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the religious cognitive  emotional therapy is essentially a new form of cognitive theory based on religious approaches . according to cognitive theories , what we think ( cognition ) , what we feel ( emotion and affect ) and how we act ( behavior )
the basic aim of the cognitive therapy is to identify irrational or maladaptive thoughts , assumptions and beliefs which are related to debilitating negative emotions to identify what is dysfunctional or just not helpful about them .
therefore , the patients must give away irrational and distorted thoughts and replace them with more realistic and self - helping alternatives ( 33 ) .
two major theories in the cognitive approach are the cognitive behavior therapy ( cbt ) that was developed by aaron t. beck ( 34 , 35 ) and rational emotive behavior therapy ( rebt ) that was proposed by albert ellis ( 36 , 37 ) .
beck ( 38 ) described a number of thinking errors , maladaptive , unhelpful and unrealistic thoughts about oneself , others and the world that he believed contribute to emotional distress and inappropriate behaviors of human beings .
some of the thinking errors described are as follows : black and white thinking , arbitrary inference , selective abstraction , overgeneralization , magnification and minimization .
according to ellis ( 39 ) , the belief system of people , not external events , determine their feelings and behaviors .
, a therapist may point out irrational beliefs , but he or she teaches the patients how to challenge these beliefs in their daily life outside the therapy and provide them with exercises .
the result of challenging self- defeating beliefs and replacing them with rational ones yields an effective new philosophy .
the cbt and rebt are used widely , and the efficacy of these therapies in the treatment of psychological disorders has been shown in many researches ( 4042 )
. however , these cognitive therapies emphasize more on the way individuals interpret ideas and events they face within their every day lives ; they put less stress on basic beliefs which deepen philosophical roots of the individual 's life . in religious cognitive- emotional therapy ( rcet ) , psychotherapists must consider basic philosophical beliefs which relate to the meaning of human beings ' lives .
there are important questions about the self and existence in human 's mind that must be answered ; for example , what am i ?
what is the existence ? where does the existence come from ? who is the creator of the world and me ? and many other questions that human beings seek answers for
on the other hand , the rcet framework assumes that people through their lives find that things and events disagree with their desires .
their parents , intimate friends and dear ones die , and they may face disasters .
therefore , they ask themselves why they must tolerate these serious disasters and finally see the death of their dear ones ? why are they to live ? , so they seek to find the meaning of life .
existential philosophers have already emphasized the importance of human being 's search for the meaning of life .
existential psychology is partly based on the existential belief which state man is alone in the world .
this loneliness leads to the feeling of meaninglessness that can be overcome only by creating self values and meanings ( 43 ) .
frankl ( 44 ) said that individual 's search to find meaning or a purpose for his or her life is the most fundamental need which has to be met ; it is said that the striving to search for and to possess a meaning or a purpose for one 's life is said to be  the primary motivational force in man  .
according to frankl ( 44 ) , when an individual can not form a meaning or purpose of life for oneself , he or she suffers from  an existential vacuum  .
these individuals experience despair and hopelessness , and do not know why they ought to live . for many years , i have faced many individuals that suffered from psychological disorders .
all of them have had symptoms of  existential vacuum  , that was suggested by frankl .
they were aimless , affected by the feeling of absurdity , despair , and hopelessness in their lives .
these basic religious beliefs influence one 's thinking about oneself , interpretation of life events , and determine the mental health ( feeling and behavior ) of people ( 45 ) .
basic religious beliefs are psychological states in which individuals are convinced of truth in a proposition . these beliefs are rooted in religions .
they are divided into three groups in rcet : god , existence and human beings .
they can answer the essential questions about the self , others , world , god , and interactions between them .
when people find answers to essential questions , they will achieve a good and stable sense of hopefulness towards the world , purpose and can distinguish the meaning of life , feel integrated with existence and accept realities .
they understand why they live , how they should behave e and what they want in their lives .
three groups of basic religious beliefs are : 1-god : ( a ) there is no god except the unique god that is the creator of the world and existence.(b ) god is almighty and all - knowing.(c ) god is merciful , very kind and compassionate .
these items are the most essential ones and believing in them can cause the most important effects on humans ' mental life .
the acceptance of the merciful , compassionate and almighty god gives the best direction to lives .
they are to be resistant in solving the problems of lives ; furthermore , relaxation is another result of believing in god .
