Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Peregrine falcon. The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), also known as the peregrine, and historically as the duck hawk in North America, is a cosmopolitan bird of prey (raptor) in the family Falconidae. A large, crow-sized falcon, it has a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head. The peregrine is renowned for its speed, reaching up to 200 (mph) during its characteristic hunting stoop (high-speed dive), making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom. According to a "National Geographic" TV program, the highest measured speed of a peregrine falcon is 389 (km/h). As is typical for bird-eating raptors, peregrine falcons.

Peregrine falcon. which in turn now supports many peregrine populations as a prey species. The peregrine is a highly successful example of urban wildlife in much of its range, taking advantage of tall buildings as nest sites and an abundance of prey such as pigeons and ducks. Both the English and scientific names of this species mean "wandering falcon," referring to the migratory habits of many northern populations. Experts recognize 17 to 19 subspecies, which vary in appearance and range; disagreement exists over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon is represented by two subspecies of "Falco peregrinus," or is a separate species, "F.

Peregrine falcon. radiation. That supports the solar glare hypothesis.## Taxonomy and systematics."Falco peregrinus" was first described under its current binomial name by English ornithologist Marmaduke Tunstall in his 1771 work "Ornithologia Britannica". The scientific name "Falco peregrinus" is a Medieval Latin phrase that was used by Albertus Magnus in 1225. The specific name is taken from the fact that juvenile birds were taken while journeying to their breeding location rather than from the nest, as falcon nests were difficult to get at. The Latin term for falcon, , is related to , meaning "sickle", in reference to the silhouette of the falcon's.

Peregrine falcon. mya in the Gelasian).## Subspecies.Numerous subspecies of "Falco peregrinus" have been described, with 19 accepted by the 1994 "Handbook of the Birds of the World", which considers the Barbary falcon of the Canary Islands and coastal North Africa to be two subspecies ("pelegrinoides" and "babylonicus") of "Falco peregrinus", rather than a distinct species, "F. pelegrinoides". The following map shows the general ranges of these 19 subspecies., described by Bonaparte in 1838, is known as the American peregrine falcon or "duck hawk"; its scientific name means "duck peregrine falcon". At one time, it was partly included in "leucogenys". It is mainly.

Peregrine falcon. weigh 800 (to(-)). It has become extinct in eastern North America and populations there are hybrids as a result of reintroductions of birds from elsewhere.Falco peregrinus babylonicus, described by P.L. Sclater in 1861, is found in eastern Iran along the Hindu Kush and the Tian Shan to the Mongolian Altai ranges. A few birds winter in northern and northwestern India, mainly in dry semi-desert habitats. It is paler than "pelegrinoides" and somewhat similar to a small, pale lanner falcon ("Falco biarmicus"). Males weigh 330 to 400 (g), while females weigh 513 to 765 (g)., described by Sharpe in 1873, is.

Peregrine falcon. includes "caeruleiceps". It breeds in the Arctic tundra of Eurasia from Murmansk Oblast to roughly Yana and Indigirka Rivers, Siberia. It is completely migratory and travels south in winter as far as South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It is often seen around wetland habitats. It is paler than the nominate subspecies, especially on the crown. Males weigh 588 (to(-)), while females weigh 925 (to(-)).Falco peregrinus cassini, described by Sharpe in 1873, is also known as the austral peregrine falcon. It includes "kreyenborgi", the pallid falcon, a leucistic colour morph occurring in southernmost South America, which was long believed to be.

Peregrine falcon. a distinct species. Its range includes South America from Ecuador through Bolivia, northern Argentina and Chile to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. It is non-migratory. It is similar to the nominate subspecies, but slightly smaller with a black ear region. The pallid falcon morph "kreyenborgi" is medium grey above, has little barring below and has a head pattern like the saker falcon ("Falco cherrug"), but the ear region is white.Falco peregrinus ernesti, described by Sharpe in 1894, is found from the Sunda Islands to the Philippines and south to eastern New Guinea and the nearby Bismarck Archipelago. Its.

Peregrine falcon. geographical separation from "nesiotes" requires confirmation. It is non-migratory. It differs from the nominate subspecies in the very dark, dense barring on its underside and its black ear coverts.Falco peregrinus furuitii, described by Momiyama in 1927, is found on the Izu and Ogasawara Islands south of Honshū, Japan. It is non-migratory. It is very rare and may only remain on a single island. It is a dark form, resembling "pealei" in colour, but darker, especially on the tail.Falco peregrinus japonensis, described by Gmelin in 1788, includes "kleinschmidti", "pleskei", and "harterti", and seems to refer to intergrades with "calidus". It is.

Peregrine falcon. found from northeast Siberia to Kamchatka (though it is possibly replaced by "pealei" on the coast there) and Japan. Northern populations are migratory, while those of Japan are resident. It is similar to the nominate subspecies, but the young are even darker than those of "anatum".Falco peregrinus macropus, described by Swainson in 1837, is the Australian peregrine falcon. It is found in Australia in all regions except the southwest. It is non-migratory. It is similar to "brookei" in appearance, but is slightly smaller and the ear region is entirely black. The feet are proportionally large.Falco peregrinus madens, described by Ripley.

Peregrine falcon. and Watson in 1963, is unusual in having some sexual dichromatism. If the Barbary falcon (see below) is considered a distinct species, it is sometimes placed therein. It is found in the Cape Verde Islands and is non-migratory; it is also endangered, with only six to eight pairs surviving. Males have a rufous wash on the crown, nape, ears and back; the underside is conspicuously washed pinkish-brown. Females are tinged rich brown overall, especially on the crown and nape.Falco peregrinus minor, first described by Bonaparte in 1850. It was formerly often known as "perconfusus". It is sparsely and patchily distributed.

Peregrine falcon. and the Aleutian Islands to the far eastern Bering Sea coast of Russia, and may also occur on the Kuril Islands and the coasts of Kamchatka. It is non-migratory. It is the largest subspecies and it looks like an oversized and darker "tundrius" or like a strongly barred and large "anatum". The bill is very wide. Juveniles occasionally have pale crowns. Males weigh 700 (to(-)), while females weigh 1000 (to(-)).Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, first described by Temminck in 1829, is found in the Canary Islands through North Africa and the Near East to Mesopotamia. It is most similar to "brookei", but.

Peregrine falcon. is markedly paler above, with a rusty neck, and is a light buff with reduced barring below. It is smaller than the nominate subspecies; females weigh around 610 (g).Falco peregrinus peregrinator, described by Sundevall in 1837, is known as the Indian peregrine falcon, black shaheen, Indian shaheen or shaheen falcon. It was formerly sometimes known as "Falco atriceps" or "Falco shaheen". Its range includes South Asia from across the Indian subcontinent to Sri Lanka and southeastern China. In India, the shaheen falcon is reported from all states except Uttar Pradesh, mainly from rocky and hilly regions. The shaheen falcon is.

