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Fresnel lens. A Fresnel lens ( ; ; or ) is a type of composite compact lens developed by the French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) for use in lighthouses. It has been called "the invention that saved a million ships."The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. The simpler dioptric (purely refractive) form of the lens.

Fresnel lens. was first proposed by Count Buffon and independently reinvented by Fresnel. The "catadioptric" form of the lens, entirely invented by Fresnel, has outer elements that use total internal reflection as well as refraction; it can capture more oblique light from a light source and add it to the beam of a lighthouse, making the light visible from greater distances.## Description.The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections. An ideal Fresnel lens would have an infinite number of sections. In each section, the overall.

Fresnel lens. thickness is decreased compared to an equivalent simple lens. This effectively divides the continuous surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature, with stepwise discontinuities between them.In some lenses, the curved surfaces are replaced with flat surfaces, with a different angle in each section. Such a lens can be regarded as an array of prisms arranged in a circular fashion with steeper prisms on the edges and a flat or slightly convex center. In the first (and largest) Fresnel lenses, each section was actually a separate prism. 'Single-piece' Fresnel lenses were later produced, being.

Fresnel lens. used for automobile headlamps, brake, parking, and turn signal lenses, and so on. In modern times, computer-controlled milling equipment (CNC) or 3-D printers might be used to manufacture more complex lenses.Fresnel lens design allows a substantial reduction in thickness (and thus mass and volume of material) at the expense of reducing the imaging quality of the lens, which is why precise imaging applications such as photography usually still use larger conventional lenses.Fresnel lenses are usually made of glass or plastic; their size varies from large (old historical lighthouses, meter size) to medium (book-reading aids, OHP viewgraph projectors) to small (TLR/SLR.

Fresnel lens. camera screens, micro-optics). In many cases they are very thin and flat, almost flexible, with thicknesses in the 1 to 5 (mm) range.Most modern Fresnel lenses consist only of refractive elements. Lighthouse lenses, however, tend to include both refracting and reflecting elements, the latter being "outside" the metal rings seen in the photographs. While the inner elements are sections of refractive lenses, the outer elements are reflecting prisms, each of which performs two refractions and one total internal reflection, avoiding the light loss that occurs in reflection from a silvered mirror.## Lighthouse lens sizes.Fresnel designed six sizes of lighthouse lenses,.

Fresnel lens. divided into four "orders" based on their size and focal length. In modern use, these are classified as first through sixth order. An intermediate size between third and fourth order was added later, as well as sizes above first order and below sixth.A first-order lens has a focal length of 920 (mm) and stands about 2.59 (m) high, and 1.8 (m) wide. The smallest (sixth) order has a focal length of 150 (mm) and a height of 433 (mm).The largest Fresnel lenses are called hyperradiant (or hyper-radial). One such lens was on hand when it was decided to build and.

Fresnel lens. outfit the Makapuu Point Light in Hawaii. Rather than order a new lens, the huge optic construction, 12 (ft) tall and with over a thousand prisms, was used there.## Types.There are two main types of Fresnel lens: "imaging" and "non-imaging". Imaging Fresnel lenses use segments with curved cross-sections and produce sharp images, while non-imaging lenses have segments with flat cross-sections, and do not produce sharp images. As the number of segments increases, the two types of lens become more similar to each other. In the abstract case of an infinite number of segments, the difference between curved and flat segments.

Fresnel lens. disappears.Spherical: A spherical Fresnel lens is equivalent to a simple spherical lens, using ring-shaped segments that are each a portion of a sphere, that all focus light on a single point. This type of lens produces a sharp image, although not quite as clear as the equivalent simple spherical lens due to diffraction at the edges of the ridges.Cylindrical: A cylindrical Fresnel lens is equivalent to a simple cylindrical lens, using straight segments with circular cross-section, focusing light on a single line. This type produces a sharp image, although not quite as clear as the equivalent simple cylindrical lens due.

Fresnel lens. to diffraction at the edges of the ridges.Spot: A non-imaging spot Fresnel lens uses ring-shaped segments with cross sections that are straight lines rather than circular arcs. Such a lens can focus light on a small spot, but does not produce a sharp image. These lenses have application in solar power, such as focusing sunlight on a solar panel. Fresnel lenses may be used as components of Köhler illumination optics resulting in very effective nonimaging optics Fresnel-Köhler (FK) solar concentrators.Linear: A non-imaging linear Fresnel lens uses straight segments whose cross sections are straight lines rather than arcs. These lenses focus.

Fresnel lens. light into a narrow band. They do not produce a sharp image, but can be used in solar power, such as for focusing sunlight on a pipe, to heat the water within.## Uses.## Imaging.Fresnel lenses are used as simple hand-held magnifiers. They are also used to correct several visual disorders, including ocular-motility disorders such as strabismus. Fresnel lenses have been used to increase the visual size of CRT displays in pocket televisions, notably the Sinclair TV80. They are also used in traffic lights.Fresnel lenses are used in left-hand-drive European lorries entering the UK and Republic of Ireland (and vice versa,.

Fresnel lens. right-hand-drive Irish and British trucks entering mainland Europe) to overcome the blind spots caused by the driver operating the lorry while sitting on the wrong side of the cab relative to the side of the road the car is on. They attach to the passenger-side window.Another automobile application of a Fresnel lens is a rear view enhancer, as the wide view angle of a lens attached to the rear window permits examining the scene behind a vehicle, particularly a tall or bluff-tailed one, more effectively than a rear-view mirror alone.Multi-focal Fresnel lenses are also used as a part of retina.

Fresnel lens. identification cameras, where they provide multiple in- and out-of-focus images of a fixation target inside the camera. For virtually all users, at least one of the images will be in focus, thus allowing correct eye alignment.Fresnel lenses have also been used in the field of popular entertainment. The British rock artist Peter Gabriel made use of them in his early solo live performances to magnify the size of his head, in contrast to the rest of his body, for dramatic and comic effect. In the Terry Gilliam film "Brazil", plastic Fresnel screens appear ostensibly as magnifiers for the small CRT.

Fresnel lens. monitors used throughout the offices of the Ministry of Information. However, they occasionally appear between the actors and the camera, distorting the scale and composition of the scene to humorous effect. The Pixar movie Wall-E features a Fresnel lens in the scenes where the protagonist watches the musical Hello, Dolly! magnified on an iPod.## Photography.Canon and Nikon have used Fresnel lenses to reduce the size of telephoto lenses. Photographic lenses that include Fresnel elements can be much shorter than corresponding conventional lens design. Nikon calls the technology "Phase Fresnel".The Polaroid SX-70 camera used a Fresnel reflector as part of its.

Fresnel lens. viewing system.View and large format cameras can utilize a Fresnel lens in conjunction with the ground glass, to increase the perceived brightness of the image projected by a lens onto the ground glass, thus aiding in adjusting focus and composition.## Illumination.High-quality glass Fresnel lenses were used in lighthouses, where they were considered state of the art in the late 19th and through the middle of the 20th centuries; most lighthouses have now retired glass Fresnel lenses from service and replaced them with much less expensive and more durable aerobeacons, which themselves often contain plastic Fresnel lenses. Lighthouse Fresnel lens systems.

Fresnel lens. typically include extra annular prismatic elements, arrayed in faceted domes above and below the central planar Fresnel, in order to catch all light emitted from the light source. The light path through these elements can include an internal reflection, rather than the simple refraction in the planar Fresnel element. These lenses conferred many practical benefits upon the designers, builders, and users of lighthouses and their illumination. Among other things, smaller lenses could fit into more compact spaces. Greater light transmission over longer distances, and varied patterns, made it possible to triangulate a position.Perhaps the most widespread use of Fresnel lenses,.

Fresnel lens. for a time, occurred in automobile headlamps, where they can shape the roughly parallel beam from the parabolic reflector to meet requirements for dipped and main-beam patterns, often both in the same headlamp unit (such as the European H4 design). For reasons of economy, weight, and impact resistance, newer cars have dispensed with glass Fresnel lenses, using multifaceted reflectors with plain polycarbonate lenses. However, Fresnel lenses continue in wide use in automobile tail, marker, and reversing lights.Glass Fresnel lenses also are used in lighting instruments for theatre and motion pictures (see Fresnel lantern); such instruments are often called simply "Fresnels".

Fresnel lens. The entire instrument consists of a metal housing, a reflector, a lamp assembly, and a Fresnel lens. Many Fresnel instruments allow the lamp to be moved relative to the lens' focal point, to increase or decrease the size of the light beam. As a result, they are very flexible, and can often produce a beam as narrow as 7° or as wide as 70°. The Fresnel lens produces a very soft-edged beam, so is often used as a wash light. A holder in front of the lens can hold a colored plastic film ("gel") to tint the light or wire.

Fresnel lens. screens or frosted plastic to diffuse it. The Fresnel lens is useful in the making of motion pictures not only because of its ability to focus the beam brighter than a typical lens, but also because the light is a relatively consistent intensity across the entire width of the beam of light.Aircraft carriers and naval air stations typically use Fresnel lenses in their optical landing systems. The "meatball" light aids the pilot in maintaining proper glide slope for the landing. In the center are amber and red lights composed of Fresnel lenses. Although the lights are always on, the angle.

Fresnel lens. of the lens from the pilot's point of view determines the color and position of the visible light. If the lights appear above the green horizontal bar, the pilot is too high. If it is below, the pilot is too low, and if the lights are red, the pilot is very low.Fresnel lenses are also commonly used in searchlights, spotlights, and flashlights.## Projection.The use of Fresnel lenses for image projection reduces image quality, so they tend to occur only where quality is not critical or where the bulk of a solid lens would be prohibitive. Cheap Fresnel lenses can be.

Fresnel lens. stamped or molded of transparent plastic and are used in overhead projectors and projection televisions.Fresnel lenses of different focal lengths (one collimator, and one collector) are used in commercial and DIY projection. The collimator lens has the lower focal length and is placed closer to the light source, and the collector lens, which focuses the light into the triplet lens, is placed after the projection image (an active matrix LCD panel in LCD projectors). Fresnel lenses are also used as collimators in overhead projectors.## Solar power.Since plastic Fresnel lenses can be made larger than glass lenses, as well as being.

