Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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Eastern carpenter bee. Xylocopa virginica, sometimes referred to as the eastern carpenter bee, extends through the eastern United States and into Canada. They are sympatric with "Xylocopa micans" in much of southeastern United States. They nest in various types of wood and eat pollen and nectar. In "X. virginica", dominant females do not focus solely on egg-laying, as in other bee species considered to have "queens". Instead, dominant "X. virginica" females are responsible for a full gamut of activities including reproduction, foraging, and nest construction, whereas subordinate bees may engage in little activity outside of guarding the nest.## Description and identification.The bee is.

Eastern carpenter bee. similar in size to bumblebees, but has a glossy, mostly black body with a slight metallic purple tint. "X. virginica" males and females have generally the same mass, but can be differentiated visually by the male's longer body and the female's wider head. The males also have a white spot on their face. Additionally, the males have larger thoracic volumes for given masses. Females of different social standing can also be told apart based on morphology. Primary females are larger than secondary or tertiary females, and also have more mandibular and wing wear."X. virginica" have distinctive maxillae that are adapted.

Eastern carpenter bee. to performing perforations on corolla tubes to reach nectaries. Their maxillae are sharp and wedge-shaped, allowing them to split the side of corolla tubes externally to access the nectar. Eastern carpenter bees also have galae on their maxillae that are shaped like large, flat blades. Bees with sharp galae can use these to further aid in penetrating the corolla tubes.## Taxonomy and phylogeny."X. virginica" belongs to the genus "Xylocopa", which consists of over 400 species worldwide, in the subgenus "Xylocopoides", which contains only 5 New World species, including "Xylocopa californica", which also occurs in the U.S.## Distribution."X. virginica" is found.

Eastern carpenter bee. throughout much of North America east of the Rocky Mountains and at least as far north as Nebraska, southern Ontario, and Maine.## Nesting."X. virginica" build their nests in wood, bamboo culms, agave stalks, and other comparable materials, but they prefer to nest in milled pine or cedar lumber. The nests are built by scraping wood shavings off of the wall. These shavings are then used to create partitions between nesting cells. The entrance cuts into the wood perpendicular to the grain, but they are built parallel beyond the entrance. These nests may be either social, containing groups of two to.

Eastern carpenter bee. five females, or solitary. Social nests are more common, despite the fact that brood productivity is actually lower when females choose to nest together. Because "X. virginica" builds its nests in wood structures, it is common for it to nest in constructed furniture or buildings. "X. virginica" is the most common large carpenter bee in eastern North America, and it nests in small groups, so nests are fairly commonly encountered.The nests are usually round and typically have one to four tunnels. They have multiple branches, with each adult female living and laying eggs in a separate branch but females sharing.

Eastern carpenter bee. one common entrance. Because the nests are costly to build, it is common for females to reuse old nests.## Life cycle.In "X. virginica," mating occurs only once a year, in the spring. Eggs are laid in July, starting farthest from the exit hole, and by about August and mid-September, larval development has completed and all the pupae have become adults. Researchers suggest that there is a mechanism that synchronizes the emergence time of young that are laid at different times by causing the younger eggs to develop faster. This mechanism prevents bees that would emerge sooner from removing their siblings.

Eastern carpenter bee. and decreasing their potential competition.Bees that have newly emerged have a soft cuticle and white wings. The wings later transition to brown, then to a bluish black. They can fly 3–4 days after emergence, but they remain in their nest for at least two weeks, consuming nectar but not pollen. The juveniles begin the next mating cycle the following spring, so one generation develops in a year.Females begin to exhibit signs of senescence around July. The indicative behavior includes resting in flowers, remaining in the nest, or even just falling to the ground from flight. Older individuals also crawl, avoid.

Eastern carpenter bee. taking flight, and do not struggle when handled by humans. The old bees die by early August, the same time that juveniles emerge from brood cells. Due to the simultaneous nature of expiration of old bees and emergence of new ones, there is little overlap between generations, except for some females that survive a second winter.## Behavior."X. virginica" is not a solitary bee species, but it is not truly social either. The weak form of sociality they exhibit, with one female doing the majority of the work and caring for her sisters, may be a transitional step in the evolution.

Eastern carpenter bee. of sociality.## Dominance hierarchy.Female "X. virginica" can have solitary nests, but they usually nest in social groups. The social order of "X. virginica" is broken into three groups: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary females act as the dominant within a nest and are in charge of reproduction, providing food for the larvae, and laying all the eggs. This is different from many bee species in which there is a queen that focuses her energy solely on laying eggs while relying on provisions provide by subordinate bees. Secondary females may sometimes participate in oviposition, and they reinforce this potential role by.

Eastern carpenter bee. helping provide for the larvae or performing nest maintenance. Tertiary females rely on the provisions provided by primary females and quietly await overwintering while remaining inactive.Studies have shown that primary females are usually the bees that have overwintered twice, while tertiary bees have only overwintered once. Tertiary bees will most likely survive a second overwintering and develop further to become primary female the following year. Secondary bees may survive a second winter, but that is unlikely if they actively forage after their first overwintering.## Division of labor among the sexes.Not all females do the same work in a social nest.

Eastern carpenter bee. This is evident based on the varying levels of wear on the wings and mandibles of females of various social standing. Although many nests have more than one female, there is a division of labor between the older and younger females. During nesting time, only the older females are responsible for nesting duties such as digging, excavating the cells, lining the cells, collecting food, and ovipositing. Evidence of this activity can be found in their worn mandibles. Young females rarely leave the nest and guard the entrance while the older females work, resulting in unworn wings and mandibles in the.

Eastern carpenter bee. younger females. Additionally, "X. virginica" is the only known species in which one-year-old females cohabit the nest with two-year-old females that do all the labor.Males often spend long periods of time hovering, flying, or in fast pursuit of intruders, while female flight activity is usually very directed, such as flights to flowers and food sites. Larger females have an advantage because they can carry larger amounts of pollen or nectar back to the nest and can fly longer distances.## Diet."X. virginica" survive mostly on nectar and pollen. Newly emerged bees do not have food stored in their nest, but they.

Eastern carpenter bee. are occasionally brought nectar. "X. virginica" use their maxillae to penetrate the corolla of plants and reach the nectar stores, a behavior known as nectar robbing. This happens when the bee pierces the corollas of long-tubed flowers, thus accessing nectar without making contact with the anthers and bypassing pollination. In some plants this reduces fruit production and seed number. In other plants, defensive mechanisms allow pollination to occur despite perforation of the corolla.## Mating behavior.Each nest usually has one mated individual. Mating occurs in April and is often accompanied by a bobbing dance that involves about a dozen males and.

Eastern carpenter bee. only a few females.Males require female activity, specifically flight, in mating. Occasionally before mating, the couple will face each other and hover for a few minutes. When the male contacts the female, he mounts her back and attempts to push his abdomen under hers. Copulation then occurs, and it is almost always followed by more mating attempts. If, during copulation, the female lands, the couple will disengage and the male will hover waiting for the female to take flight again; however, although the males almost always disengage and pause copulation when the female lands, there have been instances recorded in.

Eastern carpenter bee. which the males will hold on to the female with all six legs and flap his wings in an attempt to lift her back into the air.Larger males are usually more successful in mating. Because of their competitive advantage due to their size, males will likely claim a territory near female nest sites. Smaller males will stay at foraging sites or other areas they think females may pass so they can mate with reduced competition.## Kin selection.Research has shown that, regardless of sex, "X. virginica" show more aggression toward non-nestmates than nestmates, indicating that they can recognize each other. By.

Eastern carpenter bee. living in social groups with inclusive fitness, the bees can raise offspring with the help of the nest community rather than as a solitary effort.The ability of "X. virginica" to recognize nestmates allows primaries and secondaries to exclude tertiary bees from their nests. Tertiary bees are a burden on resources because they do not perform any useful activities, but they benefit from the food and shelter provided by the primary females.## Defense.## Territorial behavior in males.Males will establish territories near an active nest entrance to protect the colony and seek mating opportunities. For males that are near the nest entrance,.

Eastern carpenter bee. their boundaries are usually linear and several meters long. For males that are farther from the exit, their boundaries are usually in the shape of a square and shorter in length. Males can stay in one territory for as long as two weeks. Although they do most of their foraging and resting during the night, they take small breaks throughout the day as well. After these breaks, they often have to fight off intruders that have taken advantage of their absence.Flights near the nest are usually uniform and involve much hovering. Flights protecting a bee's territory can be as short.

Eastern carpenter bee. as a few minutes, but may extend beyond an hour. Males will not react to another bee unless the other is flying at high speed. When other individuals hover near the nest, it is unlikely that the male will pursue, whereas if another male comes into a territory at a high speed, the territorial male will give chase. When males patrolling the entrance of a nest are confronted with either dead or living Eastern carpenter bees suspended from a thread and dangled within the male's territory, the male does not respond when the bee is suspended and motionless, whether it.

Eastern carpenter bee. is living or dead—even though "X. virginica" are capable of recognizing other individuals of their species. However, when the suspended bee is released and allowed to fly in the male's territory or is swung through the territory on the thread, the territorial male pursues it.## Parasites.There is one common species of bombyliid flies known to parasitize the larvae of "Xylocopa virginica": "Xenox tigrinus".## Marking.Eastern carpenter bees have mandibular glands that are known to produce a marking chemical in "X. hirsutissima" that functions as a nest marker or for female attraction. The glands are present in both males and females, but.

Eastern carpenter bee. they produce no marking substance. However, "X. virginica" does have a Dufour's gland that is used to deposit a scent on a flower immediately following nectar collection. The scent, composed of hydrocarbons and esters, discourages "X. virginica", as well as other bee species, from returning to that same flower.## Stinging.The male bee is unable to sting because the stinger is simply a modified ovipositor (which males lack by definition), though they will commonly approach human beings and buzz loudly around them or fly close to them. The female, on the other hand, is capable of stinging; while the pain level.