Peregrine falcon. higher hills, while the migrant "calidus" is more often seen along the coast., the nominate (first-named) subspecies, described by Tunstall in 1771, breeds over much of temperate Eurasia between the tundra in the north and the Pyrenees, Mediterranean region and Alpide belt in the south. It is mainly non-migratory in Europe, but migratory in Scandinavia and Asia. Males weigh 580 (to(-)), while females weigh 925 (to(-)). It includes "brevirostris", "germanicus", "rhenanus" and "riphaeus".Falco peregrinus radama, described by Hartlaub in 1861, is found in Madagascar and the Comoros. It is non-migratory.Falco peregrinus submelanogenys, described by Mathews in 1912, is the Southwest.

Peregrine falcon. down and have disproportionately large feet. The male (called the "") and the female (simply called the "falcon") both leave the nest to gather prey to feed the young. The hunting territory of the parents can extend a radius of 19 to 24 (km) from the nest site. Chicks fledge 42 to 46 days after hatching, and remain dependent on their parents for up to two months.## Predators and parasites.The peregrine falcon is host to a range of parasites and pathogens. It is a vector for Avipoxvirus, Newcastle disease virus, Falconid herpesvirus 1 (and possibly other Herpesviridae), and some mycoses.

Peregrine falcon. peregrine falcons throughout the contiguous United States. Several peregrine subspecies were included in the breeding stock, including birds of Eurasian origin. Due to the extirpation of the eastern population of "Falco peregrinus anatum", the near-extirpation of "anatum" in the Midwest and the limited gene pool within North American breeding stock, the inclusion of non-native subspecies was justified to optimize the genetic diversity found within the species as a whole.During the 1970s, peregrine falcons in Finland experienced a population bottleneck as a result of large declines associated with bio-accumulation of organochloride pesticides. However, the genetic diversity of peregrines in Finland is.

Peregrine falcon. an injured peregrine falcon and the endangered species program. It was filmed with the assistance of the University of California's peregrine falcon project in Santa Cruz.Streamed footage from several webcams at the University of California, Berkeley, that followed a breeding pair on a university bell tower achieved notoriety in the early2020s. Webcams such as these which livestream the daily lives of urban peregrines are immensely popular, and are essential for the outreach programmes of raptor conservationists around the world. List of birds by flight speed Perilanner, a hybrid of the peregrine falcon and the lanner falcon ("Falco biarmicus") Perlin, a.

Peregrine falcon. hybrid of the peregrine falcon and the merlin ("Falco columbarius") Conservation organizations Arctic Raptors – Ongoing research with raptors in the Canadian Arctic Falcon Research Group Peregrine Falcon Fund The Canadian Peregrine Foundation Peregrine Falcon Recovery Project (Manitoba) London Peregrine Partnership (UK) Video and other media of peregrines Live webcams at a Peregrine nest site in Landshut (Scroll down and press play button.) A video of the falcon stooping at a top speed of 389 (km/h). Derby Cathedral Peregrine Project, UK. Links to webcams and video sequences Norwich Cathedral Peregrine Web Cam 2015, UK. The Raptor Resource Project. Links to.

Peregrine falcon. Peregrine Falcon webcams Peregrines on Brussels Cathedral Photo documentation of Peregrines returning to south California beach cliffs after over 50 years absence Nottingham Trent University, where peregrines return to breed on the top of the Newton building every year. Includes images and webcam. University of Massachusetts Amherst Live Falcon Cam at the top of the W.E.B. DuBois library, active each year from when the bonded pair of peregrine falcons brood eggs until the chicks are fledged. Worcester Peregrine Falcon Project, UK. Includes feeds from 'Peregrines in Worcester' Facebook Fan page, YouTube & Flickr photo groups Peregrine Falcon Banding, Metropolitan Transportation.

Peregrine falcon. Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 3 June 2010; 3-minute YouTube video clip Throgs Neck Bridge Peregrine Banding 2011, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 27 May 2011; 10:54 YouTube video clip Peregrine Falcon Banding 2012, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 4 June 2012; 2:40 YouTube video clip Peregrine Falcon Banding 2016, Metropolitan Transportation Authority Bridges and Tunnels; 2 June 2016; 4:15 YouTube video clip.


Question: How many day is the egg incubation period of this bird?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Australian brushturkey. females when warmer (p=0.035). Whether the parents use this to manipulate the sex of their offspring by, for instance, selecting the nesting site accordingly, is unclear. Warmer incubation also results in heavier, fitter chicks (p<0.0001), but how this is linked to sex is also unknown.The same nesting site is frequently used year after year, with the old nests being added to each breeding season. The average clutch of eggs is between 16 and 24 large white eggs, which are laid September to March. Sometimes, up to 50 eggs laid by several females may be found in a single mound. The.


Question: What country does this village belong to?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Cranny. Cranny () is a small village in County Clare, Ireland.## Location.Cranny lies on the banks of the Cloon River, which flows into the estuary of the River Shannon at Clonderlaw Bay.## Facilities.There is a local Gaelic Athletic Association club, Coolmeen GAA, founded in 1887 three years after the association came together. Coolmeen GAA succeeded in the Clare Senior Football Championship in 1919 and 1921, in the Clare Intermediate Football Championship in 1959, 1966 and 1967 and in the Clare Junior A Football Championship in 1958, 1964, 1983 and 1999. The parish also has a national school. The Cranny N.S. is.

Cranny. a co-educational catholic primary school Peadar Clancy List of towns and villages in Ireland.


Question: Which diocese does this building belong to?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Sacred Heart Cathedral (Guangzhou). the clock tower was ordered from a Chinese clock factory.## Mass times.Weekdays: 06:45 (Cantonese)Saturday: 06:45 (Cantonese), 16:00 (Korean), 19:30 (Mandarin)Sunday: 07:00 (Cantonese), 08:30 (Cantonese), 10:30 (Mandarin), 15:30 (English) Christianity & Catholicism in China Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou List of Catholic cathedrals in China.


Question: What is this facility dedicated to?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Library of Celsus. The Library of Celsus () is an ancient Roman building in Ephesus, Anatolia, now part of Selçuk, Turkey. The building was commissioned in the 110s A.D. by a consul, Gaius Julius Aquila, as a funerary monument for his father, former proconsul of Asia Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, and completed during the reign of Hadrian, sometime after Aquila's death. The library is considered an architectural marvel, and is one of the only remaining examples of a library from the Roman Empire. The Library of Celsus was the third-largest library in the Roman world behind only Alexandria and Pergamum, believed to have.

Library of Celsus. held around twelve thousand scrolls. Celsus is buried in a crypt beneath the library in a decorated marble sarcophagus. The interior measured roughly 180 square metres (2,000 square feet).The interior of the library and its contents were destroyed in a fire that resulted either from an earthquake or a Gothic invasion in 262 A.D., and the façade by an earthquake in the tenth or eleventh century. It lay in ruins for centuries until the façade was re-erected by archaeologists between 1970 and 1978.## History.Celsus enjoyed a successful military and political career, having served as a commander in the Roman army.

