Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Crotalus viridis. Crotalus viridis (Common names: prairie rattlesnake, Great Plains rattlesnake,) is a venomous pit viper species native to the western United States, southwestern Canada, and northern Mexico. Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the prairie rattlesnake ("Crotalus viridis viridis"), the nominate subspecies, and the Hopi rattlesnake ("Crotalus viridis nuntius").## Taxonomy.The taxonomic history of this species is convoluted. Previously, seven other "C. viridis" subspecies were also recognized, including "C. v. abyssus", "C. v. caliginis", "C. v. cerberus", "C. v. concolor", "C. v. helleri", "C. v. lutosus" and "C. v. oreganus". However, in 2001 Ashton and de Queiroz described their analysis of the.

Crotalus viridis. variation of mitochondrial DNA across the range of this species. Their results agreed broadly with those obtained by Pook "et al." (2000). Two main clades were identified, east and west of the Rocky Mountains, which they argued were actually two different species: on the one hand "C. viridis", including the conventional subspecies "C. v. viridis" and "C. v. nuntius", and on the other "C. oreganus", including all the other traditional subspecies of "C. viridis". The authors retained the names of the traditional subspecies, but emphasized the need for more work to be done on the systematics of "C. oreganus".## Description.This.

Crotalus viridis. species commonly grows to more than 100 (cm) in length. The maximum recorded size is 151.5 (cm). In Montana, specimens occasionally exceed 120 (cm) in length; the species reaches its maximum size in this region. One of the most characteristic features is the presence of three or more, usually four, internasal scales.Identification characteristics will vary depending on which subspecies is encountered. Generally, prairie rattlesnakes are usually lightly colored in hues of brown. Patches of dark brown are often distributed in a dorsal pattern. A color band may be seen at the back of the eye. The prairie rattlesnake group carries.

Crotalus viridis. the distinctive triangle-shaped head and pit sensory organs on either side of the head. A key characteristic that can help differentiate a prairie rattlesnake from other rattlesnakes is the presence of two internasals contacting the rostral.## Distribution and habitat.Prairie rattlesnakes are found in North America over much of the Great Plains, the eastern foothills and some intermontane valleys of the Rocky Mountains, from southwestern Canada through the United States to northern Mexico. In Canada, they occur in Alberta and Saskatchewan; in the US in eastern Idaho, most of Montana (where it is one of 10 snake species and the only.

Crotalus viridis. venomous one), North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, northeastern Arizona, extreme western Iowa, and in Mexico in northern Coahuila and northwestern Chihuahua. Its vertical range is from 100 (m) near the Rio Grande to over 2,775 (m) in elevation in Wyoming.Wright and Wright (1957) and Klauber (1997) both mention Utah as within the range of this species, including maps showing it confined to the extreme southeastern part of the state. The type locality is described as "the Upper Missouri [Valley, USA]". An emendation was proposed by H.M. Smith and Taylor (1950) to "Gross, Boyd.

Crotalus viridis. County, Nebraska."Habitat characteristics can vary depending on subspecies and range. Generally, western rattlesnakes occupy areas with an abundant prey base. Many subspecies occupy somewhat rocky areas with outcrops serving as den sites. Prairie rattlesnakes have also been known to occupy burrows of other animals. They seem to prefer dry areas with moderate vegetation coverage. Vegetation cover will vary depending on region and subspecies.## Behavior.Prairie rattlesnakes are primarily terrestrial, but occasionally climb in trees or bushes. Some even rest in crevices or caves. They are typically active diurnally in cooler weather and nocturnally during hot weather "C. viridis". This species complex.

Crotalus viridis. is equipped with powerful venom, using about 20-55 percent of venom in one bite, and will defend themselves if threatened or injured. As with other rattlesnake species, prairie rattlesnakes will rapidly vibrate their tails, which produces a unique rasping sound to warn intruders.The venom of the Prairie rattlesnake is a complexly structured mixture of different proteins with enzymes such as proteases and peptidases found among them. Besides the hemotoxin and its tissue destructive effect, the venom also has neurotoxic properties.## Diet.Prairie rattlesnakes, because of their expansive distribution, have a wide array of prey. Generally, this species prefers small mammals, such.

Crotalus viridis. as ground squirrels, ground nesting birds, mice, rats, small rabbits and prairie dogs. They will occasionally feed on amphibians and reptiles, and sometimes even other snakes. This is more commonly seen in juvenile snakes.## Reproduction.Prairie rattlesnakes are viviparous and can produce from one to 25 young per reproduction event. The average number of young ranges from four to 12, but can vary greatly due to availability of food and environmental conditions. Males may compete for females during the breeding season, but western rattlesnake females may not necessarily breed every year. They give birth in late summer or early fall, being.

Crotalus viridis. their breed 22–28 cm long, without the need for parental care. In addition, the young are toxic as soon as they are born. They reach sexual maturity at three years of age. It is also common for females to give birth at communal den sites with the young born between August and October.## Conservation status.This species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v3.1, 2001). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a.

Crotalus viridis. more threatened category. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2006.## Subspecies."Crotalus viridis nuntius" ,the Hopi rattlesnake, inhabits the United States from northeastern and north-central Arizona, from the New Mexico border to Cataract Creek, including the Little Colorado River basin, the southern section of the Apache Indian Reservation, the Hopi Reservation, and the Coconino Plateau from the southern rim of the Grand Canyon to US Highway 66 in the south."Crotalus viridis viridis" , the prairie rattlesnake, inhabits the North American Great Plains from the Rocky Mountains to 96° W and from southern Canada to extreme northern Mexico, including southwestern.

Crotalus viridis. Saskatchewan, southeastern Alberta, eastern Washington, Idaho in the Lemhi Valley, Montana east of the higher Rockies, southwestern North Dakota, west, central and extreme southeastern South Dakota, western Iowa, central and western Nebraska, Wyoming except for the Rockies, Colorado, central and western Kansas, Oklahoma, extreme southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, New Mexico, western and southwestern Texas, northeastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila. SnakebiteAshton KG, de Queiroz A. 2001. "Molecular systematics of the Western Rattlesnake, "Crotalus viridis" (Viperidae), with comments on the utility of the D-Loop in phylogenetic studies of snakes". "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" 21 (2): 176-189.Behler JL, King FW. 1979. "The.

Crotalus viridis. Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians". New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. . ("Crotalus viridis", pp. 694–695 + Plates 621, 623, 627, 629-631, 648).Conant R. 1975. "A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition". Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. (hardcover), (paperback). ("Crotalus viridis", p. 237 + Plate 36 + Map 179).Conant R, Bridges W. 1939. "What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains". (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and.

Crotalus viridis. London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. ("Crotalus viridis", pp. 154–155 + Plate 32, Figure 91).Hubbs, Brian; O'Connor, Brendan. 2012. "A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States". Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 129 pp. . ("Crotalus viridis nuntius", pp. 36–37, 111; "C. v. viridis", pp. 38–39).Rafinesque CS. 1818. "Further Accounts of Discoveries in Natural History, in the Western States". "American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review" 4 (5): 39-42. ("N. Sp. "Crotalinus viridis" ", p. 41).Schmidt KP, Davis DD. 1941. "Field Book of Snakes of the United States and.

Crotalus viridis. Canada". New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. ("Crotalus viridis", pp. 308–311, Figure 102 (map) + Plate 34).Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr. 1982. "Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification". New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. . ("Crotalus viridis", pp. 204–205). Prairie Rattlesnake, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Triteleia ixioides. seed coat has a crust."Triteleia ixioides" exhibits a considerable amount of polyploidy and reported chromosome numbers are 2n = 10, 14, 16, 24, 32, 40, 42, 50.## Taxonomy and phylogeny."Triteleia ixioides" was first formally described (under the name "Ornithogalum ixioides") by William Townsend Aiton in the second edition of "Hortus Kewensis" in 1811, based on a specimen collected by Archibald Menzies "in California". Aiton's published description was likely actually written by botanist Jonas Carlsson Dryander, working as a librarian for Joseph Banks, and so the author citation is given as "Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton". The specific epithet "ixioides" means "like Ixia",.


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Macramé. Macramé is a form of textile produced using knotting (rather than weaving or knitting) techniques.The primary knots of macramé are the square (or reef knot) and forms of "hitching": various combinations of half hitches. It was long crafted by sailors, especially in elaborate or ornamental knotting forms, to cover anything from knife handles to bottles to parts of ships.Cavandoli macramé is one variety that is used to form geometric and free-form patterns like weaving. The Cavandoli style is done mainly in a single knot, the double half-hitch knot. Reverse half hitches are sometimes used to maintain balance when working left.

Macramé. and right halves of a balanced piece.Leather or fabric belts are another accessory often created via macramé techniques. Most friendship bracelets exchanged among schoolchildren and teens are created using this method. Vendors at theme parks, malls, seasonal fairs and other public places may sell macramé jewelry or decoration as well.## History.One of the earliest recorded uses of macramé-style knots as decoration appeared in the carvings of the Babylonians and Assyrians. Fringe-like plaiting and braiding adorned the costumes of the time and were captured in their stone statuary.Arab weavers knotted excess thread along the edges of hand-loomed fabrics such as towels,.

Macramé. shawls, and veils into decorative fringes. The word "macramé" is derived from the Arabic "macramia" (), believed to mean "striped towel", "ornamental fringe" or "embroidered veil". Another school of thought indicates that it comes from Turkish "makrama", "napkin" or "towel". The decorative fringes also helped to keep flies off camels and horses in northern Africa.The Moorish conquest took the craft to Spain, then Italy, especially in the region of Liguria, then it spread through Europe. In England, it was introduced at the court of Mary II in the late 17th century. Queen Mary taught it to her ladies-in-waiting.Macramé was most.

Macramé. popular in the Victorian era. It adorned most homes in items such as tablecloths, bedspreads and curtains. The popular "Sylvia's Book of Macramé Lace" (1882) showed how "to work rich trimmings for black and coloured costumes, both for home wear, garden parties, seaside ramblings, and balls—fairylike adornments for household and underlinens ...".It was a specialty in Genoa, and was popular in the 19th century. There, "Its roots were in a 16th-century technique of knotting lace known as "punto a groppo"" Sailors made macramé objects while not busy at sea, and sold or bartered them when they landed. Nineteenth-century British and.

