Question: Where is this object originally invented or found?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Parka. A parka or anorak is a type of coat with a hood, often lined with fur or faux fur. This kind of garment is a staple of Inuit clothing, traditionally made from caribou or seal skin, for hunting and kayaking in the frigid Arctic. Some Inuit anoraks require regular coating with fish oil to retain their water resistance.The words "anorak" and "parka" have been used interchangeably, but they are somewhat different garments. Strictly speaking, an anorak is a waterproof, hooded, pull-over jacket without a front opening, and sometimes drawstrings at the waist and cuffs, and a parka is a hip-length.

Parka. is sometimes used as a mildly derogatory term.The word "parka" is derived from the Nenets language. In the Aleutian Islands the word simply means "animal skin". It first entered the English written record in a 1625 work by Samuel Purchas.The Inuit who speak Inuktitut use parkas and have various terms related to them as follows:## N-3B ("scrub snorkel" or "snorkel") parka.The original snorkel parka (USAF N-3B parka, which is 3/4 length and has a full, attached hood; the similar N-2B parka is waist-length and has an attached split hood) was developed in the United States during the early 1950s for.

Parka. pocket. It was invented by Noel Bibby of Peter Storm Ltd. in the early 1960s. It may have a full-zippered front opening, or pull over the head like an original anorak and close with snaps or a short zipper, has an integral hood, and elasticated or drawstring cuffs. In some versions, when rolled up, the hood doubles as a bag into which the rest of the coat is pushed. It became very popular in the United Kingdom during the 1970s.Anorak (slang)Capote (garment)Goggle jacketHoodieMackintoshYup'ik clothing"The Anorak", a play about the Montreal Massacre written and performed by Adam KellyA traditional Inuit parka.


Question: Who is the owner of this building?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football, located in Canton, Ohio. Opened on September 7, , the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football, including players, coaches, officials, franchise owners, and front-office personnel, almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League (NFL).As of the Class of 2022, there are a total of 362 members of the Hall of Fame. Between four and eight new inductees are normally enshrined every year. For the 2020 class, a 20-person group consisting of.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. five modern-era players and an additional 15 members, known as the "Centennial Slate", were elected to the Hall of Fame to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the NFL.The Chicago Bears have the most inductees, with 30 (36, including players with minor portion of their career with team).## History.The city of Canton successfully lobbied the NFL to have the Hall of Fame built and has cited three reasons. First, the NFL was founded in Canton on September 17, , (at that time it was known as the American Professional Football Association). Second, the now-defunct Canton Bulldogs were a successful pro football.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. team and the NFL's first repeat champion (in 1922 and 1923). Third, the Canton community held a fundraising effort that garnered nearly $400,000 () to get the Hall of Fame built. Groundbreaking for the building was held on August 11, , and the Hall of Fame was opened to the public on September 7, .The original building contained just two rooms, and 19000 (sqft) of interior space. In April , ground was broken for the first of many expansions. This first expansion cost $620,000, and was completed on May 10, . The size was increased to 34000 (sqft) by adding.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. another room. The pro shop opened with this expansion. This was also an important milestone for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, as yearly attendance passed the 200,000 mark for the first time. This was at least in some part due to the increase in popularity of professional football caused by the advent of the American Football League and its success in the final two AFL-NFL World Championship games.In November 1977, work began on another expansion project, costing $1,200,000. It was completed in November 1978, enlarging the gift shop and research library, while doubling the size of the theater. The.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. total size of the hall was now 50500 (sqft), more than 2.5 times the original size.The building remained largely unchanged until July 1993. The Hall then announced yet another expansion, costing $9,200,000, and adding a fifth room. This expansion was completed on October 1, 1995, and increased the building's size to 82307 (sqft). The most notable addition was the GameDay Stadium, which shows an NFL Films production on a 20 x 42 (ft) Cinemascope screen.In 2013, the Hall of Fame completed its largest expansion and renovation to date; the total size of the hall is now 118,000 (sqft).Hall of Fame.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. the NFL; Shaw played his entire career in the American Football League (AFL) prior to the 1970 AFL–NFL merger.Though several Hall of Famers have had AFL, Canadian Football League, World Football League, United States Football League, Arena Football League and/or Indoor Football League experience, and there is a division of the Hall devoted to alternative leagues such as these, to this point no player, coach or contributor have made the Hall without having made significant contributions to either the NFL, AFL, or All-America Football Conference.For CFL stars, there is a corresponding Canadian Football Hall of Fame; only one player, Warren.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. selected by a 49-person committee, largely made up of media members, officially known as the Selection Committee.Each city that has a current NFL team sends one representative from the local media to the committee; a city with more than one franchise sends one representative for each franchise.There are also 15 at-large delegates, including one representative from the Pro Football Writers Association. Except for the PFWA representative, who is appointed to a two-year term, all other appointments are open-ended, and terminated only by death, incapacitation, retirement, or resignation.## Voting procedure.To be eligible for the nominating process, a player or coach must.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. 80% support from the Board. At least four, but no more than eight, candidates are elected annually.## 2020 Centennial Slate.In 2020, a special Blue-Ribbon Panel selected an additional 15 new members, known as the Centennial Slate, to be inducted into the Hall of Fame to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the NFL. Among these 15 members, ten would be seniors. On January 11, during the weekend of the NFL divisional playoffs, Hall of Fame president David Baker went on the set of "The NFL Today" to personally tell Bill Cowher, who was working as an analyst on that pregame show,.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. that he was selected as one of the members of the Centennial Slate.One day later, Baker went on the set of "Fox NFL Sunday" to inform Jimmy Johnson, working as an analyst on Fox's studio show, that he was also selected. The rest of the Centennial Slate members were revealed on January 15.The remaining 13 members of the Centennial Slate elected to the Hall of Fame in 2020 are: Jim Covert, Winston Hill, Harold Carmichael, Duke Slater, Ed Sprinkle, Steve Sabol, Alex Karras, Bobby Dillon, Donnie Shell, George Young, Cliff Harris, Mac Speedie, and former NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue.They were.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. enshrined in 2021 due to COVID-19, but are still considered part of the Centennial Class of 2020.## Enshrinement ceremony.The enshrinement ceremony is the main event of the annual "Enshrinement Week Powered by Johnson Controls" that kicks off every NFL season. The celebration is held in Canton, throughout the week surrounding the enshrinement ceremony. All members of the Hall of Fame are invited to attend the annual ceremony.Enshrinees do not go into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of a certain team. Rather, all of an enshrinee's affiliations are listed equally. While the Baseball Hall of Fame plaques.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. 2002, the ceremony was moved to Fawcett Stadium (now Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium), where it was held from 1963 to 1965. Since 2007, the enshrinement ceremony has been held on the Saturday night, since 2017 two days after the Hall of Fame Game. In 2022, the ceremony was moved to noon ET.## Hall of Fame Game.The Hall of Fame Game, the annual NFL preseason opener, is played in Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium at Hall of Fame Village in Canton, Ohio. In 2017, the Hall of Fame Game was held for the first time on Thursday night.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. The preseason classic kicks off Enshrinement Week Powered by Johnson Controls and officially kicks off the NFL preseason.## Black College Football Hall of Fame.The Pro Football Hall of Fame museum includes a permanent exhibit recognizing the inductees of the Black College Football Hall of Fame. The two organizations partnered in 2016, also creating the Black College Football Hall of Fame Classic played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium.## Ralph Hay Pioneer Award.The Ralph Hay Pioneer Award is an American football award given by the Pro Football Hall of Fame periodically to an individual who has made significant and innovative.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. contributions to professional football. The award is named after Canton Bulldogs owner and National Football League founder and chief organizer Ralph Hay. It was originally called the Daniel F. Reeves Pioneer Award, named after Los Angeles Rams owner and hall of fame inductee Dan Reeves. The award is the highest and the most prestigious honor given by the Pro Football Hall of Fame, other than enshrinement. As of 2022, Steve Sabol, Art McNally, Marion Motley and Bill Willis are the only people to receive the award and also become a Hall of Fame inductee.## Criticism.The small number of candidates elected.

Pro Football Hall of Fame. 2010 "Sports Illustrated" article hints that Cosell may have even been "blacklisted" by the NFL.As the late 2010s approached, a number of controversial and polarizing figures began to reach eligibility for the Hall. For example, Darren Sharper's career achievements make him a candidate for the Hall, but there is debate over whether he should be inducted due to his conviction on multiple rape charges after he retired.Terrell Owens' exclusion from the Hall in his first two years of eligibility despite his strong individual statistics was a subject of public debate: while Owens was elected to the Hall of Fame in.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Eurasian curlew. The Eurasian curlew or common curlew (Numenius arquata) is a wader in the large family Scolopacidae. It is one of the most widespread of the curlews, breeding across temperate Europe and Asia. In Europe, this species is often referred to just as the "curlew", and in Scotland known as the "whaup" in Scots.## Taxonomy.The Eurasian curlew was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Scolopax arquata". It is now placed with eight other curlews in the genus "Numenius" that was introduced by the French ornithologist.

Eurasian curlew. Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. The genus name "Numenius" is from Ancient Greek νουμήνιος, "noumēnios", a bird mentioned by Hesychius. It is associated with the curlew because it appears to be derived from "neos", "new" and "mene" "moon", referring to the crescent-shaped bill. The species name "arquata" is the Medieval Latin name for this bird, derived from Latin "arcuatus", "bow-shaped", and again referring to the shape of the bill.The English name "curlew" is imitative of the Eurasian curlew's call, but may have been influenced by the Old French "corliu", "messenger", from "courir ", "to run". It was first recorded in.