Eastern carpenter bee. of these stings is not well-documented, researchers have testified that "X. virginica" will sting if roughly handled. As the stinger is not barbed, a female can sting multiple times.## Human importance.## Agriculture."X. virginica" visits many different kinds of flowers in order to gather pollen and nectar to bring back to the nest for larvae. Most of the plants they visit are wild grown or grown for decorative value; however, they can be good pollinators of blueberry crops. Their active seasons are quite long, and they forage on a wide variety of plant species. Also, because the start of their activity.

Eastern carpenter bee. season is dependent on temperature, it is easy for greenhouse workers to manipulate the beginning of foraging activity. However, in comparison to species such as the honey bee, their smaller nest makes them less powerful as pollinators.## Destructive behavior.Because "X. virginica" builds its nests in various types of wood, it presents the disadvantage of weakening wood in manmade structures. They are also able to produce an excrement upon exiting their tunnels that may splash on the sides of buildings and negatively affect the aesthetic appeal of that structure. However, when weighed against the benefits "X. virginica" have as pollinators, the.

Eastern carpenter bee. costs of its destructive behavior are insignificant. "X. virginica" offer benefits in the form of pollination for fruits, vegetables, legumes, and flower crops. Although the pollination strengths of "X. virginica" are secondary to that of the bumblebees and honey bees, the contribution is great enough to overlook destructive tendencies. "X. virginica" avoid entrances that are stained white, which is a possible solution to keeping them out of unwanted areas. Mitchell, Theodore B. (1962): Bees of the Eastern United States. Vol. II, The North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Tech. Bul. No.152, pp. 557 (p. 507 ff)Balduf WV, 1962. Life of the.

Eastern carpenter bee. carpenter bee, "Xylocopa virginica" (Linn.) (Xylocopidae, Hymenoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 55:263-271.Barrows EM, 1983. Male Territoriality in the Carpenter Bee "Xylocopa virginica". Animal Behaviour 31: 806-813.Barthell JF, Baird TA, 2004. Size variation and Aggression among Male "Xylocopa virginica" (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at a Nesting Site in Central Oklahoma. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 77:10-20.Gerling D, Hermann HR, 1976. Biology and Mating Behavior of "Xylocopa virginica" L. (Hymenoptera, Anthrophoridae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3:99-111.Sabrosky CW, 1962. Mating in "Xylocopa virginica". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of America 64:184.Rau,Phil, 1933. The Jungle Bees and Wasps of Barro Colorado.

Eastern carpenter bee. Island: with notes on other insects, Chapter VIII: The Behavior of the Great Carpenter Bee, "Xylocopa virginica" with notes on the genesis of certain instincts. OSU Agricultural Extension Fact Sheet - HYG-2074-06 Carpenter Bees - Penn State Entomology Department Fact Sheet.


Question: What is the parent organization of this aircraft?

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Dornier Flugzeugwerke. produced by HAL with plans to build 20 more during 2013-14.In 1985, Dornier became a member of the Daimler-Benz group, integrating its aeronautic assets with the parent company. As part of this transaction, Lindauer Dornier GmbH was spun off, creating a separate, family-owned firm, concentrating on textile machinery design and manufacturing. The rest of the company was split into several subsidiaries for defence, satellites, medtech and aircraft.In 1996, the majority of Dornier Aircraft was acquired by Fairchild Aircraft, forming Fairchild Dornier. This company became insolvent in early 2002. Production of its 328 Jet was acquired by US company Avcraft. Asian.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Toxicodendron diversilobum. Toxicodendron diversilobum (syn. "Rhus diversiloba"), commonly named Pacific poison oak or western poison oak, is a woody vine or shrub in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae. It is widely distributed in western North America, inhabiting conifer and mixed broadleaf forests, woodlands, grasslands, and chaparral biomes. Peak flowering occurs in May. Like other members of the genus "Toxicodendron", "T. diversilobum" causes itching and allergic rashes in most people after contact by touch or smoke inhalation. Despite its name, it is not closely related to oaks.## Description."Toxicodendron diversilobum" is extremely variable in growth habit and leaf appearance. It grows as a dense 0.5-4.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Pasajul Macca-Vilacrosse. Pasajul Macca-Vilacrosse is a fork-shaped, yellow glass covered arcaded street in central Bucharest, Romania. Câmpineanu Inn () once stood in the place nowadays occupied by the passage.The old Inn was bought by Petros Seraphim, who gifted it to two of his daughters as dowries. Daughter Polixena married in 1843 Xavier Vilacrosse, Chief Architect of Bucharest, 1840–1848, the Inn renamed after him. Daughter Anastasia married Mihalache Macca, who built luxury shops on their part. In the late 1880s, the city decided to buy the sites to build a Western style passage to relieve congestion. It was designed by architect Felix Xenopol,.

Pasajul Macca-Vilacrosse. two-tined end opens onto Calea Victoriei, one of Bucharest's main avenues; the other end opens toward the National Bank in the historic Lipscani district.Pasajul Macca-Vilacrosse hosted the first Stock Exchange House of Bucharest, before a larger and more appropriate structure was built. Between 1950 and 1990 the passage was called "Pasajul Bijuteria" ("Jewelry Store Passage"), but the initial name was restored afterwards.Today it hosts several indoor/outdoor eating establishments, including an Egyptian-themed bar/restaurant, the Blues Cafe, a bistro, a Chinese restaurant and a wine bar.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Dendrocalamus giganteus. Dendrocalamus giganteus, commonly known as giant bamboo, is a giant tropical and subtropical, dense-clumping species native to Southeast Asia. It is one of the largest bamboo species in the world.## Description.A very tall, large-culmed, grayish-green bamboo, it grows in clumps consisting of a large number of closely growing culms, and typically reaches a height of 30 meters (98 feet), but one clump in Arunachal Pradesh, India reached a height of 42 meters. Under favorable conditions, it can grow up to 40 cm per day. Culms are straight and grayish green with a powdery appearance, becoming brownish green on drying, with.

Dendrocalamus giganteus. a smooth surface. Young shoots are blackish purple. Internode length is 25–40 cm, and diameter is 10–35 cm. Culm walls are thin, branching only at the top. Aerial roots occur up to the eighth node. The rootstock is stout.The culm sheath is greenish when young, becoming dark brown when mature. Sheaths are large and broad, length of sheath proper 24–30 cm, and width is 40–60 cm. The blade is triangular, 7–10 cm long. The top of the sheath is rounded. Auricles are small, equal, and crisped. The upper surface of the sheath is covered with stiff, gold and brownish hairs.

Dendrocalamus giganteus. The under surface is glossy, and not hairy. Sheath fall off is early.## Distribution and habitat."Dendrocalamus giganteus" is native to India, Myanmar, Thailand and China's Yunnan province. Its habitat is in forests and on river banks, from sea level to 2000 (m) altitude.## Uses."Dendrocalamus giganteus" is used in construction and weaving. The shoots are edible.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Sea lamprey. The sea lamprey ("Petromyzon marinus") is a parasitic lamprey native to the Northern Hemisphere. It is sometimes referred to as the "vampire fish".## Description.The sea lamprey has an eel-like body without paired fins. Its mouth is jawless, round and sucker-like, and as wide or wider than the head; sharp teeth are arranged in many concentric circular rows. There are seven branchial or gill-like openings behind the eye. Sea lampreys are olive or brown-yellow on the dorsal and lateral part of the body, with some black marblings, with lighter coloration on the belly. Adults can reach a length of up to.

Sea lamprey. 120 (cm) and a body weight up to 2.3 (kg).## Etymology.The etymology of the genus name "Petromyzon" is from "petro-" "stone" and "myzon" "sucking"; "marinus" is Latin for "of the sea".## Distribution and habitat.The species is found in the northern and western Atlantic Ocean along the shores of Europe and North America, in the western Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and as an invasive species in the shores of the Great Lakes. They have been found at depths up to 4000 meters and can tolerate temperatures of 1 - 20 (C). In North America, they are native to the Connecticut.

Sea lamprey. in high concentrations, and is usually excreted immediately. Lampreys are able to tolerate much higher concentrations than most other fish and excrete it at extremely high rates, obtained from ingested blood. Trimethylamine oxides present in ingested elasmobranch blood aid in counteracting the detrimental effects of high urea concentration in the lamprey's bloodstream as it feeds.## Immunology.Two presumptive apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC)s expressed in lymphocytes - CDA1 and CDA2 - have been discovered in "P. marinus".## Genetics.The genome of "Petromyzon marinus" was sequenced in 2013. This sequencing effort revealed that the lamprey has unusual guanine-cytosine content and.

Sea lamprey. decompose, thus providing a food source for the native freshwater fish species.Lamprey pie Invading Species.com Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters GLANSIS Species Fact Sheet, United States Geological Survey Species Profile – Sea Lamprey ("Petromyzon marinus"), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Sea Lamprey. View the Lamprey genome in Ensembl. "Battle of the Great Lakes" by CleLand Van Dresser, "Popular Mechanics", February 1950, pp. 159–161/244.


Question: Who is the main building contractor of this building?

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Emirates Stadium. official name of Highbury. Emirates and Arsenal agreed to a new deal worth £150 million in November 2012, and shirt-sponsorship was extended to five years while naming rights were extended to 2028.## Construction and opening.Actual construction of the stadium began once Arsenal secured funding. The club appointed Sir Robert McAlpine in January 2002 to carry out building work and the stadium was designed by Populous, who were the architects for Stadium Australia (home of the 2000 Olympics and the South Sydney Rabbitohs NRL club) and the redevelopment of Ascot Racecourse. Construction consultants Arcadis and engineering firm Buro Happold were also.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Kammerzell House. The Kammerzell House (Alsatian: "Kammerzellhüs", French: "Maison Kammerzell", German: "Kammerzellhaus") is one of the most famous buildings of Strasbourg and one of the most ornate and well preserved medieval civil housing buildings in late Gothic architecture in the areas formerly belonging to the Holy Roman Empire.Built in 1427 but twice transformed in 1467 and 1589, the building as it is now historically belongs to the German Renaissance but is stylistically still attached to the Rhineland black and white timber-framed style of civil (as opposed to administrative, clerical or noble) architecture.It is situated on the "Place de la Cathédrale", north-west of.

