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Paper text:
despite recent developments in adhesive dentistry to reduce the number of working steps and to simplify the clinical procedure , bonding to dentin and complete sealing of the exposed dentinal surfaces remained problematic.1 the new simplified adhesives do not produce better results in in vitro tests2 or improve clinical efficacy.3 different modifications to the application protocols of these simplified etchandrinse adhesives have been reported .
they include application of multiple layers,45 enhanced solvent evaporation,6 and prolonged curing time.7   all dentin adhesives are currently applied mechanically to tooth structures using either disposable sponges or brushes .
an adhesive application protocol , based on the use of an electric signal to enhance monomer infiltration in dentin has been introduced .
this technique utilizes an electric field to enhance resin infiltration into the demineralized collagen matrices of acidetched dentin.8 bonding to dentin and complete sealing of the exposed dentinal surfaces is troublesome because of highly hydrated and complex nature of the tissue .
dentin tubules constitute 20% to 39% of dentin , and the fluid within them represents 22% of dentin volume.9 the fact is easily overlooked in the design of most in vitro studies in which the effect of pulp pressure on the bonding interface is not considered .
this study investigated the effects of an electric field produced by an experimental device for the application of a twostep etchandrinse adhesive on moist dentin surface . in order to simulate real conditions ,
the null hypothesis was defined as follows :  there is no difference in the microleakage between a conventional mechanical adhesive application technique and the use of an electric impulse assisted adhesive application technique under simulated pulpal pressure condition . 
the teeth were cleaned thoroughly to remove both hard and soft deposits and were kept in distilled water at 4c for 24 hours .
class v cavities were prepared , with the gingival margin 1 mm below the cej , using a # 4 round bur ( brasseler , savannah , ga , usa ) with a high speed handpiece and copious amounts of water .
the preparations were standardized at 4 mm long , 3 mm wide and 2 mm depth and placed in the facial surfaces of each tooth .
pulp tissue was removed by means of endodontic kfiles ( # 20 ) taking care to avoid touching the pulp chamber walls .
the pulp chambers were then irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution ( naocl ) for 30 s followed by immersion in distilled water for 30 min to neutralize the effects of naocl .
all crown segments were luted with cyanoacrylate ( zapit , dva , anaheim , ca , usa ) to a plexiglass plate through which an 18gauge stainless steel tube had been inserted .
this tube permitted communication with the pulp chamber and was attached to an empty 20 ml plastic syringe barrel which had 10 cm height .
the barrel was filled with distilled water and raised 25 cm from the tooth level in order to produce a pressure of 35 cm h2o at the dentine surface to be bonded ( figure 1 ) .
schematic presentation showing how crown segments were created , attached to plexiglass 
 and how fluid permeability was measured under 35 cm h2o pressure each prepared tooth was then etched with phosphoric acid ( ultraetch 35% , ultradent , south jordan , ut , usa ) for 15 seconds , rinsed for 20 seconds , and then gently blown to remove excess water , being careful to maintain a moist surface .
i , the adhesive ( single bond , 3 m espe , st paul , mn , usa ) was applied using the experimental electric device ( multifrequency current source , iran ) which created an electric potential difference between the dentin substrate and the adhesive applicator tip .
the device induced an electric flow over 15 a throughout the adhesive interface during the application procedure . in group
ii , the adhesive was applied in the same manner , but the electric generator switched off .
a single blind study design was used , in which the operator performing the bonding procedure was not aware of the operating state of the electrical device ( i.e. , switchedon mode or switched - off mode ) .
mw / cm using a quartztungstenhalogen light ( coltolux 50 , coltene / whaledent inc , cuyahoga falls , oh , usa ) .
prior to this stage , the curing light was tested with a curing radiometer ( coltene / whaledent inc , cuyahoga falls oh , usa ) and the output intensity was maintained at 600 mw / cm throughout the restorative procedures .
one increment of microhybrid resin composite ( valux plus a2 , 3 m espe , st paul , mn , usa ) was placed over the bonded dentin surface and polymerized for 40 seconds .
the restorations were wet finished using soflex disks ( 3 m espe , st paul , mn , usa ) . the teeth were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37c before thermocycling which comprised 1000 cycles ( 20 seconds in a 55c water bath , followed by 20 seconds in a 5c water bath , with a dwell time of 5 seconds ) .
an acidresistant varnish ( nail polish ) was applied to all surfaces of the teeth except for 1 mm adjacent to the restoration margins .
all specimens were then immersed in 0.2% basic fuschin for 24 hours at 37c and washed in running water .
the teeth were embedded in epoxy resin blocks then sectioned buccolingually through the center of the restoration with a diamond disk ( kg sorensen ind com ltd , so paulo , brazil ) at low speed .
