You will be presented with the full text of a biomedical research paper. Please write an abstract for this paper. Your response should include the abstract and no additional text.

Paper text:
throughout human history we have sought to understand illness as a means of relieving its symptoms , particularly with respect to devising treatment options in the hope of developing cures . in this pursuit of medical knowledge
we have shifted the balance of our answers and beliefs from non - evidence based phenomenology to one that is evidenced based . in this regard , it is recognized that placebo and  folkloric , or traditional , types of intervention do take place through to today . also present in this multi - layered complex of curing
are the understandings that physical resources are required for treatments , new discoveries are ongoing , and old methodologies undergo scrutiny .
the technologies available today for improving symptoms and enhancing the chances of finding rapid cures / treatments now offer opportunities for advancing empirical knowledge , especially into the realm of personalized medicine whereby target therapies will provide for more precise outcomes on an individual basis . nonetheless , ethical concerns must be taken into account since denial of determinations / advanced knowledge based treatments associated with novel technologies may be dependent on issues of access , as well as the availability of financial resources .
thus , it is evident that our understandings of molecular biology have brought us both medical optimism and significant concerns .
understanding the control of gene expression is critical for our understanding of the relationship between genotype and phenotype[14 ] .
the need for reliable assessment of transcript abundance in biological samples has driven researchers to develop novel technologies , such as dna microarray and rna - seq .
briefly , the differences between the knowledge gained and methods used become apparent once the target sequences go beyond known genomic sequences and , thereby , increasing information .
indeed , the depth of this potential information is necessary for the development of personalized medicine .
furthermore , due to phenoconversion , giving attention solely to genotype may miss clinical outcomes , signaling the need for caution in data interpretation .
the microarray and rna - seq techniques are somewhat different , providing an abundance of information requiring explanation .
hybridization - based techniques such as microarray rely on and are limited to the transcripts bound to the array slides .
microarrays are only as good as the bioinformatics data available for the model organism s genome and transcriptome . while rna - seq detects annotated transcripts , it will also detect novel sequences and splice variants .
rna - seq can use data from the same experiment to detect non - coding rna , single nucleotide polymorphisms , and fusion genes , as well as characterize exon junctions .
the utility of rna - seq for other bioinformatics studies aside from gene expression profiling far exceeds that of a microarray . in this light , rna - seq is useful for distinguishing host from parasite transcripts , studying symbioses , and examining transcripts from non - model organisms , including bacteria .
analysis of rna - seq data also requires extensive experience and the bioinformatics skills necessary to process the data files .
the data analysis techniques not only differ in the type of software used to initially reduce the data sets , but also for each use of rna - seq .
for example , the size of an average raw data file from an agilent microarray is 0.7 mb , while the normal size of uncompressed rna - seq raw file is approximately 5 gb . thus , for just one study , these techniques generate an enormous amount of data , parts of which remain to be interpreted , particularly with respect to patterning and clustering of gene expression .
this bioinformatics - based technology illustrates the growing need for physician and technician training and greater research into interpretational discoveries .
this is especially significant due to the fact that it will eventually enter into the realm of clinical decision - making , once government approvals for such technologies are reached . in recent years
today s knowledge of traits associated with genome pathology is made by inference from common traits without taking greater advantage of the knowledge gained in large sample studies , with demonstrate rare variations in the overall pool of populations and individuals .
importantly , variants that emerge have not been incorporated in clinical practice , which is noteworthy due to the fact that these genetic variations may be the very foundation of personalized medicine and may also be used in revealing an organism s evolutionary history .
as this field grows it increases its potential applicability in a wide array of clinical research . as noted earlier
, it will assist physicians in making critical medical decisions . at present , however , these technologies are costly and , therefore , their integration into mainstream medical practice is hampered . nevertheless , as with many technologies , in time the price will decrease so that the information revealed could be readily used to contribute to patient care , including the development of individual databases and their variation , otherwise understood as personalized medicine . as
this invaluable technology becomes more economical , it can be argued that there will be better proficiency in understanding genetic phenomena , particularly those involving gene pattern expression , benefiting clinical disciplines and improving the knowledge base of physicians , genetic councilors , and researchers .
as such , the use of this broad cache of genome - related information will allow for more effective clinical examination and decision - making , also involving disorder progression and the development of strategic treatment modalities . in this
regard , gene expression determinations may find similarities in various tumors previously considered different since they were originally described in one type of tissue / organ , whereas now the revealed expression pattern identifies it as similar .
moreover , the genetic composition and information obtained from human , animal , and plant populations will become even more important for the novel design and interpretation of disease mapping processes in living organisms .
this knowledge will aid in the further development of the concept and phenomenon of one medicine , which combines information in the veterinary and human medical fields . in support of one medicine ,
there are many health disorders that demonstrate a coupling of disease transmission and occurrence between animals and humans ( see [ 3,1622 ] ) , demonstrating a common molecular substrate between the two .
thus , it is well known and understood that animals can have the same type of disorders found in humans ( e.g. , cancer , diabetes , arthritis , etc . ) , making comparative medicine an old discipline [ 3,1622 ] .