Eurasian curlew. and a very long curved bill. Males and females look identical, but the bill is longest in the adult female. It is generally not possible to recognize the sex of a single Eurasian curlew, or even several ones, as there is much variation; telling male and female of a mated pair apart is usually possible however. The familiar call is a loud "curloo-oo".The only similar species over most of the curlew's range is the Eurasian whimbrel ("Numenius phaeopus"). The whimbrel is smaller and has a shorter bill with a kink rather than a smooth curve. Flying curlews may also resemble.

Eurasian curlew. affected in areas with high levels of arable farming and afforestation which have reduced its natural habitats of open grasslands. Conserving breeding curlews in Southern England (Eurasian) curlew species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds Video of a Curlew Probing the Mud in the Thames Estuary.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

Instruction: I want to find a paragraph from Wikipedia that answers my question about this image.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. Pantherophis alleghaniensis, commonly called the eastern ratsnake, is a nonvenomous colubrid species endemic to North America.## Common names.Additional common names for the eastern rat snake include black rat snake, pilot snake, pilot black snake, chicken snake; and in Florida, yellow rat snake and Everglades rat snake.## Geographic range."Pantherophis alleghaniensis" is found in the United States east of the Apalachicola River in Florida, east of the Chattahoochee River in Georgia, east of the Appalachian Mountains, north to southeastern New York and western Vermont, eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, south to the Florida Keys. In the Florida Panhandle, it.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. readily hybridizes with the gray rat snake ("Pantherophis spiloides").## Description.Adult snakes commonly measure 90 to 183 (cm) in total length (including tail), with a few exceeding 200 (cm). The longest recorded total length to date for an eastern rat snake is 228 (cm). A sample of eastern rat snakes, including juvenile and adult snakes, weighed from 54 (g) to 1274 (g). A further adult weighed 833 (g).Adults are shiny black dorsally, with a cream or white chin and throat. The belly has an irregular black and white checkerboard pattern, becoming uniformly slate gray towards the tail. Juveniles have dark dorsal.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. blotches on a grayish ground color. The ventral pattern in juveniles is the same as in adults. The eyes are round with a black pupil, and particularly in juveniles but not always present in adults, a distinct white margin.The dorsal scales are weakly keeled, and are arranged in 23 to 27 rows at midbody.Males and females have the same coloration. Males have proportionally longer tails (16-19% of total body length) compared to females (14–18% of total body length).## Habitat.The eastern rat snake occurs in a variety of habitats. These include farmlands, hardwood forests, forested wetlands, thickets and fields adjacent to.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. forests, isolated urban woodlots and backyards that support populations of prey species. Eastern rat snakes do especially well in early successional and edge habitats. An arboreal species, the snakes can get into human residences, where they may live in attics undetected. At the northern limits of their range, distribution appears to be restricted by the availability of suitable hibernating sites. In these climates, the snakes require southern exposures to receive maximal thermal benefit from the winter sun and to provide basking areas in early spring and late fall.The three U.S populations located more northerly (Illinois at 378N, Kansas at 388,Maryland.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. at 398) hibernate, with very rare appearances before April and after October. In most northern locations latitudinal and longitudinal effects are likely because of thermal restriction or modification of activity associated with winter temperatures at higher temperatures. There are consequences of thermal constraints regarding ecological parameters such as causes of variation of seasonal mortality, population demography, limits to geographic distribution, and the expression or evolution of traits such as habitat selection, reproductive allocation, and mechanisms of physiological hibernation remain complex and incompletely understood.## Behavior and ecology.The eastern rat snake is primarily active at night during the summer, and diurnal in.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. the spring and fall. It is a terrestrial burrower and an excellent climber, and it may enter water. It is found under rocks and boards, and in trees under bark and within knot holes and palm fronds. The snake is a constrictor, and adults eat mainly endotherms while young eat mainly ectotherms. The diet includes rodents, lizards, frogs, and birds and their eggs. The snakes can also eat young chickens and chicks, hence the common name chicken snake.Rat snakes are most vulnerable to predators as juveniles. Predators of "P. alleghaniensis" include hawks ("Buteo" spp.), great horned owls ("Bubo virginianus"), foxes,.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. raccoons, and domestic cats. Adult eastern rat snakes have few known predators other than humans. When frightened, a rat snake will freeze. If harassed, it will produce a foul-smelling musk to deter predators. If provoked further, it may coil, shake its tail, and snap at its attacker.The snakes hibernate during the winter underground or in deep crevices. They may congregate in the same dens with other species of snakes, such as copperheads ("Agkistrodon contortrix"), eastern racers ("Coluber constrictor") and timber rattlesnakes ("Crotalus horridus"). In Northern climes, the snakes are active from late April to October and mate in May or.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. June. It is active earlier in the South.Rat snakes reach sexual maturity in their fourth year. The snakes start to breed in May and June, earlier in the South. Males approach females to initiate breeding and may combat other males before breeding. About five weeks after mating, the female lays 5 to 27 eggs in hollow standing and fallen trees, compost and mulch heaps, sawdust piles, and decomposing logs. Incubation is about two months, and eggs hatch from July through September. Hatchlings are usually just over a foot long at birth, with the distinct gray and black pattern characteristic of.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. juveniles.## Taxonomy."Pantherophis alleghaniensis" has sometimes been considered a subspecies of "Pantherophis obsoletus", to which it is closely related.This species has often been placed in the genus "Elaphe", but recent phylogenetic analyses have resulted in its transfer to "Pantherophis".Holbrook JE (1836). "North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Vol. I." Philadelphia: J. Dobson. 120 pp. ("Coluber alleghaniensis", new species, pp. 111–112 + Plate XX).Jan G, (1867). "Iconographie générale des Ophidiens: Vingt-quatrième livraison." Paris: Baillière. Index + Plates I-VI. ("Elaphis alleghaniensis", Plate II, Figure 1 [adult], Figure 2 [juvenile]). (in French).


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this insect?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Satyrium calanus. Satyrium calanus, the banded hairstreak, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae.## Appearance, behavior, and distribution.The banded hairstreak is a common hairstreak east of the Rocky Mountains in North America. It is a territorial butterfly that will challenge other butterflies invading its territory.## Subspecies.Listed alphabetically:"S. c. albidus" "S. c. calanus""S. c. falacer" "S. c. godarti" ## Life cycle.Eggs are laid singly on the host plants and hatch in the spring. There is a single brood that flies early June to late August.## Host plants.Host plants include oak, hickory, and walnut (especially butternut). Edwards' hairstreak ("S. edwardsii") Hickory hairstreak ("S. caryaevorum")Banded.

Satyrium calanus. hairstreak, Butterflies of Canada.


Question: Where do you usually find this animal?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Jungle cat. has often been sighted near human settlements. As reeds and tall grasses are typical of its habitat, it is known as "reed cat" or "swamp cat". It can thrive even in areas of sparse vegetation, but does not adapt well to cold climates and is rare in areas where snowfall is common. Historical records indicate that it occurs up to elevations of 2310 (m) in the Himalayas. It shuns rainforests and woodlands.In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir.In the Palestinian territories, it was recorded in.

Jungle cat. in a highly fragmented forest in the Selangor state in 2010.A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.## Ecology and behaviour.The jungle cat is typically diurnal and hunts throughout the day. Its activity tends to decrease during the hot noon hours. It rests in burrows, grass thickets and scrubs. It often sunbathes on winter days. Jungle cats have been estimated to walk 3 – 6 (km) at night, although this likely varies depending on the availability of prey. The behaviour of the jungle cat has not been extensively studied. Solitary in nature, it does not.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this animal?

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Wild boar. The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania. The species is now one of the widest-ranging mammals in the world, as well as the most widespread suiform. It has been assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List due to its wide range, high numbers, and adaptability to a diversity of habitats. It has become an invasive species in part of its introduced range. Wild boars.

Wild boar. the tiger and Komodo dragon respectively. The wild boar has a long history of association with humans, having been the ancestor of most domestic pig breeds and a big-game animal for millennia. Boars have also re-hybridized in recent decades with feral pigs; these boar–pig hybrids have become a serious pest wild animal in the Americas and Australia.## Terminology.As true wild boars became extinct in Great Britain before the development of Modern English, the same terms are often used for both true wild boar and pigs, especially large or semi-wild ones. The English "boar" stems from the Old English , which.

Wild boar. is thought to be derived from the West Germanic "bairaz", of unknown origin. Boar is sometimes used specifically to refer to males, and may also be used to refer to male domesticated pigs, especially breeding males that have not been castrated."Sow", the traditional name for a female, again comes from Old English and Germanic; it stems from Proto-Indo-European, and is related to the and Greek "hus", and more closely to the New High German . The young may be called "piglets" or "boarlets".The animals' specific name "scrofa" is Latin for 'sow'.## Hunting.In hunting terminology, boars are given different designations according.

Wild boar. groups, having the smallest relative brain size, more primitive dentition and unspecialised cranial structure.## Domestication.With the exception of domestic pigs in Timor and Papua New Guinea (which appear to be of Sulawesi warty pig stock), the wild boar is the ancestor of most pig breeds. Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs were domesticated from wild boar as early as 13,000–12,700 BCE in the Near East in the Tigris Basin, being managed in the wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans. Remains of pigs have been dated to earlier than 11,400 BCE in.

Wild boar. Cyprus. Those animals must have been introduced from the mainland, which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then. There was also a separate domestication in China, which took place about 8,000 years ago.DNA evidence from sub-fossil remains of teeth and jawbones of Neolithic pigs shows that the first domestic pigs in Europe had been brought from the Near East. This stimulated the domestication of local European wild boars, resulting in a third domestication event with the Near Eastern genes dying out in European pig stock. Modern domesticated pigs have involved complex exchanges, with European domesticated lines being exported in.

Wild boar. turn to the ancient Near East. Historical records indicate that Asian pigs were introduced into Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Domestic pigs tend to have much more developed hindquarters than their wild boar ancestors, to the point where 70% of their body weight is concentrated in the posterior, which is the opposite of wild boar, where most of the muscles are concentrated on the head and shoulders.## Synonymous species.The Heude's pig ("Sus bucculentus"), also known as the Indochinese warty pig or Vietnam warty pig, was an alleged pig species found in Laos and Vietnam. It was virtually.

