Question: Where do you usually find this plant?

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Caltha palustris. Caltha palustris, known as marsh-marigold and kingcup, is a small to medium size perennial herbaceous plant of the buttercup family, native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It flowers between April and August, dependent on altitude and latitude, but occasional flowers may occur at other times.## Description."Caltha palustris" is a 10 – 80 (cm) high, hairless, fleshy, perennial, herbaceous plant that dies down in autumn and overwinters with buds near the surface of the marshy soil. The plants have many, 2 – 3 (mm) thick strongly branching roots. Its flowering stems are.

Caltha palustris. hollow, erect or more or less decumbent. The alternate true leaves are in a rosette, each of which consist of a leaf stem that is about four times as long as the kidney-shaped leaf blade, itself between 3 – 25 (cm) long and 3 – 20 (cm) wide, with a heart-shaped foot, a blunt tip, and a scalloped to toothed, sometime almost entire margin particularly towards the tip. In their youth the leaves are protected by a membranous sheath, that may be up to 3 (cm) long in fully grown plants.## Inflorescence.The common marsh-marigold mostly has several flowering stems of.

Caltha palustris. correct name.## Etymology.The generic name "Caltha" is derived from the Ancient Greek (), meaning "goblet", and is said to refer to the shape of the flower. The species epithet "palustris" is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.In the UK, "Caltha palustris" is known by a variety of vernacular names, varying by geographical region. These include in addition to the most common two, marsh marigold and kingcup, also brave bassinets, crazy Beth, horse blob, Molly-blob, May blob, mare blob, boots, water boots, meadow-bright, bullflower, meadow buttercup, water buttercup, soldier's buttons, meadow cowslip, water cowslip, publican's cloak, crowfoot,.

Caltha palustris. Garden Merit), "Multiplex", "Plena", "Semiplena".## Distribution and habitat.The species is native to marshes, fens, ditches and wet woodland in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It can be found in much of the northeastern United States.## Ecology.The marsh-marigold grows in places with oxygen-rich water near the surface of the soil. It likes richer soils, but dislikes application of fertilizer and avoids high concentrations of phosphate and ammonium, and is also shy of brackish water. It is often associated with seepage that is rich in iron, because iron ions react with phosphate, thus making it unavailable for plants. The resulting insoluble.

Caltha palustris. mineral appears as "rusty" flocs on the water soil and the surface of the stems of marsh plants. Around the edge of lakes and rivers it grows between reeds, and it can be found in black alder coppices and other regularly flooded and always moist forests. When it is present it often visually dominates when it is in bloom. It also used to be common on wet meadows, but due to agricultural rationalization it is now limited to ditches.It is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures – a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK.

Caltha palustris. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe.In western Europe, the marsh-marigold moth "Micropterix calthella" bites open the anthers of the marsh-marigold and other plants to eat the pollen. The caterpillars that are present in summer and autumn also feed on marsh-marigold, although these are sometimes found on mosses too. Another visitor of "Caltha palustris" in western Europe is the leaf beetle "Prasocuris phellandrii", which is black with four orange stripes and around ½ cm and eats the sepals. Its larvae inhabit the hollow stems of members of the parsley family. In the.

Caltha palustris. have some spongy tissue that makes them float on water, until they wash up in a location that may be suitable for this species to grow.## Diseases.The marsh-marigold is affected by the rust species "Puccinia calthea" and "P. calthicola".## Toxicity."Caltha" contains several active substances of which the most important from a toxicological point of view is protoanemonin. Larger quantities of the plant may cause convulsions, burning of the throat, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dizziness and fainting. Contact of the skin or mucous membranes with the juices can cause blistering or inflammation, and gastric illness if ingested. Younger parts seem to contain.

Caltha palustris. and used as a spice.The common marsh marigold is planted as an ornamental throughout temperate regions in the world, and sometimes recommended for low maintenance wildlife gardens. The double-flowered cultivar 'Flore Pleno' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.## Culture."Caltha palustris" is a plant commonly mentioned in literature, including Shakespeare:"Winking Marybuds begin""To open their golden eyes" ("Cymbeline", ii. 3).It also appears in Charlotte Brontë's "Shirley":"They both halted on the green brow of the Common: they looked down on the deep valley robed in May raiment; on varied meads, some pearled with daisies, and some golden with king-cups:.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Pinyon pine. pinyon nut or seed is high in fats and calories.Pinyon wood, especially when burned, has a distinctive fragrance, making it a common wood to burn in chimeneas. Pinyon pine trees are also known to influence the soil in which they grow by increasing concentrations of both macronutrients and micronutrients.Some of the species are known to hybridize, the most notable ones being "P. quadrifolia" with "P. monophylla", and "P. edulis" with "P. monophylla".The two-needle piñon ("Pinus edulis") is the official state tree of New Mexico.## Evolutionary History.The evolutionary origins of the piñons appear to coincide with the Laramide Orogeny## Species.Genetic differentiation.

Pinyon pine. in the pinyon pine has been observed associated to insect herbivory and environmental stress. There are eight species of true pinyon ("Pinus" subsection "Cembroides"): "Pinus cembroides" – Mexican pinyon "Pinus orizabensis" – Orizaba pinyon "Pinus johannis" – Johann's pinyon (includes "P. discolor" – border pinyon) "Pinus culminicola" – Potosi pinyon "Pinus remota" – Texas pinyon or papershell pinyon "Pinus edulis" – two-needle piñon or Colorado pinyon "Pinus monophylla" – single-leaf pinyon "Pinus quadrifolia" – Parry pinyon (includes "P. juarezensis").These additional Mexican species are also related, and mostly called pinyons: "Pinus rzedowskii" – Rzedowski's pine "Pinus pinceana" – weeping pinyon "Pinus.

Pinyon pine. maximartinezii" – big-cone pinyon "Pinus nelsonii" – Nelson's pinyonThe three bristlecone pine species of the high mountains of the southwestern United States, and the lacebark pines of Asia are closely related to the pinyon pines.## Piñon seeds in Native American cuisine.The seeds of the pinyon pine, known as "pine nuts" or "piñóns", are an important food for American Indians living in the mountains of the North American Southwest. All species of pine produce edible seeds, but in North America only pinyon produces seeds large enough to be a major source of food.The pinyon has likely been a source of food.

Pinyon pine. nuts, without dispersing them. Pine classification Arboretum de Villardebelle Images of the cones of all the pinyons and allied pines.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Botanical Museum Greifswald. The Botanical Museum Greifswald (German: Botanisches Museum Greifswald) is a scientific collection at the department of botany of the University of Greifswald. It was founded around 1850 by Julius Münter and is the largest botanical collection in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.## History.A herbarium was created in the 17th century when Samuel Gustav Wilcke founded the Botanical Gardens of Greifswald. The Botanical museum was founded by Julius Münter between 1845 and 1855. Münter and his assistants Hermann Zabel and Ludwig Holtz collected botanical objects from the region of New Western Pomerania. The collections were later extended to specimens from other regions.##.

Botanical Museum Greifswald. Holdings.The collection includes "naturalia" such as wood samples, plant compounds, and drugs as well as "artificialia" such as scientific models, instruments, and wall charts. The core of the collection consists of the herbarium with roughly 300.000 specimens and the teaching collection with many botanical models.The “Herbarium Higher Plants” (GFV) documents many endangered or extinct species and serves as the central herbarium of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The holdings include 250.000 specimens of ferns and spermatophytes, 30.000 algae, 17.000 moss, and 8.000 lichens. The teaching collection contains flower models of the model makers Robert Brendel and Paul Osterloh, as well as.

Botanical Museum Greifswald. the "Arnoldsche Obst-Cabinet" (Arnold’s fruit cabinet) with 214 (originally 455) models of fruits. The porcelain models were produced between 1856 and 1899 in Gotha. Birgit Dahlenburg (edit.): Wissen sammeln. Die digitalisierten Schätze der Universität Greifswald. Sammlungsobjekte der Botanik, Zoologie sowie Ur- und Frühgeschichte Greifswald 2011 Birgit Litterski: Sammlungen des Botanischen Institutsin: Kulturbesitz und Sammlungen der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald. Hrsg. von Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Rostock 1995, p. 81-82 Susanne Starke & Martin Schnittler (2009): Die Sammlungen des Botanischen Institutes der Ernst-Moritz- Arndt-Universität Greifswald. In: Obst, K., Reinicke, G.-B., Richter, S. & Seemann, R. [edit.] Schatzkammern der Natur – Naturkundliche Sammlungen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. –.

Botanical Museum Greifswald. 100 pages, .Botanical collections in Mecklenburg-VorpommernDescription of the collection on universitätssammlungen.de.


Question: Who is the creator of this building?