Kammerzell House. the Strasbourg Cathedral, with whose rosy colour it contrasts in a picturesque way when seen from the opposite direction.The building's inside has been decorated on all floors by lavish frescoes by Alsatian painter Léo Schnug (1878-1933). It now houses a restaurant.


Question: Who is the creator of this object?

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Golliwog. The golliwog, also spelled golliwogg or shortened to golly, is a doll-like character – created by cartoonist and author Florence Kate Upton – that appeared in children's books in the late 19th century, usually depicted as a type of rag doll. It was reproduced, both by commercial and hobby toy-makers, as a children's toy called the "golliwog", a portmanteau of "golly" and "polliwog", and had great popularity in the UK and Australia into the 1970s. The doll is characterised by jet black skin, eyes rimmed in white, exaggerated red lips and frizzy hair, a blackface minstrel tradition. Today the word.

Golliwog. least known of the major anti-black caricatures in the United States". Changing political attitudes with regard to race have reduced the popularity and sales of golliwogs as toys. Manufacturers who have used golliwogs as a motif (e.g. Robertson's marmalade in the UK) have either withdrawn them as an icon or changed the name. In particular, the use of alternative names such as "golly" and "golly doll" has risen due to association with the pejorative term "wog", which many dictionaries say probably derived from the golliwog.## In fiction.Florence Kate Upton was born in 1873 in Flushing, New York, United States, the.


Question: In which year did this animal go extinct?

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Aurochs. Europe to the Holstein interglacial. As indicated by fossil remains in Northern Europe, it reached Denmark and southern Sweden during the Holocene. The aurochs declined during the late Holocene due to habitat loss and hunting, and became extinct when the last individual died in 1627 in Jaktorów forest in Poland.The aurochs is depicted in Paleolithic cave paintings, Neolithic petroglyphs, Ancient Egyptian reliefs and Bronze Age figurines. It symbolised power, sexual potency and prowess in religions of the ancient Near East. Its horns were used in votive offerings, as trophies and drinking horns.Two aurochs domestication events occurred during the Neolithic Revolution.

Aurochs. in 1627 from natural causes.## Behaviour and ecology.Aurochs formed small herds mainly in winter, but lived singly or in smaller groups during the summer. If aurochs had social behaviour similar to their descendants, social status was gained through displays and fights, in which both cows and bulls engaged. With its hypsodont jaw, the aurochs was probably a grazer, with a food selection very similar to domesticated cattle feeding on grass, twigs and acorns.Mating season was in September, and calves were born in spring. The bulls had severe fights, and evidence from the Jaktorów forest shows these could lead to death.


Question: Who designed this building?

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Château de Sceaux. The Château de Sceaux is a grand country house in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, approximately 10 (km) from the centre of Paris, France. Located in a park laid out by André Le Nôtre, visitors can tour the house, outbuildings and gardens.The Petit Château operates as the Musée de l'Île-de-France, a museum of local history. The commune operates the site as Musée du Domaine départemental de Sceaux.The former château was built for Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XIV's minister of finance, who purchased the "domaine" in 1670. The present château, designed to evoke the style of Louis XIII, dates from the Second Empire. Some of.


Question: In which year was this building published?

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Strapless. Strapless is a 1989 film written and directed by David Hare.## Plot summary.An expatriate American doctor in London allows herself to lighten up when her freewheeling younger sister and a mysterious man enter her life. Her inhibitions released, the beautiful doctor learns that freedom has its own price.Blair Brown – Dr. Lillian HempelBruno Ganz – Raymond ForbesBridget Fonda – Amy HempelAlan Howard – Mr. CooperMichael Gough – Douglas BrodieHugh Laurie – ColinDana Gillespie – Julie KovagoSpencer Leigh – HusAlexandra Pigg - Helen## Release.After the film's May 1990 U.S. theatrical release, it was released on videocassette in the United States by.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Grey-cheeked thrush. The grey-cheeked thrush (Catharus minimus) is a medium-sized thrush. This species is 15–17 (cm) in length, and has the white-dark-white underwing pattern characteristic of "Catharus" thrushes. It is a member of a close-knit group of migrant species together with the veery and Bicknell's thrush; it forms a cryptic species pair with the latter. The grey-cheeked thrush is all but indistinguishable from Bicknell's thrush except by its slightly larger size and different song. The two were formerly considered conspecific. Of all the American spotted thrushes, the grey-cheeked has the most northern breeding range.## Description.The grey-cheeked thrush is slightly larger than other.

Grey-cheeked thrush. "Catharus" thrushes, about 16 to 17 (cm) in height and weighing between 26 and 30g. Wingspan ranges from 12.6-13.4 in (32-34 cm). The bird can be identified by its grayish face, partial pale eyering, drab gray-brown upperside and extensively dusky flanks. The area between the eye and the beak is grayish as well, but the area running from the beak to above the eye is grayish white. The gray-cheeked thrush is nearly identical to the Bicknell's Thrush.There are two subspecies: the northern grey-cheeked thrush ("Catharus minimus alicia"), and the Newfoundland grey-cheeked thrush ("Catharus minimus minimus"). "Catharus m. minimus" can be.

Grey-cheeked thrush. distinguished by its overall browner coloration and buffer wash to the breast, compared to the "Catharus m. alicia". "Catharus m. minimus" also has an extensive brighter yellow area at the base of the lower part of the beak. "Catharus m. alicia" has a grayish olive upperpart (whereas "C. m. minimus" has a brownish olive upperpart) and flanks, a lightly washed cream breast and duller lower part of the beak.## Taxonomy.In addition to being almost identical physically, the grey-cheeked thrush is sister species to the Bicknell's Thrush ("Catharus bicknelli"). The divergence of the two species is very recent since only little.

Grey-cheeked thrush. with dense conifer and broadleaf shrub thickets. "C. minimus" remains uncommon to rare in most regions of North America but can be spotted in any wooded habitat. The breeding range extends north of the treeline into low Arctic willow and alder beds. Grey-cheeked thrushes prefer low coniferous woods, including young regenerating forests, open canopy old growth forests having a dense growth of shrubs and small conifers in the understory, and dense, stunted spruce and fir on windblown sites and near the tree line.The subspecies of "C. minimus" are also separated by their different breeding ranges: "Catharus m. alicia" breeds from.

Grey-cheeked thrush. Labrador west to Siberia, and "Catharus m. minimus" breeds on the island of Newfoundland and possibly adjacent portions of southern coastal Labrador.## Behavior.## Vocalizations.The vocalizations of the grey-cheeked thrush are the most reliable way to identify it, compared to the Bicknell's Thrush. It has a complex song of burry flute-like notes, usually inflecting downward at the end. It resembles a descending spiral like the Veery ("Catharus fuscescens"), but higher, thinner, and nasal with stuttering pauses: "ch-ch zreeew zi-zi-zreeee zizreeew". The flight call is a high, penetrating, nasal "queer". It is more likely to hear its nocturnal flight call during spring.

Grey-cheeked thrush. the young are cared for by both parents. Individuals breed at one year of age and are presumed monogamous.Gray-cheeked Thrush – "Catharus minimus" – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenterGray-cheeked Thrush Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology.


Question: What is the architectural style of this facility?

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Battersea Power Station. Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned Grade II* listed coal-fired power station, located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a.

Battersea Power Station. one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, lavish Art Deco interior fittings and decor. The structure remained largely unused for more than 30 years after its closure; in 2008 its condition was described as "very bad" by English Heritage, which included it in its Heritage at Risk Register. The site was also listed on the 2004 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund.Since the station's closure, redevelopment plans have been drawn up by successive site owners. In 2004, when a redevelopment project by Parkview International stalled, the site was sold to the administrators of.

Battersea Power Station. 1939 survey by "The Architectural Review" a panel of celebrities ranked it as their second favourite modern building.The A Station's control room was given many Art Deco fittings by architect Halliday. Italian marble was used in the turbine hall, and polished parquet floors and wrought-iron staircases were used throughout. Owing to a lack of available money following the Second World War, the interior of the B Station was not given the same treatment, and instead the fittings were made from stainless steel.Each of the two connected stations consists of a long boiler house with a chimney at each end and.


Question: In which year was this building published?

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Bedside. Bedside is a 1934 American pre-Code drama film starring Warren William, Jean Muir and Allen Jenkins. A man passes himself off as a doctor. Warren William as Bob Brown Jean Muir as Caroline Grant Allen Jenkins as Sam Sparks David Landau as Smith Katharine Sergava (Kathryn Sergava) as Mimi Maritza Henry O'Neill as Dr. William Chester Donald Meek as Dr. George Wiley Renee Whitney as Mme. Varsova Walter Walker as Dr. Michaels Marjorie Lytell as Patient with Sprained Ankle Frederick Burton as Hospital Superintendent Philip Faversham as Intern Attending Caroline (as Phillip Faversham) Louise Beavers as Pansy Earle Foxe as.


Question: What is the height of this place in terms of metre above sea level?

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Blenheim Palace. Duke's death.The palace has been Grade I listed on the National Heritage List for England since August 1957.## Palace chapel.The palace chapel, as a consequence of the Duke's death, now obtained even greater importance. The design was altered by the Marlboroughs' friend the Earl of Godolphin, who placed the high altar in defiance of religious convention against the west wall, thus allowing the dominating feature to be the Duke's gargantuan tomb and sarcophagus. Commissioned by the Duchess in 1730, it was designed by William Kent, and statues of the Duke and Duchess depicted as Caesar and Caesarina adorn the great.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this fish?

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Flying gurnard. The flying gurnard ("Dactylopterus volitans"), also known as the helmet gurnard, is a bottom-dwelling fish of tropical to warm temperate waters on both sides of the Atlantic. On the American side, it is found as far north as Massachusetts (exceptionally as far as Canada) and as far south as Argentina, including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico. On the European and African side, it ranges from the English Channel to Angola, including the Mediterranean. This is the only species in the monotypic genus Dactylopterus. Similar and related species from the genus "Dactyloptena" are found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.This.