Wild boar. the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom. Mongooses, honey badgers, hedgehogs, and pigs all have modifications to the receptor pocket which prevents the snake venom α-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations.## Social behaviour and life cycle.Boars are typically social animals, living in female-dominated sounders consisting of barren sows and mothers with young led by an old matriarch. Male boars leave their sounder at the age of 8–15 months, while females either remain with their mothers or establish new territories nearby. Subadult males may live in loosely knit groups, while adult and elderly males tend to.

Wild boar. DEFRA) study on wild boar living wild in Britain confirmed the presence of two populations of wild boar living in Britain; one in Kent/East Sussex and another in Dorset.Another DEFRA report, in February 2008, confirmed the existence of these two sites as 'established breeding areas' and identified a third in Gloucestershire/Herefordshire; in the Forest of Dean/Ross on Wye area. A 'new breeding population' was also identified in Devon. There is another significant population in Dumfries and Galloway. Populations estimates were as follows: The largest population, in Kent/East Sussex, was then estimated at 200 animals in the core distribution area. The.

Wild boar. vegetation and wetlands through wallowing, damaging water quality, coming into violent conflict with humans and pets and carrying pig and human diseases including brucellosis, trichinosis and pseudorabies. In some jurisdictions, it is illegal to import, breed, release, possess, sell, distribute, trade, transport, hunt, or trap Eurasian boars. Hunting and trapping is done systematically, to increase the chance of eradication and to remove the incentive to illegally release boars, which have mostly been spread deliberately by sport hunters.## History.While domestic pigs, both captive and feral (popularly termed "razorbacks"), have been in North America since the earliest days of European colonization, pure.

Wild boar. fenced enclosures in a game preserve in Hooper Bald, Graham County. Most of the specimens remained in the preserve for the next decade, until a large-scale hunt caused the remaining animals to break through their confines and escape. Some of the boars migrated to Tennessee, where they intermixed with both free-ranging and feral pigs in the area. In 1924, a dozen Hooper Bald wild pigs were shipped to California and released in a property between Carmel Valley and the Los Padres National Forest. These hybrid boar were later used as breeding stock on various private and public lands throughout the.

Wild boar. centrepiece of most medieval Christmas celebrations among the nobility. Although growing in popularity as a captive-bred source of food, the wild boar takes longer to mature than most domestic pigs and it is usually smaller and produces less meat. Nevertheless, wild boar meat is leaner and healthier than pork, being of higher nutritional value and having a much higher concentration of essential amino acids. Most meat-dressing organizations agree that a boar carcass should yield 50 (kg) of meat on average. Large specimens can yield 15 – 20 (kg) of fat, with some giants yielding 30 (kg) or more. A boar.

Wild boar. steps back, takes position and attacks again if the victim is still moving, only ending once the victim is completely incapacitated.Boar attacks on humans have been documented throughout history. The Romans and Ancient Greeks wrote of these attacks (Odysseus was wounded by a boar and Adonis was killed by one). A 2012 study compiling recorded attacks from 1825 to 2012 found accounts of 665 human victims of both wild boars and feral pigs, with the majority (19%) of attacks in the animal's native range occurring in India. Most of the attacks occurred in rural areas during the winter months in.

Wild boar. harvest techniques, fencing, toxic bait, corrals, and hunting. The most common tactic employed by private land owners in the United States is recreational hunting, however, this is generally not as effective on its own. Management strategies are most successful when they take into account reproduction, dispersion, and the differences between ideal resources for males and females. Babirusa Boar-baiting Domestic pig Feral pig Peccary Indian boar Boars in heraldry Apollonio, M. et al. (1988), "The systematics of the wild boar ("Sus scrofa" L.) in Italy", "Bolletino di Zoologia"a, 3:213–221 Carden, R.F. (2012) "Review of the Natural History of Wild Boar (Sus.

Wild boar. C. B. (2007), "Annotated Bibliography of the Wild Pig (Sus scrofa): Environmental Information Document", Washington Savannah River Company Padiglione, V. (1989), "Il cinghiale cacciatore: Antropologia simbolica della caccia in Sardegna", Armando Editore (collana Antropologia culturale) BBC profile Species Profile- Wild Boar ("Sus scrofa"), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for wild boar. A sounder of wild boars Wild pigs with piglets – white piglets with black spots Sow feeding piglets, Lodz (Poland) A wild boar struggling with plastic film, Lodz (Poland.


Question: What is the country of origin of this food?

Instruction: Retrieve a Wikipedia paragraph that provides an answer to the given query about the image.

Teriyaki. Teriyaki (kanji: 照り焼き) is a cooking technique used in Japanese cuisine in which foods are broiled or grilled with a glaze of soy sauce, mirin, and sugar.Fish – yellowtail, marlin, skipjack tuna, salmon, trout, and mackerel – is mainly used in Japan, while white and red meat – chicken, pork, lamb, and beef – is more often used in the West. Other ingredients sometimes used in Japan include squid, hamburger steak, and meatballs.The word "teriyaki" derives from the noun , which refers to a shine or luster given by the sugar content in the , and , which refers to.

Teriyaki. the cooking method of grilling or broiling. Traditionally the meat is dipped in or brushed with sauce several times during cooking. Teriyaki was invented by Japanese chefs in the 1600s.The is traditionally made by mixing and heating soy sauce, sake (or mirin), and sugar (or honey). The sauce is boiled and reduced to the desired thickness, then used to marinate meat, which is then grilled or broiled. Sometimes ginger is added and the final dish may be garnished with spring onions. (see tare).## Variations.A is a variety of hamburger either topped with teriyaki sauce or with the sauce worked into.

Teriyaki. the ground meat patty. "Teriyaki stir-fry" refers to stir frying meat or vegetables in teriyaki sauce.Another variety is teriyaki-style prepared vegetarian products.## By country.## United States.## Teriyaki sauce.In North America, any dish made with a teriyaki-like sauce is described using the word teriyaki. This often even includes those using foreign alternatives to "sake" or "mirin", such as wine, or with added ingredients, such as sesame or garlic (uncommon in traditional Japanese cuisine). The sauce used for teriyaki is generally sweet, although it can also be spicy. Pineapple juice is sometimes used, as it not only provides sweetness but also bromelain.


Question: Who designed this building?

Instruction: You have to find a Wikipedia segment that answers the question about the displayed image.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. Margaret, New Fish Street, the first church to be destroyed by the Great Fire. It is Grade I-listed and is a scheduled monument. Another monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks the point near Smithfield where the fire was stopped.The Monument comprises a Doric column built of Portland stone topped with a gilded urn of fire. It was designed by Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke. Its height marks its distance from the site of the shop of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor), the king's baker, where the blaze began.The viewing platform near the top of the Monument is reached by.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. bakery, where the fire began. Christopher Wren, as surveyor-general of the King's Works, was asked to submit a design. Wren worked with Robert Hooke on the design. It is impossible to know the extent of the collaboration between Hooke and Wren, but Hooke's drawings of possible designs for the column still exist, with Wren's signature on them indicating his approval of the drawings rather than their authorship. It was not until 1671 that the City Council approved the design, and it took six years to complete the 202 (ft) column. It was two more years before the inscription (which had.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. in 1844, describes the Monument thus: The Monument is a prominent setting in "The System of the World", the third book in Neal Stephenson's "Baroque Cycle". George, the hero of Charlie Fletcher's children's book about unLondon "Stoneheart", has a fight at the top of the Monument with a raven and a gargoyle. In Robert J. Lloyd's mystery novel "The Bloodless Boy", Robert Hooke (designer of the Monument with Christopher Wren), investigates the sinister death of a blood-drained boy discovered on the banks of the River Fleet. Hooke's assistant, Harry Hunt, witnessing another murder, is chased up to the top of.

Monument to the Great Fire of London. 'London’s Standard: Christopher Wren and the Heraldry of the Monument’, in "RES: Journal of Anthropology and Aesthetics", vol.73/74, Autumn 2020, pp. 325–39 Hart, V., "Christopher Wren: In Search of Eastern Antiquity" (Yale University Press, 2020) Jardine, L., "On a Grander Scale: The Outstanding Career of Sir Christopher Wren" ( hardback, paperback) Official Monument website City of London Monument pageHistory of The Monument with some account of the great fire of London, which it commemorates (1921), by Charles Welch3D photoscan of the base or the Monument showing Latin inscription.


Question: Which location has this animal invaded?

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Wild boar. the tiger and Komodo dragon respectively. The wild boar has a long history of association with humans, having been the ancestor of most domestic pig breeds and a big-game animal for millennia. Boars have also re-hybridized in recent decades with feral pigs; these boar–pig hybrids have become a serious pest wild animal in the Americas and Australia.## Terminology.As true wild boars became extinct in Great Britain before the development of Modern English, the same terms are often used for both true wild boar and pigs, especially large or semi-wild ones. The English "boar" stems from the Old English , which.


Question: What is the length in kilometre is the mountain in the image?

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Salève. Salève, a cable car, since 1932 (rebuilt in 1983). The Salève stretches between Étrembières in the north and the suspension bridge of La Caille in the south. Between 1892 and 1935, the Salève was served by the first electric rack railway in the world (Chemin de fer du Salève).The eastern side of the Salève dives under the molasse of the Bornes Massif while the abrupt mountain slope facing Geneva is subject to erosion. The vegetation – or the absence thereof – enhances the limestone's layers. This side of the mountain is slit by several narrow and deep gorges, among which.

