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three - dimensional ( 3d ) computed tomography ( ct ) provides accurate and detailed information for diagnosis and treatment planning of dentofacial deformities .
although volume - rendered and multiplanar reconstructed images are mostly used , 3d surface models are more useful in some circumstances , such as evaluation of facial asymmetry1,2 and computer - assisted surgical simulation.3,4,5,6 despite the many advantages of 3d ct , detailed occlusal and accurate interocclusal data can not be obtained
. moreover , image quality is affected by artifacts induced by various factors such as beam hardening , extinction , scatter , noise , exponential edge gradient effect , aliasing , partial volume effect , and object motion.7,8,9,10 in particular , the quality is worsened by the existence of metals such as orthodontic brackets and dental restorations.7,11,12 to overcome this limitation , attempts have been made to combine maxillofacial ct images with digital dental models.13,14,15,16,17,18 in this method , the dental part of a ct image is replaced with a 3d dental surface model created by optical14 or laser scanning.13,15,16,17,18 nevertheless , artifacts influence image accuracy when surface registration is used for the fusion.14,18 the purpose of this study was to assess artifacts induced by metallic restorations in 3d dental surface models derived by cone - beam computed tomography ( cbct ) .
for this study , extracted human premolars and molars were prepared by removing soft tissue , residual bone , and calculus and embedded in plaster blocks ( 15 specimens with four different teeth per specimen ) such that their crowns were aligned as in the natural dentition . in each specimen ,
cavities of increasing size were prepared in the second premolar according to the standard methods19 and the tooth was restored with dental amalgam , as follows : no restoration ( control ) , small occlusal restoration , large occlusal restoration , disto - occlusal restoration , and mesio - occluso - distal restoration ( figure 1 ) .
five sequential scans were obtained with a cbct scanner ( alphard vega ; asahi roentgen ind .
co. , kyoto , japan ) before and after the restorations under the following conditions : 80 kv , 5 ma , 0.39  0.39  0.39 mm voxel size , and 200  179 mm field of view ( fov ) .
the images were saved in digital imaging and communication in medicine ( dicom ) format and imported into imaging software ( invivodental 5.0 ; anatomage , san jose , ca , usa ) .
then , 3d surface models were constructed by using segmentation threshold values ranging from 600 to 3,071 according to the program 's default function and converted to stereolithographic format . to reveal artifacts ,
each restored model was registered with the control model by using the iterative closest point algorithm20 in 3d reverse engineering software ( rapidform 2006 ; inus , seoul , korea ) .
regional registration was used to calculate rotation and translation from surface information of the two data sets .
corresponding points and shapes were searched and their distance was minimized after rotation and translation .
discrepancies between the models were shown by color mapping . for quantitative assessment , maximum linear discrepancy , area , and intensity of artifacts were measured .
maximum linear discrepancy was measured as the distance between shells at the most protruded point of the graphic ( figure 2a and 2b ) .
the shell / shell deviation function of the reverse engineering software was used to neglect discrepancies smaller than 0.5 mm .
the graphics were exported to image analysis software ( image - pro plus 4.1 ; media cybernetics , bethesda , md , usa ) , and artifact area in the buccal , lingual , and occlusal views was measured by using the area function of the software ( figure 2c and 2d ) .
artifact intensity was determined from cross - sectional views at the level of the maximum linear discrepancy and 0.5 and 1.0 mm above and below .
the cross - sectional graphics were exported to the image analysis software , and the area of discrepancy at each level was measured .
the sum of the five areas was defined as artifact intensity ( figure 2e and 2f ) .
one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to analyze parametric differences according to increasing restoration size , and the tukey test was used for post - hoc comparisons .
all analyses were carried out by the spss software program ( version 18.0 ; spss inc .
one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) was used to analyze parametric differences according to increasing restoration size , and the tukey test was used for post - hoc comparisons .
all analyses were carried out by the spss software program ( version 18.0 ; spss inc . , chicago , il , usa ) .
color mapping revealed artifacts in all cases . they were present not only on the second premolar but also on the adjacent teeth and mostly on the buccal and lingual surfaces . on these surfaces ,
the maximum linear discrepancy was the least for the small occlusal restoration and the greatest for the mesiooccluso - distal restoration ( table 1 ) , with significant differences among the models
. similarly , artifact area and intensity significantly increased with increasing restoration size ( tables 2 and 3 , respectively ) .
a 3d surface model is influenced by several factors such as scan field and segmentation threshold value.21 this study used the specimen which consisted of extracted teeth .
we wanted to simulate cbct scans of actual patient as much as possible while we used the specimen .
