Question: What is the location of this island?

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Confederation Bridge. voted unanimously in favour of renaming the bridge to "Epekwitk Crossing", whereas Epekwitk ( ) is the traditional Mi'kmaq name for Prince Edward Island. The name change would need to be approved by the Canadian federal government in order to take effect.## Structure.The bridge is a two-lane toll bridge that carries the Trans-Canada Highway between Borden-Carleton, Prince Edward Island (at Route 1) and Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick (at Route 16).It is a multi-span balanced cantilever bridge with a post-tensioned concrete box girder structure. Most of the curved bridge is 40 (m) above water with a 60 (m) navigation span for.

Confederation Bridge. act as wind barriers, placing bridge deck and navigational lighting, constructing the Borden-Carleton toll plaza, and finishing the New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island approach roads. In separate construction, the federal and provincial governments built a new commercial and tourist development on the abandoned CN rail yards in Borden-Carleton, with phase I of this facility opening in spring 1997 as "Gateway Village". New Brunswick has never received similar federal support to improve the economy of Cape Tormentine, which has become a shadow of its former role in PEI transportation history, although in recent years a new eco-tourist and visitor centre.


Question: Who is the creator of this building?

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Brabo Fountain. The Brabo Fountain () is located in the Grote Markt (Main Square) of Antwerp, in front of the Town Hall of the city. The ceremonial inauguration of the sculpture took place in 1887. Jef Lambeaux realized the set of the bronze fountain.The reason is the legend of the name of the city, in which it is said that the giant Druon Antigoon cut off a hand to all the ship captains who moored in the area and refused to pay toll, then throwing it to the Scheldt. The captain of the Roman army Brabo cut off the giant's hand imitating.


Question: What is the highest observed lifespan of this animal?

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Waterbuck. 198 - 262 (kg) and females 161 - 214 (kg). Their coat colour varies from brown to grey. The long, spiral horns, present only on males, curve backward, then forward, and are 55 - 99 (cm) long.Waterbucks are rather sedentary in nature. As gregarious animals, they may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. These groups are either nursery herds with females and their offspring or bachelor herds. Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of 5 years, but are most dominant from the six to nine. The waterbuck cannot tolerate dehydration in hot weather, and thus inhabits.

Waterbuck. in length. To some extent, the length of the horns is related to the bull's age. A rudimentary horn in the form of a bone lump may be found on the skulls of females.## Ecology and behaviour.Waterbuck are rather sedentary in nature, though some migration may occur with the onset of monsoon. A gregarious animal, the waterbuck may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. The various groups are the nursery herds, bachelor herds and territorial males. Herd size increases in summer, whereas groups fragment in the winter months, probably under the influence of food availability. As soon as.

Waterbuck. up to two months. At about three to four weeks, the calf begins following its mother, who signals it to do so by raising her tail. Though bereft of horns, mothers will fiercely defend their offspring from predators. Calves are weaned at eight months, following which time they join groups of calves of their own age. Young females remain with their mothers in nursery herds, or may also join bachelor herds. The waterbuck lives to 18 years in the wild and 30 years in captivity.## Distribution and habitat.The waterbuck is native to southern and eastern Africa (including countries such as.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Eurasian oystercatcher. The Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) also known as the common pied oystercatcher, or palaearctic oystercatcher, or (in Europe) just oystercatcher, is a wader in the oystercatcher bird family Haematopodidae. It is the most widespread of the oystercatchers, with three races breeding in western Europe, central Eurosiberia, Kamchatka, China, and the western coast of Korea. No other oystercatcher occurs within this area. The extinct Canary Islands oystercatcher ("Haematopus meadewaldoi"), formerly considered a distinct species, may have actually been an isolated subspecies or distinct population of the Eurasian oystercatcher.This oystercatcher is the national bird of the Faroe Islands.## Taxonomy.The Eurasian oystercatcher was.

Eurasian oystercatcher. listed by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Haemotopus ostralegus". The genus name "Haematopus" combines the Ancient Greek "haima" αἳμα meaning "blood" and "pous" πούς meaning "foot". The specific epithet "ostralegus" combines the Latin "ostrea" meaning "oyster" and "legere" meaning "to gather".The name "oystercatcher" was coined by Mark Catesby in 1731 as a common name for the North American species "H. palliatus," described as eating oysters. Yarrell in 1843 established this as the preferred term, replacing the older name "Sea Pie."Four subspecies are recognised: "H. o. ostralegus.


Question: Which company manufactures this item?

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Basket. and broad-leaved tropical bromeliads each require a different method of twisting and braiding to be made into a basket. The practice of basket making has evolved into an art. Artistic freedom allows basket makers a wide choice of colors, materials, sizes, patterns, and details.The carrying of a basket on the head, particularly by rural women, has long been practiced. Representations of this in Ancient Greek art are called Canephorae.## Figurative and literary usage.The phrase "to hell in a handbasket" means "to deteriorate rapidly". The origin of this use is unclear."Basket" is sometimes used as an adjective towards a person who.

Basket. is born out of wedlock. This occurs more commonly in British English. "Basket" also refers to a bulge in a man's crotch.## Materials.Basket makers use a wide range of materials:WickerStrawPlasticMetalBambooPalmCarbon fiber Basket weaving "Canephorae" Weaving Native American basketry Native American basket weavers Baleen basketry Fruits Basket "Japanese Manga series"Zepeda, Ofelia (1995). "Ocean Power: Poems from the Desert". .Baskets, The Women's Committee of the Philadelphia Museum of ArtBaskets at the University of Michigan Museum of ArtBaskets at the Metropolitan Museum of ArtExhibition: "A Measure of the Earth: The Cole-Ware Collection of American Baskets" at the Smithsonian American Art MuseumStudy Lab: "Entwined.


Question: What is the length of the wingspan in metre of this bird?

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Wandering albatross. Good Hope. "Diomedea" refers to Diomedes whose companions turned to birds, and "exulans" or "exsul" are Latin for "exile" or "wanderer" referring to its extensive flights. The type locality has been restricted to South Georgia.Some experts considered there to be four subspecies of "D. exulans", which they elevated to species status, and use the term "wandering albatross" to refer to a species complex that includes the proposed species "D. antipodensis", "D. dabbenena", "D. exulans", and "D. gibsoni".## Description.The wandering albatross has the longest wingspan of any living bird, typically ranging from 2.51 to 3.5 (m), with a mean span of.

Wandering albatross. 3.1 (m) in the Bird Island, South Georgia colony and an average of exactly 3 (m) in 123 birds measured off the coast of Malabar, New South Wales. On the Crozet Islands, adults averaged 3.05 (m) in wingspan. The longest-winged examples verified have been about 3.7 (m). Even larger examples have been claimed, with two giants reportedly measuring 4.22 (m) and 5.3 (m) but these reports remain unverified. As a result of its wingspan, it is capable of remaining in the air without flapping its wings for several hours at a time (travelling 22 m for every metre of drop).

Wandering albatross. The length of the body is about 107 to 135 (cm) with females being slightly smaller than males. Adults can weigh from 5.9 to 12.7 (kg), although most will weigh 6.35 to 11.91 (kg). On Macquarie Island, three males averaged 8.4 (kg) and three females averaged 6.2 (kg). In the Crozet Islands, males averaged 9.44 (kg) while females averaged 7.84 (kg). However, 10 unsexed adults from the Crozets averaged 9.6 (kg). On South Georgia, 52 males were found to average 9.11 (kg) while 53 females were found to average 7.27 (kg). Immature birds have been recorded weighing as much as.

Wandering albatross. until 11 to 15 years. About 31.5% of fledglings survive. ## Relationship with humans.Sailors used to capture the birds for their long wing bones, from which they made tobacco-pipe stems. The early explorers of the great Southern Sea cheered themselves with the companionship of the albatross in their dreary solitudes; and the evil fate of him who shot with his cross-bow the "bird of good omen" is familiar to readers of Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The metaphor of "an albatross around his neck" also comes from the poem and indicates an unwanted burden causing anxiety or hindrance.

Wandering albatross. as vulnerable status. Adult mortality is 5% to 7.8% per year as of 2003. It has an occurrence range of 64700000 (km2), although its breeding range is only 1900 (km2).In 2007, there were an estimated 25,500 adult birds, broken down to 1,553 pairs on South Georgia Island, 1,850 pairs on Prince Edward Island, 1,600 on Marion Island, 2,000 on Crozet Islands, 1,100 on the Kerguelen Islands, and 12 on Macquarie Island for a total of 8,114 breeding pairs.The South Georgia population is shrinking at 1.8% per year. The levels of birds at Prince Edward and the Crozet Islands seem to.

Wandering albatross. which contain the heaviest living flying birds "Pelagornis sandersi", the largest flying bird ever to liveLindsey, T.R. 1986. "The Seabirds of Australia". Angus and Robertson, and the National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife Sydney.Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (eds) 1993. "Handbook of Australian New Zealand And Antarctic Birds" Vol. 2: (Raptors To Lapwings). Oxford University Press, Melbourne.Parmelee, D.F. 1980. "Bird Island in Antarctic Waters". University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Species factsheet – BirdLife InternationalFact file – ARKiveVideo, photos and sounds – Internet Bird CollectionHolotype photos – Collections Online, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa TongarewaDo albatrosses have personalities? – Video, Te.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Crotalus viridis. Crotalus viridis (Common names: prairie rattlesnake, Great Plains rattlesnake,) is a venomous pit viper species native to the western United States, southwestern Canada, and northern Mexico. Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the prairie rattlesnake ("Crotalus viridis viridis"), the nominate subspecies, and the Hopi rattlesnake ("Crotalus viridis nuntius").## Taxonomy.The taxonomic history of this species is convoluted. Previously, seven other "C. viridis" subspecies were also recognized, including "C. v. abyssus", "C. v. caliginis", "C. v. cerberus", "C. v. concolor", "C. v. helleri", "C. v. lutosus" and "C. v. oreganus". However, in 2001 Ashton and de Queiroz described their analysis of the.