dye penetration at the gingival margin was examined using a stereomicroscope at 40x and scored according to the following criteria : 0 = no dye penetration , 1 = dye penetration that extended up to 0 of the preparation depth , 2 = dye penetration greater than   and up to   of the preparation depth , 3 = dye penetration extending to the axial wall and 4 = dye penetration past the axial wall ( figure 2 ) .
table 1 shows microleakage scores for the two groups . when comparing the two groups , mann - whitney u test showed significantly less dye penetration in group 1 in which bonding agent
was applied to dentin by the electric - current - assisted application technique(p = 0.047 ) frequency of microleakage scores
the results of this study led to rejection of the null hypothesis ( there is no difference in the microleakage between a conventional mechanical adhesive application technique and the use of an electric impulse assisted adhesive application technique under simulated pulpal pressure condition ) . according to results , using electric current for applying the etchandrinse adhesive ( single bond ) had a significant effect on reducing microleakage compared to the conventional application technique . in vitro studies examining
the microleakage are useful but most are not done under in vivo conditions ; that is , the teeth are nonvital and are not subjected to pulpal pressure . in the present study ,
the entire evaluation was carried out under simulated pulpal pressure and the teeth were submitted to thermocycling to obtain a condition as similar as possible to the in vivo conditions .
interpretations of the better microleakage results that accompanied the use of an assisted electric field may be explained with different hypotheses . since single bond contains hema , acrylic acid copolymer and itaconic acid which are polar components , it is speculated that this adhesive may interact with the electric field generated by the electric device used in this study .
polyalkenoic acid polymers contain ionizable carboxylic acid groups with following formula : thus , iontophoresis may enhance the movement of ions across dentin.10 this should be related to a faster rate of impregnation as ionic monomers are moving across the dentin with increasing ion mobilities that are caused by the imposed electrical gradient.11 furthermore , because they are charged particles , these monomers are physically attracted by the electric field , thus increase the flow which is revealed by the reduced microleakage when applying the bonding agent with electric device . the difference in electric potential between the adhesive and etched dentin could enhance the penetration of adhesive monomers due to a biophysical modification of the organic matrix , or could enhance the wettability of the etched dentin surface , thereby improve the spreading of the adhesive .
electronic root apex locators,12 pulp vitality tester,13 and early caries lesion detectors14 are some of such devices .
since dentin is not a pure capacitor or resistor , the flow of electricity depends on the relative humidity of the environment.15 etching of the surface and subsequent exposure of the organic matrix in a wet environment increase the electric flow by reducing the resistance.16 furthermore , in our study the use of simulated pulpal pressure condition increased the fluid flow toward the bonding interface .
thus , to ensure consistency of results , we subjected all teeth to the same electrical experimental conditions , regardless of the tooth dimensions .
the experimental electric device was adjusted to electrical values that are compatible with in vivo use.1315 it is worth mentioning that the intrinsic wetness of dentin and the perfusion of fluid from the pulp chamber should be considered when bonding to deep dentin .
the density of waterfilled dentin tubules and hence intrinsic water content of dentin increases with dentin depth17 and these factors may increase the microleakage and affect the longevity of the restoration .
outward fluid flow from dentinal tubules in the mouth might contribute to a more rapid degradation of resindentin bonds in vivo.1819 in conclusion , this study represents an attempt in reducing microleakage that was associated with the use of an electric impulse assisted application technique for the bonding of a etchandrinse adhesive to acid etched dentin .
the use of simulated pulpal pressure was a further step towards simulation of in vivo condition .
the results of this in vitro study which was performed under simulated pulpal pressure showed that using electric current for applying the etchandrinse adhesive system ( single bond ) have a significant effect on reducing microleakage . further in vivo studies should be carried out to confirm that an electric device is effective in improving the longevity of resindentin bonds through reducing the microleakage in vivo .
background : the use of electric current during application of etch - and - rinse adhesive systems has been recently introduced to decrease microleakage . 
 this study investigated the effects of an electric field produced by an experimental device for the application of a two - step etch - and - rinse adhesive on moist dentin surface.methods:sixty freshly extracted human premolars were used for this study . in order to simulate real conditions , the pulpal pressure was set to 35 cm h2o for all the specimens . 
 the teeth were divided into two groups : in group i , etch - and - rinse system ( single bond ) was applied with electric current while group ii , etch - and - rinse system ( single bond ) was applied without electric current . 
 specimens were prepared for dye penetration test . 
 the data were analyzed using mann - whitney u test.results:the results showed that group i had less microleakage scores compared to group ii ( p = 0.047).conclusion : based on the result of this study , it could be concluded that using electric current for applying adhesive systems had a significant effect on reducing microleakage .