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Paper text:
elastic therapeutic tape ( et ) , also known as kinesio tape , is widely used for various 
 clinical treatments including the provision of structural support , reduction of swelling and 
 inflammation , stimulation and inhibition of muscle activity , and improving blood and lymph 
 flow1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 .
et 
 is typically manufactured with a 10% pre - stretched material applied to the backing paper 
 ( paper - off tension ) and can be stretched longitudinally around 120140% from its original 
 length9,10,11 .
for example , light tape tension ( 015% ) is 
 recommended for lymphatic correction , whereas moderate to high tape tension ( 50100% ) is 
 recommended for ligament / tendon treatment10 .
as far as we know , only jodar et al . 
 studied the material properties of different types of tapes ( i.e. inelastic tape , elastic 
 tape , and elastic therapeutic tape ) .
additionally , three different colors of elastic 
 therapeutic tapes of the same brand were compared .
although the manufacturer claims there is 
 no difference in properties of tapes with different colors , there was some discrepancy in 
 maximum elongation and maximum stress .
since elastic therapeutic tapes utilize an elastic 
 property , clinicians should understand the material properties of elastic therapeutic tapes 
 so that they can correctly apply appropriate tension for effective treatment .
therefore , the 
 aim of the present study was to investigate the material properties of commercially 
 available elastic therapeutic tapes .
five commercial elastic therapeutic tapes , i.e. kinesiotex ( japan ) , atex 
 ( korea ) , mueller ( usa ) , 3  m ( usa ) , and thaitape ( thailand ) were examined .
the mts 
 insight 1 electromechanical testing system ( 1kn standard length , usa ) was used 
 to apply a tensile force to these tapes .
each tape was cut in an i - shape ( 5  mm  50  mm  
 0.5  mm ) a tape specimen was mounted to a xture secured to the base of the electromechanical 
 materials testing systems ( mts insight 1 , eden prairie , minnesota , usa ) each 
 specimen started with no load and gradually pulled to failure at a speed of 10  mm / min .
a one - way analysis of 
 variance ( anova ) was used to compare stress , load , and young s modulus of the five different 
 elastic therapeutic tapes brands .
bonferroni multiple comparison tests were used for the 
 post hoc analysis . the significance level was set at p < 0.05 .
material properties are provided in table 
 1table 1.material properties of five different elastic therapeutic tapesvariableselastic therapeutic tapes3matexkinesiotexmueller local brandmaximum elongation ( % ) 100.21  1.77 135.09  2.05113.55  1.97148.86  2.27 72.51  1.76 maximum load ( n)63.87  4.0977.59  4.9768.36  4.5667.23  6.1270.06  4.53maximum stress ( mpa)24.75  1.5830.07  1.9326.49  1.7726.05  2.3727.76  0.62maximum young s modulus ( mpa)0.25  0.020.22  0.010.23  0.010.17  0.020.37  0.02stress at 25% elongation ( mpa)0.51  0.020.44  0.020.53  0.010.40  0.010.93  0.04stress at 50% elongation ( mpa)1.43  0.071.03  0.031.33  0.020.90  0.035.84  0.84stress at 75% elongation ( mpa)5.50  0.642.23  0.093.15  0.081.71  0.07
27.76  0.62stress at 100% elongation ( mpa)23.28  1.524.80  0.2311.97  0.923.75  0.31-young s modulus at 25% elongation ( mpa)0.02  0.000.02  0.000.02  0.000.01  0.00 0.04 
0.00young s modulus at 50% elongation ( mpa)0.03  0.000.02  0.000.03  0.000.02  0.000.12  0.02young s modulus at 75% elongation ( mpa)0.07  0.010.03  0.000.04  0.00 0.02
 0.00 0.37  0.00young s modulus at 100% elongation ( mpa)0.23  0.010.05  0.000.12  0.000.04
 0.00-data are presented as mean and standard error of mean ( sem ) . * different from 3 m , p < 0.05 , * * different from atex , p < 0.05 , 
 * * * different from kinesiotex , p < 0.05 , * * * * different from mueller , p 
 < 0.05 , * * * * * different from local brand , p < 0.001data are presented as mean  sem .. differences were observed for all parameters except maximum load and maximum 
 stress ( table 1 ) .
mueller had the greatest 
 maximum elongation ( 148.86  2.27% ) whereas thaitape had the lowest maximum elongation 
 ( 72.51  1.76% ) .
data are presented as mean and standard error of mean ( sem ) . * different from 3 m ,
p < 0.05 , * * different from atex , p < 0.05 , 
 * * * different from kinesiotex , p < 0.05 , * * * * different from mueller , p 
 < 0.05 , * * * * * different from local brand , p < 0.001 data are presented as mean  sem . for the young s modulus , thaitape showed the greatest maximum young s modulus whereas the 
 mueller tape showed the lowest modulus . at 25% and 50% of elongation
however , beyond 50% of elongation , the young s modulus 
 was quite different .
