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Paper text:
a functional fifth metacarpus and functional ulnar fingers are important for the locking grip and supporting grip .
the reverse digital artery island flap is a safe and reliable procedure with a high survival rate .
the hypothenar area is used as a vascularized flap donor site very infrequently in the clinical practice .
the aim of this study was to present our experience using the reverse hypothenar island flap for finger reconstruction and to evaluate clinical benefits of this safe and easy surgical technique .
hypothenar skin is vascularized by different types of perforators that come out from the ulnar palmar digital artery of the little finger that emerges from the superficial palmar arterial arch . in the most distal region of this area ,
fasciocutaneous perforators are the dominant vascular supply , but in the proximal segment , musculocutaneous perforators are more dominant .
a constant sizeable perforator was identified within 0.7 cm from the proximal margin of the a1 pulley .
neural supply of this area is from the dorsal or palmar cutaneous branches of the ulnar nerve .
the average distances from the superficial palmar arch and deep palmar arch to the carpometacarpal joint of the ring finger were 32.2  6.33 mm and 18.3  4.64 mm , respectively .
ulnar digital artery of the little finger is a direct branch of the superficial arch .
a finger has three transverse palmar arches and the proximal transverse palmar arch is located at the level of the neck of the proximal phalanx .
flap dissection is performed in the subfascial plane of medial side of the abductor digiti minimi muscle .
multiple perforating branches running transversely and arising from the ulnar palmar digital artery are identified .
after ligating the ulnar palmar digital artery and concomitant veins at the proximal side of the flap , they are retrogradely dissected at the distal point of rotation which supplies reverse flow of the flap .
the distal point of rotation is the neck of proximal phalanx , which is related to the proximal transverse palmar arch between the ulnar and radial palmar arteries .
a perivascular cuff of tissue is preserved that aids in venous drainage [ figure 1 ] .
the average distance from the superficial pal mar arch to the carpometacarpal joint of the ring finger was 32.2 mm  6.33 mm .
a constant sizeable perforator was identified within 0.7 cm from the proximal margin of the a1 pulley . in the most distal region of this area ,
we consider that is unsafe to pass the pedicle under a tunnel , so we recommend a brunner incision from the donor site to the defect [ figure 2 ] . the donor site is closed primarily .
hypothenar skin is vascularized by different types of perforators that come out from the ulnar palmar digital artery of the little finger that emerges from the superficial palmar arterial arch . in the most distal region of this area ,
fasciocutaneous perforators are the dominant vascular supply , but in the proximal segment , musculocutaneous perforators are more dominant .
a constant sizeable perforator was identified within 0.7 cm from the proximal margin of the a1 pulley .
neural supply of this area is from the dorsal or palmar cutaneous branches of the ulnar nerve .
the average distances from the superficial palmar arch and deep palmar arch to the carpometacarpal joint of the ring finger were 32.2  6.33 mm and 18.3  4.64 mm , respectively .
ulnar digital artery of the little finger is a direct branch of the superficial arch .
a finger has three transverse palmar arches and the proximal transverse palmar arch is located at the level of the neck of the proximal phalanx .
flap dissection is performed in the subfascial plane of medial side of the abductor digiti minimi muscle .
multiple perforating branches running transversely and arising from the ulnar palmar digital artery are identified .
after ligating the ulnar palmar digital artery and concomitant veins at the proximal side of the flap , they are retrogradely dissected at the distal point of rotation which supplies reverse flow of the flap .
the distal point of rotation is the neck of proximal phalanx , which is related to the proximal transverse palmar arch between the ulnar and radial palmar arteries .
a perivascular cuff of tissue is preserved that aids in venous drainage [ figure 1 ] .
the average distance from the superficial pal mar arch to the carpometacarpal joint of the ring finger was 32.2 mm  6.33 mm .
a constant sizeable perforator was identified within 0.7 cm from the proximal margin of the a1 pulley . in the most distal region of this area ,
we consider that is unsafe to pass the pedicle under a tunnel , so we recommend a brunner incision from the donor site to the defect [ figure 2 ] . the donor site is closed primarily .
since 2013 , nine patients with soft - tissue defects and amputation injuries of the little fingerwere treated using a vascularized flap from the hypothenar area [ table 1 ] . because the flap gains its vascular supply from the opposite digital artery by retrograde perfusion , preoperative assessment of the integrity of the digital arteries
there were one female and eight male patients and their ages at the time of surgery averaged 28 years .
the size of the soft - tissue defects ranged from 12 mm  12 mm to 20 mm  13 mm .
the soft - tissue defects were at the level of distal inter - phalangeal joint crease or distal to it .
the size of the flaps ranged from 15 mm  10 mm to 20 mm  15 mm .
