Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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Papilio troilus. Papilio troilus, the spicebush swallowtail or green-clouded butterfly, is a common black swallowtail butterfly found in North America. It has two subspecies, "Papilio troilus troilus" and "Papilio troilus ilioneus", the latter found mainly in the Florida peninsula. The spicebush swallowtail derives its name from its most common host plant, the spicebush, members of the genus "Lindera".The family to which spicebush swallowtails belong, Papilionidae, or swallowtails, include the largest butterflies in the world. The swallowtails are unique in that even while feeding, they continue to flutter their wings. Unlike other swallowtail butterflies, spicebushes fly low to the ground instead of at.

Papilio troilus. great heights.## Distribution and habitat.The spicebush swallowtail is found only in the eastern US and southern Ontario, but occasionally strays as far as the American Midwest, Cuba, Manitoba and Colorado. While still larvae, spicebush swallowtails remain on the leaf of the plant on which they were laid. As adults, the butterflies do not limit their flight geographically and instead are motivated mostly by availability of water and nectar and mates within the species' range.This primarily black swallowtail is normally found in deciduous woods or woody swamps, where they can be found flying low and fast through shaded areas. Females tend.

Papilio troilus. to stay in open plains, while males are typically found in swamp areas.## "Papilio troilus troilus".The more widespread subspecies of spicebush swallowtail is prevalent throughout the Eastern United States, from New England to Wisconsin, west to Illinois, Wisconsin, North Dakota and Nebraska. It also abounds in Texas and Colorado. Temperature may be a limiting factor for the spread of "P. t. troilus", as in experimental conditions, they do not fare well at or above 36 °C (97 °F) nor are they capable of flourishing at or below 14 °C (57 °F) .## "Papilio troilus ilioneus".The smaller subspecies of "P. troilus.

Papilio troilus. is confined to the Southeastern coastal United States, namely throughout Florida and along coastal Georgia and in places in Texas.## Description.## "P. t. troilus".Typically, the wingspan of a spicebush swallowtail ranges from 3 to 4 (in). Adults are primarily black/brown in color, with a trademark green-blue (male) or bright blue (female) splotch in the shape of a half moon on the hindwings. The forewing has a border of cream-colored, oval spots. In the middle portion of the wing, the spots can be moon shaped and a light blue in color. Both sexes have cream-yellow moon-shaped spots on the edges of.

Papilio troilus. the hindwings and a bright orange color spot at the base of the wings. In females, the orange spot at the base of the wings will turn a greenish-white shade in summer, but not the spring.On the underside of the hindwing, there will be a dual row of orange spots, which distinguishes it from the pipevine swallowtail, which only has a single row of spots. In between these rows, there is more blue or green coloring.## "P. t. ilioneus".The distinguishing difference in color between the two subspecies is evident where the spots, which are blue in color on the hindwing.

Papilio troilus. of the "P. t. troilus," are more yellow in color in "P. t. ilioneus". Additionally, splashes of blue can trail all the way down the tail of "P. t. ilioneus".## Ecology.The host plants of the spicebush swallowtail are most commonly either spicebush ("Lindera benzoin") or white sassafras ("Sassafras albidum"). Other possible host plants include prickly ash ("Zanthoxylum"), as well as tulip tree ("Liriodendron tulipifera"), sweetbay ("Magnolia virginiana"), camphor ("Cinnamomum camphora") and redbay ("Persea borbonia"). Redbay and swampbay ("Persea palustris") are the primary host plants for members of the "P. t. ilioneus" strain, while spicebush and sassafras as the primary hosts.

Papilio troilus. for "P. t. troilus". However, when given the choice between spicebush and sassafras, the "P. t. troilus" showed no significant preference for either.Additionally, "P. t. ilioneus" live only on redbay because that is the primary host plant within the Southern range. However, in a test of "P. t. troilus" and "P. t. ilioneus" on redbay, sassafras and spicebush, although the "P. t. ilioneus" had higher growth and survival rates on redbay than the "P. t. troilus", as a holistic group, both subspecies performed better on sassafras or spicebush over time.In general, spicebush swallowtails tend to stick to plants that are.

Papilio troilus. members of the family Lauraceae. The preference for Lauraceae is so consistent among spicebush swallowtails that under experimental conditions, when placed in an environment with leaves other than Lauraceae, "P. troilus" died without eating anything. This fact is especially noteworthy because Lauraceae are distantly related to the host plants of other species that are food for "Papilio" caterpillars. The fact that spicebush swallowtails live and feed primarily on Lauraceae only is noteworthy also because most other varieties of swallowtail butterflies are nowhere near as specific. Part of the reason for the selective nature of "P. troilus" and host plants may.

Papilio troilus. have to do with the requirement of positive stimuli to confirm that a plant is Lauraceae among "P. troilus" before they will feed on it, while "P. glaucus", for example, will at once try to feed on any plant presented to it.The insistence on feeding primarily on Lauraceae has its advantages for spicebush swallowtails. They are able to feed two to four times more adeptly and efficiently on Lauraceae than "P. glaucus" on the same plant, for example, who feed on Lauraceae as well as other types of plants. In addition, there has not been any other Lepidoptera species which.

Papilio troilus. feeds as efficiently as the "P. troilus" on spicebush.However, none of the host plants of "Papilio troilus" occur throughout the full range of the spicebush swallowtail. As stated above, the "P. t. ilioneus" strain, found in Florida, mostly feeds on redbay, while "P. t. troilus" feeds on either sassafras or spicebush. In a study, it was found that those spicebush swallowtails that normally feed on redbay did not grow as well on spicebush or sassafras during the first instar of development, while all insects studied grew better throughout the larval period on sassafras or spicebush. In addition, the "P. t.

Papilio troilus. ilioneus" strain was typically larger in size than the "P. t. troilus".In a recent study, 3-"trans"-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid was found to be the substance that compelled spicebush swallowtails to lay their eggs on members of Lauraceae. However, 3-"trans"-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid is a component of the extract from sassafras plants but not from spicebush, redbay or camphor tree, the other top three host plants of spicebush swallowtails. This substance is not necessarily itself the stimulant but instead activates another as yet unknown compound that thus compels the spicebush swallowtail to lay eggs. Thus, this substance may hold the link for why some spicebush.

Papilio troilus. swallowtails prefer to lay eggs on sassafras rather than spicebush. In addition, 3-"trans"-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid is a member of a family of acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, which are present in oviposition stimulants for some members of all five families of swallowtail butterflies. Hydroxycinnamic acids are also present in the extracts from host plants for two other species within the genus "Papilio": the black swallowtail butterfly, "P. polyxenes", and "P. protenor". Thus, hydroxycinnamic acids may help explain why many types of swallowtails choose to oviposit on the plants that they choose.## Food sources.Spicebush swallowtails gain sustenance from eight major sources. Joe-Pye weed, jewelweed,.

Papilio troilus. and honeysuckle are favorite sources of nectar for the adults. They have also been known to drink nectar from lantanas, as well as thistles, milkweeds, azalea, dogbane, mimosa, and sweet pepperbush.## Life cycle.When female swallowtails decide which leaf to oviposit on, they frequently will drum their forelegs toward a leaf to identify it. Their forelegs have chemoreceptors located in the foretarsi that assess the chemical makeup of the leaf and use that information to decide if it is an acceptable spot. In general, females have shorter and denser sensilla on their forelegs than males, which may be a result of.

Papilio troilus. their having to sustain frequent heavy strokes.The eggs of the spicebush swallowtail are greenish white in color, are fairly large and are laid one or two at a time on a spicebush leaf. Once hatched, the young larvae chew through the leaf from the edge to the midrib, about of an inch (19 mm) from the tip of the leaf. The larva lies on the midrib and exudes silk. Upon drying, the silk contracts and causes the leaf to fold up around the larva to form a shelter. At first, young larvae are brownish. The brown color of the larvae.

Papilio troilus. is independent of leaf color and will occur even on a green leaf. A folded leaf serves as the home for the young larvae. During the day, the larvae remain in the shelter so as to avoid predators and come out at night to feed. Additionally, if larvae are disturbed while rolled up in the leaf, they emit a foul-smelling substance.When these larvae reach later stages, they turn greenish yellow before pupating. Older larvae live in a leaf, rolled up and lined with silk and held together by a line of silk. In order to pupate, the larvae will leave.

Papilio troilus. the shelter and find the underside of a leaf near the ground to do so. Upon discovery of a suitable leaf, the larvae begin the pupating process by emitting silk from their salivary glands, which helps attach the larvae to the branch or leaf. Then the larvae turn around while still emitting silk, which creates a "safety harness" for the pupating process. At the end of the pupating process, the larvae have become pupae which are either brown (winter) or green (summer).The practice of turning either brown in winter or green in summer is called seasonal polyphenism. Because the color.