Library of Celsus. before being elected to serve as a consul in Rome in 92 A.D. Celsus, a native of Sardis, was one of the first men from the Greek-speaking eastern provinces to serve as a consul, the highest elected office in imperial Rome. He was later appointed as proconsul, or governor, of Asia, the Roman province that covered roughly the same area as modern-day Turkey. Celsus's son Aquila commissioned the library in his honor, though it was not completed until after Aquila's death. An inscription records that Celsus left a large legacy of 25,000 denarii to pay for the library's reading material.The.

Library of Celsus. library operated as a public space for the city from its completion around 117–135 A.D. until 262. The main floor functioned as a reading room, lit by abundant natural light from the eastern windows. Shelves or "armaria" set into niches along the walls held papyrus book rolls that visitors could read, though borrowing would not have been permitted because copies of books were rare and labor-intensive to produce. Additional scrolls may have been held in free-standing book boxes placed around the room, in which case the library would have had a holding capacity of up to sixteen thousand scrolls.The interior.

Library of Celsus. and contents of the library were destroyed by fire in 262 C.E., though it remains unknown whether this fire was the result of natural disaster or a Gothic invasion, as it seems the city was struck by one of each that year. Only the façade survived, until an earthquake in eleventh or tenth century left it in ruins as well.Between 1970 and 1978, a reconstruction campaign was led by the German archaeologist Volker Michael Strocka. Strocka analysed the fragments that had been excavated by Austrian archaeologists between 1903 and 1904. In the meantime, some of the architectural elements had been.

Library of Celsus. acquired by museums in Vienna and Istanbul. The absent fragments had to be replaced by copies or left missing. Only the façade was rebuilt, while the rest of the building remains in ruin.## Architecture.The east-facing marble façade of the library is intricately decorated with botanical carvings and portrait statuary. Design features include acanthus leaves, scrolls, and fasces emblems, the latter being a symbol of magisterial power that alludes to Celsus's tenure as a consul. The library is built on a platform, with nine steps the width of the building leading up to three front entrances. These are surmounted by large.

Library of Celsus. windows, which may have been fitted with glass or latticework. Flanking the entrances are four pairs of Composite columns elevated on pedestals. A set of Corinthian columns stands directly above. The columns on the lower level frame four aediculae containing statues of female personifications of virtues: Sophia (wisdom), Episteme (knowledge), Ennoia (intelligence) and Arete (excellence). These virtues allude to the dual purpose of the structure, built to function as both a library and a mausoleum; their presence both implies that the man for whom it was built exemplified these four virtues, and that the visitor may cultivate these virtues in.

Library of Celsus. him or herself by taking advantage of the library's holdings. This type of façade with inset frames and niches for statues is similar to that of the "skene" found in ancient Greek theatres and is thus characterised as "scenographic". The columns on the second level flank four podia, paralleling the aediculae below, which held statues of Celsus and his son. A third register of columns may have been present in antiquity, though today only two remain.The interior of the building, which has yet to be restored, consisted of a single rectangular room measuring 17x11 m, with a central apse framed.

Library of Celsus. by a large arch at the far wall. The apse contained a podium for a statue, now lost, that likely depicted Celsus, although some scholars have suggested it was Minerva, goddess of wisdom. A crypt containing Celsus's sarcophagus was located beneath the floor of the apse. It was unusual in Roman culture for someone to be buried within a library or even within city limits, so this was a special honour for Celsus, reflecting his prominent role as a public official.The three remaining walls were lined with either two or three levels of niches measuring 2.55x1.1x0.58 m on average, which.

Library of Celsus. would have held the "armaria" to house the scrolls. These niches, which were backed with double walls, may have also had a function to control the humidity and protect the scrolls from the extreme temperature. The upper level was a gallery with a balcony overlooking the main floor, creating a lofty spatial effect inside. It could be reached via a set of stairs built into the walls, which added structural support. The ceiling was flat and may have had a central round oculus to provide more light.The design of the library, with its ornate, balanced façade, reflects the influence of.

Library of Celsus. Greek style on Roman architecture, which reached its height in the second century.## Portraiture of Celsus.The cuirassed statue of Celsus now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum was one of three statues of the building's patron located on the second level of the façade. He is depicted with a strong jaw, curly hair, and a neat beard, Hellenizing portrait features that echo the stylistic choices of the building's façade. The style imitates traits of Hadrianic imperial portraiture, suggesting that it was sculpted after the lifetime of not only Celsus, but of his son Aquila as well. The choice to depict him.

Library of Celsus. in full armor suggests that Celsus's descendants considered his military career memorable and a source of pride.## Commemoration.The building's façade was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 20 million lira banknote of 2001–2005 and of the 20 new lira banknote of 2005–2009. List of libraries in the ancient world List of destroyed librariesCasson, Lionel (2001). "Libraries in the Ancient World". New Haven: Yale University Press. .Houston, George W. 2014. I"nside Roman Libraries: Book Collections and their Management in Antiquity". Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-469-63920-8. Smith, R. R. R. "Cultural Choice and Political Identity in.

Library of Celsus. Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D." "The Journal of Roman Studies" 88 (1998): 56-93. doi:10.2307/300805. classics.uc.edu, Architecture, classical studies, bibliography (Archived) Virtual reconstruction of the Celsus library in Ephesus, Turkey.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Pinyon pine. pinyon nut or seed is high in fats and calories.Pinyon wood, especially when burned, has a distinctive fragrance, making it a common wood to burn in chimeneas. Pinyon pine trees are also known to influence the soil in which they grow by increasing concentrations of both macronutrients and micronutrients.Some of the species are known to hybridize, the most notable ones being "P. quadrifolia" with "P. monophylla", and "P. edulis" with "P. monophylla".The two-needle piñon ("Pinus edulis") is the official state tree of New Mexico.## Evolutionary History.The evolutionary origins of the piñons appear to coincide with the Laramide Orogeny## Species.Genetic differentiation.

Pinyon pine. in the pinyon pine has been observed associated to insect herbivory and environmental stress. There are eight species of true pinyon ("Pinus" subsection "Cembroides"): "Pinus cembroides" – Mexican pinyon "Pinus orizabensis" – Orizaba pinyon "Pinus johannis" – Johann's pinyon (includes "P. discolor" – border pinyon) "Pinus culminicola" – Potosi pinyon "Pinus remota" – Texas pinyon or papershell pinyon "Pinus edulis" – two-needle piñon or Colorado pinyon "Pinus monophylla" – single-leaf pinyon "Pinus quadrifolia" – Parry pinyon (includes "P. juarezensis").These additional Mexican species are also related, and mostly called pinyons: "Pinus rzedowskii" – Rzedowski's pine "Pinus pinceana" – weeping pinyon "Pinus.