Question: What is the location of this place?

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Sugarloaf Mountain. outcroppings known as non-inselberg bornhardts.The mountain is protected by the Sugarloaf Mountain and Urca Hill Natural Monument, created in 2006. This became part of a World Heritage Site declared by UNESCO in 2012.## Origins of the name.The name Sugarloaf was coined in the 16th century by the Portuguese during the heyday of sugarcane trade in Brazil. According to historian Vieira Fazenda, blocks of sugar were placed in conical molds made of clay to be transported on ships. The form of the peak reminded them of the well-known resulting "sugarloaf" shape, and the nickname has since been extended to be a.

Sugarloaf Mountain. general descriptor for formations of this kind.## Cable car.A glass-walled cable car ("bondinho" or, more formally, "teleférico"), capable of holding 65 people, runs along a 1400 (m) route between the peaks of Sugarloaf and Morro da Urca every 20 minutes. The original cable car line was built in 1912 and rebuilt around 1972–73 and in 2008. The cable car goes from a ground station, at the base of Morro da Babilônia, to Morro da Urca and thence to Sugarloaf's summit.## Reaching the summit.To reach the summit, passengers take two cable cars. The first ascends to the shorter Morro da Urca,.

Sugarloaf Mountain. two other mountains in the area with technical rock climbing, Morro da Babilônia and Morro da Urca. Together, they form one of the largest urban climbing areas in the world, with more than 270 routes, between 1 and 10 pitches long."Flying Down to Rio" (1933) Starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. The beachside Hotel Atlântico has views across the bay looking toward Sugarloaf Mountain.In the 1979 James Bond film, "Moonraker", the villainous henchman Jaws (played by Richard Kiel) attempts to kill 007 (Roger Moore) and the agent's ally, Dr. Holly Goodhead (Lois Chiles), on a cable car. However, Bond and.

Sugarloaf Mountain. Goodhead escape and Jaws collides with the building at the bottom of the cable car route, demolishing the building, but escaping unscathed. Herb Alpert recorded a song titled "Sugarloaf" for his 1982 album "Fandango".The mountain and cable car are featured in "The Simpsons" episode "Blame it on Lisa", aired in 2002."" (2016), starring Jason Statham. At the beginning of the film Arthur Bishop (Statham) is attacked at a restaurant on Morro da Urca and escapes on the roof of a cable car. —.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Marrubium vulgare. Marrubium vulgare (white horehound or common horehound) is a flowering plant in the mint family (Lamiaceae), native to Europe, northern Africa, and southwestern and central Asia. It is also widely naturalized in many places, including most of North and South America.It is a grey-leaved herbaceous perennial plant, and grows to 25 - 45 (cm) tall. The leaves are 2 - 5 (cm) long with a densely crinkled surface, and are covered in downy hairs. The flowers are white, borne in clusters on the upper part of the main stem.## Etymology.The Oxford English Dictionary derives the word "horehound" from Old English.

Marrubium vulgare. "hoar" ("white," "light-colored," as in "hoarfrost") and "hune" (a word of unknown origin designating a class of herbs or plants). The second element was altered by folk etymology.## Uses.## Medicinal.Horehound has been mentioned in conjunction with medicinal use dating at least back to the 1st century BC, where it appeared as a remedy for respiratory ailments in the treatise "De Medicina" by Roman encyclopaedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus. The Roman agricultural writer Columella lists it as a remedy for expelling worms in farm animals in his important first-century work "On Agriculture". Since then, horehound has appeared for similar purposes in numerous.

Marrubium vulgare. herbals over the centuries, such as "The Herball, or, Generall historie of plantes" by John Gerard, and "Every Man His Own Doctor: or, The Poor Planter’s Physician" by Dr. John Tennent."M. vulgare" has been promoted widely on the internet for its supposed therapeutic purposes, and there has been preliminary research into its medicinal properties. Nevertheless, , there is no good evidence that it has any value as a medicine. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not endorse the plant for use as medicine but has declared it to be a generally safe food additive.## As food.Horehound candy drops are.

Marrubium vulgare. bittersweet hard candies like cough drops that are made with sugar and an extract of "M. vulgare". They are dark-colored, dissolve in the mouth, and have a flavor that has been compared to menthol and root beer. Like other products derived from "M. vulgare", they are sometimes used as an unproven folk treatment for coughs and other ailments."M. vulgare" is used to make beverages such as horehound beer (similar to root beer), horehound herbal tea (similar to the Maghrebi mint tea), and the rock and rye cocktail.## As an invasive weed.Horehound was introduced to southern Australia in the 19th century.

Marrubium vulgare. as a medicinal herb. It became a weed of native grasslands and pastures where it was introduced with settlers' livestock and was first declared under noxious weeds legislation. It now appears to have reached its full potential distribution.In New Zealand, efforts are being made to control its spread with biocontrol measures using the horehound clearwing moth ("Chamaesphecia mysiniformis") and the horehound plume moth ("Wheeleria spilodactylus"), which could eat their way through many plants.Horehound is usually found in disturbed and overgrazed areas. It is highly unpalatable to livestock, so livestock eat other plants around it, a process that favors the persistence.

Marrubium vulgare. and spread of the weed. It may persist in native vegetation that has been grazed.## As biocontrol."Marrubium vulgare" is also used as a natural grasshopper repellent in agriculture.## In astrology.According to 14th century English poet John Gower, in Book 7 of "his Confessio Amantis", this plant was the herb of the fourth star of , Capella. Gower uses the older name, Alhaiot (VII:1338). List of candiesEverist, D.L. (1981) "Poisonous Plants of Australia". 3rd ed. (Angus & Robertson: Sydney). Parsons, W. & Cuthbertson, E. (2001) "Noxious Weeds of Australia". 2nd ed. (CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood). EcoportEncyclopedia of LifeFlowers of IndiaIndia Biodiversity PortalJepson.

Marrubium vulgare. Manual TreatmentTrefle.


Question: What is the architectural style of this place?

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Blenheim Palace. and Bavarians in the War of the Spanish Succession, culminating in the Battle of Blenheim. The land was given as a gift, and construction began in 1705, with some financial support from Queen Anne. The project soon became the subject of political infighting, with the Crown cancelling further financial support in 1712, Marlborough's three-year voluntary exile to the Continent, the fall from influence of his duchess, and lasting damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh.Designed in the rare, and short-lived, English Baroque style, architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Muscovy duck. The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a large duck native to the Americas, from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico south to Argentina and Uruguay. Small wild and feral breeding populations have established themselves in the United States, particularly in Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, the Big Island of Hawaii, as well as in many other parts of North America, including southern Canada. Feral Muscovy ducks are found in New Zealand, Australia, and in parts of Europe.It is a large duck, with the males about 76 (cm) long, and weighing up to 7 (kg). Females are noticeably smaller, and only.

Muscovy duck. a tropical bird, it adapts well to cooler climates, thriving in weather as cold as −12 (C) and able to survive even colder conditions. In general, Barbary duck is the term used for "C. moschata" in a culinary context.The domestic subspecies, "Cairina moschata domestica", is commonly known in Spanish as the "pato criollo". They have been bred since pre-Columbian times by Native Americans and are heavier and less able to fly long distances than the wild subspecies. Their plumage color is also more variable. Other names for the domestic breed in Spanish are "pato casero" ("backyard duck") and "pato mudo.

Muscovy duck. muschiata", Spanish "pato almizclado" and Swedish "myskand". In English, however, musk duck refers to the Australian species "Biziura lobata".## Genus name "Cairina".The currently assigned genus name Cairina, meanwhile, traces its origin to Aldrovandi and the mistaken belief that the birds came from Egypt: translated, the current scientific name of the Muscovy duck means "the musky one from Cairo".## Other names.In some regions the name "Barbary duck" is used for domestic and "Muscovy duck" for wild birds; in other places, "Barbary duck" refers specifically to the dressed carcass, while "Muscovy duck" applies to living "C. moschata", regardless of whether they are.

Muscovy duck. wild or domestic. In general, "Barbary duck" is the usual term for "C. moschata" in a culinary context.## Taxonomy and systematics.The species was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 edition of "Systema Naturae" as "Anas moschata", literally meaning "musk duck". It was later transferred to the genus "Cairina", making its current binomial name "Cairina moschata".The Muscovy duck was formerly placed into the paraphyletic "perching duck" assemblage, but subsequently moved to the dabbling duck subfamily (Anatinae). Analysis of the mtDNA sequences of the cytochrome "b" and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 genes, however, indicates that it might be closer.

Muscovy duck. to the genus "Aix" and better placed in the shelduck subfamily Tadorninae. In addition, the other species of "Cairina", the rare white-winged duck ("C. scutulata"), seems to belong to a distinct genus ("Asarcornis").## Ecology.This non-migratory species normally inhabits forested swamps, lakes, streams and nearby grassland and farm crops, and often roosts in trees at night. The Muscovy duck's diet consists of plant material (such as the roots, stems, leaves, and seeds of aquatic plants and grasses, as well as terrestrial plants, including agricultural crops) obtained by grazing or dabbling in shallow water, and small fish, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, insects, millipedes,.


Question: What is the main food source of this animal?

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Wolf. competition for food within the pack. Wolves are also territorial and fights over territory are among the principal causes of wolf mortality. The wolf is mainly a carnivore and feeds on large wild hooved mammals as well as smaller animals, livestock, carrion, and garbage. Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs. Pathogens and parasites, notably rabies virus, may infect wolves.The global wild wolf population was estimated to be 300,000 in 2003 and is considered to be of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Wolves have a.