2-human beings : ( a ) human being is the highest creation in the great chain of beings and it is the god 's representative on earth .
( d ) when he dies , his life is not finished but it is transformed .
these basic beliefs help people to gain high self - esteem or confidence , and to plan in their life and consider their worth . with these beliefs , they are not obsessed with death but try to be ready for it .
3-existence : ( a ) nothing is without any purpose or goal , and neither is the world .
( b ) the world and existence are created in a complex and wonderful way .
they develop creative thinking to resolve the complexity of the world and to find the meaning of it , self and life .
these beliefs are adapted from islamic references , but many of them are shared with other religions .
in fact , i mentioned a few of basic religious beliefs , and there are more of them that can be used in psychotherapy sessions .
thus , in human psychopathology , we must pay attention to both physiological and psychological levels .
for example , in anxiety disorders , there are a number of physiological reactions that occur automatically , such as increasing heart rates , pain in heart and shoulders and unpleasant sensations .
these automatic emotional reactions are produced by classical conditioning . if a woman is faced with a snake , as a stimulus , the other neutral stimuli can be conditioned and produce a similar reaction in her at a future time .
therefore , according to the rcet theory , some individuals may suffer from anxiety or other psychological disorders , because they have suffered from physical injuries or physiological symptoms that are produced by classical conditioning .
in addition , other psychotherapies , for example cognitive behavioral therapy ( cbt ) , pay attention to physiological organs in treating psychological disorders ( 34 , 46 ) .
sometimes thoughts , anticipations , and interpretations of life events can produce unpleasant emotions or maladaptive behaviors in humans ; therefore , in the second level of human psychopathology , the ways of one 's thinking about every day problems are considered .
irrational beliefs that were suggested by albert ellis ( 37 , 39 ) and thinking errors proposed by aaron beck ( 34 , 35 ) are mental processes which cause emotional disturbance and maladaptive behaviors . religious cognitive emotional theory ( rcet )
points out that if human beings have not physical health but their thoughts and everyday beliefs are realistic , they do not know their purpose and the meaning of life and do not answer the essential questions about their lives ; they can not have healthy emotions , behaviors and feeling of comfort and satisfaction in their lives .
the questions such as : , where did we come from?why did we come to this world ?
where are we going ? who created the world and existence ? who is god ? who is the creator of existence ? and
not being able to answer these questions and leading a meaningless life cause identity crisis and confusion .
the rcet assumes that path of human beings development is toward the transcendence , and reaching to an acceptation and comfort feeling with self , world , and god .
in the rcet , the intervention can be directed at three levels : physiological , cognitive and spiritual levels .
the rcet therapist can use and emphasize the therapeutic levels based on every client 's problem .
for example , the person who suffers from gad , shares the physiological symptoms , thinking errors and feeling of worry , despair , worthlessness , nihilism , confusion , and loss of meaning of life .
however , in a depressed person who has not any physical symptoms , the therapist must use cognitive and spiritual levels .
the therapist , after initial clinical interviewing , explains the general model of the rcet , first , and delineates these three levels ( physiological , cognitive , and spiritual ) of psychopathology and treatment .
the therapist describes the interaction between these three levels to determine the individual 's health , emotions and behaviors ( general mental health ) . in the physiological level
, the therapist identifies the physical and emotional reactions of the client ( such as increased heart rates , perspiration , feelings of pain in some area of body and so on ) that have unpleasant sensations and are produced by classical conditioning . in this level , the therapist describes the automatic connection between the stimulus and the situation with these physiological symptoms .
the therapeutic method in the physiological level is to teach relaxation and breath control which help the client to control his physiological reactions and reduce his unpleasant emotions .
the rcet therapist , in the second level of treatment , considers the ways of thinking and interpreting events of the person 's daily life .
the therapist tries to identify and change distorted and unrealistic ways of thinking which cause emotional disturbance and maladaptive behavior in individuals .
these beliefs are rigid explicit/ implicit demand and command that cause some extreme conclusions such as awfulness , overgeneralizations , depravation , frustration and low tolerance .
the rcet also considers these irrational thoughts ; and rcet therapist identifies and changes the client 's self - defeating and irrational thoughts with more rational and self- constructive ones , which then are likely to cause healthier and more constructive emotions and behaviors .
the thinking errors , such as black and white thinking , arbitrary inference , overgeneralization that were proposed by beck , ( 34 , 35 ) are addressed in this level of treatment .
one key tenet in the rcet framework is that although changing the irrational beliefs and negative thoughts into rational and positive ones is important , it is not enough and the process of treatment is not complete . therefore , the third level of treatment is the spiritual level . at this level ,
the rcet therapist through purposeful questions examines the client 's basic beliefs about the self , existence ( world ) , god and the meaning of life .
most of those persons that suffer from depression , anxiety , and other emotional disturbances have nihilistic beliefs about the self , others and existence .