Papilio troilus. of the pupa reflects the color of the deciduous host plants, since the leaves will turn brown in winter and green in summer. Even in cases where the leaves are not yet brown, the pupa appear to turn that color in anticipation of the changing colors.Roughly three generations of spicebush swallowtails occur each year. Most develop into adults throughout the range between the months of February and November. The entire development process from egg to adult takes about a month. Once they have reached the adult stage, "Papilio troilus" can live anywhere from two days to two weeks dependent on.

Papilio troilus. resource availability and predator avoidance.## Feeding behavior.Spicebush swallowtails (along with "P. palamedes") are able to thermoregulate their thoraxes better than other "Papilio" species, perhaps due to their darker body and wing color. This allows them to fly and feed at lower temperatures than their counterparts.## Social behavior.Spicebush swallowtails often engage in "puddling", a type of behavior which occurs while adults are flying in search of food or mates. Puddling reflects the fact that while engaging in either feeding or mating behavior, i.e. when they are away from home, spicebush swallowtails tend to stay in groups. These groupings are typically located.

Papilio troilus. on the banks of water, such as sandy or moist ridges. When puddling in these groups, the "Papilio troilus" will extract moisture from the soil or sand near the water.## Mating behavior.In general, both sexes will copulate with several mates during mating season. However, each time a female mates, she becomes less likely to mate again.One key known form of communication among spicebush swallowtails occurs during mating. Visual cues are important for males to find females, and courtship displays can be elaborate. While these courtship displays occur, the female and male are often in contact, which is likely a way.

Papilio troilus. for them to relay information to one another. Additionally, the male butterfly will typically emit pheromones around the female butterfly and the female will use her scent to make her decision about mating.Females can often be found outside the treeline, in areas of direct sun. This may be due to the fact that these areas are in direct sunlight, which allows for higher thoracic temperatures. Males are less concerned with direct sunlight during mating because their thoracic temperature rises while performing vigorous courtship dances. Males may perform these courtship dances both to females perched on host plants as well as.

Papilio troilus. those flying freely.## Parental care.Once eggs are laid, formal parental care ceases among spicebush swallowtails. Larvae do have a nutrient-rich egg, which keeps them well fed during the developmental period. Also, as noted above, females are very particular about host plant choice that aids in the success of egg development.## Predators and avoidance.## Predators.When threatened, a spicebush swallowtail butterfly exudes red drops of a foul-smelling liquid. Its many predators include birds, spiders, robber flies, and dragonflies. All of these creatures will try to eat both adult spicebush swallowtail butterflies and youthful larvae.## Mimicry.The spicebush swallowtail's major form of predator avoidance.

Papilio troilus. is through mimicry. Both subspecies and sexes of "Papilio troilus" have the ability to perform mimicry both as a larva and as an adult.## Larval mimicry.As larvae, spicebush swallowtails have two stages of mimicry. While the larvae are in the early stages, they are dark brown and thus appear to resemble bird droppings, which encourages predators to leave them alone. When the larvae have progressed to their fourth and last instar and are nearly ready to pupate, they turn a yellow-green color and are marked by two large black dots with a white highlight. The placement of these dots on.

Papilio troilus. the swollen thorax creates the illusion that the caterpillars are common green snakes. Mimicking snakes help the caterpillars to ward off predators, specifically birds. The caterpillar spicebush swallowtails enhance the physical resemblance behaviorally, as they have been observed to "rear up and retract the actual caterpillar head."The osmeterium of the caterpillar also helps to enhance the resemblance to a snake. When attacked, the larvae will expose the osmeterium, a Y-shaped organ typically folded up within the caterpillar. For many spicebush swallowtails, the osmeterium is red, thus creating the illusion of a snake tongue and even further enhancing the disguise.## Adult.

Papilio troilus. mimicry.Adult spicebush swallowtails practice another type of mimicry, as they resemble the pipevine swallowtail ("Battus philenor"), a foul-tasting butterfly. Each of the sexes are able to exhibit mimicry of "B. philenor" successfully, even though the brighter-blue color on female wings is a little more vibrant than the pipevine swallowtail's coloring. As they themselves are not unpalatable and the pipevine are, this is an example of Batesian mimicry. If predators know that the pipevine swallowtail has a foul taste, they are unlikely to eat it and also unlikely to eat the spicebush swallowtail. There are other adult butterflies which mimic the.

Papilio troilus. poisonous "B. philenor", including "P. polyxenes", "P. glaucus, C. promethea" and "L. astyanax", but "P. troilus" most closely resembles it. However, "P. troilus" has a greater physical resemblance to the other mimics than it does to "B. philenor".Besides mimicry, another form of predator avoidance for spicebush swallowtails is the "club-like extensions from their hind-wings." An attack from a predator focused on the "false head" will leave the butterfly itself unharmed, though with slightly damaged wings.Spicebush swallowtails, BugGuideMichael Gerber's caterpillar photoButterflies and Moths of North America from The Big Sky Institute at Montana State University and NBII Mountain Prairie Information NodeNorth.

Papilio troilus. American Butterfly Association images of adult spicebush swallowtailsOfficial state insects from NETSTATESpicebush swallowtail on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures websiteSpicebush swallowtail, Butterflies of Canada.


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Shell Centre. Road enclosed to enlarge the foyers. Textured paving in contrasting colours was installed to assist partially sighted pedestrians navigate the complex steps and ramps of the site, but also served to deter rough sleepers and skateboarders.## Construction.The Shell Centre was constructed by Sir Robert McAlpine between 1957 and 1962, to a design by Sir Howard Robertson, and the tower stands at 107 (m) with 27 storeys (26 numbered and a mezzanine level) and extends three storeys below ground. The tower was the first London office tower to exceed the height of the Victoria Tower of the Palace of Westminster.It replaced.


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Battersea Power Station. Battersea Power Station is a decommissioned Grade II* listed coal-fired power station, located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Nine Elms, Battersea, in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It was built by the London Power Company (LPC) to the design of Leonard Pearce, Engineer in Chief to the LPC, and CS Allott & Son Engineers. The architects were J. Theo Halliday and Giles Gilbert Scott. The station is one of the world's largest brick buildings and notable for its original, Art Deco interior fittings and decor.The building comprises two power stations, built in two stages, in a.

Battersea Power Station. day at 11 am.## Design and specification.Both of the stations were designed by a team of architects and engineers. The team was headed by Dr. Leonard Pearce, the chief engineer of the London Power Company, but a number of other notable engineers were also involved, including Henry Newmarch Allott, and T. P. O'Sullivan who was later responsible for the Assembly Hall at Filton. J. Theo Halliday was employed as architect, with Halliday & Agate Co. employed as a sub-consultant. Halliday was responsible for the supervision and execution of the appearance of the exterior and interior of the building. Architect Sir.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Gymnadenia conopsea. Gymnadenia conopsea, commonly known as the fragrant orchid or chalk fragrant orchid, is a herbaceous plant of the family Orchidaceae native to northern Europe.## Etymology.The name of the genus "Gymnadenia" is formed from Greek words (', "nude") and (', "gland") and refers to the characteristics of the organs for secreting nectar. The specific Latin name "conopsea" derives from the Greek ' ('), literally meaning "mosquito-like", probably because of the similarity of the long spur of the flower with the mouthparts of a mosquito.The scientific binomial name of this plant was initially "Orchis conopsea", proposed by the Swedish naturalist and botanist.

Gymnadenia conopsea. Gren. Rouy 1912 "Gymnadenia pyrenaica" Giraudias 1882 "Gymnadenia sibirica" Turcz. ex Lindl. 1835 "Gymnadenia splendida" Dworschak 2002 "Gymnadenia splendida subsp. odorata" Dworschak 2002 "Gymnadenia transsilvanica" Schur 1866 "Gymnadenia vernalis" Dworschak 2002 "Gymnadenia wahlenbergii" Afzel. ex Rchb.f. 1851 "Habenaria conopsea" (L.) Benth. (1880) "Habenaria gymnadenia" Druce 1897 "Orchis conopea" Gras 1862 "Orchis conopsea" L. 1753 "Orchis cornopica" Mill. 1768 "Orchis ornithis" Jacq. 1774 "Orchis peloria" Foucault ex Poir. 1816 "Orchis pseudoconopea" Gren. 1869 "Orchis pseudo-conopsea" Gren. 1865 "Orchis pseudoconopsea" J.Parm. 1894 "Orchis setacea" Gilib. 1792 "Orchis suaveolens" Salisb. 1796 "Satyrium conopseum" (L.) Wahlenb. 1826 Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia (3 voll.).


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Museum of the City of Skopje. Museum of the City of Skopje () () is a cultural institution located in Skopje, North Macedonia. Founded in 1949, it is located in a former railway station that was partly destroyed in the 1963 earthquake. The museum is home to permanent еxhibitions representing the history of Skopje, from the first recorded settlements around 3000 BC to present.Official Website.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Pelargonium peltatum. Pelargonium peltatum is a scrambling perennial plant with shallow or deeply five lobed, circular to heart-shaped, somewhat fleshy leaves, sometimes with a differently coloured semicircular band, that has been assigned to the cranesbill family. It carries umbel-like inflorescences with 2–10, white to mauve, bilateral symmetrical flowers, each with a "spur" that is merged with the flower stalk. It is known by several common names including ivy-leaved pelargonium and cascading geranium. It is native to southern and eastern South Africa. In its home range, it flowers year round but most vigorously from August to October.## Description.The ivy-leaved pelargonium is a perennial.