Fresnel lens. much cheaper and lighter, they are used to concentrate sunlight for heating in solar cookers, in solar forges, and in solar collectors used to heat water for domestic use. They can also be used to generate steam or to power a Stirling engine.Fresnel lenses can concentrate sunlight onto solar cells with a ratio of almost 500:1. This allows the active solar-cell surface to be reduced, lowering cost and allowing the use of more efficient cells that would otherwise be too expensive. In the early 21st century, Fresnel reflectors began to be used in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants to concentrate.

Fresnel lens. solar energy. One application was to preheat water at the coal-fired Liddell Power Station, in Hunter Valley Australia.Fresnel lenses can be used to sinter sand, allowing 3D printing in glass.## History.## Forerunners.Augustin-Jean Fresnel was not the first person to focus a lighthouse beam using a lens. That distinction apparently belongs to the London glass-cutter Thomas Rogers, who proposed the idea to Trinity House in 1788. The first Rogers lenses, 53cm in diameter and 14cm thick at the center, were installed at the Old Lower Lighthouse at Portland Bill in 1789. Behind each lamp was a back-coated spherical glass mirror, which.

Fresnel lens. reflected rear radiation back through the lamp and into the lens. Further samples were installed at Howth Baily, North Foreland, and at least four other locations by 1804. But much of the light was wasted by absorption in the glass.Nor was Fresnel the first to suggest replacing a convex lens with a series of concentric annular prisms, to reduce weight and absorption. In 1748, Count Buffon proposed grinding such prisms as steps in a single piece of glass. In 1790 (although secondary sources give the date as 1773 or 1788), the Marquis de Condorcet suggested that it would be easier.

Fresnel lens. to make the annular sections separately and assemble them on a frame; but even that was impractical at the time. These designs were intended not for lighthouses, but for burning glasses. David Brewster, however, proposed a system similar to Condorcet's in 1811, and by 1820 was advocating its use in British lighthouses.## Fresnel's contributions.The French (Commission of Lighthouses) was established by Napoleon in 1811, and placed under the authority of Fresnel's employer, the Corps of Bridges and Roads. As the members of the commission were otherwise occupied, it achieved little in its early years. But on 21 June 1819—three months.

Fresnel lens. after winning the physics of the Academy of Sciences for his celebrated memoir on diffraction—Fresnel was "temporarily" seconded to the commission on the recommendation of François Arago (a member since 1813), to review possible improvements in lighthouse illumination.By the end of August 1819, unaware of the Buffon-Condorcet-Brewster proposal, Fresnel made his first presentation to the commission, recommending what he called ('lenses by steps') to replace the reflectors then in use, which reflected only about half of the incident light. Much to Fresnel's embarrassment, one of the assembled commissioners, Jacques Charles, recalled Buffon's suggestion. However, whereas Buffon's version was biconvex and.

Fresnel lens. in one piece, Fresnel's was plano-convex and made of multiple prisms for easier construction. With an official budget of 500 francs, Fresnel approached three manufacturers. The third, François Soleil, found a way to remove defects by reheating and remolding the glass. Arago assisted Fresnel with the design of a modified Argand lamp with concentric wicks (a concept that Fresnel attributed to Count Rumford), and accidentally discovered that fish glue was heat-resistant, making it suitable for use in the lens. The prototype, finished in March 1820, had a square lens panel 55cm on a side, containing 97 polygonal (not annular) prisms—and.

Fresnel lens. so impressed the Commission that Fresnel was asked for a full eight-panel version. This model, completed a year later in spite of insufficient funding, had panels 76cm square. In a public spectacle on the evening of 13 April 1821, it was demonstrated by comparison with the most recent reflectors, which it suddenly rendered obsolete.Soon after this demonstration, Fresnel published the idea that light, including apparently unpolarized light, consists exclusively of transverse waves, and went on to consider the implications for double refraction and partial reflection.Fresnel acknowledged the British lenses and Buffon's invention in a memoir read on 29 July 1822.

Fresnel lens. and printed in the same year. The date of that memoir may be the source of the claim that Fresnel's lighthouse advocacy began two years later than Brewster's; but the text makes it clear that Fresnel's involvement began no later than 1819.Fresnel's next lens was a rotating apparatus with eight "bull's-eye" panels, made in annular arcs by Saint-Gobain, giving eight rotating beams—to be seen by mariners as a periodic flash. Above and behind each main panel was a smaller, sloping bull's-eye panel of trapezoidal outline with trapezoidal elements. This refracted the light to a sloping plane mirror, which then reflected.

Fresnel lens. it horizontally, 7 degrees ahead of the main beam, increasing the duration of the flash. Below the main panels were 128 small mirrors arranged in four rings, stacked like the slats of a louver or Venetian blind. Each ring, shaped like a frustum of a cone, reflected the light to the horizon, giving a fainter steady light between the flashes. The official test, conducted on the unfinished on 20 August 1822, was witnessed by the Commission—and by Louis XVIII and his entourage—from 20 (mi) away. The apparatus was stored at Bordeaux for the winter, and then reassembled at Cordouan Lighthouse.

Fresnel lens. under Fresnel's supervision—in part by Fresnel's own hands. On 25 July 1823, the world's first lighthouse Fresnel lens was lit. As expected, the light was visible to the horizon, more than 20 (mi) out.The day before the test of the Cordouan lens in Paris, a committee of the Academy of Sciences reported on Fresnel's memoir and supplements on double refraction—which, although less well known to modern readers than his earlier work on diffraction, struck a more decisive blow for the wave theory of light. Between the test and the reassembly at Cordouan, Fresnel submitted his papers on photoelasticity (16 September.

Fresnel lens. 1822), elliptical and circular polarization and optical rotation (9 December), and partial reflection and total internal reflection (7 January 1823), essentially completing his reconstruction of physical optics on the transverse wave hypothesis. Shortly after the Cordouan lens was lit, Fresnel started coughing up blood.In May 1824, Fresnel was promoted to Secretary of the , becoming the first member of that body to draw a salary, albeit in the concurrent role of Engineer-in-Chief. Late that year, being increasingly ill, he curtailed his fundamental research and resigned his seasonal job as an examiner at the , in order to save his remaining.

Fresnel lens. time and energy for his lighthouse work.In the same year he designed the first "fixed" lens—for spreading light evenly around the horizon while minimizing waste above or below. Ideally the curved refracting surfaces would be segments of toroids about a common vertical axis, so that the dioptric panel would look like a cylindrical drum. If this was supplemented by reflecting (catoptric) rings above and below the refracting (dioptric) parts, the entire apparatus would look like a beehive. The second Fresnel lens to enter service was indeed a fixed lens, of third order, installed at Dunkirk by 1 February 1825. However,.

Fresnel lens. due to the difficulty of fabricating large toroidal prisms, this apparatus had a 16-sided polygonal plan.In 1825 Fresnel extended his fixed-lens design by adding a rotating array outside the fixed array. Each panel of the rotating array was to refract part of the fixed light from a horizontal fan into a narrow beam.Also in 1825, Fresnel unveiled the ('lighthouse map'), calling for a system of 51 lighthouses plus smaller harbor lights, in a hierarchy of lens sizes called "orders" (the first being the largest), with different characteristics to facilitate recognition: a constant light (from a fixed lens), one flash per.

Fresnel lens. minute (from a rotating lens with eight panels), and two per minute (16 panels).In late 1825, to reduce the loss of light in the reflecting elements, Fresnel proposed to replace each mirror with a catadioptric prism, through which the light would travel by refraction through the first surface, then total internal reflection off the second surface, then refraction through the third surface. The result was the lighthouse lens as we now know it. In 1826 he assembled a small model for use on the , but he did not live to see a full-sized version: he died on 14 July.

Fresnel lens. 1827, at the age of 39.## After Fresnel.The first stage of the development of lighthouse lenses after the death of Augustin Fresnel consisted in the implementation of his designs. This was driven in part by his younger brother Léonor—who, like Augustin, was trained as a civil engineer but, unlike Augustin, had a strong aptitude for management. Léonor entered the service of the Lighthouse Commission in 1825, and went on to succeed Augustin as Secretary.The first fixed lens to be constructed with toroidal prisms was a first-order apparatus designed by the Scottish engineer Alan Stevenson under the guidance of Léonor Fresnel,.

Fresnel lens. and fabricated by Isaac Cookson & Co. using French glass; it entered service at the Isle of May, Scotland, on 22 September 1836. The first large catadioptric lenses were made in 1842 for the lighthouses at Gravelines and Île Vierge, France; these were fixed third-order lenses whose catadioptric rings (made in segments) were one metre in diameter. Stevenson's first-order Skerryvore lens, lit in 1844, was only partly catadioptric; it was similar to the Cordouan lens except that the lower slats were replaced by French-made catadioptric prisms, while mirrors were retained at the top. The first "fully" catadioptric first-order lens, installed.

Fresnel lens. at Pointe d'Ailly in 1852, also gave eight rotating beams plus a fixed light at the bottom; but its top section had eight catadioptric panels focusing the light about 4 degrees ahead of the main beams, in order to lengthen the flashes. The first fully catadioptric lens with "purely revolving" beams—also of first order—was installed at Saint-Clément-des-Baleines in 1854, and marked the completion of Augustin Fresnel's original "Carte des Phares".Thomas Stevenson (younger brother of Alan) went a step beyond Fresnel with his "holophotal" lens, which focused the light radiated by the lamp in nearly all directions, forward or backward, into.

Fresnel lens. a single beam. The first version, described in 1849, consisted of a standard Fresnel bull's-eye lens, a paraboloidal reflector, and a rear hemispherical reflector (functionally equivalent to the Rogers mirror of 60 years earlier, except that it subtended a whole hemisphere). Light radiated into the forward hemisphere but missing the bull's-eye lens was deflected by the paraboloid into a parallel beam surrounding the bull's-eye lens, while light radiated into the backward hemisphere was reflected back through the lamp by the spherical reflector (as in Rogers' arrangement), to be collected by the forward components. The first unit was installed at North.