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Statue of Zeus at Olympia. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was a giant seated figure, about 12.4 (m) tall, made by the Greek sculptor Phidias around 435 BC at the sanctuary of Olympia, Greece, and erected in the Temple of Zeus there. Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus.The statue was a chryselephantine sculpture of ivory plates and gold panels on a wooden framework. Zeus sat on a painted cedarwood throne ornamented with ebony, ivory, gold, and precious stones. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. The statue was lost and destroyed during the 5th century AD; details of its form are known only from ancient Greek descriptions and representations on coins.## History.The statue of Zeus was commissioned by the Eleans, custodians of the Olympic Games, in the latter half of the fifth century BC for their newly constructed Temple of Zeus. Seeking to outdo their Athenian rivals, the Eleans employed sculptor Phidias, who had previously made the massive statue of Athena Parthenos in the Parthenon.The statue occupied half the width of the aisle of the temple built to house it. The geographer Strabo noted early.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. of the image was paved with black tiles and surrounded by a raised rim of marble to contain the oil. This reservoir acted as a reflecting pool which doubled the apparent height of the statue.According to the Roman historian Livy, the Roman general Aemilius Paullus (the victor over Macedon) saw the statue and "was moved to his soul, as if he had seen the god in person", while the 1st-centuryAD Greek orator Dio Chrysostom declared that a single glimpse of the statue would make a man forget all his earthly troubles.According to a legend, when Phidias was asked what inspired.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. him—whether he climbed Mount Olympus to see Zeus, or whether Zeus came down from Olympus so that Phidias could see him—the artist answered that he portrayed Zeus according to Book One, verses 528–530 of Homer's "Iliad": The sculptor also was reputed to have immortalised Pantarkes, the winner of the boys' wrestling event at the eighty-sixth Olympiad who was said to have been his "beloved" (), by carving ("Pantarkes is beautiful") into Zeus's little finger, and by placing a relief of the boy crowning himself at the feet of the statue.According to Pausanias, "when the image was quite finished Pheidias prayed.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. statue perished along with the temple, which was severely damaged by fire in 425 AD. But earlier loss or damage is implied by Lucian of Samosata in the later 2nd century, who referenced it in "Timon": "they have laid hands on your person at Olympia, my lord High-Thunderer, and you had not the energy to wake the dogs or call in the neighbours; surely they might have come to the rescue and caught the fellows before they had finished packing up the loot."## Phidias' workshop.The approximate date of the statue (the third quarter of the 5th century BC) was confirmed.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. in the rediscovery (1954–1958) of Phidias' workshop, approximately where Pausanias said the statue of Zeus was constructed. Archaeological finds included tools for working gold and ivory, ivory chippings, precious stones and terracotta moulds. Most of the latter were used to create glass plaques, and to form the statue's robe from sheets of glass, naturalistically draped and folded, then gilded. A cup inscribed "ΦΕΙΔΙΟΥ ΕΙΜΙ" or "I belong to Phidias" was found at the site.List of tallest statues"George Washington", 1840 statue Kenneth D. S. Lapatin, "Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World," Oxford University Press (2001) Alfred Mallwitz and Wolfgang Schiering,.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. "Die Werkstatt des Pheidias in Olympia I: Olympische Forschungen V," Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (1964) Wolfgang Schiering, "Die Werkstatt des Pheidias in Olympia II: Werkstattfunde: Olympische Forschungen XVIII", Berlin: Walter de Gruyter (1991) Janette McWilliam, Rashna Taraporewalla, Tom Stevenson, and Sonia Puttock (Ed.), "The Statue of Zeus at Olympia. New Approaches". Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Publishing (2011)Barringer, Judith M. 2010. "Zeus at Olympia." In "The gods of ancient Greece: Identities and transformations." Edited by Jan Bremmer and Andrew Erskine, 155–77. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press.Boardman, John. 1985. "Greek sculpture: The Classical period." London: Thames & Hudson.Lapatin, Kenneth D. S. 2001. "Chryselephantine statuary.

Statue of Zeus at Olympia. "The colossal Zeus statue of Pheidias" David Fenzl "Recreating Olympic Statuary"History.com: the Seven Wonders.


Question: Which location has this insect invaded?

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Western conifer seed bug. herbivores, it might be that in evolving its ability to overcome these defenses, "L. occidentalis" actually became somewhat dependent on such compounds.Its host plants in the native range include conifers such as Douglas-fir ("Pseudotsuga menziesii"), ponderosa pine ("Pinus ponderosa"), lodgepole pine ("Pinus contorta"), and white spruce ("Picea glauca"). Outside the native range, it is found on species such as eastern white pine ("P. strobus") and red pine ("P. resinosa") in eastern North America and Europe, and mountain pine ("P. mugo"), black pine ("P. nigra"), Scots pine ("P. sylvestris") and pistachio ("Pistacia vera") in Europe.The eggs are laid in small groups.

Western conifer seed bug. of this species arrived on the south coast of England, indicating natural immigration from continental Europe. In late 2009, a large group of western conifer seed bugs invaded Koç University in Istanbul, Turkey. The same thing happened in October 2012 in most of the cities of the French Alps, like Moûtiers. In 2017 it appears for the first time in the Southern Hemisphere, with several records from Chile.It was also first recorded from Tokyo, Japan in 2008, and some additional records from Tokyo and Kanagawa Prefecture have been added until 2009.In 2010 the first detection was made in Ukraine, in.

Western conifer seed bug. Dniprorudne, and the next year in Russia, in Rostov-on-Don.In 2020 it was first reported in Finland.On October 21, 2020 the first sighting in Andorra was posted to iNaturalist, and in September this species was found in Kozhukhovka in Kyiv region, Ukraine.In June 2021 Agence France Presse carried a report into devastation caused by the bug in the Qsaybeh pine forest east of Beirut, Lebanon, resulting in the collapse of pine nut production."This article draws heavily on the in the Italian-language Wikipedia." Stages of metamorphosis Status of "L. occidentalis" in Britain Western Conifer Seed Bug.


Question: Which city or region does this building locate in?

