You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["Chemical"].

Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Chemical": ["Arsenic", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].

Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.

Abstract:

NMDA receptor signaling mediates the expression of protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) in rat hippocampus. Protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) was shown to play an important role in inflammation and innate immune response, but how PIAS1 is regulated is not known. We have recently demonstrated that PIAS1 enhances spatial learning and memory performance in rats. In this study, we examined the signaling pathway and neural mechanism that regulate PIAS1 expression in the brain by using pharmacological and molecular approaches. Our results revealed that pias1 gene expression is rapidly induced upon NMDA receptor activation in rat hippocampus, but this effect is blocked by transfection of sub-threshold concentrations of ERK1 siRNA/ERK2 siRNA or CREB siRNA. Pias1 gene expression is similarly induced by overexpression of the ERK1/ERK2 plasmids in rat hippocampus, and this effect is also blocked by sub-threshold concentration of CREB siRNA transfection. On the other hand, transfection of ERK1 siRNA/ERK2 siRNA or CREB siRNA at a higher concentration is sufficient to down-regulate PIAS1 expression. Inhibition of PI-3 kinase signaling and CaMKII signaling, which both result in CREB inactivation, similarly decreases PIAS1 expression. But NMDA and MK-801 do not affect the expression of IL-6 and TNFα. NMDA also did not affect the expression of PIAS2, PIAS3 and PIAS4. Further, pias1 mRNA has a similar degradation rate to that of the zif268 gene. These results together suggest that pias1 may function as an immediate early gene in an activity-dependent manner and PIAS1 expression is regulated by the NMDA-MAPK/ERK-CREB signaling pathway implicated in neuronal plasticity.
{"Chemical": ["NMDA", "MK-801"]}