You will be shown sections from a scientific research paper, together with a question about the paper. Your task is to answer the question based on the contents of the paper. Your response should be a `json` object with two fields:

"answer": An array of strings extracted directly from the paper which, collectively, answer the question.
"evidence": An array of strings. Each should be an excerpt from the paper, in which one or more of the extracted answers can be found.

For instance, for the question "What baselines did the authors compare against?", a sample response might be:

{
  "answer": ["BERT", "RoBERTa"],
  "evidence": ["In our experiments, we compare the performance of our model against BERT and RoBERTa."]
}

Do not include any text in your response other than the json.

If the question is unanswerable given the provided excerpts, respond with the single word "null".

Paper: Evaluating Tag Recommendations for E-Book Annotation Using a Semantic Similarity Metric

In this paper, we present our work to support publishers and editors in finding descriptive tags for e-books through tag recommendations. We propose a hybrid tag recommendation system for e-books, which leverages search query terms from Amazon users and e-book metadata, which is assigned by publishers and editors. Our idea is to mimic the vocabulary of users in Amazon, who search for and review e-books, and to combine these search terms with editor tags in a hybrid tag recommendation approach. In total, we evaluate 19 tag recommendation algorithms on the review content of Amazon users, which reflects the readers' vocabulary. Our results show that we can improve the performance of tag recommender systems for e-books both concerning tag recommendation accuracy, diversity as well as a novel semantic similarity metric, which we also propose in this paper.

Introduction
When people shop for books online in e-book stores such as, e.g., the Amazon Kindle store, they enter search terms with the goal to find e-books that meet their preferences. Such e-books have a variety of metadata such as, e.g., title, author or keywords, which can be used to retrieve e-books that are relevant to the query. As a consequence, from the perspective of e-book publishers and editors, annotating e-books with tags that best describe the content and which meet the vocabulary of users (e.g., when searching and reviewing e-books) is an essential task BIBREF0 .
Problem and aim of this work. Annotating e-books with suitable tags is, however, a complex task as users' vocabulary may differ from the one of editors. Such a vocabulary mismatch yet hinders effective organization and retrieval BIBREF1 of e-books. For example, while editors mostly annotate e-books with descriptive tags that reflect the book's content, Amazon users often search for parts of the book title. In the data we use for the present study (see Section SECREF2 ), we find that around 30% of the Amazon search terms contain parts of e-book titles.
In this paper, we present our work to support editors in the e-book annotation process with tag recommendations BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 . Our idea is to exploit user-generated search query terms in Amazon to mimic the vocabulary of users in Amazon, who search for e-books. We combine these search terms with tags assigned by editors in a hybrid tag recommendation approach. Thus, our aim is to show that we can improve the performance of tag recommender systems for e-books both concerning recommendation accuracy as well as semantic similarity and tag recommendation diversity.
Related work. In tag recommender systems, mostly content-based algorithms (e.g., BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 ) are used to recommend tags to annotate resources such as e-books. In our work, we incorporate both content features of e-books (i.e., title and description text) as well as Amazon search terms to account for the vocabulary of e-book readers.
Concerning the evaluation of tag recommendation systems, most studies focus on measuring the accuracy of tag recommendations (e.g., BIBREF2 ). However, the authors of BIBREF6 suggest also to use beyond-accuracy metrics such as diversity to evaluate the quality of tag recommendations. In our work, we measure recommendation diversity in addition to recommendation accuracy and propose a novel metric termed semantic similarity to validate semantic matches of tag recommendations.
Approach and findings. We exploit editor tags and user-generated search terms as input for tag recommendation approaches. Our evaluation comprises of a rich set of 19 different algorithms to recommend tags for e-books, which we group into (i) popularity-based, (ii) similarity-based (i.e., using content information), and (iii) hybrid approaches. We evaluate our approaches in terms of accuracy, semantic similarity and diversity on the review content of Amazon users, which reflects the readers' vocabulary. With semantic similarity, we measure how semantically similar (based on learned Doc2Vec BIBREF7 embeddings) the list of recommended tags is to the list of relevant tags. We use this additional metric to measure not only exact “hits” of our recommendations but also semantic matches.
Our evaluation results show that combining both data sources enhances the quality of tag recommendations for annotating e-books. Furthermore, approaches that solely train on Amazon search terms provide poor performance in terms of accuracy but deliver good results in terms of semantic similarity and recommendation diversity.

Method
In this section, we describe our dataset as well as our tag recommendation approaches we propose to annotate e-books.

Evaluation Protocol
For evaluation, we use the third set of e-book annotations, namely Amazon review keywords. As described in Section SECREF1 , these review keywords are extracted from the Amazon review texts and thus, reflect the users' vocabulary. We evaluate our approaches for the 2,896 e-books, for whom we got review keywords. To follow common practice for tag recommendation evaluation BIBREF14 , we predict the assigned review keywords (= our test set) for respective e-books.

Results
Concerning tag recommendation accuracy, in this section, we report results for different values of INLINEFORM0 (i.e., number of recommended tags). For the beyond-accuracy experiment, we use the full list of recommended tags (i.e., INLINEFORM1 ).