Fresnel lens. Harbour, Peterhead, in August 1849. Stevenson called this version a "catadioptric holophote", although each of its elements was either purely reflective or purely refractive. In the second version of the holophote concept, the bull's-eye lens and paraboloidal reflector were replaced by a catadioptric Fresnel lens—as conceived by Fresnel, but expanded to cover the whole forward hemisphere. The third version, which Stevenson confusingly called a "dioptric holophote", was more innovative: it retained the catadioptric Fresnel lens for the front hemisphere, but replaced the rear hemispherical reflector with a hemispherical array of annular prisms, each of which used "two" total internal reflections.

Fresnel lens. to turn light diverging from the center of the hemisphere back toward the center. The result was an all-glass holophote, with no losses from metallic reflections.James Timmins Chance modified Thomas Stevenson's all-glass holophotal design by arranging the double-reflecting prisms about a vertical axis. The prototype was shown at the 1862 International Exhibition in London. Later, to ease manufacturing, Chance divided the prisms into segments, and arranged them in a cylindrical form while retaining the property of reflecting light from a single point back to that point. Reflectors of this form, paradoxically called "dioptric mirrors", proved particularly useful for returning light.

Fresnel lens. from the landward side of the lamp to the seaward side.As lighthouses proliferated, they became harder to distinguish from each other, leading to the use of colored filters, which wasted light. In 1884, John Hopkinson eliminated the need for filters by inventing the "group-flashing" lens, in which the dioptric and/or the catadioptric panels were split so as to give multiple flashes—allowing lighthouses to be identified not only by frequency of flashes, but also by multiplicity of flashes. Double-flashing lenses were installed at Tampico (Mexico) and Little Basses (Sri Lanka) in 1875, and a triple-flashing lens at Casquets Lighthouse (Channel Islands).

Fresnel lens. in 1876. The example shown (right) is the double-flashing lens of the Point Arena Light, which was in service from 1908 to 1977.The development of hyper-radial lenses was driven in part by the need for larger light sources, such as gas lights with multiple jets, which required a longer focal length for a given beam-width, hence a larger lens to collect a given fraction of the generated light. The first hyper-radial lens was built for the Stevensons in 1885 by F. Barbier & Cie of France, and tested at South Foreland Lighthouse with various light sources. Chance Brothers (Hopkinson's employers).

Fresnel lens. then began constructing hyper-radials, installing their first at Bishop Rock Lighthouse in 1887. In the same year, Barbier installed a hyper-radial at Tory Island. But only about 30 hyper-radials went into service before the development of more compact bright lamps rendered such large optics unnecessary (see "Hyperradiant Fresnel lens").Production of one-piece stepped dioptric lenses—roughly as envisaged by Buffon—became feasible in 1852, when John L. Gilliland of the Brooklyn Flint-Glass Company patented a method of making lenses from pressed and molded glass. The company made small bull's-eye lenses for use on railroads, steamboats, and docks; such lenses were common in the.

Fresnel lens. United States by the 1870s. In 1858 the company produced "a very small number of pressed flint-glass sixth-order lenses" for use in lighthouses—the first Fresnel lighthouse lenses made in America. By the 1950s, the substitution of plastic for glass made it economic to use Fresnel lenses as condensers in overhead projectors. Fresnel imager Fresnel zone plate Lenticular lens Linear Fresnel reflector Prism lighting − Fresnel anidolic optics M. Born and E. Wolf, "Principles of Optics", 7th Ed., Cambridge, 1999. G.-A. Boutry, 1948, "Augustin Fresnel: His time, life and work, 1788–1827", "Science Progress", vol. 36, no. 144 (October 1948), pp. 587–604;.

Fresnel lens. jstor.org/stable/43413515. J.Z. Buchwald, 1989, "The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical Theory and Experiment in the Early Nineteenth Century", University of Chicago Press, . J. Elton, 2009, "A Light to Lighten our Darkness: Lighthouse Optics and the Later Development of Fresnel's Revolutionary Refracting Lens 1780–1900", "International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology", vol. 79, no. 2 (July 2009), pp. 183–244; . A. Fresnel, 1822, "Mémoire sur un nouveau système d'éclairage des phares", read 29 July 1822; reprinted in Fresnel, 1866–70, vol. 3, pp. 97–126; translated by T. Tag as "Memoir upon a new system of lighthouse.

Fresnel lens. illumination", U.S. Lighthouse Society, accessed 26 August 2017; archived 19 August 2016. (Cited page numbers refer to the translation.) A. Fresnel (ed. H. de Sénarmont, E. Verdet, and L. Fresnel), 1866–70, "Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Fresnel" (3 vols.), Paris: Imprimerie Impériale; vol. 1 (1866), vol. 2 (1868), vol. 3 (1870). T.H. Levitt, 2013, "A Short Bright Flash: Augustin Fresnel and the Birth of the Modern Lighthouse", New York: W.W. Norton, . T. Young (ed. G. Peacock), 1855, "Miscellaneous Works of the late Thomas Young", London: J. Murray, vol. 1. "The Fresnel Lens", "The Keeper's Log", Winter 1985, pp. 12–14. U.S. Coast.

Fresnel lens. Guard, "Aids to Navigation", Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945. U.S. Coast Guard, "Lighthouses, Lenses, Illuminants, Engineering, & Augustin Fresnel: A Historical Bibliography on Works Published Through 2007". United States Lighthouse Society, especially "Fresnel Lenses". W.A. Britten, "The Fresnel lens" (with photographs). J. Francis, "Fresnel Lens - Maxwell Simulation", 13 April 2009. J. Hare, "How the Fresnel lens works" (5-minute video), Vega Science Trust, 2008.


Question: What is the conservation status of this animal? (The status is assigned by the international union for conservation of nature. Choose one among Endangered,Least Concern,Critically Endangered,extinct species,extinct in the wild,Vulnerable,Near Threatened,Data Deficient).

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Eastern chimpanzee. as Endangered. Although the common chimpanzee is the most abundant and widespread of the non-human great apes, recent declines in East Africa are expected to continue due to hunting and loss of habitat. Because chimpanzees and humans are physiologically very similar, chimpanzees succumb to many diseases that afflict humans. If not properly managed, research and tourism also presents a risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees. This subspecies has been extensively studied by Dr. Jane Goodall at Gombe Stream National Park.## Physical description.Adult chimpanzees in the wild weigh between 40 and 65 (kg). Males can measure up to 145.


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Jeanne d'Arc (Frémiet). Place des Pyramides, in Paris, near where Joan of Arc was wounded during her failed attempt to take Paris. Other copies can be seen at: Nancy, France, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Portland, Oregon (Joan of Arc), Melbourne, Australia. == Gallery == == See also == List of public art in Philadelphia Joan of Arc (Dubois) == References == == External links == Media related to Statue of Jeanne d'Arc in Paris, Place des Pyramides at Wikimedia Commons.


Question: What is the height of this place in metre?

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Fürstenzug. of Saxony (1547–1553)Augustus, Elector of Saxony (1553–1586)Christian I, Elector of Saxony (1586–1591)Christian II, Elector of Saxony (1591–1611)John George I, Elector of Saxony (1611–1656)John George II, Elector of Saxony (1656–1680)John George III, Elector of Saxony (1680–1691)John George IV, Elector of Saxony (1691–1694)Augustus II the Strong (1694–1733)Augustus III of Poland (1733–1763)Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony (1763)Frederick Augustus I of Saxony (1763–1827)Anthony of Saxony (1827–1836)Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (1836–1854)John of Saxony (1854–1873)Albert of Saxony (1873–1902)George of Saxony (1902–1904)## Dimensions.The Fürstenzug is 101.9 (m) long and 10.5 (m) high. Due to 18 windows in the upper part, the tile area comprises only 968.


Question: Who occupies this building?

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Liquor store. (and any shops that sells alcohol) from its effects. The mandatory closing time for any licensed liquor stores are regulated by Licensing Act 2003 instead.During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, all pubs closed during the lockdown from 20 March 2020. However, on 25 March, off-licences were added to the list of essential businesses allowed to stay open, also enabling pubs and brewery taprooms with licences to sell beer for home consumption to offer takeaway sales and home deliveries.In the Republic of Ireland, there are five kinds of off-licence: Wine Retailer’s Off LicenceBeer Retailer’s Off LicenceSpirit Retailer’s Off LicenceCider.


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Nissan Juke. The is a subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment) produced by the Japanese car manufacturer Nissan since 2010. Debuted as a production vehicle at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show in March and positioned below the C-segment Qashqai, it was introduced to North America at the 2010 New York International Auto Show to be sold for the 2011 model year.The second-generation model was revealed for the European market in September 2019, offering larger dimensions by utilising the newer Renault–Nissan CMF-B platform. The second generation marks the withdrawal of the model from most markets outside Europe and Australasia to make way for the Nissan.

Nissan Juke. Kicks.The name "juke" means to "dance or change directions demonstrating agility", and is also derived from the word "jukebox".## First generation (F15; 2010).On 11 February 2009, Nissan announced that the model would go into production at the Nissan Motor Manufacturing UK (NMUK) plant in Sunderland, United Kingdom, during 2010 following its appearance as the Nissan Qazana concept car at the 2009 Geneva Motor Show.The Juke was designed at Nissan Design Europe in London and refined at Nissan's Design Centre in Japan. It is based on the Nissan B platform. The Sunderland plant (NMUK) manufactures for the European market, Australia and.

Nissan Juke. New Zealand, while Nissan's facility in Oppama, Japan, produces the vehicle for all other countries. Both Sunderland and Oppama are suppliers of the all-wheel drive variant. The Purwakarta plant (NMI) in Indonesia assembled the Juke for the domestic market and Thailand with a local content of 40 percent, front-wheel-drive only.A rebadged version of the first-generation Juke was sold in China as the Infiniti ESQ.## Design.The car's profile is dominated by the prominent wheel arches and the body's high waistline which contrast with the slim side windows, which is a modern interpretation of "coke bottle styling" popular during the 1960s and.