Pelargonium peltatum. plant that scrambles over the surrounding vegetation and its somewhat succulent, slender and smooth, 3–10 mm (0.12–0.40 in) thick stems can grow to a length of about 2 m (7 ft). The leaves are alternately arranged along the stem, but sometimes seem to be opposite. The leaves have broad oval to triangular stipules of about 7 mm (0.28 in) long and 4 mm (0.16 in) wide, a leaf stalk of ½–5½ cm (0.2–2.2 in) long, and a hairy or hairless, green to greyish green, sometimes with a differently colored semicircular band, more of less fleshy, circular to heart-shaped in outline,.

Pelargonium peltatum. on average 3 cm (1.2 in) long and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide (full range 1–6¾ cm × 1¾–8¾ cm). The leaf blade has five shallow or deeper sharp or blunt tipped lobes that spread radially from a point with an entire margin.## Flowers.The umbel-like inflorescences sit atop a stalk of about 6½ cm (2.6 in) long (full range 4–8½ cm) covered with long soft hairs to hairless. At the top of the inflorescence stalk are long, softly hairy, oval to lance-shaped bracts of about 3 mm (0.12 in) long and 2 mm (0.08 in) wide, which subtend two to.

Pelargonium peltatum. ten scentless flowers, each on a long softly hairy flower stalk of 1¾–5 mm (0.07–0.20 in) long. The long, softly hairy floral tube, which is somewhat difficult to distinguish from the flower stalk, is on average 3 cm (1.2 in) long (full range 2–4¼ cm). The five free, purple to light green sepals are lance-shaped, covered in long, soft hairy on the surface facing out, on average 11 mm (0.44 in) long (full range 7½–14 mm). The five free petals are spade-shaped, and whitish, pale pink, pinkish mauve or mauve in colour. The two upper petals sometimes have purple markings,.

Pelargonium peltatum. curve back at an approximate angle of 90° and are on average 21 mm (0.85 in) long and 9 mm (0.35 in) wide (full range 15–27 mm × 6–12 mm). The three lower petals curve back slightly and are on average 17 mm (0.65 in) long and 6 mm (0.25 in) wide (full range 13½–21 mm × 3½–7½ mm). The ten filaments are merged into a tube of about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, the free parts of the filaments varying in length within the same flower, between 2 and 11 mm (0.08–0.45 in) long. Only five to seven of.

Pelargonium peltatum. the filaments carry a purple, about 2 mm long anther, even in freshly opened flowers (anthers are quickly lost), the upper two on much shorter filaments. The woolly hairy ovary is about 4 mm (0.16 in) long that is topped by a hairy or hairless, about 5 mm (0.2 in) long style that carries five stigmas of about 3 mm (0.12 in) long. These female floral parts develop into a dry splitting fruit, the five parts each consisting of an approximately 7 mm (0.28 in) long, roughly hairy oval base and an about 3 cm (1.2 in) long tail. The.

Pelargonium peltatum. bases of these mericarps each contain one hairless, brown, ellipse-shaped seed of about 5 mm long and 2 mm in diameter."P. peltatum" has nine homologous sets of chromosomes (2x=18).## Taxonomy.The ivy-leaved pelargonium was first described by Carl Linnaeus, based on a specimen that was growing in the garden of George Clifford III, in his 1753 groundbreaking book "Species Plantarum", and he named it "Geranium peltatum". When Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle erected a new genus, "Pelargonium", in William Aiton’s book "Hortus Kewensis", published in 1789, he reassigned the species and made the new combination "P. peltatum". Later, in 1792, L'Héritier.

Pelargonium peltatum. also described a comparable form and named it "Pelargonium lateripes". In 1796, the English botanist Richard Anthony Salisbury renamed "P. lateripes" to "P. hederaefolium", which is therefore a superfluous name. Henry Cranke Andrews in the first volume of his monography of the genus "Geranium", that was published in 1805, distinguished "P. peltatum" var. "variegatum", as well as "G. hederinum" var. "flore albo" and var. "variegatum". In volume 2 that came out in 1806, he added "P. peltatum" var. "superbum" and "G. hederinum" var. "zonales". In his study "Geraniaceae", Robert Sweet, described two forms that he called "P. scutellatum" and "P.

Pelargonium peltatum. pinquifolium", although he suggested the latter may have been a hybrid. In 1824, Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in his magnum opus "Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis" described "P. lateripes" var. "albomarginatum" and var. "walneri", as well as "P. peltatum" var. "zonatum". In the same year, Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg made a description of "P. glabrum". Sweet described in 1826 three more forms in his "Hortus Brittanicus", which he named "P. lateripes" var. "roseus", var. "viridifolium" and var. "zonation". In 1835, Christian Friedrich Ecklon and Karl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher created a new genus, "Dibrachya", which they had based on the section that.

Pelargonium peltatum. Sweet had erected earlier, and made the new combinations "D. peltata", "D. scutellata" and "D. clypeata". Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel moved the latter to "Pelargonium" creating "P. clypeatum". William Henry Harvey in the 1860 "Flora Capensis" made the new combinations "P. peltatum" var. "scutellatum", var. "clypeatum" and var. "glabrum". Jean Baptiste Saint-Lager changed the name of "P. lateripes" to "P. lateripedatum", a superfluous name in 1880. In 1890, Robert Brown (R.Br.ter) described "P. saxifragoides". Otto Kuntze erected the genus "Geraniospermum" and made the new combination "Geraniospermum peltatum" in 1891. As part of his extensive 1912 treatment of several plant families,.

Pelargonium peltatum. Reinhard Gustav Paul Knuth described a form from Pondoland as "P. bachmannii". Maria Olivier and J.J.A. van der Walt in 1984 considered the ivy-leaved pelargonium a pluriform species which includes plants that differ in the degree of succulence of the stems and leaves, the shape (circular or heart-shaped), the deepness of the incisions between the lobes, and the presence of a differently colored band in the leafblade. They conclude that several names correspond to garden hybrids, i.e. "P. hederinum" and its varieties "flore albo", "variegatum" and "zonale", "P. lateripes" var. "roseum", "viridiflorum" and "zonation", "P. peltatum" var. "superbum" and var.

Pelargonium peltatum. "variegatum", "P. saxifragoides" and finally "P. pinquifolium". The identity of "P. glabrum" and "P. bachmannii" could not be determined because a type could not be identified. The remaining forms all grade into each other, so these cannot be upheld as separate taxa and are all synonyms of "P. peltatum"."Pelargonium peltatum" has been assigned to the section "Ciconium". A study comparing homologous DNA indicates that the members of a group consisting of "P. acraeum", "P. ranunculophyllum", "P. alchemilloides", "P. multibracteatum", "P. tongaense", "P. barklyi", "P. articulatum", "P. frutetorum", "P. inquinans", "P. acetosum", "P. zonale", "P. aridum", "“P. socotrana”", "P. quinquelobatum" and.

Pelargonium peltatum. "P. peltatum" are most closely related.The scientific name of the species "peltatum" is derived from the Latin word "pelta", a small crescent-shaped shield, and means "shield-bearing", a reference to the shield-like leaves, since the leaf stalk is attached to the centre of the leaf blade. The common name in Afrikaans is "kolsuring" (meaning cabbage sorrel) and refers to acid sap of the plant.## Distribution, habitat and ecology.The ivy-leaved pelargonium natural distribution consists of parts of the Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Kwazulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces of South Africa. The species has escaped cultivation in climates somewhat comparable to South Africa including.

Pelargonium peltatum. in California, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Honduras, Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands, Spain and the Canary Islands, Portugal and the Azores Islands, France, Italy and Greece. It may behave rather weedy.In the wild, it clambers over shrubs on dry rocky hillsides or along the coast on well-drained soils.The caterpillars of the common geranium bronze ("Cacyreus marshalli"), of Dickson's geranium bronze ("C. dicksoni"), and of the water bronze ("C. tespis") eat the stems of pelargonium species. Carpenter bees may be important pollinators as these frequent the flowers.## Conservation.The ivy-leaved pelargonium is considered a species of least concern because of its large distribution.

Pelargonium peltatum. and stable population.## Cultivation.In 1700, Willem Adriaan van der Stel, Governor of the Cape Colony, introduced the ivy-leaved pelargonium to the Netherlands. Sir Francis Masson shipped the species to Great Britain in 1774. "P. peltatum" has been used to develop many garden hybrids that are called "ivy-leaved pelargoniums". The species and its hybrids can be very easily propagated through taking cuttings. It grows best on well drained substrates such as sandy or loamy soils, is not sensitive to soil acidity and is drought resistant, but it neither tolerates shading nor frost. The ivy-leaved pelargonium is cultivated on a large-scale for.