Macramé. American sailors made hammocks, bell fringes, and belts from macramé. They called the process "square knotting" after the knot they used most often. Sailors also called macramé "McNamara's lace".Macramé's popularity faded, but resurged in the 1970s for making wall hangings, clothing accessories, small jean shorts, bedspreads, tablecloths, draperies, plant hangers and other furnishings. Macramé jewelry became popular in America. Using mainly square knots and granny knots, this jewelry often features handmade glass beads and natural elements such as bone and shell. Necklaces, anklets and bracelets have become popular forms of macramé jewelry. By the early 1980s, macramé again began to.

Macramé. fall out of fashion, only to be revived by millennials.## Materials and process.Materials used in macramé include cords made of cotton twine, linen, hemp, jute, leather or yarn. Cords are identified by construction, such as a 3-ply cord, made of three lengths of fibre twisted together. Jewelry is often made in combination of both the knots and various beads (of glass, wood, and so on), pendants or shells. Sometimes 'found' focal points are used for necklaces, such as rings or gemstones, either wire-wrapped to allow for securing or captured in a net-like array of intertwining overhand knots. A knotting board.

Macramé. is often used to mount the cords for macramé work. Cords may be held in place using a C-clamp, straight pins, T-pins, U-pins, or upholstery pins.For larger decorative pieces, such as wall hangings or window coverings, a work of macramé might be started out on a wooden or metal dowel, allowing for a spread of dozens of cords that are easy to manipulate. For smaller projects, push-pin boards are available specifically for macramé, although a simple corkboard works adequately. Many craft stores offer beginners' kits, work boards, beads and materials ranging in price for the casual hobbyist or ambitious crafter.


Question: What country does this building belong to?

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Hammershus. a number of successive struggles between the kings of Denmark versus the Archbishopric, the fortress served as a refuge for the Archbishops including Bishop Jens Grand. It was conquered by the king's army on a number of occasions, e.g. 1259, 1265, 1319, and 1325. In 1521, it was taken by king Christian II, who used it to imprison Bishop Jens Andersen Beldenak of Funen. The fortress was conquered by forces of Lübeck the same year.In 1658, Hammershus was occupied by Swedish forces, but a rebellion on the island terminated the Swedish rule. The rebels, led by Jens Pedersen Kofoed, shot.

Hammershus. the Swedish commandant Johan Printzenskiöld, and the Danish peasants traveled to Copenhagen to return the island to the king of Denmark. Corfitz Ulfeldt and his wife Leonora Christina were imprisoned in Hammershus 1660–1661. In 1743 Hammershus was abandoned as a stronghold. The remains were preserved in 1822. Since the major excavation and restoration work in the late 1800s, there has been a continuous maintenance of the ruins.## Description.Visitors to Hammershus have views of the coastline and the sea surrounding Bornholm. South of the castle is a deep valley, water filled hollows, and dense forest. There are a number points before.

Hammershus. arriving at castle where enemies could be stopped. The castle was built with box-like rooms surrounded by rings of fortifications. Each provided an additional layer of protection from invaders. Two natural spring ponds provided fresh drinking water on the side of the castle.## Art.Because of the unusual light on Bornholm, and because it has only four hours of darkness in summer, many of Denmark's earliest artists chose to paint views of Hammerhus. One of the most notable is by Anton Eduard Kieldrup from 1848, which is on display at the Bornholm Art Museum. "Bornholm Tourist Guide"; personal visits of author.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Gymnocarpium robertianum. Gymnocarpium robertianum, the limestone fern or scented oakfern, is a fern of the family Cystopteridaceae.## Description."Gymnocarpium robertianum" has small (10–50 cm), deltate, two- to three-pinnate fronds. Fronds arise from creeping rhizomes and have long, delicate rachis. The sori are borne in round clumps on the underside of the blade and lack an indusium. This species differs from the closely related "G. dryopteris" in having a densely glandular rachis as well as a more sparsely glandular underside to the blade."Gymnocarpium robertianum" is thought to hybridise with "G. appalachianum" giving rise to "Gymnocarpium" × "heterosporum" . This hybrid was only known from.

Gymnocarpium robertianum. Pennsylvania where it has now been eradicated. The hybrid between "G. robertianum" and "G. dryopteris" is called "Gymnocarpium" × "achriosporum" his taxon is known from Sweden and Quebec.## Distribution and habitat."Gymnocarpium robertianum" is a circumboreal species with populations in Europe, North America and the Caucasus Mountains.This species is protected in Illinois and Michigan and is protected under the Flora Protection Order in Ireland.This species is a calcicole and as such is restricted to alkaline rich areas. In the British Isles its preferential habitat is grykes in limestone pavement. In Michigan the species is most frequent in Thuja occidentalis swamps."Gymnocarpium robertianum.

Gymnocarpium robertianum. at Flora of North America Distribution of "Gymnocarpium robertianum" in the British Isles at BSBI maps "Gymnocarpium robertianum" at Hardy Fern Library.


Question: What is this place named after?

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Loch Ard Gorge. The Loch Ard Gorge is part of Port Campbell National Park, Victoria, Australia, about three minutes' drive west of The Twelve Apostles.## History.The gorge is named after the clipper ship "Loch Ard" that ran aground on nearby Muttonbird Island on 1 June 1878 approaching the end of a three-month journey from England to Melbourne. Of the fifty-four passengers and crew, only two survived: Tom Pearce, a ship's apprentice; and Eva Carmichael, an Irishwoman emigrating with her family, both of whom were 19 years of age. According to memorials at the site, Pearce was washed ashore, and rescued Carmichael from the.

Loch Ard Gorge. water after hearing her cries for help. Pearce then proceeded to climb out of the gorge to raise the alarm to local pastoralists who immediately set into plan a rescue attempt. Three months after the incident, which claimed the lives of four of her family members, Carmichael returned to Europe. Pearce was hailed as a hero, and died aged 49. He is buried in Southampton, England.The arch of the nearby Island Archway collapsed in June 2009. The feature now appears as two unconnected rock pillars. They have since been officially named Tom and Eva after the two teenage survivors of.

Loch Ard Gorge. the Loch Ard shipwreck.## General.The gorge is accessed via the Great Ocean Road, 3.5 km northwest of The Twelve Apostles. Stairs allow visitors access to the beach and a pathway allows access to the eastern side of the gorge. There are numerous plaques and a small museum detailing the site's history, as well as a rest area, and cemetery housing many of the people that died.## Fauna.The uncommon rufous bristlebird ("Dasyornis broadbenti") is often observed around the Gorge.## In Films.This was the location for a number of scenes of the 1982 film "The Pirate Movie" and also the 1999 TV.

Loch Ard Gorge. series "Journey to the Center of the Earth" with Treat Williams. The gorge hosted the final task and Finish Line for the third series of "The Amazing Race Australia".Great Ocean RoadLoch ArdLondon ArchThe Gibson StepsThe GrottoShipwreck CoastGreat Ocean Road - Loch Ard Gorge360 panorama of Loch Ard Gorge.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Crotalus mitchellii. Common names: speckled rattlesnake, Mitchell's rattlesnake, white rattlesnake"Crotalus mitchellii is a venomous pit viper species in the family Viperidae. The species is endemic to the Southwestern United States and adjacent northern Mexico. The species was named in honor of Silas Weir Mitchell (1829–1914), an American medical doctor who also studied rattlesnake venoms. Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.## Description.Generally, "C. mitchelli" does not exceed 100 (cm) in total length (including tail), with large males measuring between 90 and 100 (cm). The race on Isla Ángel de la Guarda is known to become larger, the maximum.

Crotalus mitchellii. recorded length for a specimen there being 136.7 (cm). In contrast, the population on El Muerto Island only reaches a maximum of 63.7 (cm) in length.## Geographic range."C. mitchelli" is found in the southwestern United States and in northwestern Mexico. In the US, its range includes east-central and southern California, southwestern Nevada, extreme southwestern Utah, and western Arizona. In Mexico, it is native in most of Baja California, including Baja California Sur. It also inhabits a number of islands in the Gulf of California, including Angel de la Guarda Island, Carmen, Cerralvo, El Muerto, Espíritu Santo, Monserrate, Piojo, Salsipuedes, and.

Crotalus mitchellii. San José, as well as on Santa Margarita Island off the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur.The type locality is listed as "Cape St. Lucas, Lower California" (Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico).## Subspecies and taxonomy.Grismer (1999) argued that "C. m. angelensis" and "C. m. muertensis" should be given species status, mainly due to differences in body size.More recently, Douglas et al. (2007) recognised "C.m. stephensi" as a full species, and Meik et al. (2015) elevated both the southwestern and the Angel de la Guarda speckled rattlesnakes to the state of full species, "C. pyrrhus" and "C. angelensis", whereas.

Crotalus mitchellii. the El Muerto Island speckled rattlesnake was considered part of "C. pyrrhus"## Conservation status.The nominate subspecies ("C. m. mitchellii" ) is classified as "Least Concern" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2007. Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.Cope ED (1861). "Contributions to the Ophiology of Lower California, Mexico and Central America". "Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" 13: 292-306. ("Caudisona mitchellii",.

Crotalus mitchellii. new species, pp. 293–294)."Crotalus angelensis" at San Diego Natural History Museum"Crotalus mitchelli" at San Diego Natural History Museum"Crotalus mitchellii pyrrhus.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Song thrush. The song thrush (Turdus philomelos) is a thrush that breeds across the West Palearctic. It has brown upper-parts and black-spotted cream or buff underparts and has three recognised subspecies. Its distinctive song, which has repeated musical phrases, has frequently been referred to in poetry.The song thrush breeds in forests, gardens and parks, and is partially migratory with many birds wintering in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East; it has also been introduced into New Zealand and Australia. Although it is not threatened globally, there have been serious population declines in parts of Europe, possibly due to changes in.