Salève. the Grande Varappe, which at the end of the 19th century gave its name to the activity of rock climbing in French. This discipline developed intensely there, at a time when it was only beginning.The Monnetier Valley, separating the Petit and Grand Salève, is due to glaciary erosion. Modern geologists now think that this valley was dug by the subglaciary currents in a fissured region between the Petit and Grand Salève and not by the Arve as was assumed earlier.## From prehistory to green tourism.Between 12,000 and 10,000 BC, the Salève hosted a magdalenian site. From 1833, Genevan physician François.

Salève. proposed by Lamartine in 1825 as the conclusion of his friend Lord Byron's uncompleted poem, is located on the Salève. Byron died in 1824. (See the French page for the complete "Dedicace"). "Le Ruisseau" is a poem by Théophile Gautier located on the foot of the Salève (1869). (See the French page for the complete poem).## The Salève in paintings.The Salève occurs on one of the first European paintings depicting a realistic landscape, "La Pêche Miraculeuse" by Konrad Witz created in 1444.Cable carHike club starting 10am on Sundays mornings from Veyrier-DouaneSaleve Airlines, school of paraglidingShedrub Choekhor Ling site.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this insect?

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American carrion beetle. The American carrion beetle ("Necrophila americana", formerly "Silpha americana") is a North American beetle of the family Silphidae. It lays its eggs in, and its larvae consume, raw flesh (particularly that of dead animals) and fungi. The larvae and adults also consume fly larvae and the larvae of other carrion beetles that compete for the same food sources as its larvae.## Range.The beetle lives in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, with its southern boundary from eastern Texas to Florida and the northern boundary from Minnesota to southeastern Canada including New Brunswick and Maine.## Appearance.Adults are 12 to 22.


Question: What is this building dedicated to?

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Manila Cathedral. The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (; ), also known as the Manila Cathedral (), is the cathedral of Manila and basilica located in Intramuros, the historic walled city within today's modern city of Manila, Philippines. It is dedicated to the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary as the Patroness of the country. The cathedral serves as the episcopal seat of the Archbishop of Manila.The cathedral was originally a parish church in Manila under the Archdiocese of Mexico in 1571, until it became a separate diocese on February 6, 1579, upon the issuance of the.

Manila Cathedral. "The Purest and Immaculate Conception of Mary", while Miguel López de Legazpi consecrated the city of Manila to Saint Potenciana. Pope Pius XII on 12 September 1942 reiterated this patronage for the Filipino people to "La Purísima Inmaculada Concepción" through the papal bull "Impositi Nobis", while Saint Rose of Lima and Saint Potenciana remained as the secondary patronesses of the Filipino people. The same Pontiff through "“Quidquid ad Dilatandum”" reiterated this declaration of patronage on 16 July 1958 through the chancellor of apostolic briefs, Gildo Brugnola, who signed and executed the decree. Artemio Gabriel Casas, (1956–1962) Jose C. Abriol, P.A.

Manila Cathedral. medallion bearing the papal arms has been placed beneath the cross of the façade. The scarlet galeros of Cardinals Rufino Santos and Jaime Sin are also suspended from the ceiling of the dome. In addition, a copy of the "Saint Peter Enthroned" statue of St. Peter's Basilica is enshrined inside, across a polychrome life-sized statue of the Immaculate Conception.Prior to 1988, the bronze statue of the Immaculate Conception in the main altar, by national Italian sculptor Vincenzo Assenza, was painted gold until 1988 (though the twelve star halo-aureola is solid gold). Inscribed on the baldachin above the statue of the.

Manila Cathedral. Immaculate Conception is the Latin antiphon "Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in Te" (English: "Thou art all-beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [spot] (of sin) is not in thee.").The baptismal font and angel-shaped holy water fonts are also made of solid bronze by Publio Morbiducci; the prominent mosaic of Saint Jude Thaddeus was made by Marcello Mazzoli. The 134 modern stained glass windows were made in 1964 by Filipino artist Galo Ocampo. The window set, which was a programme of Marian themes, was commissioned and funded by Cardinal Santos.The artistic designs of the stained glass windows.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Oat. The oat ("Avena sativa"), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals). While oats are suitable for human consumption as oatmeal and rolled oats, one of the most common uses is as livestock feed. Oats are a nutrient-rich food associated with lower blood cholesterol when consumed regularly.Avenins present in oats (proteins similar to gliadin from wheat) can trigger celiac disease in a small proportion of people. Also, oat products are frequently contaminated by other gluten-containing grains, mainly.

Oat. wheat and barley.## Origin.The wild ancestor of "Avena sativa" and the closely related minor crop, "A. byzantina", is the hexaploid wild oat, "A. sterilis". Genetic evidence shows the ancestral forms of "A. sterilis" grew in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East. Oats are usually considered a secondary crop, i.e., derived from a weed of the primary cereal domesticates, then spreading westward into cooler, wetter areas favorable for oats, eventually leading to their domestication in regions of the Middle East and Europe.## Cultivation.Oats are best grown in temperate regions. They have a lower summer heat requirement and greater tolerance of.

Oat. oat ("Avena nuda") flour called youmian is processed into noodles or thin-walled rolls, and is consumed as a staple food.## Health.## Nutrient profile.Oats contain diverse essential nutrients (table). In a 100 gram serving, oats provide 389 (kcal) and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of protein (34% DV), dietary fiber (44% DV), several B vitamins and numerous dietary minerals, especially manganese (233% DV) (table). Oats are 66% carbohydrates, including 11% dietary fiber and 4% beta-glucans, 7% fat and 17% protein (table).The established property of their cholesterol-lowering effects has led to acceptance of oats as.

Oat. and breeding."Avena sativa" is an allohexaploid plant with 3 ancestral genomes ("A", "C" and "D"). The hexaploid genome is challenging to sequence and the oat genome seqencing project is focusing on diploid species at first. Species within Avena can hybridize and genes introgressed from other "A" genome species has contributed with many valuable traits, like crown rust resistance.It is also possible to do introgression of traits in oats from very wide intergeneric hybridization. In contrast to wheat, oats sometimes retain chromosomes from maize or pearl millet.These wide crosses are typically made in order to generate doubled haploid breeding material where.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this plant?

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Lantana camara. Lantana camara (common lantana) is a species of flowering plant within the verbena family (Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics. It is a very adaptable species, which can inhabit a wide variety of ecosystems; once it has been introduced into a habitat it spreads rapidly; between 45ºN and 45ºS and more than 1400 (m) in altitude.It has spread from its native range to around 50 countries, where it has become an invasive species. It first spread out of the Americas when it was brought to Europe by Dutch explorers and cultivated widely, soon spreading further into Asia and Oceania where.

Lantana camara. it has established itself as a notorious weed, and in Goa it was introduced by the Portuguese."L. camara" can outcompete native species, leading to a reduction in biodiversity. It can also cause problems if it invades agricultural areas as a result of its toxicity to livestock, as well as its ability to form dense thickets which, if left unchecked, can greatly reduce the productivity of farmland.## Description."Lantana camara" is a perennial, erect sprawling or scandent, shrub which typically grows to around 2 (m) tall and form dense thickets in a variety of environments. Under the right conditions, it can scramble.

Lantana camara. up into trees and can grow to 6 (m) tall.The leaves are broadly ovate, opposite, and simple and have a strong odour when crushed."L. camara" has small tubular-shaped flowers, which each have four petals and are arranged in clusters in terminal areas stems. Flowers come in many different colours, including red, yellow, white, pink and orange, which differ depending on location in inflorescences, age, and maturity. The flower has a tutti frutti smell with a peppery undertone. After pollination occurs, the colour of the flowers changes (typically from yellow to orangish, pinkish, or reddish); this is believed to be a.

Lantana camara. signal to pollinators that the pre-change colour contains a reward as well as being sexually viable, thus increasing pollination efficiency. In frost-free climates the plant can bloom all year round, especially when the soil is moist.There are five major flower colour varieties in Australia: "Pink" – Bud: pink; Middle ring: yellow opening with pale yellow petals; Outer ring: orange opening with pale or dark pink petals "White" – Bud: cream coloured; Middle ring: yellow opening with light yellow petals; Outer ring: orange or yellow opening with lilac petals "Pink-edged Red" – Bud: pink to reddish pink; Middle ring: orange opening.

Lantana camara. with light yellow to orange petals; Outer ring: orange opening having two pink to red petals "Red" – Bud: blood red; Middle ring: yellow opening with yellow petals; Outer ring: red throat having red petals "Orange" – Bud: orange; Middle ring: yellow to orange opening, yellow petals; Outer ring: orange opening with orange petalsThe fruit is a berry-like drupe which turns from green to dark purple when mature. Green unripe fruits are inedible to humans and animals alike. Because of dense patches of hard spikes on their rind, ingestion of them can result in serious damage to the digestive tract.

Lantana camara. Both seed and vegetative reproduction occur. Up to 12,000 fruits can be produced by each plant.## Taxonomy.Due to extensive selective breeding throughout the 17th and 18th centuries for use as an ornamental plant, there are now many different cultivars.Other common names include Cariaquillo (Boriken, Puerto Rico), Spanish flag, big-sage (Malaysia), Putush (West Bengal), Kongini (Kerala), wild-sage, red-sage, white-sage (Caribbean), korsu wiri or korsoe wiwiri (Suriname), tickberry (South Africa), Kashi Kothan (Maldives), West Indian lantana, umbelanterna, and Gu Phool in Assam, and Thirei in Manipur.## Etymology.The name "Lantana" derives from the Latin name of the wayfaring tree "Viburnum lantana", the flowers.

Lantana camara. of which closely resemble "Lantana"."Camara" is derived from Greek, meaning 'arched', 'chambered', or 'vaulted'.## Distribution and habitat.The native range of "Lantana camara" is Central and South America; however, it has become naturalised in around 60 tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide. It is found frequently in east and southern Africa, where it occurs at altitudes below 2000 (m), and often invades previously disturbed areas such as logged forests and areas cleared for agriculture."L. camara" has also spread across the areas of Africa, Southern Europe, such as Spain and Portugal, and also the Middle East, India, tropical Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and.