Crotalus viridis. variation of mitochondrial DNA across the range of this species. Their results agreed broadly with those obtained by Pook "et al." (2000). Two main clades were identified, east and west of the Rocky Mountains, which they argued were actually two different species: on the one hand "C. viridis", including the conventional subspecies "C. v. viridis" and "C. v. nuntius", and on the other "C. oreganus", including all the other traditional subspecies of "C. viridis". The authors retained the names of the traditional subspecies, but emphasized the need for more work to be done on the systematics of "C. oreganus".## Description.This.

Crotalus viridis. species commonly grows to more than 100 (cm) in length. The maximum recorded size is 151.5 (cm). In Montana, specimens occasionally exceed 120 (cm) in length; the species reaches its maximum size in this region. One of the most characteristic features is the presence of three or more, usually four, internasal scales.Identification characteristics will vary depending on which subspecies is encountered. Generally, prairie rattlesnakes are usually lightly colored in hues of brown. Patches of dark brown are often distributed in a dorsal pattern. A color band may be seen at the back of the eye. The prairie rattlesnake group carries.

Crotalus viridis. the distinctive triangle-shaped head and pit sensory organs on either side of the head. A key characteristic that can help differentiate a prairie rattlesnake from other rattlesnakes is the presence of two internasals contacting the rostral.## Distribution and habitat.Prairie rattlesnakes are found in North America over much of the Great Plains, the eastern foothills and some intermontane valleys of the Rocky Mountains, from southwestern Canada through the United States to northern Mexico. In Canada, they occur in Alberta and Saskatchewan; in the US in eastern Idaho, most of Montana (where it is one of 10 snake species and the only.

Crotalus viridis. venomous one), North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, northeastern Arizona, extreme western Iowa, and in Mexico in northern Coahuila and northwestern Chihuahua. Its vertical range is from 100 (m) near the Rio Grande to over 2,775 (m) in elevation in Wyoming.Wright and Wright (1957) and Klauber (1997) both mention Utah as within the range of this species, including maps showing it confined to the extreme southeastern part of the state. The type locality is described as "the Upper Missouri [Valley, USA]". An emendation was proposed by H.M. Smith and Taylor (1950) to "Gross, Boyd.

Crotalus viridis. County, Nebraska."Habitat characteristics can vary depending on subspecies and range. Generally, western rattlesnakes occupy areas with an abundant prey base. Many subspecies occupy somewhat rocky areas with outcrops serving as den sites. Prairie rattlesnakes have also been known to occupy burrows of other animals. They seem to prefer dry areas with moderate vegetation coverage. Vegetation cover will vary depending on region and subspecies.## Behavior.Prairie rattlesnakes are primarily terrestrial, but occasionally climb in trees or bushes. Some even rest in crevices or caves. They are typically active diurnally in cooler weather and nocturnally during hot weather "C. viridis". This species complex.

Crotalus viridis. is equipped with powerful venom, using about 20-55 percent of venom in one bite, and will defend themselves if threatened or injured. As with other rattlesnake species, prairie rattlesnakes will rapidly vibrate their tails, which produces a unique rasping sound to warn intruders.The venom of the Prairie rattlesnake is a complexly structured mixture of different proteins with enzymes such as proteases and peptidases found among them. Besides the hemotoxin and its tissue destructive effect, the venom also has neurotoxic properties.## Diet.Prairie rattlesnakes, because of their expansive distribution, have a wide array of prey. Generally, this species prefers small mammals, such.

Crotalus viridis. as ground squirrels, ground nesting birds, mice, rats, small rabbits and prairie dogs. They will occasionally feed on amphibians and reptiles, and sometimes even other snakes. This is more commonly seen in juvenile snakes.## Reproduction.Prairie rattlesnakes are viviparous and can produce from one to 25 young per reproduction event. The average number of young ranges from four to 12, but can vary greatly due to availability of food and environmental conditions. Males may compete for females during the breeding season, but western rattlesnake females may not necessarily breed every year. They give birth in late summer or early fall, being.

Crotalus viridis. their breed 22–28 cm long, without the need for parental care. In addition, the young are toxic as soon as they are born. They reach sexual maturity at three years of age. It is also common for females to give birth at communal den sites with the young born between August and October.## Conservation status.This species is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v3.1, 2001). Species are listed as such due to their wide distribution, presumed large population, or because they are unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a.

Crotalus viridis. more threatened category. The population trend was stable when assessed in 2006.## Subspecies."Crotalus viridis nuntius" ,the Hopi rattlesnake, inhabits the United States from northeastern and north-central Arizona, from the New Mexico border to Cataract Creek, including the Little Colorado River basin, the southern section of the Apache Indian Reservation, the Hopi Reservation, and the Coconino Plateau from the southern rim of the Grand Canyon to US Highway 66 in the south."Crotalus viridis viridis" , the prairie rattlesnake, inhabits the North American Great Plains from the Rocky Mountains to 96° W and from southern Canada to extreme northern Mexico, including southwestern.

Crotalus viridis. Saskatchewan, southeastern Alberta, eastern Washington, Idaho in the Lemhi Valley, Montana east of the higher Rockies, southwestern North Dakota, west, central and extreme southeastern South Dakota, western Iowa, central and western Nebraska, Wyoming except for the Rockies, Colorado, central and western Kansas, Oklahoma, extreme southeastern Utah, northeastern Arizona, New Mexico, western and southwestern Texas, northeastern Sonora, northern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila. SnakebiteAshton KG, de Queiroz A. 2001. "Molecular systematics of the Western Rattlesnake, "Crotalus viridis" (Viperidae), with comments on the utility of the D-Loop in phylogenetic studies of snakes". "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" 21 (2): 176-189.Behler JL, King FW. 1979. "The.

Crotalus viridis. Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians". New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. . ("Crotalus viridis", pp. 694–695 + Plates 621, 623, 627, 629-631, 648).Conant R. 1975. "A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition". Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. + Plates 1-48. (hardcover), (paperback). ("Crotalus viridis", p. 237 + Plate 36 + Map 179).Conant R, Bridges W. 1939. "What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains". (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and.

Crotalus viridis. London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. ("Crotalus viridis", pp. 154–155 + Plate 32, Figure 91).Hubbs, Brian; O'Connor, Brendan. 2012. "A Guide to the Rattlesnakes and other Venomous Serpents of the United States". Tempe, Arizona: Tricolor Books. 129 pp. . ("Crotalus viridis nuntius", pp. 36–37, 111; "C. v. viridis", pp. 38–39).Rafinesque CS. 1818. "Further Accounts of Discoveries in Natural History, in the Western States". "American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review" 4 (5): 39-42. ("N. Sp. "Crotalinus viridis" ", p. 41).Schmidt KP, Davis DD. 1941. "Field Book of Snakes of the United States and.

Crotalus viridis. Canada". New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. ("Crotalus viridis", pp. 308–311, Figure 102 (map) + Plate 34).Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr. 1982. "Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification". New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. . ("Crotalus viridis", pp. 204–205). Prairie Rattlesnake, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa.


Question: What is the vertex figure of this object?

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Tetrahedron. of a tetrahedron the base is a triangle (any of the four faces can be considered the base), so a tetrahedron is also known as a "triangular pyramid".Like all convex polyhedra, a tetrahedron can be folded from a single sheet of paper. It has two such nets.For any tetrahedron there exists a sphere (called the circumsphere) on which all four vertices lie, and another sphere (the insphere) tangent to the tetrahedron's faces.## Regular tetrahedron.A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron in which all four faces are equilateral triangles. It is one of the five regular Platonic solids, which have been known.

Tetrahedron. edge of the base. This follows from the fact that the medians of a triangle intersect at its centroid, and this point divides each of them in two segments, one of which is twice as long as the other (see ).For a regular tetrahedron with side length "a", radius "R" of its circumscribing sphere, and distances "di" from an arbitrary point in 3-space to its four vertices, we haveformula_7## Isometries of the regular tetrahedron.The vertices of a cube can be grouped into two groups of four, each forming a regular tetrahedron (see above, and also , showing one of the.

Tetrahedron. with four congruent triangles as faces; the triangles necessarily have all angles acute. The regular tetrahedron is a special case of a disphenoid. Other names for the same shape include bisphenoid, isosceles tetrahedron and equifacial tetrahedron.## Orthoschemes.A 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron where all four faces are right triangles. An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular. In a 3-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of three perpendicular edges connecting all four vertices in a linear path that makes two right-angled turns. The 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron having two.

Tetrahedron. its characteristic tetrahedron by its planes of symmetry.If the tetrahedron has edge length 2, its characteristic tetrahedron's six edges have lengths , , (the exterior right triangle face, the "characteristic triangle" of the tetrahedron), plus , , (edges that are the "characteristic radii" of the tetrahedron). The 3-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is , , , first from a tetrahedron vertex to an tetrahedron edge center, then turning 90° to an tetrahedron face center, then turning 90° to the tetrahedron center. The orthoscheme has four dissimilar right triangle faces. The exterior face is a 30-60-90 triangle which.

