You will be presented with a collection of medical randomized controlled trial (RCT) reports addressing a shared clinical question -- for instance, the efficacy of a medical intervention on a disease or condition. Given the titles and abstracts of these reports, your task is to generate the conclusion of the systematic review article synthesizing the key findings. Your conclusion should be a few sentences long. In your response, include only the conclusion and no other text. The RCT reports are below.



Title 1:
Long-Term Outcome after Anticoagulation-Associated Intracerebral Haemorrhage with or without Restarting Antithrombotic Therapy
Abstract 1:
Background : For patients who survive intracerebral haemorrhage ( ICH ) during treatment with oral anticoagulation ( OAC )  , the balance between the benefits and risks of restarting OAC is unclear . The decision to restart OAC or to start antiplatelet therapy in these patients therefore poses a dilemma for all physicians involved . We assessed the long-term outcome of patients who did or did not restart antithrombotic therapy after OAC-associated ICH . Methods : We conducted a retrospective follow-up study of all patients discharged from our institution after OAC-associated ICH over a 10-year period . Data on the use of OAC or platelet inhibitors and the occurrence of vascular events during follow-up were assessed through question naires and patient files . The primary outcome was recurrent fatal or non-fatal stroke . Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of other haemorrhagic , thrombotic or thromboembolic events . With patients without antithrombotic treatment as reference , we calculated incidence ratios with corresponding 95 % confidence intervals ( CI ) for treatment with OAC and for treatment with antiplatelet therapy . Results : We included 38 patients , of whom 21 ( 55 % ) died during a mean follow-up of 3.5 years . The medication regime changed frequently during follow-up , illustrated by the fact that two thirds of the patients who had resumed OAC within 2 months of ICH terminated this at later points in time . Two recurrent strokes occurred during 35.4 patient-years without antithrombotic medication , 7 during 63.8 patient-years on antiplatelet medication ( incidence ratio 1.9 ; 95 % CI , 0.4 - 9.4 ) , and 3 during 19.5 patient-years on OAC ( incidence ratio 2.7 ; 95 % CI , 0.5 - 16.3 ) . There was only 1 recurrent ICH , which occurred during treatment with OAC . Conclusion : In this observational study , no significant difference in the primary outcome measure was found between the treatment groups , but there was a tendency towards a higher long-term risk of any stroke in patients who resumed OAC or started antiplatelet therapy . However , based on these results it is difficult to draw any concrete conclusions or make any strong recommendations . A r and omized trial to assess the optimal long-term strategy after OAC-related ICH is warranted . Based on the point estimates of our study , such a trial should involve at least 300 patient-years of follow-up


Title 2:
Reinitiation of anticoagulation after warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage and mortality risk: the Best Practice for Reinitiating Anticoagulation Therapy After Intracranial Bleeding (BRAIN) study.
Abstract 2:
BACKGROUND While warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage ( ICH ) occurs in 0.25%-1.1 % patients per year , little is known about the practice and outcomes of anticoagulant reinitiation . METHODS We studied a cohort of consecutive patients with warfarin-related ICH ( intracerebral or subarachnoid ) admitted to 13 stroke centres in the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network between July 2003 and March 2008 . We examined patterns of warfarin reinitiation and variables associated with 30-day and 1-year outcomes . RESULTS Among the 284 patients studied ( mean age 74 ± 12 years ) , warfarin was restarted in-hospital in 91 patients ( 32 % ) . Factors associated with restarting warfarin were lower stroke severity ( adjusted odds ratio [ aOR ] 2.07 , 95 % confidence interval [ CI ] ; 1.20 - 3.57 , P = 0.009 ) or presence of valve prosthesis ( aOR 3.07 , 95 % CI ; 1.29 - 7.27 , P = 0.011 ) . Mortality rates were not higher in those who restarted warfarin in-hospital : 31.9 % vs 54.4 % ( 30-day , P < 0.001 ) and 48 % vs 61 % ( 1-year , P = 0.04 ) , and bleeding was not increased . Multivariable predictors of mortality included initial international normalized ratio > 3.0 ( aOR , 3.28 [ 30-day , P < 0.001 ] and 3.32 [ 1-year , P = 0.003 ] ) , greater stroke severity ( aOR , 6.04 [ 30-day ] and 4.22 [ 1-year ] ; both P < 0.001 ) , and intraventricular hemorrhage ( aOR , 2.19 [ 30-day ; P = 0.03 ] and 2.04 [ 1-year ; P = 0.04 ] ) . In selected patients who reinitiated warfarin , there was no increase in 30-day ( aOR , 0.49 ; P = 0.03 ) or 1-year mortality ( aOR , 0.79 ; P = 0.43 ) . CONCLUSIONS In selected patients at high thrombosis risk , reinitiation of warfarin after ICH did not confer increased mortality or bleeding events


