You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["HealthCareActivity", "InjuryOrPoisoning", "BodySubstance", "IntellectualProduct", "AnatomicalStructure", "SpatialConcept", "Chemical", "Bacterium", "MedicalDevice", "Organization", "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline", "Finding", "BiologicFunction", "Virus", "ResearchActivity", "ClinicalAttribute", "PopulationGroup", "Eukaryote", "BodySystem", "Food", "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup"].

Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Virus": ["HIV", ...], "Bacterium": ["MRSA", ...], "AnatomicalStructure": ["Lung", ...], "BodySystem": ["CNS", ...], "BodySubstance": ["Serum", ...], "Finding": ["Headache", ...], "InjuryOrPoisoning": ["Fracture", ...], "BiologicFunction": ["Death", ...], "HealthCareActivity": ["Biopsy", ...], "ResearchActivity": ["Clinical trial", ...], "MedicalDevice": ["Lenses", ...], "SpatialConcept": ["Camps", ...], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": ["Forensic medicine", ...], "Organization": ["WHO", ...], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": ["Provider", ...], "PopulationGroup": ["Swimmers", ...], "Chemical": ["Gold", ...], "Food": ["Rice", ...], "IntellectualProduct": ["RPAM", ...], "ClinicalAttribute": ["Biomarker", ...], "Eukaryote": ["Dogs", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].

Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.

Abstract:

Prostate external beam radiotherapy combined with high-dose-rate brachytherapy: dose - volume parameters from deformably-registered plans correlate with late gastrointestinal complications Derivation of dose - volume correlated with toxicity for multi-modal treatments can be difficult due to the perceived need for voxel-by-voxel dose accumulation. With data available for a single - institution cohort with long follow-up, an investigation was undertaken into rectal dose - volume effects for gastrointestinal toxicities after deformably-registering each phase of a combined external beam radiotherapy (EBRT)/ high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy prostate treatment. One hundred and eighteen patients received EBRT in 23 fractions of 2 Gy and HDR (TG43 algorithm) in 3 fractions of 6.5 Gy. Results for the Late Effects of Normal Tissues - Subjective, Objective, Management and Analytic toxicity assessments were available with a median follow-up of 72 months. The HDR CT was deformably-registered to the EBRT CT. Doses were corrected for dose fractionation. Rectum dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters were calculated in two ways. (1) Distribution-adding: parameters were calculated after the EBRT dose distribution was 3D-summed with the registered HDR dose distribution. (2) Parameter-adding: the EBRT DVH parameters were added to HDR DVH parameters. Logistic regressions and Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to correlate parameters with late peak toxicity (dichotomised at grade 1 or 2). The 48-80, 40-63 and 49-55 Gy dose regions from distribution-adding were significantly correlated with rectal bleeding, urgency / tenesmus and stool frequency respectively. Additionally, urgency / tenesmus and anorectal pain were associated with the 25-26 Gy and 44-48 Gy dose regions from distribution-adding respectively. Parameter-adding also indicated the low - mid dose region was significantly correlated with stool frequency and proctitis. This study confirms significant dose-histogram effects for gastrointestinal toxicities after including deformable registration to combine phases of EBRT / HDR prostate cancer treatment. The findings from distribution-adding were in most cases consistent with those from parameter-adding. The mid - high dose range and near maximum doses were important for rectal bleeding. The distribution-adding mid - high dose range was also important for stool frequency and urgency / tenesmus. We encourage additional studies in a variety of institutions using a variety of dose accumulation methods with appropriate inter-fraction motion management. NCT NCT00193856. Retrospectively registered 12 September 2005.
{"AnatomicalStructure": ["Rectum"], "Bacterium": [], "BiologicFunction": ["proctitis", "gastrointestinal complications", "prostate cancer", "urgency", "rectal bleeding"], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": [], "BodySubstance": [], "BodySystem": [], "Chemical": [], "ClinicalAttribute": [], "Eukaryote": [], "Finding": ["findings", "tenesmus", "anorectal pain", "stool frequency", "parameters", "gastrointestinal toxicities", "confirms"], "Food": [], "HealthCareActivity": ["HDR", "dose fractionation", "voxel-by-voxel dose accumulation", "CT", "multi-modal treatments", "high-dose-rate brachytherapy", "follow-up", "dose accumulation methods", "prostate treatment", "treatment", "high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy"], "InjuryOrPoisoning": [], "IntellectualProduct": ["deformably-registered plans", "DVH", "Parameter-adding", "parameter-adding", "TG43 algorithm", "Late Effects of Normal Tissues - Subjective, Objective, Management and Analytic toxicity assessments", "dose-histogram", "Distribution-adding", "deformable registration", "grade", "distribution-adding", "dose-volume histogram"], "MedicalDevice": [], "Organization": ["institution"], "PopulationGroup": ["cohort"], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": [], "ResearchActivity": ["Logistic regressions", "study", "studies"], "SpatialConcept": ["regions", "mid", "region", "rectal"], "Virus": []}