Tetrahedron. is one-sixth of a tetrahedron face. The three faces interior to the tetrahedron are: a right triangle with edges , , , a right triangle with edges , , , and a right triangle with edges , , .## Space-filling tetrahedra.A space-filling tetrahedron packs with directly congruent or enantiomorphous (mirror image) copies of itself to tile space. The cube can be dissected into six 3-orthoschemes, three left-handed and three right-handed (one of each at each cube face), and cubes can fill space, so the characteristic 3-orthoscheme of the cube is a space-filling tetrahedron in this sense. A disphenoid can be.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. as calculated here. Then another volume formula is given byformula_25## Properties analogous to those of a triangle.The tetrahedron has many properties analogous to those of a triangle, including an insphere, circumsphere, medial tetrahedron, and exspheres. It has respective centers such as incenter, circumcenter, excenters, Spieker center and points such as a centroid. However, there is generally no orthocenter in the sense of intersecting altitudes.Gaspard Monge found a center that exists in every tetrahedron, now known as the Monge point: the point where the six midplanes of a tetrahedron intersect. A midplane is defined as a plane that is orthogonal to.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. face.The radius of the twelve-point sphere is one third of the circumradius of the reference tetrahedron.There is a relation among the angles made by the faces of a general tetrahedron given byformula_26where "α" is the angle between the faces "i" and "j".The geometric median of the vertex position coordinates of a tetrahedron and its isogonic center are associated, under circumstances analogous to those observed for a triangle. Lorenz Lindelöf found that, corresponding to any given tetrahedron is a point now known as an isogonic center, "O", at which the solid angles subtended by the faces are equal, having a common.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. of the tetrahedron.With this definition, the circumcenter of a tetrahedron with vertices ,, can be formulated as matrix-vector product:formula_35In contrast to the centroid, the circumcenter may not always lay on the inside of a tetrahedron.Analogously to an obtuse triangle, the circumcenter is outside of the object for an obtuse tetrahedron.## Centroid.The tetrahedron's center of mass computes as the arithmetic mean of its four vertices, see Centroid.## Faces.The sum of the areas of any three faces is greater than the area of the fourth face.## Integer tetrahedra.There exist tetrahedra having integer-valued edge lengths, face areas and volume. These are called Heronian.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Gymnadenia conopsea. Gymnadenia conopsea, commonly known as the fragrant orchid or chalk fragrant orchid, is a herbaceous plant of the family Orchidaceae native to northern Europe.## Etymology.The name of the genus "Gymnadenia" is formed from Greek words (', "nude") and (', "gland") and refers to the characteristics of the organs for secreting nectar. The specific Latin name "conopsea" derives from the Greek ' ('), literally meaning "mosquito-like", probably because of the similarity of the long spur of the flower with the mouthparts of a mosquito.The scientific binomial name of this plant was initially "Orchis conopsea", proposed by the Swedish naturalist and botanist.

Gymnadenia conopsea. Gren. Rouy 1912 "Gymnadenia pyrenaica" Giraudias 1882 "Gymnadenia sibirica" Turcz. ex Lindl. 1835 "Gymnadenia splendida" Dworschak 2002 "Gymnadenia splendida subsp. odorata" Dworschak 2002 "Gymnadenia transsilvanica" Schur 1866 "Gymnadenia vernalis" Dworschak 2002 "Gymnadenia wahlenbergii" Afzel. ex Rchb.f. 1851 "Habenaria conopsea" (L.) Benth. (1880) "Habenaria gymnadenia" Druce 1897 "Orchis conopea" Gras 1862 "Orchis conopsea" L. 1753 "Orchis cornopica" Mill. 1768 "Orchis ornithis" Jacq. 1774 "Orchis peloria" Foucault ex Poir. 1816 "Orchis pseudoconopea" Gren. 1869 "Orchis pseudo-conopsea" Gren. 1865 "Orchis pseudoconopsea" J.Parm. 1894 "Orchis setacea" Gilib. 1792 "Orchis suaveolens" Salisb. 1796 "Satyrium conopseum" (L.) Wahlenb. 1826 Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia (3 voll.).


Question: What kind of effect does this item have?

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Alarm device. An alarm device is a mechanism that gives an audible, visual or other kind of alarm signal to alert someone to a problem or condition that requires urgent attention.## Etymology.The word "alarm" comes from the Old French "a l'arme" meaning "to the arms", or "to the weapons", telling armed men to pick up their weapons and get ready for action because an enemy may have suddenly appeared.The word "alarum" is an archaic form of "alarm". It was sometimes used as a call to arms in the stage directions of Elizabethan dramas. The term comes from the Italian "all'armi" and appears.

Alarm device. either case. A person in such a state can be characterized as "alarmed".## False alarms.With any kind of alarm, you must balance between the danger of false alarms (called "false positives") — the signal going off in the absence of a problem — or an alarm failing to signal an actual problem (called a "false negative"). False alarms can waste resources expensively and can even be dangerous. For example, false alarms of a fire can waste firefighter manpower, making them unavailable for a real fire, and risk injury to firefighters and others as the fire engines race to the alleged.

Alarm device. fire's location. In addition, false alarms may acclimatise people to ignore alarm signals, and thus possibly to ignore an actual emergency: Aesop's fable of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" exemplifies this problem.A false alarm is one of the most significant issues with conventional alarm systems. They can be triggered for several reasons, such as the movement of pets, typing in the wrong security codes, or loud sounds from windows or doors. In the case of fire alarms, aerosol sprays, smoking, or burning food can all lead to a false alarm.Many avoid the risk of false alarms by ensuring their alarms.

Alarm device. fire alarm which is used to give occupants of a building early warning of a potential fire and give them time to evacuate. warning devices on a vehicle that sound when it is moving in an unexpected direction, such as reversing, a siren, often accompanied by flashing coloured lights, on emergency vehicles responding to an emergencyAlarm devices, by category, include: burglar alarms, designed to warn of burglaries. This is often a silent alarm; law enforcement or guards are warned without alerting the burglar, which increases the chances of stopping the theft while in progress. alarm clocks can beep, buzz or.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Dryas iulia. Dryas iulia (often incorrectly spelled "julia"), commonly called the Julia butterfly, Julia heliconian, the flame, or flambeau, is a species of brush-footed (or nymphalid) butterfly. The sole representative of its genus Dryas, it is native from Brazil to southern Texas and Florida, and in summer can sometimes be found as far north as eastern Nebraska. Over 15 subspecies have been described.Its wingspan ranges from 82 to 92 mm, and it is colored orange (brighter in male specimens) with black markings; this species is somewhat unpalatable to birds and belongs to the "orange" Mullerian mimicry complex.This butterfly is a fast flier.

Dryas iulia. and frequents clearings, paths, and margins of forests and woodlands. It feeds on the nectar of flowers, such as lantanas ("Lantana") and shepherd's-needle ("Scandix pecten-veneris"), and the tears of caiman, the eye of which the butterfly irritates to produce tears. Its caterpillar feeds on leaves of passion vines, including "Passiflora affinis" and yellow passionflower ("P. lutea") in Texas.Its mating behavior is complex and involves a prolonged courtship whose outcome appears to be controlled by the female. This raises questions pertaining to the occurrence of the evolution of sexual conflict.The species is popular in butterfly houses because it is long-lived and.

Dryas iulia. active throughout the day. However, the caterpillars are spiky and may cause a skin rash.## Identification."D. iulia" is characterized by elongated orange wings with black wing markings that vary by subspecies. Black markings are mainly located near the wing tips. Male Julia butterflies can be identified by their brighter orange color, compared to the duller orange exhibited by females . Images of many Julia butterfly subspecies can be found at the bottom of the page.## Distribution."D. iulia" is common in the tropical and subtropical areas of North, Central, and South America. In South America, throughout countries like Brazil, Ecuador, and.

Dryas iulia. Bolivia, the Julia butterfly is commonly distributed. The butterfly is also widespread throughout a number of the Caribbean islands, with endemic subspecies located in Cuba, Dominica, the Bahamas, and Puerto Rico, among others. Moving further north, the species can be commonly witnessed in Central America up into Texas and Florida (and can occasionally be found to move into the Nebraska area during the summer). The geographic distribution of "D. iulia" overlaps with the ranges of other butterflies which sometimes leads to conflict. For example, the ranges of "D. iulia" and the gulf fritillary overlap; in some cases, gulf fritillaries can.

Dryas iulia. sometimes be subjected to competition and fighting from "Dryas iulia moderata" when the two species have breeding populations in similar areas and within the same geographic range.## Habitat."D. iulia" prefer open, sunny breaks in the subtropical and tropical forests it inhabits. The butterfly is also common in open areas such as gardens, cattle grazing lands, and forest clearings, due to human impact. "D. iulia" can be found on a few main hostplants (or shrubs in Latin America) including the passion vine of the family Passifloraceae.## Migration."D. iulia" flights take place throughout the year in southern Florida and southern Texas, but.

Dryas iulia. especially during the fall. The butterfly in its U.S. range has been seen to occasionally migrate as far north as Nebraska. However, south of its United States range, the Julia butterfly generally does not migrate. The butterfly's flight pattern can be fast or slow, and is usually seen around the middle story of their forest habitat.## Food resources."D. iulia" larvae feed on "Passiflora" plants almost exclusively, specifically those of subgenuses "Astrophea" (also known as "Passiflora"), "Polyanthea", "Tryphostemmatoides", and "Plectostemma".As adults, male and females feed differently based on their reproductive needs. As mentioned further down, males engage in mud-puddling behavior in.

Dryas iulia. order to gain valuable minerals for their spermatophores. They have also been seen to agitate the eyes of caimans and turtles in order to produce tears that the butterflies can drink. Observations of this from points 1500 km apart, were probably the first time scientific observations were coordinated via films broadcast on terrestrial television.Females, meanwhile, besides visiting certain flower species for their nectar – like "Lantana" and "Eupatorium" (as both male and female "D. iulia" butterflies do) – also use pollen from flowers to gain nutrients needed for egg production.## Hostplant coevolutionary strategies."Passiflora vines" and "D. iulia" (among other "Heliconian.

Dryas iulia. butterflies) have shown strong evidence of coevolution, as the butterflies attempt to gain better survival for their laid eggs and the plants attempt to stop their destruction from larval feeding. Many members of the genus "Passiflora" have evolved to produce very tough, thick leaves that are hard to break down by the caterpillars. Some "Passiflora" vines have gone further by producing small leaves that look like a perfect place for the butterflies to lay eggs, but break off at the stem within a few days, carrying the "D. iulia" eggs with them. Other "Passiflora" vines actually mimic eggs of the.

Dryas iulia. butterfly species that use it as a hostplant, so that a passing butterfly thinks the plant already has eggs on it and consequently does not oviposit. The butterflies have thus evolved to be more discerning in their egg placement, and better able to detect strategies used by their host plant, the "Passiflora"## Mud-puddling behavior.Mud-puddling is a peculiar social behavior engaged in by a number of butterfly species, including "D. iulia". It involves male butterflies crowding around damp ground in order to drink dissolved minerals through a process of water filtration. During copulation, the male butterfly uses minerals in his spermatophore,.

