You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["HealthCareActivity", "InjuryOrPoisoning", "BodySubstance", "IntellectualProduct", "AnatomicalStructure", "SpatialConcept", "Chemical", "Bacterium", "MedicalDevice", "Organization", "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline", "Finding", "BiologicFunction", "Virus", "ResearchActivity", "ClinicalAttribute", "PopulationGroup", "Eukaryote", "BodySystem", "Food", "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup"].

Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Virus": ["HIV", ...], "Bacterium": ["MRSA", ...], "AnatomicalStructure": ["Lung", ...], "BodySystem": ["CNS", ...], "BodySubstance": ["Serum", ...], "Finding": ["Headache", ...], "InjuryOrPoisoning": ["Fracture", ...], "BiologicFunction": ["Death", ...], "HealthCareActivity": ["Biopsy", ...], "ResearchActivity": ["Clinical trial", ...], "MedicalDevice": ["Lenses", ...], "SpatialConcept": ["Camps", ...], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": ["Forensic medicine", ...], "Organization": ["WHO", ...], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": ["Provider", ...], "PopulationGroup": ["Swimmers", ...], "Chemical": ["Gold", ...], "Food": ["Rice", ...], "IntellectualProduct": ["RPAM", ...], "ClinicalAttribute": ["Biomarker", ...], "Eukaryote": ["Dogs", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].

Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.

Abstract:

Interleukin-21 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and severity of type I autoimmune hepatitis Recently, the number of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells expressing interleukin (IL)-21 was found to increase in peripheral blood of human and murine models of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). IL-21, the most recently discovered member of the type-I cytokine family, exerts various effects on the immune system, including B cell activation, plasma cell differentiation, and immunoglobulin production. We aimed to assess the relationship of serum IL-21 levels in patients with type I AIH with clinical and laboratory parameters and histology. Ninety-two Japanese patients with liver disease (22 AIH, 20 primary biliary cholangitis, 19 drug-induced liver injury, 8 acute hepatitis B, 8 chronic hepatitis C, 10 non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 5 viral hepatitis) and 10 healthy volunteers were recruited. Serum IL-21 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction measured mRNA levels of Bcl-6, IL-21, and CXCR5 (Tfh-related factors) in peripheral mononuclear cells. Mean age at diagnosis of AIH was 58.6 years, male-to-female ratio was 4:18, 18.2 % of participants had cirrhosis, and 22.7 % had severe disease. IL-21 levels were significantly increased in the serum of patients with AIH compared to those with other liver diseases and controls (p < 0.0001). Particularly, serum IL-21 levels were significantly increased in severe AIH cases compared to non-severe cases (p < 0.05). Serum IL-21 levels correlated positively with total serum bilirubin levels (r = 0.46, p < 0.05), grading of necroinflammatory activity (r = 0.68, p < 0.005) and negatively with serum albumin levels in patients with AIH (r = -0.49, p < 0.05). In patients with biochemical remission of AIH, serum IL-21 levels remained elevated and correlated positively with serum IgG levels (r = 0.84, p < 0.01). Expression of Tfh-related factors, such as Bcl-6 and IL-21, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with AIH was significantly higher than that in healthy volunteers. IL-21 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and severity of AIH, and may present a promising target for AIH therapy.
{"AnatomicalStructure": ["Bcl-6", "follicular", "helper T (Tfh) cells", "IL-21", "peripheral blood mononuclear cells", "CXCR5"], "Bacterium": [], "BiologicFunction": ["Expression", "AIH", "primary biliary cholangitis", "type I AIH", "plasma cell differentiation", "non-alcoholic steatohepatitis", "chronic hepatitis C", "drug-induced liver injury", "cirrhosis", "acute hepatitis B", "liver disease", "models", "B cell activation", "disease", "immunoglobulin production", "pathogenesis", "type I autoimmune hepatitis", "autoimmune hepatitis", "viral hepatitis"], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": ["histology"], "BodySubstance": ["serum", "peripheral blood", "Serum"], "BodySystem": ["immune system"], "Chemical": ["Bcl-6", "type-I cytokine family", "mRNA", "Tfh-related factors", "Interleukin-21", "IL-21", "interleukin (IL)-21"], "ClinicalAttribute": [], "Eukaryote": ["human", "murine"], "Finding": ["male-to-female ratio", "remission", "positively", "serum albumin levels", "diagnosis", "grading of necroinflammatory activity"], "Food": [], "HealthCareActivity": ["serum IgG levels", "enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay", "bilirubin levels"], "InjuryOrPoisoning": [], "IntellectualProduct": [], "MedicalDevice": [], "Organization": ["laboratory"], "PopulationGroup": ["Japanese", "healthy volunteers"], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": [], "ResearchActivity": ["Real-time polymerase chain reaction"], "SpatialConcept": ["peripheral"], "Virus": []}