Lantana camara. the US, as well as many Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands. It has become a significant weed in Sri Lanka after escaping from the Royal Botanical Gardens in 1926. Lantanas were brought to Australia as an ornamental garden plant in 1841, which spread and escaped domestic cultivation and became established in the wild within 20 years. They were brought to India by the British around 200 years ago, which then spread and became invasive there as well.It was introduced into the Philippines from Hawaii as part of an exchange program between the United States and the Philippines; however, it.

Lantana camara. managed to escape and has become naturalized in the islands. It has also been introduced to the whole southern US, from California to North Carolina, and is considered hardy in US Department of Agriculture zones 10 and 11.The range of "L. camara" is still increasing, shown by the fact that it has invaded many islands on which it was not present in 1974, including the Galapagos Islands, Saipan and the Solomon Islands. There is also evidence that "L. camara" is still increasing its range in areas where it has been established for many years, such as East Africa, Australia and.

Lantana camara. New Zealand. The ability of "L. camara" to rapidly colonise areas of land which have been disturbed has allowed it to proliferate in countries where activities such as logging, clearance for agriculture and forest fires are common. In contrast, in countries with large areas of intact primary forest, the distribution of "L. camara" has been limited.## Ecology.Birds and other animals eat the seeds, helping spread them over large distances.## Habitat.The species is found in a variety of environments, including: Agricultural areas Forest margins and gaps Riparian zones Grasslands Secondary forest, and Beach fronts."L. camara" is rarely found in natural or.

Lantana camara. semi-natural areas of forest, as it is unable to compete with taller trees due to its lack of tolerance for shade. Instead it grows at the forest edge. "L. camara" can survive in a wide range of climatic conditions, including drought, different soil types, heat, humidity and salt. It is also relatively fire tolerant and can quickly establish itself in recently burnt areas of forest.## As an invasive species."L. camara" is considered to be a weed in large areas of the Paleotropics where it has established itself. In agricultural areas or secondary forests it can become the dominant understorey shrub,.

Lantana camara. crowding out other native species and reducing biodiversity. The formation of dense thickets of "L. camara" can significantly slow down the regeneration of forests by preventing the growth of new trees.In the US, "L. camara" is considered invasive in tropical areas such as Florida and Hawaii.Although "L. camara" is itself quite resistant to fire, it can change fire patterns in a forest ecosystem by altering the fuel load, causing a buildup of forest fuel, which itself increases the risk of fires spreading to the canopy. This can be particularly destructive in dry, arid areas where fire can spread quickly and.

Lantana camara. lead to the loss of large areas of natural ecosystem."L. camara" reduces the productivity in pasture through the formation of dense thickets, which reduce growth of crops as well as make harvesting more difficult. There are also secondary impacts, including the finding that in Africa, mosquitos which transmit malaria and tsetse flies shelter within the bushes of "L. camara".Even though "L. camara" is considered invasive to the Western Ghats, the plant does not seem to impact biodiversity in the region; rather it tends to simply occupy the same moist regions as other species.There are many reasons why "L. camara" has.

Lantana camara. been so successful as an invasive species; however, the primary factors which have allowed it to establish itself are: Wide dispersal range made possible by birds and other animals that eat its drupes Less prone to being eaten by animals due to toxicity Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions Increase in logging and habitat modification, which has been beneficial to "L. camara" as it prefers disturbed habitats Production of toxic chemicals which inhibit competing plant species Extremely high seed production (12,000 seeds from each plant per year)## Management and control.Effective management of invasive "L. camara" in the long.

Lantana camara. term will require a reduction in activities that create degraded habitats. Maintaining functioning (healthy) ecosystems is key to preventing invasive species from establishing themselves and out-competing native fauna and flora.## Biological.Insects and other biocontrol agents have been implemented with varying degrees of success in an attempt to control "L. camara". It was the first weed ever subjected to biological control; however, none of the programs have been successful despite 36 control agents being used across 33 regions.The lack of success using biological control in this case is most likely due to the many hybrid forms of "L. camara", as well.

Lantana camara. as its large genetic diversity which makes it difficult for the control agents to target all plants effectively. A recent study in India has shown some results around biological control of this plant using tingid bugs.## Mechanical.Mechanical control of "L. camara" involves physically removing the plants. Physical removal can be effective but is labour-intensive and expensive, therefore removal is usually only appropriate in small areas or at the early stages of an infestation. Another method of mechanical control is to use fire treatment, followed by revegetation with native species.## Chemical.Using herbicides to manage "L. camara" is very effective but also.

Lantana camara. expensive, prohibiting its use in many poorer countries where "L. camara" is well established. The most effective way of chemically treating plant species is to first mow the area, then spray the area with a weed-killer, although this may have serious environmental consequences.## Toxicity."Lantana camara" is known to be toxic to livestock such as cattle, sheep, horses, dogs and goats. The active substances causing toxicity in grazing animals are pentacyclic triterpenoids, which result in liver damage and photosensitivity. "L. camara" also excretes allelopathic chemicals, which reduce the growth of surrounding plants by inhibiting germination and root elongation.The toxicity of "L.

Lantana camara. camara" to humans is undetermined, with several studies suggesting that ingesting berries can be toxic to humans, such as a study by O. P. Sharma which states "Green unripe fruits of the plant are toxic to humans". North Carolina State University's Extension Gardener website states that ingestion of the flowers, fruits, and leaves can cause vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and liver failure, while the leaves can cause contact dermatitis. A field guide by the US Department of the Army says the plant can even be fatal. Contrarily, some studies have claimed that the species poses no risk to humans when.

Lantana camara. eaten, and is in fact edible when ripe.## Uses."Lantana camara" stalks have been used in the construction of furniture, such as chairs and tables; however, the main uses have historically been medicinal and ornamental.## Medicinal value.Studies conducted in India have found that "Lantana" leaves can display antimicrobial, fungicidal and insecticidal properties. "L. camara" has also been used in traditional herbal medicines for treating a variety of ailments, including cancer, skin itches, leprosy, chicken pox, measles, asthma and ulcers."L. camara" extract has shown to reduce gastric ulcer development in rats.## Ornamental."Lantana camara" has been grown specifically for use as an ornamental.

Lantana camara. plant since Dutch explorers first brought it to Europe from the New World. Its ability to last for a relatively long time without water, and the fact that it does not have many pests or diseases which affect it, have contributed to it becoming a common ornamental plant. "L. camara" also attracts butterflies and birds and is frequently used in butterfly gardens. As an ornamental, "L. camara" is often cultivated indoors, or in a conservatory, in cool climates, but can also thrive in a garden with sufficient shelter.## As a host plant.Many butterfly species feed on the nectar of "L.

Lantana camara. camara." "Papilio homerus", the largest butterfly in the western hemisphere, is known to feed on the nectar of the flowers as an opportunistic flower feeder. A jumping spider, "Evarcha culicivora", has an association with "L. camara". They consume the nectar for food and preferentially use these plants as a location for courtship. USDA Forest service brochure Invasion of Exotic Weeds in the Natural Forests of Tropical India due to Forest Fire – A Threat to Biodiversity. International Forest Fire News. 2002.


Question: What is the vertex figure of this object?

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Tetrahedron. of a tetrahedron the base is a triangle (any of the four faces can be considered the base), so a tetrahedron is also known as a "triangular pyramid".Like all convex polyhedra, a tetrahedron can be folded from a single sheet of paper. It has two such nets.For any tetrahedron there exists a sphere (called the circumsphere) on which all four vertices lie, and another sphere (the insphere) tangent to the tetrahedron's faces.## Regular tetrahedron.A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron in which all four faces are equilateral triangles. It is one of the five regular Platonic solids, which have been known.

Tetrahedron. edge of the base. This follows from the fact that the medians of a triangle intersect at its centroid, and this point divides each of them in two segments, one of which is twice as long as the other (see ).For a regular tetrahedron with side length "a", radius "R" of its circumscribing sphere, and distances "di" from an arbitrary point in 3-space to its four vertices, we haveformula_7## Isometries of the regular tetrahedron.The vertices of a cube can be grouped into two groups of four, each forming a regular tetrahedron (see above, and also , showing one of the.

Tetrahedron. with four congruent triangles as faces; the triangles necessarily have all angles acute. The regular tetrahedron is a special case of a disphenoid. Other names for the same shape include bisphenoid, isosceles tetrahedron and equifacial tetrahedron.## Orthoschemes.A 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron where all four faces are right triangles. An orthoscheme is an irregular simplex that is the convex hull of a tree in which all edges are mutually perpendicular. In a 3-dimensional orthoscheme, the tree consists of three perpendicular edges connecting all four vertices in a linear path that makes two right-angled turns. The 3-orthoscheme is a tetrahedron having two.

Tetrahedron. its characteristic tetrahedron by its planes of symmetry.If the tetrahedron has edge length 2, its characteristic tetrahedron's six edges have lengths , , (the exterior right triangle face, the "characteristic triangle" of the tetrahedron), plus , , (edges that are the "characteristic radii" of the tetrahedron). The 3-edge path along orthogonal edges of the orthoscheme is , , , first from a tetrahedron vertex to an tetrahedron edge center, then turning 90° to an tetrahedron face center, then turning 90° to the tetrahedron center. The orthoscheme has four dissimilar right triangle faces. The exterior face is a 30-60-90 triangle which.

Tetrahedron. is one-sixth of a tetrahedron face. The three faces interior to the tetrahedron are: a right triangle with edges , , , a right triangle with edges , , , and a right triangle with edges , , .## Space-filling tetrahedra.A space-filling tetrahedron packs with directly congruent or enantiomorphous (mirror image) copies of itself to tile space. The cube can be dissected into six 3-orthoschemes, three left-handed and three right-handed (one of each at each cube face), and cubes can fill space, so the characteristic 3-orthoscheme of the cube is a space-filling tetrahedron in this sense. A disphenoid can be.