Dryas iulia. which must be replenished before the following mating. When a male finds a suitable spot for the behavior, other males can quickly join and hundreds of butterflies may become attracted to the site. Multiple species may join the group, but the butterflies do not evenly distribute between species. Instead, "D. iulia" and others usually remain near members of their own species.## Protective coloration."D. iulia" butterflies are part of the “orange” Mullerian mimicry complex, one of the similar "Heliconian" species that employ this protective tactic. "Passifloracae", the primary food source of "D. iulia" caterpillars, contains trace amounts of cyanide. This has.

Dryas iulia. led to the development of cyanogenic glycosides that make the butterfly unpalatable to its predators, which come from a mixture of storage from their hostplant and larval synthesis. The mimicry in "D. iulia" involves other butterfly species having evolved to look similar to the Julia butterfly in order to convey their presumed unpalatability.## Life history.## Egg.Julia butterfly eggs tend to be a light yellow color when laid, which turns to a darker orange or brown shade before hatching. Each of the butterfly's eggs are separately laid onto new leaf tendrils of its host plant, usually the passionflower vine.The egg of.

Dryas iulia. the butterfly measures about 1.2 mm in height and 1.0 mm in diameter. They have approximately 20 vertical ridges and 13 horizontal ridges.## Larva."D. iulia" caterpillars eat slots into the leaves of their hostplant once they emerge from their egg. However, they do not have nests in their hostplants. They instead use the remaining part of the leaf as a protected area to rest on.The caterpillars of the Julia butterfly have pink, gray, and black coloration throughout their body with maroon and cream patches. Long, branched, black spines also cover their entire body. A cream-colored, inverted Y-shaped mark can be.

Dryas iulia. seen on the front of the caterpillar's head.Larvae emit noxious chemicals in their larval stage because of the trace cyanide in their hostplant. This makes the larvae unpalatable to certain bird species, especially tanagers.## Pupa."D. iulia" have five larval stages, and at the fifth the larva becomes a pupa. The pupa of the Julia butterfly is grayish white in color, and somewhat resembles a dead leaf.## Adult.After emerging from their chrysalis, the male Julia butterfly spends the majority of its time looking for mates. At night, the butterfly roosts close to the ground, either in a small group or alone.

Dryas iulia. "D. iulia"’s adult lifespan lasts for less than a month.## Reproduction.## Courtship behavior.Courtship behavior in "D. iulia" involves a very specific sequence of steps that can be categorized into three sequential phases: an aerial phase, an air-ground phase, and a ground phase. The observed courtship steps are outlined in detail below:First, the male "D. iulia" approaches the female from behind. Then, the female takes flight, with the male flying in front of and above the female. This position is taken by the male so that the female can smell the male's scent scales and become sexually stimulated. Next, the female.

Dryas iulia. attempts to fly higher than the male, which can be seen as an anti-copulatory behavior, before landing. After that, the male "D. iulia" continues to beat his wings above and in front of the female, while both face the same direction. The female butterfly then opens and vibrates her hind wings and front wings. Her hind wings are fully opened while her forewings are only partially so. At the same time, the female emits scent glands from her raised abdomen. The male then beats his wings behind and then in front of the female once again. If the female is.

Dryas iulia. satisfied by the courtship, she lowers her abdomen and shuts her wings in preparation for mating.## Mating behavior.Mating can occur within two weeks of the Julia butterfly's exit from the chrysalis. As adults, male "D. iulia" spend the majority of their time searching for females to mate with. Females of this butterfly species can mate four times in their lifetime, which is unusual for female "Heliconius" butterflies who generally mate just once.Many mating behaviors in "D. iulia" are sex-specific, and can include receptive and non-receptive behaviors by the females of the species. Some female behaviors regarded as showing non-receptiveness include.

Dryas iulia. abdomen raising and overflight, in which the female attempts to fly higher than the male during the aerial phase of courtship. On the other hand, a female behavior such as shutting her wings has been found to be a key receptive behavior. For males, persistence did not seem to be a key driver of success, as behaviors performed by persistent males such as hovering over the female did not often lead to copulation.The inability of persistent males – meaning, those that carried on extended courtship behavior – to increase copulation has led to researchers theorizing female copulation acceptance as the.

Dryas iulia. primary determinant of successful copulation in "D. iulia". For example, the only male behavioral acts found to be indicative of successful copulation occurred in response to signals of female receptiveness.## Evolutionary basis of sexual selection and conflict.Julia butterfly copulation is always terminated by the males after the ground phase. The female remains at the mating site as the male flies away. This raises the idea of an evolutionary basis for this behavior based on a conflict of interests between males and females of the species. This conflict arises because of a difference in reproductive interests between the male and the.

Dryas iulia. female that has its beginnings in anisogamy. Sexual selection studies favor forms of sexual conflict such as this one to be one of the major sources of speciation in certain insects.The methods of mate selection (by which a female accepts or denies a male suitor) are not completely understood. Some studies have reported the sexual dimorphism (of color and body size) of the butterfly as a key factor that may suggest an evolutionary basis towards understanding sexual selection. "D. iulia" male butterflies have been seen to chase females of butterfly species with similar visual cues, which has led researchers to.

Dryas iulia. believe that these visual recognition strategies form the basis of sexual partner selection in this species. However, more research is needed to identify how different aspects of "D. iulia"’s physical features factor into mate selection.## Interaction with humans.When "D. iulia" are caterpillars, they can cause a skin rash on humans if touched. This is likely from the yellow liquid that is produced from the tips of the long, black spines that cover its body, which is emitted as a predator deterrent related to their cyanogenic glycosides## Introduced invasiveness."D. iulia" are commonly admired for their coloration. As a diurnal species of.

Dryas iulia. butterfly that is quite active during the day, Julia butterfly are often found in butterfly houses. One butterfly house in Phuket, Thailand, obtained Julia butterflies, specifically "Dryas iulia moderata" from an exporter butterfly farm in Costa Rica and released them during Buddhist ceremonies and weddings. The released butterflies have now colonized areas of Thailand and Malaysia and established a wild population. "D. iulia" are now too widespread in the region to eradicate. They feed on invasive "Passiflora" species around its invasive range, usually "Passiflora suberosa" and sometimes "Passiflora foetida".## Subspecies.Listed alphabetically: "D. i. alcionea" – (Suriname, Bolivia, Brazil) "D. i.

Dryas iulia. carteri" – (Bahamas) "D. i. delila" – (Jamaica) "D. i. dominicana" – (Dominica) "D. i. framptoni" – (St. Vincent) "D. i. fucatus" – (Dominican Republic) "D. i. iulia" – (Puerto Rico) "D. i. lucia" – (St. Lucia) "D. i. largo" – (Florida) "D. i. martinica" – (Martinique) "D. i. moderata" – (Mexico, Honduras, Ecuador) "D. i. nudeola" – (Cuba) "D. i. warneri" – (St. Kitts) "D. i. zoe" – (Cayman Islands) Butterflies and Moths of North America (BMNA) (2008). Julia Heliconian. Retrieved 2008-AUG-14. Miller, L. D. & Miller, J. Y. (2004). "The Butterfly Handbook": 115. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., Hauppauge,.


Question: What is the source of energy of this vehicle?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Steam locomotive. A steam locomotive is a locomotive that provides the force to move itself and other vehicles by means of the expansion of steam. It is fuelled by burning combustible material (usually coal, oil or, rarely, wood) to heat water in the locomotive's boiler to the point when it becomes gaseous and its volume increases 1,700 times. Functionally, it is a steam engine on wheels.In most locomotives, the steam is admitted alternately to each end of its cylinders, in which pistons are mechanically connected to the locomotive's main wheels. Fuel and water supplies are usually carried with the locomotive, either on.

Steam locomotive. a train along the tramway from the Pen-y-darren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil, to Abercynon in South Wales. Accompanied by Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine and increased its efficiency.Trevithick visited the Newcastle area in 1804 and had a ready audience of colliery (coal mine) owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the colliery railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation and development of the steam locomotive. Trevithick continued his own steam propulsion experiments through.

Steam locomotive. Völklingen), but neither could be returned to working order after being dismantled, moved and reassembled. On 7 December 1835, the "Adler" ran for the first time between Nuremberg and Fürth on the Bavarian Ludwig Railway. It was the 118th engine from the locomotive works of Robert Stephenson and stood under patent protection.In Russia, the first steam locomotive was built in 1834 by Cherepanovs, however, it suffered from the lack of coal in the area and was replaced with horse traction after all the woods nearby had been cut down. The first Russian Tsarskoye Selo steam railway started in 1837 with.

Steam locomotive. Hungary which used the water-tube Brotan boiler.A boiler consists of a firebox where the fuel is burned, a barrel where water is turned into steam and a smokebox which is kept at a slightly lower pressure than outside the firebox.Solid fuel, such as wood, coal or coke, is thrown into the firebox through a door by a fireman, onto a set of grates which hold the fuel in a bed as it burns. Ash falls through the grate into an ashpan. If oil is used as the fuel, a door is needed for adjusting the air flow, maintaining the firebox,.

Steam locomotive. This pressure difference causes air to flow up through the coal bed and keeps the fire burning.The search for thermal efficiency greater than that of a typical fire-tube boiler led engineers, such as Nigel Gresley, to consider the water-tube boiler. Although he tested the concept on the LNER Class W1, the difficulties during development exceeded the will to increase efficiency by that route.The steam generated in the boiler not only moves the locomotive, but is also used to operate other devices such as the whistle, the air compressor for the brakes, the pump for replenishing the water in the boiler.

Steam locomotive. in various configurations, including two tanks alongside (side tanks or pannier tanks), one on top (saddle tank) or one between the frames (well tank).The fuel used depended on what was economically available to the railway. In the UK and other parts of Europe, plentiful supplies of coal made this the obvious choice from the earliest days of the steam engine. Until 1870, the majority of locomotives in the United States burned wood, but as the Eastern forests were cleared, coal gradually became more widely used until it became the dominant fuel worldwide in steam locomotives. Railways serving sugar cane farming.

