capable of pollinating the tree's flowers, with different bee genera being the primary pollinators in different areas, and different times of year. Brazil nuts have been harvested from plantations, but production is.

Brazil nut. low and is currently not economically viable.The fruit takes 14 months to mature after pollination of the flowers. The fruit itself is a large capsule 10 – 15 (cm) in diameter, resembling a coconut endocarp in size and weighing up to 2 (kg). It has a hard, woody shell 8 – 12 (mm) thick, which contains eight to 24 wedge-shaped seeds 4 – 5 (cm) long (the "Brazil nuts") packed like the segments of an orange, but not limited to one whorl of segments. Up to three whorls can be stacked onto each other, with the polar ends of the.

Brazil nut. segments of the middle whorl nestling into the upper and lower whorls (see illustration above).The capsule contains a small hole at one end, which enables large rodents like the agouti to gnaw it open. They then eat some of the seeds inside while burying others for later use; some of these are able to germinate into new Brazil nut trees. Most of the seeds are "planted" by the agoutis in caches during wet season, and the young saplings may have to wait years, in a state of dormancy, for a tree to fall and sunlight to reach it, when it.

Brazil nut. starts growing again. Capuchin monkeys have been reported to open Brazil nuts using a stone as an anvil.## Society and culture.In Brazil, cutting down a Brazil nut tree (typically with the intent of harvesting lumber and Brazil nuts) is illegal, unless done with previous authorization from the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources.## Production.In 2020, global production of Brazil nuts (in shells) was 69,658 tonnes, most of which derive from wild harvests in tropical forests, especially the Amazon regions of Brazil and Bolivia which produced 92% of the world total (table).## Environmental effects of harvesting.Since most of the.

Brazil nut. production for international trade is harvested in the wild, the business arrangement has been advanced as a model for generating income from a tropical forest without destroying it. The nuts are most often gathered by migrant workers known as "castañeros" (in Spanish) or "castanheiros" (in Portuguese). Logging is a significant threat to the sustainability of the Brazil nut-harvesting industry.Analysis of tree ages in areas that are harvested shows that moderate and intense gathering takes so many seeds that not enough are left to replace older trees as they die. Sites with light gathering activities had many young trees, while sites.

Brazil nut. with intense gathering practices had nearly none.## European Union import regulation.In 2003, the European Union imposed strict regulations on the import of Brazilian-harvested Brazil nuts in their shells, as the shells are considered to contain unsafe levels of aflatoxins, a potential cause of liver cancer.## Nutrition and human consumption.Brazil nuts are 3% water, 14% protein, 12% carbohydrates, and 66% fats (table). The fat components are 16% saturated, 24% monounsaturated, and 24% polyunsaturated (see table for USDA source).In a 100 gram (3.5 oz) reference amount, Brazil nuts supply 659 calories, and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily.

Brazil nut. Value, DV) of dietary fiber (30% DV), thiamin (54% DV), vitamin E (38% DV), magnesium (106% DV), phosphorus (104% DV), manganese (57% DV), and zinc (43% DV). Calcium, iron, and potassium are present in moderate amounts (10-19% DV, table).## Selenium.Brazil nuts are a particularly rich source of selenium, with just a 28 (g) serving supplying 544 micrograms of selenium or 10 times the DV of 55 micrograms (see table for USDA source). However, the amount of selenium within batches of nuts may vary considerably.The high selenium content is used as a biomarker in studies of selenium intake and deficiency. Consumption.

Brazil nut. of just one Brazil nut per day over 8 weeks was sufficient to restore selenium blood levels and increase HDL cholesterol in obese women.## Phytochemicals.The shells of Brazil nuts contain high levels of aflatoxins, which are produced by molds, and can cause liver damage, including possible cancer, if consumed. Aflatoxin levels have been found in Brazil nuts during inspections that were far higher than the limits set by the EU.The nuts contain small amounts of radium, a radioactive element, with a kilogram of nuts containing an activity between 1 and 7 (nCi). This is about 1000 times higher than in.

Brazil nut. several other common foods. According to Oak Ridge Associated Universities, elevated levels of radium in the soil does not directly cause the concentration of radium, but "the very extensive root system of the tree" can concentrate naturally occurring radioactive material, when present in the soil. The material must still be present in the soil in order to concentrate in the trees.Brazil nuts also contain barium, a metal with a chemical behavior quite similar to radium, which can have toxic effects, such as weakness, vomiting or diarrhea, after intentional or accidental ingestion.## Uses.## Oil.Brazil nut oil contains 48% unsaturated fatty acids.

Brazil nut. composed mainly of oleic and linoleic acids, the phytosterol, beta-sitosterol, and fat-soluble vitamin E.The following table presents the composition of fatty acids in Brazil nut oil (see USDA source in nutrition table):## Wood.The lumber from Brazil nut trees (not to be confused with Brazilwood) is of excellent quality, having diverse uses from flooring to heavy construction. Logging the trees is prohibited by law in all three producing countries (Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru). Illegal extraction of timber and land clearances present continuing threats.## Other uses.Brazil nut oil is used as a lubricant in clocks, in the manufacturing of paint, and in.

Brazil nut. the cosmetics industry. Because of its hardness, the Brazil nutshell is often pulverized and used as an abrasive to polish materials such as metals and ceramics, in the same way jeweler's rouge is used. Brazil nut cake List of culinary nuts Official list of endangered flora of Brazil Granular convection.


