You are provided with the abstract of a scientific paper and the abstracts of the papers it references. Your task is to write a Related Work section for the main paper. This section should concisely summarize and integrate the key points from the cited abstracts, reflecting how they relate to the main paper's contributions and context. In your summary, use numerical citation markers like [1], [2], etc., to refer to the corresponding papers.

Main Abstract:
We consider the problem of sorting a densely cluttered pile of unknown objects using a robot. This yet unsolved problem is relevant in the robotic waste sorting business. By extending previous active learning approaches to grasping, we show a system that learns the task autonomously. Instead of predicting just whether a grasp succeeds, we predict the classes of the objects that end up being picked and thrown onto the target conveyor. Segmenting and identifying objects from the uncluttered target conveyor, as opposed to the working area, is easier due to the added structure since the thrown objects will be the only ones present. Instead of trying to segment or otherwise understand the cluttered working area in any way, we simply allow the controller to learn a mapping from an RGBD image in the neighborhood of the grasp to a predicted result---all segmentation etc. in the working area is implicit in the learned function. The grasp selection operates in two stages: The first stage is hardcoded and outputs a distribution of possible grasps that sometimes succeed. The second stage uses a purely learned criterion to choose the grasp to make from the proposal distribution created by the first stage. In an experiment, the system quickly learned to make good pickups and predict correctly, in advance, which class of object it was going to pick up and was able to sort the objects from a densely cluttered pile by color.

Cited Abstract(s):
[1]: This paper proposes a new approach to using machine learning to detect grasp poses on novel objects presented in clutter. The input to our algorithm is a point cloud and the geometric parameters of the robot hand. The output is a set of hand poses that are expected to be good grasps. There are two main contributions. First, we identify a set of necessary conditions on the geometry of a grasp that can be used to generate a set of grasp hypotheses. This helps focus grasp detection away from regions where no grasp can exist. Second, we show how geometric grasp conditions can be used to generate labeled datasets for the purpose of training the machine learning algorithm. This enables us to generate large amounts of training data and it grounds our training labels in grasp mechanics. Overall, our method achieves an average grasp success rate of 88 when grasping novels objects presented in isolation and an average success rate of 73 when grasping novel objects presented in dense clutter. This system is available as a ROS package at http: wiki.ros.org agile_grasp.

[2]: Autonomous manipulation in unstructured environments will enable a large variety of exciting and important applications. Despite its promise, autonomous manipulation remains largely unsolved. Even the most rudimentary manipulation task--such as removing objects from a pile--remains challenging for robots. We identify three major challenges that must be addressed to enable autonomous manipulation: object segmentation, action selection, and motion generation. These challenges become more pronounced when unknown man-made or natural objects are cluttered together in a pile. We present a system capable of manipulating unknown objects in such an environment. Our robot is tasked with clearing a table by removing objects from a pile and placing them into a bin. To that end, we address the three aforementioned challenges. Our robot perceives the environment with an RGB-D sensor, segmenting the pile into object hypotheses using non-parametric surface models. Our system then computes the affordances of each object, and selects the best affordance and its associated action to execute. Finally, our robot instantiates the proper compliant motion primitive to safely execute the desired action. For efficient and reliable action selection, we developed a framework for supervised learning of manipulation expertise. To verify the performance of our system, we conducted dozens of trials and report on several hours of experiments involving more than 1,500 interactions. The results show that our learning-based approach for pile manipulation outperforms a common sense heuristic as well as a random strategy, and is on par with human action selection.

[3]: This paper presents a method for one-shot learning of dexterous grasps and grasp generation for novel objects. A model of each grasp type is learned from a single kinesthetic demonstration and several types are taught. These models are used to select and generate grasps for unfamiliar objects. Both the learning and generation stages use an incomplete point cloud from a depth camera, so no prior model of an object shape is used. The learned model is a product of experts, in which experts are of two types. The first type is a contact model and is a density over the pose of a single hand link relative to the local object surface. The second type is the hand-configuration model and is a density over the whole-hand configuration. Grasp generation for an unfamiliar object optimizes the product of these two model types, generating thousands of grasp candidates in under 30 seconds. The method is robust to incomplete data at both training and testing stages. When several grasp types are considered the method selects the highest-likelihood grasp across all the types. In an experiment, the training set consisted of five different grasps and the test set of 45 previously unseen objects. The success rate of the first-choice grasp is 84.4 or 77.7 if seven views or a single view of the test object are taken, respectively.
State-of-the-art results for grasping novel objects and grasping objects in unstructured environments such as in dense clutter generally use machine learning to evaluate and choose the best among possible grasps [3] [1] [2] .