You are provided with the abstract of a scientific paper and the abstracts of the papers it references. Your task is to write a Related Work section for the main paper. This section should concisely summarize and integrate the key points from the cited abstracts, reflecting how they relate to the main paper's contributions and context. In your summary, use numerical citation markers like [1], [2], etc., to refer to the corresponding papers.

Main Abstract:
The increasing popularity of social media promotes the proliferation of fake news. With the development of multimedia technology, fake news attempts to utilize multimedia contents with images or videos to attract and mislead readers for rapid dissemination, which makes visual contents an important part of fake news. Fake-news images, images attached in fake news posts,include not only fake images which are maliciously tampered but also real images which are wrongly used to represent irrelevant events. Hence, how to fully exploit the inherent characteristics of fake-news images is an important but challenging problem for fake news detection. In the real world, fake-news images may have significantly different characteristics from real-news images at both physical and semantic levels, which can be clearly reflected in the frequency and pixel domain, respectively. Therefore, we propose a novel framework Multi-domain Visual Neural Network (MVNN) to fuse the visual information of frequency and pixel domains for detecting fake news. Specifically, we design a CNN-based network to automatically capture the complex patterns of fake-news images in the frequency domain; and utilize a multi-branch CNN-RNN model to extract visual features from different semantic levels in the pixel domain. An attention mechanism is utilized to fuse the feature representations of frequency and pixel domains dynamically. Extensive experiments conducted on a real-world dataset demonstrate that MVNN outperforms existing methods with at least 9.2 in accuracy, and can help improve the performance of multimodal fake news detection by over 5.2 .

Cited Abstract(s):
[1]: Microblog has been a popular media platform for reporting and propagating news. However, fake news spreading on microblogs would severely jeopardize its public credibility. To identify the truthfulness of news on microblogs, images are very crucial content. In this paper, we explore the key role of image content in the task of automatic news verification on microblogs. Existing approaches to news verification depend on features extracted mainly from the text content of news tweets, while image features for news verification are often ignored. According to our study, however, images are very popular and have a great influence on microblogs news propagation. In addition, fake and real news events have different image distribution patterns. Therefore, we propose several visual and statistical features to characterize these patterns visually and statistically for detecting fake news. Experiments on a real-world multimedia dataset collected from Sina Weibo validate the effectiveness of our proposed image features. The news verification performance of our method outperforms baseline methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt that systematically explores image features on news verification task.

[2]: We analyze the information credibility of news propagated through Twitter, a popular microblogging service. Previous research has shown that most of the messages posted on Twitter are truthful, but the service is also used to spread misinformation and false rumors, often unintentionally. On this paper we focus on automatic methods for assessing the credibility of a given set of tweets. Specifically, we analyze microblog postings related to "trending" topics, and classify them as credible or not credible, based on features extracted from them. We use features from users' posting and re-posting ("re-tweeting") behavior, from the text of the posts, and from citations to external sources. We evaluate our methods using a significant number of human assessments about the credibility of items on a recent sample of Twitter postings. Our results shows that there are measurable differences in the way messages propagate, that can be used to classify them automatically as credible or not credible, with precision and recall in the range of 70 to 80 .

[3]: This paper studies the problem of automatic detection of false rumors on Sina Weibo, the popular Chinese microblogging social network. Traditional feature-based approaches extract features from the false rumor message, its author, as well as the statistics of its responses to form a flat feature vector. This ignores the propagation structure of the messages and has not achieved very good results. We propose a graph-kernel based hybrid SVM classifier which captures the high-order propagation patterns in addition to semantic features such as topics and sentiments. The new model achieves a classification accuracy of 91.3 on randomly selected Weibo dataset, significantly higher than state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, our approach can be applied at the early stage of rumor propagation and is 88 confident in detecting an average false rumor just 24 hours after the initial broadcast.

[4]: 

[5]: Rumors can cause devastating consequences to individual and or society. Analysis shows that widespread of rumors typically results from deliberately promoted information campaigns which aim to shape collective opinions on the concerned news events. In this paper, we attempt to fight such chaos with itself to make automatic rumor detection more robust and effective. Our idea is inspired by adversarial learning method originated from Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). We propose a GAN-style approach, where a generator is designed to produce uncertain or conflicting voices, complicating the original conversational threads in order to pressurize the discriminator to learn stronger rumor indicative representations from the augmented, more challenging examples. Different from traditional data-driven approach to rumor detection, our method can capture low-frequency but stronger non-trivial patterns via such adversarial training. Extensive experiments on two Twitter benchmark datasets demonstrate that our rumor detection method achieves much better results than state-of-the-art methods.

[6]: 

[7]: Social media is becoming popular for news consumption due to its fast dissemination, easy access, and low cost. However, it also enables the wide propagation of fake news, i.e., news with intentionally false information. Detecting fake news is an important task, which not only ensures users receive authentic information but also helps maintain a trustworthy news ecosystem. The majority of existing detection algorithms focus on finding clues from news contents, which are generally not effective because fake news is often intentionally written to mislead users by mimicking true news. Therefore, we need to explore auxiliary information to improve detection. The social context during news dissemination process on social media forms the inherent tri-relationship, the relationship among publishers, news pieces, and users, which has the potential to improve fake news detection. For example, partisan-biased publishers are more likely to publish fake news, and low-credible users are more likely to share fake news. In this paper, we study the novel problem of exploiting social context for fake news detection. We propose a tri-relationship embedding framework TriFN, which models publisher-news relations and user-news interactions simultaneously for fake news classification. We conduct experiments on two real-world datasets, which demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly outperforms other baseline methods for fake news detection.

[8]:
In the task of fake news detection, the main challenge is how to utilize information from different modalities to distinguish fake news posts and real news posts. Most of existing approaches focus on text content [2] [4] [8] [5] and social context [3] [4]2 which refers to information generated during the news propagation process on social networks. Recently, visual information has been shown to be an important indicator for fake news detection [1] [5]9 . With the popularity of multimedia content, researchers begin to incorporate visual information to detect fake news.