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Marienstiftskirche, Lich. The Marienstiftskirche is a Lutheran three-aisled hall church in Lich, Middle Hesse, Germany. It was built between 1510 and 1537, making it the last Late Gothic hall church to be built in Hesse. The architectural style straddles the transition between Gothic and Renaissance. It is a Hessian heritage site and contains objects of national art historical significance. The neighbouring , with its historic triple peal serves as a clocktower for the Marienstiftskirche.## History.A parish is attested in Lich in the year 1239, which presupposes a church existed by that date. In 1316, the Marienstift was founded by Philip III of.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. Falkenstein, as a collegiate church (German: "Kollegiatstift") with ten canons, which was intended to educate young men for the priesthood. Three neighbouring churches were incorporated along with Lich. A large amount of property of the surrounding churches and districts was donated for the maintenance of the college. In the year of the college's foundation, a new, stone church was begun which was roughly two-thirds the size of the present building. The hall church, with a long choir and rood screen was consecrated to Mary on 7 May 1320. It survived less than two hundred years. In 1510 it was entirely.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. demolished to make way for the construction of the present building on the same site. Only a few sections of wall in the west wall survive.Philip, Count of Solms-Lich was responsible for the new structure and contributed to the plans. Meister Michael of Nürnberg produced a plan for the new building in 1509 at the instruction of the Count, which was modified in 1510 by Nikolaus of Wetzlar. The construction began in 1510 and was completed in 1537. Models for the new Marienstiftskirche include the Church of the Holy Spirit in Heidelberg, the Stadtkirche in Wittenberg and former Barfüßerkirche in.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. Eisenach - all three-aisled hall churches with a northern sacristy and no transept. The plans were not followed exactly, but were modified in 1515 during construction, to incorporate novel Renaissance elements. The construction of a gallery in the choir was not ultimately realised. After the foundations were dug in spring 1511, the walls of the long sides of the church were under construction until October of that year. The construction of the arcades, the vaults of the side aisles and the roof work was undertaken in 1512. Philip, who was the guardian of the "Amt" of Coburg until 1514, sourced.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. timber from the distant town of Lichtenfels. On 20 September 1512, 88 carts of lumber arrived in Lich from Hanau. In 1514 and 1515, stone was quarried in Hardt and Lower Albach. Contrary to the usual order, the non-vaulted nave was built first in 1514 and the choir and sacristy were completed subsequently, in 1525. The buttresses on the north, east and south walls were only added in 1537.In the later Middle Ages Lich belonged to the Archdeaconate of in the Archbishopric of Mainz with its own Send district - in 1435 it was not included in the Send jurisdiction.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. of the archdiaconate. The collegiate church possessed four altars, dedicated to Our Lady, the Holy Trinity, St John, and St Anne. As a result of the Reformation, the collegiate church was converted to Lutheranism in 1555. The first Lutheran priest was Heinrich Götz who served from 1564 to 1567. The church was renovated in 1594, as recorded by an inscription in a medallion above the choir, "One thousand five hundred four and Ninety years after Christ's birth, This church building's Renovation was With god's help brought to completion entirely in the same Year that saw The Groundstones Beginning to be.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. laid." Galleries were built, the floor was plastered, and the church was painted. In 1622, a gallery was added for the new organ.The whole ceiling was replaced between the 1720s and 1740s, the sacristy was renovated in 1736 and the church interior in 1740. The "Fürstenstuhl" and the pulpit were repainted by the Lich-based church painter Daniel Hisgen in 1765, the organ in 1780. Between 1859 and 1861, the interior was drastically redesigned. The organ was transferred from the choir to the west gallery. The "Fürstenstuhl" had been located here, but it was now moved to the north wall, between.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. the nave and the choir. The pulpit and altar were also moved. The present pulpit originally derives from the nearby Arnsburg Abbey. After secularisation, it was donated to Marienstiftskirche and moved there in 1859/60. The old pulpit dated to around 1600 and is now located in . In renovations between 1879 and 1881, the glass panes of the southern window and the south side of the slate roof were repaired. For Martin Luther's 400th birthday in 1883, a window on the east side of the church was donated. In 1930, the roof and organ were repaired.During a renovation of the.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. interior in 1952, Renaissance and Rococo paintings were revealed and the consecration crosses were restored. The church was most recently renovated between 2001 and 2002. In 2011 the church celebrated its 500th anniversary.In 1883, for Martin Luther's 400th birthday, a linden tree was planted to the south of the church, which forms a recognised natural monument along with the oak tree beside it, which was planted in 1913 on the hundredth anniversary of the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig. Also on the south side of the church is a monument to those who died in the First World War.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. Southeast of the choir, a memorial to the Jews of Lich who were victims of National Socialism was erected in 1988.## Architecture.The Marienstiftskirche is a late Gothic hall church with three aisles and seven bays. It is not oriented exactly to the east, but slightly east-north-east on account of the city wall. There is no transept; the whole structure is in line with the choir space, which was originally separated off from the nave by a choir screen. The nave has a steeply pitched roof, which also covers the side aisles and is slightly hipped at the west end. The.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. roof is dotted with small dormers and is crowned by a small, eight-sided flèche at the east end. The "Welsh canopy" topping the flèche dates to 1520, making it the oldest in Hesse. The choir is the same width as the nave. The sacristy was built on the north side of the choir under a cat-slide roof; it is now a chapel. The main building material was basalt, which is covered with white plaster. The buttresses, tracery, doors, pillars, arches, and vaults are made of grey , except for the choir window tracery, where red sandstone was used instead.The plaster-coated.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. wooden barrel vaults in the central nave replaced a massive stone vault in 1555 or 1594. The Renaissance scrollwork (which was revealed in 1952) is cut off by a faux-marble wooden cornice, which supports the idea that the barrel were added as part of a renovation. This cornice rests on wooden columns with Corinthian capitals. Above the wooden barrel, the original ceiling beams are still in place. In the side aisles there is late gothic rib vaulting, which was probably originally intended to be installed in the central nave as well, but never added due to financial limitations. The narrow.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. side-aisles allow access to the ambulatory, which is separated off by narrow, almost round arches, and in this way reflects a novel Renaissance influence. The galleries above the side aisles, which terminate at the choir and are accessed through three spiral staircases in the west wall, are supported by solid round columns. These columns extend up to the abutment of the main aisle's barrel vault, which forms a secondary arcade above the gallery. At the top of the eastern pillar on the southern side, indications of the original plan for rib vaulting in the central nave can be seen. The.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. pillars of the choir also show signs of the planned rib vaulting. Under the altar there is a crypt, containing the bodily remains of the counts and their family.The nave is lit by two levels of windows with pointed arches in the side galleries, which are separated by a cornice. The choir has five large windows with pointed arches. In the northeastern choir window are the remains of the old stained glass windows, which include a depiction of Mary with Child in the aureole from the previous church and one of Elizabeth of Hungary from the date of the present.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. church's original construction, flanking depictions of the coats of arms of (above) and of (below). The rest of the window paintings date to the nineteenth century. In the southern side aisle there are stained glass depictions of Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, as well as the risen Christ. At the west end there is a pointed arch window inserted high up in the wall.The church is entered through two pointed-arch doorways: the sumptuous main door on the south side and the smaller, plainer west portal. The door frame is grooved and decorated with ribbing and ivy leaves. It was once.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. thought that the south door was part of the previous church which had been incorporated into the present structure, but this has now been refuted. The two spiral staircases in the west corners of the church are entered from the inside of building through pointed-arches. The central staircase, which leads to the Fürstenstuhl, is also accessible from outside the building.## Furnishings.The baroque pulpit was made by the carpenters Diez von Engelthal and Seitz in 1767–1774. It is made in the shape of a eucharist chalice and has five concave sides. The large sculpted figures on the pulpit were made by.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. Franz Martin Lutz of Rockenberg. They depict the four Doctors of the Church, Bernard of Clairvaux, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure and Pope Leo I. On top of the richly decorated canopy is a statue of Moses with the Ten Commandments. A dove symbolises the Holy Spirit. The wooden back wall, which once connected the pulpit and the canopy now hangs in the southwestern ambulatory. The connected Neo-Gothic dates from the middle of the nineteenth century. The matching altar and the baptismal font are made out of white-veined, grey-black . The massive altar table rests on a curly support.The tabernacle at the.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. entrance to the Fürstenstuhl dates to 1536 and is the only Renaissance-style tabernacle in Hesse. It is closed with a wrought-iron grating, framed by pilasters and topped by a curved roof. Shallow reliefs depict scenes from the Old Testament. The gable bears the Latin inscription "ECCE PANIS ANGELORUM" (Behold, the bread of the angels!).The life-sized, late Gothic, wooden crucifix of the three-nail type is located nearby, above the altar and it dates from 1511. It was probably made for the current church during its construction. It was repainted in the 17th century and its original colour scheme cannot be reconstructed.The.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. self-contained "Fürstenstuhl" for the church's noble patrons, the Princes of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich, is located opposite of the pulpit. It was built in 1714 and re-located to its present site in 1859. It is a closed lodge with five windows between wooden pilasters and arches and bears a label reading "1714" and a coat of arms from 1859. The church pews in the nave date to 1705. Below the "Fürstenstuhl" are the remaining early Renaissance choir pews, which were made in 1530 and were originally arrayed on both sides of the choir between the columns. Behind the door of the doorway to.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. the south gallery is a wooden board which served as a "Henkerssitz", the special seat for the town executioner. This was meant to enable him to participate in the service although he was unclean.The decorative paintings come rom two different periods: the Renaissance (1594) and the Rococo (1740). The Renaissance paintings are located in the choir and the arcades of the two side-aisles, while the Rococo paintings are located on the west arcade and the wooden ceiling. Several consecration crosses survive on the walls. Four oil paintings hang near the entrance to the Fürstenstuhl (previously they were in the south.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. side-aisle), which show St.s Catharine, Dorothea, Barbara, and Margaret on one side and male, largely destroyed figures on the other side. These were probably part of a winged altar from Arnsberg Abbey. The eight-armed bronze chandelier was cast in 1600.## Organ.The organ was built during the Thirty Years' War between 1621 and 1624 by the organ-builder of Lich and had around 20 registers with two manuals and a pedalboard, as well as wing doors on the sides. The instrument was originally located where the "Fürstenstuhl" now stands. Between 1631 and 1633, the organ was expanded with the two pedal towers.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. of the organ of Arnsburg Abbey which was probably also built by Wagner around 1607. These were brought to Lich to protect them from being plundered by Swedish troops. The Lich-based organ firm, relocated the organ in 1861 from the small gallery in the ambulatory to the west gallery and modified its tuning. The instrument was modified repeatedly by the firm over time. In 1913, a substantial renovation took place in the course of which the organ received tubular-pneumatic action, cone chests, a free-standing console, an expression pedal and several new registers. A further rearrangement followed in 1941 in the.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. course of the organ reform movement. In 1961, the empty rear housing was refilled with new registers in a slider chest. A new organ with mechanical tracker action was installed in the old housing, incorporating the old registers, in 1972. Finally, further tunings were added in 2002, so that the modern instrument contains over 39 registers and can adequately reproduce a broad range of styles.Wagner's historic casing and five of his registers survive, as well as two nineteenth century registers and seven registers from 1913. The main casing is divided into five parts. The raised round tower in the middle.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. is crowned by the Habsburg double eagle, flanked by figures of King David and Solomon. On both sides of the central tower there are two-level flat fields of pipes. These are flanked by shorter towers which are topped with the heraldic lions of Solms. The lower part of the housing is much smaller; its sides are decorated with a complicated pattern of corbels. The pedal towers on either side of the main organ stand on 19th century pedestals and loom over the main organ work. The pipes are covered by wooden veil boards, which differ somewhat from their analogues on.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. the main casing. The three-part rear housing with a round central tower is located on a ledge relatively distant from its console.## Bells.Marienstiftskirche has a peal of five bells. The two smallest are located in the flèche. The larger three hang in the "Stadtturm", which was part of the town's fortifications. The bells are located on the bell-floor under the floor for the sentries, who were also responsible for ringing the bells. All of the bells are Medieval, except for the Baroque Eleven o'clock bell. The largest bell is cast with the deep curve typical of the Medieval period; the.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. Eleven o'clock bell appears larger due to the much shallower curve which is typical of the Baroque, but it is actually smaller.## Parish.The parish of Marienstiftskirche contains roughly 4,200 members and is part of the decanate of Gießen in the of Upper Hesse in the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau. It is supervised by two priests and is linked with the independent parish of . There is a church hall in the immediate proximity of the Marienstiftskirche for parish and regional events. Local ecumenical events and church music form the focus of the parish's activities. The Marienstift cantors, the.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. project-choir "Camerata Vocale Hessen," children's and youths' choirs and the brassband shape parish life. Since 2001, the full-time choir-master and organist, Christof Becker, has co-ordinated the musical schedule and has organised regular organ vespers and concert series, such as "BarockFestLich". Otto Alt: "Evangelische Marienstiftskirche Lich." (= "Kleine Kunstführer"; 666). 3rd edition. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2011, . Georg Dehio: "Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler", Hessen I: Regierungsbezirke Gießen und Kassel." Edited by Folkhard Cremer, Tobias Michael Wolf and others. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München / Berlin 2008, , pp. 558–560. Wilhelm Diehl: "Baubuch für die evangelischen Pfarreien der Souveränitätslande und der acquirierten Gebiete.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. Darmstadts." (= "Hassia sacra"; 8). Self-published, Darmstadt 1935, pp. 200–204. Waldemar Küther: "Das Marienstift Lich im Mittelalter." Selbstverlag, Marburg 1977. Karlheinz Lang: "Kirchenplatz 13 und 17. Ehem. Marienstiftskirche heute Ev. Pfarrkirche." In: Landesamt für Denkmalpflege Hessen (ed.) "Kulturdenkmäler in Hessen. Landkreis Gießen I. Hungen, Laubach, Lich, Reiskirchen." (= "Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland"). Theiss, Stuttgart 2008, , pp. 401–404. Magistrat der Stadt Lich (ed.), Paul Görlich (ed.): "Licher Heimatbuch. Die Kernstadt und ihre Stadtteile." Self-Published, Lich 1989. Heinrich Walbe: "Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Gießen. Bd. 3. Südlicher Teil". Hessisches Denkmalarchiv, Darmstadt 1933, pp. 242–284. Peter Weyrauch: "Die Kirchen des Altkreises Gießen." Mittelhessische.

Marienstiftskirche, Lich. Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Gießen 1979, pp. 118 f. Website of Marienstiftskirche Website of the Parish.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Frogfish. Frogfishes are any member of the anglerfish family Antennariidae, of the order Lophiiformes. Antennariids are known as anglerfish in Australia, where the term "frogfish" refers to members of the unrelated family Batrachoididae. Frogfishes are found in almost all tropical and subtropical oceans and seas around the world, the primary exception being the Mediterranean Sea.Frogfishes are small, short and stocky, and sometimes covered in spinules and other appendages to aid in camouflage. The camouflage aids in protection from predators and enables them to lure prey. Many species can change colour; some are covered with other organisms such as algae or hydrozoa.

Frogfish. barbuttii", and is the oldest known member of the family.## Taxonomy.Frogfishes belong to the order Lophiiformes, commonly known as anglerfish, which is a member of the superorder Paracanthopterygii with four other orders. They belong to the infraclass Teleostei, the bony fishes, in the class Actinopterygii. There are two subfamilies, Antennariinae and Histiophryninae, which differ in their distribution and reproductive method. Tree of Life - Antennariidae Frogfishes in Fishbase Website only about Frogfishes (Anglerfishes).