Tetrahedron. area of a triangle.Let be three edges that meet at a point, and the opposite edges. Let be the volume of the tetrahedron; thenformula_19whereformula_20The above formula uses six lengths of edges, and the following formula uses three lengths of edges and three angles.formula_21## Heron-type formula for the volume of a tetrahedron.If , , , , , are lengths of edges of the tetrahedron (first three form a triangle; with opposite , opposite , opposite ), thenformula_22where formula_23 formula_24## Volume divider.Any plane containing a bimedian (connector of opposite edges' midpoints) of a tetrahedron bisects the volume of the tetrahedron.## Non-Euclidean volume.For.

Tetrahedron. as calculated here. Then another volume formula is given byformula_25## Properties analogous to those of a triangle.The tetrahedron has many properties analogous to those of a triangle, including an insphere, circumsphere, medial tetrahedron, and exspheres. It has respective centers such as incenter, circumcenter, excenters, Spieker center and points such as a centroid. However, there is generally no orthocenter in the sense of intersecting altitudes.Gaspard Monge found a center that exists in every tetrahedron, now known as the Monge point: the point where the six midplanes of a tetrahedron intersect. A midplane is defined as a plane that is orthogonal to.

Tetrahedron. segment joining the midpoints of two opposite edges is called a "bimedian" of the tetrahedron. Hence there are four medians and three bimedians in a tetrahedron. These seven line segments are all concurrent at a point called the "centroid" of the tetrahedron. In addition the four medians are divided in a 3:1 ratio by the centroid (see Commandino's theorem). The centroid of a tetrahedron is the midpoint between its Monge point and circumcenter. These points define the "Euler line" of the tetrahedron that is analogous to the Euler line of a triangle.The nine-point circle of the general triangle has an.

Tetrahedron. face.The radius of the twelve-point sphere is one third of the circumradius of the reference tetrahedron.There is a relation among the angles made by the faces of a general tetrahedron given byformula_26where "α" is the angle between the faces "i" and "j".The geometric median of the vertex position coordinates of a tetrahedron and its isogonic center are associated, under circumstances analogous to those observed for a triangle. Lorenz Lindelöf found that, corresponding to any given tetrahedron is a point now known as an isogonic center, "O", at which the solid angles subtended by the faces are equal, having a common.

Tetrahedron. and counterclockwise orientations of the surface.Putting any of the four vertices in the role of "O" yields four such identities, but at most three of them are independent: If the "clockwise" sides of three of them are multiplied and the product is inferred to be equal to the product of the "counterclockwise" sides of the same three identities, and then common factors are cancelled from both sides, the result is the fourth identity.Three angles are the angles of some triangle if and only if their sum is 180° (π radians). What condition on 12 angles is necessary and sufficient for.

Tetrahedron. them to be the 12 angles of some tetrahedron? Clearly the sum of the angles of any side of the tetrahedron must be 180°. Since there are four such triangles, there are four such constraints on sums of angles, and the number of degrees of freedom is thereby reduced from 12 to 8. The four relations given by this sine law further reduce the number of degrees of freedom, from 8 down to not 4 but 5, since the fourth constraint is not independent of the first three. Thus the space of all shapes of tetrahedra is 5-dimensional.## Law of.

Tetrahedron. of the tetrahedron.With this definition, the circumcenter of a tetrahedron with vertices ,, can be formulated as matrix-vector product:formula_35In contrast to the centroid, the circumcenter may not always lay on the inside of a tetrahedron.Analogously to an obtuse triangle, the circumcenter is outside of the object for an obtuse tetrahedron.## Centroid.The tetrahedron's center of mass computes as the arithmetic mean of its four vertices, see Centroid.## Faces.The sum of the areas of any three faces is greater than the area of the fourth face.## Integer tetrahedra.There exist tetrahedra having integer-valued edge lengths, face areas and volume. These are called Heronian.

Tetrahedron. tetrahedra. One example has one edge of 896, the opposite edge of 990 and the other four edges of 1073; two faces are isosceles triangles with areas of and the other two are isosceles with areas of , while the volume is .A tetrahedron can have integer volume and consecutive integers as edges, an example being the one with edges 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 and volume 48.## Related polyhedra and compounds.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a triangular pyramid.A regular tetrahedron can be seen as a degenerate polyhedron, a uniform "digonal antiprism", where base polygons are.


Question: Where is this plant native to?

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Lomaria discolor. Lomaria discolor, synonym Blechnum discolor, commonly called crown fern (Māori: piupiu), is a species of fern in the family Blechnaceae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. As noted by C. Michael Hogan, this species is found in a number of forest communities in diverse locations within New Zealand, and is sometimes a dominant understory component.Spores are produced on specialised fronds. These are more erect, with a dark and shrivelled look. C. Michael Hogan. 2009. "Crown Fern: Blechnum discolor", Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Primitive Plants. 2009. "True Ferns.


Question: What kind of effect does this object have?

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Convenience. effects.## Health care.Some of the major improvements over the past century has been in improved health care. For example, modern medicine has made leaps in preventing infectious diseases in part due to improved water and sewage treatment. This is obvious in the marked rises in life expectancy.## Technological advancement in underdeveloped countries.Some of the most dramatic technological benefits are seen in underdeveloped countries. For instance, cabling for landline telephone service is expensive and requires a lot of time to complete, especially in the most remote areas. Introduction of cellphone service, on the other hand, is much cheaper and dramatically improves.


Question: Which maintenance method is used for this place?

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Road. a road for the environment in order to extend its longevity and reduce maintenance. The Shell pavement design method is used in many countries for the design of new asphalt roadsides.Adverse camber: Where a road slopes towards the outside of a bend, increasing the likelihood that vehicles travelling at speed will skid or topple. Usually only a temporary situation during road maintenance.Alignment: The route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves.All-weather road: Unpaved road that is constructed of a material that does not create mud during rainfall.Banked turnBelisha Beacon: An orange globe, lit at night,.

Road. drivers pay an average of $746/year on vehicle repairs while the average US motorist pays about $335/year. In contrast, the average motorist pays about $171/year in road maintenance taxes (based on 600 gallons/year and $0.285/gallon tax).## Slab stabilization.Distress and serviceability loss on concrete roads can be caused by loss of support due to voids beneath the concrete pavement slabs. The voids usually occur near cracks or joints due to surface water infiltration. The most common causes of voids are pumping, consolidation, subgrade failure and bridge approach failure. Slab stabilization is a non-destructive method of solving this problem and is usually.


Question: Which place is this bird endemic to?

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Caspian tern. Europe (mainly around the Baltic Sea and Black Sea), Asia, Africa, and Australasia (Australia and New Zealand). North American birds migrate to southern coasts, the West Indies and northernmost South America. European and Asian birds spend the non-breeding season in the Old World tropics. African and Australasian birds are resident or disperse over short distances.In 2016, a nest of the Caspian tern was found in the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in northwestern Alaska, 1,000 miles further north than any previous sighting. This development was part of a general trend in Alaska of species moving to the north, a tendency ascribed.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Great black-backed gull. The great black-backed gull (Larus marinus) is the largest member of the gull family. Described by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology as "the king of the Atlantic waterfront", it is a very aggressive hunter, pirate, and scavenger. It breeds on the European and North American coasts and islands of the North Atlantic and is fairly sedentary, though some move farther south or inland to large lakes or reservoirs. The adult great black-backed gull has a white head, neck and underparts, dark grey wings and back, pink legs and yellow bill.## Taxonomy.The great black-backed gull was one of the many species.

Great black-backed gull. originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of "Systema Naturae", and it still bears its original name of "Larus marinus". The scientific name is from Latin. "Larus" appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird. The specific name "marinus" means "marine", or when taken together, "sea gull". This predates Linnean taxonomy, as it had been called "Larus ingens marinus" by Carolus Clusius.The terms "swaabie" (from ), "baagie" and "baigie" (, from ) are local names from the Shetland Islands. Francis Willughby called it the "great black and white gull" in the 17th century, noting.

Great black-backed gull. that it was called the "swarth-back" in the Faroe Islands.## Description.This is the largest gull in the world, considerably larger than a herring gull ("Larus argentatus"). Only a few other gulls, including Pallas's gull ("Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus") and glaucous gull ("Larus hyperboreus"), come close to matching this species' size. It is 64 - 79 (cm) long with a 1.5 - 1.7 (m) wingspan and a body weight of 0.75 - 2.3 (kg). In a sample of 2009 adults from the North Atlantic, males were found to average 1830 (g) and females were found to average 1488 (g). Some adult gulls with.

Great black-backed gull. crabs ("Cancer irroratus"), sea urchins, green crabs ("Carcinus maenas"), starfish ("Asterias forbesi" and "Asterias rubens") and other echinoderms, crustaceans and mollusks when they come across the opportunity. From observations in northern New England, 23% of observed prey was echinoderms and 63% was crustaceans.Unlike most other "Larus" gulls, they are highly predatory and frequently hunt and kill any prey smaller than themselves, behaving more like a raptor than a typical larid gull. Lacking the razor-sharp talons and curved, tearing beak of a raptor, the great black-backed gull relies on aggression, physical strength and endurance when hunting. When attacking other animals, they.

Great black-backed gull. activity of large marine animals, from Atlantic bluefin tuna ("Thunnus thynnus") to humpback whales ("Megaptera novaeangliae"), to capture fish driven to the surface by such creatures.## Breeding.This species breeds singly or in small colonies, sometimes in the middle of a "Larus argentatus" colony. Young adult pair formation occurs in March or April. The following spring the same birds usually form a pair again, meeting at the previous year's nest. If one of the birds doesn't appear, the other bird begins looking for a new mate. Usually a single bird does not breed in that season.They make a lined nest on.