Pinyon pine. maximartinezii" – big-cone pinyon "Pinus nelsonii" – Nelson's pinyonThe three bristlecone pine species of the high mountains of the southwestern United States, and the lacebark pines of Asia are closely related to the pinyon pines.## Piñon seeds in Native American cuisine.The seeds of the pinyon pine, known as "pine nuts" or "piñóns", are an important food for American Indians living in the mountains of the North American Southwest. All species of pine produce edible seeds, but in North America only pinyon produces seeds large enough to be a major source of food.The pinyon has likely been a source of food.

Pinyon pine. nuts, without dispersing them. Pine classification Arboretum de Villardebelle Images of the cones of all the pinyons and allied pines.


Question: Who is the creator of this place?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Fürstenzug. and 1904. The Fürstenzug is located on the outer wall of the "Stallhof" (Stables Courtyard) of Dresden Castle.## History.By 1589, the outer wall of the recently built "Stallhof" (Stables Courtyard) of the Dresden Castle was already decorated with a fresco.For the upcoming 800th anniversary of the House of Wettin in 1889, another stucco version of a large-scale mural was commissioned. It was painted by the artist Wilhelm Walther between 1871 and 1876. Since the picture rapidly deteriorated, it was replaced with about 23,000 Meissen porcelain tiles between 1904 and 1907. The mural depicts the 35 Saxon margraves, electors, dukes and.


Question: What kind of effect does this object have?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Airplane. North American X-15 broke many speed and altitude records in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ rocket-assisted take offs for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include spaceplanes, like SpaceShipTwo, for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived Rocket Racing League.## Design and manufacture.Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes.During this process, the objectives and.

Airplane. resulted in reduced noise from aircraft engines in response to increased noise pollution from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other homebuilt aircraft can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane.

Airplane. to stabilize the plane's pitch (tilt up or down) and mounts the elevators, which provide pitch control. "Landing gear", a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag.## Wings.The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an.

Airplane. instruments.Airplanes have complex flight control systems. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the attitude (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust.On manned aircraft, cockpit instruments provide information to the pilots, including flight data, engine output, navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed.## Safety.When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel. Air travel insurance is.

Airplane. relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic. There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.## Environmental impact.Like all activities involving combustion, fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release soot and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause (mainly large jet airliners) emit aerosols and leave contrails, both of which can.

Airplane. increase cirrus cloud formationcloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation. Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly nitrogen compounds, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations. Most light piston aircraft burn avgas, which contains tetraethyllead (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded mogas and turbine engines and diesel enginesneither of which require leadare used on some newer light aircraft. Some non-polluting light electric aircraft are already in production.Another environmental impact of airplanes is noise pollution, mainly caused.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Andropogon gerardi. Andropogon gerardi, commonly known as big bluestem, is a species of tall grass native to much of the Great Plains and grassland regions of central and eastern North America. It is also known as tall bluestem, bluejoint, and turkeyfoot.## Taxonomy."Andropogon gerardi" was formally named in 1792 by Fulgenzio Vitman. It was named for French botanist Louis Gérard, who had first described the plant from specimens that had been cultivated in Provence, France.Kew's International Plant Names Index and USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network reject the spelling "gerardii and provide reasoning for "gerardi as being the correct spelling for the specific epithet.

Andropogon gerardi. of this taxon. "Andropogon gerardii" still makes appearances in various literature, including other USDA publications.## Description.Big bluestem is a perennial warm-season bunchgrass. It is tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions. The main roots are 6 - 10 (ft) deep, and the plants send out strong, tough rhizomes, so it forms very strong sod. Depending on soil and moisture conditions, it grows to a height of 1 - 3 (m). The stem base turns blue or purple as it matures.Big bluestem blooms in the summer and seeds into the fall. The inflorescence (cluster of flowers) is a raceme of.

Andropogon gerardi. two to six, most commonly three, narrow spike-like racemes alternately arranged along the top of the stem. It somewhat resembles a wild turkey's foot. Each raceme contains pairs of spikelets. Each pair has a stalked spikelet with another stalkless spikelet at the base of the stalk. The stalkless spikelet usually has a fertile, perfect floret (with both female and male parts) and an awn (bristle), and the stalked spikelet is awnless, and is sterile or has a staminate (male) flower.## Ecology.Big bluestem is a midsuccessional grass in prairie and other grassland ecosystems. It grows in tall, dense stands that can.

Andropogon gerardi. outcompete other plant species. The stands grow until disturbance interrupts their spread. It is shade intolerant and is adapted to fire.It is a host to larvae of several species of butterflies, including the arogos skipper, byssus skipper, cobweb skipper, common wood nymph, Delaware skipper, and dusted skipper.The larvae of the leaf beetle "Diabrotica cristata" feed on the roots and the adults visit the flowers of other species of prairie flowers. Many ants decorate their nests with the seeds, including "Formica glacialis", "F. montana", and "F. subsericea". Several species of ants, such as "F. glacialis", "F. montana", "F. subsericea", "Lasius minutus",.

Andropogon gerardi. and "L. umbratus" build nests around the base of this bunchgrass, forming large soil mounds. In larger mounds, the nest is shared by multiple species of ants, and is "likened to an apartment complex with each ant species in its own nest partition". Up to 12 species of ants have been recorded in mounds found in the Chicago region.The rust fungus "Puccinia andropogonis" forms black telia on the leaves.## Uses.The grass and its variants are good forage for horses and cattle, and can also be cut and used for hay. The grass is high in protein. While not considered the.

Andropogon gerardi. highest quality native forage found in the United States, it has long been considered a desirable and ecologically important grass by cattle ranchers and rangeland ecologists.Big bluestem is cultivated by specialty plant nurseries for its drought tolerance and native status. It is often grown for wildlife gardens, natural landscaping, and grassland habitat restoration projects.Due to its high biomass, big bluestem is being considered as a potential feedstock for ethanol production.## Symbols."Andropogon gerardi" is the state grass of Illinois and Missouri and the official prairie grass of Manitoba. "Schizachyrium scoparium" (little bluestem).


Question: What is the brand of this vehicle?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Nissan Juke. The is a subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment) produced by the Japanese car manufacturer Nissan since 2010. Debuted as a production vehicle at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in March and positioned below the C-segment Qashqai, it was introduced to North America at the 2010 New York International Auto Show to be sold for the 2011 model year.The second-generation model was revealed for the European market in September 2019, offering larger dimensions by utilising the newer Renault–Nissan CMF-B platform. The second generation marks the withdrawal of the model from most markets outside Europe and Australasia to make way for the Nissan.

Nissan Juke. Kicks.The name "juke" means to "dance or change directions demonstrating agility", and is also derived from the word "jukebox".## First generation (F15; 2010).On 11 February 2009, Nissan announced that the model would go into production at the Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK (NMUK) plant in Sunderland, United Kingdom, during 2010 following its appearance as the Nissan Qazana concept car at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show.The Juke was designed at Nissan Design Europe in London and refined at Nissan's Design Centre in Japan. It is based on the Nissan B platform. The Sunderland plant (NMUK) manufactures for the European market, Australia and.

