You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["Chemical"].

Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Chemical": ["Arsenic", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].

Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.

Abstract:

Skin penetration enhancing properties of the plant N-alkylamide spilanthol. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Plants are often used for skin diseases in different ethnopharmacological systems. Local and systemic effects of topically applied compounds can be significantly increased by plant constituents having skin penetration enhancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we examined the proposed penetration enhancing properties of spilanthol, an N-alkylamide abundantly present in several Asteraceae plants like Spilanthes acmella L., on three model drugs (caffeine, testosterone and ibuprofen). Moreover, as plants are frequently contaminated with toxic environmental substances, the mutual influence on the transdermal behavior between spilanthol and six model mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1, citrinin, zearalenone, T-2 toxin) was investigated. RESULTS: Spilanthol exhibits component and concentration dependent penetration enhancing effects. No significant penetration enhancing effect for ibuprofen has been observed, but with increasing spilanthol concentration (from 0 up to 1w/V%), the permeability of caffeine increased, resulting in an enhancing ratio (ER) of 4.60. For testosterone, a maximal penetration enhancing concentration of 0.5% spilanthol was found (ER=4.13). Next to its beneficial applicability to increase local as well as systemic pharmacological effects of dermally co-administrated drug, this N-alkylamide negatively influences human health risk if spilanthol containing formulations are polluted with mycotoxins: the presence of spilanthol (0.3w/V%) induced a significant increase of permeability coefficient Kp of five investigated mycotoxins, with ER values ranging between 1.57 and 6.37. On the other hand, mycotoxins themselves do not significantly influence the transdermal behavior of spilanthol. CONCLUSIONS: The existence of a significant mutual influence of compounds towards skin penetration should always be considered during the development or as part of the functional quality evaluation of topical products.
{"Chemical": ["spilanthol", "T-2 toxin", "ibuprofen", "zearalenone", "ochratoxin A", "caffeine", "Spilanthol", "aflatoxin B1", "fumonisin B1", "citrinin", "N-alkylamide", "N-alkylamide spilanthol", "testosterone"]}