Pelargonium peltatum. landscaping and as an ornamental plant for use in gardens and containers, as well as being used as a houseplant.## Uses.The leaves of the ivy-leaved pelargonium can be eaten as a vegetable and have a tangy taste. A bluish textile dye can be made from the petals.Photographs of "Pelargonium peltatum.


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Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (also known as the Seven Wonders of the World or simply the Seven Wonders) is a list of seven notable structures present during classical antiquity. The first known list of seven wonders dates back to the 2nd–1st century BC.While the entries have varied over the centuries, the seven traditional wonders are the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis, the Statue of Zeus at Olympia, and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Using modern-day countries, two of the wonders were located.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. in Greece, two in Turkey, two in Egypt, and one in Iraq. Of the seven wonders, only the Pyramid of Giza, which is also by far the oldest of the wonders, still remains standing, with the others being destroyed over the centuries. There is scholarly debate over the exact nature of the Hanging Gardens, and there is doubt as to whether they existed at all. ## Background.Alexander the Great's conquest of much of the western world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians, Persians, and Babylonians. Impressed and captivated by the landmarks.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. including six of the present list (substituting the walls of Babylon for the Lighthouse of Alexandria):Another 2nd century BC writer, who, perhaps dubiously, identified himself as Philo of Byzantium, wrote a short account entitled "The Seven Sights of the World". The surviving manuscript is incomplete, missing its last pages. Still, from the preamble text, we can conclude that the list of seven sights exactly matches Antipater's (the preamble mentions the location of Halicarnassus, but the pages describing the seventh wonder, presumably the Mausoleum, are missing).Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus ( BC– BC) and the poet Callimachus of.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. with the exceptions being the Pyramids of Giza and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.## Influence.## Arts and architecture.The seven wonders on Antipater's list won praises for their notable features, ranging from superlatives of the highest or largest of their types, to the artistry with which they were executed. Their architectural and artistic features were imitated throughout the Hellenistic world and beyond.The Greek influence in Roman culture, and the revival of Greco-Roman artistic styles during the Renaissance caught the imagination of European artists and travellers. Paintings and sculptures alluding to Antipater's list were made, while significant numbers of adventurers travelled to.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

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Sympetrum illotum. Sympetrum illotum, the cardinal meadowhawk, is a species of skimmer in the dragonfly family Libellulidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, and South America.The IUCN conservation status of "Sympetrum illotum" is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.## Subspecies.These three subspecies belong to the species "Sympetrum illotum": "Sympetrum illotum gilvum" "Sympetrum illotum illotum" "Sympetrum illotum virgulum.


Question: Which place is this plant endemic to?

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Schizachyrium scoparium. Schizachyrium scoparium, commonly known as little bluestem or beard grass, is a species of North American prairie grass native to most of the contiguous United States (except California, Nevada, and Oregon) as well as a small area north of the Canada–US border and northern Mexico. It is most common in the Midwestern prairies and is one of the most abundant native plants in Texas grasslands.Little bluestem is a perennial bunchgrass and is prominent in tallgrass prairie, along with big bluestem ("Andropogon gerardi"), indiangrass ("Sorghastrum nutans") and switchgrass ("Panicum virgatum"). It is a warm-season species, meaning it employs the C4 photosynthetic.

Schizachyrium scoparium. pathway.## Description.Little bluestem grows to become an upright, roundish mound of soft, bluish-green or grayish-green blades in May and June that is about two to three feet high. In July, it initiates flowering stalks, which reach four to five feet in height. In fall, it displays a coppery or mostly orange color with tints of red or purple. Sometimes it displays in some places, as in sandy soils, a redder fall color. It becomes a more orangish-bronze in winter until early spring, when it becomes more tan.## Cultivation.It is recommended for USDA zones 3 to 10.The plant grows best in.

Schizachyrium scoparium. full sun and on well-drained soils. It can be dug up and divided in spring, as many other perennials, for propagation or to reduce the size of an old, big plant. It can be burned in late winter or early spring in a prairie or meadow before new growth, like many American prairie grasses (big bluestem, Indian-grass, and switchgrass), which burn quickly and cleanly.## Cultivars.A number of cultivars have been developed. 'Carousel' is a compact form with especially good fall color developed by Chicagoland Grows. 'The Blues' is a selection that has bluer foliage. 'Standing Ovation' is a tight, upright.

Schizachyrium scoparium. form with bluer and thicker blades and sturdier stems.## Subdivisions.One variety, var. "littorale", is native to the eastern and southern coastal strip of the United States, as well as the shores of the Great Lakes. It is adapted to sand dune habitat, and is sometimes considered a separate species, "S. littorale".## Culture.Little bluestem is the official state grass of Nebraska and Kansas.## Ecology.Little bluestem is drought tolerant, and is a larval host to the cobweb skipper, common wood nymph, crossline skipper, Dakota skipper, dusted skipper, Indian skipper, Leonard's skipper, Ottoe skipper, and swarthy skipper.Missouri Botanical Garden's Kemper Center for Home.


Question: What country does this building belong to?

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Port of Vigo. Port of Vigo (, ) located in Vigo, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain is the biggest fishing port in the world and one of the busiest in transportation. It is home of the world's largest fishing company, Pescanova. In 2008, unloaded fish reached 751971 (t).Vigo is the base for the big fishing companies which have prominent presence in countries such as Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique, Australia, Argentina, the Falkland Islands, Chile and Peru, among others. Fish is sent all over Spain and abroad to countries like Portugal, Italy, France and other more distant markets including Asia.In Vigo, important international trade fairs are.

Port of Vigo. held, like Conxemar, an annual event dedicated to frozen fish products. "Navalia shipbuilding Exhibition"takes place every second year.## History.The shipbuilding tradition begins in to the early Twentieth century, with the appearance of the first small steam fishing boats. One of these early models, known as the “Vigo type steamer” was very popular all around the coast of Spain and North Africa. Hundreds of this type were built.Another decisive moment of development was in the 1960s, when the new freezer trawlers, which revolutionised the fishing industry, were first built. Vigo shipyards have always been leaders in the field of fishing vessels.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Meycauayan Church. The Saint Francis of Assisi Parish Church, commonly known as the Meycauayan Church or Simbahan sa Bayan, is a Roman Catholic church located in Meycauayan, Philippines. It is one of the oldest parishes in Bulacan which even predates the Malolos Cathedral established in 1580 and the Barasoain Church established in 1859. It is also the province's largest parish with an estimated population of about 80,000 parishioners. The church is the seat of the vicariate of St. Francis of Assisi in the Diocese of Malolos.## History.## Parish foundation.The parish was founded in 1578 by Fr. Juan de Plasencia and Fr. Diego.

Meycauayan Church. de Oropeza, the first batch of Franciscan priests to reach the Philippines in 1577. They built a small church made of nipa thatch and bamboo in a small area called "Sitio Torril", which is now part of Brgy. Bahay Pare in Meycauayan. The church was blown by a typhoon in 1588.The Franciscans also brought a wooden missionary cross when they arrived in Meycauayan, similar to Magellan's Cross. The cross was later found to be in the possession of a resident of Brgy. Bahay Pare. [The cross, now known as The Cross of Sitio Torril, is probably the oldest known religious.

Meycauayan Church. relic in Meycauayan. Every October 4 during the feast day of the town's patron saint, Saint Francis of Assisi, this cross is brought from Brgy. Bahay Pare to the parish church for public veneration.]## Transfer to the second site.A request was made to build a stone church, and on November 16, 1588, Dr. Santiago de Vera, made justified by such request, instantly dispatch Secretary Gaspar de Azebo to Christoval de Asquera, Mayor of the Province of Meycauayan. By the order of St. Pedro Bautista, it was transferred to a place called Lagolo, by R. P. Fr. Antonio de Nombela, Minister.

Meycauayan Church. of the town. In 1589, by the decree of the "Superior Govierno", a church made up mainly of adobe (volcanic tuff) was built. The said church was the place of worship of Meycaueños until 1668.## Present location.The church was transferred to its site in the present "poblacion" (town center) due to the attacks of the native Aetas. In 1668, Fray Nicolas Santiago started the construction of the stone church that measured "sixty yards long by wide twelve and a half wide" (60 by 12.5 (yd) The church also served as one of the prototypes of city planning in accordance to.

Meycauayan Church. the Spanish government's reduccion policy; Meycauayan was among the first towns in the colony that has the parish church and the city or municipal hall adjacent to each other, if not housed within the same vicinity. The construction of the present convent was started in 1731 by Fr. Juan Francisco de San Antonio. It was continued by Fray Miguel de San Bernardo and was completed in 1739 under the administration of Fray Jose Sellez. It was described as the best convent among the Franciscan Province of St. Gregory the Great. In 1784, the wooden portions of the church were replaced.