Wolf. long history of interactions with humans, having been despised and hunted in most pastoral communities because of their attacks on livestock, while conversely being respected in some agrarian and hunter-gatherer societies. The wolf is also considered the ancestor of the domestic dog. Although the fear of wolves exists in many human societies, the majority of recorded attacks on people have been attributed to animals suffering from rabies. Wolf attacks on humans are rare because wolves are relatively few, live away from people, and have developed a fear of humans because of their experiences with hunters, ranchers, and shepherds.## Etymology.The English.

Wolf. and Wolfdregil ("Wolf Runner").## Taxonomy.In 1758, the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus published in his "Systema Naturae" the binomial nomenclature. "Canis" is the Latin word meaning "dog", and under this genus he listed the doglike carnivores including domestic dogs, wolves, and jackals. He classified the domestic dog as "Canis familiaris", and the wolf as "Canis lupus". Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its "cauda recurvata" (upturning tail) which is not found in any other canid.## Subspecies.In the third edition of "Mammal Species of the World" published in 2005, the mammalogist W.

Wolf. Christopher Wozencraft listed under "C. lupus" 36 wild subspecies, and proposed two additional subspecies: "familiaris" (Linnaeus, 1758) and "dingo" (Meyer, 1793). Wozencraft included "hallstromi"—the New Guinea singing dog—as a taxonomic synonym for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to a 1999 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) study as one of the guides in forming his decision, and listed the 38 subspecies of "C. lupus" under the biological common name of "wolf", the nominate subspecies being the Eurasian wolf ("C. l. lupus") based on the type specimen that Linnaeus studied in Sweden. Studies using paleogenomic techniques reveal that the modern wolf and the dog are.

Wolf. sister taxa, as modern wolves are not closely related to the population of wolves that was first domesticated. In 2019, a workshop hosted by the IUCN/Species Survival Commission's Canid Specialist Group considered the New Guinea singing dog and the dingo to be feral "Canis familiaris", and therefore should not be assessed for the IUCN Red List.## Evolution.The phylogenetic descent of the extant wolf "C. lupus" from "C. etruscus" through "C. mosbachensis" is widely accepted. The earliest fossils of "C. lupus" were found in what was once eastern Beringia at Old Crow, Yukon, Canada, and at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska.

Wolf. often processed carcasses, or that they competed with other carnivores and needed to consume their prey quickly. Compared with those found in the modern spotted hyena, the frequency and location of tooth fractures in these wolves indicates they were habitual bone crackers.Genomic studies suggest modern wolves and dogs descend from a common ancestral wolf population that existed 20,000 years ago. A 2021 study found that the Himalayan wolf and the Indian plains wolf are part of a lineage that is basal to other wolves and split from them 200,000 years ago. Other wolves appear to have originated in Beringia in.

Wolf. an expansion that was driven by the huge ecological changes during the close of the Late Pleistocene. A study in 2016 indicates that a population bottleneck was followed by a rapid radiation from an ancestral population at a time during, or just after, the Last Glacial Maximum. This implies the original morphologically diverse wolf populations were out-competed and replaced by more modern wolves.A 2016 genomic study suggests that Old World and New World wolves split around 12,500 years ago followed by the divergence of the lineage that led to dogs from other Old World wolves around 11,100–12,300 years ago. An.

Wolf. extinct Late Pleistocene wolf may have been the ancestor of the dog, with the dog's similarity to the extant wolf being the result of genetic admixture between the two. The dingo, Basenji, Tibetan Mastiff and Chinese indigenous breeds are basal members of the domestic dog clade. The divergence time for wolves in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia is estimated to be fairly recent at around 1,600 years ago. Among New World wolves, the Mexican wolf diverged around 5,400 years ago.## Admixture with other canids.In the distant past, there has been gene flow between African wolves, golden jackals, and gray.

Wolf. wolves. The African wolf is a descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry. One African wolf from the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula shows admixture with Middle Eastern gray wolves and dogs. There is evidence of gene flow between golden jackals and Middle Eastern wolves, less so with European and Asian wolves, and least with North American wolves. This indicates the golden jackal ancestry found in North American wolves may have occurred before the divergence of the Eurasian and North American wolves.The common ancestor of the coyote and the wolf has admixed with a ghost.

Wolf. population of an extinct unidentified canid. This canid is genetically close to the dhole and evolved after the divergence of the African hunting dog from the other canid species. The basal position of the coyote compared to the wolf is proposed to be due to the coyote retaining more of the mitochondrial genome of this unidentified canid. Similarly, a museum specimen of a wolf from southern China collected in 1963 showed a genome that was 12–14% admixed from this unknown canid. In North America, most coyotes and wolves show varying degrees of past genetic admixture. The red wolf of the.

Wolf. southeastern United States is a hybrid animal with 40%:60% wolf to coyote ancestry. In addition, there was found to be 60%:40% wolf to coyote genetics in Eastern timber wolves, and 75%:25% in the Great Lakes region wolves.In more recent times, some male Italian wolves originated from dog ancestry, which indicates female wolves will breed with male dogs in the wild. In the Caucasus Mountains, ten percent of dogs including livestock guardian dogs, are first generation hybrids. Although mating between golden jackals and wolves has never been observed, evidence of jackal-wolf hybridization was discovered through mitochondrial DNA analysis of jackals living.

Wolf. in the Caucasus Mountains and in Bulgaria.In 2021, a genetic study found that the dog's similarity to the extant gray wolf was the result of substantial dog-into-wolf gene flow, with almost negligible wolf-into-dog gene flow since the dog's domestication. Some gray wolves were related to all ancient and modern dogs.## Description.The wolf is the largest extant member of the Canidae family, and is further distinguished from coyotes and jackals by a broader snout, shorter ears, a shorter torso and a longer tail. It is slender and powerfully built, with a large, deeply descending rib cage, a sloping back, and a.

Wolf. the calcaneal tendons. The winter fur is highly resistant to the cold. Wolves in northern climates can rest comfortably in open areas at -40 (C) by placing their muzzles between the rear legs and covering their faces with their tail. Wolf fur provides better insulation than dog fur and does not collect ice when warm breath is condensed against it.In cold climates, the wolf can reduce the flow of blood near its skin to conserve body heat. The warmth of the foot pads is regulated independently from the rest of the body and is maintained at just above tissue-freezing point.

Wolf. southern Canada, the U.S., and Mexico being predominantly gray. In some areas of the Rocky Mountains of Alberta and British Columbia, the coat colour is predominantly black, some being blue-gray and some with silver and black. Differences in coat colour between sexes is absent in Eurasia; females tend to have redder tones in North America. Black-coloured wolves in North America acquired their colour from wolf-dog admixture after the first arrival of dogs across the Bering Strait 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. Research into the inheritance of white colour from dogs into wolves has yet to be undertaken.## Ecology.## Distribution and.

Wolf. habitat.Wolves occur across Eurasia and North America. However, deliberate human persecution because of livestock predation and fear of attacks on humans has reduced the wolf's range to about one-third of its historic range; the wolf is now extirpated (locally extinct) from much of its range in Western Europe, the United States and Mexico, and completely in Ireland, the United Kingdom, and Japan. In modern times, the wolf occurs mostly in wilderness and remote areas. The wolf can be found between sea level and 3000 (m). Wolves live in forests, inland wetlands, shrublands, grasslands (including Arctic tundra), pastures, deserts, and rocky.

Wolf. in diet between wolves living on different continents is based on the variety of hoofed mammals and of available smaller and domesticated prey.In North America, the wolf's diet is dominated by wild large hoofed mammals (ungulates) and medium-sized mammals. In Asia and Europe, their diet is dominated by wild medium-sized hoofed mammals and domestic species. The wolf depends on wild species, and if these are not readily available, as in Asia, the wolf is more reliant on domestic species. Across Eurasia, wolves prey mostly on moose, red deer, roe deer and wild boar. In North America, important range-wide prey are.

Wolf. elk, moose, caribou, white-tailed deer and mule deer. They also prey on bison and muskoxen. Wolves can digest their meal in a few hours and can feed several times in one day, making quick use of large quantities of meat. A well-fed wolf stores fat under the skin, around the heart, intestines, kidneys, and bone marrow, particularly during the autumn and winter.Nonetheless, wolves are not fussy eaters. Smaller-sized animals that may supplement their diet include rodents, rabbits, hares, insectivores and smaller carnivores. They frequently eat waterfowl and their eggs. When such foods are insufficient, they prey on lizards, snakes, frogs,.

Wolf. and large insects when available. Wolves in northern Minnesota prey on northern pike in freshwater streams. The diet of coastal wolves in Alaska includes 20% salmon, while those of coastal wolves in British Columbia includes 25% marine sources, and those on the nearby islands 75%.In Europe, wolves eat apples, pears, figs, melons, berries and cherries. In North America, wolves eat blueberries and raspberries. Wolves also eat grass, which may provide some vitamins, but is most likely used mainly to induce vomiting to rid themselves of intestinal parasites or long guard hairs. They are known to eat the berries of mountain-ash,.

Wolf. lily of the valley, bilberries, cowberries, European black nightshade, grain crops, and the shoots of reeds.In times of scarcity, wolves will readily eat carrion. In Eurasian areas with dense human activity, many wolf populations are forced to subsist largely on livestock and garbage. Prey in North America continue to occupy suitable habitats with low human density, the wolves eating livestock and garbage only in dire circumstances. Cannibalism is not uncommon in wolves during harsh winters, when packs often attack weak or injured wolves and may eat the bodies of dead pack members.## Interactions with other predators.Wolves typically dominate other canid.

Wolf. adjacent mountain ranges. Wolves and cougars typically avoid encountering each other by hunting at different elevations for different prey (niche partitioning). In winter, when snow accumulation forces their prey into valleys, interactions between the two species become more likely. Wolves in packs usually dominate cougars and can steal their kills or even kill them, while one-to-one encounters tend to be dominated by the cat. There are several documented cases of cougars killing wolves. Wolves more broadly affect cougar population dynamics and distribution by dominating territory and prey opportunities and disrupting the feline's behaviour. Wolf and Siberian tiger interactions are well-documented.