given the many genome commonalities , one medicine also becomes important as a means of reducing associated medical costs .
this potential can obviously be extended to all living organisms , and the variants can be incorporated into the knowledge base as another critical factor in medicine and evolution .
however , we do recognize the fact that between different organisms , variation in the expression of genes will vary just as their biochemistry does as a way to accommodate and adapt to different environments .
thus , counter - intuitively , these variations demonstrate the dynamic character of common life processes to survive . in part
, this also explains why some medicines designed on the basis of stereospecificity may be ineffective in different organisms . as the fields of personalized and one medicine mature , in part , based on this wealth of molecular data , it will be invaluable to be able to correlate the molecular information with individual case reports .
fortunately , what may be emerging is that molecular data can be retro - matched to appropriate patient pathologies .
it can be predicted that associations in this analysis will emerge as financial access to the technology improves . in any event ,
the newness of these technologies and their insights require validation via established methodologies ( rt pcr , chromatography , and electrophoresis separation techniques coupled to ( mass ) spectrometry ) .
for example , it is clear that the metabolic energy pathways are nearly the same or have similar components in all living cells .
the same can be true for chemical messenger systems , growth , and development processes . in
this regard , specific bioactive components / biochemicals are conserved and enhanced during evolution , as well as being used in novel ways [ 2427 ] .
retention of specific molecules ( information ) appears to have started before animals and plants split during evolution .
the molecular matching identities of these molecules are high , demonstrating that this is not occurring by chance in diverse living organisms .
accordingly , this information has tremendous predictive value for biomedicine that can and will be used in one medicine .
it comes as no surprise then to find that pharmaceuticals may affect the same target and/or different processes as demonstrated by adverse reactions reported for a particular drug .
furthermore , this concept of one medicine aids in the understanding of why plants can and do produce bio - active chemicals , including signaling molecules of use in intracellular and extracellular communication , that influence animals as both nutrition and/or medicine .
the  force/factor conserving this phenomenon in evolution is stereo - specificity ( lock and key - like process ) , whereby these pathways require multiple conformational - specific enzymes .
the enzymes are conformationally linked in specific pathways , constraining new information that may get in the pattern of final product expression .
this process preserves information , explaining why similar important molecules are found in all animals and in plants ( common origin ) , and can be used in each other s signaling processes .
in addition , conformational matching in a multiple enzyme mediated pathway forces the system to remain the same . in turn
, this allows for little novel signal molecule variation across different phyla from single cell organisms to invertebrates and eventually vertebrates , expressing the critical genes in highly developed cellular network , finally allowing for cognition . in this light ,
given common signal molecules , the latest evolutionary advance occurs in intercellular signaling and the pattern of cellular organization , e.g. , networking .
variation in the critical signaling / pathway molecules will only be tolerated if one step exhibits conformational homologies with the existing pattern of processing , producing a related but distinct product ( e.g. , catecholamine synthesis ) .
taken together , one medicine becomes very feasible and based on sound molecular / cellular and intercellular networks that are similar across living organisms .
this provides for the use of similar strategies , dealing with pathological issues   in all animals and , in some instances , plants since they are part of a common core of life .
given the advances in genome and gene expression technologies , an enormous amount of information is generated that enable the biomedical community to make strides toward the development of personalized medicine . in this regard , once informational analysis processes mature and , in part , computational biology and the technology becomes increasingly economical , medical costs will decrease as a result of more precise treatment modalities .
moreover , these treatment modalities will be developed based on specific target design and at a more rapid pace .
this development will be assisted by the realization that common polymorphisms and gene variants reveal their significance and , thereby , this can be incorporated into the medical therapy regime for individuals , thus improving the treatment efficacy .
common signaling processes are abundant in living organisms , demonstrating a high level of conservation during evolution .
this phenomenon can be exploited , such as though the development of drugs for one organism that can be used in another for the same , or different reason .
a single drug may have influences that are regarded as healthy across species lines , making their testing and further development more economical and , thereby , lowering costs .
personalized medicine s foundation rests on the use of molecular technologies , which are being used to identify genetic mutations , polymorphisms , and variants that can be associated with an individual s genetic make up , revealing risk factors and predictive data . 
 needless to say this same analysis can be performed on various types of cancers , including samples stored for many years under the right conditions . for the most part , 
 these technologies employ microarray and rna - seq methodologies , which examine large numbers of gene expressions at a time , providing clustering and patterns of this expression . 
 the methodologies and their evaluative outcomes further demonstrate that more than a single gene is involved with various phenomena 
 . however , given the mass of data emerging from this analysis , and commonalities they reveal between various phenomena / disorders , achieving 100% certainty may not be that easy . 
 another outcome from this massive store of molecular data is the concept of one medicine . 
 this field has been developed by researchers in a variety of disciplines ( e.g. , medical and veterinary science ) that advocate for greater integration of animal and human health . 
 one medicine takes advantage of the fact that molecular commonalities in major biochemical pathways occur because of evolutionary conservation , which is dependent on stereospecificity . in this regard , 
 the foci of personalized medicine and one medicine are quite broad and require trained professionals , as well as a lowering of cost in order to be better integrated into mainstream medical practice .