Meycauayan Church. with hewn-stones by Fray Jose Cantos.In 1800, the bell tower was constructed by order of Fr. Francisco Gascueña, OFM. The said tower is one of the two of its kind in the Philippines with a large arch bridge connecting the church and the tower. The tower belfry housed five bells named "Maria Concepcion", the biggest, which was made by order of Fr. Antonio de Guadalajara in 1878; the "San Francisco", dedicated to the town's patron saint made by the order of Fr. Juan Fernandez in 1881; "San Jose", the smallest made by the order of Fr. Francisco Gascuena; and two.

Meycauayan Church. others.As a result of a furious typhoon, the entire town got flooded in 1802, causing much damages that the value of a sack of rice reached four pesos with four "reales" the following year. After this crisis, Fr. Gascueña managed to construct the narthex (an arch made of stone sustaining the choir) in 1804. Through the span of thirty-one years, Fr. Gascueña has showed all the kind virtues and charity to the poor, to whom he never denied alms whether they may be their parishioner or from other towns. He died in Meycauayan on November 18, 1831 and was buried.

Meycauayan Church. beneath the main altar of the church.Under the direction of Rev. Fr. Balbino de Consuerga, all wooden parts were renovated in 1832. The sacristy was constructed and over it, a spacious hall was added followed by other useful improvements year after year until 1850 when Fr. Benito de Madridejos took over the church and carried the work of his predecessor the best way possible. In 1851, Fr. Benito conducted repairs on several damages inside the church and commissioned a new main altarpiece. In 1853, the convent underwent repairs on which several parts were converted as the Parochial School.A cemetery gate.

Meycauayan Church. was constructed in 1880. The church-convent complex was seriously damaged by a strong typhoon in 1882.## Secularization.The first native clergyman to be assigned as parish priest in Meycauayan was Fr. Esteban Daez, a native of Polo, Obando, Bulacan. He was a coadjutor priest in 1892 before he became the "cura parroco interino" (interim parish priest) from 1898 to 1900.## American occupation.Both the Meycauayan Church and convent were occupied and became the temporary headquarters of the American soldiers in May 1899 after it was captured from the Filipinos revolutionaries during the Philippine–American War. Some of the church possessions were believed destroyed.

Meycauayan Church. or looted during their stay in the church complex. Following its return to the Catholic Church in 1903, a claim was filed by the Catholic Church in the Philippines to be paid by the United States of America regarding the church properties occupied, damaged or otherwise destroyed by American troops from 1899 to 1903 that amounted to 2,200 pesos with a monthly rental of 50 pesos for the convent-turned-to-headquarters.## Post War.During World War II, the church survived destruction unlike the churches in Manila. In 1946, then future President Diosdado Macapagal and former Dr. Evangelina Macaraeg were wed at the church.

Meycauayan Church. in 1946.The church was destroyed by a massive fire in 1949, known as the "Great Fire of Meycauayan". Artifacts such as old memorabilia, statues, church vestments, records, ciboriums and chalices are some of the casualties of the fire. The "retablo" in the spanish colonial style was destroyed. Only a few church items including the tabernacle were saved from the fire. It was saved from destruction by Fr. Jorge Capistrano (currently on display at the parish museum). After its destruction, a committee was formed for the reconstruction of the present church by the priests together with Anselmo de Leon as its.

Meycauayan Church. head, which campaigned for donations and help from the people for the church's restoration.In 1984 one year after Former Senator Ninoy Aquino's assassination, the church became the refuge of political activist when the marchers commemorating the anniversary of Ninoy's untimely death in a political march called "Tarlac-to-Tarmac" were prevented from entering Metro Manila by the Philippine military with a barricade on MacArthur Highway, between Meycauayan and Valenzuela towns. Support for the marchers snowballed from the residents of Meycauayan and the nearby towns, and the marchers were given an invitation to stay in the Church during the standoff. With the outpouring.

Meycauayan Church. of support for the marchers, the former strongman President Marcos finally allowed the marchers to proceed to the Manila International Airport, the final destination of the march after a day of waiting. In hindsight, it was a small victory for the Filipinos from the former dictator, a precursor of the People Power Revolution.The church recently had its interior walls restored and its sanctuary renovated recreating the neoclassic altarpiece of Fr. Benito Madridejos under the term of Rev. Msgr. Adalberto G. Vergara, P.C. The church and its altar was solemnly dedicated by Dennis C. Villarojo, D.D., Bishop of Malolos on November.

Meycauayan Church. 30, 2020.## Meycauayan bells.The Meycauayan bells are hand bells from the Saint Francis Church that was lost during the Philippine–American War. The altar bell are two bells connected by a hard block of dark wood with a handle on top. It is approximately 10 (in) long and about 3.5 (in) wide. The 5 (lb) bells were believed taken as war booty from the Mercauayan Church, after it was captured and headquartered by the Americans. A paper note with inscription is attached to the wooden block of the bells that reads: “Taken from the Church at MEYCAUAYAN, Luczon (sic) Islands after.

Meycauayan Church. bombardment by Utah Battery March 29, 1899. By P.O. Thomas, Co. A Battalion of Engineers.”The bells were found by archivist Monte Kniffen of the Sisters of Mercy in Omaha, Nebraska in July 2011 among a set of properties that were originally in the possession of their convent in Red Bluff, California. It was not known who gave the bells to the said convent, but Kniffen said that perhaps a small museum or a family could have turned it over to the convent after noting that they were church bells.On Oct. 8, 2011, the Consul General to Chicago, Leo M. Herrera-Lim,.

Meycauayan Church. and his wife traveled to Omaha to formally receive the artifact from Sister Judith Frikker, President of the Sisters of Mercy West Midwest Community. Foreign Affairs Secretary Albert Del Rosario turned over the Philippine–American War artifact to Director Jeremy Barns of the National Museum of the Philippines on March 9, 2012. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos received the bells on August 6, 2012 and became part of the Diocesan Museum.Huerta, Fr. Felix (1865). "Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico-religioso de la santa y apostólica provincia de S. Gregorio Magno". Imprenta de N. Sanchez, Binondo, Manila."N. S. P. SAN FRANCISCO DE.

Meycauayan Church. ASIS: Kasaysayan ng Buhay Pananampalataya ng Meycauayan" by Ronaldo Dionisio, Guiguinto Printing Press, Guiguinto, Bulacan, (2008).


Question: Which place is this animal endemic to?

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Common brushtail possum. The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula, from the Greek for "furry tailed" and the Latin for "little fox", previously in the genus "Phalangista") is a nocturnal, semiarboreal marsupial of the family Phalangeridae, native to Australia and naturalised in New Zealand, and the second-largest of the possums.Like most possums, the common brushtail possum is nocturnal. It is mainly a folivore, but has been known to eat small mammals such as rats. In most Australian habitats, eucalyptus leaves are a significant part of the diet, but rarely the sole item eaten. Its tail is prehensile and naked on its lower underside. The.

Common brushtail possum. four colour variations are silver-grey, brown, black, and gold.It is the Australian marsupial most often seen by city dwellers, as it is one of few that thrive in cities and a wide range of natural and human-modified environments. Around human habitations, common brushtails are inventive and determined foragers with a liking for fruit trees, vegetable gardens, and kitchen raids.The common brushtail possum was introduced to New Zealand in the 1850s to establish a fur industry, but in the mild subtropical climate of New Zealand, and with few to no natural predators, it thrived to the extent that it became a.

Common brushtail possum. and ecology.## Range and habitat.The common brushtail possum is perhaps the most widespread marsupial of Australia. It is found throughout the eastern and northern parts of the continent, as well as some western regions, Tasmania and a number of offshore islands, such as Kangaroo Island and Barrow Island. It is also widespread in New Zealand since its introduction in 1850. The common brushtail possum can be found in a variety of habitats, such as forests, semi-arid areas and even cultivated or urban areas. It is mostly a forest inhabiting species, however it is also found in treeless areas. In New.

Common brushtail possum. Zealand, possums favour broadleaf-podocarp near farmland pastures. In southern beech forests and pine plantations, possums are less common. Overall, brushtail possums are more densely populated in New Zealand than in their native Australia. This may be because Australia has more fragmented eucalypt forests and more predators. In Australia, brushtail possums are threatened by humans, tiger quolls, dogs, foxes, cats, goannas, carpet snakes, and powerful owls. In New Zealand, brushtail possums are threatened only by humans and cats. The IUCN highlight the population trend in Australia as decreasing.## Food and foraging.The common brushtail possum can adapt to numerous kinds of vegetation.

Common brushtail possum. New Zealand use many more den sites than those from Australia. Brushtail possums compete with each other and other animals for den spaces, and this contributes to their mortality. This is likely another reason why brushtail possum population densities are smaller in Australia than in New Zealand. Brushtail possums are usually not aggressive towards each other and usually just stare with erect ears. They vocalise with clicks, grunts, hisses, alarm chatters, guttural coughs, and screeching.## Reproduction and life history.The common brushtail possum can breed at any time of the year, but breeding tends to peak in spring, from September to.