Question: What is the highest observed lifespan of this plant?

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Acer macrophyllum. gold and yellow, contrasting against backdrops of evergreen conifers.In spring, the tree produces flowers in pendulous racemes 10 - 15 (cm) long, greenish-yellow with inconspicuous petals. It is hermaphroditic, bearing both male and female flowers in each raceme. The flowers appear in early spring, before the leaves.The fruit is a paired winged samara, each seed 1 - 1.5 (cm) in diameter with a 4 - 5 (cm) wing. Bigleaf maple begins bearing seed at about ten years of age.In May 2018 the oldest two Oregon maples in Europe, 175 years old, were removed from Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland. The.


Question: Which city or region does this place locate in?

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Gordale Scar. Gordale Scar is a limestone ravine 1 (mile) northeast of Malham, North Yorkshire, England. It contains two waterfalls and has overhanging limestone cliffs over 100 (m) high. The gorge could have been formed by water from melting glaciers or a cavern collapse. The stream flowing through the scar is Gordale Beck, which on leaving the gorge flows over Janet's Foss before joining Malham Beck 2 (mi) downstream to form the River Aire. A right of way leads up the gorge, but requires climbing approximately 10 (ft) of tufa at the lower waterfall.## Notable visitors.William Wordsworth wrote in the sonnet "Gordale",.


Question: Where is this plant native to?

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Pittosporum tenuifolium. Pittosporum tenuifolium is a small evergreen tree endemic to New Zealand – up to 10 (m) – commonly known as ' and black matipo, and by other Māori names ' and . Its small, very dark, reddish-purple flowers generally go unnoticed, and are scented only at night. The Latin means "slender-leaved"## Description.The scientific name of kōhūhū is a good starting point to find out more about the physical characteristics of the species. "Pittosporum" translates to tarry – – seed – , a reference to the sticky fluid that encases the seeds and means thin – – leaf – .Kōhūhū is.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. or three segments when ripened. Inside are black seeds, encased in a very sticky substance. The stickiness of the seeds is likely to help with seed dispersal.## Names.Common names include:MatipoBlack matipoRautawhiri RautāwhiriKairaroKihihiKowhiwhi, KōwhiwhiKohukohuKoihuMāpaurikiPōhiriPōwhiriTāwhiriTawiriTawhiwhiSilverleafTurpentine-treeBlack birch## Distribution.## Natural global range.Kōhūhū is endemic to New Zealand.## New Zealand range.Kōhūhū is well spread all over New Zealand, being absent only to the west of the Southern Alps and Stewart Island.## Habitat preferences.Kōhūhū is found growing wild in coastal and lower mountain forest areas up to an altitude of 900 m.Kōhūhū grows particularly quickly at forest edges located at the bottom of high terraces, and.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. and prefers soils with good drainage in humid climates. Planting it in damp conditions can cause winter leaf drop, which likely explains why kōhūhū is not found growing on the West Coast of New Zealand. In its role in ecological succession, kōhūhū is often found at an earlier stage than its relative lemonwood (another endemic "Pittosporum"), and usually inhabits less fertile soils.## Predators, Parasites, and Diseases.## Insects.There are over 50 insect species listed in the Plant-SyNZ database that either feed on or parasitise kōhūhū – wasps, sucking bugs, flies, moths, butterflies, thrips, mites and beetles. There are also more than.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. feed only on "Pittosporum" species, by attaching themselves to a suitable part of the plant and feeding on its sap. The psyllid leaves a trail of characteristic “beads” behind.Cottony cushion scale – "Icerya purchase" –, an Australian bug, soft wax scale – "Ceroplastes destructor" –, an import from overseas and the Australian green shield bug – "Glaucias amyoti" –, native to New Zealand despite its name also parasitise the "Pittosporum" species, but have a more varied range of hosts. All attach themselves to a suitable part of the plant and feed on its sap.New Zealand flower thrips – "Thrips obscuratus.

Pittosporum tenuifolium. – feeds on leaves, flowers and young fruit of kōhūhū, by piercing plant cells and sucking their contents.## Fungi."Pythium irregulare" has been recorded as a pathogen of kōhūhū, causing foliar blight, rot, and eventually death.A recently discovered pathogen of kōhūhū that caused swelling of twigs – the fungus "Elsinoe takoropuku" – turned out to be a newly discovered species of fungi. The fungus was, so far, only found in association with kōhūhū.## Uses.## Garden plant.Kōhūhū is a popular garden plant in New Zealand and overseas, often used a hedge or as visual backdrop. It is sometimes grown under the cultivar.


Question: How wide is the island in the image? answer in metre.

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Confederation Bridge. ship traffic. The bridge rests on 62 piers, of which the 44 main piers are 250 (m) apart. The bridge is 11 (m) wide.The speed limit on the bridge is 80 (km/h) but can vary with wind and weather conditions. When travelling at the speed limit, it takes about 12 minutes to cross the bridge.## Tolls.Tolls apply only when leaving Prince Edward Island (when travelling westbound). The toll rates are $50.25 for a two-axle automobile and $8.50 for each additional axle. Motorcycles are charged $20.00. While pedestrians and cyclists are not permitted to cross the bridge, a shuttle service is.


Question: Which building or structure has been replaced by the building in the image?

Instruction: Determine the Wikipedia snippet that matches the question of this image.

Palais de Chaillot. The Palais de Chaillot () is a building at the top of the in the Trocadéro area in the 16th "arrondissement" of Paris, France.For the Exposition Internationale of 1937, the old 1878 Palais du Trocadéro was partly demolished and partly rebuilt to create the Palais de Chaillot. It was designed in classicising "moderne" style by architects Louis-Hippolyte Boileau, Jacques Carlu and Léon Azéma. The Palais consists of two separate wings shaped to form a wide arc, which are those of the former building with new taller portions built in front. The pair of larger central pavilions are also those of.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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Red-throated loon. The red-throated loon (North America) or red-throated diver (Britain and Ireland) (Gavia stellata) is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere. The most widely distributed member of the loon or diver family, it breeds primarily in Arctic regions, and winters in northern coastal waters. Ranging from 55 to 67 (cm) in length, the red-throated loon is the smallest and lightest of the world's loons. In winter, it is a nondescript bird, greyish above fading to white below. During the breeding season, it acquires the distinctive reddish throat patch which is the basis for its common name. Fish form.

Red-throated loon. the others in terms of morphology, behaviour, ecology and breeding biology and may be the basal lineage of the genus. It is thought to have evolved in the Palearctic, and then to have expanded into the Nearctic. Analysis of molecular data together with the fossil record suggests the lineage of the red-throated loon diverged from that giving rise to the other loon species around 21.4 million years ago in the Miocene, and that it may be most closely related to the fossil Pliocene species "Gavia howardae".The genus name "Gavia" comes from the Latin for "sea mew", as used by ancient.

Red-throated loon. Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder. The specific epithet "stellata" is Latin for "set with stars" or "starry", and refers to the bird's speckled back in its non-breeding plumage. Members of the family Gavidae are known as "loons" in North America and "divers" in Great Britain and Ireland. The International Ornithological Congress uses the name "red-throated loon" for this species. "Diver" refers to the family's underwater method of hunting for prey, while "red-throated" is a straightforward reference to the bird's most distinctive breeding plumage feature. The word "loon" is thought to have derived from the Swedish "lom", the Old Norse or.


Question: Where is the starting point of this event.

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Kon-Tiki expedition. attempt to show a possible link between the civilization of ancient Egypt and the New World.## The voyage."Kon-Tiki" left Callao, Peru, on the afternoon of April 28, 1947. To avoid coastal traffic it was initially towed 50 (mi) out by the Peruvian Navy fleet tug "Guardian Rios", then sailed roughly west carried along on the Humboldt Current.On 2 July Heyerdahl writes about an encounter with a rogue wave; in his book he describes a "Three Sister" phenomenon: "During a night-shift with quiet seas appears an 'abnormal huge wave' followed by two more waves. The raft is being swept up and.

Kon-Tiki expedition. built in Constitución, Chile, leaving on April 13, 1958, towards Callao, then towards the Marquesas. It missed its target and after four months, the raft began to sink. The crew built a new smaller raft, the "Tahiti Nui III", in the ocean out of the more buoyant parts of the "Tahiti Nui II". They were swept towards Cook Islands where on August 30, the raft went aground and was wrecked at Rakahanga atoll. Éric de Bisschop died in this accident.## "Tangaroa" (1965).A Peruvian expedition led by Carlos Caravedo crossed the Pacific Ocean in 1965 in 115 days in a raft.


Question: Which significant event was held in this place?

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Blenheim Palace. 1720s. It is unique in its combined use as a family home, mausoleum and national monument. The palace is notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Sir Winston Churchill.Following the palace's completion, it became the home of the Churchill (later Spencer-Churchill) family for the next 300 years, and various members of the family have wrought changes to the interiors, park and gardens. At the end of the 19th century, the palace was saved from ruin by funds gained from the 9th Duke of Marlborough's marriage to American railroad heiress Consuelo Vanderbilt.## Churchills.John Churchill was born in Devon. Although his.

Blenheim Palace. left (east) side of the plan on either side of the bow room "(marked "O")" can be seen a smaller but nearly identical layout of rooms, which were the suites of the Duke and Duchess themselves. Thus, the bow room corresponds exactly to the saloon in terms of its importance to the two smaller suites.Blenheim Palace was the birthplace of the 1st Duke's famous descendant, Winston Churchill, whose life and times are commemorated by a permanent exhibition in the suite of rooms in which he was born "(marked "K" on the plan)". Blenheim Palace was designed with all its principal.


Question: Who is the founder of the aircraft in the image?