Nissan Juke. New Zealand, while Nissan's facility in Oppama, Japan, produces the vehicle for all other countries. Both Sunderland and Oppama are suppliers of the all-wheel drive variant. The Purwakarta plant (NMI) in Indonesia assembled the Juke for the domestic market and Thailand with a local content of 40 percent, front-wheel-drive only.A rebadged version of the first-generation Juke was sold in China as the Infiniti ESQ.## Design.The car's profile is dominated by the prominent wheel arches and the body's high waistline which contrast with the slim side windows, which is a modern interpretation of "coke bottle styling" popular during the 1960s and.

Nissan Juke. 1970s. Echoing a style first seen Nissan's high performance electric coupé concept shown at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show, the glasshouse resembles a racing helmet visor. A coupé-like appearance is achieved by the rear door handles being located near the C-pillars, within the window frame. Locating the rear door handles within the window frame is a Nissan styling tradition, begun with the 1985 Nissan Pathfinder. The sport motif continues inside with the red or grey-painted centre console bearing similarity to a motorcycle fuel tank.The front end features a stacked array of lights. Running lamps and indicators are mounted atop the.

Nissan Juke. front wings, their lenses visible from inside the cabin as an aid to maneuvering. Below them, under the lower edges of an expansive, curved grille, the main headlamps are intended to be reminiscent of those fitted to rally cars during the 1960s and 1970s. Where fitted, fog lamps are situated on a third level within the sump guard at the bottom.## Cabin.The Juke features seating for five (two in front, three in back). The rear seats have a 60/40 split and can be folded down independently in order to carry larger objects. The rear cargo area is small but features.

Nissan Juke. additional storage beneath the floor (front wheel drive models only).The steering column instrumentation cluster features a tachometer, speedometer, and a small display between them that displays real-time fuel efficiency, odometer and trip odometer.The center portion of the dash contains the radio and the I-CON control (if equipped). Depending on market and trim level the Juke may be equipped with iPod or USB connectivity, NissanConnect GPS navigation, rear-view camera and Bluetooth audio. A relatively deep glovebox on the passenger side houses an iPod connector (if equipped).All but base models are equipped with Nissan's Integrated Control System, dubbed I-CON: a command module.

Nissan Juke. that sits in the lower dashboard, which manages both the climate control and the vehicle's drive mode (Normal, Sport or Eco). Its display and nomenclature change according to the function selected. Among the available display data are fuel efficiency stats, real-time G-force measurements and turbo boost pressure.## Markets.## Japan.In Japan, where the car was launched on 9 June 2010, orders totalled 10,943 units in its first month, surpassing Nissan's monthly target of 1,300. By 5 October 2010, Japanese sales had increased to 20,000 while European and US figures also exceeded expectations with orders for 30,000 and 17,500 cars taken for.

Nissan Juke. the respective markets. Four levels are specified. The RX and RS models are equipped with the "HR15DE" I4 engine, while the "MR16DDT" was supplied for the 16GT and 16GT FOUR.## United States.Three trim levels were initially available with the 1.6-litre turbocharged "MR16DDT" petrol engine: S, SV and SL. The base engine is rated at 188 hp (140 kW) at 5,600 rpm and 177 lb⋅ft (240 N⋅m) of torque at 2,000 rpm. The base S model was available only with a CVT and lacks the I-CON display. The SV model adds I-CON, optional 6-speed manual transmission and moonroof. The SL model.

Nissan Juke. adds leather seats, USB connectivity and a rear-view camera. All-wheel drive with torque vectoring was optional on all trims but cannot be paired with a manual transmission.After the 2017 model year, the Juke was discontinued in the United States.## Canada.The S trim was available with either manual transmission or CVT. In the SV trim the I-CON system was not standard and was available as an option. In the SL trim the I-CON system was standard and a navigation system was available. The Juke was discontinued in Canada after the 2017 model year.## Europe.Five trim levels are indicated for the 1.6-litre.

Nissan Juke. "HR16DE" petrol, 1.5-litre "K9K" diesel and 1.6-litre "MR16DDT" petrol engines: Visia, Acenta (also available with Sport and Premium packs), Tekna, Nismo and Nismo RS. In 2012, Nissan replaced the limited edition Juke Kuru with the Juke Shiro model. The Shiro was a limited edition Juke with white accents throughout the interior including white stitching on the leather seats, gear shifter and steering wheel as well as several other aesthetic options.The car was launched in the UK on 24 September 2010.## New Zealand.Two trim levels: ST and Ti, are available. Both are front-wheel drive and are powered by the HR16DE engine.

Nissan Juke. only available with a CVT. Some features on the higher-spec Ti include 17-inch alloy wheels, Dynamic Control System (DCS) drive modes, intelligent key with push start button and dual front, side and curtain airbags.## Indonesia.Locally assembled by Nissan Motor Indonesia (NMI), the Juke for the Indonesian market comes with two trim levels: RX and Red, with one engine option, the 1.5-litre "HR15DE" I4. Both trims are only available with a CVT. The Red model, only available in Indonesia, adds roof spoiler, different grille colour and bigger audio display screen. On 12 February 2015, Nissan Motor Indonesia added "Revolt" trim to.

Nissan Juke. the lineup, while introducing facelift for Indonesian Juke. Between 2014 and 2017, the locally assembled Juke was exported to Thailand. Production ceased in September 2018.## Chile.Sales began in 2012 for the Juke identical to the UK model sold in Chile. Three trim levels are offered: Sense, Advance and Exclusive, with two engines, 1.6 and 1.6 Turbo, with the turbo engine only available in the Exclusive trim level. All of them come with a CVT except the Exclusive Turbo, with the AWD option was only offered in the Exclusive.## Facelift.At the 2014 Geneva Motor Show, Nissan unveiled the revised Nissan Juke.

Nissan Juke. for 2015 model year, which went on sale in the summer of 2014. On the exterior, the revision has new L-Shaped LED Daytime Running and Indicator clusters, new front and rear bumper styling and new colour options. New standard equipment includes a rear-view camera, keyless entry and Bluetooth hands-free phone system.## Juke Nismo.New for 2013, the NISMO version differs from the base Juke in styling changes to the bumpers and side skirts, interior styling, modified suspension and steering, 18 (in) wheels, an unspecified "torque vectoring" option, and engine tuning. The engine is rated at 197 (hp) at 6,000 rpm and.

Nissan Juke. 184 (lbft) of torque at 2,000 rpm. There was also a higher-end Nismo RS variant available, with upgraded standard equipment (Recaro front seats, carbon fiber). The engine is upgraded to 215 (hp) at 6,300 rpm and 210 (lbft) at 3,600 rpm.The New York Times review was generally positive, but: "About that styling: I love it, but you might hate it. The face is dominated by bug-eye headlamps, and the running lights bulge up above the hood such that they’re in the driver’s line of sight. At night, the effect is of large bio-luminescent slugs lounging atop the front fenders. Admittedly,.