Song thrush. farming practices.The song thrush builds a neat mud-lined cup nest in a bush or tree and lays four to five dark-spotted blue eggs. It is omnivorous and has the habit of using a favourite stone as an "anvil" on which to break open the shells of snails. Like other perching birds (passerines), it is affected by external and internal parasites and is vulnerable to predation by cats and birds of prey.## Taxonomy and systematics.## Name.The song thrush was described by German ornithologist Christian Ludwig Brehm in 1831, and still bears its original scientific name, "Turdus philomelos". The generic name, "Turdus",.

Song thrush. Mavis (Μαβής) can also mean "purple" in Greek.## Classification.A molecular study indicated that the song thrush's closest relatives are the similarly plumaged mistle thrush ("T. viscivorus") and Chinese thrush ("T. mupinensis"); these three species are early offshoots from the Eurasian lineage of "Turdus" thrushes after they spread north from Africa. They are less closely related to other European thrush species such as the blackbird ("T. merula") which are descended from ancestors that had colonised the Canary islands from Africa and subsequently reached Europe from there.The song thrush has three subspecies, with the nominate subspecies, "T. p. philomelos", covering the majority.

Song thrush. century the song thrush was kept as a cage bird because of its melodious voice. As with hunting, there is little evidence that the taking of wild birds for aviculture has had a significant effect on wild populations. RSPB species page BBC species page Birds of Britain species page Garden Birds species page Recording of song Song Thrush videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection Ageing and sexing (PDF; 1.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Feathers of Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos).


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Walrus. Norse word ('horse'). For example, the Old Norse word means 'horse-whale' and is thought to have been passed in an inverted form to both Dutch and the dialects of northern Germany as and . An alternative theory is that it comes from the Dutch words 'shore' and 'giant'.The species name "rosmarus" is Scandinavian. The Norwegian manuscript "Konungs skuggsjá", thought to date from around AD 1240, refers to the walrus as in Iceland and in Greenland (walruses were by now extinct in Iceland and Norway, while the word evolved in Greenland). Several place names in Iceland, Greenland and Norway may originate.

Walrus. Tusks and dentition.While this was not true of all extinct walruses, the most prominent feature of the living species is its long tusks. These are elongated canines, which are present in both male and female walruses and can reach a length of 1 m (3 ft 3 in) and weigh up to 5.4 kg (12 lb). Tusks are slightly longer and thicker among males, which use them for fighting, dominance and display; the strongest males with the largest tusks typically dominate social groups. Tusks are also used to form and maintain holes in the ice and aid the walrus in.

Walrus. Vibrissae (whiskers).Surrounding the tusks is a broad mat of stiff bristles ("mystacial vibrissae"), giving the walrus a characteristic whiskered appearance. There can be 400 to 700 vibrissae in 13 to 15 rows reaching 30 cm (12 in) in length, though in the wild they are often worn to much shorter lengths due to constant use in foraging. The vibrissae are attached to muscles and are supplied with blood and nerves, making them highly sensitive organs capable of differentiating shapes 3 (mm) thick and 2 (mm) wide.## Skin.Aside from the vibrissae, the walrus is sparsely covered with fur and appears bald.

Walrus. walrus numbers have again declined. Early aerial censuses of Pacific walrus conducted at five-year intervals between 1975 and 1985 estimated populations of above 220,000 in each of the three surveys.In 2006, the population of the Pacific walrus was estimated to be around 129,000 on the basis of an aerial census combined with satellite tracking. There were roughly 200,000 Pacific walruses in 1990.The much smaller population of Atlantic walruses ranges from the Canadian Arctic, across Greenland, Svalbard, and the western part of Arctic Russia. There are eight hypothetical subpopulations of Atlantic walruses, based largely on their geographical distribution and movements: five.

Walrus. A genetically distinct population existed in Iceland that was wiped out after Norse settlement around 1213–1330 AD.The isolated population of Laptev Sea walruses is confined year-round to the central and western regions of the Laptev Sea, the eastmost regions of the Kara Sea, and the westmost regions of the East Siberian Sea. The current population of these walruses has been estimated to be between 5,000 and 10,000.Even though walruses can dive to depths beyond 500 meters, they spend most of their time in shallow waters (and the nearby ice floes) hunting for food.In March 2021, a single walrus, nicknamed Wally.

Walrus. while giving birth and aggregating in the reproductive period. Thinner pack ice over the Bering Sea has reduced the amount of resting habitat near optimal feeding grounds. This more widely separates lactating females from their calves, increasing nutritional stress for the young and lower reproductive rates. Reduced coastal sea ice has also been implicated in the increase of stampeding deaths crowding the shorelines of the Chukchi Sea between eastern Russia and western Alaska. Analysis of trends in ice cover published in 2012 indicate that Pacific walrus populations are likely to continue to decline for the foreseeable future, and shift further.

Walrus. the Inuit goddess Sedna. Both in Chukotka and Alaska, the aurora borealis is believed to be a special world inhabited by those who died by violence, the changing rays representing deceased souls playing ball with a walrus head.Most of the distinctive 12th-century Lewis Chessmen from northern Europe are carved from walrus ivory, though a few have been found to be made of whales' teeth.## Literature.Because of its distinctive appearance, great bulk, and immediately recognizable whiskers and tusks, the walrus also appears in the popular cultures of peoples with little direct experience with the animal, particularly in English children's literature. Perhaps.


Question: What is the conservation status of this bird? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Weka. broods throughout the whole year. Nests are made on the ground under the cover of thick vegetation, and built by making grass (or similar material) into a bowl to hold about four eggs. On average, female weka lay three creamy or pinkish eggs blotched with brown and mauve. Both sexes incubate. The chicks hatch after a month, and are fed by both parents until fully grown between six and ten weeks.## Conservation status.Weka are classed as a vulnerable species. The Department of Conservation's weka recovery plan, approved in 1999, aims to improve the conservation status of threatened weka, clarify the.


Question: On what date did this building officially open?

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Pro Football Hall of Fame. Village, an estimated $900 million expansion project adjacent to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, has completed Phase I of construction; preparations for beginning Phase II are currently underway.Dick McCann (April 4, 1962 – November 1967)Dick Gallagher (April 1968 – December 31, 1975)Pete Elliott (February 1979 – October 31, 1996)John Bankert (November 1, 1996 – December 31, 2005)Steve Perry (April 24, 2006 – January 2014)David Baker (January 6, 2014 – October 16, 2021)Jim Porter (2021 – present)## Inductees.Through 2021, all players in the Hall, except Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw, played at least some part of their professional career in.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. 2002, the ceremony was moved to Fawcett Stadium (now Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium), where it was held from 1963 to 1965. Since 2007, the enshrinement ceremony has been held on the Saturday night, since 2017 two days after the Hall of Fame Game. In 2022, the ceremony was moved to noon ET.## Hall of Fame Game.The Hall of Fame Game, the annual NFL preseason opener, is played in Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium at Hall of Fame Village in Canton, Ohio. In 2017, the Hall of Fame Game was held for the first time on Thursday night.


Question: Which city or region does this park locate in?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Parc de Saint-Cloud. The Parc de Saint-Cloud, officially the "Domaine National de Saint-Cloud", is a "domaine national" (national estate), located mostly within Saint-Cloud, in the Hauts-de-Seine department, near Paris, France.The park, which covers 460 (ha), was a nature reserve until 1923. It is considered one of the most beautiful gardens in Europe, and in 2005 the park was awarded "Notable Garden" status. On 9 November 1994 the park was classified as a Historic Monument. In 1999 a winter storm heavily damaged the park's forests. The park is operated as a "domaine national" under the French Ministry of Culture.## History.The park is located on.

Parc de Saint-Cloud. the site of the Château de Saint-Cloud, a residence of royal and imperial families from the 16th century. After Napoleon III declared war on the Prussians, the site was occupied by a Prussian force which used the high outcropping to shell Paris. Counter-fire from the French caused the building to burn on 13 October 1870. The structure was completely razed in August 1892.Only a few outbuildings remain from the original structure. The park contains a Le Nôtre-designed garden in the French style, an English garden, and Marie Antoinette's rose garden.The park showcases a panoramic view of Paris called "La Lanterne.

Parc de Saint-Cloud. or the "Lantern of Demosthenes".Musée du château de Saint-Cloud: A five-room museum dedicated to the destroyed chateauÉcole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S.): Located in the Pavillon ValoisBureau International des Poids et Mesures (B.I.P.M.): The International Bureau of Weights and Measures is located in the Pavillon de Breteuil; the building contains copies of the metre and kilogram standards.## Access.The park is accessible via Pont de Sèvres and Boulogne - Pont de Saint-Cloud metro stations. The T2 tramway runs along the eastern limit of the park.Domaine national de Saint-Cloud, official websiteHistory of Saint-Cloud.


Question: What country does this forest belong to?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Ratargul Swamp Forest. Ratargul Swamp Forest is a freshwater swamp forest located in Gowain River, Fatehpur Union, Gowainghat, Sylhet, Bangladesh. Ratargul was once thought to be the only swamp forest in Bangladesh, and one of the few freshwater swamp forests in the world. Later, more swamp forests namely Jugirkandi Mayabon, Bujir Bon and Lokkhi Baor swamp forest were discovered in Bangladesh. The forest is naturally conserved under the Department of Forestry, Government of Bangladesh.Its area is 3, 325.61 acre including 504 acre declared as the animal sanctuary in 2015. It is known as the Sundarbans of Sylhet. This only swamp forest in Bangladesh.

Ratargul Swamp Forest. be found in the forest till now. 80 percent of the forest area is covered with umbrella of the trees.Two layer of plants can be seen in the swamp forest. The upper layer consists of trees and the lower one consists of intense Schumannianthus dichotomus. The canopy of the plants spreads up to 15 meters of height.Though the forest is natural, the Forestry Department of Bangladesh has planted some watery plants like "Calamus tenuis", "Neolamarckia cadamba", "Barringtonia acutangula", "Calamus tenuis". Banyan Tree is very common in the forest. Besides that, "Barringtonia acutangula", "Dalbergia reniformis", "Crateva religiosa" or "Hygrophila (plant)", "Alstonia.