Wolf. off single or outnumbered hyenas. There is at least one case in Israel of a hyena associating and cooperating with a wolf pack. It is proposed that the hyena could benefit from the wolves' superior ability to hunt large, agile prey. The wolves could benefit from the hyena's superior sense of smell, to locate and dig out tortoises, to crack open large bones, and to tear open discarded food containers like tin cans.## Behaviour.## Social structure.The wolf is a social animal. Its populations consist of packs and lone wolves, most lone wolves being temporarily alone while they disperse from packs.

Wolf. to form their own or join another one. The wolf's basic social unit is the nuclear family consisting of a mated pair accompanied by their offspring. The average pack size in North America is eight wolves and in Europe 5.5 wolves. The average pack across Eurasia consists of a family of eight wolves (two adults, juveniles, and yearlings), or sometimes two or three such families, with examples of exceptionally large packs consisting of up to 42 wolves being known. Cortisol levels in wolves rise significantly when a pack member dies, indicating the presence of stress. During times of prey abundance.

Wolf. and the Denali National Park and Preserve were due to other wolves.## Communication.Wolves communicate using vocalizations, body postures, scent, touch, and taste. The phases of the moon have no effect on wolf vocalization, and despite popular belief, wolves do not howl at the moon. Wolves howl to assemble the pack usually before and after hunts, to pass on an alarm particularly at a den site, to locate each other during a storm, while crossing unfamiliar territory, and to communicate across great distances. Wolf howls can under certain conditions be heard over areas of up to 130 (km2). Other vocalizations include.

Wolf. growls, barks and whines. Wolves do not bark as loudly or continuously as dogs do in confrontations, rather barking a few times and then retreating from a perceived danger. Aggressive or self-assertive wolves are characterized by their slow and deliberate movements, high body posture and raised hackles, while submissive ones carry their bodies low, flatten their fur, and lower their ears and tail.Scent marking involves urine, feces, and anal gland scents. This is more effective at advertising territory than howling and is often used in combination with scratch marks. Wolves increase their rate of scent marking when they encounter the.

Wolf. marks of wolves from other packs. Lone wolves will rarely mark, but newly bonded pairs will scent mark the most. These marks are generally left every 240 (m) throughout the territory on regular travelways and junctions. Such markers can last for two to three weeks, and are typically placed near rocks, boulders, trees, or the skeletons of large animals. Raised leg urination is considered to be one of the most important forms of scent communication in the wolf, making up 60–80% of all scent marks observed.## Reproduction.Wolves are monogamous, mated pairs usually remaining together for life. Should one of the.

Wolf. better warmed by sunlight exposure, and the snow can thaw more quickly. Resting places, play areas for the pups, and food remains are commonly found around wolf dens. The odor of urine and rotting food emanating from the denning area often attracts scavenging birds like magpies and ravens. Though they mostly avoid areas within human sight, wolves have been known to nest near domiciles, paved roads and railways. During pregnancy, female wolves remain in a den located away from the peripheral zone of their territories, where violent encounters with other packs are less likely to occur.The gestation period lasts 62–75.

Wolf. blood loss, thereby lessening the risk of injury to themselves. With medium-sized prey, such as roe deer or sheep, wolves kill by biting the throat, severing nerve tracks and the carotid artery, thus causing the animal to die within a few seconds to a minute. With small, mouselike prey, wolves leap in a high arc and immobilize it with their forepaws.Once prey is brought down, wolves begin to feed excitedly, ripping and tugging at the carcass in all directions, and bolting down large chunks of it. The breeding pair typically monopolizes food to continue producing pups. When food is scarce,.

Wolf. wolf attacks on people being attributed to rabid animals. Although canine distemper is lethal in dogs, it has not been recorded to kill wolves, except in Canada and Alaska. The canine parvovirus, which causes death by dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and endotoxic shock or sepsis, is largely survivable in wolves, but can be lethal to pups. Wolves may catch infectious canine hepatitis from dogs, though there are no records of wolves dying from it. Papillomatosis has been recorded only once in wolves, and likely does not cause serious illness or death, though it may alter feeding behaviours. The canine coronavirus has.

Wolf. been recorded in Alaskan wolves, infections being most prevalent in winter months.Bacterial diseases carried by wolves include: brucellosis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, tularemia, bovine tuberculosis, listeriosis and anthrax. Wolves can catch "Brucella suis" from wild and domestic reindeer. While adult wolves tend not to show any clinical signs, it can severely weaken the pups of infected females. Although lyme disease can debilitate individual wolves, it does not appear to significantly affect wolf populations. Leptospirosis can be contracted through contact with infected prey or urine, and can cause fever, anorexia, vomiting, anemia, hematuria, icterus, and death. Wolves living near farms are more.

Wolf. vulnerable to the disease than those living in the wilderness, probably because of prolonged contact with infected domestic animal waste. Wolves may catch tularemia from lagomorph prey, though its effect on wolves is unknown. Although bovine tuberculosis is not considered a major threat to wolves, it has been recorded to have killed two wolf pups in Canada.## Parasitic.Wolves carry ectoparasites and endoparasites; those in the former Soviet Union have been recorded to carry at least 50 species. Most of these parasites infect wolves without adverse effects, though the effects may become more serious in sick or malnourished specimens. Parasitic infection.

Wolf. in wolves is of particular concern to people. Wolves can spread them to dogs, which in turn can carry the parasites to humans. In areas where wolves inhabit pastoral areas, the parasites can be spread to livestock.Wolves are often infested with a variety of arthropod exoparasites, including fleas, ticks, lice, and mites. The most harmful to wolves, particularly pups, is the mange mite ("Sarcoptes scabiei"), though they rarely develop full-blown mange, unlike foxes. Lice, such as "Trichodectes canis", may cause sickness in wolves, but rarely death. Ticks of the genus "Ixodes" can infect wolves with Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain.

Wolf. spotted fever. The tick "Dermacentor pictus" also infests wolves. Other ectoparasites include chewing lice, sucking lice and the fleas "Pulex irritans" and "Ctenocephalides canis".Endoparasites known to infect wolves include: protozoans and helminths (flukes, tapeworms, roundworms and thorny-headed worms). Of 30,000 protozoan species, only a few have been recorded to infect wolves: "Isospora", "Toxoplasma", "Sarcocystis", "Babesia", and "Giardia". Some wolves carry "Neospora caninum", which can be spread to cattle and is correlated with bovine miscarriages. Among flukes, the most common in North American wolves is "Alaria", which infects small rodents and amphibians which are eaten by wolves. Upon reaching maturity, "Alaria.

Wolf. migrates to the wolf's intestine, but does little harm. "Metorchis conjunctus", which enters wolves through eating fish, infects the wolf's liver or gall bladder, causing liver disease, inflammation of the pancreas, and emaciation. Most other fluke species reside in the wolf's intestine, though "Paragonimus westermani" lives in the lungs. Tapeworms are commonly found in wolves, as their primary hosts are ungulates, small mammals, and fish, which wolves feed upon. Tapeworms generally cause little harm in wolves, though this depends on the number and size of the parasites, and the sensitivity of the host. Symptoms often include constipation, toxic and allergic.

Wolf. intestinal irritation, bloating, vomiting, and diarrhea. Wolves may catch "Dioctophyma renale" from minks, which infects the kidneys, and can grow to lengths of 100 (cm). "D. renale" causes the complete destruction of the kidney's functional tissue and can be fatal if both kidneys are infected. Wolves can tolerate low levels of "Dirofilaria immitis" for many years without showing any ill effects, though high levels can kill wolves through cardiac enlargement and congestive hepatopathy. Wolves probably become infected with "Trichinella spiralis" by eating infected ungulates. Although "T. spiralis" is not known to produce clinical signs in wolves, it can cause emaciation,.

Wolf. salivation, and crippling muscle pains in dogs. Thorny-headed worms rarely infect wolves, though three species have been identified in Russian wolves: "Nicolla skrjabini", "Macracanthorhynchus catulinus", and "Moniliformis moniliformis".## Status and conservation.The global wild wolf population in 2003 was estimated at 300,000. Wolf population declines have been arrested since the 1970s. This has fostered recolonization and reintroduction in parts of its former range as a result of legal protection, changes in land use, and rural human population shifts to cities. Competition with humans for livestock and game species, concerns over the danger posed by wolves to people, and habitat fragmentation pose.

Wolf. world. His most famous is the fable of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf", which is directed at those who knowingly raise false alarms, and from which the idiomatic phrase "to cry wolf" is derived. Some of his other fables concentrate on maintaining the trust between shepherds and guard dogs in their vigilance against wolves, as well as anxieties over the close relationship between wolves and dogs. Although Aesop used wolves to warn, criticize and moralize about human behaviour, his portrayals added to the wolf's image as a deceitful and dangerous animal. The Bible uses an image of a wolf lying.

Wolf. Ivan Bunin, Leonid Pavlovich Sabaneyev, and others. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" and Chekhov's "Peasants" both feature scenes in which wolves are hunted with hounds and Borzois. The musical "Peter and the Wolf" involves a wolf being captured for eating a duck, but is spared and sent to a zoo.Wolves are among the central characters of Rudyard Kipling's "The Jungle Book". His portrayal of wolves has been praised posthumously by wolf biologists for his depiction of them: rather than being villainous or gluttonous, as was common in wolf portrayals at the time of the book's publication, they are shown as living.

Wolf. in amiable family groups and drawing on the experience of infirm but experienced elder pack members. Farley Mowat's largely fictional 1963 memoir "Never Cry Wolf" is widely considered to be the most popular book on wolves, having been adapted into a Hollywood film and taught in several schools decades after its publication. Although credited with having changed popular perceptions on wolves by portraying them as loving, cooperative and noble, it has been criticized for its idealization of wolves and its factual inaccuracies.## Conflicts.Human presence appears to stress wolves, as seen by increased cortisol levels in instances such as snowmobiling near.

