You will be presented with a collection of medical randomized controlled trial (RCT) reports addressing a shared clinical question -- for instance, the efficacy of a medical intervention on a disease or condition. Given the titles and abstracts of these reports, your task is to generate the conclusion of the systematic review article synthesizing the key findings. Your conclusion should be a few sentences long. In your response, include only the conclusion and no other text. The RCT reports are below.



Title 1:
Does action planning moderate the intention-habit interaction in the exercise domain? A three-way interaction analysis investigation
Abstract 1:
Both habit strength and action planning have been found to moderate the intention-exercise behaviour relationship , but no research exists that has investigated how habit strength and action planning simultaneously influence this relationship . The present study was design ed to explore this issue in a prospect i ve sample of undergraduate students ( N = 415 ) :  action planning , habit strength , intention , attitudes , subjective norms and perceived behavioural control were assessed at baseline and exercise behaviour was assessed 2 weeks later . Both habit strength and action planning moderated the intention-exercise relationship , with stronger relationship at higher levels of planning or habit strength . Decomposing a significant action planning × habit strength × intention interaction showed that the strength of the intention-exercise relationship progressed linearly through levels of action planning and habit strength . These novel results show that action planning strengthens the intention-habit strength interaction in the exercise domain : exercise interventions should therefore focus on simultaneously bolstering action planning and habit strength


Title 2:
Learning to dislike alcohol: conditioning negative implicit attitudes toward alcohol and its effect on drinking behavior
Abstract 2:
Rationale Since implicit attitudes toward alcohol play an important role in drinking behavior , a possible way to obtain a behavioral change is changing these implicit attitudes . Objectives This study examined whether a change in implicit attitudes and in drinking behavior can be achieved via evaluative conditioning . Methods Participants were r and omly assigned to an experimental condition and a control condition . In the experimental condition , participants were subjected to an evaluative conditioning procedure that consistently pairs alcohol-related cues with negative stimuli . In the control condition , alcohol-related cues were consistently paired with neutral stimuli during the evaluative conditioning phase .  Implicit attitudes , explicit attitudes , and drinking behavior were measured before and after the evaluative conditioning phase . Results Following the evaluative conditioning procedure , participants in the experimental condition showed stronger negative implicit attitudes toward alcohol and consumed less alcohol compared to participants in the control condition . However , this effect was only found when the evaluative conditioning task paired alcohol-related cues with general negative pictures , but not when using pictures of frowning faces . Conclusions These results demonstrate that evaluative conditioning can effectively change implicit attitudes toward alcohol and also suggest that this procedure can be used to change drinking behavior . Hence , evaluative conditioning may be a useful new intervention tool to combat alcohol misuse


Title 3:
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test.
Abstract 3:
An implicit association test ( IAT ) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute . The 2 concepts appear in a 2-choice task ( 2-choice task ( e.g. , flower vs. insect names ) , and the attribute in a 2nd task ( e.g. , pleasant vs. unpleasant words for an evaluation attribute ) . When instructions oblige highly associated categories ( e.g. , flower + pleasant ) to share a response key , performance is faster than when less associated categories ( e.g. , insect & pleasant ) share a key . This performance difference implicitly measures differential association of the 2 concepts with the attribute . In 3 experiments , the IAT was sensitive to ( a ) near-universal evaluative differences ( e.g. , flower vs. insect ) , ( b ) expected individual differences in evaluative associations ( Japanese + pleasant vs. Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects ) , and ( c ) consciously disavowed evaluative differences ( Black + pleasant vs. White + pleasant for self-described unprejudiced White subjects )


Title 4:
Action Control of Exercise Behavior: Evaluation of Social Cognition, Cross-Behavioral Regulation, and Automaticity
Abstract 4:
Intention is considered the proximal determinant of behavior in many popular theories applied to underst and ing physical activity , yet intention – behavior discordance is high . Thus , an underst and ing of constructs that facilitate or inhibit the successful translation of intentions into behavior is both timely and important . The action control approach of dividing the intention – behavior relationship into quadrants of successful/unsuccessful intenders has shown utility in the past by demonstrating the magnitude of intention – behavior discordance and allowing for an outcome variable to test predictors . The purpose of this article was to evaluate automaticity and cross-behavioral regulation as predictors of exercise action control , in conjunction with other more st and ard social cognitive predictors of perceived behavioral control and affective and instrumental attitudes . Participants were a r and om sample of 263 college students who completed predictor measures at time one , followed by exercise behavior two weeks later . Participants were classified into three intention – behavior profiles : ( 1 ) nonintenders ( 14.1 % ; n = 31 ) , ( 2 ) unsuccessful intenders ( 35.5 % ; n = 78 ) , and ( 3 ) successful intenders ( 48.6 % ; n = 107 ) . Affective attitude , perceived behavioral control , automaticity , and cross-behavioral regulation were predictors of action control . The results demonstrate that automaticity and cross-behavioral regulation , constructs not typically used in intention-based theories , predict intention – behavior discordance


