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Paper text:
as modern technology advances rapidly , the environmental pollution has been also progressing very fast . as much
as the development of technology has satisfied many people on their basic living conditions on foods , clothes , and dwellings , people became more aware of the quality of living conditions and started investing to achieve the clean environment .
the simplest method to monitor the deterioration of the environment is to sample the air , the soil , or the water from the contaminated area and to analyze them in the laboratory . but
this method often takes too much time and efforts in sampling and testing . to solve this problem , a vehicle equipped with a test system
. however , an expensive special vehicle is needed , and this solution covers only quite limited region . due to the recent advancement in the various sensors and communication technologies ,
various monitoring stations could be constructed in the designated buildings or places to monitor the environmental contaminations .
the measured data could be sent to the central server and processed to be announced to the public through the internet and through various media . by locating many stations in the wide area and employing advanced communication technology , effective monitoring of the environmental contamination
may be achieved . however , establishing a monitoring station needs acquiring expensive equipment and a space to install bulky equipments .
also , the area covered by each station is limited only near its location . the better approach
to achieve the effective monitoring is to develop a portable monitoring system by using a compact sensor system . in this work
, we developed a low - cost portable rf sensor system to measure the air pollution and water contamination in addition to the real - time location information [ 15 ] .
our work contains the original concept to add the location information to the environmental pollution information collected from our scientifically engineered portable system .
we constructed a low - cost portable monitoring system by combining sensor unit , central processing unit , power unit , gps unit , and rf unit .
the sensor unit was to measure the air and water quality , the central processing unit for data acquisition and processing , the gps unit to track the position of the rf - sensor in real time and the rf unit for the wireless transmission and reception of the data .
the location information obtained with gps unit was important to determine the polluted area and to manage the distribution of the sensor units . 

figure 1 shows the block diagram of the rf sensor unit where various sensors ( voc , o3 , no2 , ph , do , and dust sensors ) , gps and wireless transceiver circuits were included .
do sensor measures the dissolved oxygen content ( do value ) and is widely used to determine the quality of water , along with the ph level measurement .
the information from the sensor units was collected from the rf receiver and relayed to the control tower . as could be seen in figure 1 ,
the sensor unit includes mcu , power circuits , and rf transceiver circuits for wireless communication [ 6 , 7 ] . in this work
, we chose the low - cost portable sensors to apply to the air pollution and water contamination measurements .
the choice of voc ; o3 ; no2 gas sensors and ph ; do sensors were chosen because these were the most common air pollutants in nam - dong industrial area in incheon .
since the concentrations of the small factories were very dense in this area , we devised the portable system to effectively measure the pollutants .
rf technology was used to conveniently collect the measured data in this sloppy area . to monitor various kinds of air pollution we installed voc , o3 , no2 , and dust sensors in the unit .
these various sensors had their own i / o ports to transfer the measured data to mcu .
mcu had internal 12  bit adc to convert the sensor output values to the digital values .
remotely located central server will collect these data and use them for further process . as we used small - size rf chips in our rf sensor system ,
the size of the system became remarkably smaller than the system used in the moving vehicle test station and the system used in the designated station .
also , our effective design reduced the cost of the system by an order of magnitude .
low cost and compactness of the system may allow us to install the systems in more densely populated locations and also to use the system in portable applications .
the sensors employed in this system had good enough specifications to be used in the air pollution forecast systems .

 figure 2 shows the picture of the fabricated hardware of the rf sensor unit . as can be seen in the picture , the main parts of the constructed hardware were the interfaces , the power , the mcu , and the sensors part .
various sensors could be installed in the sensors part , and the extension of this part to include more sensors could be done very easily .
the usual commercial products may use the pumps to collect the gases in the air and analyze them using the sensors .
however , we obtained reasonably good results by directly exposing our unit to the contaminated air and concluded that our approach is good enough in the polluted environmental area .
we gained the system performance from this approach in the size , the cost , and the power consumption .
we also installed sd memory card to save the data in case the data get lost during wireless data communications . in this way
, we could obtain the reliable data and use the current design for further development to the commercial package .
we used 400  mhz rf transceiver to achieve the moderate communication distance of 1  km .
the installed gps provided us with the current location information in real time while the sensors detect various contamination elements . 

figure 3 shows the captured screen of the virtual instrument developed to control and monitor the rf sensor system .
data obtained from various sensors were displayed on the screen , and the status of the sensor unit could be monitored on the screen .

 figure 4 shows the map of the tested location and the moving vehicle where our sensor unit was installed and operated .
rf unit could be seen on the bus window . in this work , we measured the air quality in songrim - dong , seo - gu , incheon south korea .
we compared our data with the data obtained from already equipped bulky and expensive commercial equipment in the specialty bus . 
 figure 5 shows the no2 gas detection results from our portable rf sensor unit . in figure 5 , we also presented the no2 gas detection results obtained from the standard commercial unit . the maximum value measured with
our unit was 0.1  ppm , and the minimum value was 0.01  ppm .
the measurement was done over the time period of 1 hour . when we compared the average values from the two units , the average measured value was 0.045  ppm for our portable rf sensor system and 0.045  ppm from the commercial standard unit , resulting to the same value .
data collection rate was 2 readings / sec . therefore , each measurement was from the average of 150 measurements .
figure 6 shows the o3 gas detection results from our portable rf sensor unit . in figure 6 , we also presented the o3 gas detection results obtained with the standard commercial unit .
compared to the no2 gas detection results , the values from the two units agreed much better .
the maximum value measured with our unit was 0.05  ppm , and the minimum value was 0.037  ppm .
the average value measured over 1 hour was 0.044  ppm for the portable rf sensor unit and 0.044  ppm for the commercial standard unit , resulting in the same value .
data collection rate was 2 readings / sec . therefore , each measurement was from the average of 150 measurements .
figures 7 and 8 show the test results obtained from the calibration measurements of do and ph sensors . for ph test
these digital values were transferred to the mcu for any further processing of the data . in this experiment , these digital data were converted to ph values and do values according to the linear fitting lines in the figures .
we have designed portable rf sensor system to monitor the air pollution by measuring the contents of voc , o3 , no2 , and dusts .
it also was used to monitor the water contamination by measuring the ph and do of water .
the performance tests of the unit were done for the o3 and no2 gases and compared to the commercial standard unit used to forecast the air pollution status by the city of incheon in south korea .
accuracy of the measurements from our portable rf - sensor system was comparable to the commercial standard unit .
however , our portable unit may cost less than only 2,000  us$ per unit . the low cost and
the performance of our system may be enhanced by simply installing higher - performance sensors .
monitoring air pollution including the contents of voc , o3 , no2 , and dusts has attracted a lot of interest in addition to the monitoring of water contamination because it affects directly to the quality of living conditions . 
 most of the current air pollution monitoring stations use the expensive and bulky instruments and are only installed in the very limited area . to bring the information of the air and water quality to the public in real time , 
 it is important to construct portable monitoring systems and distribute them close to our everyday living places . in this work 
 , we have constructed a low - cost portable rf sensor system by using 400  mhz transceiver to achieve this goal . 
 accuracy of the measurement was comparable to the ones used in the expensive and bulky commercial air pollution forecast systems .