Wolf. their territory.## Predation on livestock.Livestock depredation has been one of the primary reasons for hunting wolves and can pose a severe problem for wolf conservation. As well as causing economic losses, the threat of wolf predation causes great stress on livestock producers, and no foolproof solution of preventing such attacks short of exterminating wolves has been found. Some nations help offset economic losses to wolves through compensation programs or state insurance. Domesticated animals are easy prey for wolves, as they have been bred under constant human protection, and are thus unable to defend themselves very well. Wolves typically resort to.

Wolf. attacking livestock when wild prey is depleted. In Eurasia, a large part of the diet of some wolf populations consists of livestock, while such incidents are rare in North America, where healthy populations of wild prey have been largely restored.The majority of losses occur during the summer grazing period, untended livestock in remote pastures being the most vulnerable to wolf predation. The most frequently targeted livestock species are sheep (Europe), domestic reindeer (northern Scandinavia), goats (India), horses (Mongolia), cattle and turkeys (North America). The number of animals killed in single attacks varies according to species: most attacks on cattle and.

Wolf. horses result in one death, while turkeys, sheep and domestic reindeer may be killed in surplus. Wolves mainly attack livestock when the animals are grazing, though they occasionally break into fenced enclosures.## Competition with dogs.A review of the studies on the competitive effects of dogs on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Competition would favour the wolf, which is known to kill dogs; however, wolves usually live in pairs or in small packs in areas with high human persecution, giving them a disadvantage when facing large groups of dogs.Wolves kill dogs on occasion,.

Wolf. and some wolf populations rely on dogs as an important food source. In Croatia, wolves kill more dogs than sheep, and wolves in Russia appear to limit stray dog populations. Wolves may display unusually bold behaviour when attacking dogs accompanied by people, sometimes ignoring nearby humans. Wolf attacks on dogs may occur both in house yards and in forests. Wolf attacks on hunting dogs are considered a major problem in Scandinavia and Wisconsin. The most frequently killed hunting breeds in Scandinavia are Harriers, older animals being most at risk, likely because they are less timid than younger animals, and react.

Wolf. to the presence of wolves differently. Large hunting dogs such as Swedish Elkhounds are more likely to survive wolf attacks because of their better ability to defend themselves.Although the number of dogs killed each year by wolves is relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to prey on them. In many cultures, dogs are seen as family members, or at least working team members, and losing one can lead to strong emotional responses such as demanding more liberal hunting regulations.Dogs that are employed to guard sheep help to mitigate human–wolf conflicts, and are often proposed.

Wolf. as one of the non-lethal tools in the conservation of wolves. Shepherd dogs are not particularly aggressive, but they can disrupt potential wolf predation by displaying what is to the wolf ambiguous behaviours, such as barking, social greeting, invitation to play or aggression. The historical use of shepherd dogs across Eurasia has been effective against wolf predation, especially when confining sheep in the presence of several livestock guardian dogs. Shepherd dogs are sometimes killed by wolves.## Attacks on humans.The fear of wolves has been pervasive in many societies, though humans are not part of the wolf's natural prey. How wolves.

Wolf. almost always women. Indian wolves have a history of preying on children, a phenomenon called "child-lifting". They may be taken primarily in the spring and summer periods during the evening hours, and often within human settlements.Cases of rabid wolves are low when compared to other species, as wolves do not serve as primary reservoirs of the disease, but can be infected by animals such as dogs, jackals and foxes. Incidents of rabies in wolves are very rare in North America, though numerous in the eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East and Central Asia. Wolves apparently develop the "furious" phase of rabies.

Wolf. to a very high degree. This, coupled with their size and strength, makes rabid wolves perhaps the most dangerous of rabid animals. Bites from rabid wolves are 15 times more dangerous than those of rabid dogs. Rabid wolves usually act alone, travelling large distances and often biting large numbers of people and domestic animals. Most rabid wolf attacks occur in the spring and autumn periods. Unlike with predatory attacks, the victims of rabid wolves are not eaten, and the attacks generally occur only on a single day. The victims are chosen at random, though most cases involve adult men. During.

Wolf. the fifty years up to 2002, there were eight fatal attacks in Europe and Russia, and more than two hundred in southern Asia.## Human hunting of wolves.Theodore Roosevelt said wolves are difficult to hunt because of their elusiveness, sharp senses, high endurance, and ability to quickly incapacitate and kill a dog. Historic methods included killing of spring-born litters in their dens, coursing with dogs (usually combinations of sighthounds, Bloodhounds and Fox Terriers), poisoning with strychnine, and trapping.A popular method of wolf hunting in Russia involves trapping a pack within a small area by encircling it with fladry poles carrying a.

Wolf. human scent. This method relies heavily on the wolf's fear of human scents, though it can lose its effectiveness when wolves become accustomed to the odor. Some hunters can lure wolves by imitating their calls. In Kazakhstan and Mongolia, wolves are traditionally hunted with eagles and falcons, though this practice is declining, as experienced falconers are becoming few in number. Shooting wolves from aircraft is highly effective, due to increased visibility and direct lines of fire. Several types of dog, including the Borzoi and Kyrgyz Tajgan, have been specifically bred for wolf hunting.## As pets and working animals.Wolves and wolf-dog.

Wolf. hybrids are sometimes kept as exotic pets. Although closely related to domestic dogs, wolves do not show the same tractability as dogs in living alongside humans, being generally less responsive to human commands and more likely to act aggressively. A person is more likely to be fatally mauled by a pet wolf or wolf-dog hybrid than by a dog.The International Wolf CenterStaying Safe in Wolf Country, ADFG (January 2009)Watch "Death of a Legend" and "Cry of the Wild" by Bill Mason.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Coenonympha tullia. Coenonympha tullia, the large heath or common ringlet, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It flies in a variety of grassy habitats, including roadsides, woodland edges and clearings, prairies, bogs, and arctic and alpine taiga and tundra. It is a poor flyer, but can sometimes be found along ditches seeking new grounds. It is a holarctic species found in northern Europe and Asia and across North America. The species was first described by Otto Friedrich Müller in 1764.## Subspecies.In alphabetical order: "C. t. ampelos " – northwest common ringlet "C. t. benjamini" – prairie ringlet "C. t. brenda" "C.

Coenonympha tullia. t. bosniae" "C. t. california" – California ringlet "C. t. columbiana" – ringlet "C. t. davus" "C. t. elko" "C. t. elwesi" "C. t. eryngii" "C. t. eunomia" "C. t. furcae" "C. t. gliwa" "C. t. haydenii" – Hayden's common ringlet "C. t. inornata" – inornate common ringlet "C. t. insulanus" – Vancouver ringlet "C. t. kodiak" – Kodiak ringlet "C. t. mackenziei" – Mackenzie's ringlet "C. t. mcisaaci" – McIsaac's ringlet "C. t. mixturata" "C. t. mono" – (common) ringlet "C. t. ochracea" – ochre (common) ringlet "C. t. polydama" "C. t. pseudobrenda" "C. t. scotica" "C. t. sibirica.

Coenonympha tullia. "C. t. subfusca" "C. t. suecica" "C. t. tullia" – common ringlet "C. t. viluiensis" "C. t. yontocket" – Yontocket satyr ringlet "C. t. yukonensis" – Yukon common ringletFormerly a subspecies: "Coenonympha nipisiquit" – maritime ringletFor more information on subspecies and biologyEmmet, A.M., J. Heath et al. (Ed.), 1990. The Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. "The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland" Vol. 7 Part 1 (Hesperiidae to Nymphalidae). Harley Books, Colchester, UK. 370p.Tomlinson, D. & R. Still, 2002. "Britain's Butterflies". WildGuides, Old Basing, UK. 192p."Coenonympha tullia", ARKive - images and video.


Question: What is the conservation status of this insect? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Hetaerina titia. Hetaerina titia, the smoky rubyspot, is a species of broad-winged damselfly in the family Calopterygidae. It is found in Central America and North America.The IUCN conservation status of "Hetaerina titia" is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2018.


Question: Which place is this bird endemic to?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Caspian tern. Europe (mainly around the Baltic Sea and Black Sea), Asia, Africa, and Australasia (Australia and New Zealand). North American birds migrate to southern coasts, the West Indies and northernmost South America. European and Asian birds spend the non-breeding season in the Old World tropics. African and Australasian birds are resident or disperse over short distances.In 2016, a nest of the Caspian tern was found in the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in northwestern Alaska, 1,000 miles further north than any previous sighting. This development was part of a general trend in Alaska of species moving to the north, a tendency ascribed.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Lantana camara. Lantana camara (common lantana) is a species of flowering plant within the verbena family (Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics. It is a very adaptable species, which can inhabit a wide variety of ecosystems; once it has been introduced into a habitat it spreads rapidly; between 45ºN and 45ºS and more than 1400 (m) in altitude.It has spread from its native range to around 50 countries, where it has become an invasive species. It first spread out of the Americas when it was brought to Europe by Dutch explorers and cultivated widely, soon spreading further into Asia and Oceania where.

Lantana camara. it has established itself as a notorious weed, and in Goa it was introduced by the Portuguese."L. camara" can outcompete native species, leading to a reduction in biodiversity. It can also cause problems if it invades agricultural areas as a result of its toxicity to livestock, as well as its ability to form dense thickets which, if left unchecked, can greatly reduce the productivity of farmland.## Description."Lantana camara" is a perennial, erect sprawling or scandent, shrub which typically grows to around 2 (m) tall and form dense thickets in a variety of environments. Under the right conditions, it can scramble.

Lantana camara. up into trees and can grow to 6 (m) tall.The leaves are broadly ovate, opposite, and simple and have a strong odour when crushed."L. camara" has small tubular-shaped flowers, which each have four petals and are arranged in clusters in terminal areas stems. Flowers come in many different colours, including red, yellow, white, pink and orange, which differ depending on location in inflorescences, age, and maturity. The flower has a tutti frutti smell with a peppery undertone. After pollination occurs, the colour of the flowers changes (typically from yellow to orangish, pinkish, or reddish); this is believed to be a.