Common brushtail possum. November, and in autumn, from March to May, in some areas. Mating is promiscuous and random; some males can sire several young in a season, while over half sire none. In one Queensland population, males apparently need a month of consorting with females before they can mate with them. Females have a gestation period of 16–18 days, after which they give birth to single young. A newborn brushtail possum is only 1.5 cm long and weighs only 2 g. As usual for marsupials, the newborn may climb, unaided, through the female's fur and into the pouch and attach to a.

Common brushtail possum. from which they may be forcibly ejected. In New Zealand's Ōrongorongo population, female young have been found to continue to associate with their mothers after weaning, and some inherit the prime den sites. A possible competition exists between mothers and daughters for dens, and daughters may be excluded from a den occupied by the mother. In forests with shortages of den sites, females apparently produce more sons, which do not compete directly for den sites, while in forests with plentiful den sites, female young are greater in number.## Relationship with humans.The common brushtail possum is considered a pest in some.

Common brushtail possum. areas, as it is known to cause damage to pine plantations, regenerative forest, flowers, fruit trees, and buildings. Like other possums, it is rather tolerant of humans and can sometimes be hand fed, although it is not encouraged, as their claws are quite sharp and can cause infection or disease to humans if scratched. It is a traditional food source for some indigenous Australians.## Australia.Its fur has been considered valuable and has been harvested. Although once hunted extensively for its fur in Australia, the common brushtail possum is now protected in mainland states, but it has only been partially protected.

Common brushtail possum. South Australia, they are fully protected and permits are required for trapping possums in human residences or for keeping or rescuing sick or injured wild possums and other native animals. In Queensland, they can only be trapped by licensed commercial relocators who must release possums within 25 metres of the point of capture to ensure that an animal is not released into another possum's home range (possums are less likely to survive if they are released into a new area where they do not have access to a den or must compete with a neighbouring possum for den space).## New.

Common brushtail possum. Zealand.Since its introduction from Australia by European settlers in the 1850s, the common brushtail possum has become a major threat to New Zealand native forests and birds. It is also a host for the highly contagious bovine tuberculosis. (This is not an issue in Australia, where the disease has been eradicated.)By the 1980s, the peak population had reached an estimated 60–70 million, but is now down to an estimated 30 million due to control measures. The New Zealand Department of Conservation controls possum numbers in many areas via the aerial dropping of 1080-laced bait. Hunting is not restricted, but the.

Common brushtail possum. population seems to be stable despite the annual killing of thousands of the animals.Marsh, K. J., Wallis, I. R., & Foley, W. J. (2003). The effect of inactivating tannins on the intake of Eucalyptus foliage by a specialist Eucalyptus folivore ("Pseudocheirus peregrinus") and a generalist herbivore ("Trichosurus vulpecula"). "Australian Journal of Zoology, 51", 41–42.Blog.forestandbird.org.nzBrushtail possumLandcare Research NZCommon brushtail possum ("Trichosurus vulpecula") at ARKivePossumBase.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

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Common wood-nymph. The common wood-nymph ("Cercyonis pegala") is a North American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is also known as the wood-nymph, grayling, blue-eyed grayling, and the goggle eye.## Description.The common wood-nymph can vary greatly. All individuals are brown with two eyespots on each forewing – the lower one often being larger than the upper one. Some may have many, few, or no eyespots on the ventral surface of the hindwing. In the southeastern part of its range, it has a large yellow patch on both surfaces of the forewing. In the western part of its range, it may have a.

Common wood-nymph. pale yellow patch or may be lacking one. Individuals in the Northeast also lack the yellow patch, i.e., "C. p. nephele". In individuals with no yellow patch, there are two pale yellow eye rings that encircle both the forewing eyespots. The wingspan measures 5.3 to 7.3 cm (2.1 to 2.9 in).## Subspecies.The following subspecies are recognized:"Cercyonis pegala abbotti" "Cercyonis pegala alope" – Texas"Cercyonis pegala ariane" – Oregon, Utah"Cercyonis pegala blanca" "Cercyonis pegala boopis" – British Columbia"Cercyonis pegala damei" "Cercyonis pegala ino" – prairies"Cercyonis pegala nephele" – northern Canada and US"Cercyonis pegala olympus" "Cercyonis pegala pegala" - eastern US"Cercyonis pegala stephensi.

Common wood-nymph. "Cercyonis pegala texana" – Texas"Cercyonis pegala wheeleri" ## Similar species.In the western part of the common wood-nymph's range, there are a few similar species. The Great Basin wood-nymph ("Cercyonis sthenele") and the small wood-nymph ("Cercyonis oetus") are smaller, and the lower forewing eyespot is smaller than the upper one. Mead's wood-nymph ("Cercyonis meadii") has a bright red-orange area on the ventral forewing.## Range and distribution.The common wood-nymph ranges from Nova Scotia and Quebec west to northern British Columbia south to northern California southeast to Texas and east to northern Florida.## Habitat.The common wood-nymph is found in a variety of open.


Question: Who are the structure engineers of this building?

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30 St Mary Axe. Tower were dropped, 30 St Mary Axe was designed by Norman Foster and the Arup Group. It was erected by Skanska; construction started in 2001.The building has become a recognisable landmark of London, and it is one of the city's most widely recognised examples of contemporary architecture. It won the 2003 Emporis Skyscraper Award.## Site and early plans.The building stands on the site of the former Baltic Exchange (24–28 St Mary Axe), which was the headquarters of a global marketplace for shipping freight contracts and soft commodities, and the Chamber of Shipping (30–32 St Mary Axe). The tower's topmost panoramic.

30 St Mary Axe. shafts pull warm air out of the building during the summer and warm the building in the winter using passive solar heating. The shafts also allow sunlight to pass through the building, making the work environment more pleasing, and keeping the lighting costs down.The primary methods for controlling wind-excited sways are to increase the stiffness, or increase damping with tuned/active mass dampers. To a design by Arup, its fully triangulated perimeter structure makes the building rigid enough without any extra reinforcements. Despite its overall curved glass shape, there is only one piece of curved glass on the building, the lens-shaped.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Tiarella. Tiarella, or foamflower, is a genus of wildflower and garden plants found in Asia and North America. They belong to the saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae). Some species are: "Tiarella cordifolia" (heartleaved foamflower) "Tiarella polyphylla" () (foamflower), Eastern Asia "Tiarella trifoliata" (laceflower, threeleaved foamflower), northwestern North AmericaMany hybrids are known and cultivated. The following have been given the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:"Tiarella" = 'Gowing'"Tiarella" 'Spring Symphony'"Tiarella cordifolia""Tiarella wherryi.


Question: Where is the starting point of this event.

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Kon-Tiki expedition. attempt to show a possible link between the civilization of ancient Egypt and the New World.## The voyage."Kon-Tiki" left Callao, Peru, on the afternoon of April 28, 1947. To avoid coastal traffic it was initially towed 50 (mi) out by the Peruvian Navy fleet tug "Guardian Rios", then sailed roughly west carried along on the Humboldt Current.On 2 July Heyerdahl writes about an encounter with a rogue wave; in his book he describes a "Three Sister" phenomenon: "During a night-shift with quiet seas appears an 'abnormal huge wave' followed by two more waves. The raft is being swept up and.

Kon-Tiki expedition. built in Constitución, Chile, leaving on April 13, 1958, towards Callao, then towards the Marquesas. It missed its target and after four months, the raft began to sink. The crew built a new smaller raft, the "Tahiti Nui III", in the ocean out of the more buoyant parts of the "Tahiti Nui II". They were swept towards Cook Islands where on August 30, the raft went aground and was wrecked at Rakahanga atoll. Éric de Bisschop died in this accident.## "Tangaroa" (1965).A Peruvian expedition led by Carlos Caravedo crossed the Pacific Ocean in 1965 in 115 days in a raft.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Yucatan jay. The Yucatan jay (Cyanocorax yucatanicus) is a species of bird in the family Corvidae, the crows and their allies. It is native to the Yucatán Peninsula where its habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, plantations and cleared areas at altitudes up to 250 (m). Adults are about 30 (cm) long, black, with blue wings, mantle, and tail, black bills, yellow eye rings and legs. Immature birds have yellow bills. This is a common species of jay with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern".## Range.


Question: Who is the screenwriter of this building?

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Strapless. Strapless is a 1989 film written and directed by David Hare.## Plot summary.An expatriate American doctor in London allows herself to lighten up when her freewheeling younger sister and a mysterious man enter her life. Her inhibitions released, the beautiful doctor learns that freedom has its own price.Blair Brown – Dr. Lillian HempelBruno Ganz – Raymond ForbesBridget Fonda – Amy HempelAlan Howard – Mr. CooperMichael Gough – Douglas BrodieHugh Laurie – ColinDana Gillespie – Julie KovagoSpencer Leigh – HusAlexandra Pigg - Helen## Release.After the film's May 1990 U.S. theatrical release, it was released on videocassette in the United States by.


Question: Where is this object originally invented or found?