, the therapist asks the clients to talk about themselves and others , and how they think about themselves as a human being .
they have feeling of worthlessness , despair , and do not know why they have to live .
the rcet therapist should challenge the clients ' beliefs through proposing the basic religious beliefs and clarifying how these basic religious beliefs can help one to decrease their anxiety , depression or other unpleasant emotions , and promote the individual development and mental health .
human beings live in the world ; so any beliefs and attitudes about the world and existence have important effects on one 's mental health . in the second stage ,
the rcet therapist identifies the clients negative and nihilistic beliefs about the world and existence and helps them to change these beliefs into positive and purposeful one 's , so that the clients acquire a new insight of existence . in the third stage
when people accept god as the unique creator , they will gain the safe and reliable force in the world and feel relief in their lives . in summary
, the therapist uses the basic religious beliefs about human beings , existence and god to help the client to gain a new insight and the meaning of life .
the therapist should have a structured thinking and systematic planning in the process of treatment .
the therapist must show the effects of the ten basic religious beliefs in the human life .
thus , the rcet therapist needs special training to apply physiological , cognitive and spiritual levels of treatment .
in addition to the special method of the rcet , therapists must show sympathy and have a good rapport and positive attitude towards clients .
he or she must bear in mind that human beings are privileged with free will . therefore , the therapist must show positive functions of any basic religious beliefs to promote human 's development and transcendence and help the patients to gain a good mental health without any insistence .
religion and its principles have always been important factors which effect humans ' psyche and mind .
nevertheless , some of psychologists and psychotherapists reject the application of religion and spirituality in psychology .
however , because the subject of religion and psychology is human beings , both of them try to show the ways of human development and well being .
however , many psychologists believe that religions study the mankind with nonscientific methods and psychology , as a science , must use a rigorous scientific method . in recent years
, science has undergone important changes , ranging from modernity to post  modern paradigm , and scientific studies of spirituality and religion have increased .
the studies of spirituality and religion in psychology have been developed in many topics.for example , the relationship between spirituality and mental health ( 7 , 19 , 49 ) ; receiving social support ( 50 , 51 ) ; copying styles ( 10 , 47 , 52 , 53 ) ; and spiritual interventions in psychotherapy ( 5 , 8 , 9 , 54 ) .
although many methods of religious psychotherapy have been proposed , there have not been any comprehensive theories in this field so far .
religious cognitive emotional therapy ( rcet ) is a new form of cognitive therapy that uses basic religious beliefs and insights in psychotherapy .
rcet is a new integration of cognitive , humanistic , and existential theories that is combined by religious beliefs and insights .
rcet is a new approach that can lead to a new field of treatment , research , and education in psychology and psychotherapy ; and we need more researches in this field .
rcet is an effective method of psychotherapy for the treatment of persons that suffer from identity crisis , depression , anxiety and it can be developed to remove other psychological problems .
from the ancient times up to this date , it has been thought that religion and spirituality have important effects on human being 's mental life . 
 however , some psychologists and psychotherapists have ignored this role , and thus neglected to study the effects of applying religion and spirituality in psychotherapy . 
 however , many psychologists and psychotherapists have recently studied the relationship between religion or spirituality and mental health ; or used religious interventions in psychotherapies . 
 although different kinds of religious psychotherapies have been proposed , no comprehensive theory has been presented in this area . in this article a scientific , comprehensive and applied spiritual method of psychotherapy is suggested . religious cognitive- emotional therapy ( rcet ) 
 is a new form of cognitive therapy that uses the basic religious beliefs and insights in psychotherapy . 
 rcet is a new integration of cognitive , humanistic , and existential psychotherapies that takes into account religious beliefs and insights of the clients . 
 rcet is an effective method of psychotherapy for the treatment of those who suffer from identity crisis , depression , and anxiety ; and it can be developed to address other psychological disorders as well . because rcet is a new approach , 
 practically is needed to do further theoretical research in this area .