Nissan Juke. 1970s. Echoing a style first seen Nissan's high performance electric coupé concept shown at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show, the glasshouse resembles a racing helmet visor. A coupé-like appearance is achieved by the rear door handles being located near the C-pillars, within the window frame. Locating the rear door handles within the window frame is a Nissan styling tradition, begun with the 1985 Nissan Pathfinder. The sport motif continues inside with the red or grey-painted centre console bearing similarity to a motorcycle fuel tank.The front end features a stacked array of lights. Running lamps and indicators are mounted atop the.

Nissan Juke. front wings, their lenses visible from inside the cabin as an aid to maneuvering. Below them, under the lower edges of an expansive, curved grille, the main headlamps are intended to be reminiscent of those fitted to rally cars during the 1960s and 1970s. Where fitted, fog lamps are situated on a third level within the sump guard at the bottom.## Cabin.The Juke features seating for five (two in front, three in back). The rear seats have a 60/40 split and can be folded down independently in order to carry larger objects. The rear cargo area is small but features.

Nissan Juke. additional storage beneath the floor (front wheel drive models only).The steering column instrumentation cluster features a tachometer, speedometer, and a small display between them that displays real-time fuel efficiency, odometer and trip odometer.The center portion of the dash contains the radio and the I-CON control (if equipped). Depending on market and trim level the Juke may be equipped with iPod or USB connectivity, NissanConnect GPS navigation, rear-view camera and Bluetooth audio. A relatively deep glovebox on the passenger side houses an iPod connector (if equipped).All but base models are equipped with Nissan's Integrated Control System, dubbed I-CON: a command module.

Nissan Juke. that sits in the lower dashboard, which manages both the climate control and the vehicle's drive mode (Normal, Sport or Eco). Its display and nomenclature change according to the function selected. Among the available display data are fuel efficiency stats, real-time G-force measurements and turbo boost pressure.## Markets.## Japan.In Japan, where the car was launched on 9 June 2010, orders totalled 10,943 units in its first month, surpassing Nissan's monthly target of 1,300. By 5 October 2010, Japanese sales had increased to 20,000 while European and US figures also exceeded expectations with orders for 30,000 and 17,500 cars taken for.

Nissan Juke. the respective markets. Four levels are specified. The RX and RS models are equipped with the "HR15DE" I4 engine, while the "MR16DDT" was supplied for the 16GT and 16GT FOUR.## United States.Three trim levels were initially available with the 1.6-litre turbocharged "MR16DDT" petrol engine: S, SV and SL. The base engine is rated at 188 hp (140 kW) at 5,600 rpm and 177 lb⋅ft (240 N⋅m) of torque at 2,000 rpm. The base S model was available only with a CVT and lacks the I-CON display. The SV model adds I-CON, optional 6-speed manual transmission and moonroof. The SL model.

Nissan Juke. adds leather seats, USB connectivity and a rear-view camera. All-wheel drive with torque vectoring was optional on all trims but cannot be paired with a manual transmission.After the 2017 model year, the Juke was discontinued in the United States.## Canada.The S trim was available with either manual transmission or CVT. In the SV trim the I-CON system was not standard and was available as an option. In the SL trim the I-CON system was standard and a navigation system was available. The Juke was discontinued in Canada after the 2017 model year.## Europe.Five trim levels are indicated for the 1.6-litre.

Nissan Juke. "HR16DE" petrol, 1.5-litre "K9K" diesel and 1.6-litre "MR16DDT" petrol engines: Visia, Acenta (also available with Sport and Premium packs), Tekna, Nismo and Nismo RS. In 2012, Nissan replaced the limited edition Juke Kuru with the Juke Shiro model. The Shiro was a limited edition Juke with white accents throughout the interior including white stitching on the leather seats, gear shifter and steering wheel as well as several other aesthetic options.The car was launched in the UK on 24 September 2010.## New Zealand.Two trim levels: ST and Ti, are available. Both are front-wheel drive and are powered by the HR16DE engine.

Nissan Juke. only available with a CVT. Some features on the higher-spec Ti include 17-inch alloy wheels, Dynamic Control System (DCS) drive modes, intelligent key with push start button and dual front, side and curtain airbags.## Indonesia.Locally assembled by Nissan Motor Indonesia (NMI), the Juke for the Indonesian market comes with two trim levels: RX and Red, with one engine option, the 1.5-litre "HR15DE" I4. Both trims are only available with a CVT. The Red model, only available in Indonesia, adds roof spoiler, different grille colour and bigger audio display screen. On 12 February 2015, Nissan Motor Indonesia added "Revolt" trim to.

Nissan Juke. the lineup, while introducing facelift for Indonesian Juke. Between 2014 and 2017, the locally assembled Juke was exported to Thailand. Production ceased in September 2018.## Chile.Sales began in 2012 for the Juke identical to the UK model sold in Chile. Three trim levels are offered: Sense, Advance and Exclusive, with two engines, 1.6 and 1.6 Turbo, with the turbo engine only available in the Exclusive trim level. All of them come with a CVT except the Exclusive Turbo, with the AWD option was only offered in the Exclusive.## Facelift.At the 2014 Geneva Motor Show, Nissan unveiled the revised Nissan Juke.

Nissan Juke. for 2015 model year, which went on sale in the summer of 2014. On the exterior, the revision has new L-Shaped LED Daytime Running and Indicator clusters, new front and rear bumper styling and new colour options. New standard equipment includes a rear-view camera, keyless entry and Bluetooth hands-free phone system.## Juke Nismo.New for 2013, the NISMO version differs from the base Juke in styling changes to the bumpers and side skirts, interior styling, modified suspension and steering, 18 (in) wheels, an unspecified "torque vectoring" option, and engine tuning. The engine is rated at 197 (hp) at 6,000 rpm and.

Nissan Juke. 184 (lbft) of torque at 2,000 rpm. There was also a higher-end Nismo RS variant available, with upgraded standard equipment (Recaro front seats, carbon fiber). The engine is upgraded to 215 (hp) at 6,300 rpm and 210 (lbft) at 3,600 rpm.The New York Times review was generally positive, but: "About that styling: I love it, but you might hate it. The face is dominated by bug-eye headlamps, and the running lights bulge up above the hood such that they’re in the driver’s line of sight. At night, the effect is of large bio-luminescent slugs lounging atop the front fenders. Admittedly,.

Nissan Juke. it’s more appealing than I’m making it sound."## Juke-R.The Juke-R is a limited production run Juke with the drivetrain, chassis, and the 3.8-litre VR engine from the Nissan GT-R that produces 545 (hp). Although Nissan planned to produce 17 or 23 units, only a total of five Juke-Rs were produced.## Infiniti ESQ.Beginning in 2014, the Juke has been sold in China as the Infiniti ESQ. Debuted at 2014 Chengdu Auto Show, it is based on the pre-facelift Juke Nismo with its upgraded suspension, aero enhancements and 18-inch wheels. It uses the turbocharged 1.6-liter four-cylinder engine with 147 (kW).As of 2016,.

Nissan Juke. the ESQ is the only Infiniti model not to have a name beginning with the letter Q.## Marketing.In August 2013, Nissan launched a commercial for the Juke, featuring Stormtroopers from the "Star Wars" series.## Second generation (F16; 2019).The second-generation Juke was unveiled on 3 September 2019 in London, Paris, Milan, Barcelona and Cologne. The second-generation Juke went in production in October 2019. Nissan continued to build the Juke at its plant in Sunderland, UK. Customer deliveries begun in late November in European markets.The vehicle is larger and based on an all-new CMF-B platform shared with the second-generation Renault Captur and.

Nissan Juke. the fifth-generation Renault Clio. The new platform makes extensive use of high-strength steel which is claimed to offer better stability, performance, and cornering capabilities. Despite that, the second-generation Juke is lighter by around 23 (kg) compared to the previous-generation model.Nissan claims rear-seat knee room is increased by 58 (mm), rear head room by 11 (mm), and the boot capacity is now 20 percent bigger at 422 (L) because of its larger size. The new Juke adopts an all-new dashboard layout with a 'floating' central display, a new multifunction steering wheel, and a reduced number of buttons on the center console.Initial.

Nissan Juke. engine option is the 1.0-litre three-cylinder "DIG-T" turbocharged petrol engine which produces 117 (PS) and 180 (Nm). In March 2022, a 1.6-litre petrol hybrid engine option from the Renault Captur was introduced alongside the 2022 improved model.For most markets outside Europe and Australasia, the second-generation Juke was never introduced as it was replaced by the V platform-based Kicks. The Kicks was revealed in North America in 2017 for 2018 model year, directly replacing the Juke. The Juke was also phased out in Japan and several Southeast Asian markets in favour of the Kicks e-Power.It was released in Australia in May.

Nissan Juke. 2020, with four trim levels available. It was also launched in Taiwan in November 2020, and sold alongside the locally assembled Kicks.## Safety.The second-generation Juke was awarded a full five-star rating by Euro NCAP.## Reception.It was reported that customers of the Juke mainly consisted of young buyers and the elderly, resulting in an average age in the late 40s.In Europe, it is Nissan's second best-selling car behind the Qashqai. U.S. sales of the Juke slowed in 2015, but the crossover sold 38,000 units in 2013 and 2014, and about 36,000 in 2011 and 2012.The Nissan Juke received Insurance Institute for.