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Parka. A parka or anorak is a type of coat with a hood, often lined with fur or faux fur. This kind of garment is a staple of Inuit clothing, traditionally made from caribou or seal skin, for hunting and kayaking in the frigid Arctic. Some Inuit anoraks require regular coating with fish oil to retain their water resistance.The words "anorak" and "parka" have been used interchangeably, but they are somewhat different garments. Strictly speaking, an anorak is a waterproof, hooded, pull-over jacket without a front opening, and sometimes drawstrings at the waist and cuffs, and a parka is a hip-length.

Parka. is sometimes used as a mildly derogatory term.The word "parka" is derived from the Nenets language. In the Aleutian Islands the word simply means "animal skin". It first entered the English written record in a 1625 work by Samuel Purchas.The Inuit who speak Inuktitut use parkas and have various terms related to them as follows:## N-3B ("scrub snorkel" or "snorkel") parka.The original snorkel parka (USAF N-3B parka, which is 3/4 length and has a full, attached hood; the similar N-2B parka is waist-length and has an attached split hood) was developed in the United States during the early 1950s for.

Parka. pocket. It was invented by Noel Bibby of Peter Storm Ltd. in the early 1960s. It may have a full-zippered front opening, or pull over the head like an original anorak and close with snaps or a short zipper, has an integral hood, and elasticated or drawstring cuffs. In some versions, when rolled up, the hood doubles as a bag into which the rest of the coat is pushed. It became very popular in the United Kingdom during the 1970s.Anorak (slang)Capote (garment)Goggle jacketHoodieMackintoshYup'ik clothing"The Anorak", a play about the Montreal Massacre written and performed by Adam KellyA traditional Inuit parka.


Question: What is this plant named after?

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Hickory. Hickory is a common name for trees composing the genus Carya, which includes around 18 species. Five or six species are native to China, Indochina, and India (Assam), as many as twelve are native to the United States, four are found in Mexico, and two to four are native to Canada. A number of hickory species are used for products like edible nuts or wood.Hickories are temperate forest trees with pinnately compound leaves and large nuts. Hickory flowers are small, yellow-green catkins produced in spring. They are wind-pollinated and self-incompatible. The fruit is a globose or oval nut, 2 –.

Hickory. name "Carya" is , "káryon", meaning "nut".## Species and classification.The genus "Carya" is in the walnut family, Juglandaceae. In the APG system, this family is included in the order Fagales. Several species are known to hybridize, with around nine accepted, named hybrids. Beaked hickory ("Annamocarya sinensis") is a species formerly classified as "Carya sinensis", but now considered its own genus, "Annamocarya".## Asian hickories.Carya" sect. "Sinocarya"Carya dabieshanensis" – Dabie Shan hickory (may be synonymous with "C. cathayensis")"Carya cathayensis" – Chinese hickory"Carya hunanensis" – Hunan hickory"Carya kweichowensis" – Guizhou hickory"Carya poilanei" – Poilane's hickory"Carya tonkinensis" – Vietnamese hickory## North American hickories.Carya" sect.

Hickory. "Carya – typical hickories"Carya floridana" – scrub hickory"Carya glabra" – pignut hickory, pignut, sweet pignut, coast pignut hickory, smoothbark hickory, swamp hickory, broom hickory"Carya laciniosa" – shellbark hickory, shagbark hickory, bigleaf shagbark hickory, kingnut, big shellbark, bottom shellbark, thick shellbark, western shellbark"Carya myristiciformis" – nutmeg hickory, swamp hickory, bitter water hickory"Carya ovalis" – red hickory, spicebark hickory, sweet pignut hickory (treated as a synonym of "C. glabra" by "Flora N. Amer.")"Carya ovata" – shagbark hickory"C. o." var. "ovata" – northern shagbark hickory"C. o." var. "australis" – southern shagbark hickory, Carolina hickory (syn. "C. carolinae-septentrionalis")"Carya pallida" – sand hickory"Carya texana" –.

Hickory. black hickory"Carya tomentosa" – mockernut hickory (syn. "C. alba")†"Carya washingtonensis" – Miocene of Kittitas County, WashingtonCarya" sect. "Apocarya – pecans"Carya aquatica" – bitter pecan or water hickory"Carya cordiformis" – bitternut hickory"Carya illinoinensis" – pecan"Carya palmeri" – Mexican hickory## Ecology.Hickory is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species. These include: Luna moth ("Actias luna") Brown-tail moth ("Euproctis chrysorrhoea") "Coleophora" case-bearers, "C. laticornella" and "C. ostryae" Regal moths ("Citheronia regalis"), whose caterpillars are known as hickory horn-devils Walnut sphinx ("Amorpha juglandis") The bride (nominate subspecies "Catocala neogama neogama") Hickory tussock moth ("Lophocampa caryae")The hickory leaf stem gall.

Hickory. also found feeding on galls of the hickory leaf stem gall phylloxera.The banded hickory borer ("Knulliana cincta") is also found on hickories.## Evolutionary history.The oldest fossils attributed to "Carya" are Cretaceous pollen grains from Mexico and New Mexico. Fossil and molecular data suggest the genus "Carya" may have diversified during the Miocene. Modern "Carya" first appear in Oligocene strata 34 million years ago. Recent discoveries of "Carya" fruit fossils further support the hypothesis that the genus has long been a member of Eastern North American landscapes, however its range has contracted and Carya is no longer extant west of the.

Hickory. Rocky Mountains.Fossils of early hickory nuts show simpler, thinner shells than modern species with the exception of pecans, suggesting that the trees gradually developed defenses to rodent seed predation. During this time, the genus had a distribution across the Northern Hemisphere, but the Pleistocene Ice Age beginning 2 million years ago obliterated it from Europe. The distribution of Carya in North America also contracted and it completely disappeared from the continent west of the Rocky Mountains. Since fossil records show North America as having the largest number of Juglandaceae species, it is likely that the genus originated there and later.

Hickory. spread to Europe and Asia.## Fruit.Some fruits are borderline and difficult to categorize. Hickory nuts ("Carya") and walnuts ("Juglans") in the Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are sometimes considered to be drupes or drupaceous nuts, rather than true botanical nuts. "Tryma" is a specialized term for such nut-like drupes.## Nutrition.Dried hickory nuts are 3% water, 18% carbohydrates, 13% protein, and 64% fats (table). In a 100 gram (3.5 oz) reference amount, dried hickory nuts supply 657 calories, and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of several B vitamins and dietary.

Hickory. regarded by some as the finest nut trees. Pecans are the most important nut tree native to North America.When cultivated for their nuts, clonal (grafted) trees of the same cultivar cannot pollinate each other because of their self-incompatibility. Two or more cultivars must be planted together for successful pollination. Seedlings (grown from hickory nuts) will usually have sufficient genetic variation. Hican WalnutPhilips, Roger. "Trees of North America and Europe". Random House, Inc., New York. , 1979. "Carya" images at the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University Plant Image Database Damery, Jonathan. "The "Carya" Collection." "Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University website." Accessed.


Question: Who is the architect of this building?

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Palais de Chaillot. The Palais de Chaillot () is a building at the top of the in the Trocadéro area in the 16th "arrondissement" of Paris, France.For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old 1878 Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt to create the Palais de Chaillot. It was designed in classicising "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. The Palais consists of two separate wings shaped to form a wide arc, which are those of the former building with new taller portions built in front. The pair of larger central pavilions are also those of.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Pika. burrows to eat during the long, cold winter. The pika is also known as the whistling hare because of its high-pitched alarm call when diving into its burrow.The name ‘pika’ appears to be derived from the Tungus "piika", and the scientific name "Ochotona" is from the Mongolian word "ogutun-a, оготно", which means pika. It is used for any member of the Ochotonidae, a family within the order of lagomorphs which also includes the Leporidae (rabbits and hares). Only one genus, Ochotona, is extant within the family, covering 37 species, though many fossil genera are known. Another species, the Sardinian pika,.

Pika. not differ between the sexes.## Species.The 34 species currently recognized are: Order Lagomorpha Family Ochotonidae: pikas Genus Ochotona Subgenus "Conothoa": mountain pikas Chinese red pika, "O. erythrotis" Forrest's pika, "O. forresti" Gaoligong pika ("O. gaoligongensis") and black pika ("O. nigritia") are now thought to be conspecific with "O. forresti" Glover's pika, "O. gloveri"Muli pika ("O. muliensis") is now thought to be conspecific with "O. gloveri" Ili pika, "O. iliensis" Koslov's pika, "O. koslowi" Ladak pika, "O. ladacensis" Large-eared pika, "O. macrotis" Royle's pika, "O. roylei"Himalayan pika ("O. himalayana") is now thought to be conspecific with "O. roylei" Turkestan red pika,.