Ratargul Swamp Forest. scholaris" can also be seen.## Animal diversity.Snake and worm snake can widely be seen in this water-drowned forest. Mongoose can be seen in dry season. Monkey and Water Monitor also resides in the forest. Heron, Egret, Kingfisher, Parrot, Bulbul, Swan, Dove, Water fowl, Eagle and Kite Bird are some of the birds of the swamp forest. Cotton Pygmy Goose and other Migratory birds and Vulture visit the forest in winter. Name of some local fishes available in the forest are Batasio, Rita, Pabda, Rohu etc.## Tourists attraction.Tourists mostly go to see the forest in monsoon. One needs to take permission.


Question: In which year was this facility retired from operational service?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Battersea Power Station. on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, an inner-city district of South West London, the building comprises two power stations, built in two stages in a single building. Battersea A Power Station was built in the 1930s and Battersea B Power Station, to its east, in the 1950s. They were built to a near-identical design, providing the four-chimney structure.The Power Station was decommissioned between 1975 and 1983 and remained empty until 2014. It was designated as a Grade II listed building in 1980. In 2007 its listed status was upgraded to Grade II*.The station is.

Battersea Power Station. 32 { "x": 1984, "y": 0 { "x": 1961, "y": 830 ] ], "scales": [ "name": "x", "type": "ordinal", "range": "width", "zero": false, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "x" }, "name": "y", "type": "linear", "range": "height", "nice": true, "domain": { "data": "table", "field": "y" "axes": [ "type": "x", "scale": "x" { "type": "y", "scale": "y" ], "marks": [ "type": "rect", "from": { "data": "table" "properties": { "enter": { "x": { "scale": "x", "field": "x" "y": { "scale": "y", "field": "y" "y2": { "scale": "y", "value": 0 "fill": { "value": "steelblue" "width": { "scale": "x", "band": "true", "offset": -1}</graph>## Closure and.

Battersea Power Station. heritage site in 1980, when the Secretary of State for the Environment, Michael Heseltine, awarded the building Grade II listed status. (This was upgraded to Grade II* listed in 2007.) On 31 October 1983 production of electricity at Station B also ended, after nearly 30 years of operation. By then the B Station's generating capacity had fallen to 146 MW. The closure of the two stations was put down largely to the generating equipment becoming outdated, and the preferred choice of fuel for electricity generation shifting from coal toward oil, gas and nuclear power.## Theme park proposal.Following the station's closure,.

Battersea Power Station. the Central Electricity Generating Board had planned to demolish the station and sell the land for housing, but because of the building's then Grade II listed status, they had to pay the high cost of preserving the building. In 1983 they held a competition for ideas on the redevelopment of the site. It was won by a consortium led by developer David Roche and which included John Broome, owner of Alton Towers Ltd. This consortium proposed an indoor theme park, with shops and restaurants. At an estimated cost of £35 million, the scheme was risky and would require over 2.


Question: What pattern, design or motif is applied to the surface of this material?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Gingham. Gingham, also called Vichy check, is a medium-weight balanced plain-woven fabric typically with striped, check or plaid duotone patterns, in bright colour and in white made from dyed cotton or cotton-blend yarns. It is made of carded, medium or fine yarns.## History.The name may originate . Alternatively, it is speculated that the fabric now known as "gingham" may have been made at Guingamp, a town in Brittany, France, and that the fabric may be named after the town. Some sources say that the name came into English via Dutch. When originally imported into Europe in the 17th century, gingham was.

Gingham. a striped fabric, though now it is distinguished by its checkered pattern. From the mid-18th century, when it was being produced in the mills of Manchester, England, it started to be woven into checked or plaid patterns (often blue and white). Checked gingham became more common over time, though striped gingham was still available in the late Victorian period. The equivalent in the French language is the noun "vichy", from the town of Vichy in France. The same word is used in Spain where this pattern is called "cuadro vichy" or "estampado vichy".In the United States, the mass popularity of.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this object?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Fresnel lens. A Fresnel lens ( ; ; or ) is a type of composite compact lens developed by the French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) for use in lighthouses. It has been called "the invention that saved a million ships."The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. The simpler dioptric (purely refractive) form of the lens.

Fresnel lens. was first proposed by Count Buffon and independently reinvented by Fresnel. The "catadioptric" form of the lens, entirely invented by Fresnel, has outer elements that use total internal reflection as well as refraction; it can capture more oblique light from a light source and add it to the beam of a lighthouse, making the light visible from greater distances.## Description.The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections. An ideal Fresnel lens would have an infinite number of sections. In each section, the overall.

Fresnel lens. thickness is decreased compared to an equivalent simple lens. This effectively divides the continuous surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature, with stepwise discontinuities between them.In some lenses, the curved surfaces are replaced with flat surfaces, with a different angle in each section. Such a lens can be regarded as an array of prisms arranged in a circular fashion with steeper prisms on the edges and a flat or slightly convex center. In the first (and largest) Fresnel lenses, each section was actually a separate prism. 'Single-piece' Fresnel lenses were later produced, being.

Fresnel lens. used for automobile headlamps, brake, parking, and turn signal lenses, and so on. In modern times, computer-controlled milling equipment (CNC) or 3-D printers might be used to manufacture more complex lenses.Fresnel lens design allows a substantial reduction in thickness (and thus mass and volume of material) at the expense of reducing the imaging quality of the lens, which is why precise imaging applications such as photography usually still use larger conventional lenses.Fresnel lenses are usually made of glass or plastic; their size varies from large (old historical lighthouses, meter size) to medium (book-reading aids, OHP viewgraph projectors) to small (TLR/SLR.

Fresnel lens. camera screens, micro-optics). In many cases they are very thin and flat, almost flexible, with thicknesses in the 1 to 5 (mm) range.Most modern Fresnel lenses consist only of refractive elements. Lighthouse lenses, however, tend to include both refracting and reflecting elements, the latter being "outside" the metal rings seen in the photographs. While the inner elements are sections of refractive lenses, the outer elements are reflecting prisms, each of which performs two refractions and one total internal reflection, avoiding the light loss that occurs in reflection from a silvered mirror.## Lighthouse lens sizes.Fresnel designed six sizes of lighthouse lenses,.

Fresnel lens. divided into four "orders" based on their size and focal length. In modern use, these are classified as first through sixth order. An intermediate size between third and fourth order was added later, as well as sizes above first order and below sixth.A first-order lens has a focal length of 920 (mm) and stands about 2.59 (m) high, and 1.8 (m) wide. The smallest (sixth) order has a focal length of 150 (mm) and a height of 433 (mm).The largest Fresnel lenses are called hyperradiant (or hyper-radial). One such lens was on hand when it was decided to build and.

Fresnel lens. outfit the Makapuu Point Light in Hawaii. Rather than order a new lens, the huge optic construction, 12 (ft) tall and with over a thousand prisms, was used there.## Types.There are two main types of Fresnel lens: "imaging" and "non-imaging". Imaging Fresnel lenses use segments with curved cross-sections and produce sharp images, while non-imaging lenses have segments with flat cross-sections, and do not produce sharp images. As the number of segments increases, the two types of lens become more similar to each other. In the abstract case of an infinite number of segments, the difference between curved and flat segments.

Fresnel lens. disappears.Spherical: A spherical Fresnel lens is equivalent to a simple spherical lens, using ring-shaped segments that are each a portion of a sphere, that all focus light on a single point. This type of lens produces a sharp image, although not quite as clear as the equivalent simple spherical lens due to diffraction at the edges of the ridges.Cylindrical: A cylindrical Fresnel lens is equivalent to a simple cylindrical lens, using straight segments with circular cross-section, focusing light on a single line. This type produces a sharp image, although not quite as clear as the equivalent simple cylindrical lens due.

Fresnel lens. to diffraction at the edges of the ridges.Spot: A non-imaging spot Fresnel lens uses ring-shaped segments with cross sections that are straight lines rather than circular arcs. Such a lens can focus light on a small spot, but does not produce a sharp image. These lenses have application in solar power, such as focusing sunlight on a solar panel. Fresnel lenses may be used as components of Köhler illumination optics resulting in very effective nonimaging optics Fresnel-Köhler (FK) solar concentrators.Linear: A non-imaging linear Fresnel lens uses straight segments whose cross sections are straight lines rather than arcs. These lenses focus.

Fresnel lens. light into a narrow band. They do not produce a sharp image, but can be used in solar power, such as for focusing sunlight on a pipe, to heat the water within.## Uses.## Imaging.Fresnel lenses are used as simple hand-held magnifiers. They are also used to correct several visual disorders, including ocular-motility disorders such as strabismus. Fresnel lenses have been used to increase the visual size of CRT displays in pocket televisions, notably the Sinclair TV80. They are also used in traffic lights.Fresnel lenses are used in left-hand-drive European lorries entering the UK and Republic of Ireland (and vice versa,.

Fresnel lens. right-hand-drive Irish and British trucks entering mainland Europe) to overcome the blind spots caused by the driver operating the lorry while sitting on the wrong side of the cab relative to the side of the road the car is on. They attach to the passenger-side window.Another automobile application of a Fresnel lens is a rear view enhancer, as the wide view angle of a lens attached to the rear window permits examining the scene behind a vehicle, particularly a tall or bluff-tailed one, more effectively than a rear-view mirror alone.Multi-focal Fresnel lenses are also used as a part of retina.

Fresnel lens. identification cameras, where they provide multiple in- and out-of-focus images of a fixation target inside the camera. For virtually all users, at least one of the images will be in focus, thus allowing correct eye alignment.Fresnel lenses have also been used in the field of popular entertainment. The British rock artist Peter Gabriel made use of them in his early solo live performances to magnify the size of his head, in contrast to the rest of his body, for dramatic and comic effect. In the Terry Gilliam film "Brazil", plastic Fresnel screens appear ostensibly as magnifiers for the small CRT.