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Lettuce. Lettuce ("Lactuca sativa") is an annual plant of the family Asteraceae. It is most often grown as a leaf vegetable, but sometimes for its stem and seeds. Lettuce is most often used for salads, although it is also seen in other kinds of food, such as soups, sandwiches and wraps; it can also be grilled. One variety, celtuce (asparagus lettuce), is grown for its stems, which are eaten either raw or cooked. In addition to its main use as a leafy green, it has also gathered religious and medicinal significance over centuries of human consumption. Europe and North America originally.

Lettuce. appeared often in medieval writings, including several herbals. The 16th through 18th centuries saw the development of many varieties in Europe, and by the mid-18th century, cultivars were described that can still be found in modern gardens.Generally grown as a hardy annual, lettuce is easily cultivated, although it requires relatively low temperatures to prevent it from flowering quickly. It can be plagued by numerous nutrient deficiencies, as well as insect and mammal pests, and fungal and bacterial diseases. "L. sativa" crosses easily within the species and with some other species within the genus "Lactuca". Although this trait can be a.

Lettuce. problem to home gardeners who attempt to save seeds, biologists have used it to broaden the gene pool of cultivated lettuce varieties.Lettuce is a rich source of vitamin K and vitamin A, and a moderate source of folate and iron. Contaminated lettuce is often a source of bacterial, viral, and parasitic outbreaks in humans, including "E. coli" and "Salmonella".## Taxonomy and etymology."Lactuca sativa" is a member of the "Lactuca" (lettuce) genus and the Asteraceae (sunflower or aster) family. The species was first described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the second volume of his "Species Plantarum". Synonyms for "L. sativa.

Lettuce. include "Lactuca scariola" "sativa", "L. scariola" "integrata" and "L. scariola" "integrifolia". "L. scariola" is itself a synonym for "L. serriola", the common wild or prickly lettuce. "L. sativa" also has many identified taxonomic groups, subspecies and varieties, which delineate the various cultivar groups of domesticated lettuce. Lettuce is closely related to several "Lactuca" species from southwest Asia; the closest relationship is to "L. serriola", an aggressive weed common in temperate and subtropical zones in much of the world.The Romans referred to lettuce as ( meaning "dairy" in Latin), an allusion to the white substance, latex, exuded by cut stems. The.

Lettuce. name "Lactuca" has become the genus name, while (meaning "sown" or "cultivated") was added to create the species name. The current word "lettuce", originally from Middle English, came from the Old French or , which derived from the Roman name. The name "romaine" came from the variety of lettuce grown in the Roman papal gardens, while "cos", another term for romaine lettuce, came from the earliest European seeds of the type from the Greek island of Kos, a center of lettuce farming in the Byzantine period.## Description.Lettuce's native range spreads from the Mediterranean to Siberia, although it has been transported.

Lettuce. cannot be successfully frozen, canned or dried and must be eaten fresh. In spite of its high water content, traditionally grown lettuce has a low water footprint, with 237 liters of water required for each kilogram of lettuce produced. Hydroponic growing methods can reduce this water consumption by nearly two orders of magnitude.Lettuce varieties will cross with each other, making spacing of 1.5 to 6 (m) between varieties necessary to prevent contamination when saving seeds. Lettuce will also cross with "Lactuca serriola" (wild lettuce), with the resulting seeds often producing a plant with tough, bitter leaves. Celtuce, a lettuce variety.

Lettuce. grown primarily in Asia for its stems, crosses easily with lettuces grown for their leaves. This propensity for crossing, however, has led to breeding programs using closely related species in "Lactuca", such as "L. serriola", "L. saligna", and "L. virosa", to broaden the available gene pool. Starting in the 1990s, such programs began to include more distantly related species such as "L. tatarica".Seeds keep best when stored in cool conditions, and, unless stored cryogenically, remain viable the longest when stored at -20 (C); they are relatively short lived in storage. At room temperature, lettuce seeds remain viable for only a.

Lettuce. insects and disease and can make harvesting more difficult. Herbicides are often used to control weeds in commercial production. However, this has led to the development of herbicide-resistant weeds in lettuce cultivation.## Production.In 2020, world production of lettuce (report combined with chicory) was 28 million tonnes, with China alone producing 14.3 million tonnes or 52% of the world total (see table).Lettuce is the only member of the genus "Lactuca" to be grown commercially. Although China is the top world producer of lettuce, the majority of the crop is consumed domestically. Spain is the world's largest exporter of lettuce, with the.

Lettuce. lactucarium or "lettuce opium". Although the standard definition of lactucarium requires its production from "Lactuca virosa" or "wild lettuce", it was recognized that smaller quantities of lactucarium could be produced in a similar way from "Lactuca sativa" and "Lactuca canadensis" var. "elongata", and that lettuce-opium obtained from "Lactuca serriola" or "Lactuca quercina" was of superior quality.Romaine lettuce is one of the symbolic items on the Jewish Passover Seder plate as a bitter herb (maror).Some American settlers claimed that smallpox could be prevented through the ingestion of lettuce, and an Iranian belief suggested consumption of the seeds when afflicted with typhoid.


Question: How long in metre is the longest span of this island?

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Confederation Bridge. ship traffic. The bridge rests on 62 piers, of which the 44 main piers are 250 (m) apart. The bridge is 11 (m) wide.The speed limit on the bridge is 80 (km/h) but can vary with wind and weather conditions. When travelling at the speed limit, it takes about 12 minutes to cross the bridge.## Tolls.Tolls apply only when leaving Prince Edward Island (when travelling westbound). The toll rates are $50.25 for a two-axle automobile and $8.50 for each additional axle. Motorcycles are charged $20.00. While pedestrians and cyclists are not permitted to cross the bridge, a shuttle service is.


Question: How many offspring can this bird produce at the same time?

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Northern waterthrush. locality from Latin "novus", "new" and "Eboracum", York.## Description.The northern waterthrush is a large New World warbler (and not a thrush, despite the name). It has a length of 12 – 15 (cm), wingspan of 21 – 24 (cm) and weighs between 13 and 25 (g) Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 6.8 to 8.2 (cm), the tail is 4.5 to 5.7 (cm), the bill is 1.1 to 1.2 (cm) and the tarsus is 1.9 to 2.3 (cm). On the head, the crown is brown with a white supercilium. The bill is pointed and dark. The throat is lightly.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Syringa. Syringa (lilac) is a genus of 12 currently recognized species of flowering woody plants in the olive family (Oleaceae), native to woodland and scrub from southeastern Europe to eastern Asia, and widely and commonly cultivated in temperate areas elsewhere.The genus is most closely related to "Ligustrum" (privet), classified with it in Oleaceae tribus Oleeae subtribus Ligustrinae.Lilacs are used as food plants by the larvae of some moth species, including copper underwing, scalloped oak and Svensson's copper underwing.## Description.They are small trees, ranging in size from 2 to 10 (m) tall, with stems up to 20 to 30 (cm) diameter. The.


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Fresnel lens. A Fresnel lens ( ; ; or ) is a type of composite compact lens developed by the French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827) for use in lighthouses. It has been called "the invention that saved a million ships."The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the mass and volume of material that would be required by a lens of conventional design. A Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. The simpler dioptric (purely refractive) form of the lens.

Fresnel lens. was first proposed by Count Buffon and independently reinvented by Fresnel. The "catadioptric" form of the lens, entirely invented by Fresnel, has outer elements that use total internal reflection as well as refraction; it can capture more oblique light from a light source and add it to the beam of a lighthouse, making the light visible from greater distances.## Description.The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a conventional lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections. An ideal Fresnel lens would have an infinite number of sections. In each section, the overall.

Fresnel lens. thickness is decreased compared to an equivalent simple lens. This effectively divides the continuous surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature, with stepwise discontinuities between them.In some lenses, the curved surfaces are replaced with flat surfaces, with a different angle in each section. Such a lens can be regarded as an array of prisms arranged in a circular fashion with steeper prisms on the edges and a flat or slightly convex center. In the first (and largest) Fresnel lenses, each section was actually a separate prism. 'Single-piece' Fresnel lenses were later produced, being.

Fresnel lens. used for automobile headlamps, brake, parking, and turn signal lenses, and so on. In modern times, computer-controlled milling equipment (CNC) or 3-D printers might be used to manufacture more complex lenses.Fresnel lens design allows a substantial reduction in thickness (and thus mass and volume of material) at the expense of reducing the imaging quality of the lens, which is why precise imaging applications such as photography usually still use larger conventional lenses.Fresnel lenses are usually made of glass or plastic; their size varies from large (old historical lighthouses, meter size) to medium (book-reading aids, OHP viewgraph projectors) to small (TLR/SLR.

Fresnel lens. camera screens, micro-optics). In many cases they are very thin and flat, almost flexible, with thicknesses in the 1 to 5 (mm) range.Most modern Fresnel lenses consist only of refractive elements. Lighthouse lenses, however, tend to include both refracting and reflecting elements, the latter being "outside" the metal rings seen in the photographs. While the inner elements are sections of refractive lenses, the outer elements are reflecting prisms, each of which performs two refractions and one total internal reflection, avoiding the light loss that occurs in reflection from a silvered mirror.## Lighthouse lens sizes.Fresnel designed six sizes of lighthouse lenses,.

Fresnel lens. divided into four "orders" based on their size and focal length. In modern use, these are classified as first through sixth order. An intermediate size between third and fourth order was added later, as well as sizes above first order and below sixth.A first-order lens has a focal length of 920 (mm) and stands about 2.59 (m) high, and 1.8 (m) wide. The smallest (sixth) order has a focal length of 150 (mm) and a height of 433 (mm).The largest Fresnel lenses are called hyperradiant (or hyper-radial). One such lens was on hand when it was decided to build and.

Fresnel lens. outfit the Makapuu Point Light in Hawaii. Rather than order a new lens, the huge optic construction, 12 (ft) tall and with over a thousand prisms, was used there.## Types.There are two main types of Fresnel lens: "imaging" and "non-imaging". Imaging Fresnel lenses use segments with curved cross-sections and produce sharp images, while non-imaging lenses have segments with flat cross-sections, and do not produce sharp images. As the number of segments increases, the two types of lens become more similar to each other. In the abstract case of an infinite number of segments, the difference between curved and flat segments.

Fresnel lens. disappears.Spherical: A spherical Fresnel lens is equivalent to a simple spherical lens, using ring-shaped segments that are each a portion of a sphere, that all focus light on a single point. This type of lens produces a sharp image, although not quite as clear as the equivalent simple spherical lens due to diffraction at the edges of the ridges.Cylindrical: A cylindrical Fresnel lens is equivalent to a simple cylindrical lens, using straight segments with circular cross-section, focusing light on a single line. This type produces a sharp image, although not quite as clear as the equivalent simple cylindrical lens due.

Fresnel lens. to diffraction at the edges of the ridges.Spot: A non-imaging spot Fresnel lens uses ring-shaped segments with cross sections that are straight lines rather than circular arcs. Such a lens can focus light on a small spot, but does not produce a sharp image. These lenses have application in solar power, such as focusing sunlight on a solar panel. Fresnel lenses may be used as components of Köhler illumination optics resulting in very effective nonimaging optics Fresnel-Köhler (FK) solar concentrators.Linear: A non-imaging linear Fresnel lens uses straight segments whose cross sections are straight lines rather than arcs. These lenses focus.

Fresnel lens. light into a narrow band. They do not produce a sharp image, but can be used in solar power, such as for focusing sunlight on a pipe, to heat the water within.## Uses.## Imaging.Fresnel lenses are used as simple hand-held magnifiers. They are also used to correct several visual disorders, including ocular-motility disorders such as strabismus. Fresnel lenses have been used to increase the visual size of CRT displays in pocket televisions, notably the Sinclair TV80. They are also used in traffic lights.Fresnel lenses are used in left-hand-drive European lorries entering the UK and Republic of Ireland (and vice versa,.

Fresnel lens. right-hand-drive Irish and British trucks entering mainland Europe) to overcome the blind spots caused by the driver operating the lorry while sitting on the wrong side of the cab relative to the side of the road the car is on. They attach to the passenger-side window.Another automobile application of a Fresnel lens is a rear view enhancer, as the wide view angle of a lens attached to the rear window permits examining the scene behind a vehicle, particularly a tall or bluff-tailed one, more effectively than a rear-view mirror alone.Multi-focal Fresnel lenses are also used as a part of retina.

Fresnel lens. identification cameras, where they provide multiple in- and out-of-focus images of a fixation target inside the camera. For virtually all users, at least one of the images will be in focus, thus allowing correct eye alignment.Fresnel lenses have also been used in the field of popular entertainment. The British rock artist Peter Gabriel made use of them in his early solo live performances to magnify the size of his head, in contrast to the rest of his body, for dramatic and comic effect. In the Terry Gilliam film "Brazil", plastic Fresnel screens appear ostensibly as magnifiers for the small CRT.

Fresnel lens. monitors used throughout the offices of the Ministry of Information. However, they occasionally appear between the actors and the camera, distorting the scale and composition of the scene to humorous effect. The Pixar movie Wall-E features a Fresnel lens in the scenes where the protagonist watches the musical Hello, Dolly! magnified on an iPod.## Photography.Canon and Nikon have used Fresnel lenses to reduce the size of telephoto lenses. Photographic lenses that include Fresnel elements can be much shorter than corresponding conventional lens design. Nikon calls the technology "Phase Fresnel".The Polaroid SX-70 camera used a Fresnel reflector as part of its.

Fresnel lens. viewing system.View and large format cameras can utilize a Fresnel lens in conjunction with the ground glass, to increase the perceived brightness of the image projected by a lens onto the ground glass, thus aiding in adjusting focus and composition.## Illumination.High-quality glass Fresnel lenses were used in lighthouses, where they were considered state of the art in the late 19th and through the middle of the 20th centuries; most lighthouses have now retired glass Fresnel lenses from service and replaced them with much less expensive and more durable aerobeacons, which themselves often contain plastic Fresnel lenses. Lighthouse Fresnel lens systems.

Fresnel lens. typically include extra annular prismatic elements, arrayed in faceted domes above and below the central planar Fresnel, in order to catch all light emitted from the light source. The light path through these elements can include an internal reflection, rather than the simple refraction in the planar Fresnel element. These lenses conferred many practical benefits upon the designers, builders, and users of lighthouses and their illumination. Among other things, smaller lenses could fit into more compact spaces. Greater light transmission over longer distances, and varied patterns, made it possible to triangulate a position.Perhaps the most widespread use of Fresnel lenses,.

Fresnel lens. for a time, occurred in automobile headlamps, where they can shape the roughly parallel beam from the parabolic reflector to meet requirements for dipped and main-beam patterns, often both in the same headlamp unit (such as the European H4 design). For reasons of economy, weight, and impact resistance, newer cars have dispensed with glass Fresnel lenses, using multifaceted reflectors with plain polycarbonate lenses. However, Fresnel lenses continue in wide use in automobile tail, marker, and reversing lights.Glass Fresnel lenses also are used in lighting instruments for theatre and motion pictures (see Fresnel lantern); such instruments are often called simply "Fresnels".

Fresnel lens. The entire instrument consists of a metal housing, a reflector, a lamp assembly, and a Fresnel lens. Many Fresnel instruments allow the lamp to be moved relative to the lens' focal point, to increase or decrease the size of the light beam. As a result, they are very flexible, and can often produce a beam as narrow as 7° or as wide as 70°. The Fresnel lens produces a very soft-edged beam, so is often used as a wash light. A holder in front of the lens can hold a colored plastic film ("gel") to tint the light or wire.

Fresnel lens. screens or frosted plastic to diffuse it. The Fresnel lens is useful in the making of motion pictures not only because of its ability to focus the beam brighter than a typical lens, but also because the light is a relatively consistent intensity across the entire width of the beam of light.Aircraft carriers and naval air stations typically use Fresnel lenses in their optical landing systems. The "meatball" light aids the pilot in maintaining proper glide slope for the landing. In the center are amber and red lights composed of Fresnel lenses. Although the lights are always on, the angle.

Fresnel lens. of the lens from the pilot's point of view determines the color and position of the visible light. If the lights appear above the green horizontal bar, the pilot is too high. If it is below, the pilot is too low, and if the lights are red, the pilot is very low.Fresnel lenses are also commonly used in searchlights, spotlights, and flashlights.## Projection.The use of Fresnel lenses for image projection reduces image quality, so they tend to occur only where quality is not critical or where the bulk of a solid lens would be prohibitive. Cheap Fresnel lenses can be.

Fresnel lens. stamped or molded of transparent plastic and are used in overhead projectors and projection televisions.Fresnel lenses of different focal lengths (one collimator, and one collector) are used in commercial and DIY projection. The collimator lens has the lower focal length and is placed closer to the light source, and the collector lens, which focuses the light into the triplet lens, is placed after the projection image (an active matrix LCD panel in LCD projectors). Fresnel lenses are also used as collimators in overhead projectors.## Solar power.Since plastic Fresnel lenses can be made larger than glass lenses, as well as being.

Fresnel lens. much cheaper and lighter, they are used to concentrate sunlight for heating in solar cookers, in solar forges, and in solar collectors used to heat water for domestic use. They can also be used to generate steam or to power a Stirling engine.Fresnel lenses can concentrate sunlight onto solar cells with a ratio of almost 500:1. This allows the active solar-cell surface to be reduced, lowering cost and allowing the use of more efficient cells that would otherwise be too expensive. In the early 21st century, Fresnel reflectors began to be used in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants to concentrate.

Fresnel lens. solar energy. One application was to preheat water at the coal-fired Liddell Power Station, in Hunter Valley Australia.Fresnel lenses can be used to sinter sand, allowing 3D printing in glass.## History.## Forerunners.Augustin-Jean Fresnel was not the first person to focus a lighthouse beam using a lens. That distinction apparently belongs to the London glass-cutter Thomas Rogers, who proposed the idea to Trinity House in 1788. The first Rogers lenses, 53cm in diameter and 14cm thick at the center, were installed at the Old Lower Lighthouse at Portland Bill in 1789. Behind each lamp was a back-coated spherical glass mirror, which.

Fresnel lens. reflected rear radiation back through the lamp and into the lens. Further samples were installed at Howth Baily, North Foreland, and at least four other locations by 1804. But much of the light was wasted by absorption in the glass.Nor was Fresnel the first to suggest replacing a convex lens with a series of concentric annular prisms, to reduce weight and absorption. In 1748, Count Buffon proposed grinding such prisms as steps in a single piece of glass. In 1790 (although secondary sources give the date as 1773 or 1788), the Marquis de Condorcet suggested that it would be easier.

Fresnel lens. to make the annular sections separately and assemble them on a frame; but even that was impractical at the time. These designs were intended not for lighthouses, but for burning glasses. David Brewster, however, proposed a system similar to Condorcet's in 1811, and by 1820 was advocating its use in British lighthouses.## Fresnel's contributions.The French (Commission of Lighthouses) was established by Napoleon in 1811, and placed under the authority of Fresnel's employer, the Corps of Bridges and Roads. As the members of the commission were otherwise occupied, it achieved little in its early years. But on 21 June 1819—three months.

Fresnel lens. after winning the physics of the Academy of Sciences for his celebrated memoir on diffraction—Fresnel was "temporarily" seconded to the commission on the recommendation of François Arago (a member since 1813), to review possible improvements in lighthouse illumination.By the end of August 1819, unaware of the Buffon-Condorcet-Brewster proposal, Fresnel made his first presentation to the commission, recommending what he called ('lenses by steps') to replace the reflectors then in use, which reflected only about half of the incident light. Much to Fresnel's embarrassment, one of the assembled commissioners, Jacques Charles, recalled Buffon's suggestion. However, whereas Buffon's version was biconvex and.

Fresnel lens. in one piece, Fresnel's was plano-convex and made of multiple prisms for easier construction. With an official budget of 500 francs, Fresnel approached three manufacturers. The third, François Soleil, found a way to remove defects by reheating and remolding the glass. Arago assisted Fresnel with the design of a modified Argand lamp with concentric wicks (a concept that Fresnel attributed to Count Rumford), and accidentally discovered that fish glue was heat-resistant, making it suitable for use in the lens. The prototype, finished in March 1820, had a square lens panel 55cm on a side, containing 97 polygonal (not annular) prisms—and.

Fresnel lens. so impressed the Commission that Fresnel was asked for a full eight-panel version. This model, completed a year later in spite of insufficient funding, had panels 76cm square. In a public spectacle on the evening of 13 April 1821, it was demonstrated by comparison with the most recent reflectors, which it suddenly rendered obsolete.Soon after this demonstration, Fresnel published the idea that light, including apparently unpolarized light, consists exclusively of transverse waves, and went on to consider the implications for double refraction and partial reflection.Fresnel acknowledged the British lenses and Buffon's invention in a memoir read on 29 July 1822.

Fresnel lens. and printed in the same year. The date of that memoir may be the source of the claim that Fresnel's lighthouse advocacy began two years later than Brewster's; but the text makes it clear that Fresnel's involvement began no later than 1819.Fresnel's next lens was a rotating apparatus with eight "bull's-eye" panels, made in annular arcs by Saint-Gobain, giving eight rotating beams—to be seen by mariners as a periodic flash. Above and behind each main panel was a smaller, sloping bull's-eye panel of trapezoidal outline with trapezoidal elements. This refracted the light to a sloping plane mirror, which then reflected.

Fresnel lens. it horizontally, 7 degrees ahead of the main beam, increasing the duration of the flash. Below the main panels were 128 small mirrors arranged in four rings, stacked like the slats of a louver or Venetian blind. Each ring, shaped like a frustum of a cone, reflected the light to the horizon, giving a fainter steady light between the flashes. The official test, conducted on the unfinished on 20 August 1822, was witnessed by the Commission—and by Louis XVIII and his entourage—from 20 (mi) away. The apparatus was stored at Bordeaux for the winter, and then reassembled at Cordouan Lighthouse.

Fresnel lens. under Fresnel's supervision—in part by Fresnel's own hands. On 25 July 1823, the world's first lighthouse Fresnel lens was lit. As expected, the light was visible to the horizon, more than 20 (mi) out.The day before the test of the Cordouan lens in Paris, a committee of the Academy of Sciences reported on Fresnel's memoir and supplements on double refraction—which, although less well known to modern readers than his earlier work on diffraction, struck a more decisive blow for the wave theory of light. Between the test and the reassembly at Cordouan, Fresnel submitted his papers on photoelasticity (16 September.

Fresnel lens. 1822), elliptical and circular polarization and optical rotation (9 December), and partial reflection and total internal reflection (7 January 1823), essentially completing his reconstruction of physical optics on the transverse wave hypothesis. Shortly after the Cordouan lens was lit, Fresnel started coughing up blood.In May 1824, Fresnel was promoted to Secretary of the , becoming the first member of that body to draw a salary, albeit in the concurrent role of Engineer-in-Chief. Late that year, being increasingly ill, he curtailed his fundamental research and resigned his seasonal job as an examiner at the , in order to save his remaining.

Fresnel lens. time and energy for his lighthouse work.In the same year he designed the first "fixed" lens—for spreading light evenly around the horizon while minimizing waste above or below. Ideally the curved refracting surfaces would be segments of toroids about a common vertical axis, so that the dioptric panel would look like a cylindrical drum. If this was supplemented by reflecting (catoptric) rings above and below the refracting (dioptric) parts, the entire apparatus would look like a beehive. The second Fresnel lens to enter service was indeed a fixed lens, of third order, installed at Dunkirk by 1 February 1825. However,.

Fresnel lens. due to the difficulty of fabricating large toroidal prisms, this apparatus had a 16-sided polygonal plan.In 1825 Fresnel extended his fixed-lens design by adding a rotating array outside the fixed array. Each panel of the rotating array was to refract part of the fixed light from a horizontal fan into a narrow beam.Also in 1825, Fresnel unveiled the ('lighthouse map'), calling for a system of 51 lighthouses plus smaller harbor lights, in a hierarchy of lens sizes called "orders" (the first being the largest), with different characteristics to facilitate recognition: a constant light (from a fixed lens), one flash per.

Fresnel lens. minute (from a rotating lens with eight panels), and two per minute (16 panels).In late 1825, to reduce the loss of light in the reflecting elements, Fresnel proposed to replace each mirror with a catadioptric prism, through which the light would travel by refraction through the first surface, then total internal reflection off the second surface, then refraction through the third surface. The result was the lighthouse lens as we now know it. In 1826 he assembled a small model for use on the , but he did not live to see a full-sized version: he died on 14 July.

Fresnel lens. 1827, at the age of 39.## After Fresnel.The first stage of the development of lighthouse lenses after the death of Augustin Fresnel consisted in the implementation of his designs. This was driven in part by his younger brother Léonor—who, like Augustin, was trained as a civil engineer but, unlike Augustin, had a strong aptitude for management. Léonor entered the service of the Lighthouse Commission in 1825, and went on to succeed Augustin as Secretary.The first fixed lens to be constructed with toroidal prisms was a first-order apparatus designed by the Scottish engineer Alan Stevenson under the guidance of Léonor Fresnel,.

Fresnel lens. and fabricated by Isaac Cookson & Co. using French glass; it entered service at the Isle of May, Scotland, on 22 September 1836. The first large catadioptric lenses were made in 1842 for the lighthouses at Gravelines and Île Vierge, France; these were fixed third-order lenses whose catadioptric rings (made in segments) were one metre in diameter. Stevenson's first-order Skerryvore lens, lit in 1844, was only partly catadioptric; it was similar to the Cordouan lens except that the lower slats were replaced by French-made catadioptric prisms, while mirrors were retained at the top. The first "fully" catadioptric first-order lens, installed.

Fresnel lens. at Pointe d'Ailly in 1852, also gave eight rotating beams plus a fixed light at the bottom; but its top section had eight catadioptric panels focusing the light about 4 degrees ahead of the main beams, in order to lengthen the flashes. The first fully catadioptric lens with "purely revolving" beams—also of first order—was installed at Saint-Clément-des-Baleines in 1854, and marked the completion of Augustin Fresnel's original "Carte des Phares".Thomas Stevenson (younger brother of Alan) went a step beyond Fresnel with his "holophotal" lens, which focused the light radiated by the lamp in nearly all directions, forward or backward, into.

Fresnel lens. a single beam. The first version, described in 1849, consisted of a standard Fresnel bull's-eye lens, a paraboloidal reflector, and a rear hemispherical reflector (functionally equivalent to the Rogers mirror of 60 years earlier, except that it subtended a whole hemisphere). Light radiated into the forward hemisphere but missing the bull's-eye lens was deflected by the paraboloid into a parallel beam surrounding the bull's-eye lens, while light radiated into the backward hemisphere was reflected back through the lamp by the spherical reflector (as in Rogers' arrangement), to be collected by the forward components. The first unit was installed at North.

Fresnel lens. Harbour, Peterhead, in August 1849. Stevenson called this version a "catadioptric holophote", although each of its elements was either purely reflective or purely refractive. In the second version of the holophote concept, the bull's-eye lens and paraboloidal reflector were replaced by a catadioptric Fresnel lens—as conceived by Fresnel, but expanded to cover the whole forward hemisphere. The third version, which Stevenson confusingly called a "dioptric holophote", was more innovative: it retained the catadioptric Fresnel lens for the front hemisphere, but replaced the rear hemispherical reflector with a hemispherical array of annular prisms, each of which used "two" total internal reflections.

Fresnel lens. to turn light diverging from the center of the hemisphere back toward the center. The result was an all-glass holophote, with no losses from metallic reflections.James Timmins Chance modified Thomas Stevenson's all-glass holophotal design by arranging the double-reflecting prisms about a vertical axis. The prototype was shown at the 1862 International Exhibition in London. Later, to ease manufacturing, Chance divided the prisms into segments, and arranged them in a cylindrical form while retaining the property of reflecting light from a single point back to that point. Reflectors of this form, paradoxically called "dioptric mirrors", proved particularly useful for returning light.

Fresnel lens. from the landward side of the lamp to the seaward side.As lighthouses proliferated, they became harder to distinguish from each other, leading to the use of colored filters, which wasted light. In 1884, John Hopkinson eliminated the need for filters by inventing the "group-flashing" lens, in which the dioptric and/or the catadioptric panels were split so as to give multiple flashes—allowing lighthouses to be identified not only by frequency of flashes, but also by multiplicity of flashes. Double-flashing lenses were installed at Tampico (Mexico) and Little Basses (Sri Lanka) in 1875, and a triple-flashing lens at Casquets Lighthouse (Channel Islands).

Fresnel lens. in 1876. The example shown (right) is the double-flashing lens of the Point Arena Light, which was in service from 1908 to 1977.The development of hyper-radial lenses was driven in part by the need for larger light sources, such as gas lights with multiple jets, which required a longer focal length for a given beam-width, hence a larger lens to collect a given fraction of the generated light. The first hyper-radial lens was built for the Stevensons in 1885 by F. Barbier & Cie of France, and tested at South Foreland Lighthouse with various light sources. Chance Brothers (Hopkinson's employers).

Fresnel lens. then began constructing hyper-radials, installing their first at Bishop Rock Lighthouse in 1887. In the same year, Barbier installed a hyper-radial at Tory Island. But only about 30 hyper-radials went into service before the development of more compact bright lamps rendered such large optics unnecessary (see "Hyperradiant Fresnel lens").Production of one-piece stepped dioptric lenses—roughly as envisaged by Buffon—became feasible in 1852, when John L. Gilliland of the Brooklyn Flint-Glass Company patented a method of making lenses from pressed and molded glass. The company made small bull's-eye lenses for use on railroads, steamboats, and docks; such lenses were common in the.

Fresnel lens. United States by the 1870s. In 1858 the company produced "a very small number of pressed flint-glass sixth-order lenses" for use in lighthouses—the first Fresnel lighthouse lenses made in America. By the 1950s, the substitution of plastic for glass made it economic to use Fresnel lenses as condensers in overhead projectors. Fresnel imager Fresnel zone plate Lenticular lens Linear Fresnel reflector Prism lighting − Fresnel anidolic optics M. Born and E. Wolf, "Principles of Optics", 7th Ed., Cambridge, 1999. G.-A. Boutry, 1948, "Augustin Fresnel: His time, life and work, 1788–1827", "Science Progress", vol. 36, no. 144 (October 1948), pp. 587–604;.

Fresnel lens. jstor.org/stable/43413515. J.Z. Buchwald, 1989, "The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light: Optical Theory and Experiment in the Early Nineteenth Century", University of Chicago Press, . J. Elton, 2009, "A Light to Lighten our Darkness: Lighthouse Optics and the Later Development of Fresnel's Revolutionary Refracting Lens 1780–1900", "International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology", vol. 79, no. 2 (July 2009), pp. 183–244; . A. Fresnel, 1822, "Mémoire sur un nouveau système d'éclairage des phares", read 29 July 1822; reprinted in Fresnel, 1866–70, vol. 3, pp. 97–126; translated by T. Tag as "Memoir upon a new system of lighthouse.

Fresnel lens. illumination", U.S. Lighthouse Society, accessed 26 August 2017; archived 19 August 2016. (Cited page numbers refer to the translation.) A. Fresnel (ed. H. de Sénarmont, E. Verdet, and L. Fresnel), 1866–70, "Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Fresnel" (3 vols.), Paris: Imprimerie Impériale; vol. 1 (1866), vol. 2 (1868), vol. 3 (1870). T.H. Levitt, 2013, "A Short Bright Flash: Augustin Fresnel and the Birth of the Modern Lighthouse", New York: W.W. Norton, . T. Young (ed. G. Peacock), 1855, "Miscellaneous Works of the late Thomas Young", London: J. Murray, vol. 1. "The Fresnel Lens", "The Keeper's Log", Winter 1985, pp. 12–14. U.S. Coast.

Fresnel lens. Guard, "Aids to Navigation", Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1945. U.S. Coast Guard, "Lighthouses, Lenses, Illuminants, Engineering, & Augustin Fresnel: A Historical Bibliography on Works Published Through 2007". United States Lighthouse Society, especially "Fresnel Lenses". W.A. Britten, "The Fresnel lens" (with photographs). J. Francis, "Fresnel Lens - Maxwell Simulation", 13 April 2009. J. Hare, "How the Fresnel lens works" (5-minute video), Vega Science Trust, 2008.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this animal?

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Alpaca. the llama, ignoring similarities in size, fleece and dentition between the alpaca and the vicuña. Classification was complicated by the fact that all four species of South American camelid can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The advent of DNA technology made a more accurate classification possible.In 2001, the alpaca genus classification changed from "Lama pacos" to "Vicugna pacos", following the presentation of a paper on work by Miranda Kadwell "etal." on alpaca DNA to the Royal Society showing the alpaca is descended from the vicuña, not the guanaco.## Origin and domestication.Alpacas were domesticated thousands of years ago. The Moche people.

Alpaca. 2–5 million years ago, during the Pliocene, that the genus Hemiauchenia of the tribe Lamini split into "Palaeolama" and "Lama"; the latter would then split again into "Lama" and "Vicugna" upon migrating down to South America.Remains of vicuña and guanaco have been found throughout Peru for around 12,000 years. Their domesticated counterparts, the llama and alpacas, have been found mummified in the Moquegua valley, in the south of Peru, dating back 900 to 1000 years. Mummies found in this region show two breeds of alpacas. More precise analysis of bone and teeth of these mummies has demonstrated that alpacas were.

Alpaca. domesticated from the "Vicugna vicugna". Other research, considering the behavioral and morphological characteristics of alpacas and their wild counterparts, seems to indicate that alpacas could find their origins in "Lama guanicoe" as well as "Vicugna vicugna", or even a hybrid of both.Genetic analysis shows a different picture of the origins of the alpaca. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA shows that most alpacas have guanaco mtDNA, and many also have vicuña mtDNA. But microsatellite data shows that alpaca DNA is much more similar to vicuña DNA than to guanaco DNA. This suggests that alpacas are descendants of the "Vicugna vicugna", not of.

Alpaca. the "Lama guanicoe". The discrepancy with mtDNA seems to be a result of the fact that mtDNA is only transmitted by the mother, and recent husbandry practices have caused hybridization between llamas (which primarily carry guanaco DNA) and alpacas. To the extent that many of today's domestic alpacas are the result of male alpacas bred to female llamas, this would explain the mtDNA consistent with guanacos. This situation has led to attempts to reclassify the alpaca as "Vicugna pacos".## Breeds.The alpaca comes in two breeds, Suri and Huacaya, based on their fibers rather than scientific or European classifications.Huacaya alpacas are.


Question: What is the closest upper taxonomy of this plant?

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Abronia (plant). Abronia, the sand-verbenas or wild lantanas, is a genus of about 20 species of annual or perennial herbaceous plants in the family Nyctaginaceae. Despite the common names, they are not related to "Verbena" (vervains) or lantanas in the family Verbenaceae. They are closely allied with "Tripterocalyx".They are native to western North America, from Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, south to west Texas, California, Baja California and central Mexico, growing on dry sandy soils. "Abronia macrocarpa", a Texas endemic, is protected under the Endangered Species Act. "Abronia ammophila", the Yellowstone sand verbena, is a plant unique to Yellowstone National Park's lakeshores and.

Abronia (plant). is endemic to the park. Only a few species are widespread, and many are quite rare. They make very attractive garden plants for hot, dry sandy sites. "Tripterocalyx carneus" (as "A. carnea" ) "Tripterocalyx crux-maltae" (as "A. crux-maltae" ) "Tripterocalyx micranthus" (as "A. micrantha" ) "Tripterocalyx wootonii" (as "A. wootonii" )## Cultivation and uses.The stout, sweet root of "Abronia fragrans" and "Abronia latifolia", sometimes over 60 cm long, can be eaten as a root vegetable. Galloway, LA. 1976. Systematics of the North American desert species of "Abronia" and "Tripterocalyx" (Nyctaginaceae). "Brittonia" 27 (4): 328-347 (1975 publ. 1976) Flora of North.


Question: Where is the habitat of this plant?

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Acer macrophyllum. and more exceptionally 1200 (m). It can form pure stands on moist soils in proximity to streams, but are generally found within riparian hardwood forests or dispersed, (under or within), relatively open canopies of conifers, mixed evergreens, or oaks ("Quercus" spp.) In cool and moist temperate mixed woods they are one of the dominant species. It is very rare north of Vancouver Island though cultivated in Prince Rupert, near Ketchikan, and in Juneau.## Ecology.The tree can live in a wide range of habitats, but thrives in fairly well-hydrated hardwood forests, occurring with red alder, black cottonwood, and willows. It is.


Question: What is the country of origin of this food?

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Caprese salad. Caprese salad ( or simply "caprese") is a simple Italian salad, made of sliced fresh mozzarella, tomatoes, and sweet basil, seasoned with salt, and olive oil. It is usually arranged on a plate in restaurant practice. Like pizza Margherita, it features the colours of the Italian flag: green, white, and red. In Italy, it is usually served as an "antipasto" (starter), not a "contorno" (side dish), and it may be eaten any time of day. The caprese salad is one form of a caprese dish; it may also be served as a caprese pizza, pasta, or sandwich.The salad is named.

Caprese salad. after the island of Capri, where it is believed to have originated. Two common stories about its origin include it being an homage to the Italian flag or "in the 20th century to appease the palates of vacationing royalty and important politicos."## Variants.Variations of Caprese salad may include Italian dressing or pesto in place of olive oil, or balsamic vinegar in addition to it. Olives may appear, along with arugula (rocket) or romaine lettuce to augment the basil. Oregano or black pepper is sometimes added. Buffalo mozzarella can be substituted for mozzarella to intensify flavor. It can also have pasta.

Caprese salad. or rice mixed in with it, to make it a grain salad. List of Italian dishes List of salads List of tomato dishes.


Question: What country does this building belong to?

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Aghjots Vank. Aghjots Vank (); also known as the Saint Stephen Monastery of Goght (), is a 13th-century monastery situated along a tributary of the Azat River Valley within the Khosrov State Reserve located half a mile walk from the hamlet of Mets Gilanlar, and near the villages of Goght and Garni (approximately 3–4 miles) in the Ararat Province of Armenia. Not far from this location and also within the reserve is the fortress of Kakavaberd and the monastic complex of Havuts Tar.## Etymology.The etymology of "Aghjots" Vank is derived from the nearby abandoned village of Aghjots.## History and Site.According to local.

Aghjots Vank. folklore, the monastery was founded by Grigor Lusavorich upon the site of the martyrdom of "Stepanos" (Stephen), a supposed companion to Saint Hripsime during the time of Armenia's conversion to Christianity in 301 AD. The 5th-century Armenian historian Agathangelos wrote that the young and beautiful Hripsimé who at the time was a Christian nun in Rome, was to be forcefully married to the Roman emperor Diocletian. She and the abbess Gayané among other nuns fled the tyrant emperor and left to Armenia. The pagan Armenian King Trdat received a letter from Diocletian in which he described her beauty. Trdat discovered.

Aghjots Vank. Garni. The monastery was despoiled again in the 18th century and permanently ruined during the Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907. It now sits in ruins within the Khosrov State Reserve.Numerous inscriptions may be seen on the churches and gavit. The site has several khatchkars dating from the 12th to 17th centuries, some of which were built into the walls of the structures. There is a cemetery from the 7th to 17th centuries located approximately 150 meters west of the complex upon a hill.Aghjots Monastery is included in the watch list of World Monument Fund. Armeniapedia: Aghjots Vank Virtualarmenia.am: Aghjots VankAghjots Monastery.


Question: Who is the discoverer or inventor of this game?

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Jigsaw puzzle. A jigsaw puzzle is a tiling puzzle that requires the assembly of often irregularly shaped interlocking and mosaiced pieces, each of which typically has a portion of a picture. When assembled, the puzzle pieces produce a complete picture.In the 18th century, jigsaw puzzles were created by painting a picture on a flat, rectangular piece of wood, then cutting it into small pieces. Despite the name, a jigsaw was never used. John Spilsbury, a London cartographer and engraver, is credited with commercialising jigsaw puzzles around 1760. They have since come to be made primarily of cardboard.Typical images on jigsaw puzzles include.