Title 5:
The automatic component of habit in health behavior: habit as cue-contingent automaticity.
Abstract 5:
OBJECTIVE Habit might be usefully characterized as a form of automaticity that involves the association of a cue and a response . Three studies examined habitual automaticity in regard to different aspects of the cue-response relationship characteristic of unhealthy and healthy habits . DESIGN , MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES , AND RESULTS In each study , habitual automaticity was assessed by the  Self-Report Habit Index ( SRHI ) . In Study 1 SRHI scores correlated with attentional bias to smoking cues in a Stroop task . Study 2 examined the ability of a habit cue to elicit an unwanted habit response . In a prospect i ve field study , habitual automaticity in relation to smoking when drinking alcohol in a licensed public house ( pub ) predicted the likelihood of cigarette-related action slips 2 months later after smoking in pubs had become illegal . In Study 3 experimental group participants formed an implementation  intention to floss  in response to a specified situational cue . Habitual automaticity of dental flossing  was rapidly enhanced compared to controls . CONCLUSION The studies provided three different demonstrations of the importance of cues in the automatic operation of habits . Habitual automaticity assessed by the SRHI captured aspects of a habit that go beyond mere frequency or consistency of the behavior


Title 6:
Intervention-related cognitive versus social mediators of exercise adherence in the elderly.
Abstract 6:
CONTEXT Participation in regular physical activity is recognized as one of the most important health behaviors associated with the prevention of chronic disease and the promotion of health and well-being among the elderly . Although a number of cross-sectional studies have reported predictors of physical activity participation , few studies have assessed changes in intervention-related mediators associated with physical activity adherence in the elderly . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the relative abilities of cognitive mediating variables ( i.e. , self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectancies/realizations ) versus a social mediating variable ( i.e. , exercise-related social support ) to examine mediators of a telephone-based , exercise-counseling intervention on exercise adherence during months 7 to 12 of an exercise intervention . METHOD Participants were 103 community-dwelling , healthy , sedentary , older adults ( 67 women and 36 men ) .  Self-efficacy for exercise , outcome expectancies/realizations , and social support for exercise were assessed at baseline , 6 months , and 12 months . Participants received telephone-based exercise counseling to promote exercise adherence during the course of two 12-month exercise programs ( i.e. , aerobic/strength or flexibility exercises ) . RESULTS Changes in cognitive mediators ( i.e. , self-efficacy and fitness outcome realizations ) were associated with 7- to 12-month  exercise adherence  while exercise-related social support was not . CONCLUSION Attention should be given to increasing confidence in the elderly to overcome barriers to exercise and achieve relevant fitness outcomes in exercise programs


Title 7:
Habit strength moderates the effects of daily action planning prompts on physical activity but not sedentary behavior.
Abstract 7:
This study was design ed to examine the moderating influence of habit strength on daily action planning effects on physical activity and sedentary behavior . A 2 by 2 design was used with experimental factors corresponding to action planning interventions for ( a ) engaging in physical activity and ( b ) limiting or interrupting sedentary behavior . At the end of each day for 1 week , university students ( n = 195 ) completed ( a ) a question naire about their behavior during the day and behavioral intentions for the following day and ( b ) a planning intervention(s ) corresponding to their r and omly assigned experimental condition . Action planning increased physical activity in those with weak habits but decreased physical activity in those with strong habits compared with those who did not create action plans . Action planning did not impact sedentary behavior .  Action planning was a useful behavior change technique for increasing physical activity in people with weak habits , but may be iatrogenic for those with strong habits


Title 8:
Intention-behavior gap is wider for walking and moderate physical activity than for vigorous physical activity in university students.
Abstract 8:
OBJECTIVES The theory of planned behavior proposes that physical activity is the result of intentions ; however little is known about whether the relation between intentions and behavior differs between vigorous , moderate physical activity , and walking . For university students , vigorous physical activity is oftentimes enacted as a goal -directed behavior ; whereas walking is oftentimes a means to achieving a goal other than physical activity ( e.g. , transportation ) . DESIGN The study was a one-week prospect i ve study . METHODS Undergraduate students ( N=164 ) reported intentions for walking , moderate physical activity , and vigorous physical activity and self-reported these behaviors one week later . RESULTS Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that intentions were more strongly related to vigorous physical activity than to moderate physical activity or walking . CONCLUSIONS Intention-enhancing interventions may effectively promote vigorous physical activity , but other motivational processes may be more appropriate to target in interventions of walking and moderate physical activity
The findings support that habitual regulatory processes measured via self-report are directly associated with physical activity beyond conscious processes , and that there is likely interdependency between habit strength and intentions .
A small body of evidence demonstrated a variety of priming effects on physical activity .