Steam locomotive. operations burned bagasse, a byproduct of sugar refining. In the US, the ready availability and low price of oil made it a popular steam locomotive fuel after 1900 for the southwestern railroads, particularly the Southern Pacific. In the Australian state of Victoria, many steam locomotives were converted to heavy oil firing after World War II. German, Russian, Australian and British railways experimented with using coal dust to fire locomotives.During World War 2, a number of Swiss steam shunting locomotives were modified to use electrically heated boilers, consuming around 480 kW of power collected from an overhead line with a pantograph.

Steam locomotive. These locomotives were significantly less efficient than electric ones; they were used because Switzerland was suffering a coal shortage because of the War, but had access to plentiful hydroelectricity.A number of tourist lines and heritage locomotives in Switzerland, Argentina and Australia have used light diesel-type oil.Water was supplied at stopping places and locomotive depots from a dedicated water tower connected to water cranes or gantries. In the UK, the US and France, water troughs ("track pans" in the US) were provided on some main lines to allow locomotives to replenish their water supply without stopping, from rainwater or snowmelt that.

Steam locomotive. be removed by hand at the end of the run. As with the arrestor, a screen was incorporated to retain any large embers.Locomotives of the British Railways standard classes fitted with self-cleaning smokeboxes were identified by a small cast oval plate marked "S.C.", fitted at the bottom of the smokebox door. These engines required different disposal procedures and the plate highlighted this need to depot staff.## Stokers.A factor that limits locomotive performance is the rate at which fuel is fed into the fire. In the early 20th century some locomotives became so large that the fireman could not shovel coal.

Steam locomotive. such equipment.Booster engines were also fitted to tender trucks in the US and known as auxiliary locomotives. Two and even three truck axles were connected together using side rods which limited them to slow-speed service.## Firedoor.The firedoor is used to cover the firehole when coal is not being added. It serves two purposes, first, it prevents air being drawn over the top of the fire, rather forcing it to be drawn through it. The second purpose is to safeguard the train crew against blowbacks. It does, however, have a means to allow some air to pass over the top of.

Steam locomotive. of smoke for the engine driver to breathe as the locomotive passed through mountain tunnels and snow sheds. Another variation was the Camelback locomotive, with the cab situated halfway along the boiler. In England, Oliver Bulleid developed the SR Leader class locomotive during the nationalisation process in the late 1940s. The locomotive was heavily tested but several design faults (such as coal firing and sleeve valves) meant that this locomotive and the other part-built locomotives were scrapped. The cab-forward design was taken by Bulleid to Ireland, where he moved after nationalisation, where he developed the "turfburner". This locomotive was more.

Steam locomotive. steam is either a by-product or is cheaply available). The water vessel ("boiler") is heavily insulated, the same as with a fired locomotive. Until all the water has boiled away, the steam pressure does not drop except as the temperature drops.Another class of fireless locomotive is a compressed-air locomotive.## Mixed power.## Steam diesel hybrid locomotive.Mixed power locomotives, utilising both steam and diesel propulsion, have been produced in Russia, Britain and Italy.## Electric-steam locomotive.Under unusual conditions (lack of coal, abundant hydroelectricity) some locomotives in Switzerland were modified to use electricity to heat the boiler, making them electric-steam locomotives.## Steam-electric locomotive.A steam-electric.

Steam locomotive. railways used dynamometer cars to measure tractive force at speed in actual road testing.British railway companies have been reluctant to disclose figures for drawbar horsepower and have usually relied on continuous tractive effort instead.## Relation to wheel arrangement.Classification is indirectly connected to locomotive performance. Given adequate proportions of the rest of the locomotive, power output is determined by the size of the fire, and for a bituminous coal-fuelled locomotive, this is determined by the grate area. Modern non-compound locomotives are typically able to produce about 40 drawbar horsepower per square foot of grate. Tractive force, as noted earlier, is largely.

Steam locomotive. solids on the inside the surfaces of pipes and heat exchangers. This precipitation is principally caused by thermal decomposition of bicarbonate ions but also happens in cases where the carbonate ion is at saturation concentration. The resulting build-up of scale restricts the flow of water in pipes. In boilers, the deposits impair the flow of heat into the water, reducing the heating efficiency and allowing the metal boiler components to overheat.The reciprocating mechanism on the driving wheels of a two-cylinder single expansion steam locomotive tended to pound the rails (see hammer blow), thus requiring more maintenance. Raising steam from coal.

Steam locomotive. took a matter of hours, and created serious pollution problems. Coal-burning locomotives required fire cleaning and ash removal between turns of duty. Diesel or electric locomotives, by comparison, drew benefit from new custom-built servicing facilities. The smoke from steam locomotives was also deemed objectionable; the first electric and diesel locomotives were developed in response to smoke abatement requirements, although this did not take into account the high level of less-visible pollution in diesel exhaust smoke, especially when idling. In some countries, however, power for electric locomotives is derived from steam generated in power stations, which are often run by coal.##.

Steam locomotive. Unknown Warrior" project, GWR "47xx 4709, 2999 "Lady of Legend", 1014 "County of Glamorgan" and 6880 "Betton Grange" projects. These United Kingdom based new build projects are further complemented by the new build Pennsylvania Railroad 5550 project in the United States. One of the group's goals is to surpass the steam locomotive speed record held by the 4468 "Mallard" when the 5550 is completed and for the 5550 to fill in a huge gap in steam locomotive preservation.In 1980, American financier Ross Rowland established American Coal Enterprises to develop a modernised coal-fired steam locomotive. His ACE 3000 concept attracted considerable.

Steam locomotive. same company also rebuilt a German DR Class 52.80 2-10-0 locomotive to new standards with modifications such as roller bearings, light oil firing and boiler insulation.## Climate change.The future use of steam locomotives in the United Kingdom is in doubt because of government policy on climate change. The Heritage Railway Association is working with the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Heritage Rail in an effort to continue running steam locomotives on coal.Many tourist railroads use oil-fired steam locomotives (or have converted their locomotives to run on oil) to reduce their environmental footprint, and because fuel oil can be easier to obtain.

Steam locomotive. than coal of the proper type and sizing for locomotives. For example, the Grand Canyon Railway runs its steam locomotives on used vegetable oil.An organization called the Coalition for Sustainable Rail (CSR) is developing an environmentally friendly coal substitute made from torrefied biomass. In early 2019, they performed a series of tests using Everett Railroad to evaluate the performance of the biofuel, with positive results. The biofuel was found to burn slightly faster and hotter than coal. The goal of the project is primarily to find a sustainable fuel for historic steam locomotives on tourist railroads, but CSR has also.


Question: What is the immediately prior item that this town follows in a series?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Tsumago-juku. Castle (妻籠城) is nothing but a few ruins today. During the Edo period, however, its mountaintop location gave it wonderful views of both Tsumago-juku and Midono-juku. It served as the site of a large battle in 1584 and was dismantled in the early 17th century, as a result of the Genna era's "one country, one castle" rule.Rurisan Kōtoku-ji Temple (光徳寺), with its white walls and stone base, rises one story above the area's buildings. Founded in 1500, its main deity was added in 1599, and is notable for its Nightingale floors and a 500-year-old weeping cherry tree out front.Perhaps its.

Tsumago-juku. most interesting aspect, however, is the restored row of houses along the former post road. Most were houses built for common people in the mid-18th century, with shops and inns for travelers along the Nakasendō.A quiet portion of the original highway has been preserved between Tsumago and Magome, the next post town (also restored). It provides for a pleasant walk through the forests and past a waterfall. Also, so guests do not have to walk the path twice to return to the beginning of the hike, bus service is provided between the two ends of the road.Nakasendō & KisojiMidono-juku -.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

American woodcock. The American woodcock (Scolopax minor), sometimes colloquially referred to as the timberdoodle, the bogsucker, the hokumpoke, and the Labrador twister, is a small shorebird species found primarily in the eastern half of North America. Woodcocks spend most of their time on the ground in brushy, young-forest habitats, where the birds' brown, black, and gray plumage provides excellent camouflage.Because of the male woodcock's unique, beautiful courtship flights, the bird is welcomed as a harbinger of spring in northern areas. It is also a popular game bird, with about 540,000 killed annually by some 133,000 hunters in the U.S.The American woodcock is.

American woodcock. the only species of woodcock inhabiting North America. Although classified with the sandpipers and shorebirds in Family Scolopacidae, the American woodcock lives mainly in upland settings. Its many folk names include timberdoodle, bogsucker, night partridge, brush snipe, hokumpoke, and becasse.The population of the American woodcock has fallen by an average of slightly more than 1% annually since the 1960s. Most authorities attribute this decline to a loss of habitat caused by forest maturation and urban development.In 2008, wildlife biologists and conservationists released an American Woodcock Conservation Plan presenting figures for the acreage of early successional habitat that must be created.

American woodcock. nape of the head is black, with three or four crossbars of deep buff or rufous. The feet and toes, which are small and weak, are brownish gray to reddish brown.Woodcocks have large eyes located high in the head, and their visual field is probably the largest of any bird, 360° in the horizontal plane and 180° in the vertical plane.The woodcock uses its long prehensile bill to probe in the soil for food, mainly invertebrates and especially earthworms. A unique bone-and-muscle arrangement lets the bird open and close the tip of its upper bill, or mandible, while it is.

American woodcock. sunk in the ground. Both the underside of the upper mandible and the long tongue are rough-surfaced for grasping slippery prey.## Distribution.Woodcocks inhabit forested and mixed forest-agricultural-urban areas east of the 98th Meridian. Woodcock have been sighted as far north as York Factory, Manitoba, east to Labrador and Newfoundland. In winter, they migrate as far south as the Gulf Coast States and Mexico.## Breeding range.The primary breeding range extends from Atlantic Canada (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick) west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to northern Virginia, western North Carolina, Kentucky, northern Tennessee, northern Illinois, Missouri, and eastern.