Fresnel lens. monitors used throughout the offices of the Ministry of Information. However, they occasionally appear between the actors and the camera, distorting the scale and composition of the scene to humorous effect. The Pixar movie Wall-E features a Fresnel lens in the scenes where the protagonist watches the musical Hello, Dolly! magnified on an iPod.## Photography.Canon and Nikon have used Fresnel lenses to reduce the size of telephoto lenses. Photographic lenses that include Fresnel elements can be much shorter than corresponding conventional lens design. Nikon calls the technology "Phase Fresnel".The Polaroid SX-70 camera used a Fresnel reflector as part of its.

Fresnel lens. viewing system.View and large format cameras can utilize a Fresnel lens in conjunction with the ground glass, to increase the perceived brightness of the image projected by a lens onto the ground glass, thus aiding in adjusting focus and composition.## Illumination.High-quality glass Fresnel lenses were used in lighthouses, where they were considered state of the art in the late 19th and through the middle of the 20th centuries; most lighthouses have now retired glass Fresnel lenses from service and replaced them with much less expensive and more durable aerobeacons, which themselves often contain plastic Fresnel lenses. Lighthouse Fresnel lens systems.

Fresnel lens. typically include extra annular prismatic elements, arrayed in faceted domes above and below the central planar Fresnel, in order to catch all light emitted from the light source. The light path through these elements can include an internal reflection, rather than the simple refraction in the planar Fresnel element. These lenses conferred many practical benefits upon the designers, builders, and users of lighthouses and their illumination. Among other things, smaller lenses could fit into more compact spaces. Greater light transmission over longer distances, and varied patterns, made it possible to triangulate a position.Perhaps the most widespread use of Fresnel lenses,.

Fresnel lens. for a time, occurred in automobile headlamps, where they can shape the roughly parallel beam from the parabolic reflector to meet requirements for dipped and main-beam patterns, often both in the same headlamp unit (such as the European H4 design). For reasons of economy, weight, and impact resistance, newer cars have dispensed with glass Fresnel lenses, using multifaceted reflectors with plain polycarbonate lenses. However, Fresnel lenses continue in wide use in automobile tail, marker, and reversing lights.Glass Fresnel lenses also are used in lighting instruments for theatre and motion pictures (see Fresnel lantern); such instruments are often called simply "Fresnels".

Fresnel lens. The entire instrument consists of a metal housing, a reflector, a lamp assembly, and a Fresnel lens. Many Fresnel instruments allow the lamp to be moved relative to the lens' focal point, to increase or decrease the size of the light beam. As a result, they are very flexible, and can often produce a beam as narrow as 7° or as wide as 70°. The Fresnel lens produces a very soft-edged beam, so is often used as a wash light. A holder in front of the lens can hold a colored plastic film ("gel") to tint the light or wire.

Fresnel lens. screens or frosted plastic to diffuse it. The Fresnel lens is useful in the making of motion pictures not only because of its ability to focus the beam brighter than a typical lens, but also because the light is a relatively consistent intensity across the entire width of the beam of light.Aircraft carriers and naval air stations typically use Fresnel lenses in their optical landing systems. The "meatball" light aids the pilot in maintaining proper glide slope for the landing. In the center are amber and red lights composed of Fresnel lenses. Although the lights are always on, the angle.

Fresnel lens. of the lens from the pilot's point of view determines the color and position of the visible light. If the lights appear above the green horizontal bar, the pilot is too high. If it is below, the pilot is too low, and if the lights are red, the pilot is very low.Fresnel lenses are also commonly used in searchlights, spotlights, and flashlights.## Projection.The use of Fresnel lenses for image projection reduces image quality, so they tend to occur only where quality is not critical or where the bulk of a solid lens would be prohibitive. Cheap Fresnel lenses can be.

Fresnel lens. stamped or molded of transparent plastic and are used in overhead projectors and projection televisions.Fresnel lenses of different focal lengths (one collimator, and one collector) are used in commercial and DIY projection. The collimator lens has the lower focal length and is placed closer to the light source, and the collector lens, which focuses the light into the triplet lens, is placed after the projection image (an active matrix LCD panel in LCD projectors). Fresnel lenses are also used as collimators in overhead projectors.## Solar power.Since plastic Fresnel lenses can be made larger than glass lenses, as well as being.

Fresnel lens. much cheaper and lighter, they are used to concentrate sunlight for heating in solar cookers, in solar forges, and in solar collectors used to heat water for domestic use. They can also be used to generate steam or to power a Stirling engine.Fresnel lenses can concentrate sunlight onto solar cells with a ratio of almost 500:1. This allows the active solar-cell surface to be reduced, lowering cost and allowing the use of more efficient cells that would otherwise be too expensive. In the early 21st century, Fresnel reflectors began to be used in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants to concentrate.

Fresnel lens. solar energy. One application was to preheat water at the coal-fired Liddell Power Station, in Hunter Valley Australia.Fresnel lenses can be used to sinter sand, allowing 3D printing in glass.## History.## Forerunners.Augustin-Jean Fresnel was not the first person to focus a lighthouse beam using a lens. That distinction apparently belongs to the London glass-cutter Thomas Rogers, who proposed the idea to Trinity House in 1788. The first Rogers lenses, 53cm in diameter and 14cm thick at the center, were installed at the Old Lower Lighthouse at Portland Bill in 1789. Behind each lamp was a back-coated spherical glass mirror, which.

Fresnel lens. reflected rear radiation back through the lamp and into the lens. Further samples were installed at Howth Baily, North Foreland, and at least four other locations by 1804. But much of the light was wasted by absorption in the glass.Nor was Fresnel the first to suggest replacing a convex lens with a series of concentric annular prisms, to reduce weight and absorption. In 1748, Count Buffon proposed grinding such prisms as steps in a single piece of glass. In 1790 (although secondary sources give the date as 1773 or 1788), the Marquis de Condorcet suggested that it would be easier.

Fresnel lens. to make the annular sections separately and assemble them on a frame; but even that was impractical at the time. These designs were intended not for lighthouses, but for burning glasses. David Brewster, however, proposed a system similar to Condorcet's in 1811, and by 1820 was advocating its use in British lighthouses.## Fresnel's contributions.The French (Commission of Lighthouses) was established by Napoleon in 1811, and placed under the authority of Fresnel's employer, the Corps of Bridges and Roads. As the members of the commission were otherwise occupied, it achieved little in its early years. But on 21 June 1819—three months.

Fresnel lens. after winning the physics of the Academy of Sciences for his celebrated memoir on diffraction—Fresnel was "temporarily" seconded to the commission on the recommendation of François Arago (a member since 1813), to review possible improvements in lighthouse illumination.By the end of August 1819, unaware of the Buffon-Condorcet-Brewster proposal, Fresnel made his first presentation to the commission, recommending what he called ('lenses by steps') to replace the reflectors then in use, which reflected only about half of the incident light. Much to Fresnel's embarrassment, one of the assembled commissioners, Jacques Charles, recalled Buffon's suggestion. However, whereas Buffon's version was biconvex and.

Fresnel lens. in one piece, Fresnel's was plano-convex and made of multiple prisms for easier construction. With an official budget of 500 francs, Fresnel approached three manufacturers. The third, François Soleil, found a way to remove defects by reheating and remolding the glass. Arago assisted Fresnel with the design of a modified Argand lamp with concentric wicks (a concept that Fresnel attributed to Count Rumford), and accidentally discovered that fish glue was heat-resistant, making it suitable for use in the lens. The prototype, finished in March 1820, had a square lens panel 55cm on a side, containing 97 polygonal (not annular) prisms—and.

Fresnel lens. so impressed the Commission that Fresnel was asked for a full eight-panel version. This model, completed a year later in spite of insufficient funding, had panels 76cm square. In a public spectacle on the evening of 13 April 1821, it was demonstrated by comparison with the most recent reflectors, which it suddenly rendered obsolete.Soon after this demonstration, Fresnel published the idea that light, including apparently unpolarized light, consists exclusively of transverse waves, and went on to consider the implications for double refraction and partial reflection.Fresnel acknowledged the British lenses and Buffon's invention in a memoir read on 29 July 1822.

Fresnel lens. and printed in the same year. The date of that memoir may be the source of the claim that Fresnel's lighthouse advocacy began two years later than Brewster's; but the text makes it clear that Fresnel's involvement began no later than 1819.Fresnel's next lens was a rotating apparatus with eight "bull's-eye" panels, made in annular arcs by Saint-Gobain, giving eight rotating beams—to be seen by mariners as a periodic flash. Above and behind each main panel was a smaller, sloping bull's-eye panel of trapezoidal outline with trapezoidal elements. This refracted the light to a sloping plane mirror, which then reflected.

Fresnel lens. it horizontally, 7 degrees ahead of the main beam, increasing the duration of the flash. Below the main panels were 128 small mirrors arranged in four rings, stacked like the slats of a louver or Venetian blind. Each ring, shaped like a frustum of a cone, reflected the light to the horizon, giving a fainter steady light between the flashes. The official test, conducted on the unfinished on 20 August 1822, was witnessed by the Commission—and by Louis XVIII and his entourage—from 20 (mi) away. The apparatus was stored at Bordeaux for the winter, and then reassembled at Cordouan Lighthouse.

Fresnel lens. under Fresnel's supervision—in part by Fresnel's own hands. On 25 July 1823, the world's first lighthouse Fresnel lens was lit. As expected, the light was visible to the horizon, more than 20 (mi) out.The day before the test of the Cordouan lens in Paris, a committee of the Academy of Sciences reported on Fresnel's memoir and supplements on double refraction—which, although less well known to modern readers than his earlier work on diffraction, struck a more decisive blow for the wave theory of light. Between the test and the reassembly at Cordouan, Fresnel submitted his papers on photoelasticity (16 September.

Fresnel lens. 1822), elliptical and circular polarization and optical rotation (9 December), and partial reflection and total internal reflection (7 January 1823), essentially completing his reconstruction of physical optics on the transverse wave hypothesis. Shortly after the Cordouan lens was lit, Fresnel started coughing up blood.In May 1824, Fresnel was promoted to Secretary of the , becoming the first member of that body to draw a salary, albeit in the concurrent role of Engineer-in-Chief. Late that year, being increasingly ill, he curtailed his fundamental research and resigned his seasonal job as an examiner at the , in order to save his remaining.

