You will be presented with a collection of medical randomized controlled trial (RCT) reports addressing a shared clinical question -- for instance, the efficacy of a medical intervention on a disease or condition. Given the titles and abstracts of these reports, your task is to generate the conclusion of the systematic review article synthesizing the key findings. Your conclusion should be a few sentences long. In your response, include only the conclusion and no other text. The RCT reports are below.



Title 1:
The Neural Correlates of Moral Sensitivity: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Investigation of Basic and Moral Emotions
Abstract 1:
Humans are endowed with a natural sense of fairness that permeates social perceptions and interactions . This moral stance is so ubiquitous that we may not notice it as a fundamental component of daily decision making and in the workings of many legal , political , and social systems . Emotion plays a pivotal role in moral experience by assigning human values to events , objects , and actions . Although the brain correlates of basic emotions have been explored , the neural organization of “ moral emotions ” in the human brain remains poorly understood . Using functional magnetic resonance imaging and a passive visual task , we show that both basic and moral emotions activate the amygdala , thalamus , and upper midbrain . The orbital and medial prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus are also recruited by viewing scenes evocative of moral emotions . Our results indicate that the orbital and medial sectors of the prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus region , which are critical regions for social behavior and perception , play a central role in moral appraisal s. We suggest that the automatic tagging of ordinary social events with moral values may be an important mechanism for implicit social behaviors in humans


Title 2:
Functional Specialization within the Medial Frontal Gyrus for Perceptual Go/No-Go Decisions Based on What, When, and Where Related Information: An fMRI Study
Abstract 2:
Cortical systems engaged during executive and volitional functions receive and integrate input from multiple systems . However , these integration processes are not well understood . In particular , it is not known whether these input pathways converge or remain segregated at the executive levels of cortical information processing . If unilateral information streams are conserved within structures that serve high-level executive functions , then the functional organization within these structures would predictably be similarly organized . If , however , unilateral input information streams are integrated within executive-related structures , then activity patterns will not necessarily reflect lower organizations . In this study , subjects were imaged during the performance of a perceptual go/nogo task for which instructions were based on spatial ( where ) , temporal ( when ) , or object ( what ) stimulus features known to engage unilateral processing streams , and the expected hemispheric biases were observed for early processing areas . For example , activity within the inferior and middle occipital gyri , and the middle temporal gyrus , during the what and when tasks , was biased toward the left hemisphere , and toward the right hemisphere during the where task . We discover a similar lateralization within the medial frontal gyrus , a region associated with high-level executive functions and decision-related processes . This lateralization was observed regardless of whether the response was executed or imagined , and was demonstrated in multiple sensory modalities . Although active during the go/no-go task , the cingulate gyrus did not show a similar lateralization . These findings further differentiate the organizations and functions of the medial frontal and cingulate executive regions , and suggest that the executive mechanisms operative within the medial frontal gyrus preserve fundamental aspects of input processing streams


Title 3:
Influence of bodily harm on neural correlates of semantic and moral decision-making
Abstract 3:
Moral decision-making is central to everyday social life because the evaluation of the actions of another agent or our own actions made with respect to the norms and values guides our behavior in a community . There is previous evidence that the presence of bodily harm -- even if irrelevant for a decision -- may affect the decision-making process . While recent neuroimaging studies found a common neural substrate of moral decision-making , the role of bodily harm has not been systematic ally studied so far . Here we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) to investigate how behavioral and neural correlates of semantic and moral decision-making processes are modulated by the presence of direct bodily harm or violence in the stimuli . Twelve participants made moral and semantic decisions about sentences describing actions of agents that either contained bodily harm or not and that could easily be judged as being good or bad or correct/incorrect , respectively . During moral and semantic decision-making , the presence of bodily harm result ed in faster response times ( RT ) and weaker activity in the temporal poles relative to trials devoid of bodily harm/violence , indicating a processing advantage and reduced processing depth for violence-related linguistic stimuli . Notably , there was no increase in activity in the amygdala and the posterior cingulate cortex ( PCC ) in response to trials containing bodily harm . These findings might be a correlate of limited generation of the semantic and emotional context in the anterior temporal poles during the evaluation of actions of another agent related to violence that is made with respect to the norms and values guiding our behavior in a community


Title 4:
Language dominance in neurologically normal and epilepsy subjects: a functional MRI study.
Abstract 4:
Language dominance and factors that influence language lateralization were investigated in right-h and ed , neurologically normal subjects ( n = 100 ) and right-h and ed epilepsy patients ( n = 50 ) using  functional MRI . Increases in blood oxygenation-dependent signal during a semantic language activation task relative to a non-linguistic , auditory discrimination task provided an index of language system lateralization . As expected , the majority of both groups showed left hemisphere dominance , although a continuum of activation asymmetry was evident , with nearly all subjects showing some degree of right hemisphere activation . Using a categorical dominance classification , 94 % of the normal subjects were considered left hemisphere dominant and 6 % had bilateral , roughly symmetric language representation . None of the normal subjects had rightward dominance . There was greater variability of language dominance in the epilepsy group , with 78 % showing left hemisphere dominance , 16 % showing a symmetric pattern and 6 % showing right hemisphere dominance . Atypical language dominance in the epilepsy group was associated with an earlier age of brain injury and with weaker right h and dominance . Language lateralization in the normal group was weakly related to age , but was not significantly related to sex , education , task performance or familial left-h and edness
Conjunction analysis revealed shared activation for both types of moral judgement in the left middle temporal gyrus , cingulate gyrus , and medial frontal gyrus .
Contrast analyses found no significant clusters of increased activation for the moral evaluations-moral response decisions contrast , but found that moral response decisions additionally activated the left and right middle temporal gyrus and the right precuneus .
Making one 's own moral decisions involves different brain areas compared to judging the moral actions of others , implying that these judgements may involve different processes