American woodcock. Kansas. A limited number of woodcock breed as far south as Florida and Texas. The species may be expanding its distribution northward and westward.## Wintering range.After migrating south in autumn, most woodcock spend the winter in the Gulf Coast and southeastern Atlantic Coast states. Some may remain as far north as southern Maryland, eastern Virginia, and southern New Jersey. The core of the wintering range centers on Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Based on the Christmas Bird Count results, winter concentrations are highest in the northern half of Alabama.## Diet.Woodcock eat mainly invertebrates, particularly earthworms (Oligochaeta). They do most of.

American woodcock. their feeding in places where the soil is moist. They forage by probing in soft soil in thickets, where they usually remain well-hidden from sight. Other items in the diet include insect larvae, snails, centipedes, millipedes, spiders, snipe flies, beetles, and ants. A small amount of plant food is eaten, mainly seeds. Woodcock are crepuscular, being most active at dawn and dusk.## Migration.Woodcock migrate at night. They fly at low altitudes, individually or in small, loose flocks. Flight speeds of migrating birds have been clocked at 16 to 28 miles per hour (26 to 45 kilometers per hour). However, the.

American woodcock. young-forest cover usually within 150 (yd) of a singing ground. Most hens lay four eggs, sometimes one to three. Incubation takes 20 to 22 days.The down-covered young are precocial and leave the nest within a few hours of hatching. The female broods her young and feeds them. When threatened, the fledglings usually take cover and remain motionless, attempting to escape detection by relying on their cryptic coloration. Some observers suggest that frightened young may cling to the body of their mother, who will then take wing and carry the young to safety.Woodcock fledglings begin probing for worms on their own.

American woodcock. Bird Surveys and, in the northern breeding range, springtime singing-ground surveys. Data suggest that the woodcock population has fallen rangewide by an average of 1.1% yearly over the last four decades.## Conservation.The American woodcock is not considered globally threatened by the IUCN. It is more tolerant of deforestation than other woodcocks and snipes; as long as some sheltered woodland remains for breeding, it can thrive even in regions that are mainly used for agriculture. The estimated population is 5 million, so it is the most common sandpiper in North America.The American Woodcock Conservation Plan presents regional action plans linked to.

American woodcock. warbler, whip-poor-will, willow flycatcher, indigo bunting, and New England cottontail.Leslie Glasgow, the assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish, Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources from 1969 to 1970, wrote a dissertation through Texas A&M University on the woodcock, with research based on his observations through the Louisiana State University (LSU) Agricultural Experiment Station. He was an LSU professor from 1948 to 1980 and an authority on wildlife in the wetlands. Choiniere, Joe (2006). Seasons of the Woodcock: The secret life of a woodland shorebird. "Sanctuary" 45(4): 3–5. Sepik, Greg F.; Owen, Roy & Coulter, Malcolm (1981). "A Landowner's Guide to.

American woodcock. Woodcock Management in the Northeast," Misc. Report 253, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maine. American woodcock species account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology American Woodcock – "Scolopax minor" – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification Infocenter American Woodcock Bird Sound Rite of Spring – Illustrated account of the phenomenal courtship flight of the male American woodcockAmerican Woodcock videos on the Internet Bird CollectionPhoto-High Res; Article – www.fws.gov–"Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge", photo gallery and analysis American Woodcock Conservation Plan "A Summary of and Recommendations for Woodcock Conservation in North America" Timberdoodle.org: the Woodcock Management Plan.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Persicaria lapathifolia. Persicaria lapathifolia (syn. Polygonum lapathifolium), known as pale persicaria, is a plant of the family Polygonaceae. It is closely related to "Persicaria maculosa" and as such is considered a weed in Britain and Europe. Other common names for the plant include pale smartweed, curlytop knotweed, and willow weed. It is a species complex made up of a great many varying forms, sometimes considered varieties. The environment also has a strong influence on the morphology of an individual plant.## Description."Persicaria lapathifolia" is an annual herb with erect reddish stems with swollen joints, growing to a height of 20 to 80 (cm).


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Betula nigra. Betula nigra, the black birch, river birch or water birch, is a species of birch native to the Eastern United States from New Hampshire west to southern Minnesota, and south to northern Florida and west to Texas. It is one of the few heat-tolerant birches in a family of mostly cold-weather trees which do not thrive in USDA Zone 6 and up. "B. nigra" commonly occurs in floodplains and swamps.## Description."Betula nigra" is a deciduous tree growing to 25-30 (m) with a trunk 50 to 150 (cm) in diameter. The base of the tree is often divided into multiple slender.

Betula nigra. trunks.BarkBark characteristics of the river birch differ during its youth stage, maturation, and old growth. The bark of a young river birch can vary from having a salmon-pink to brown-gray tint and can be described as having loose layers of curling, paper thin scales. As the tree matures, the salmon-pink color is exchanged for a reddish-brown with a dark grey base color. The scales on a mature tree lack the loose curling and are closely pressed into thick, irregular plates. These scales are slightly separated from the trunk and can shift outward to the side. Once the river birch ages.

Betula nigra. past maturity, the scales become thicker towards the base of the trunk and are divided in deep furrows.Leaves and fruitThe twigs are glabrous or thinly hairy. There is an absence of terminal buds, and lateral buds often have a hook at the tip of the bud, which differs from other species in the family Betulaceae. The leaves are alternate, ovate, 4-8 (cm) long and 3-6 (cm) broad, with a serrated margin and five to twelve pairs of veins. The upper surface of the leaf is dark green in color, while the underside can be described as having a light yellow-green.

Betula nigra. color. The leaves turn yellow in Autumn. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins 3-6 (cm) long, the male catkins pendulous, the female catkins erect. The fruit is unusual among birches in maturing in late spring; it is composed of numerous tiny winged seeds packed between the catkin bracts.## Taxonomy."Betula nigra" is a tree that falls into the family of Betulaceae, which is commonly known as the Birch or Alder Family. This family comprises six genera ("Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Ostrya," and "Ostryopsis)" and includes alders, birches, hornbeams, and hazelnuts. Species within this family, along with "Betula nigra", are shrubs or trees.

Betula nigra. that grow along stream sides or in poorly drained soils throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Betulaceae is included within the order Fagales, which branches from the Rosid clade.## Habitat and range.The river birch is often found in low-elevation regions from as north as Massachusetts to as south as northern Florida. It can be found extending west to Kansas and east to the coast where proper habitat conditions occur. As its name depicts, this birch is found along stream-sides. It can also be a prominent species found in forested wetland communities and in areas containing moist soil, such as floodplains. States include:.

Betula nigra. Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.River birch is best placed in USDA hardiness zones 4-9.## Conservation status in the United States.It is listed as threatened in New Hampshire.## Ecology.In states in which mining is prevalent, the river birch is often used for reclamation and erosion control, as it is well suited for soils that are too acidic for other species of hardwoods. In West Virginia, they have been found to.

Betula nigra. establish within mine refuge sites after being blown from neighboring areas.As the species occurs predominately in flood plains and along stream banks, it is described as being moderately tolerant of flooding. Saplings were observed to survive up to 30 days of continuous flooding in some regions. While the species is tolerant of excessive water, it is intolerant of shade. Seeds will not germinate without a large amount of direct sunlight.This species is utilized by many local bird species, such as waterfowl, ruffed grouse, and wild turkey. Many waterfowl use the cover for nesting sites, while the ruffed grouse and wild.

Betula nigra. turkey use the seeds as a food source. Deer have been known to graze on saplings or reachable branches. It is a larval host for over fifteen moth species, including "Acronicta betulae", "Acrobasis betulivorella", "Bucculatrix coronatella", "Nemoria bistriaria", "Nites betulella", "Orgyia leucostigma", and "Pseudotelphusa betulella".## Germination.Seeds are typically produced annually. Seasonal development begins in the fall as male catkins begin to form and mature. The emergence of female catkins corresponds with the return of leaves around early spring. Male and female fruit matures during the spring season or in the early summer months.Once mature, the seeds are predominantly spread by.

Betula nigra. wind or water from neighboring stream channels. Seeds spread by water are generally more successful as the moist banks of stream channels, where the seeds are deposited, are favorable for germination and sturdy establishment. Successful germination often occurs in large numbers along sandbars, where alluvial soil is present.## Cultivation and uses.While its native habitat is wet ground, it will grow on higher land, and its bark is quite distinctive, making it a favored ornamental tree for landscape use. A number of cultivars with much whiter bark than the normal wild type have been selected for garden planting, including 'Heritage' and.

Betula nigra. 'Dura Heat'; these are notable as the only white-barked birches resistant to the bronze birch borer ("Agrilus anxius") in warm areas of the southeastern United States of America.Native Americans used the boiled sap as a sweetener similar to maple syrup, and the inner bark as a survival food. The river birch is not typically used in the commercial lumber industry, due to knotting, but its strong, closely grained wood is sometimes used for local furniture, woodenware, and fuel. ## Essential oils.The essential oils derived from leaves, inner bark, and buds of "B. nigra" are mostly composed of eugenol, linalool, palmitic.

Betula nigra. acid, and heptacosane with many more compounds in smaller concentrations. The combined essential oils are phytotoxic to lettuce ("Lactuca sativa") and perennial ryegrass ("Lolium perenne") seedlings. They have also demonstrated insecticidal, nematicidal, and antibacterial properties.Bioimages.vanderbilt.edu: "Betula nigra" images"Betula nigra" — Diagnostic photos and information, Morton Arboretum accession 232-51-3.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Isatis tinctoria. Isatis tinctoria, also called woad (), dyer's woad, or glastum, is a flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae (the mustard family) with a documented history of use as a blue dye and medicinal plant. It is occasionally known as Asp of Jerusalem. Woad is also the name of a blue dye produced from the leaves of the plant. Woad is native to the steppe and desert zones of the Caucasus, Central Asia to Eastern Siberia and Western Asia but is now also found in South-Eastern and Central Europe and western North America.Since ancient times, woad was an important source of.