Nissan Juke. Highway Safety (IIHS) Top Safety Pick in 2011.A Nissan Juke driven by stunt-driver Terry Grant claimed a Guinness World Record when it was driven around the Goodwood Hill Course on two wheels for 2 minutes and 55 seconds. The Nissan Juke received "The Grand Tour"s 2017 "Nissan Juke Award" for the worst car of the year.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, commonly known as kahikatea (from Māori) and white pine, is a coniferous tree endemic to New Zealand. A podocarp, it is New Zealand's tallest tree, gaining heights of 60 m and a life span of 600 years. It was first described botanically by the French botanist Achille Richard in 1832 as "Podocarpus" "dacrydioides", and was given its current binomial name "Dacrycarpus dacrydioides" in 1969 by the American botanist David de Laubenfels. Analysis of DNA has confirmed its evolutionary relationship with other species in the genera "Dacrycarpus" and "Dacrydium".In traditional Māori culture, it is an important source of timber.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. for the building of waka and making of tools, of food in the form of its berries, and of dye. When Europeans discovered it in the 18th century they found large remnant stands in both the North and South Islands, despite burning of forest by early Māori. Its use for timber and its damp fertile habitat, ideal for dairy farming, have led to its decimation almost everywhere except South Westland.Kahikatea seeds have fleshy structures called receptacles attached to them, which encourage birds such as kererū and tūī to eat them and disperse the seeds. The water storage ability of this.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. structures may also be to protect seeds from drying out. It supports many smaller plants in its own branches, which are called epiphytes; 100 different species have been recorded on one tree alone.## Description.The kahikatea is a coniferous tree reaching a height of 50–65 (m), making it the tallest New Zealand tree, with a trunk 1–2 (m) through. It has a 600 year life span and gains maturity after between 250 and 450 years. Near the base of the tree, the roots are typically buttressed and grooved. The wood itself is odourless and white. The majority of the trunk is.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. branchless—in adults around three quarters—and has grey or dark grey coloured bark which falls off thickly in flakes. Young adults have no branches in a third to a half of the trunk and have a conic shape.In juveniles the leaves are 3–7 (reaching 4 mm in young adults) by 0.5–1 mm and a dark green to red colour that come to a marked point. They are narrow, arranged in almost opposite pairs spreading away from a wider base, and curved like a scythe. In adulthood the leaves change dramatically and are a brown-green colour and just 1–2 mm long, waxy,.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. and grow overlapping one another tightly.As a conifer, the kahikatea has no flowers and instead has cones. Male cones, which occur on different trees to female ones, are 1 cm long and rectangular. The pollen is a pale yellow colour and has a three-pored or trisaccate shape that is distinctive in the New Zealand flora and so can be identified easily. The fruit is highly modified with a yellow-orange fleshy receptacle that is 2.5–6.5 mm long. The purple-black seed is roughly spherical and 4–6 mm in diameter. Both the seed and the ovary are covered with a thin layer of.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. wax. The kahikatea has a diploid chromosome count of 20.## Phytochemistry.Several different glycosides have been isolated from the leaves; the tricetin 3’,5’-di-O-/β-glucopyranoside and 3’-0-β-xylopyranoside have been found only in the kahikatea. The receptacles and seeds have been found to contain anthocyanins, rare in gymnosperms, which it was suggested in one 1988 paper make the fruit as a whole more attractive to prospective animal dispersers.## Taxonomy.The kahikatea was first described in 1832 by the French botanist Achille Richard in his "Essai d'une Flore de la Nouvelle Zélande" (Essay On The Flora of New Zealand) as "Podocarpus" "dacrydioides". There is an earlier.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. record given in the 1825 issue of "Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle" as "Podocarpus thujoides", but it lacks a description. It was superfluously named "Dacrydium excelsum" by Allan Cunningham in the 1838 issue of Annals of Natural History, and transferred to the genus "Nageia" by Otto Kuntze in 1891. It was given its current binomial name, "Dacrycarpus dacrydioides," in 1969 by American botanist David de Laubenfels.## Etymology."Dacrycarpus" means tear shaped fruit, and the specific epithet "dacrydioides" is after its similarity to species in the genus "Dacrydium". Common names include kahikatea, from the Māori language, and white pine. Other Māori names.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. recorded by 19th century ethnographers include: katea, kaikatea, koroī, kōaka, kahika, and the name kāī (for the young tree).## Evolution.A 2022 study in "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution", found a phylogeny, or evolutionary tree, in which kahikatea is found to be within a "Darcydioid" clade. This group of species that share a common ancestor also gave rise to the other "Dacrycarpus" species as well as those in the genus "Darcydium". They suggested it diverged from a common ancestor around 60 million years ago, in the early paleogene. This is represented in the cladogram below.## Distribution and habitat.The kahikatea is endemic to.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. the North, South, and Stewart Islands of New Zealand. It inhabits mostly lowland forests between 0 and 600m above sea level, though may in rare cases reach montane areas. It used to dominate a swamp forest type that now exists almost only on the South Westland region of the South Island. Kahikatea prefers flooded or alluvial soils with low levels of drainage, which in Westland occur from post glaciation events.## Ecology.## Dispersal.Under optimal circumstances a mature kahikatea can produce 800 (kg) of fruit, equivalent to 4.5 million seeds, in a year. The fruit contains a special fleshy structure called a.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. receptacle which helps attract birds such as the kererū, tūī, and bellbird, who then eat the fruit and disperse the seed elsewhere. One 2008 study in the New Zealand Journal of Ecology found a mean retention time of kahikatea seeds in kererū of 44.5 minutes. It was suggested in a 1989 study that the high water content of the receptacle may also help protect the seeds, which are vulnerable to drying out, from dry conditions. It may also serve as a storage vessel for water. The bluish seeds have very strong UV reflectance, which is visible to some species of.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. birds.## Epiphytes.Kahikatea can support a vast number of non-parasitic plants that live in its branches, called epiphytes. One 2002 study identified between 90 and 100 species occurring on one mature tree. This included 49 vascular plants and over 50 non-vascular plants, which the authors identified as comparable to the number found on a "Prumnopitys exigua" in Bolivian cloud forest.## Competition.Intraspecific competition between kahikatea trees was found in a 1999 study to be an important factor in their survival and overall success, affecting both growth rates and rates of mortality. Older trees have a particularly large advantage over resources compared to.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. newer ones, and also have higher growth rates. Following flooding or other natural events, the kahikatea has been found to require an open canopy in order to re-establish. Because of the consistency of these events in South Westland however, many forested areas don't progress beyond regaining kahikatea and rimu, as other species, such as kāmahi, need the environment to improve before they can return.## Conservation.Prior to the arrival of humans in New Zealand around 75% of the country was covered in trees, and kahikatea dominated its own and once widespread kahikatea forest type. Even after the burning of many forests.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. by early Māori, there still remained large remnant forests which European settlers came upon in the 18th and 19th centuries. Prospects for use as timber were accelerated by the vast numbers of straight and tall trees, but because the wood is soft and odourless, it was made into pulp, barrels and boxes–butter boxes in particular were made mostly out of kahikatea. The kahikatea's usually flat habitat, with its damp and fertile soil, was also a prime location for dairy farming. Together this led to the felling of much of the remaining forests in the North and South Islands during the.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today they are confined mostly to the South Westland region of the South Island, though small remnants still exist in some places.Conservation efforts have focused on protecting and fencing kahikatea forests around the country. Riccarton Bush is one notable example of forest remnant protection. The near 16 (acre) reserve was held in the Deans family for 70 years before it was gifted to Christchurch by them in 1914, and subsequently formally protected in the Riccarton Bush Bill. It is the only surviving kahikatea forest remnant in the entire Canterbury Plains, and contains trees up.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. to 600 years old. Reservation of stands may not totally protect kahikatea, however, because the alluvial plains that they favour are prone to upheaval and erosion and so trees may still become damaged. Forest remnants outside of South Westland face the threat of never returning to their natural states, as a result of their small size, threats from weed species, and grazing by livestock. Despite this, the kahikatea has been classified as Least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and "Not Threatened" by the New Zealand Threat Classification System, which gives it an estimated population of above.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. 100,000.## In Māori culture.In Māori mythology the kahikatea is a child of Tāne, the god of forests and birds, and Hine-wao-riki. It served as an important source of wood for the making of tools, of dye, and of food from its berries. To collect the latter, Māori had to climb sometimes more than 100 (ft) to reach them.19th century British ethnographers Richard Taylor, Eldson Best, and William Colenso all recorded the fruit of kahikatea being eaten, and that it was given its own name: koroī. Best described berries being collected in a basket and then hoisted down using a cord.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. J. H. Kerry-Nicholls and William Colenso both recorded a blue or black dye being obtained from the soot of burning the kahikatea's resin or heart wood, called kāpara or māpara. This was described as then being used in tattooing. This resin was also used as chewing gum.The wood could be made into canoes, called waka, but Best recorded that because of the softness of the wood they were far inferior to those made from tōtara. The heartwood was far stronger and R. H. Matthews described it as being used in tools and weapons such as spears. Medicinal applications were described.

Dacrycarpus dacrydioides. by W. H. Goldie, who recorded the leaves being used to cure "internal complaints" as a decoction or in a steam bath. Gymnosperm Database - "Dacrycarpus dacrydioides.


Question: Who found this vehicle?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Plymouth (automobile). binder twine, produced by the Plymouth Cordage Company, also of Plymouth. The name was chosen by Joe Frazer due to the popularity of the twine among farmers.The origins of Plymouth can be traced back to the Maxwell automobile. When Walter P. Chrysler took over control of the troubled Maxwell-Chalmers car company in the early 1920s, he inherited the Maxwell as part of the package. After he used the company's facilities to help create and launch the six-cylinder Chrysler automobile in 1924, he decided to create a lower-priced companion car, using lessons learned when he was running Buick under William Durant.


Question: How many offspring can this animal produce at the same time?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Groundhog. stable, long-term pair-bonds, and during mating season male-female interactions are limited to copulation. In Ohio, adult males and females associate with each other throughout the year and often from year to year. Groundhogs are an extremely intelligent animal forming complex social networks, able to understand social behavior, form kinship with their young, understand and communicate threats through whistling, and work cooperatively to solve tasks such as burrowing.## Description.The groundhog is by far the largest sciurid in its geographical range, excepting British Columbia where its range may that of its somewhat larger cousin, the hoary marmot. Adults may measure from 41.8.