Fresnel lens. time and energy for his lighthouse work.In the same year he designed the first "fixed" lens—for spreading light evenly around the horizon while minimizing waste above or below. Ideally the curved refracting surfaces would be segments of toroids about a common vertical axis, so that the dioptric panel would look like a cylindrical drum. If this was supplemented by reflecting (catoptric) rings above and below the refracting (dioptric) parts, the entire apparatus would look like a beehive. The second Fresnel lens to enter service was indeed a fixed lens, of third order, installed at Dunkirk by 1 February 1825. However,.

Fresnel lens. due to the difficulty of fabricating large toroidal prisms, this apparatus had a 16-sided polygonal plan.In 1825 Fresnel extended his fixed-lens design by adding a rotating array outside the fixed array. Each panel of the rotating array was to refract part of the fixed light from a horizontal fan into a narrow beam.Also in 1825, Fresnel unveiled the ('lighthouse map'), calling for a system of 51 lighthouses plus smaller harbor lights, in a hierarchy of lens sizes called "orders" (the first being the largest), with different characteristics to facilitate recognition: a constant light (from a fixed lens), one flash per.

Fresnel lens. minute (from a rotating lens with eight panels), and two per minute (16 panels).In late 1825, to reduce the loss of light in the reflecting elements, Fresnel proposed to replace each mirror with a catadioptric prism, through which the light would travel by refraction through the first surface, then total internal reflection off the second surface, then refraction through the third surface. The result was the lighthouse lens as we now know it. In 1826 he assembled a small model for use on the , but he did not live to see a full-sized version: he died on 14 July.

Fresnel lens. 1827, at the age of 39.## After Fresnel.The first stage of the development of lighthouse lenses after the death of Augustin Fresnel consisted in the implementation of his designs. This was driven in part by his younger brother Léonor—who, like Augustin, was trained as a civil engineer but, unlike Augustin, had a strong aptitude for management. Léonor entered the service of the Lighthouse Commission in 1825, and went on to succeed Augustin as Secretary.The first fixed lens to be constructed with toroidal prisms was a first-order apparatus designed by the Scottish engineer Alan Stevenson under the guidance of Léonor Fresnel,.

Fresnel lens. and fabricated by Isaac Cookson & Co. using French glass; it entered service at the Isle of May, Scotland, on 22 September 1836. The first large catadioptric lenses were made in 1842 for the lighthouses at Gravelines and Île Vierge, France; these were fixed third-order lenses whose catadioptric rings (made in segments) were one metre in diameter. Stevenson's first-order Skerryvore lens, lit in 1844, was only partly catadioptric; it was similar to the Cordouan lens except that the lower slats were replaced by French-made catadioptric prisms, while mirrors were retained at the top. The first "fully" catadioptric first-order lens, installed.

Fresnel lens. at Pointe d'Ailly in 1852, also gave eight rotating beams plus a fixed light at the bottom; but its top section had eight catadioptric panels focusing the light about 4 degrees ahead of the main beams, in order to lengthen the flashes. The first fully catadioptric lens with "purely revolving" beams—also of first order—was installed at Saint-Clément-des-Baleines in 1854, and marked the completion of Augustin Fresnel's original "Carte des Phares".Thomas Stevenson (younger brother of Alan) went a step beyond Fresnel with his "holophotal" lens, which focused the light radiated by the lamp in nearly all directions, forward or backward, into.

Fresnel lens. a single beam. The first version, described in 1849, consisted of a standard Fresnel bull's-eye lens, a paraboloidal reflector, and a rear hemispherical reflector (functionally equivalent to the Rogers mirror of 60 years earlier, except that it subtended a whole hemisphere). Light radiated into the forward hemisphere but missing the bull's-eye lens was deflected by the paraboloid into a parallel beam surrounding the bull's-eye lens, while light radiated into the backward hemisphere was reflected back through the lamp by the spherical reflector (as in Rogers' arrangement), to be collected by the forward components. The first unit was installed at North.

Fresnel lens. Harbour, Peterhead, in August 1849. Stevenson called this version a "catadioptric holophote", although each of its elements was either purely reflective or purely refractive. In the second version of the holophote concept, the bull's-eye lens and paraboloidal reflector were replaced by a catadioptric Fresnel lens—as conceived by Fresnel, but expanded to cover the whole forward hemisphere. The third version, which Stevenson confusingly called a "dioptric holophote", was more innovative: it retained the catadioptric Fresnel lens for the front hemisphere, but replaced the rear hemispherical reflector with a hemispherical array of annular prisms, each of which used "two" total internal reflections.

Fresnel lens. to turn light diverging from the center of the hemisphere back toward the center. The result was an all-glass holophote, with no losses from metallic reflections.James Timmins Chance modified Thomas Stevenson's all-glass holophotal design by arranging the double-reflecting prisms about a vertical axis. The prototype was shown at the 1862 International Exhibition in London. Later, to ease manufacturing, Chance divided the prisms into segments, and arranged them in a cylindrical form while retaining the property of reflecting light from a single point back to that point. Reflectors of this form, paradoxically called "dioptric mirrors", proved particularly useful for returning light.

Fresnel lens. from the landward side of the lamp to the seaward side.As lighthouses proliferated, they became harder to distinguish from each other, leading to the use of colored filters, which wasted light. In 1884, John Hopkinson eliminated the need for filters by inventing the "group-flashing" lens, in which the dioptric and/or the catadioptric panels were split so as to give multiple flashes—allowing lighthouses to be identified not only by frequency of flashes, but also by multiplicity of flashes. Double-flashing lenses were installed at Tampico (Mexico) and Little Basses (Sri Lanka) in 1875, and a triple-flashing lens at Casquets Lighthouse (Channel Islands).

Fresnel lens. in 1876. The example shown (right) is the double-flashing lens of the Point Arena Light, which was in service from 1908 to 1977.The development of hyper-radial lenses was driven in part by the need for larger light sources, such as gas lights with multiple jets, which required a longer focal length for a given beam-width, hence a larger lens to collect a given fraction of the generated light. The first hyper-radial lens was built for the Stevensons in 1885 by F. Barbier & Cie of France, and tested at South Foreland Lighthouse with various light sources. Chance Brothers (Hopkinson's employers).

Fresnel lens. then began constructing hyper-radials, installing their first at Bishop Rock Lighthouse in 1887. In the same year, Barbier installed a hyper-radial at Tory Island. But only about 30 hyper-radials went into service before the development of more compact bright lamps rendered such large optics unnecessary (see "Hyperradiant Fresnel lens").Production of one-piece stepped dioptric lenses—roughly as envisaged by Buffon—became feasible in 1852, when John L. Gilliland of the Brooklyn Flint-Glass Company patented a method of making lenses from pressed and molded glass. The company made small bull's-eye lenses for use on railroads, steamboats, and docks; such lenses were common in the.

Fresnel lens. United States by the 1870s. In 1858 the company produced "a very small number of pressed flint-glass sixth-order lenses" for use in lighthouses—the first Fresnel lighthouse lenses made in America. By the 1950s, the substitution of plastic for glass made it economic to use Fresnel lenses as condensers in overhead projectors. Fresnel imager Fresnel zone plate Lenticular lens Linear Fresnel reflector Prism lighting − Fresnel anidolic optics M. Born and E. Wolf, "Principles of Optics", 7th Ed., Cambridge, 1999. G.-A. Boutry, 1948, "Augustin Fresnel: His time, life and work, 1788–1827", "Science Progress", vol. 36, no. 144 (October 1948), pp. 587–604;.

Fresnel lens. jstor.org/stable/43413515. J.Z. Buchwald, 1989, "The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical Theory and Experiment in the Early Nineteenth Century", University of Chicago Press, . J. Elton, 2009, "A Light to Lighten our Darkness: Lighthouse Optics and the Later Development of Fresnel's Revolutionary Refracting Lens 1780–1900", "International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology", vol. 79, no. 2 (July 2009), pp. 183–244; . A. Fresnel, 1822, "Mémoire sur un nouveau système d'éclairage des phares", read 29 July 1822; reprinted in Fresnel, 1866–70, vol. 3, pp. 97–126; translated by T. Tag as "Memoir upon a new system of lighthouse.

Fresnel lens. illumination", U.S. Lighthouse Society, accessed 26 August 2017; archived 19 August 2016. (Cited page numbers refer to the translation.) A. Fresnel (ed. H. de Sénarmont, E. Verdet, and L. Fresnel), 1866–70, "Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Fresnel" (3 vols.), Paris: Imprimerie Impériale; vol. 1 (1866), vol. 2 (1868), vol. 3 (1870). T.H. Levitt, 2013, "A Short Bright Flash: Augustin Fresnel and the Birth of the Modern Lighthouse", New York: W.W. Norton, . T. Young (ed. G. Peacock), 1855, "Miscellaneous Works of the late Thomas Young", London: J. Murray, vol. 1. "The Fresnel Lens", "The Keeper's Log", Winter 1985, pp. 12–14. U.S. Coast.

Fresnel lens. Guard, "Aids to Navigation", Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945. U.S. Coast Guard, "Lighthouses, Lenses, Illuminants, Engineering, & Augustin Fresnel: A Historical Bibliography on Works Published Through 2007". United States Lighthouse Society, especially "Fresnel Lenses". W.A. Britten, "The Fresnel lens" (with photographs). J. Francis, "Fresnel Lens - Maxwell Simulation", 13 April 2009. J. Hare, "How the Fresnel lens works" (5-minute video), Vega Science Trust, 2008.


Question: Which location has this bird invaded?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Egyptian goose. The Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiaca) is a member of the duck, goose, and swan family Anatidae. It is native to Africa south of the Sahara and the Nile Valley.Egyptian geese were considered sacred by the Ancient Egyptians, and appeared in much of their artwork. Because of their popularity chiefly as an ornamental bird, escapees are common and feral populations have become established in Western Europe, the United States, and New Zealand.## Taxonomy.The Egyptian goose is believed to be most closely related to the shelducks (genus "Tadorna") and their relatives, and is placed with them in the subfamily Tadorninae. It is.