Isatis tinctoria. blue dye and was cultivated throughout Europe, especially in Western and Southern Europe. In medieval times, there were important woad-growing regions in England, Germany and France. Towns such as Toulouse became prosperous from the woad trade. Woad was eventually replaced by the more colourfast "Indigofera tinctoria" and, in the early 20th century, both woad and "Indigofera tinctoria" were replaced by synthetic blue dyes. Woad has been used medicinally for centuries. The double use of woad is seen in its name: the term ""Isatis" is linked to its ancient use to treat wounds; the term "tinctoria"" references its use as a.

Isatis tinctoria. dye. There has also been some revival of the use of woad for craft purposes. ## History of woad cultivation.## Ancient use.The first archaeological finds of woad seeds date to the Neolithic period. The seeds have been found in the cave of l'Audoste, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. Impressions of seeds of "Färberwaid" (Isatis tinctoria L.) or German indigo, of the plant family "Brassicaceae", have been found on pottery in the Iron Age settlement of Heuneburg, Germany. Seed and pod fragments have also been found in an Iron Age pit at Dragonby, North Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. The Hallstatt burials of the Hochdorf Chieftain's.

Isatis tinctoria. Grave and Hohmichele contained textiles dyed with woad.Melo and Rondão write that woad was known "as far back as the time of the ancient Egyptians, who used it to dye the cloth wrappings applied for the mummies." Skelton informs us that one of the early dyes discovered by the ancient Egyptians was "blue woad (Isatis tinctoria)." Lucas writes, "What has been assumed to have been Indian Indigo on ancient Egyptian fabrics may have been woad." Hall states that the ancient Egyptians created their blue dye "by using indigotin, otherwise known as woad."A dye known as in Aramaic is mentioned in.

Isatis tinctoria. the Babylonian Talmud.Celtic blue is a shade of blue, also known as in Welsh, or in both the Irish language and in Scottish Gaelic. Julius Caesar reported (in "Commentarii de Bello Gallico") that the Britanni used to colour their bodies blue with , a word that means primarily "glass", but also the domestic name for the "woad" ("Isatis tinctoria"), besides the Gaulish loanword (from Proto-Celtic ). The connection seems to be that both glass and the woad are "water-like" ( is from Proto-Indo-European ). In terms of usage, Latin is more often used to refer to glass rather than woad.

Isatis tinctoria. The use of the word for the woad might also be understood as "coloured like glass", applied to the plant and the dye made from it.Due to this and other Roman accounts of them painting (or possibly tattooing) their bodies, northern inhabitants of Britain came to be known as Picts (), meaning "painted ones" in Latin. Gillian Carr conducted experiments using indigo pigment derived from woad mixed with different binders to make body paint. The resulting paints yielded colours from "grey-blue, through intense midnight blue, to black". People with modern experiences with woad as a tattoo pigment have claimed that.

Isatis tinctoria. it does not work well, and is actually caustic and causes scarring when put into the skin.It has also been claimed that Caesar was referring to some form of copper- or iron-based pigment. Analysis done on the Lindow Man did return evidence of copper. The same study also noted that the earliest definite reference to the woad plant in the British Isles dates to a seed impression on an Anglo-Saxon pot. The authors theorize that vitrum could have actually referred to copper(II) sulfate's naturally occurring variant chalcanthite or to the mineral azurite. A later study concluded the amount was "not.

Isatis tinctoria. of sufficient magnitude to provide convincing evidence that the copper was deliberately applied as paint".Woad was an important dyeing agent in much of Europe and parts of England during the medieval period. However, dye traders began to import indigo during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which threatened to replace locally grown woad as the primary blue dye. The translation of vitrum as woad may date to this period.## Medieval period onwards.Woad was one of the three staples of the European dyeing industry, along with weld (yellow) and madder (red). Chaucer mentions their use by the dyer ("litestere") in his poem.

Isatis tinctoria. "The Former Age":No mader, welde, or wood no litestereNe knew; the flees was of his former hewe;The three colours can be seen together in tapestries such as "The Hunt of the Unicorn" (1495–1505), though typically it is the dark blue of the woad that has lasted best. Medieval uses of the dye were not limited to textiles. For example, the illustrator of the "Lindisfarne Gospels" () used a woad-based pigment for blue paint.In Viking Age levels at archaeological digs at York, a dye shop with remains of both woad and madder have been excavated and dated to the 10th century.

Isatis tinctoria. In medieval times, centres of woad cultivation lay in Lincolnshire and Somerset in England, Jülich and the Erfurt area in Thuringia in Germany, Piedmont and Tuscany in Italy, and Gascogne, Normandy, the Somme Basin (from Amiens to Saint-Quentin), Brittany and, above all, Languedoc in France. This last region, in the triangle created by Toulouse, Albi, and Carcassonne, was for a long time the most productive of woad, or "pastel" as it was known there, one writer commenting that "woad […] hath made that country the happiest and richest in Europe."The prosperous woad merchants of Toulouse displayed their affluence in splendid.

Isatis tinctoria. mansions, many of which still stand, as the Hôtel de Bernuy and the Hôtel d'Assézat. One merchant, Jean de Bernuy, a Spanish Jew who had fled the inquisition, was credit-worthy enough to be the main guarantor of the ransomed King Francis I after his capture at the Battle of Pavia by Charles V of Spain. Much of the woad produced here was used for the cloth industry in southern France, but it was also exported via Bayonne, Narbonne and Bordeaux to Flanders, the Low Countries, Italy, and above all Britain and Spain.After cropping the woad eddish could be let out.

Isatis tinctoria. for grazing sheep.The woad produced in Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire in the 19th century was shipped out from the Port of Wisbech, Spalding and Boston, both the last to northern mills and the USA. The last portable woad mill was at Parson Drove, Cambridgeshire, Wisbech & Fenland Museum has a woad mill model, photos and other items used in woad production.A major market for woad was at Görlitz in Lausitz. The citizens of the five Thuringian "Färberwaid" (dye woad) towns of Erfurt, Gotha, Tennstedt, Arnstadt and Langensalza had their own charters. In Erfurt, the woad-traders gave the funds to found the.

Isatis tinctoria. University of Erfurt. Traditional fabric is still printed with woad in Thuringia, Saxony and Lusatia today: it is known as "Blaudruck" (literally, "blue print(ing)").## Use as Chinese medicine.The woad plant's roots are used in Traditional Chinese medicine to make a medicine known as "banlangen" ( ) that purports to have antiviral properties. "Banlangen" is used as an herbal medicinal tea in China for colds and tonsular ailments. Used as a tea, it has a brownish appearance and (unlike most Chinese medicines) is mildly sweet in taste.## Woad and indigo.The dye chemical extracted from woad is indigo, the same dye extracted.

Isatis tinctoria. from "true indigo", "Indigofera tinctoria", but in a lower concentration. Following the Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India by the navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498, great amounts of indigo were imported from Asia. Laws were passed in some parts of Europe to protect the woad industry from the competition of the indigo trade. It was proclaimed that indigo caused yarns to rot: "In 1577 the German government officially prohibited the use of indigo, denouncing it as that pernicious, deceitful and corrosive substance, the Devil's dye." This prohibition was repeated in 1594 and again in 1603. In France,.

Isatis tinctoria. Henry IV, in an edict of 1609, forbade under pain of death the use of "the false and pernicious Indian drug".With the development of a chemical process to synthesize the pigment, both the woad and natural indigo industries collapsed in the first years of the 20th century. The last commercial harvest of woad until recent times occurred in 1932, in Lincolnshire, Britain. Small amounts of woad are now grown in the UK and France to supply craft dyers. The classic book about woad is "The Woad Plant and its Dye" by J. B. Hurry, Oxford University Press of 1930, which.

Isatis tinctoria. contains an extensive bibliography.A method for producing blue dye from woad is described in "The History of Woad and the Medieval Woad Vat" (1998) .Woad is biodegradable and safe in the environment. In Germany, there have been attempts to use it to protect wood against decay without applying dangerous chemicals. Production of woad is increasing in the UK for use in inks, particularly for inkjet printers, and dyes. The plant can cause problems, however: "Isatis tinctoria" is classified as an invasive species in parts of the United States.## Invasive and noxious weed.In certain locations, the plant is classified as a.

Isatis tinctoria. non-native and invasive weed. It is listed as a noxious weed by the agriculture departments of several states in the western United States: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. In Montana, it has been the target of an extensive, and largely successful, eradication attempt. Woad.org.uk - All About Woad - Cultivation, Extraction, Dyeing with Woad, History and facts about woad The Former Woad Industry Rex Wailes in Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 1935-36 Vol 16. USDA information on "Isatis tinctoria.


Question: What is the length of a female of this animal in centimetre?

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Sea otter. the late 1980s, the USFWS relocated about 140 southern sea otters to San Nicolas Island in southern California, in the hope of establishing a reserve population should the mainland be struck by an oil spill. To the surprise of biologists, the majority of the San Nicolas sea otters swam back to the mainland. Another group of twenty swam 74 (mi) north to San Miguel Island, where they were captured and removed. By 2005, only 30 sea otters remained at San Nicolas, although they were slowly increasing as they thrived on the abundant prey around the island. The plan that authorized.


Question: What is the length of the wingspan in metre of this bird?

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Wandering albatross. Good Hope. "Diomedea" refers to Diomedes whose companions turned to birds, and "exulans" or "exsul" are Latin for "exile" or "wanderer" referring to its extensive flights. The type locality has been restricted to South Georgia.Some experts considered there to be four subspecies of "D. exulans", which they elevated to species status, and use the term "wandering albatross" to refer to a species complex that includes the proposed species "D. antipodensis", "D. dabbenena", "D. exulans", and "D. gibsoni".## Description.The wandering albatross has the longest wingspan of any living bird, typically ranging from 2.51 to 3.5 (m), with a mean span of.