Groundhog. to 68.5 (cm) in total length, including a tail of 9.5 to 18.7 (cm). Weights of adult groundhogs typically fall between 2 and 6.3 (kg).Male groundhogs average slightly larger than females and, like all marmots, they are considerably heavier during autumn (when engaged in autumn hyperphagia) than when emerging from hibernation in spring. Adult males average year-around weight 3.83 (kg), with spring to fall average weights of 3.1 to 5.07 (kg) while females average 3.53 (kg), with spring to fall averages of 3.08 to 4.8 (kg). Seasonal weight changes indicate circannual deposition and use of fat. Groundhogs attain progressively higher.

Groundhog. "M. monax" to thrive.## Survival.In the wild, groundhogs can live up to six years with two or three being average. In captivity, groundhogs reportedly live up to 14 years. Human development, which often produces openings juxtaposed with second growth trees that are incidentally also favored by groundhogs, often ensures that groundhogs in well-developed areas are nearly free of predators, beyond humans (through various forms of pest control or roadkills) or mid-to-large sized dogs.Wild predators of adult groundhogs in most of eastern North America include coyotes, badgers, bobcats, and foxes (largely only red fox). Many of these predators are successful stealth.

Groundhog. in the state.In some areas woodchucks are important game animals and are killed regularly for sport, food, or fur. In Kentucky, an estimated 267,500 "M. monax" were taken annually from 1964 to 1971 (Barbour and Davis 1974). Woodchucks had protected status in the state of Wisconsin until 2017. Woodchuck numbers appear to have decreased in Illinois.## Behavior.The time spent observing groundhogs by field biologists represents only a small fraction of time devoted to the field research. W.J. Schoonmaker reports that groundhogs may hide when they see, smell, or hear an observer. Marmot researcher Ken Armitage states that the social biology.

Groundhog. from these averaged 6 (cuft) per den. The longest burrow measured 24 (ft) plus two short side galleries. The volume of soil taken from this den was 8 (USbu), weighing 640 (lb). The average weight of the earth taken from all eleven dens was 384 (lb). Though groundhogs are the most solitary of the marmots, several individuals may occupy the same burrow. Groundhog burrows usually have two to five entrances, providing groundhogs their primary means of escape from predators. Burrows can pose a serious threat to agricultural and residential development by damaging farm machinery and even undermining building foundations. In.

Groundhog. twenty inches to three feet (20 - 36 (in)) below ground surface. It is about 16 (in) wide and 14 (in) high. There are typically two burrow openings or holes. One is the main entrance, the other a spy hole. Description of the length of the burrow often includes side galleries. Excluding side galleries, Schoonmaker reports the longest was 24 (ft), and the average length of eleven dens was 14 (ft). W. H. Fisher investigated nine burrows, finding the deepest point 49 (in) down. The longest, including side galleries, was . Numbers of burrows per individual groundhog decrease with urbanization.Bachman.

Groundhog. during the winter months. In most areas, groundhogs hibernate from October to March or April, but in more temperate areas, they may hibernate as little as three months. Groundhogs hibernate longer in northern latitudes than southern latitudes. To survive the winter, they are at their maximum weight shortly before entering hibernation. When the groundhog enters hibernation, there is a drop in body temperature to as low as 35 (°F), heart rate falls to 4–10 beats per minute and breathing rate falls to one breath every six minutes. During hibernation, they experience periods of torpor and arousal. Hibernating woodchucks lose as.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Pinyon pine. pinyon nut or seed is high in fats and calories.Pinyon wood, especially when burned, has a distinctive fragrance, making it a common wood to burn in chimeneas. Pinyon pine trees are also known to influence the soil in which they grow by increasing concentrations of both macronutrients and micronutrients.Some of the species are known to hybridize, the most notable ones being "P. quadrifolia" with "P. monophylla", and "P. edulis" with "P. monophylla".The two-needle piñon ("Pinus edulis") is the official state tree of New Mexico.## Evolutionary History.The evolutionary origins of the piñons appear to coincide with the Laramide Orogeny## Species.Genetic differentiation.

Pinyon pine. in the pinyon pine has been observed associated to insect herbivory and environmental stress. There are eight species of true pinyon ("Pinus" subsection "Cembroides"): "Pinus cembroides" – Mexican pinyon "Pinus orizabensis" – Orizaba pinyon "Pinus johannis" – Johann's pinyon (includes "P. discolor" – border pinyon) "Pinus culminicola" – Potosi pinyon "Pinus remota" – Texas pinyon or papershell pinyon "Pinus edulis" – two-needle piñon or Colorado pinyon "Pinus monophylla" – single-leaf pinyon "Pinus quadrifolia" – Parry pinyon (includes "P. juarezensis").These additional Mexican species are also related, and mostly called pinyons: "Pinus rzedowskii" – Rzedowski's pine "Pinus pinceana" – weeping pinyon "Pinus.

Pinyon pine. maximartinezii" – big-cone pinyon "Pinus nelsonii" – Nelson's pinyonThe three bristlecone pine species of the high mountains of the southwestern United States, and the lacebark pines of Asia are closely related to the pinyon pines.## Piñon seeds in Native American cuisine.The seeds of the pinyon pine, known as "pine nuts" or "piñóns", are an important food for American Indians living in the mountains of the North American Southwest. All species of pine produce edible seeds, but in North America only pinyon produces seeds large enough to be a major source of food.The pinyon has likely been a source of food.

Pinyon pine. nuts, without dispersing them. Pine classification Arboretum de Villardebelle Images of the cones of all the pinyons and allied pines.


Question: What is the highest observed lifespan of this animal?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Waterbuck. 198 - 262 (kg) and females 161 - 214 (kg). Their coat colour varies from brown to grey. The long, spiral horns, present only on males, curve backward, then forward, and are 55 - 99 (cm) long.Waterbucks are rather sedentary in nature. As gregarious animals, they may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. These groups are either nursery herds with females and their offspring or bachelor herds. Males start showing territorial behaviour from the age of 5 years, but are most dominant from the six to nine. The waterbuck cannot tolerate dehydration in hot weather, and thus inhabits.

Waterbuck. in length. To some extent, the length of the horns is related to the bull's age. A rudimentary horn in the form of a bone lump may be found on the skulls of females.## Ecology and behaviour.Waterbuck are rather sedentary in nature, though some migration may occur with the onset of monsoon. A gregarious animal, the waterbuck may form herds consisting of six to 30 individuals. The various groups are the nursery herds, bachelor herds and territorial males. Herd size increases in summer, whereas groups fragment in the winter months, probably under the influence of food availability. As soon as.

Waterbuck. up to two months. At about three to four weeks, the calf begins following its mother, who signals it to do so by raising her tail. Though bereft of horns, mothers will fiercely defend their offspring from predators. Calves are weaned at eight months, following which time they join groups of calves of their own age. Young females remain with their mothers in nursery herds, or may also join bachelor herds. The waterbuck lives to 18 years in the wild and 30 years in captivity.## Distribution and habitat.The waterbuck is native to southern and eastern Africa (including countries such as.


Question: In which year did this building officially open?

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Saxon Railway Museum. The Saxon Railway Museum ("Sächsisches Eisenbahnmuseum" or "SEM") is located in Chemnitz, in the state of Saxony, eastern Germany. It is situated on the site of the former locomotive depot ("Bahnbetriebswerk" or "Bw") for goods train locomotives in the district Hilbersdorf.After the locomotive depot was closed in 1992, the society moved into the buildings which were protected as historical monuments. As a result, the museum has two roundhouses with 20 (m) turntables. In addition there are coaling and sanding facilities, water cranes, a working jack for inspection pits and a range of other equipment found in an operational depot.The exhibition.


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Tetrahedron. of a tetrahedron the base is a triangle (any of the four faces can be considered the base), so a tetrahedron is also known as a "triangular pyramid".Like all convex polyhedra, a tetrahedron can be folded from a single sheet of paper. It has two such nets.For any tetrahedron there exists a sphere (called the circumsphere) on which all four vertices lie, and another sphere (the insphere) tangent to the tetrahedron's faces.## Regular tetrahedron.A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron in which all four faces are equilateral triangles. It is one of the five regular Platonic solids, which have been known.

Tetrahedron. edge of the base. This follows from the fact that the medians of a triangle intersect at its centroid, and this point divides each of them in two segments, one of which is twice as long as the other (see ).For a regular tetrahedron with side length "a", radius "R" of its circumscribing sphere, and distances "di" from an arbitrary point in 3-space to its four vertices, we haveformula_7## Isometries of the regular tetrahedron.The vertices of a cube can be grouped into two groups of four, each forming a regular tetrahedron (see above, and also , showing one of the.

Tetrahedron. with four congruent triangles as faces; the triangles necessarily have all angles acute. The regular tetrahedron is a special case of a disphenoid. Other names for the same shape include bisphenoid, isosceles tetrahedron and equifacial tetrahedron.## Orthoschemes.A 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron where all four faces are right triangles. An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular. In a 3-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of three perpendicular edges connecting all four vertices in a linear path that makes two right-angled turns. The 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron having two.

Tetrahedron. its characteristic tetrahedron by its planes of symmetry.If the tetrahedron has edge length 2, its characteristic tetrahedron's six edges have lengths , , (the exterior right triangle face, the "characteristic triangle" of the tetrahedron), plus , , (edges that are the "characteristic radii" of the tetrahedron). The 3-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is , , , first from a tetrahedron vertex to an tetrahedron edge center, then turning 90° to an tetrahedron face center, then turning 90° to the tetrahedron center. The orthoscheme has four dissimilar right triangle faces. The exterior face is a 30-60-90 triangle which.