Egyptian goose. grass and suitable nesting locations (either islands, holes in old trees or amongst epicormic shoots on old trees). During the winter, they are widely dispersed within river valleys, where they feed on short grass and cereals. In the United Kingdom in 2009, it was officially declared a non-native species. Accordingly, Egyptian geese in Great Britain may be shot without special permission if they cause problems.In Europe, the species has been included since 2017 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, used, exchanged or.


Question: Where do you usually find this animal?

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Jungle cat. has often been sighted near human settlements. As reeds and tall grasses are typical of its habitat, it is known as "reed cat" or "swamp cat". It can thrive even in areas of sparse vegetation, but does not adapt well to cold climates and is rare in areas where snowfall is common. Historical records indicate that it occurs up to elevations of 2310 (m) in the Himalayas. It shuns rainforests and woodlands.In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir.In the Palestinian territories, it was recorded in.

Jungle cat. in a highly fragmented forest in the Selangor state in 2010.A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.## Ecology and behaviour.The jungle cat is typically diurnal and hunts throughout the day. Its activity tends to decrease during the hot noon hours. It rests in burrows, grass thickets and scrubs. It often sunbathes on winter days. Jungle cats have been estimated to walk 3 – 6 (km) at night, although this likely varies depending on the availability of prey. The behaviour of the jungle cat has not been extensively studied. Solitary in nature, it does not.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Staghorn coral. The staghorn coral ("Acropora cervicornis") is a branching, stony coral with cylindrical branches ranging from a few centimetres to over two metres in length and height. It occurs in back reef and fore reef environments from 0 to 30 (m) depth. The upper limit is defined by wave forces, and the lower limit is controlled by suspended sediments and light availability. Fore reef zones at intermediate depths 5 - 25 (m) were formerly dominated by extensive single-species stands of staghorn coral until the mid-1980s. This coral exhibits the fastest growth of all known western Atlantic fringe corals, with branches increasing.

Staghorn coral. very few larvae survive to settle and metamorphose into new colonies.## Conservation.## Threats and concerns.The preponderance of asexual reproduction in this species raises the possibility that genetic diversity in the remnant populations may be very low. These uncertainties as to recruitment/recovery potential and genetic status are the basis for conservation concerns for this species.From 1970 to 2020, there has been a significant decline in the population of "Acropora cerviconis" in the Florida Keys caused by a combination of coral disease and bleaching as well as other stressors such as pollution and predation. In order to reduce the loss of this.

Staghorn coral. species, the Coral Restoration Foundation in conjunction with the NOAA Recovery Plan (NRP) started in 2007 outplanting coral projects to restore populations at sites in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary where "A. cerviconis" was previously abundant.## ESA listing history.On March 4, 2004, the Center for Biological Diversity petitioned NMFS to list elkhorn ("Acropora palmata"), staghorn ("A. cervicornis"), and fused-staghorn ("A. prolifera") coral under the ESA. On June 23, 2004, NOAA Fisheries found that listing these species may be warranted and initiated a formal review of their biological status. NMFS convened the Atlantic Acropora Biological Review Team to summarize the.

Staghorn coral. the elkhorn and staghorn corals as endangered, but determined in September 2014 that they would remain listed as threatened (79 FR 53852).NOAA Fisheries Species Directory - Staghorn Coral ("Acropora cervicornis").


Question: What is the country of origin of this plant?

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Beefsteak tomato. hybrid beefsteak)Beefsteak VFNBig BeefBrandywine (a pink heirloom variety)Bucking BroncoCherokee Purple a dusky red/purple beefsteak, said to have exceptional flavourMarmandeMortgage Lifter (another popular heirloom tomato)Pink Beefsteak## "Cuore di bue" in Italy and "cœur de bœuf" in France.Both in Italy, first, and France, later, a variety of beefsteak tomato is produced which looks like a beef heart in shape, as it is pointing down.In Italy, the "cuore di bue" has been registered, but not in France, where some companies continue naming tomatoes with different qualities "cœur de bœuf". List of tomato cultivars.


Question: What is the conservation status of this animal? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Jaguar. It is adept at swimming and is largely a solitary, opportunistic, stalk-and-ambush apex predator. As a keystone species, it plays an important role in stabilizing ecosystems and in regulating prey populations.The jaguar is threatened by habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, poaching for trade with its body parts and killings in human–wildlife conflict situations, particularly with ranchers in Central and South America. It has been listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List since 2002. The wild population is thought to have declined since the late 1990s. Priority areas for jaguar conservation comprise 51 Jaguar Conservation Units (JCUs), defined as large.

Jaguar. Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List since 2002, as the jaguar population has probably declined by 20–25% since the mid-1990s. Deforestation is a major threat to the jaguar across its range. Habitat loss was most rapid in drier regions such as the Argentine pampas, the arid grasslands of Mexico and the southwestern United States.In 2002, it was estimated that the range of the jaguar had declined to about 46% of its range in the early 20th century. In 2018, it was estimated that its range had declined by 55% in the last century. The only remaining stronghold is the.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Prinzipalmarkt. The Prinzipalmarkt is the historic principal marketplace of Münster, Germany. It is shaped by historic buildings with picturesque pediments attached to one another. It extends from St. Lambert's Church ("Lambertikirche") in the north to the Townhouse Tower ("Stadthausturm") in the south and is home to luxurious shops and cafés. The centre of the eastern side, opposite the south-eastern entrance to Cathedral Square ("Domplatz"), is dominated by the Historical City Hall of Münster.Having been largely destroyed during World War II, the "Prinzipalmarkt" was reconstructed from 1947 to 1958, most buildings true to the original. Karl-Heinz Kirchhoff: "Der Prinzipalmarkt mit Michaelisplatz, Gruetgasse,.

Prinzipalmarkt. Syndikatgasse und Syndikatplatz". Münster : Aschendorff, 2001, official website (in German)panorama picture of the Prinzipalmarkt360°-panorama picture of the Prinzipalmarkt im Kulturatlas Westfalen (Flash-Player needed).


Question: Which city or region does this town locate in?

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Tsumago-juku. Was the forty-second of the sixty-nine post towns on the Nakasendō. It is located in Nagiso, Kiso District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. It has been restored to its appearance as an Edo-era post town and is now a popular tourist destination.## History.During the Edo period, Tsumago was the forty-second of the sixty-nine post towns, which connected Edo (present-day Tokyo) with Kyoto. Prior to becoming part of the Nakasendō, it was the tenth of eleven stations along the Kisoji, a minor trade route running through the Kiso Valley. As such, it was a relatively prosperous and cosmopolitan town, with an economy based.

Tsumago-juku. to visitors today. The "honjin", which was the main inn of the post town, was originally destroyed, but it was rebuilt in 1995. The original building of the "waki-honjin", which was the secondary inn, however, still remains and was named an Important Cultural Property in 2001.The Nagiso Museum of History (歴史資料館) contains information on the areas history, the preservation of row houses and data about row houses throughout the country.Kabuto Kannon Shrine (かぶと観音) is a small shrine dedicated to Minamoto no Yoshinaka, the "General of the Rising Sun," who built a citadel at Tsumago. The shrine was built around 1180.Tsumago.

Tsumago-juku. Tsumago-juku - Magome-juku## Access.Tsumago sits at the south end of the Kiso District at the juncture of Routes 19 and 256. It can also be reached via a nearby railway station at the town of Nagiso on the Chūō Main Line.Groups of Traditional Buildings Map of Tsumago (Japanese) Aerial view (Google Maps).


Question: What is the length of the wingspan in centimetre of this bird?

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Common kingfisher. shape. The adult male of the western European subspecies, "A. a. ispida" has green-blue upperparts with pale azure-blue back and rump, a rufous patch by the bill base, and a rufous ear-patch. It has a green-blue neck stripe, white neck blaze and throat, rufous underparts, and a black bill with some red at the base. The legs and feet are bright red. It is about 16 (cm) long with a wingspan of 25 (cm), and weighs 34 - 46 (g). The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower mandible is orange-red with a black tip.

Common kingfisher. two eggs in most clutches fail to hatch because the parent cannot cover them. Both sexes incubate by day, but only the female incubates at night. An incubating bird sits trance-like, facing the tunnel; it invariably casts a pellet, breaking it up with the bill. The eggs hatch in 19–20 days, and the altricial young are in the nest for a further 24–25 days, often more. Once large enough, young birds will come to the burrow entrance to be fed. Two broods, sometimes three, may be reared in a season.## Survival.The early days for fledged juveniles are more hazardous; during.

Common kingfisher. as it searches for prey. It bobs its head when food is detected to gauge the distance and plunges steeply down to seize its prey usually no deeper than 25 (cm) below the surface. The wings are opened underwater and the open eyes are protected by the transparent third eyelid. The bird rises beak-first from the surface and flies back to its perch. At the perch the fish is adjusted until it is held near its tail and beaten against the perch several times. Once dead, the fish is positioned lengthways and swallowed head-first. A few times each day, a.

Common kingfisher. intake was 73.5 kJ per chick (i.e., 1837 kJ per 25 days of the fledging period).A challenge for any diving bird is the change in refraction between air and water. The eyes of many birds have two foveae (the fovea is the area of the retina with the greatest density of light receptors), and a kingfisher can switch from the main central fovea to the auxiliary fovea when it enters water; a retinal streak of high receptor density which connects the two foveae allows the image to swing temporally as the bird drops onto the prey. The egg-shaped lens of.


Question: Which city or region does this event locate in?

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Maryland State Fair. Maryland. Despite its success, the Lutherville Fair was short-lived because an extension of the Northern Central Railroad (the former Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad) was being constructed through the middle of the fairgrounds.Their success in Lutherville, however, gave the operators resolve to establish an annual fair, and in December 1878, they incorporated as the Agricultural Society of Baltimore County. The corporation leased a 37 (acre) plot of land on the old Baltimore and York Turnpike on what was then known as "the Timonium Estate." The first Fair at its new home was held September 9–12, 1879. The Northern Central Railroad, the.