Title 3:
Low-dose intravenous heparin infusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a preliminary assessment.
Abstract 3:
OBJECT Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage ( aSAH ) predisposes to delayed  neurological deficits , including stroke and cognitive and neuropsychological abnormalities .  Heparin is a pleiotropic drug that antagonizes many of the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in secondary brain injury after aSAH . METHODS The authors performed a retrospective analysis in 86 consecutive patients with Fisher Grade 3 aSAH due to rupture of a supratentorial aneurysm who presented within 36 hours and were treated by surgical clipping within 48 hours of their ictus . Forty-three patients were managed postoperatively with a low-dose intravenous heparin infusion ( Maryl and low-dose intravenous heparin infusion protocol : 8 U/kg/hr progressing over 36 hours to 10 U/kg/hr ) beginning 12 hours after surgery and continuing until Day 14 after the ictus . Forty-three control patients received conventional subcutaneous heparin twice daily as deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis . RESULTS Patients in the 2 groups were balanced in terms of baseline characteristics . In the heparin group , activated partial thromboplastin times were normal to mildly elevated ; no clinical ly significant hemorrhages or instances of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or deep vein thrombosis were encountered . In the control group , the incidence of clinical vasospasm requiring rescue therapy ( induced hypertension , selective intraarterial verapamil , and angioplasty ) was 20 ( 47 % ) of 43 patients , and 9 ( 21 % ) of 43 patients experienced a delayed infa rct on CT scanning . In the heparin group , the incidence of clinical vasospasm requiring rescue therapy was 9 % ( 4 of 43 , p = 0.0002 ) , and no patient suffered a delayed infa rct ( p = 0.003 ) . CONCLUSIONS In patients with Fisher Grade 3 aSAH whose aneurysm is secured , postprocedure use of a low-dose intravenous heparin infusion may be safe and beneficial


Title 4:
Risk Analysis of Thrombo-Embolic and Recurrent Bleeding Events in the Management Of Intracranial Haemorrhage Due to Oral Anticoagulation
Abstract 4:
Abstract Purpose s : Intracranial haemorrhage ( ICH ) is a rare but potentially devastating complication of oral anticoagulants ( OAC ) . This raises the difficult clinical choice between either permanent cessation of OAC , or continuing OAC and if so , when to restart . To make this choice , one needs to balance the thrombo-embolic risk after cessation of OAC against the risk of recurrent intracranial haemorrhage when OAC are restarted . There are few published data to base this difficult clinical decision on . Methods : We present an observational study of a consecutive series of 108 patients , collected prospect ively and admitted to our department , with an OAC-related intracranial haemorrhage , in whom we assessed the thrombotic event rate and the recurrent intracranial bleeding rate during follow-up . Results : In the 25 patients in whom OAC were reinstituted no new thrombo-embolic events occurred ( 0/506 unprotected patient-days ) . In the group of patients in whom OAC were not restarted ( n = 81 ) , the thrombo-embolic event rate was 8/11590 unprotected patient-days , of which only 2 were cerebrovascular thrombo-embolisms . The overall risk of a thrombo-embolic complication can be estimated to be 0.66 events/1000 patient-days at risk ( 95 % exact confidence limits of 0.3 to 1.3 events/1000 patient-days at risk ) . In three patients the thrombo-embolic event was fatal . We saw recurrent intracranial bleeding in eight patients , 2 of which were fatal . Seven of these occurred before the restarting of the OAC . Conclusions : In OAC-related intracranial haemorrhages , OAC can be stopped safely for a considerable period , with a very low overall thrombotic event rate . The recurrent bleeding risk after restarting OAC is low . Recurrent bleeding mostly occurred before restarting OAC and is probably caused by insufficient or unsustained correction of the initial coagulation deficit . Immediate reversal of anticoagulation provides the patient with the best possible treatment options including surgery . OAC-related intracranial haemorrhages can therefore be actively treated