Tetrahedron. is one-sixth of a tetrahedron face. The three faces interior to the tetrahedron are: a right triangle with edges , , , a right triangle with edges , , , and a right triangle with edges , , .## Space-filling tetrahedra.A space-filling tetrahedron packs with directly congruent or enantiomorphous (mirror image) copies of itself to tile space. The cube can be dissected into six 3-orthoschemes, three left-handed and three right-handed (one of each at each cube face), and cubes can fill space, so the characteristic 3-orthoscheme of the cube is a space-filling tetrahedron in this sense. A disphenoid can be.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. as calculated here. Then another volume formula is given byformula_25## Properties analogous to those of a triangle.The tetrahedron has many properties analogous to those of a triangle, including an insphere, circumsphere, medial tetrahedron, and exspheres. It has respective centers such as incenter, circumcenter, excenters, Spieker center and points such as a centroid. However, there is generally no orthocenter in the sense of intersecting altitudes.Gaspard Monge found a center that exists in every tetrahedron, now known as the Monge point: the point where the six midplanes of a tetrahedron intersect. A midplane is defined as a plane that is orthogonal to.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. face.The radius of the twelve-point sphere is one third of the circumradius of the reference tetrahedron.There is a relation among the angles made by the faces of a general tetrahedron given byformula_26where "α" is the angle between the faces "i" and "j".The geometric median of the vertex position coordinates of a tetrahedron and its isogonic center are associated, under circumstances analogous to those observed for a triangle. Lorenz Lindelöf found that, corresponding to any given tetrahedron is a point now known as an isogonic center, "O", at which the solid angles subtended by the faces are equal, having a common.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. of the tetrahedron.With this definition, the circumcenter of a tetrahedron with vertices ,, can be formulated as matrix-vector product:formula_35In contrast to the centroid, the circumcenter may not always lay on the inside of a tetrahedron.Analogously to an obtuse triangle, the circumcenter is outside of the object for an obtuse tetrahedron.## Centroid.The tetrahedron's center of mass computes as the arithmetic mean of its four vertices, see Centroid.## Faces.The sum of the areas of any three faces is greater than the area of the fourth face.## Integer tetrahedra.There exist tetrahedra having integer-valued edge lengths, face areas and volume. These are called Heronian.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.


Question: What is the basionym of this plant?

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Calocedrus decurrens. Calocedrus decurrens, with the common names incense cedar and California incense-cedar (syn. "Libocedrus decurrens" Torr.), is a species of coniferous tree native to western North America. It is the most widely known species in the genus, and is often simply called 'incense cedar' without the regional qualifier.## Description."Calocedrus decurrens" is a large tree, typically reaching heights of 30-40 (m) and a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 (m). The largest known tree, located in Klamath National Forest, Siskiyou County, California, is 47.98 (m) tall with a 12 (m) circumference trunk and a 17.5 (m) spread. Specimens form a broad conic.

Calocedrus decurrens. crown of spreading branches. The bark is orange-brown weathering grayish, smooth at first, becoming fissured and exfoliating in long strips on the lower trunk on old trees. Specimens can live to over 500 years old.The foliage is produced in flattened sprays with scale-like leaves 2–15 (mm) long; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four; the facial pairs are flat, with the lateral pairs folded over their bases. The leaves are bright green on both sides of the shoots, with only inconspicuous stomata. The foliage, when crushed,.

Calocedrus decurrens. gives off an aroma somewhat akin to shoe-polish.The seed cones are 20–35 (mm) long, pale green to yellow, with four (rarely six) scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; the outer pair of scales each bears two winged seeds, the inner pair(s) usually being sterile and fused together in a flat plate. The cones turn orange to yellow-brown when mature about 8 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 6–8 (mm) long.## Distribution.The bulk of the tree's range is in the United States, from central-southwestern Oregon through most of California and the extreme west of Nevada, as well as a short.

Calocedrus decurrens. distance into northwest Mexico in northern Baja California.It grows at altitudes of 50-2900 (m).## Ecology.At lower elevations, associated trees include oaks and ponderosa pine. Giant sequoia bears similarities to the species, but has sharp leaves. In the south–southwest U.S. some have confused bushy junipers for incense cedar.With its thick basal bark, the incense cedar is one of the most fire- and drought-tolerant plants in California. Although the tree is killed by hot, stand-replacing crown fire, it spreads rapidly after lower-intensity burns. This has given the incense cedar a competitive advantage over other species such as the bigcone Douglas-fir in recent.

Calocedrus decurrens. years. Incense cedar is more shade tolerant than Douglas-fir, but not as much so as grand or white fir. It grows slowly when needed to outlast competition.This tree is the preferred host of a wood wasp, "Syntexis libocedrii" a species which lays its eggs in the smoldering wood immediately after a forest fire. The tree is also host to incense-cedar mistletoe ("Phoradendron libocedri"), a parasitic plant which can often be found hanging from its branches. Fire scars provide an entry point for "Tyromyces amarus" (pocket dry rot). "Gymnosporangium" rust disease afflicts the trees, but is rarely fatal.For numerous birds during.

Calocedrus decurrens. the wintertime, "Calocedrus decurrens" has been seen to be used for foraging. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, in areas of the Western Sierra Nevada in California, numerous species of birds are thought to use the incense cedar as a "foraging substrate" so that they can attain as much food as needed. Human impacts on these trees due to forest management practices have caused issues for many of these birds, threatening the use of the incense cedar as a forage substrate.## Uses.The wood is soft and light, and has a pleasant odor and is generally resistant to rot.

Calocedrus decurrens. It has been used for external house siding, interior paneling, and to make moth-resistant hope chests. It was once the primary material for wooden pencils, because it is soft and tends to sharpen easily without forming splinters.## Native Americans.Indigenous peoples of California use the plant in traditional medicine, basket making, hunting bows, building materials, and to produce fire by friction. A Northern California tribe used branchlets to filter out sand from water when leaching toxins from acorn meal; foliage also served as a flavoring.The Maidu Concow tribe name for the plant is hö'-tä (Konkow language).## Cultivation."Calocedrus decurrens" is cultivated as.

Calocedrus decurrens. an ornamental tree, for planting in gardens and parks. It is used in traditional, xeriscapic, native plant, and wildlife gardens; and also in designed natural landscaping and habitat restoration projects in California. It is valued for its columnar form and evergreen foliage textures.The tree is also grown in gardens and parks in cool summer climates, including the Pacific Northwest in the Northwestern United States and British Columbia, eastern Great Britain and continental Northern Europe. In these areas it can develop an especially narrow columnar crown, an unexplained consequence of the cooler climatic conditions that is rare in trees within its.

Calocedrus decurrens. warm summer natural range in the California Floristic Province. Other cultivated species from the family Cupressaceae can have similar crown forms.## Award of Garden Merit.This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit, and has the cultivar 'Berrima Gold'.## Essential oils.Various species in the family Cupressaceae can be utilized for the creation of essential oils. Scientific studies have shown that these essential oils have "strong antimicrobial properties." Antimicrobial properties are those properties of a substance that lower the levels of microbes, such as bacteria and viruses. These antimicrobial properties could potentially be used for therapies in developing.

Calocedrus decurrens. countries, although more testing and clinical trials should be done before such measures are implemented. Cedar wood List of California native plants.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Long-billed curlew. The long-billed curlew (Numenius americanus) is a large North American shorebird of the family Scolopacidae. This species was also called "sicklebird" and the "candlestick bird". The species breeds in central and western North America, migrating southward and coastward for the winter.## Description.The long-billed curlew is the largest sandpiper of regular occurrence in North America. It is 50 - 65 (cm) long, 62 - 90 (cm) across the wing and weighs 490 - 950 (g). Its disproportionally long bill curves downward and measures 11.3 - 21.9 (cm), and rivals the bill of the larger-bodied Far Eastern curlew as the longest bill.

Long-billed curlew. to analyze its migration routes, with it taking flight in April 2016. Long-billed curlew Status Assessment and Conservation Plan – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Long-billed curlew Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology Long-billed curlew - "Numenius americanus" – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter.


Question: Which place is this plant endemic to?

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Dicksonia squarrosa. Dicksonia squarrosa, the New Zealand tree fern, whekī or rough tree fern, is a common tree fern endemic to New Zealand. It has a slender black trunk that is usually surrounded by many dead brown fronds.## Description.This species has a fast growth rate of up to 10 - 80 (cm) a year, growing to about 6 (m) tall. It produces few fronds, all of which sprout in almost horizontal fashion. The fronds reach 1.5 - 3 (m) in length, much smaller than "Cyathea" varieties, and are quite crisp to touch. They form a small "umbrella" on top of the trunk.

Dicksonia squarrosa. They are sometimes found sprouting from apparently dead pieces of trunk. The trunks are often used for fencing or edging and fronds will sometimes sprout from the side if the top is dead. A feature of the whekī is the spreading underground rhizomes which can create dense groves, making it one of the most common tree ferns in New Zealand forests.The Latin specific epithet "squarrosa" means "with curving ends" (referring to the fronds).## Human use.The whekī is quite hardy and tolerant to sun and some wind, but is best suited to a site with partial shade and minimal wind. It.


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Nelahozeves. Nelahozeves is a municipality and village in Mělník District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,200 inhabitants.## Administrative parts.Villages of Hleďsebe 1.díl, Hleďsebe 2.díl, Lešany and Podhořany are administrative parts of Nelahozeves.## Geography.Nelahozeves lies on the left bank of the Vltava River, about 19 (km) north of Prague.## History.The first written mention of Nelahozeves is from 1352, when the Church of Saint Andrew already existed.## Sights.The village has a three-winged Renaissance chateau in the Italianate Northern Mannerist style, featuring elaborate sgraffito designs that depict scenes from Greek mythology and the Old Testament. The castle.

Nelahozeves. adviser to Emperor Ferdinand I, who commissioned the building from royal master builder Bonifaz Wolmut. The castle took more than sixty years to build and was completed at the beginning of the 17th century, more than a decade after Florian's death. However, financial difficulties forced the von Griesbach family to sell the castle to Polyxena, 1st Princess Lobkowicz (1566–1642), in 1623. The castle was severely damaged during the Thirty Years' War, but was reconstructed by Václav Eusebius, 2nd Prince Lobkowicz (1609–1677), who used the castle as the center for administration and management of his estates. However, the castle never served.