the 3  m brand exhibited the greatest modulus compared to the other 
 brands .
the stress - strain curves of the five et tapes , with atex and muller tapes having 
 similar stress - strain curves .
the purpose of this study was to investigate the material properties of different 
 commercial brands of elastic therapeutic tapes .
since the application and effectiveness of 
 these tapes are based on their elastic properties , an understanding of the properties is 
 essential to maximize the benefits of these tapes .
jodar et al . compared not only three different types of tapes ( i.e. inelastic tape , elastic 
 tape , and et tape ) , but also three different colors ( i.e. red , black , and blue ) of tapes 
 ( kinesiotex ) .
interestingly , although the company claims that there are no 
 differences in the properties of tapes with different colors , this study found some 
 variations in the properties .
maximum elongation had a wide range , which was between 72.03% 
 for the black - colored tape and 108% for the red - colored tape .
the 100% young s modulus 
 values ranged between 2.47 mpa and 7.18 mpa12 . the maximum elongation and
100% young s modulus in the present 
 study were 113.55% and 0.12 mpa , respectively .
jodar et al . used weight plates and a tape 
 measurement , which is prone to large measurement error . in the present study ,
a more common , 
 reliable , and accurate standard instrument was available to test materials in the 
 industry . for maximum load , there was no difference among the et tapes indicating similar ability to 
 resist a load tension . however , there was a difference in the maximum young s modulus among 
 these tapes .
our results suggest that the thaitape had the highest stiffness and the lowest 
 compliance ; it completely ruptured around 75% of elongation .
in contrast , mueller and atex 
 tapes showed high compliance , which can be observed from the stress - strain curves . 

interestingly , the young s modulus of the four et tapes except that of the thaitape was 
 similar up to 50% of elongation .
however , after 75% of elongation , significant differences 
 in the stress - strain curves emerged ( fig . 1fig .
a comparison of the 3  m and kinesiotex showed that 3  m has lower 
 compliance and higher stiffness than kinesiotex .
stress - strain curves of 5 elastic therapeutic tape brands for clinical treatment , physical therapists and other clinicians usually estimate tape 
 tension from the length of the tape being pulled .
for example , a 10-inch et tape with 
 maximum tension can be stretched to 14 inches .
when therapist want to apply 25% tension , the 
 tape needs to be pulled to 11 inches10 . 

this 25% tension is usually recommended for the treatment of the fascia , circulatory , 
 stimulating , and inhibiting muscle activities .
based on the results of the present study , 
 most et brands except thaitape can be used for this length tension technique .
in contrast , 
 for ligament and tendon application , 75100% of tension is recommended .
however , when using 
 the tape length technique to estimate 75% of tension , the therapists must perform with 
 caution as each commercial tape displayed significant differences in stress at 75 and 100% 
 elongation . for example , at 75% elongation , the 3  m tape has greater stress ( 5.5 mpa ) than 
 muller ( 1.7 mpa ) , which means that the tape tension is different .
our findings could be 
 useful for physical therapists to adjust tape tension to tapes properties and use it for an 
 appropriate purpose .
however , future studies should examine the effectiveness of the tape in 
 treatment and rehabilitation when it is applied to the skin since the present study only 
 examined the mechanical properties of isolated tape specimens .
five elastic therapeutic tapes exhibited different material properties in stress , 
 extensity , and young s modulus .
therefore , physical therapists and athletic trainers should 
 be fully aware of tape properties to maximize treatment .
[ purpose ] elastic therapeutic tape has been widely used for rehabilitation and treatment 
 of sports injuries . 
 tapes with different elastic properties serve different treatment 
 purposes with inappropriate tension reducing tape effectiveness . 
 many tapes are available 
 in the market , but studies on tape properties are limited . 
 the aim of this study was to 
 examine the material properties of elastic therapeutic tape . 
 [ subjects and methods ] brands 
 of elastic therapeutic tape included kinesiotex , atex , mueller , 3 m , and 
 thaitape . 
 the material testing system insight 1 electromechanical testing 
 systems was used to apply a tensile force on elastic therapeutic tape . 
 ten specimens of 
 each brand were tested . 
 stress , load , and young s modulus at 25% , 50% , 75% , 100% , and 
 maximum point were collected . 
 one - way analysis of variance with post hoc testing was used 
 to analyze tape parameters . 
 [ results ] maximum elongation and young s modulus at all 
 percentages were significantly different between brands 
 . there were no differences in 
 maximum load and maximum stress . 
 [ conclusion ] mechanical properties are different for 
 commercial elastic therapeutic tapes . 
 physiotherapists and other clinicians should be 
 aware of mechanical tape properties to correctly apply kinesio tape .