Title 5:
Anticoagulant reversal, blood pressure levels, and anticoagulant resumption in patients with anticoagulation-related intracerebral hemorrhage.
Abstract 5:
IMPORTANCE Although use of oral anticoagulants ( OACs ) is increasing , there is a substantial lack of data on how to treat OAC-associated intracerebral hemorrhage ( ICH ) . OBJECTIVE To assess the association of anticoagulation reversal and blood pressure ( BP ) with  hematoma enlargement and the effects of OAC resumption . DESIGN , SETTING , AND PARTICIPANTS Retrospective cohort study at 19 German tertiary care centers ( 2006 - 2012 ) including 1176 individuals for analysis of long-term functional outcome , 853 for analysis of hematoma enlargement , and 719 for analysis of OAC resumption . EXPOSURES Reversal of anticoagulation during acute phase , systolic BP at 4 hours , and reinitiation of OAC for long-term treatment . MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Frequency of hematoma enlargement in relation to international normalized ratio ( INR ) and BP . Incidence analysis of ischemic and hemorrhagic events with or without OAC resumption . Factors associated with favorable ( modified Rankin Scale score , 0 - 3 ) vs unfavorable functional outcome . RESULTS Hemorrhage enlargement occurred in 307 of 853 patients ( 36.0 % ) . Reduced rates of hematoma enlargement were associated with reversal of INR levels < 1.3 within 4 hours after admission ( 43/217 [ 19.8 % ] ) vs INR of ≥1.3 ( 264/636 [ 41.5 % ] ; P < .001 ) and systolic BP < 160 mm Hg at 4 hours ( 167/504 [ 33.1 % ] ) vs ≥160 mm Hg ( 98/187 [ 52.4 % ] ; P < .001 ) . The combination of INR reversal < 1.3 within 4 hours and systolic BP of < 160 mm Hg at 4 hours was associated with lower rates of hematoma enlargement ( 35/193 [ 18.1 % ] vs 220/498 [ 44.2 % ] not achieving these values ; OR , 0.28 ; 95 % CI , 0.19 - 0.42 ; P < .001 ) and lower rates of in-hospital mortality ( 26/193 [ 13.5 % ] vs 103/498 [ 20.7 % ] ; OR , 0.60 ; 95 % CI , 0.37 - 0.95 ; P = .03 ) . OAC was resumed in 172 of 719 survivors ( 23.9 % ) . OAC resumption showed fewer ischemic complications ( OAC : 9/172 [ 5.2 % ] vs no OAC : 82/547 [ 15.0 % ] ; P < .001 ) and not significantly different hemorrhagic complications ( OAC : 14/172 [ 8.1 % ] vs no OAC : 36/547 [ 6.6 % ] ; P = .48 ) . Propensity-matched survival analysis in patients with atrial fibrillation who restarted OAC showed a decreased HR of 0.258 ( 95 % CI , 0.125 - 0.534 ; P < .001 ) for long-term mortality . Functional long-term outcome was unfavorable in 786 of 1083 patients ( 72.6 % ) . CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients with OAC-associated ICH , reversal of INR < 1.3 within 4 hours and systolic BP < 160 mm Hg at 4 hours were associated with lower rates of hematoma enlargement , and resumption of OAC therapy was associated with lower risk of ischemic events . These findings require replication and assessment in prospect i ve studies . TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov Identifier : NCT01829581
Conclusions — In observational studies , reinstitution of anticoagulation after ICH was associated with a lower risk of thromboembolic complications and a similar risk of ICH recurrence .