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Beechcraft. Kansas, in 1932 by Walter Beech as president, his wife Olive Ann Beech as secretary, Ted A. Wells as vice president of engineering, K. K. Shaul as treasurer, and investor C. G. Yankey as vice president. The company began operations in an idle Cessna factory. With designer Ted Wells, they developed the first aircraft under the Beechcraft name, the classic Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing, which first flew in November 1932. Over 750 Staggerwings were built, with 352 manufactured for the United States Army Air Forces and 67 for the United States Navy during World War II.Beechcraft was not Beech's first.

Beechcraft. known Beech aircraft, the single-engined Bonanza has been manufactured in various models since 1947. The Bonanza has had the longest production run of any airplane, past or present, in the world. Other important Beech aircraft are the King Air and Super King Air line of twin-engined turboprops, in production since 1964, the Baron, a twin-engined variant of the Bonanza, and the Beechcraft Model 18, originally a business transport and commuter airliner from the late 1930s through the 1960s, which remains in active service as a cargo transport.In 1950, Olive Ann Beech was installed as president and CEO of the company,.


Question: Who is the architect of this building?

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Manila Cathedral. a scorched-earth defense in 1945 during the Battle of Manila, as the Second World War neared its conclusion.The cathedral's present incarnation was constructed from 1954 to 1958 under Most Rev. Rufino J. Cardinal Santos, ; and under the supervision of the notable Kapampangan architect Fernando H. Ocampo.Pope Paul VI made an apostolic visit and celebrated Mass in the cathedral in 1970. Pope John Paul II issued a papal bull "Quod Ipsum" on April 27, 1981; elevating the shrine to a minor basilica through his own "Motu Proprio". In the same papal bull, he reiterated that Pope Paul VI's papal decree.


Question: What is the closest parent taxonomy of this bird?

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American woodcock. The American woodcock (Scolopax minor), sometimes colloquially referred to as the timberdoodle, the bogsucker, the hokumpoke, and the Labrador twister, is a small shorebird species found primarily in the eastern half of North America. Woodcocks spend most of their time on the ground in brushy, young-forest habitats, where the birds' brown, black, and gray plumage provides excellent camouflage.Because of the male woodcock's unique, beautiful courtship flights, the bird is welcomed as a harbinger of spring in northern areas. It is also a popular game bird, with about 540,000 killed annually by some 133,000 hunters in the U.S.The American woodcock is.

American woodcock. the only species of woodcock inhabiting North America. Although classified with the sandpipers and shorebirds in Family Scolopacidae, the American woodcock lives mainly in upland settings. Its many folk names include timberdoodle, bogsucker, night partridge, brush snipe, hokumpoke, and becasse.The population of the American woodcock has fallen by an average of slightly more than 1% annually since the 1960s. Most authorities attribute this decline to a loss of habitat caused by forest maturation and urban development.In 2008, wildlife biologists and conservationists released an American Woodcock Conservation Plan presenting figures for the acreage of early successional habitat that must be created.

American woodcock. nape of the head is black, with three or four crossbars of deep buff or rufous. The feet and toes, which are small and weak, are brownish gray to reddish brown.Woodcocks have large eyes located high in the head, and their visual field is probably the largest of any bird, 360° in the horizontal plane and 180° in the vertical plane.The woodcock uses its long prehensile bill to probe in the soil for food, mainly invertebrates and especially earthworms. A unique bone-and-muscle arrangement lets the bird open and close the tip of its upper bill, or mandible, while it is.

American woodcock. sunk in the ground. Both the underside of the upper mandible and the long tongue are rough-surfaced for grasping slippery prey.## Distribution.Woodcocks inhabit forested and mixed forest-agricultural-urban areas east of the 98th Meridian. Woodcock have been sighted as far north as York Factory, Manitoba, east to Labrador and Newfoundland. In winter, they migrate as far south as the Gulf Coast States and Mexico.## Breeding range.The primary breeding range extends from Atlantic Canada (Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New Brunswick) west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to northern Virginia, western North Carolina, Kentucky, northern Tennessee, northern Illinois, Missouri, and eastern.

American woodcock. Kansas. A limited number of woodcock breed as far south as Florida and Texas. The species may be expanding its distribution northward and westward.## Wintering range.After migrating south in autumn, most woodcock spend the winter in the Gulf Coast and southeastern Atlantic Coast states. Some may remain as far north as southern Maryland, eastern Virginia, and southern New Jersey. The core of the wintering range centers on Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. Based on the Christmas Bird Count results, winter concentrations are highest in the northern half of Alabama.## Diet.Woodcock eat mainly invertebrates, particularly earthworms (Oligochaeta). They do most of.

American woodcock. their feeding in places where the soil is moist. They forage by probing in soft soil in thickets, where they usually remain well-hidden from sight. Other items in the diet include insect larvae, snails, centipedes, millipedes, spiders, snipe flies, beetles, and ants. A small amount of plant food is eaten, mainly seeds. Woodcock are crepuscular, being most active at dawn and dusk.## Migration.Woodcock migrate at night. They fly at low altitudes, individually or in small, loose flocks. Flight speeds of migrating birds have been clocked at 16 to 28 miles per hour (26 to 45 kilometers per hour). However, the.

American woodcock. young-forest cover usually within 150 (yd) of a singing ground. Most hens lay four eggs, sometimes one to three. Incubation takes 20 to 22 days.The down-covered young are precocial and leave the nest within a few hours of hatching. The female broods her young and feeds them. When threatened, the fledglings usually take cover and remain motionless, attempting to escape detection by relying on their cryptic coloration. Some observers suggest that frightened young may cling to the body of their mother, who will then take wing and carry the young to safety.Woodcock fledglings begin probing for worms on their own.

American woodcock. Bird Surveys and, in the northern breeding range, springtime singing-ground surveys. Data suggest that the woodcock population has fallen rangewide by an average of 1.1% yearly over the last four decades.## Conservation.The American woodcock is not considered globally threatened by the IUCN. It is more tolerant of deforestation than other woodcocks and snipes; as long as some sheltered woodland remains for breeding, it can thrive even in regions that are mainly used for agriculture. The estimated population is 5 million, so it is the most common sandpiper in North America.The American Woodcock Conservation Plan presents regional action plans linked to.

American woodcock. warbler, whip-poor-will, willow flycatcher, indigo bunting, and New England cottontail.Leslie Glasgow, the assistant Secretary of the Interior for Fish, Wildlife, Parks, and Marine Resources from 1969 to 1970, wrote a dissertation through Texas A&M University on the woodcock, with research based on his observations through the Louisiana State University (LSU) Agricultural Experiment Station. He was an LSU professor from 1948 to 1980 and an authority on wildlife in the wetlands. Choiniere, Joe (2006). Seasons of the Woodcock: The secret life of a woodland shorebird. "Sanctuary" 45(4): 3–5. Sepik, Greg F.; Owen, Roy & Coulter, Malcolm (1981). "A Landowner's Guide to.

American woodcock. Woodcock Management in the Northeast," Misc. Report 253, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maine. American woodcock species account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology American Woodcock – "Scolopax minor" – USGS Patuxent Bird Identification Infocenter American Woodcock Bird Sound Rite of Spring – Illustrated account of the phenomenal courtship flight of the male American woodcockAmerican Woodcock videos on the Internet Bird CollectionPhoto-High Res; Article – www.fws.gov–"Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge", photo gallery and analysis American Woodcock Conservation Plan "A Summary of and Recommendations for Woodcock Conservation in North America" Timberdoodle.org: the Woodcock Management Plan.


Question: What is the architectural style of this place?

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Blenheim Palace. and Bavarians in the War of the Spanish Succession, culminating in the Battle of Blenheim. The land was given as a gift, and construction began in 1705, with some financial support from Queen Anne. The project soon became the subject of political infighting, with the Crown cancelling further financial support in 1712, Marlborough's three-year voluntary exile to the Continent, the fall from influence of his duchess, and lasting damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh.Designed in the rare, and short-lived, English Baroque style, architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Sherardia. Sherardia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. The genus contains only one species, viz. Sherardia arvensis or (blue) field madder, which is widespread across most of Europe and northern Africa as well as southwest and central Asia (from Turkey to Saudi Arabia to Kazakhstan) and Macaronesia (Canary Islands, Azores, Madeira, Savage Islands). It is also reportedly naturalized in Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, Kerguelen, Ethiopia, Sudan, southern Africa, Mexico, Costa Rica, South America, Bermuda, Cuba, Haiti and much of Canada and the United States (especially the Pacific States and the lower Mississippi Valley).## Description."Sherardia arvensis" is.

Sherardia. dry and about 3 mm long with two lobes giving rise to two small, dry, indehiscent fruits called nutlets.The four-angled stems with whorls of bristly leaves and tiny flowers are reminiscent of the Bedstraws and other related Rubiaceae, but "Sherardia" is distinguished by its mauve/pink flowers that are organized in clusters and having a long corolla tube."Sherardia arvensis" plants are hermaphroditic and pollinated by flies.## Uses."Sherardia arvensis" is a common weed of fields, pasture, grassland, and disturbed areas. The fleshy roots, though much inferior to the common madder ("Rubia tinctorum"), are sometimes used for the production of a red dye.##.

Sherardia. Taxonomy.The genus and species were described by Carl Linnaeus in "Hortus Cliffortianus" in 1736 and also appeared in his masterwork "Species Plantarum" in 1753. The genus was named in memory of the prominent English botanist William Sherard (1659–1728). The Latin epithet "arvensis" means that it is found in fields."Sherardia" in the World Checklist of RubiaceaeUSDA Plants ProfilePlants of MissouriWildflowers of the United States, "Sherardia arvensis" Calflora taxon report, "Sherardia arvensis" University of California at Davis, Integrated Pest Management On-line, Field Madder ("Sherardia arvensis")Tela Botanica, "Sherardia arvensis" News from Rockcliff Farm, Natural Gardens of North Carolina, Blue Field-Madder, "Sherardia arvensis" Herbario.