Lantana camara. signal to pollinators that the pre-change colour contains a reward as well as being sexually viable, thus increasing pollination efficiency. In frost-free climates the plant can bloom all year round, especially when the soil is moist.There are five major flower colour varieties in Australia: "Pink" – Bud: pink; Middle ring: yellow opening with pale yellow petals; Outer ring: orange opening with pale or dark pink petals "White" – Bud: cream coloured; Middle ring: yellow opening with light yellow petals; Outer ring: orange or yellow opening with lilac petals "Pink-edged Red" – Bud: pink to reddish pink; Middle ring: orange opening.

Lantana camara. with light yellow to orange petals; Outer ring: orange opening having two pink to red petals "Red" – Bud: blood red; Middle ring: yellow opening with yellow petals; Outer ring: red throat having red petals "Orange" – Bud: orange; Middle ring: yellow to orange opening, yellow petals; Outer ring: orange opening with orange petalsThe fruit is a berry-like drupe which turns from green to dark purple when mature. Green unripe fruits are inedible to humans and animals alike. Because of dense patches of hard spikes on their rind, ingestion of them can result in serious damage to the digestive tract.

Lantana camara. Both seed and vegetative reproduction occur. Up to 12,000 fruits can be produced by each plant.## Taxonomy.Due to extensive selective breeding throughout the 17th and 18th centuries for use as an ornamental plant, there are now many different cultivars.Other common names include Cariaquillo (Boriken, Puerto Rico), Spanish flag, big-sage (Malaysia), Putush (West Bengal), Kongini (Kerala), wild-sage, red-sage, white-sage (Caribbean), korsu wiri or korsoe wiwiri (Suriname), tickberry (South Africa), Kashi Kothan (Maldives), West Indian lantana, umbelanterna, and Gu Phool in Assam, and Thirei in Manipur.## Etymology.The name "Lantana" derives from the Latin name of the wayfaring tree "Viburnum lantana", the flowers.

Lantana camara. of which closely resemble "Lantana"."Camara" is derived from Greek, meaning 'arched', 'chambered', or 'vaulted'.## Distribution and habitat.The native range of "Lantana camara" is Central and South America; however, it has become naturalised in around 60 tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide. It is found frequently in east and southern Africa, where it occurs at altitudes below 2000 (m), and often invades previously disturbed areas such as logged forests and areas cleared for agriculture."L. camara" has also spread across the areas of Africa, Southern Europe, such as Spain and Portugal, and also the Middle East, India, tropical Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and.

Lantana camara. the US, as well as many Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. It has become a significant weed in Sri Lanka after escaping from the Royal Botanical Gardens in 1926. Lantanas were brought to Australia as an ornamental garden plant in 1841, which spread and escaped domestic cultivation and became established in the wild within 20 years. They were brought to India by the British around 200 years ago, which then spread and became invasive there as well.It was introduced into the Philippines from Hawaii as part of an exchange program between the United States and the Philippines; however, it.

Lantana camara. managed to escape and has become naturalized in the islands. It has also been introduced to the whole southern US, from California to North Carolina, and is considered hardy in US Department of Agriculture zones 10 and 11.The range of "L. camara" is still increasing, shown by the fact that it has invaded many islands on which it was not present in 1974, including the Galapagos Islands, Saipan and the Solomon Islands. There is also evidence that "L. camara" is still increasing its range in areas where it has been established for many years, such as East Africa, Australia and.

Lantana camara. New Zealand. The ability of "L. camara" to rapidly colonise areas of land which have been disturbed has allowed it to proliferate in countries where activities such as logging, clearance for agriculture and forest fires are common. In contrast, in countries with large areas of intact primary forest, the distribution of "L. camara" has been limited.## Ecology.Birds and other animals eat the seeds, helping spread them over large distances.## Habitat.The species is found in a variety of environments, including: Agricultural areas Forest margins and gaps Riparian zones Grasslands Secondary forest, and Beach fronts."L. camara" is rarely found in natural or.

Lantana camara. semi-natural areas of forest, as it is unable to compete with taller trees due to its lack of tolerance for shade. Instead it grows at the forest edge. "L. camara" can survive in a wide range of climatic conditions, including drought, different soil types, heat, humidity and salt. It is also relatively fire tolerant and can quickly establish itself in recently burnt areas of forest.## As an invasive species."L. camara" is considered to be a weed in large areas of the Paleotropics where it has established itself. In agricultural areas or secondary forests it can become the dominant understorey shrub,.

Lantana camara. crowding out other native species and reducing biodiversity. The formation of dense thickets of "L. camara" can significantly slow down the regeneration of forests by preventing the growth of new trees.In the US, "L. camara" is considered invasive in tropical areas such as Florida and Hawaii.Although "L. camara" is itself quite resistant to fire, it can change fire patterns in a forest ecosystem by altering the fuel load, causing a buildup of forest fuel, which itself increases the risk of fires spreading to the canopy. This can be particularly destructive in dry, arid areas where fire can spread quickly and.

Lantana camara. lead to the loss of large areas of natural ecosystem."L. camara" reduces the productivity in pasture through the formation of dense thickets, which reduce growth of crops as well as make harvesting more difficult. There are also secondary impacts, including the finding that in Africa, mosquitos which transmit malaria and tsetse flies shelter within the bushes of "L. camara".Even though "L. camara" is considered invasive to the Western Ghats, the plant does not seem to impact biodiversity in the region; rather it tends to simply occupy the same moist regions as other species.There are many reasons why "L. camara" has.

Lantana camara. been so successful as an invasive species; however, the primary factors which have allowed it to establish itself are: Wide dispersal range made possible by birds and other animals that eat its drupes Less prone to being eaten by animals due to toxicity Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions Increase in logging and habitat modification, which has been beneficial to "L. camara" as it prefers disturbed habitats Production of toxic chemicals which inhibit competing plant species Extremely high seed production (12,000 seeds from each plant per year)## Management and control.Effective management of invasive "L. camara" in the long.

Lantana camara. term will require a reduction in activities that create degraded habitats. Maintaining functioning (healthy) ecosystems is key to preventing invasive species from establishing themselves and out-competing native fauna and flora.## Biological.Insects and other biocontrol agents have been implemented with varying degrees of success in an attempt to control "L. camara". It was the first weed ever subjected to biological control; however, none of the programs have been successful despite 36 control agents being used across 33 regions.The lack of success using biological control in this case is most likely due to the many hybrid forms of "L. camara", as well.

Lantana camara. as its large genetic diversity which makes it difficult for the control agents to target all plants effectively. A recent study in India has shown some results around biological control of this plant using tingid bugs.## Mechanical.Mechanical control of "L. camara" involves physically removing the plants. Physical removal can be effective but is labour-intensive and expensive, therefore removal is usually only appropriate in small areas or at the early stages of an infestation. Another method of mechanical control is to use fire treatment, followed by revegetation with native species.## Chemical.Using herbicides to manage "L. camara" is very effective but also.

Lantana camara. expensive, prohibiting its use in many poorer countries where "L. camara" is well established. The most effective way of chemically treating plant species is to first mow the area, then spray the area with a weed-killer, although this may have serious environmental consequences.## Toxicity."Lantana camara" is known to be toxic to livestock such as cattle, sheep, horses, dogs and goats. The active substances causing toxicity in grazing animals are pentacyclic triterpenoids, which result in liver damage and photosensitivity. "L. camara" also excretes allelopathic chemicals, which reduce the growth of surrounding plants by inhibiting germination and root elongation.The toxicity of "L.

Lantana camara. camara" to humans is undetermined, with several studies suggesting that ingesting berries can be toxic to humans, such as a study by O. P. Sharma which states "Green unripe fruits of the plant are toxic to humans". North Carolina State University's Extension Gardener website states that ingestion of the flowers, fruits, and leaves can cause vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and liver failure, while the leaves can cause contact dermatitis. A field guide by the US Department of the Army says the plant can even be fatal. Contrarily, some studies have claimed that the species poses no risk to humans when.

Lantana camara. eaten, and is in fact edible when ripe.## Uses."Lantana camara" stalks have been used in the construction of furniture, such as chairs and tables; however, the main uses have historically been medicinal and ornamental.## Medicinal value.Studies conducted in India have found that "Lantana" leaves can display antimicrobial, fungicidal and insecticidal properties. "L. camara" has also been used in traditional herbal medicines for treating a variety of ailments, including cancer, skin itches, leprosy, chicken pox, measles, asthma and ulcers."L. camara" extract has shown to reduce gastric ulcer development in rats.## Ornamental."Lantana camara" has been grown specifically for use as an ornamental.

Lantana camara. plant since Dutch explorers first brought it to Europe from the New World. Its ability to last for a relatively long time without water, and the fact that it does not have many pests or diseases which affect it, have contributed to it becoming a common ornamental plant. "L. camara" also attracts butterflies and birds and is frequently used in butterfly gardens. As an ornamental, "L. camara" is often cultivated indoors, or in a conservatory, in cool climates, but can also thrive in a garden with sufficient shelter.## As a host plant.Many butterfly species feed on the nectar of "L.

Lantana camara. camara." "Papilio homerus", the largest butterfly in the western hemisphere, is known to feed on the nectar of the flowers as an opportunistic flower feeder. A jumping spider, "Evarcha culicivora", has an association with "L. camara". They consume the nectar for food and preferentially use these plants as a location for courtship. USDA Forest service brochure Invasion of Exotic Weeds in the Natural Forests of Tropical India due to Forest Fire – A Threat to Biodiversity. International Forest Fire News. 2002.


Question: What is the spore print color of this plant?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Pluteus cervinus. fibres when seen through a lens, indicating that the microscopic cuticle structure is filamentous. The gills are initially white, but soon show a distinctive pinkish sheen, caused by the ripening spores. The stipe is 5–12 cm long and 0.5–2 cm in diameter, usually thicker at the base. It is white and covered with brown vertical fibrils. The flesh is soft and white. The mushroom has a mild to earthy radish smell and a mild taste at first, which may become slightly bitter.The spore size is approximately 8×5μ, and the individual spores are elliptical and smooth. The spore print is salmon-pink.