Pika. in the middle Pleistocene United States.Other genera of ochotonids (currently living only Ochotonidae) include except "Ochotona" (pika) extinct †"Albertona", †"Alloptox", †"Amphilagus", †"Australagomys", †"Austrolagomys", †"Bellatona", †"Bellatonoides", †"Bohlinotona", †"Cuyamalagus", †"Desmatolagus", †"Eurolagus", †"Gripholagomys", †"Gymnesicolagus", †"Hesperolagomys", †"Heterolagus", †"Kenyalagomys", †"Lagopsis", †"Marcuinomys", †"Ochotonoides", †"Ochotonoma", †"Oklahomalagus", †"Oreolagus", †"Paludotona", †"Piezodus", †"Plicalagus", †"Pliolagomys", †"Prolagus", †"Proochotona" (syn. "Ochotona"), †"Pseudobellatona", †"Ptychoprolagus", †"Russellagus", †"Sinolagomys" and †"Titanomys". The earliest one is "Desmatolagus" (middle Eocene to Miocene, 42.5–14.8 Ma), usually included in the Ochotonidae, sometimes in Leporidae or in neither ochotonid nor leporid stem-lagomorphs.Ochotonids appeared in Asia between the late Eocene and the early Oligocene, and continued to develop along with increased distribution of.


Question: What is the source of origin of this object?

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Swastika. The swastika (卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly in various Eurasian, as well as some African and American cultures, now also widely recognized for its appropriation by the Nazi Party and by neo-Nazis. It continues to be used as a symbol of divinity and spirituality in Indian religions, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It generally takes the form of a cross, the arms of which are of equal length and perpendicular to the adjacent arms, each bent midway at a right angle.The word "swastika" comes from , meaning "conducive to well-being". In Hinduism, the right-facing.

Swastika. Textile number T.231-1923 held at the V&A Museum in London includes small swastikas in its design. This piece was found at Qau-el-Kebir, near Asyut, and is dated between 300 and 600 CE.The "Tierwirbel" (the German for "animal whorl" or "whirl of animals") is a characteristic motif in Bronze Age Central Asia, the Eurasian Steppe, and later also in Iron Age Scythian and European (Baltic and Germanic) culture, showing rotational symmetric arrangement of an animal motif, often four birds' heads. Even wider diffusion of this "Asiatic" theme has been proposed, to the Pacific and even North America (especially Moundville).## Historical use.In.

Swastika. used on coinage as a backdrop to the .## Non-Eurasian samples.## Africa.Swastikas can be seen in various African cultures. In Ethiopia the Swastika is carved in the window of the famous 12th-century Biete Maryam, one of the Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela. In Ghana, the swastika is among the adinkra symbols of the Akan peoples. Called "nkontim", swastikas could be found on Ashanti gold weights and clothing.## Americas.The swastika is a Navajo symbol for good luck, also translated to "whirling log". Though it was also used by some Native American groups, many object to its use today. The symbol was used on.

Swastika. German Nazi party and would soon become the foremost symbol of the German Reich. The fact that these gates survived the cleanup after the German occupation of Norway during WW II is a testimony to the innocence and good faith of the power plant and its architects. The architects Bjercke and Eliassen knew the swastika as a symbol of power plants on maps in Scandinavia, and as the logo of Allmänna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget, ASEA.## Eurasia (Russia).The left-handed swastika was a favorite sign of the last Russian Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. She wore a talisman in the form of a swastika,.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this object?

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Aqua-Lung. Aqua-Lung was the first open-circuit, self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (or "scuba") to achieve worldwide popularity and commercial success. This class of equipment is now commonly referred to as a twin-hose diving regulator, or demand valve. The Aqua-Lung was invented in France during the winter of 1942–1943 by two Frenchmen: the engineer Émile Gagnan and the Naval Lieutenant (French: "lieutenant de vaisseau") Jacques Cousteau. It allowed Cousteau and Gagnan to film and explore underwater more easily.The invention revolutionised autonomous underwater diving by providing a compact, reliable system capable of a greater depth range and endurance than its precursors, and was a.

Aqua-Lung. Bernard Piel"). One of their apparatuses went to Émile Gagnan, an engineer employed by the Air Liquide company. Gagnan miniaturized and adapted it to gas generators in response to a fuel shortage, which was a consequence of German requisitioning. Gagnan's boss, Henri Melchior, knew that his son-in-law Jacques-Yves Cousteau was looking for an automatic demand regulator to increase the useful endurance of the underwater breathing apparatus invented by Commander Yves le Prieur, so he introduced Cousteau to Gagnan in December 1942. On Cousteau's initiative, the Gagnan regulator was modified for use in diving. Cousteau and Gagnan were issued a patent.

Aqua-Lung. French company.Air Liquide held the patent on the original "Aqualung" (also written as "Aqua-Lung" or "Aqua Lung") until the patent expired sometime around 1960 to 1963. The term "Aqualung", as far as is known, first appeared in print on page 3 of Jacques-Yves Cousteau's first book, "The Silent World", in 1953. Public use of the word "aqualung", and public interest in Aqualungs and scuba diving, were started around 1953 in English-speaking counties by a National Geographical Society Magazine article about Cousteau's underwater archaeological expedition to Grand Congloué. In France, aqualung diving was popularized by Cousteau's movie "Épaves", while his book.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this bird?

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Northern waterthrush. The northern waterthrush ("Parkesia noveboracensis") is a species of ground-feeding migratory New World warbler of the genus Parkesia. It breeds in the northern part of North America in Canada and the northern United States including Alaska, and winters in Central America, the West Indies and Florida, as well as in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. It is a rare vagrant to other South American countries and to western Europe. Its closest relative is the Louisiana waterthrush.## Etymology.The genus name "Parkesia" commemorates Kenneth Carroll Parkes, American ornithologist and curator of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, and "noveboracensis" is New York, the type.

Northern waterthrush. locality from Latin "novus", "new" and "Eboracum", York.## Description.The northern waterthrush is a large New World warbler (and not a thrush, despite the name). It has a length of 12 – 15 (cm), wingspan of 21 – 24 (cm) and weighs between 13 and 25 (g) Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 6.8 to 8.2 (cm), the tail is 4.5 to 5.7 (cm), the bill is 1.1 to 1.2 (cm) and the tarsus is 1.9 to 2.3 (cm). On the head, the crown is brown with a white supercilium. The bill is pointed and dark. The throat is lightly.

Northern waterthrush. streaked brown to black with heavier streaking continuing onto the breast and flanks. The back is evenly brown. Sexes are morphologically similar. Young birds have buff, rather than white underparts.The only species birdwatchers confuse with the northern waterthrush is the closely related Louisiana waterthrush ("Parkesia motacilla"), which has buff flanks, a buff undertail, and bright pink legs. The Louisiana waterthrush also has a whiter throat with fewer streaks. More subtle clues include smaller size and smaller bill, a narrower and darker eye-line, and different call note and habits.Both waterthrush species walk rather than hop, and seem to teeter, since they.

Northern waterthrush. bob their rear ends as they move along.## Behavior.On the wintering grounds in Puerto Rico, northern waterthrushes leave daytime foraging areas and fly up to 2 (km) to nighttime roosts. The roosts are often located in red mangrove habitats. Northern waterthrushes winter in 4 main habitats in Puerto Rico: white mangrove, red mangrove, black mangrove, and scrub. Males, which are larger and migrate earlier in spring, prefer to winter in white mangrove, and are able to maintain or gain weight through the winter. Females winter in the other drier and less food-rich habitats. During the non-breeding period, northern waterthrushes are.

Northern waterthrush. site-faithful and tend to be solitary.Waterthrushes wintering in red and black mangrove can maintain body weight through the winter but lose weight in scrub. Another determinant in body mass increase in the wintering grounds is moisture.Northern waterthrush territories are distributed across both upland and riparian habitats, but have limited occupation of harvested areas. Crowding into riparian buffer zones adjacent to harvested areas have more difficulty foraging compared to those in untouched areas.## Reproduction.The breeding habitat of the northern waterthrush is wet woodlands near water. It nests in a stump or among tree roots where it lays three to six eggs,.

Northern waterthrush. cream- or buff-colored, with brown and gray spots. These eggs are laid in a cup nest constructed of leaves, bark strips, and rootlets.## Diet.The northern waterthrush is a terrestrial ground feeder, eating insects, spiders, mollusks (such as snails), worms, and crustaceans found amongst leaf litter, as well as minnows, found by wading through water.## Vocalization.The song of loud, emphatic, clear chirping notes generally falling in pitch and accelerating; loosely paired or tripled, with little variation. Call a loud, hard "spwik" rising with a strong "K" sound. The flight call is a buzzy, high, slightly rising "zzip".## Vagrancy.The first northern waterthrush.

Northern waterthrush. recorded in Europe was a female trapped in Ushant, France on 17 September 1955. The species was first recorded in the United Kingdom on 30 September 1958, on St. Agnes, Isles of Scilly. It was caught in a mist-net, photographed, and released, after which is stayed until 12 October. There have been seven records in the UK between 1958 and 2019.Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center - Northern waterthrush researchNorthern waterthrush - "Seiurus noveboracensis" - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenterNorthern waterthrush species account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology.