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patient should be on a regular follow up for at least a period of 6 months with no subsequent change in diagnosis or addition of any co - morbid other psychiatric diagnosis .
co - morbid serious medical illnesses , mental retardation and other psychiatric diagnosis including substance dependence ( except nicotine and caffeine ) and personality disorders
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 socio - demographic and clinical data sheet.social functioning index of schizophrenia research foundation ( scarf ) - india.scale for assessment of positive symptoms ( saps ) 
  socio - demographic and clinical data sheet . social functioning index of schizophrenia research foundation ( scarf ) - india . scale for assessment of positive symptoms ( saps ) adult male and female patients who come along with their guardians and meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken up for the study .
informed consent was taken from the guardians and/or the patients . a detailed interview to fill the socio - demographic and clinical datasheet was initially undertaken with each patient and the accompanying guardian .
his / her current social functioning was rated on scarf- india 's social functioning index , and positive symptoms were rated on using scale for assessment of positive symptoms ( saps ) .
the data collected were statistically analyzed using statistical package for social sciences ( spss ) 10.1 for windows 98 .
frequency analysis was done as part of descriptive statistics , to describe the sample in terms of socio - demographic and clinical characteristics .
male and female subjects from 18 to 60 years of age , diagnosed with schizophrenia , fulfilling icd-10-dcr criteria who is having their age of onset of illness at 19 years of age .
patient should be accompanied by guardians who have at least 5 years of formal education and who have been in contact with the patient for at least a period of more than 12 months before the first psychiatric hospital admission or contact with a psychiatrist or before evidence of characteristic florid psychotic symptomatology .
patient should be on a regular follow up for at least a period of 6 months with no subsequent change in diagnosis or addition of any co - morbid other psychiatric diagnosis .
co - morbid serious medical illnesses , mental retardation and other psychiatric diagnosis including substance dependence ( except nicotine and caffeine ) and personality disorders .

 socio - demographic and clinical data sheet.social functioning index of schizophrenia research foundation ( scarf ) - india.scale for assessment of positive symptoms ( saps ) 
  socio - demographic and clinical data sheet .
social functioning index of schizophrenia research foundation ( scarf ) - india . scale for assessment of positive symptoms ( saps )
adult male and female patients who come along with their guardians and meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were taken up for the study .
informed consent was taken from the guardians and/or the patients . a detailed interview to fill the socio - demographic and clinical datasheet was initially undertaken with each patient and the accompanying guardian .
his / her current social functioning was rated on scarf- india 's social functioning index , and positive symptoms were rated on using scale for assessment of positive symptoms ( saps ) .
the data collected were statistically analyzed using statistical package for social sciences ( spss ) 10.1 for windows 98 .
frequency analysis was done as part of descriptive statistics , to describe the sample in terms of socio - demographic and clinical characteristics .
demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample ( n = 80 ) are given in table 1 .
table 2 shows significant negative ( p < 0.01 ) correlation of scarf - sfi total score with total scores of saps in adult - onset ( 19 years ) schizophrenia .
table 3 shows that the occupational role domain of scarf - sfi is significantly negatively correlated ( p < 0.05 ) with hallucination .
the family role domain of scarf - sfi is significantly negatively correlated ( p < 0.05 ) with delusion and bizarre behavior subscale of saps .
the other social role of scarf - sfi has significant negative correlation with bizarre behavior subscale of saps ( p < 0.05 ) in adult - onset ( 19 years ) schizophrenia . demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample ( n=80 ) correlation ( pearson 's r ) of scarf - sfi total score with saps total scores in adult - onset ( 19 years ) schizophrenia ( n=80 ) correlation between components of scarf - sfi and saps in adult - onset ( 19 years ) schizophrenia ( n=80 )
in this study , patients who after being diagnosed as having schizophrenia according to icd-10-dcr criterion must be on a regular follow up for at least a period of 6 months with no subsequent change in diagnosis or inclusion of any co - morbid diagnosis .
this stringent inclusion criterion implies diagnostic stability and lesser chance of contamination by other diagnostic groups , which was a pitfall of many earlier studies .
only those patients were included , who were accompanied by guardians having at least 5 years of formal education .
information can be better obtained from such informants , as all of them had received formal education at least up to primary school level . to assess social functioning in this study ,
earlier studies in india have used scales like world health organization - disability assessment schedule ( who - das ) to assess social functioning .
scarf - sfi is a distinct improvement upon those scales as it is standardized and tested for the indian population and found to have good internal consistency , inter - rater reliability , and validity .
this instrument also covers the conceptual areas of social functioning as recommended by weissman et al . to assess positive symptoms , scale for assessment of positive symptoms ( saps )
was used instead of using relatively non - specific scales like positive and negative symptom scale ( panss ) , which helped in assessing pure positive symptoms much more effectively . in adult - onset
( 19 years ) schizophrenia subgroup ( n = 80 ) , a significant negative correlation ( p < 0.01 ) of scarf - sfi total score with total scores of saps was found .
it was also evaluated which domains of social functioning are affected by various faculties of positive symptoms as enumerated in saps . a fine - grained analysis of the relationship between domains of social functioning as delineated in scarf - sfi and domains of saps found that occupational role was significantly negatively correlated with hallucination ( p < 0.05 ) .
the family role had significant negative correlation with delusion and bizarre behavior ( p < 0.05 ) , whereas the other social role was significantly negatively affected by bizarre behavior only ( p < 0.05 ) .
this finding was fully corroborative with the earlier studies . analyzing the results in a holistic way
, it could be observed that in the adult - onset ( 19 years ) subgroup , positive symptoms had significant impact on current social functioning .
schizophrenia is a leading worldwide public health problem that exacts enormous personal and economic costs .
positive symptoms have been detected to be the major contributor of socio - occupational dysfunction in them .
adequate recognition and implementations of appropriate interventions may help in amelioration of one of the biggest disabilities of world .
the positive symptoms could be managed with pharmacological and/or psychosocial interventions like cognitive behavioral therapy to help this patients lead a more fruitful life . 

the study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital setting where mainly assessment of severely ill patients is done .
so , there is a chance of bias in the selection.sample of current study has a male : female ratio of about 4:1 , thereby limiting statistical power of tests in case of females .
so , the conclusions derived from the study might not hold good for schizophrenic patients of both the sexes.the cross - sectional study design in the present study fails to point out any changes on the level of positive symptoms over the course of time .
the changes could have been due to ongoing treatment , hospitalization , and several other factors .
also , effects of different types of medications ( e.g. typical and atypical ) on positive symptoms of schizophrenia and concurrent social functioning could not be tested.in present study , biological correlates of pre - morbid and current social functioning or concurrent schizophrenic symptoms have not been looked for .
any significant finding in this respect would have been enlightening.while assessing social functioning in schizophrenia , present study lacked measures of numerous relevant clinical and environmental factors like information processing deficit , self - stigma , work , and residential environments , which would have been helpful in measuring social functioning . 
 
the study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital setting where mainly assessment of severely ill patients is done .
sample of current study has a male : female ratio of about 4:1 , thereby limiting statistical power of tests in case of females .
so , the conclusions derived from the study might not hold good for schizophrenic patients of both the sexes .
the cross - sectional study design in the present study fails to point out any changes on the level of positive symptoms over the course of time .
the changes could have been due to ongoing treatment , hospitalization , and several other factors .
also , effects of different types of medications ( e.g. typical and atypical ) on positive symptoms of schizophrenia and concurrent social functioning could not be tested .
in present study , biological correlates of pre - morbid and current social functioning or concurrent schizophrenic symptoms have not been looked for .
while assessing social functioning in schizophrenia , present study lacked measures of numerous relevant clinical and environmental factors like information processing deficit , self - stigma , work , and residential environments , which would have been helpful in measuring social functioning . 

as the study sample was recruited from a tertiary referral center , replication is required in a population - based sample with larger sample size drawn in a randomized fashion.studies should incorporate the effect of medication on level of positive symptoms , and concurrent social functioning in schizophrenia may come out with interesting findings , which would have implications in treatment.studies looking for biological correlates of pre - morbid and current social functioning in schizophrenia or concurrent schizophrenic symptoms would give a new light on the neurobiology of this disease .
, f m.r.i etc . ) , neurophysiological investigations ( e.g. eeg , erp etc . ) or evaluate biochemical parameters in blood or csf in individuals with schizophrenia.future studies on social functioning should incorporate a wide array of social network indicators and measures of work and residential environment . 
 
as the study sample was recruited from a tertiary referral center , replication is required in a population - based sample with larger sample size drawn in a randomized fashion .
studies should incorporate the effect of medication on level of positive symptoms , and concurrent social functioning in schizophrenia may come out with interesting findings , which would have implications in treatment .
studies looking for biological correlates of pre - morbid and current social functioning in schizophrenia or concurrent schizophrenic symptoms would give a new light on the neurobiology of this disease
, f m.r.i etc . ) , neurophysiological investigations ( e.g. eeg , erp etc . ) or evaluate biochemical parameters in blood or csf in individuals with schizophrenia .
future studies on social functioning should incorporate a wide array of social network indicators and measures of work and residential environment .

 the study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital setting where mainly assessment of severely ill patients is done .
so , there is a chance of bias in the selection.sample of current study has a male : female ratio of about 4:1 , thereby limiting statistical power of tests in case of females .
so , the conclusions derived from the study might not hold good for schizophrenic patients of both the sexes.the cross - sectional study design in the present study fails to point out any changes on the level of positive symptoms over the course of time .
the changes could have been due to ongoing treatment , hospitalization , and several other factors .
also , effects of different types of medications ( e.g. typical and atypical ) on positive symptoms of schizophrenia and concurrent social functioning could not be tested.in present study , biological correlates of pre - morbid and current social functioning or concurrent schizophrenic symptoms have not been looked for .
any significant finding in this respect would have been enlightening.while assessing social functioning in schizophrenia , present study lacked measures of numerous relevant clinical and environmental factors like information processing deficit , self - stigma , work , and residential environments , which would have been helpful in measuring social functioning . 
 
the study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital setting where mainly assessment of severely ill patients is done .
. sample of current study has a male : female ratio of about 4:1 , thereby limiting statistical power of tests in case of females .
so , the conclusions derived from the study might not hold good for schizophrenic patients of both the sexes .
the cross - sectional study design in the present study fails to point out any changes on the level of positive symptoms over the course of time .
the changes could have been due to ongoing treatment , hospitalization , and several other factors .
also , effects of different types of medications ( e.g. typical and atypical ) on positive symptoms of schizophrenia and concurrent social functioning could not be tested . in present study , biological correlates of pre - morbid and current social functioning or concurrent schizophrenic symptoms
while assessing social functioning in schizophrenia , present study lacked measures of numerous relevant clinical and environmental factors like information processing deficit , self - stigma , work , and residential environments , which would have been helpful in measuring social functioning .

 as the study sample was recruited from a tertiary referral center , replication is required in a population - based sample with larger sample size drawn in a randomized fashion.studies should incorporate the effect of medication on level of positive symptoms , and concurrent social functioning in schizophrenia may come out with interesting findings , which would have implications in treatment.studies looking for biological correlates of pre - morbid and current social functioning in schizophrenia or concurrent schizophrenic symptoms would give a new light on the neurobiology of this disease .
, f m.r.i etc . ) , neurophysiological investigations ( e.g. eeg , erp etc . ) or evaluate biochemical parameters in blood or csf in individuals with schizophrenia.future studies on social functioning should incorporate a wide array of social network indicators and measures of work and residential environment . 
 
as the study sample was recruited from a tertiary referral center , replication is required in a population - based sample with larger sample size drawn in a randomized fashion .
studies should incorporate the effect of medication on level of positive symptoms , and concurrent social functioning in schizophrenia may come out with interesting findings , which would have implications in treatment .
studies looking for biological correlates of pre - morbid and current social functioning in schizophrenia or concurrent schizophrenic symptoms would give a new light on the neurobiology of this disease
, f m.r.i etc . ) , neurophysiological investigations ( e.g. eeg , erp etc . ) or evaluate biochemical parameters in blood or csf in individuals with schizophrenia .
future studies on social functioning should incorporate a wide array of social network indicators and measures of work and residential environment .
background : in schizophrenia , relation exists between psychopathology and social functioning.aim and objectives : determining relationship of positive symptoms with current social functioning in adult - onset ( 19 years ) schizophrenia.materials and methods : eighty schizophrenia patients [ icd-10-dcr ] , of both sexes ( 18 - 60 years ) , on follow - up for 6 months , with no change of diagnosis and without co - morbidities , having onset of illness 19 years of age , accompanied by informants having contact with the patient for a period of > 12 months prior the first psychiatric contact or symptom onset were assessed with scarf- social functioning index and saps.results:family role , occupational role , and other social role have negative correlation with all positive symptoms.conclusion:current social functioning has significant negative correlation with concurrent positive symptoms .