Question: What has this island crossed over?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Confederation Bridge. The Confederation Bridge () is a box girder bridge carrying the Trans-Canada Highway across the Abegweit Passage of the Northumberland Strait, linking the province of Prince Edward Island with the province of New Brunswick on the mainland. Opened May 31, 1997, the 12.9 (km) bridge is Canada's longest bridge and the world's longest bridge over ice-covered water.Construction took place from October 1993 to May 1997 and cost C$1.3 billion. Before its official naming, Prince Edward Islanders often referred to the bridge as the "Fixed Link". It officially opened to traffic on May 31, 1997. In April 2022, the PEI legislature.

Confederation Bridge. was at the 13 (km) wide Abegweit Passage. Infrequent winter service provided by underpowered steamships incapable of breaking sea ice ensured the survival of a passenger and mail service across Abegweit Passage using iceboats until a permanent ferry service was established in the 1910s.The unsatisfactory winter steamship service and reliance upon primitive iceboats provoked complaints from the Island government until the federal government decided to implement a railcar ferry service across Abegweit Passage between new ports at Port Borden and Cape Tormentine.In 1912, the federal government promised to open a car ferry between the "Capes" (Cape Traverse, PEI to Cape.

Confederation Bridge. (1969–1973) "Holiday Island" (1971–1997) "Vacationland" (1971–1997) "Abegweit" (1982–1997)## Early proposals.Discussion of a fixed link can be traced to George Howlan, who called for construction of a railway tunnel beneath Abegweit Passage at the same time as the Prince Edward Island Railway was being built across the province in the 1870s. Howlan also raised the issue as a member of the provincial Legislative Assembly, and in 1891, as a Senator and member of a delegation to meetings on the subject, conducted at the British Parliament. The idea lost favour following his death in 1901.Talk of a fixed link was revived in.

Confederation Bridge. the 1950s and 1960s, coinciding with federal election campaigns. The topic was raised in 1957, only two years following the opening of the Canso Causeway, and at the same time as another mega-project, the St. Lawrence Seaway was being constructed. A rockfill causeway was proposed to cross Abegweit Passage, with a 300 (m) bridge/tunnel to accommodate shipping. This plan was rejected for navigational reasons but was raised again in 1962, and in 1965, the federal government, ignoring concerns of the shipping industry, called for tenders for a $148 million fixed link featuring a tunnel/causeway/bridge. Approach roads and railway lines were.

Confederation Bridge. constructed at Borden and Jourimain Island but the project was formally abandoned in 1969 upon scientific recommendation in favour of improved ferry services.Due to the extremely complex tidal regime in the Northumberland Strait consisting of diurnal and semi-diurnal cycles, any attempt to close Abegweit Passage would be next to impossible since the tidal cycles on each side of a causeway would be placed at opposites to each other. It is estimated by tidal experts at the Canadian Hydrographic Service, that tidal currents through a gap in such a causeway would be in excess of 18 (kn), powerful enough to counter.

Confederation Bridge. fabrication to storage, and onto a nearby pier. These crawler transports, using specially designed teflon-coated concrete rails, earned the nickname "lobsters" from workers.All major components were lifted from the Amherst Head staging facility, transported, and placed in Abegweit Passage using the HLV "Svanen", a Dutch-built heavy lift catamaran, which during the construction of the fixed link was reportedly the tallest man-made structure in the province. HLV "Svanen" was custom-built for use on the Great Belt Bridge in the early 1990s, Denmark's largest construction project, and was modified at a French shipyard before working on the Northumberland Strait Crossing Project. Following.

Confederation Bridge. the placement of the final major component and completion of the bridge structure in Abegweit Passage on November 19, 1996, HLV "Svanen" returned to Denmark for use in construction of the Øresund Bridge.Construction of the fixed link required over 5,000 workers ranging from labourers and specialty trades, to engineers, surveyors, and managers. The economic impact of construction on Prince Edward Island was substantial, with the provincial GDP rising over 5% during the construction, providing a short-term economic boom for the Island.It neared completion in April 1997.## Naming.Throughout construction, the federal government received suggestions for names. A committee was formed on.

Confederation Bridge. May 1, 1996, chaired by former PEI Premier Alex Campbell, to choose the new name from the submissions. The committee chose the name "Abegweit Crossing", which would pay homage to the Abegweit Passage which the bridge crosses, the vessel M/V "Abegweit" which the bridge would replace, and to the Mi'kmaq traditional name for the island.However, the Canadian government overruled the committee, and on September 27, 1996, the Minister of Public Works and Government Services Diane Marleau announced that the bridge's name would be "Confederation Bridge". This name is not without controversy as many Islanders feel the word "Confederation" is overused.


Question: What is the mohs' hardness of this material?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Water. (1.473), benzene (1.501), carbon disulfide (1.627), and common types of glass (1.4 to 1.6). The refraction index of ice (1.31) is lower than that of liquid water.## Polar molecule.In a water molecule, the hydrogen atoms form a 104.5° angle with the oxygen atom. The hydrogen atoms are close to two corners of a tetrahedron centered on the oxygen. At the other two corners are "lone pairs" of valence electrons that do not participate in the bonding. In a perfect tetrahedron, the atoms would form a 109.5° angle, but the repulsion between the lone pairs is greater than the repulsion between.