You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["HealthCareActivity", "InjuryOrPoisoning", "BodySubstance", "IntellectualProduct", "AnatomicalStructure", "SpatialConcept", "Chemical", "Bacterium", "MedicalDevice", "Organization", "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline", "Finding", "BiologicFunction", "Virus", "ResearchActivity", "ClinicalAttribute", "PopulationGroup", "Eukaryote", "BodySystem", "Food", "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup"].

Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Virus": ["HIV", ...], "Bacterium": ["MRSA", ...], "AnatomicalStructure": ["Lung", ...], "BodySystem": ["CNS", ...], "BodySubstance": ["Serum", ...], "Finding": ["Headache", ...], "InjuryOrPoisoning": ["Fracture", ...], "BiologicFunction": ["Death", ...], "HealthCareActivity": ["Biopsy", ...], "ResearchActivity": ["Clinical trial", ...], "MedicalDevice": ["Lenses", ...], "SpatialConcept": ["Camps", ...], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": ["Forensic medicine", ...], "Organization": ["WHO", ...], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": ["Provider", ...], "PopulationGroup": ["Swimmers", ...], "Chemical": ["Gold", ...], "Food": ["Rice", ...], "IntellectualProduct": ["RPAM", ...], "ClinicalAttribute": ["Biomarker", ...], "Eukaryote": ["Dogs", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].

Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.

Abstract:

Intraoperative ketamine reduces immediate postoperative opioid consumption after spinal fusion surgery in chronic pain patients with opioid dependency: a randomized, blinded trial Perioperative handling of surgical patients with opioid dependency represents an important clinical problem. Animal studies suggest that ketamine attenuates central sensitization and hyperalgesia and thereby reduces postoperative opioid tolerance. We hypothesized that intraoperative ketamine would reduce immediate postoperative opioid consumption compared with placebo in chronic pain patients with opioid dependency undergoing lumbar spinal fusion surgery. Primary outcome was morphine consumption 0 to 24 hours postoperatively. Secondary outcomes were acute pain at rest and during mobilization 2 to 24 hours postoperatively (visual analogue scale), adverse events, and persistent pain 6 months postoperatively. One hundred fifty patients were randomly assigned to intraoperative S-ketamine bolus 0.5 mg/kg and infusion 0.25 mg·kg·h or placebo. Postoperatively, patients received their usual opioids, paracetamol and IV patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. In the final analyses, 147 patients were included. Patient-controlled analgesia IV morphine consumption 0 to 24 hours postoperatively was significantly reduced in the ketamine group compared with the placebo group: 79 (47) vs 121 (53) mg IV, mean difference 42 mg (95% confidence interval -59 to -25), P < 0.001. Sedation was significantly reduced in the ketamine group 6 and 24 hours postoperatively. There were no significant differences regarding acute pain, nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, or nightmares. Back pain at 6 months postoperatively compared with preoperative pain was significantly more improved in the ketamine group compared with the placebo group, P = 0.005. In conclusion, intraoperative ketamine significantly reduced morphine consumption 0 to 24 hours after lumbar fusion surgery in opioid - dependent patients. The trend regarding less persistent pain 6 months postoperatively needs further investigation.
{"AnatomicalStructure": [], "Bacterium": [], "BiologicFunction": ["central sensitization", "hallucinations", "adverse events"], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": [], "BodySubstance": [], "BodySystem": [], "Chemical": ["opioid", "paracetamol", "placebo", "S-ketamine", "ketamine", "opioids", "morphine"], "ClinicalAttribute": [], "Eukaryote": ["Animal studies"], "Finding": ["pain", "hyperalgesia", "problem", "vomiting", "chronic pain", "acute pain at rest", "nausea", "nightmares", "improved", "Sedation", "Back pain", "handling", "acute pain"], "Food": [], "HealthCareActivity": ["bolus 0.5 mg/kg and infusion", "mobilization", "lumbar spinal fusion surgery", "Patient-controlled analgesia", "spinal fusion surgery", "visual analogue scale", "patient-controlled analgesia", "lumbar fusion surgery"], "InjuryOrPoisoning": [], "IntellectualProduct": ["final analyses"], "MedicalDevice": [], "Organization": [], "PopulationGroup": [], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": [], "ResearchActivity": ["blinded trial", "randomly assigned", "randomized"], "SpatialConcept": ["further"], "Virus": []}