You are provided with the abstract of a scientific paper and the abstracts of the papers it references. Your task is to write a Related Work section for the main paper. This section should concisely summarize and integrate the key points from the cited abstracts, reflecting how they relate to the main paper's contributions and context. In your summary, use numerical citation markers like [1], [2], etc., to refer to the corresponding papers.

Main Abstract:
A major challenge to the problem of community question answering is the lexical and semantic gap between the sentence representations. Some solutions to minimize this gap includes the introduction of extra parameters to deep models or augmenting the external handcrafted features. In this paper, we propose a novel attentive recurrent tensor network for solving the lexical and semantic gap in community question answering. We introduce token-level and phrase-level attention strategy that maps input sequences to the output using trainable parameters. Further, we use the tensor parameters to introduce a 3-way interaction between question, answer and external features in vector space. We introduce simplified tensor matrices with L2 regularization that results in smooth optimization during training. The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art performance on the task of answer sentence selection (TrecQA and WikiQA datasets) while outperforming the current state-of-the-art on the tasks of best answer selection (Yahoo! L4) and answer triggering task (WikiQA).

Cited Abstract(s):
[1]: 

[2]: Continuous word and phrase vectors have proven useful in a number of NLP tasks. Here we describe our experience using them as a source of features for the SemEval-2015 task 3, consisting of two community question answering subtasks: Answer Selection for categorizing answers as potential, good, and bad with regards to their corresponding questions; and YES NO inference for predicting a yes, no, or unsure response to a YES NO question using all of its good answers. Our system ranked 6th and 1st in the English answer selection and YES NO inference subtasks respectively, and 2nd in the Arabic answer selection subtask.

[3]: Answer sentence selection is the task of identifying sentences that contain the answer to a given question. This is an important problem in its own right as well as in the larger context of open domain question answering. We propose a novel approach to solving this task via means of distributed representations, and learn to match questions with answers by considering their semantic encoding. This contrasts prior work on this task, which typically relies on classifiers with large numbers of hand-crafted syntactic and semantic features and various external resources. Our approach does not require any feature engineering nor does it involve specialist linguistic data, making this model easily applicable to a wide range of domains and languages. Experimental results on a standard benchmark dataset from TREC demonstrate that---despite its simplicity---our model matches state of the art performance on the answer sentence selection task.

[4]: 

[5]: Community question answering platforms need to automatically rank answers and questions with respect to a given question. In this paper, we present the approaches for the Answer Selection and Question Retrieval tasks of SemEval-2016 (task 3). We develop a bag-of-vectors approach with various vectorand text-based features, and different neural network approaches including CNNs and LSTMs to capture the semantic similarity between questions and answers for ranking purpose. Our evaluation demonstrates that our approaches significantly outperform the baselines.

[6]: Learning a similarity function between pairs of objects is at the core of learning to rank approaches. In information retrieval tasks we typically deal with query-document pairs, in question answering -- question-answer pairs. However, before learning can take place, such pairs needs to be mapped from the original space of symbolic words into some feature space encoding various aspects of their relatedness, e.g. lexical, syntactic and semantic. Feature engineering is often a laborious task and may require external knowledge sources that are not always available or difficult to obtain. Recently, deep learning approaches have gained a lot of attention from the research community and industry for their ability to automatically learn optimal feature representation for a given task, while claiming state-of-the-art performance in many tasks in computer vision, speech recognition and natural language processing. In this paper, we present a convolutional neural network architecture for reranking pairs of short texts, where we learn the optimal representation of text pairs and a similarity function to relate them in a supervised way from the available training data. Our network takes only words in the input, thus requiring minimal preprocessing. In particular, we consider the task of reranking short text pairs where elements of the pair are sentences. We test our deep learning system on two popular retrieval tasks from TREC: Question Answering and Microblog Retrieval. Our model demonstrates strong performance on the first task beating previous state-of-the-art systems by about 3 absolute points in both MAP and MRR and shows comparable results on tweet reranking, while enjoying the benefits of no manual feature engineering and no additional syntactic parsers.

[7]: We describe our system for finding good answers in a community forum, as defined in SemEval-2016, ask 3 on Community Question Answering. Our approach relies on several semantic similarity features based on fine-tuned word embeddings and topics similarities. In the main Subtask C, our primary submission was ranked third, with a MAP of 51.68 and accuracy of 69.94. In Subtask A, our primary submission was also third, with MAP of 77.58 and accuracy of 73.39.
Most of the previous work on automatic question answering for CQA sites show the advantage of feature engineering when used with deep models [1] [5] [3] [6] . Feature engineering introduces additional semantic and lexical rules which help the underlying learning model to gain an overall increase in performance. [2] [7] [4] .