Maryland State Fair. diesel buses brought visitors to the Fair in addition to the thousands of cars parked on acres of lots around the grounds for that last week of summer.Late in the century, The Agricultural Society of Baltimore County faced stiff competition from the nearby Pimlico Fair, also referred to as "the State Fair". Ultimately, the two groups held joint fairs in 1894 and 1897, and in 1906, merged to form one corporation - "the Maryland State Fair and Agricultural Society of Baltimore County, Maryland". Their annual Fair then became known as "The Maryland State Fair".The early years at the Fair saw.

Maryland State Fair. Fair was interrupted because of the war effort in World War II. The fairgrounds were leased to the U.S. Army for a storage depot and a vehicle repair center. After a three-year suspension, the Fair reopened its gates in 1946.In 1999, the Fair added another day, making the Fair now an 11-day event.In 2020, the fair was restricted to private livestock and other virtual shows due to the COVID-19 pandemic.## Timonium Race Track.In the 1950s, growth in population and development in increasingly suburban Baltimore County flourished, and certain business interests wanted to purchase the fairgrounds site for industrial development. The.


Question: Which city or region does this bridge locate in?

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Marble Bridge. The Siberian Marble Gallery is a decorative pedestrian roofed Palladian bridge (gallery walkway) in Empress Catherine Park in the former royal residence Tsarskoye Selo (now town of Pushkin) near Saint Petersburg, Russia. It connects the Swan Islands — an artificial archipelago of seven islets in the landscape park of Tsarskoe Selo — spanning a rivulet flowing between several ponds. The bridge was modelled after the Palladian Bridge (1736) in the park of Wilton House, in England, and served as a showcase for Ural marble. All the details of the bridge — including the granite Ionic colonnade — were produced in.


Question: Which place is this animal endemic to?

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Common brushtail possum. The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, from the Greek for "furry tailed" and the Latin for "little fox", previously in the genus "Phalangista") is a nocturnal, semiarboreal marsupial of the family Phalangeridae, native to Australia and naturalised in New Zealand, and the second-largest of the possums.Like most possums, the common brushtail possum is nocturnal. It is mainly a folivore, but has been known to eat small mammals such as rats. In most Australian habitats, eucalyptus leaves are a significant part of the diet, but rarely the sole item eaten. Its tail is prehensile and naked on its lower underside. The.

Common brushtail possum. four colour variations are silver-grey, brown, black, and gold.It is the Australian marsupial most often seen by city dwellers, as it is one of few that thrive in cities and a wide range of natural and human-modified environments. Around human habitations, common brushtails are inventive and determined foragers with a liking for fruit trees, vegetable gardens, and kitchen raids.The common brushtail possum was introduced to New Zealand in the 1850s to establish a fur industry, but in the mild subtropical climate of New Zealand, and with few to no natural predators, it thrived to the extent that it became a.

Common brushtail possum. and ecology.## Range and habitat.The common brushtail possum is perhaps the most widespread marsupial of Australia. It is found throughout the eastern and northern parts of the continent, as well as some western regions, Tasmania and a number of offshore islands, such as Kangaroo Island and Barrow Island. It is also widespread in New Zealand since its introduction in 1850. The common brushtail possum can be found in a variety of habitats, such as forests, semi-arid areas and even cultivated or urban areas. It is mostly a forest inhabiting species, however it is also found in treeless areas. In New.

Common brushtail possum. Zealand, possums favour broadleaf-podocarp near farmland pastures. In southern beech forests and pine plantations, possums are less common. Overall, brushtail possums are more densely populated in New Zealand than in their native Australia. This may be because Australia has more fragmented eucalypt forests and more predators. In Australia, brushtail possums are threatened by humans, tiger quolls, dogs, foxes, cats, goannas, carpet snakes, and powerful owls. In New Zealand, brushtail possums are threatened only by humans and cats. The IUCN highlight the population trend in Australia as decreasing.## Food and foraging.The common brushtail possum can adapt to numerous kinds of vegetation.

Common brushtail possum. New Zealand use many more den sites than those from Australia. Brushtail possums compete with each other and other animals for den spaces, and this contributes to their mortality. This is likely another reason why brushtail possum population densities are smaller in Australia than in New Zealand. Brushtail possums are usually not aggressive towards each other and usually just stare with erect ears. They vocalise with clicks, grunts, hisses, alarm chatters, guttural coughs, and screeching.## Reproduction and life history.The common brushtail possum can breed at any time of the year, but breeding tends to peak in spring, from September to.

Common brushtail possum. November, and in autumn, from March to May, in some areas. Mating is promiscuous and random; some males can sire several young in a season, while over half sire none. In one Queensland population, males apparently need a month of consorting with females before they can mate with them. Females have a gestation period of 16–18 days, after which they give birth to single young. A newborn brushtail possum is only 1.5 cm long and weighs only 2 g. As usual for marsupials, the newborn may climb, unaided, through the female's fur and into the pouch and attach to a.

Common brushtail possum. from which they may be forcibly ejected. In New Zealand's Ōrongorongo population, female young have been found to continue to associate with their mothers after weaning, and some inherit the prime den sites. A possible competition exists between mothers and daughters for dens, and daughters may be excluded from a den occupied by the mother. In forests with shortages of den sites, females apparently produce more sons, which do not compete directly for den sites, while in forests with plentiful den sites, female young are greater in number.## Relationship with humans.The common brushtail possum is considered a pest in some.

Common brushtail possum. areas, as it is known to cause damage to pine plantations, regenerative forest, flowers, fruit trees, and buildings. Like other possums, it is rather tolerant of humans and can sometimes be hand fed, although it is not encouraged, as their claws are quite sharp and can cause infection or disease to humans if scratched. It is a traditional food source for some indigenous Australians.## Australia.Its fur has been considered valuable and has been harvested. Although once hunted extensively for its fur in Australia, the common brushtail possum is now protected in mainland states, but it has only been partially protected.

Common brushtail possum. South Australia, they are fully protected and permits are required for trapping possums in human residences or for keeping or rescuing sick or injured wild possums and other native animals. In Queensland, they can only be trapped by licensed commercial relocators who must release possums within 25 metres of the point of capture to ensure that an animal is not released into another possum's home range (possums are less likely to survive if they are released into a new area where they do not have access to a den or must compete with a neighbouring possum for den space).## New.

Common brushtail possum. Zealand.Since its introduction from Australia by European settlers in the 1850s, the common brushtail possum has become a major threat to New Zealand native forests and birds. It is also a host for the highly contagious bovine tuberculosis. (This is not an issue in Australia, where the disease has been eradicated.)By the 1980s, the peak population had reached an estimated 60–70 million, but is now down to an estimated 30 million due to control measures. The New Zealand Department of Conservation controls possum numbers in many areas via the aerial dropping of 1080-laced bait. Hunting is not restricted, but the.

Common brushtail possum. population seems to be stable despite the annual killing of thousands of the animals.Marsh, K. J., Wallis, I. R., & Foley, W. J. (2003). The effect of inactivating tannins on the intake of Eucalyptus foliage by a specialist Eucalyptus folivore ("Pseudocheirus peregrinus") and a generalist herbivore ("Trichosurus vulpecula"). "Australian Journal of Zoology, 51", 41–42.Blog.forestandbird.org.nzBrushtail possumLandcare Research NZCommon brushtail possum ("Trichosurus vulpecula") at ARKivePossumBase.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Forest bug. The forest bug or red-legged shieldbug ("Pentatoma rufipes") is a species of shield bug in the family Pentatomidae, commonly found in most of Europe. It inhabits forests, woodlands, orchards, and gardens.## Description."P. rufipes" can reach a length of 11 - 14 (mm). These large and flat shield bugs are shaped like an escutcheon-type shield. They have a dark brown body in autumn, lighter in summer, usually bronze-colored. They show red-orange to cream markings at the tip of their scutella. The connexium usually has dark brown, reddish, and light blue bands. The legs and the first segment of the antennae are.


Question: What country does this place belong to?

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Durdle Door. Lulworth, 4th pr.". London: Geological Survey of Great Britain, HMSO. Davies, G.M., 1956. "A Geological Guide to the Dorset Coast, 2nd ed.". London: Adam & Charles Black. Perkins, J.W., 1977. "Geology Explained in Dorset". London: David & Charles."Caves, Arches & Stacks" Southwest Coastal Group"Durdle Door: Past and Future" animationSection of Lulworth Crumple, labelled diagram by Ian West (2013)Durdle Door Educational Activity Sheet for Kids at EasyScienceforKids.


Question: Who designed this building?

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Looshaus. The Looshaus is a commercial and residential building at 3, between Herrengasse and , in Vienna. Designed by Adolf Loos and completed in 1912, it is considered a major building of Viennese Modernism.## Building.The modernist design of the Looshaus contrasts with both historicism and the floral ornament of Secessionist architecture. Although functionalist, it is far from purely utilitarian. In particular, it makes use of sumptuous materials. The lower, commercial section of the façade is clad in green Cipollino marble from Euboea, in striking contrast with the simple plaster of the upper, residential section. A colonnade of Tuscan columns was intended.

Looshaus. floors, including apprentice instruction and a private vocational school which shared the top floor.## History.Emanuel Aufricht and Leopold Goldman, the owners of , a men's clothing company with an upper-class clientele, held a design competition for a building to house their sales, manufacturing, and office functions as well as Goldman's private apartment. The competition failed to produce a design that satisfied them, so in 1909 they gave the commission to Adolf Loos, who had been invited to submit a design but had not done so. The building was constructed by , with Ernst Epstein as construction manager. However, although the.

Looshaus. building was affected by a bomb strike on an adjacent building. In 1947 it became a protected monument; it was somewhat unsuccessfully restored in the 1950s and in the 1960s housed a furniture shop. In 1987 the Raiffeisenbank bought it and thoroughly renovated it, restoring the commercial levels to their original appearance.In the early 2000s, "Designzone Looshaus", a facility designed by Paolo Piva for exhibitions and conferences showcasing Austrian design, opened in the basement of the Looshaus. The winners of the biennial are exhibited there. Adolf Loos-Haus, Raffeisenbank, archived on 28 February 2022.