Wandering albatross. 3.1 (m) in the Bird Island, South Georgia colony and an average of exactly 3 (m) in 123 birds measured off the coast of Malabar, New South Wales. On the Crozet Islands, adults averaged 3.05 (m) in wingspan. The longest-winged examples verified have been about 3.7 (m). Even larger examples have been claimed, with two giants reportedly measuring 4.22 (m) and 5.3 (m) but these reports remain unverified. As a result of its wingspan, it is capable of remaining in the air without flapping its wings for several hours at a time (travelling 22 m for every metre of drop).

Wandering albatross. The length of the body is about 107 to 135 (cm) with females being slightly smaller than males. Adults can weigh from 5.9 to 12.7 (kg), although most will weigh 6.35 to 11.91 (kg). On Macquarie Island, three males averaged 8.4 (kg) and three females averaged 6.2 (kg). In the Crozet Islands, males averaged 9.44 (kg) while females averaged 7.84 (kg). However, 10 unsexed adults from the Crozets averaged 9.6 (kg). On South Georgia, 52 males were found to average 9.11 (kg) while 53 females were found to average 7.27 (kg). Immature birds have been recorded weighing as much as.

Wandering albatross. until 11 to 15 years. About 31.5% of fledglings survive. ## Relationship with humans.Sailors used to capture the birds for their long wing bones, from which they made tobacco-pipe stems. The early explorers of the great Southern Sea cheered themselves with the companionship of the albatross in their dreary solitudes; and the evil fate of him who shot with his cross-bow the "bird of good omen" is familiar to readers of Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner". The metaphor of "an albatross around his neck" also comes from the poem and indicates an unwanted burden causing anxiety or hindrance.

Wandering albatross. as vulnerable status. Adult mortality is 5% to 7.8% per year as of 2003. It has an occurrence range of 64700000 (km2), although its breeding range is only 1900 (km2).In 2007, there were an estimated 25,500 adult birds, broken down to 1,553 pairs on South Georgia Island, 1,850 pairs on Prince Edward Island, 1,600 on Marion Island, 2,000 on Crozet Islands, 1,100 on the Kerguelen Islands, and 12 on Macquarie Island for a total of 8,114 breeding pairs.The South Georgia population is shrinking at 1.8% per year. The levels of birds at Prince Edward and the Crozet Islands seem to.

Wandering albatross. which contain the heaviest living flying birds "Pelagornis sandersi", the largest flying bird ever to liveLindsey, T.R. 1986. "The Seabirds of Australia". Angus and Robertson, and the National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife Sydney.Marchant, S. and Higgins, P.J. (eds) 1993. "Handbook of Australian New Zealand And Antarctic Birds" Vol. 2: (Raptors To Lapwings). Oxford University Press, Melbourne.Parmelee, D.F. 1980. "Bird Island in Antarctic Waters". University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.Species factsheet – BirdLife InternationalFact file – ARKiveVideo, photos and sounds – Internet Bird CollectionHolotype photos – Collections Online, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa TongarewaDo albatrosses have personalities? – Video, Te.


Question: Who designed this bridge?

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Franz Joseph Bridge. Franz Joseph Bridge (), later renamed Štefanik Bridge (), was a suspension bridge over the Vltava in Prague, opened in 1868.The bridge was designed by the English engineer Rowland Mason Ordish. The design, which used the Ordish–Lefeuvre system, was originally created for the Albert Bridge over the River Thames in London. However, after construction of the Albert Bridge was delayed, Ordish decided to build a bridge in Prague first. The foundation stone was laid on 19 October 1865, and engineer František Schön was charged with supervising the construction work. Emperor Franz Joseph, after whom the bridge was named, attended the.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Bursaria spinosa. Bursaria spinosa is a small tree or shrub in the family Pittosporaceae. The species occurs mainly in the eastern and southern half of Australia and not in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. Reaching 10 m (35 ft) high, it bears fragrant white flowers at any time of year but particularly in summer. A common understorey shrub of eucalyptus woodland, it colonises disturbed areas and fallow farmland. It is an important food plant for several species of butterflies and moths, particularly those of the genus "Paralucia", and native bees.## Description."Bursaria spinosa" has a variable habit, and can grow anywhere from.

Bursaria spinosa. 1 to 12 m high. The dark grey bark is furrowed. The smooth branches are sometimes armed with thorns, and the leaves are arranged alternately along the stems or clustered around the nodes and have a pine-like fragrance when bruised. Linear to oval or wedge-shaped (ovate, obovate or cuneate), they are 2–4.3 cm long and 0.3–1.2 cm wide with a rounded apex. The fragrant flowers can occur at any time of year, but mainly appear in the summer. They are arranged in leafy pyramid-shaped panicles.## Taxonomy and naming.First collected by Europeans in the vicinity of Port Jackson, "Bursaria spinosa" was.

Bursaria spinosa. first formally described by Antonio José Cavanilles in 1797 in his book, "Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum". It is known by many common names, including Australian blackthorn, blackthorn, Christmas bush, mock orange, native blackthorn, native box, native olive, prickly box, prickly pine, spiny box, spiny bursaria, sweet bursaria, thorn box and whitethorn. Summer flowering has given rise to the name (Tasmanian) Christmas bush in Tasmania and South Australia (not to be confused with "Prostanthera lasianthos"). Indigenous names recorded include "kurwan" in Coranderrk, Victoria, and "geapga" from Lake Hindmarsh Station."Bursaria spinosa" is highly variable in appearance and habit, as are other species.

Bursaria spinosa. within the genus, and there have been several attempts at classification since their discovery. For example, in 1893, Jules Alexandre Daveau, in Désiré Georges Jean Marie Bois's "Dictionnaire d'Horticulture", described varieties "inermis" (meaning "without spines") and "macrophylla" ("large leaves"), but var. "macrophylla" was a nomen illegitimum because it had already been used by William Jackson Hooker in 1834.A 1999 revision of the genus recognised only two subspecies and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census: "Bursaria spinosa" subsp. "lasiophylla" has shorter, wider leaves and smaller flowers than the autonym, only reaches a height of 5 (m), replaces the.

Bursaria spinosa. autonym on heavier clay soils, and occurs in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia; "Bursaria spinosa" subsp. "spinosa" is a shrub or small tree to 5–10 (m) and is widely distributed across eastern Australia, including Queensland and Tasmania. Subspecies "lasiophylla" had been known as "Bursaria lasiophylla", first formally described in 1978 by Eleanor Marion Bennett, but reduced to a subspecies by Lindy Cayzer, Michael Crisp and Ian Telford in 1999.## Distribution and habitat."Bursaria spinosa" is widespread and common in the understorey of eucalypt woodland in all states of Australia, apart from Western Australia and the Northern Territory. In New.

Bursaria spinosa. South Wales, "B. spinosa" grows in dry to wet forest in all but the most arid parts of the state, and is sometimes a weed on cleared land. In the Sydney region, it grows on clay- and shale-based soils, as an understory plant in association with grey box ("Eucalyptus moluccana") and forest red gum ("E. tereticornis") as well as the grass "Themeda australis". It can form thickets on ungrazed farmland. In Victoria, the species is widespread and common throughout the state, except for the far north west, in heavier soils and in alpine areas, in South Australia it is widespread.

Bursaria spinosa. in the south-east of the state and in Tasmania it mainly occurs in dry areas.Subspecies "lasiophylla" has a more restricted distribution, and in New South Wales is found on the central and south coasts and central and southern tablelands, growing in woodland on heavier clay soils than subsp. "spinosa". In Victoria, this subspecies mainly grows in dry, rocky places in forest and shrubland in eastern and central-western areas of that state.## Ecology.Living for 25 to 60 years, "Bursaria spinosa" can resprout from its woody base after bushfire. Highly rhizomatous, plants of a stand are often genetically a single plant. Despite.

Bursaria spinosa. being genetically identical, different plants and even single shoots can be very distinct in appearance (for instance, spineless shoots previously regarded as a subspecies "inermis"). Its seed is wind-dispersed and it is a colonising plant.A wide variety of insects visit the flowers of "Bursaria spinosa", the most important pollinators of which appear to be beetles of several families. Common visitors recorded from field work around Armidale were jewel beetle species such as "Curis splendens" and "Stigmodera inflata"; longicorn beetles including "Amphirhoe sloanei" and "Tropocalymma dimidiatum"; scarab beetles; and tumbling flower beetles. Beetles and scoliid wasps all carried significant amounts of.

Bursaria spinosa. pollen. Other visitors such as flies and butterflies carried much lower amounts. The larvae of the jewel beetle species "Astraeus crassus" live in tunnels in dead and dying branches. Caterpillars which feed on "Bursaria spinosa" include "Proselena annosana", two-ribbed arctiid ("Palaeosia bicosta") and bark looper moth ("Ectropis subtinctaria"), while those of the clouded footman ("Anestia ombrophanes") graze on algae and lichens which grow on the branches.The bright copper ("Paralucia aurifera") and ant species "Anonychomyrma nitidiceps" form a complex symbiotic relationship on "Bursaria spinosa". Butterflies lay their eggs on the underside of the leaves, and the caterpillars feed on the leaves.

Bursaria spinosa. before pupating in the soil at the foot of the plant. The ants excavate chambers in the soil where the caterpillars sleep and later pupate, and accompany the caterpillars when the latter are feeding. They are thought to feed on the caterpillars' secretions. Caterpillars of the fiery copper ("Paralucia pyrodiscus") are likewise accompanied by ants of the genus "Notoncus", and the third species, the endangered Bathurst copper ("Paralucia spinifera"), also breeds and feeds exclusively on the subspecies "lasiophylla" in Central New South Wales.Cattle and rabbits graze on young plants.## Uses.The drug aesculin, used in medical research and in the 1940s,.

Bursaria spinosa. as an ingredient in sunscreen, is harvested from the plant in the Sydney region. Although its thorns make it unpopular in cultivation, it can be useful as a deterrent barrier. It is can be grown from fresh seed or from cuttings and is hardy in most situations. "Bursaria spinosa" provides nectar for butterflies and a haven for small birds.