Nissan Juke. it’s more appealing than I’m making it sound."## Juke-R.The Juke-R is a limited production run Juke with the drivetrain, chassis, and the 3.8-litre VR engine from the Nissan GT-R that produces 545 (hp). Although Nissan planned to produce 17 or 23 units, only a total of five Juke-Rs were produced.## Infiniti ESQ.Beginning in 2014, the Juke has been sold in China as the Infiniti ESQ. Debuted at 2014 Chengdu Auto Show, it is based on the pre-facelift Juke Nismo with its upgraded suspension, aero enhancements and 18-inch wheels. It uses the turbocharged 1.6-liter four-cylinder engine with 147 (kW).As of 2016,.

Nissan Juke. the ESQ is the only Infiniti model not to have a name beginning with the letter Q.## Marketing.In August 2013, Nissan launched a commercial for the Juke, featuring Stormtroopers from the "Star Wars" series.## Second generation (F16; 2019).The second-generation Juke was unveiled on 3 September 2019 in London, Paris, Milan, Barcelona and Cologne. The second-generation Juke went in production in October 2019. Nissan continued to build the Juke at its plant in Sunderland, UK. Customer deliveries begun in late November in European markets.The vehicle is larger and based on an all-new CMF-B platform shared with the second-generation Renault Captur and.

Nissan Juke. the fifth-generation Renault Clio. The new platform makes extensive use of high-strength steel which is claimed to offer better stability, performance, and cornering capabilities. Despite that, the second-generation Juke is lighter by around 23 (kg) compared to the previous-generation model.Nissan claims rear-seat knee room is increased by 58 (mm), rear head room by 11 (mm), and the boot capacity is now 20 percent bigger at 422 (L) because of its larger size. The new Juke adopts an all-new dashboard layout with a 'floating' central display, a new multifunction steering wheel, and a reduced number of buttons on the center console.Initial.

Nissan Juke. engine option is the 1.0-litre three-cylinder "DIG-T" turbocharged petrol engine which produces 117 (PS) and 180 (Nm). In March 2022, a 1.6-litre petrol hybrid engine option from the Renault Captur was introduced alongside the 2022 improved model.For most markets outside Europe and Australasia, the second-generation Juke was never introduced as it was replaced by the V platform-based Kicks. The Kicks was revealed in North America in 2017 for 2018 model year, directly replacing the Juke. The Juke was also phased out in Japan and several Southeast Asian markets in favour of the Kicks e-Power.It was released in Australia in May.

Nissan Juke. 2020, with four trim levels available. It was also launched in Taiwan in November 2020, and sold alongside the locally assembled Kicks.## Safety.The second-generation Juke was awarded a full five-star rating by Euro NCAP.## Reception.It was reported that customers of the Juke mainly consisted of young buyers and the elderly, resulting in an average age in the late 40s.In Europe, it is Nissan's second best-selling car behind the Qashqai. U.S. sales of the Juke slowed in 2015, but the crossover sold 38,000 units in 2013 and 2014, and about 36,000 in 2011 and 2012.The Nissan Juke received Insurance Institute for.

Nissan Juke. Highway Safety (IIHS) Top Safety Pick in 2011.A Nissan Juke driven by stunt-driver Terry Grant claimed a Guinness World Record when it was driven around the Goodwood Hill Course on two wheels for 2 minutes and 55 seconds. The Nissan Juke received "The Grand Tour"s 2017 "Nissan Juke Award" for the worst car of the year.


Question: In which year was this place invented or discovered?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Pulsar. on August 6, 1967 from a newly commissioned radio telescope that she helped build. Initially dismissed as radio interference by her supervisor, Antony Hewish, developer of the telescope, the fact that the signals always appeared at the same declination and right ascension soon ruled out a terrestrial source. On November 28, 1967, Bell and Hewish using a fast recorder resolved the signals as a series of pulses, evenly spaced every 1.33 seconds. No astronomical object of this nature had ever been observed before. On December 21, Bell discovered a second pulsar, quashing speculation that these might be signals beamed at.

Pulsar. name for intelligent beings of extraterrestrial origin).It was not until a second pulsating source was discovered in a different part of the sky that the "LGM hypothesis" was entirely abandoned. Their pulsar was later dubbed CP 1919, and is now known by a number of designators including PSR B1919+21 and PSR J1921+2153. Although CP 1919 emits in radio wavelengths, pulsars have subsequently been found to emit in visible light, X-ray, and gamma ray wavelengths.The word "pulsar" first appeared in print in 1968: The existence of neutron stars was first proposed by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky in 1934, when they.

Pulsar. argued that a small, dense star consisting primarily of neutrons would result from a supernova. Based on the idea of magnetic flux conservation from magnetic main sequence stars, Lodewijk Woltjer proposed in 1964 that such neutron stars might contain magnetic fields as large as 1014 to 1016 gausses (=1010 to 1012 teslas). In 1967, shortly before the discovery of pulsars, Franco Pacini suggested that a rotating neutron star with a magnetic field would emit radiation, and even noted that such energy could be pumped into a supernova remnant around a neutron star, such as the Crab Nebula. After the discovery.

Pulsar. of the first pulsar, Thomas Gold independently suggested a rotating neutron star model similar to that of Pacini, and explicitly argued that this model could explain the pulsed radiation observed by Bell Burnell and Hewish. In 1968, Richard V. E. Lovelace with collaborators discovered period formula_1 ms of the Crab Nebula pulsar using Arecibo Observatory.The discovery of the Crab pulsar provided confirmation of the rotating neutron star model of pulsars. The Crab pulsar 33-millisecond pulse period was too short to be consistent with other proposed models for pulsar emission. Moreover, the Crab pulsar is so named because it is located.

Pulsar. as a system of Galactic clocks. Disturbances in the clocks will be measurable at Earth. A disturbance from a passing gravitational wave will have a particular signature across the ensemble of pulsars, and will be thus detected.## Significant pulsars.The pulsars listed here were either the first discovered of its type, or represent an extreme of some type among the known pulsar population, such as having the shortest measured period. The first radio pulsar "CP 1919" (now known as PSR B1919+21), with a pulse period of 1.337 seconds and a pulse width of 0.04-second, was discovered in 1967. The first binary.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen. Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen was formerly a venomous pit viper subspecies found in the eastern United States. However, recent taxonomic changes do not recognize the northern copperhead ("A. c. mokasen") as a valid taxon.## New taxonomy.The northern copperhead ("Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen") was once classified as a subspecies of the copperhead ("Agkistrodon contortrix"). However, DNA based studies published in 2008 and 2015, revealed no significant genetic difference between the northern copperhead ("Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen "), the southern copperhead ("Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix") and the Osage copperhead ("Agkistrodon contortrix phaeogaster"). The three subspecies were synonymized and elevated to one species, with the oldest published.

Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen. name, "Agkistrodon contortrix ", having priority. The resulting taxonomy does not recognize the northern copperhead ("Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen") as a valid taxon. Several subsequent reviews and species accounts have followed and supported the revised taxonomy. ## Description.The northern copperhead grows to a typical length of 61–91 cm (24–36 in), with a maximum of 135 cm (53 in).The dorsal scales are weakly keeled. The anal plate is single. The subcaudals are single, at least anteriorly.The color pattern consists of an hourglass pattern that runs the length of the body. From above, a series of dark chestnut crossbands looks narrow in the.

Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen. center and wider on the sides. Between the crossbands, small, dark spots are often present. Dark, rounded spots occur at the sides of the belly. The head is a copper-red color. Juvenile specimens are lighter in color, and have a yellow tail tip and a narrow dark line that runs through the eye that divides the darker head from the lighter-colored labial scales.## Common names.Northern copperhead, copperhead, resident copperhead, highland moccasin, beech-leaf snake, chunk head, copper (adder), copper-bell, copper belly, copperhead moccasin, copperhead viper, copper snake, copper viper, deaf adder, deaf snake, harlequin snake, hazel head, North American copperhead snake,.

Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen. northern copperhead, pilot, poplar leaf, rattlesnake pilot, rattlesnake's mate, red adder, red eye, red snake, red viper, thunder snake, upland moccasin, white oak snake, adder.## Geographic range.This subspecies is found in the United States in Washington D.C., Maryland, Virginia, East Texas, southern Illinois, southern Indiana, throughout Mississippi, northern Alabama, northern Georgia, northeast to Massachusetts (which considers them endangered), New York Hudson Valley region, the Appalachian Mountain region and associated plateaus, also southwestern Pennsylvania. No type locality was given.## Behavior.These snakes are generally quiet, almost lethargic, preferring to lie motionless or to make a slow retreat when encountered. When sufficiently agitated,.

Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen. however, they can strike vigorously and may vibrate their tails rapidly. Palisot de Beauvois, A.M.F.J. 1799. Memoir on Amphibia. Serpents. Trans. American Philos. Soc. 4 (42): 362-381.


Question: What is the typical diameter (in 1) of this object?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Tetrahedron. regular tetrahedron.The following Cartesian coordinates define the four vertices of a tetrahedron with edge length 2, centered at the origin, and two level edges:formula_1Expressed symmetrically as 4 points on the unit sphere, centroid at the origin, with lower face level, the vertices are:formula_2formula_3formula_4formula_5with the edge length of formula_6.Still another set of coordinates are based on an alternated cube or demicube with edge length 2. This form has Coxeter diagram and Schläfli symbol h{4,3}. The tetrahedron in this case has edge length 2. Inverting these coordinates generates the dual tetrahedron, and the pair together form the stellated octahedron, whose vertices are.

Tetrahedron. those of the original cube.Tetrahedron: (1,1,1), (1,−1,−1), (−1,1,−1), (−1,−1,1)Dual tetrahedron: (−1,−1,−1), (−1,1,1), (1,−1,1), (1,1,−1)## Angles and distances.For a regular tetrahedron of edge length "a":With respect to the base plane the slope of a face (2) is twice that of an edge (), corresponding to the fact that the "horizontal" distance covered from the base to the apex along an edge is twice that along the median of a face. In other words, if "C" is the centroid of the base, the distance from "C" to a vertex of the base is twice that from "C" to the midpoint of an.

Tetrahedron. two tetrahedra in the cube). The symmetries of a regular tetrahedron correspond to half of those of a cube: those that map the tetrahedra to themselves, and not to each other.The tetrahedron is the only Platonic solid that is not mapped to itself by point inversion.The regular tetrahedron has 24 isometries, forming the symmetry group Td, [3,3], (*332), isomorphic to the symmetric group, "S"4. They can be categorized as follows: T, [3,3]+, (332) is isomorphic to alternating group, "A"4 (the identity and 11 proper rotations) with the following conjugacy classes (in parentheses are given the permutations of the vertices, or.

Tetrahedron. correspondingly, the faces, and the unit quaternion representation): identity (identity; 1) rotation about an axis through a vertex, perpendicular to the opposite plane, by an angle of ±120°: 4 axes, 2 per axis, together , etc.; ) rotation by an angle of 180° such that an edge maps to the opposite edge: , etc.; ) reflections in a plane perpendicular to an edge: 6 reflections in a plane combined with 90° rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane: 3 axes, 2 per axis, together 6; equivalently, they are 90° rotations combined with inversion (x is mapped to −x): the.

Tetrahedron. are projected as circular arcs on the plane.## Helical stacking.Regular tetrahedra can be stacked face-to-face in a chiral aperiodic chain called the Boerdijk–Coxeter helix. In four dimensions, all the convex regular 4-polytopes with tetrahedral cells (the 5-cell, 16-cell and 600-cell) can be constructed as tilings of the 3-sphere by these chains, which become periodic in the three-dimensional space of the 4-polytope's boundary surface.## Irregular tetrahedra.Tetrahedra which do not have four equilateral faces are categorized and named by the symmetries they do possess.If all three pairs of opposite edges of a tetrahedron are perpendicular, then it is called an orthocentric tetrahedron.

Tetrahedron. to the opposite faces are inversely proportional to the areas of these faces.For a tetrahedron with vertices,, and, the volume is , or any other combination of pairs of vertices that form a simply connected graph. This can be rewritten using a dot product and a cross product, yieldingformula_9If the origin of the coordinate system is chosen to coincide with vertex d, then d = 0, soformula_10where a, b, and c represent three edges that meet at one vertex, and is a scalar triple product. Comparing this formula with that used to compute the volume of a parallelepiped, we conclude.

Tetrahedron. that the volume of a tetrahedron is equal to of the volume of any parallelepiped that shares three converging edges with it.The absolute value of the scalar triple product can be represented as the following absolute values of determinants:formula_11orformula_12whereformula_13are expressed as row or column vectors.Henceformula_14whereformula_15which givesformula_16where "α", "β", "γ" are the plane angles occurring in vertex d. The angle "α", is the angle between the two edges connecting the vertex d to the vertices b and c. The angle "β", does so for the vertices a and c, while "γ", is defined by the position of the vertices a and.

Tetrahedron. b.If we do not require that d = 0 thenformula_17Given the distances between the vertices of a tetrahedron the volume can be computed using the Cayley–Menger determinant:formula_18where the subscripts represent the vertices and "d" is the pairwise distance between them – i.e., the length of the edge connecting the two vertices. A negative value of the determinant means that a tetrahedron cannot be constructed with the given distances. This formula, sometimes called Tartaglia's formula, is essentially due to the painter Piero della Francesca in the 15th century, as a three dimensional analogue of the 1st century Heron's formula for the.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. is a diagonal of one of the cube's faces. For one such embedding, the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices are(+1, +1, +1);(−1, −1, +1);(−1, +1, −1);(+1, −1, −1).This yields a tetrahedron with edge-length 2, centered at the origin. For the other tetrahedron (which is dual to the first), reverse all the signs. These two tetrahedra's vertices combined are the vertices of a cube, demonstrating that the regular tetrahedron is the 3-demicube.The volume of this tetrahedron is one-third the volume of the cube. Combining both tetrahedra gives a regular polyhedral compound called the compound of two tetrahedra or stella octangula.The interior.

