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Paper text:
work - related musculoskeletal disorders , 
 also called overuse injuries , account for a significant proportion of work injuries2 .
several risk factors are associated with 
 the development or exacerbation of work - related musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace , 
 including physical and biomechanical factors , and the inherent predisposition of the 
 individual2 .
furthermore , work - related 
 upper extremity disorders are the most common form of occupational disease3 , 4 . 

keyboard use is one common type of highly repetitive daily task and is associated with 
 musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity5 .
a previous study showed that cumulative keyboard use was associated 
 with the occurrence of wrist disorder or pain among employees and that cumulative keyboard 
 use remained an important factor in the development of carpal tunnel syndrome6 , 7 . 

continuous keyboard typing could cause not only wrist pain but also constant stress on the 
 fingers8 .
however , few studies have been 
 conducted on the stress on the fingers according to the computer typing speed .
therefore , 
 this study investigated effects of different computer typing speeds on acceleration and peak 
 contact pressure of the fingertips during computer typing .
they 
 consisted of 7 workers who could type 200300 characteristics / minute ( low typing speed 
 group ) , 7 workers who could type 300400 characteristics / minute ( medium typing speed group ) , 
 and 7 workers who could type 400500 chracteristics / minute ( high typing speed group ) .
their 
 average age , height , and weight were 26.3  2.5  years , 174.9  2.7  cm , and 66.5  4.7  kg , 
 respectively .
this 
 study was approved by the yonsei university faculty of health sciences human ethics 
 committee .
the conformat system ( tekscan , boston , ma , usa ) was used to measure the magnitude 
 of fingertip contact pressure for the different typing speed groups .
a sampling rate of 
 60  hz was achieved due to the extreme thinness and relatively high spring constant of the 
 sensor materials .
the capacitive 
 components of an accelerometer are commonly used to convert mechanical motion into an 
 electrical signal .
the analog signal was converted to a digital signal with an a / d converter 
 ( ni usb-6009 , national instruments , austin , tx , usa ) .
the accelerometer detected linear 
 motion with the aid of graphic software featuring a user - friendly interface in labview 
 ( national instruments ) .
this study measured the acceleration of the fingers for the 
 different typing speed groups . all subjects performed keyboard typing at a routine computer 
 work station .
the routine computer workstation featured a 23-inch monitor , a keyboard and a 
 mouse on a table , and a swivel chair with five wheels . to allow analysis of lumbar motion , 

both the table and chair were adjustable in terms of 
 height and were initially set to ensure that the elbows , hips , and knees were flexed at 90. 
 the keyboard was positioned frontally , 30  cm from the trunk , the monitor was reclined by 
 20 , and the top of the display was set at eye level .
spss version 12.0 ( spss , chicago , il , usa ) was used to assess 
 differences in forward head and lumbar flexion angles .
the paired t - test was used to explore 
 the significance of differences in acceleration and peak contact pressure of the fingertips . 

the mean fingertip contact pressure in the high typing speed group 
 ( 23.66.0  g / cm ) was significantly increased compared with the low and medium 
 typing speed groups ( 15.35.7  g / cm , 18.26.4  g / cm ) .
the mean 
 fingertip acceleration in high typing speed group ( 5.02.6  cm / sec ) was 
 significantly increased compared with the low and medium typing speed groups 
 ( 2.41.0  cm / sec , 3.22.7  cm / sec ) .
most computer operators complain upper extremity pain after long periods typing work9 , 10 . 
 a previous study showed that typing speed is not proportional to the severity of pain in 
 keyboard workers with work - related upper extremity disorder and that slower or faster typing 
 speeds do not cause statistically different levels of pain8 .
it has already been reported in previous studies that a typing 
 speed did not influence pain in the upper extremity but that it could incur a negative 
 effect on the wrists or fingers .
so , this study investigated effects of different computer 
 typing speeds on the acceleration and peak contact pressure of the fingertips during 
 computer typing .
the results showed that the fingertip contact pressure increased in the 
 high speed typing group compared with the low and medium typing speed groups . also , the 
 fingertip acceleration increased in high speed typing group compared with the low and medium 
 speed typing groups .
this high acceleration could cause the fingertips to collide with 
 the keyboard without sufficient deceleration .
it is also assumed that the fingertip pressure 
 of computer operators with a high typing speed would be very large when their fingertips 
 collide with the keyboard .
the reason why computer work poses a threat of musculoskeletal 
 pains is due to the high possibility of cumulative traumatic injury2 , 9 .
even if a computer 
 typing job applies a small load to the finger joints , it could incur cumulative loads 
 because of its characteristics as a repetitive job performed for long periods of time . 

normally , stress applied to fingers due to computer work is overlooked easily compared with 
 shoulder or low back pain occurring after computer work . in addition , modern society 
 requires a fast pace in completing computer work8 . according to our study results , a fast typing speed causes 
 continuous pressure stress to be applied to the fingers , thereby creating pain in the 
 fingers .
furthermore , finger pain due to long hours of computer work is thought to be 
 closely related to finger arthritis in the future9 .
[ purpose ] this study showed the effects of different computer typing speeds on 
 acceleration and peak contact pressure of the fingertips during computer typing . 
 [ subjects ] twenty - one male computer workers voluntarily consented to participate in this 
 study . 
 they consisted of 7 workers who could type 200300 characteristics / minute , 7 
 workers who could type 300400 characteristics / minute , and 7 workers who could type 
 400500 chracteristics / minute . 
 [ methods ] this study was used to measure the acceleration 
 and peak contact pressure of the fingertips for different typing speed groups using an 
 accelerometer and conformat system . 
 [ results ] the fingertip contact pressure was increased 
 in the high typing speed group compared with the low and medium typing speed groups . 
 the 
 fingertip acceleration was increased in the high typing speed group compared with the low 
 and medium typing speed groups . 
 [ conclusion ] the results of the present study indicate 
 that a fast typing speed cause continuous pressure stress to be applied to the fingers , 
 thereby creating pain in the fingers .