the segmentation threshold value also followed the default value of the program which is used as a routine in clinical practice .
measurements of 3d surface models reconstructed from cbct scan data are reportedly larger than physical measurements.22,23,24 ye et al.24 showed that volumetric measurements from cbct scans are larger than those from laser scans of extracted human teeth .
laser - scanned images might be the gold standard for experiments with 3d surface models .
however , cbct scans without restoration were used as the control in this study because the aim was to assess artifacts from metallic restorations in cbct scans .
comparison of the accuracy of 3d surface models derived from cbct with those from other imaging methods was not the focus .
after registering each restored model with the control model of a specimen , discrepancies between the shells were evaluated both graphically and numerically .
they were present not only on the second premolar but also on the adjacent teeth .
it causes beam hardening artifacts which are the most prominent artifacts induced by high - density objects in the beam 's path.11,12,25 in beam hardening , a polychromatic x - ray beam gradually becomes harder when passing through high - density objects , by which lesser - energy photons are absorbed and only higher - energy photons pass through . while the artifact appears as streaks in 2d images , it " bulges " in 3d surface models . in the case of the larger restorations in this study ,
the finding of artifacts mostly on the buccal and lingual surfaces compared with the occlusal surface indicates that artifacts appear in the horizontal direction , not vertically , on 3d surface models .
the difference is likely attributable to the direction of the x - ray beam of the scanner , because the emitter of a cbct scanner rotates around an object in the horizontal direction . in this study ,
the maximum linear discrepancy was the least and greatest in models of the small occlusal and mesio - occluso - distal restorations , respectively .
positive relationships between the extent of artifact and the restoration size were also observed in the artifact area and intensity measurements . while artifact reduction can be attempted by reconstruction algorithms,26
a simple alternative is to replace the highly absorbing material with a less dense one , such as composite resin , before cbct scanning . during orthodontic treatment ,
the resulting changes in artifacts can be evaluated quantitatively by the method used in this study .
another way to avoid artifacts in 3d surface models of the head is to replace the artifact - laden dental part with optical or laser - scanned dental images . for fabricating appliances such as surgical splint and indirect bonding tray ,
the dental part should be replaced with images containing detailed occlusal and accurate interocclusal data .
however , these procedures are complicated for practitioners , particularly when fiducial markers are used for registering models derived from two imaging modalities.13,15,27 a simpler method is to integrate the digital data of a plaster cast with ct data by surface registration13,16,17,18 using an iterative closest point algorithm,20 without fiducial markers .
however , it should be noted that artifacts affect registration accuracy in case of using surface registration in the implementation of digital dental model into ct scan data.18,28 lin et al.18 reported greater registration errors in models with artifacts than in those without artifacts although all the measurements exhibited acceptable interoperator and intraoperator reproducibility . in this study ,
cbct images were obtained with a large fov , so a large voxel size was used .
as artifacts differ according to voxel size and fov , it needs to be evaluated under other scan conditions , such as smaller voxel size .
further , comparative studies with other dental materials , such as composite resin , are needed , considering that beam hardening artifacts are influenced by object density .
in particular , the 3d surface models created in this study do not represent actual patients .
metallic restorations induce considerable artifacts in 3d dental surface models . artifact reduction should be taken into consideration for a proper diagnosis and treatment planning when using 3d surface model derived by cbct in dentofacial deformity patients . on the other hand , the present study would be useful for assessing various artifact - inducing factors , such as scan field , voxel size , segmentation threshold value , and dental material type .
objectivethe aim of this study was to assess artifacts induced by metallic restorations in three - dimensional ( 3d ) dental surface models derived by cone - beam computed tomography ( cbct).methodsfifteen specimens , each with four extracted human premolars and molars embedded in a plaster block , were scanned by cbct before and after the cavitated second premolars were restored with dental amalgam . 
 five consecutive surface models of each specimen were created according to increasing restoration size : no restoration ( control ) and small occlusal , large occlusal , disto - occlusal , and mesio - occluso - distal restorations . after registering 
 each restored model with the control model , maximum linear discrepancy , area , and intensity of the artifacts were measured and compared.resultsartifacts developed mostly on the buccal and lingual surfaces . 
 they occurred not only on the second premolar but also on the first premolar and first molar . 
 the parametric values increased significantly with increasing restoration size.conclusionsmetallic restorations induce considerable artifacts in 3d dental surface models . 
 artifact reduction should be taken into consideration for a proper diagnosis and treatment planning when using 3d surface model derived by cbct in dentofacial deformity patients .