Tetrahedron. of the stella octangula is an octahedron, and correspondingly, a regular octahedron is the result of cutting off, from a regular tetrahedron, four regular tetrahedra of half the linear size (i.e., rectifying the tetrahedron).The above embedding divides the cube into five tetrahedra, one of which is regular. In fact, five is the minimum number of tetrahedra required to compose a cube. To see this, starting from a base tetrahedron with 4 vertices, each added tetrahedra adds at most 1 new vertex, so at least 4 more must be added to make a cube, which has 8 vertices.Inscribing tetrahedra inside the.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. faces are "F"a, "F"b, "F"c, and "F"d. Thenformula_29For vertices "A", "B", "C", and "D", interior point "P", and feet "J", "K", "L", and "M" of the perpendiculars from "P" to the faces, and suppose the faces have equal areas, thenformula_30## Inradius.Denoting the inradius of a tetrahedron as "r" and the inradii of its triangular faces as "r""i" for "i" = 1, 2, 3, 4, we haveformula_31with equality if and only if the tetrahedron is regular.If "A""1", "A""2", "A""3" and "A""4" denote the area of each faces, the value of "r" is given byformula_32.This formula is obtained from dividing the tetrahedron.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.

Tetrahedron. is arccos(−), or approximately 109.47°.Water, , also has a tetrahedral structure, with two hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs of electrons around the central oxygen atoms. Its tetrahedral symmetry is not perfect, however, because the lone pairs repel more than the single O–H bonds.Quaternary phase diagrams of mixtures of chemical substances are represented graphically as tetrahedra.However, quaternary phase diagrams in communication engineering are represented graphically on a two-dimensional plane.## Electricity and electronics.If six equal resistors are soldered together to form a tetrahedron, then the resistance measured between any two vertices is half that of one resistor.Since silicon is the most.

Tetrahedron. rolled appearing around the bottom or on the top vertex. Some Rubik's Cube-like puzzles are tetrahedral, such as the Pyraminx and Pyramorphix.## Geology.The tetrahedral hypothesis, originally published by William Lowthian Green to explain the formation of the Earth, was popular through the early 20th century.## Weaponry.Some caltrops are based on tetrahedra as one spike points upwards regardless of how they land and can be easily made by welding two bent nails together.## Contemporary art.The Austrian artist Martina Schettina created a tetrahedron using fluorescent lamps. It was shown at the light art biennale Austria 2010.It is used as album artwork, surrounded.


Question: What kind of effect does this object have?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Airplane. North American X-15 broke many speed and altitude records in the 1960s and pioneered engineering concepts for later aircraft and spacecraft. Military transport aircraft may employ rocket-assisted take offs for short-field situations. Otherwise, rocket aircraft include spaceplanes, like SpaceShipTwo, for travel beyond the Earth's atmosphere and sport aircraft developed for the short-lived Rocket Racing League.## Design and manufacture.Most airplanes are constructed by companies with the objective of producing them in quantity for customers. The design and planning process, including safety tests, can last up to four years for small turboprops or longer for larger planes.During this process, the objectives and.

Airplane. resulted in reduced noise from aircraft engines in response to increased noise pollution from growth in air traffic over urban areas near airports.Small planes can be designed and constructed by amateurs as homebuilts. Other homebuilt aircraft can be assembled using pre-manufactured kits of parts that can be assembled into a basic plane and must then be completed by the builder.Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane.

Airplane. to stabilize the plane's pitch (tilt up or down) and mounts the elevators, which provide pitch control. "Landing gear", a set of wheels, skids, or floats that support the plane while it is on the surface. On seaplanes, the bottom of the fuselage or floats (pontoons) support it while on the water. On some planes the landing gear retracts during flight to reduce drag.## Wings.The wings of a fixed-wing aircraft are static planes extending either side of the aircraft. When the aircraft travels forwards, air flows over the wings, which are shaped to create lift. This shape is called an.

Airplane. instruments.Airplanes have complex flight control systems. The main controls allow the pilot to direct the aircraft in the air by controlling the attitude (roll, pitch and yaw) and engine thrust.On manned aircraft, cockpit instruments provide information to the pilots, including flight data, engine output, navigation, communications and other aircraft systems that may be installed.## Safety.When risk is measured by deaths per passenger kilometer, air travel is approximately 10 times safer than travel by bus or rail. However, when using the deaths per journey statistic, air travel is significantly more dangerous than car, rail, or bus travel. Air travel insurance is.

Airplane. relatively expensive for this reason—insurers generally use the deaths per journey statistic. There is a significant difference between the safety of airliners and that of smaller private planes, with the per-mile statistic indicating that airliners are 8.3 times safer than smaller planes.## Environmental impact.Like all activities involving combustion, fossil-fuel-powered aircraft release soot and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to airplanes: for instance, Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause (mainly large jet airliners) emit aerosols and leave contrails, both of which can.

Airplane. increase cirrus cloud formationcloud cover may have increased by up to 0.2% since the birth of aviation. Airplanes operating at high altitudes near the tropopause can also release chemicals that interact with greenhouse gases at those altitudes, particularly nitrogen compounds, which interact with ozone, increasing ozone concentrations. Most light piston aircraft burn avgas, which contains tetraethyllead (TEL). Some lower-compression piston engines can operate on unleaded mogas and turbine engines and diesel enginesneither of which require leadare used on some newer light aircraft. Some non-polluting light electric aircraft are already in production.Another environmental impact of airplanes is noise pollution, mainly caused.


Question: Which company manufactures this item?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Basket. and broad-leaved tropical bromeliads each require a different method of twisting and braiding to be made into a basket. The practice of basket making has evolved into an art. Artistic freedom allows basket makers a wide choice of colors, materials, sizes, patterns, and details.The carrying of a basket on the head, particularly by rural women, has long been practiced. Representations of this in Ancient Greek art are called Canephorae.## Figurative and literary usage.The phrase "to hell in a handbasket" means "to deteriorate rapidly". The origin of this use is unclear."Basket" is sometimes used as an adjective towards a person who.

Basket. is born out of wedlock. This occurs more commonly in British English. "Basket" also refers to a bulge in a man's crotch.## Materials.Basket makers use a wide range of materials:WickerStrawPlasticMetalBambooPalmCarbon fiber Basket weaving "Canephorae" Weaving Native American basketry Native American basket weavers Baleen basketry Fruits Basket "Japanese Manga series"Zepeda, Ofelia (1995). "Ocean Power: Poems from the Desert". .Baskets, The Women's Committee of the Philadelphia Museum of ArtBaskets at the University of Michigan Museum of ArtBaskets at the Metropolitan Museum of ArtExhibition: "A Measure of the Earth: The Cole-Ware Collection of American Baskets" at the Smithsonian American Art MuseumStudy Lab: "Entwined.