, we asked all the patients two questions ( question 1 and 2 ) after 6 months postoperatively [ table 2 ] .
we assessed moving two - point discrimination ( 2 pd ) and cold intolerance of all the patients .
the follow - up periods ranged from 10 months to 25 months , with an average of 14 months .
all patients expressed satisfaction with the flap procedure and the aesthetic results [ figure 3 ] .
( a ) preoperative view , ( b ) immediate postoperative view and ( c ) postoperative view , after 3 months five of the patients answered to question 2 saying that the result was excellent .
two patients answered to question 2 saying that the result was good and the other two patients answered to question 2 saying that the result was fair .
four patients who did not answer to question 2 said that the result was excellent ; however , they showed the longitudinal scar at the donor site and in one of them secondary multiple z - plasties was required at the follow - up after 6 months because of limited active extension of proximal inter - phalangeal ( pip ) joint of little finger which has 20 loss of active extension .
eight of nine patients had normal active extension of pip joint at the sixth month , postoperatively .
we used the modified american society for surgery of the hand guidelines to stratify the 2 pd measurements ( excellent , 6 mm ; good , 6 - 10 mm ; fair , 11 - 15 mm ; poor , 15 mm ) .
we assessed the cold intolerance of all the patients using the self - administered cold intolerance severity score questionnaire that was rated into mild , moderate , severe and extreme ( 0 - 25 , 26 - 50 , 51 - 75 and 76 - 100 ) [ table 3 ] .
digital soft - tissue reconstruction has been developed using the knowledge of the small digital arteries and the different angiosomes located on specific zones of the hand .
the reverse hypothenar flap anatomy has been described earlier , including the number of perforants found and the maximal size of the skin island permitted .
the allen test is necessary because the ulnar palmar digital vessel is divided at the proximal end and vascularity of the finger entirely depends on the integrity of radial digital vessel .
pan - deng hao et al . recommended that using cutaneous perforator flaps is a better option than sacrificing a digital artery .
but ulnar palmar perforator flap can not reach the distal level of the little finger .
the procedure is easy when flap dissection is performed in the subfascial plane over the abductor digiti minimi muscle .
recommended that subfascial dissection of the flap should be performed from the dorsal side of the hand . on the contrary , in our study
wolff et al . stated that venous congestion is a disadvantage of hypothenar island flap .
adipofascial pedicle of the flap seemed bulky at first gaze but patients are satisfied with the result after a few months .
all the patients are satisfied because they do not have a short finger . like postburn sequel of the fifth finger , nonfunctioning fifth finger
this flap provides all reconstructive goals including stable coverage , with colour , texture , sensibility and volume similar to the normal local tissue .
although normal sensation is not completely restored , we believe that this flap provides enough sensation for the little finger without neurotization . however , in this study , the double sensibility phenomenon which is a constant problem of littler 's flap was not seen .
the only absolute contraindication for using this flap is severe injury to the little finger with vascular compromise of the digits .
other relative contraindications are elderly patients or those suffering from vascular diseases or long - standing diabetes .
the success of flap survival of our study can be related to the age group of the patients .
potential disadvantages of the hypothenar flap are contracture and limited extension of little finger because of continuous incisions of palmar side of the hand .
we recommend brunner incisions or littler diamond incisions which we used in seven of them .
s incision only in two of the nine patients at the proximal metacarpophalangeal joint crease .
one of them was operated for multiple z - plasties because of limited active extension of the proximal interphalangeal ( pip ) joint .
loss of active extension of the pip joint was measured 20 at the sixth month of the hypothenar island flap operation although scar massage and range of motion exercises were advised .
after multiple z - plasties , the pip joint gained 15 active extension . both patient compliance with rehabilitation and choice of appropriate incision technique
can overcome the potential disadvantage of this flap which may require secondary procedure of multiple z - plasties .
soft - tissue defects of the little finger are challenging especially when bone , tendon or vascular pedicle is exposed because of trauma . 
 the hypothenar island flap is easy to harvest and has a good colour and texture match to the little finger pulp . 
 we present nine clinical cases of soft tissue defects of the little finger covered using the reversed hypothenar fasciocutaneous island flap . 
 this article intends to highlight the ease of elevation and good clinical results of the hypothenar flap which is rarely used .