Nelahozeves. as the Lobkowicz family's primary residence. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was home to the Order of the Sisters of God's Love, a religious institution for widowed or unmarried noblewomen founded by Princess Wilhelmina Lobkowicz (1863–1945). Nelahozeves Castle was confiscated by the Communist government in 1948, and housed an exhibition of modern socialist art run by the Czech Regional Gallery in the 1970s and 80s. It was returned to the Lobkowicz family in 1993, and now features an exhibition of historical period rooms, demonstrating the lifestyle of a Bohemian noble family in the mid-19th century. The.

Nelahozeves. castle also houses part of the Lobkowicz collection of paintings.## Notable people.The 19th-century composer Antonín Dvořák was born in Nelahozeves in 1841, and lived there until the age of 13. In his childhood home, also owned by the Lobkowicz family, the National Museum operates a small museum focusing on his life.Nelahozeves Castle.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Yellow-crowned night heron. The yellow-crowned night heron (Nyctanassa violacea), is one of two species of night herons found in the Americas, the other one being the black-crowned night heron. It is known as the "bihoreau violacé" in French and the "pedrete corona clara" in Spanish.## Description.## General shape.The yellow-crowned night heron is a rather stocky wading bird, ranging from 55 (to(-)) and from 650 (to(-)), the females being a little smaller than the males. The yellow-crowned night heron has a wingspan ranging from 101 (to(-)). The neck, slim when extended, exposes its large head (compared to its body), with a large and heavy.

Yellow-crowned night heron. yellow-crowned night heron has changed with its expansion north: one subspecies ("Nyctanassa violacea violacea)" migrates to the northern limits of its range, moving north and west after breeding. Birds observed outside of the normal range are usually first-years or strays.Migration occurs in mid-March in lower latitude, and from mid-March to April in higher latitude.## Behavior.## Vocalizations.The most common call of the yellow-crowned night heron is a loud, sharp and quick "squawk" that the bird gives shortly after taking off or uses as an alarm call or an aggression call. The young beg for food with a soft "chu-chu-chu" call that.


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Whinchat. a short-tailed bird, moving on the ground with small, rapid hops and frequently bobbing and flicking its wings and tail. It is similar in size to its relative the European robin ("Erithacus rubecula"), being 12 to 14 (cm) long and weighing 13 to 26 (g). Both sexes have brownish upperparts mottled darker, a buff throat and breast, a pale buff to whitish belly, and a blackish tail with white bases to the outer tail feathers.The male in breeding plumage has a blackish face mask almost encircled by a strong white supercilium and malar stripe, a bright orange-buff throat and breast,.


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Hayravank Monastery. Hayravank () is a 9th to 12th century Armenian monastery located just northeast of the village of Hayravank along the southwest shores of Lake Sevan in the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. The monastic complex consists of a church, chapel, and gavit.Surrounding the monastery are numerous khachkars and gravestones that are part of a small cemetery. To the northwest a short distance from the site, are the remains of Bronze Age through medieval fortification walls and foundations of a settlement. A polished black vessel of the Early Bronze Age was discovered during archaeological excavations in the area. Weapons of metal and.

Hayravank Monastery. centuries in sacred buildings throughout Armenia. An oculus at the peak of the dome lets light into the room below. Armeniapedia.org: Hayravank Monastery Armenica.org: Hayravank Monastery.


Question: Who are the structure engineers of this building?

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Medici Fountain. including the sculptor Francesco Bordoni, who helped design the statue of King Henry IV of France built on the Pont Neuf, and fountain technician Thomas Francini, who had worked on fountains in the new gardens of the Medici villas in Florence and Rome, found eager royal patrons in France. Soon features of the Italian Renaissance garden, such as elaborate fountains and the grotto, a simulated cave decorated with sculpture, appeared in the first Gardens of the French Renaissance at Fontainebleau and other royal residences.## Construction.Marie de' Medici, as widow of Henry IV and mother and regent of King Louis XIII.

Medici Fountain. of France, began construction of her own palace, which she called the Palais des Medicis, between 1623 and 1630, on the left bank of Paris. The new palace was modeled after the Palazzo Pitti in her native Florence, and the gardens around the palace were modeled after those of the Boboli Gardens in Florence. The Palace was the work of architect Salomon de Brosse, but the fountain and grotto was most probably the work of Tommaso Francini, the Intendant General of Waters and Fountains of the King. Francini, who emigrated to France at the invitation of Henry IV in 1598.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Campanula americana. Campanula americana, the American bellflower, or tall bellflower, is a bellflower native to eastern North America. Tall bellflowers can be annual or biennial with a varying life-history with seeds germinating in the fall producing annual plants and spring-germinating seeds producing biennial plants. Long-tongued bees are the primary pollinators, including Megachile campanulae," but halictid bees, butterflies, and skippers may also act as pollinators. Tall Bellflowers do not generally self-pollinate. Some authorities, including the USDA PLANTS database, consider the name Campanulastrum americanum" to be the accepted name for this species.## Description.## Morphology.A large central flower stem shoots up from a basal rosette,.

Campanula americana. that terminates in a raceme 1/2-2' long, with the plant's overall height being 3-6'. The central stem is light green, slightly grooved, and hairy. The primary root system is a taproot. It has alternate leaves 3-6" in length, that are lance-shaped to ovate-elliptic in shape, with rough/toothed edges.Tall bellflower flowers are light blue to violet with a pale white ring at the throat, which primarily bloom in July and August. It is an unusual bellflower in that its flowers are flat. Flowers are approximately 1" across. Its pistils have a recurved style and a three lobed anther and each flower.

Campanula americana. has 5 stamen, 5 petals, and 5 sepals. The ovaries develop into 5 angled flat topped seed pods.## Distributions and Habitat.Tall bellflowers grow from the Great Lakes region south to Florida and from the Dakotas east to New York. They thrive in partial shade and grow along woodland edges, in open woods, shaded meadows, streambanks and ditches.


Question: What is the length of the wingspan in centimetre of this bird?

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Common kingfisher. shape. The adult male of the western European subspecies, "A. a. ispida" has green-blue upperparts with pale azure-blue back and rump, a rufous patch by the bill base, and a rufous ear-patch. It has a green-blue neck stripe, white neck blaze and throat, rufous underparts, and a black bill with some red at the base. The legs and feet are bright red. It is about 16 (cm) long with a wingspan of 25 (cm), and weighs 34 - 46 (g). The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower mandible is orange-red with a black tip.

Common kingfisher. two eggs in most clutches fail to hatch because the parent cannot cover them. Both sexes incubate by day, but only the female incubates at night. An incubating bird sits trance-like, facing the tunnel; it invariably casts a pellet, breaking it up with the bill. The eggs hatch in 19–20 days, and the altricial young are in the nest for a further 24–25 days, often more. Once large enough, young birds will come to the burrow entrance to be fed. Two broods, sometimes three, may be reared in a season.## Survival.The early days for fledged juveniles are more hazardous; during.

Common kingfisher. as it searches for prey. It bobs its head when food is detected to gauge the distance and plunges steeply down to seize its prey usually no deeper than 25 (cm) below the surface. The wings are opened underwater and the open eyes are protected by the transparent third eyelid. The bird rises beak-first from the surface and flies back to its perch. At the perch the fish is adjusted until it is held near its tail and beaten against the perch several times. Once dead, the fish is positioned lengthways and swallowed head-first. A few times each day, a.

Common kingfisher. intake was 73.5 kJ per chick (i.e., 1837 kJ per 25 days of the fledging period).A challenge for any diving bird is the change in refraction between air and water. The eyes of many birds have two foveae (the fovea is the area of the retina with the greatest density of light receptors), and a kingfisher can switch from the main central fovea to the auxiliary fovea when it enters water; a retinal streak of high receptor density which connects the two foveae allows the image to swing temporally as the bird drops onto the prey. The egg-shaped lens of.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Stylophorum diphyllum. Stylophorum diphyllum, commonly called the celandine poppy or wood poppy, is an herbaceous plant in the poppy family (Papaveraceae). It is native to North America, where it is found in the eastern United States and Ontario. Its typical natural habitat is moist forests over calcareous rock, particularly in ravines.It is occasionally cultivated for its bright yellow flowers. The common name is derived from greater celandine ("Chelidonium majus"), a closely related European plant with similar flowers and leaves.## Description."Stylophorum diphyllum" is an herbaceous perennial. It grows to about 1.5 (feet) tall, from underground rhizomes. Leaves are pinnately cut and lobed. They.

Stylophorum diphyllum. grow from the base of the plant, and in a pair at the top of the flowering stems. Apart from its normal sap, "Stylophorum diphyllum" produces a yellow-orange latex that stains.In spring, the deep yellow flowers of the celandine poppy appear as a brilliant display on the forest floor. The flowers have 4 yellow petals, two soon-falling sepals, many yellow-orange stamens, and a single knobby stigma. They appear singly or in umbels of two to four flowers from early spring to early summer. The flowers issue from between a pair of leaves at the top of the flowering stems. They.

Stylophorum diphyllum. produce pollen, but no nectar.After fertilization, a bristly blue-green pod hangs below the leaves. Seeds with white elaiosomes ripen in midsummer and the pod opens by four flaps.## Propagation.Propagation is done by seed or by dividing established clumps in spring. It grows best in moist, high-humus soil, and prefers to be in the shade. Division should be done early in the morning, preferably on a cloudy and mild day.Plants are relatively long lived and readily self-seed under garden conditions.## Conservation."Stylophorum diphyllum" is a conservative species, and is somewhat uncommon throughout its range. Forest clearance is responsible for the loss of.

Stylophorum diphyllum. some stands of this species. As the wood poppy requires semi-shaded conditions, even selective logging can have negative effects by creating large openings that allow too much sun to reach the forest floor.Due to its limited distribution in Canada, it is listed under Ontario's Endangered Species Act, 2007, which protects the species and its habitat. One Ontario population of the wood poppy is in a conservation area. Bioimages.