Jigsaw puzzle. be attached to a backing with adhesive and displayed as art.## History.John Spilsbury is believed to have produced the first jigsaw puzzle around 1760, using a marquetry saw.Early puzzles, known as dissections, were produced by mounting maps on sheets of hardwood and cutting along national boundaries, creating a puzzle useful for teaching geography. Royal governess Lady Charlotte Finch used such "dissected maps" to teach the children of King George III and Queen Charlotte Cardboard jigsaw puzzles appeared in the late 1800s, but were slow to replace wooden ones because manufacturers felt that cardboard puzzles would be perceived as low-quality, and.


Question: Which place is this animal endemic to?

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Cane toad. The cane toad (Rhinella marina), also known as the giant neotropical toad or marine toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad native to South and mainland Central America, but which has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean, as well as Northern Australia. It is a member of the genus "Rhinella", which includes many true toad species found throughout Central and South America, but it was formerly assigned to the genus "Bufo".The cane toad is an old species. A fossil toad (specimen UCMP 41159) from the La Venta fauna of the late Miocene in Colombia is indistinguishable.

Cane toad. from modern cane toads from northern South America. It was discovered in a floodplain deposit, which suggests the "R. marina" habitat preferences have long been for open areas. The cane toad is a prolific breeder; females lay single-clump spawns with thousands of eggs. Its reproductive success is partly because of opportunistic feeding: it has a diet, unusual among anurans, of both dead and living matter. Adults average 10 – 15 (cm) in length; the largest recorded specimen had a snout-vent length of 24 (cm).The cane toad has poison glands, and the tadpoles are highly toxic to most animals if ingested.

Cane toad. "Dominican toad", "giant marine toad", and "South American cane toad". In Trinidadian English, they are commonly called "crapaud", the French word for toad.The genus "Rhinella" is considered to constitute a distinct genus of its own, thus changing the scientific name of the cane toad. In this case, the specific name "marinus" (masculine) changes to "marina" (feminine) to conform with the rules of gender agreement as set out by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, changing the binomial name from "Bufo marinus" to "Rhinella marina"; the binomial "Rhinella marinus" was subsequently introduced as a synonym through misspelling by Pramuk, Robertson, Sites,.

Cane toad. and Noonan (2008). Though controversial (with many traditional herpetologists still using "Bufo marinus") the binomial "Rhinella marina" is gaining in acceptance with such bodies as the IUCN, Encyclopaedia of Life, Amphibian Species of the World and increasing numbers of scientific publications adopting its usage.Since 2016, cane toad populations native to Mesoamerica and northwestern South America are sometimes considered to be a separate species, "Rhinella horribilis".In Australia, the adults may be confused with large native frogs from the genera "Limnodynastes", "Cyclorana", and "Mixophyes". These species can be distinguished from the cane toad by the absence of large parotoid glands behind their.

Cane toad. toads lose the toxicity that protected them as eggs and tadpoles, but have yet to fully develop the parotoid glands that produce bufotoxin. Only an estimated 0.5% of cane toads reach adulthood, in part because they lack this key defense - but also due to tadpole cannibalism. Although cannibalism does occur in the native population in South America, the rapid evolution occurring in the unnaturally large population in Australia has produced tadpoles 30x more likely to be "interested" in cannibalising their siblings, and 2.6x more likely to actually "do so". They have also evolved to shorten their tadpole phase in.

Cane toad. Saw-shelled Turtles have also been seen successfully and safely eating cane toads.## Distribution.The cane toad is native to the Americas, and its range stretches from the Rio Grande Valley in South Texas to the central Amazon and southeastern Peru, and some of the continental islands near Venezuela (such as Trinidad and Tobago). This area encompasses both tropical and semiarid environments. The density of the cane toad is significantly lower within its native distribution than in places where it has been introduced. In South America, the density was recorded to be 20 adults per 100 m (109 yd) of shoreline, 1.

Cane toad. in spite of the failure of the earlier introductions. On September 8, 2013, the cane toad was also discovered on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas.## The Philippines.The cane toad was first introduced deliberately into the Philippines in 1930 as a biological control agent of pests in sugarcane plantations, after the success of the experimental introductions into Puerto Rico. It subsequently became the most ubiquitous amphibian in the islands. It still retains the common name of "bakî" or "kamprag" in the Visayan languages, a corruption of 'American frog', referring to its origins. It is also commonly known as.

Cane toad. 17 months. The toads were sent to the other islands, and more than 100,000 toads were distributed by July 1934; eventually over 600,000 were transported.## Uses.Other than the use as a biological control for pests, the cane toad has been employed in a number of commercial and noncommercial applications. Traditionally, within the toad's natural range in South America, the Embera-Wounaan would "milk" the toads for their toxin, which was then employed as an arrow poison. The toxins may have been used as an entheogen by the Olmec people. The toad has been hunted as a food source in parts of.


Question: In which year was this building published?

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Bedside. Bedside is a 1934 American pre-Code drama film starring Warren William, Jean Muir and Allen Jenkins. A man passes himself off as a doctor. Warren William as Bob Brown Jean Muir as Caroline Grant Allen Jenkins as Sam Sparks David Landau as Smith Katharine Sergava (Kathryn Sergava) as Mimi Maritza Henry O'Neill as Dr. William Chester Donald Meek as Dr. George Wiley Renee Whitney as Mme. Varsova Walter Walker as Dr. Michaels Marjorie Lytell as Patient with Sprained Ankle Frederick Burton as Hospital Superintendent Philip Faversham as Intern Attending Caroline (as Phillip Faversham) Louise Beavers as Pansy Earle Foxe as.


Question: Where is this animal native to?

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Pantherophis alleghaniensis. Pantherophis alleghaniensis, commonly called the eastern ratsnake, is a nonvenomous colubrid species endemic to North America.## Common names.Additional common names for the eastern rat snake include black rat snake, pilot snake, pilot black snake, chicken snake; and in Florida, yellow rat snake and Everglades rat snake.## Geographic range."Pantherophis alleghaniensis" is found in the United States east of the Apalachicola River in Florida, east of the Chattahoochee River in Georgia, east of the Appalachian Mountains, north to southeastern New York and western Vermont, eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, south to the Florida Keys. In the Florida Panhandle, it.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. forests, isolated urban woodlots and backyards that support populations of prey species. Eastern rat snakes do especially well in early successional and edge habitats. An arboreal species, the snakes can get into human residences, where they may live in attics undetected. At the northern limits of their range, distribution appears to be restricted by the availability of suitable hibernating sites. In these climates, the snakes require southern exposures to receive maximal thermal benefit from the winter sun and to provide basking areas in early spring and late fall.The three U.S populations located more northerly (Illinois at 378N, Kansas at 388,Maryland.

Pantherophis alleghaniensis. juveniles.## Taxonomy."Pantherophis alleghaniensis" has sometimes been considered a subspecies of "Pantherophis obsoletus", to which it is closely related.This species has often been placed in the genus "Elaphe", but recent phylogenetic analyses have resulted in its transfer to "Pantherophis".Holbrook JE (1836). "North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Vol. I." Philadelphia: J. Dobson. 120 pp. ("Coluber alleghaniensis", new species, pp. 111–112 + Plate XX).Jan G, (1867). "Iconographie générale des Ophidiens: Vingt-quatrième livraison." Paris: Baillière. Index + Plates I-VI. ("Elaphis alleghaniensis", Plate II, Figure 1 [adult], Figure 2 [juvenile]). (in French).


Question: Which place is this plant endemic to?

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Asplenium oblongifolium. Asplenium oblongifolium is a native species of fern from New Zealand. The plant's common name is shining spleenwort and its Māori name is huruhuruwhenua. "A. oblongifolium" is found on the North, South, Chatham and Kermadec Islands, and is found from the coast to the mountains.## Taxonomy.A global phylogeny of "Asplenium" published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades, which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study. "A. oblongifolium" belongs to the ""Neottopteris" clade", members of which generally have somewhat leathery leaf tissue. It formed a clade with "A. northlandicum", "A. obliquum", and "A. obtusatum".


Question: Which country does this park come from?

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Huis Ten Bosch (theme park). Is a theme park in Sasebo, Nagasaki, Japan, which recreates the Netherlands by displaying life-sized copies of old Dutch buildings. The name "Huis Ten Bosch" translates into English as "House at the Woods/Forest". It is named after Huis ten Bosch in The Hague, one of the three official residences of the Dutch Royal Family.## Overview.The park features many Dutch-style buildings such as hotels, villas, theatres, museums, shops and restaurants, along with canals, windmills, amusement rides, and a park planted in seasonal flowers. Huis Ten Bosch, which opened on March 25, 1992, is located around 12 km southeast of Sasebo. It.

Huis Ten Bosch (theme park). is on Hario Island, essentially an area of reclaimed marshland on the main coastline of Kyushu facing Ōmura Bay. Its location in this area of the country reflects the historical relations between the Netherlands and Japan, which began in 1609 when a trading post was opened by the Dutch in Hirado, an island off the coast of Kyushu around 35 km northwest of central Sasebo.The Huis Ten Bosch park is open daily from 9.00 a.m. to 9.30 p.m. (9.00 a.m. to 8.30 p.m. from December to February). A day "passport" ticket, covering entry and a number of attractions within the.

Huis Ten Bosch (theme park). park costs 5,600 yen for adults and 4,400 yen for children. The park can be reached by JR train or bus from Nagasaki. It can also be reached by boat from Nagasaki Airport or from Sasebo.The park recorded the peak of 4.25 million visitors in 1996. However, due to the fall of the number of visitors caused by economic slump in Japan, the park declared bankruptcy in 2003 with debt of 220 billion yen. The rebuilding plan was sponsored by Nomura Principal Finance Company until March 2010, when H.I.S., a travel agency, took over the management by injecting 2 billion.


Question: How many offspring can this animal produce at the same time?

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Gray fox. in North America. This explains the gray fox's tendency to change behavior in response to the coyote threat, as they are essentially lower on the food chain. ## Reproduction.The gray fox is assumed to be monogamous, like other foxes. The breeding season of the gray fox varies geographically; in Michigan, the gray fox mates in early March, in Alabama, breeding peaks occur in February. The gestation period lasts approximately 53 days. Litter size ranges from 1–7, with a mean of 3.8 young per female.The sexual maturity of females is around 10 months of age. Kits begin to hunt with their.