Recommendation Accuracy Evaluation
Figure FIGREF11 shows the results of the accuracy experiment for the (i) popularity-based, (ii) similarity-based, and (iii) hybrid tag recommendation approaches.
Popularity-based approaches. In Figure FIGREF11 , we see that popularity-based approaches based on editor tags tend to perform better than if trained on Amazon search terms. If we take into account contextual information like BISAC or author, we can further improve accuracy in terms of INLINEFORM0 . That is, we find that using popular tags from e-books of a specific author leads to the best accuracy of the popularity-based approaches. This suggests that editors and readers do seem to reuse tags for e-books of same authors. If we use both editor tags and Amazon search terms, we can further increase accuracy, especially for higher values of INLINEFORM1 like in the case of INLINEFORM2 . This is, however, not the case for INLINEFORM3 as the accuracy of the integrated INLINEFORM4 approach is low. The reason for this is the limited amount of e-books from within the Amazon search query logs that have BISAC information (i.e., only INLINEFORM5 ).
Similarity-based approaches. We further improve accuracy if we first find similar e-books and then extract their top- INLINEFORM0 tags in a cross-source manner as described in Section SECREF4 .
As shown in Figure FIGREF11 , using the description text to find similar e-books results in more accurate tag recommendations than using the title (i.e., INLINEFORM0 for INLINEFORM1 ). This is somehow expected as the description text consists of a bigger corpus of words (i.e., multiple sentences) than the title. Concerning the collected Amazon search query logs, extracting and then recommending tags from this source results in a much lower accuracy performance. Thus, these results also suggest to investigate beyond-accuracy metrics as done in Section SECREF17 .
Hybrid approaches. Figure FIGREF11 shows the accuracy results of the four hybrid approaches. By combining the best three popularity-based approaches, we outperform all of the initially evaluated popularity algorithms (i.e., INLINEFORM0 for INLINEFORM1 ). On the contrary, the combination of the two best performing similarity-based approaches INLINEFORM2 and INLINEFORM3 does not yield better accuracy. The negative impact of using a lower-performing approach such as INLINEFORM4 within a hybrid combination can also be observed in INLINEFORM5 for lower values of INLINEFORM6 . Overall, this confirms our initial intuition that combining the best performing popularity-based approach with the best similarity-based approach should result in the highest accuracy (i.e., INLINEFORM7 for INLINEFORM8 ). Moreover, our goal, namely to exploit editor tags in combination with search terms used by readers to increase the metadata quality of e-books, is shown to be best supported by applying hybrid approaches as they provide the best prediction results.

Beyond-Accuracy Evaluation
Figure FIGREF16 illustrates the results of the experiments, which measure the recommendation impact beyond-accuracy.
Semantic similarity. Figure FIGREF16 illustrates the results of our proposed semantic similarity measure. To compare our proposed measure to standard accuracy measures such as INLINEFORM0 , we use Kendall's Tau rank correlation BIBREF19 as suggested by BIBREF20 for automatic evaluation of information-ordering tasks. From that, we rank our recommendation approaches according to both accuracy and semantic similarity and calculate the relation between both rankings. This results in INLINEFORM1 with a p-value < INLINEFORM2 , which suggests a high correlation between the semantic similarity and the standard accuracy measure.
Therefore, the semantic similarity measure helps us interpret the recommendation quality. For instance, we achieve the lowest INLINEFORM0 values with the similarity-based approaches that recommend Amazon search terms (i.e., INLINEFORM1 and INLINEFORM2 ). When comparing these results with others from Figure FIGREF11 , a conclusion could be quickly drawn that the recommended tags are merely unusable. However, by looking at Figure FIGREF16 , we see that, although these approaches do not provide the highest recommendation accuracy, they still result in tag recommendations that are semantically related at a high degree to the expected annotations from the test set. Overall, this suggests that approaches, which provide a poor accuracy performance concerning INLINEFORM4 but provide a good performance regarding semantic similarity could still be helpful for annotating e-books.
Recommendation diversity. Figure FIGREF16 shows the diversity of the tag recommendation approaches. We achieve the highest diversity with the similarity-based approaches, which extract Amazon search terms. Their accuracy is, however, very low. Thus, the combination of the two vocabularies can provide a good trade-off between recommendation accuracy and diversity.

Conclusion and Future Work
In this paper, we present our work to support editors in the e-book annotation process. Specifically, we aim to provide tag recommendations that incorporate both the vocabulary of the editors and e-book readers. Therefore, we train various configurations of tag recommender approaches on editors' tags and Amazon search terms and evaluate them on a dataset containing Amazon review keywords. We find that combining both data sources enhances the quality of tag recommendations for annotating e-books. Furthermore, while approaches that train only on Amazon search terms provide poor performance concerning recommendation accuracy, we show that they still offer helpful annotations concerning recommendation diversity as well as our novel semantic similarity metric.
Future work. For future work, we plan to validate our findings using another dataset, e.g., by recommending tags for scientific articles and books in BibSonomy. With this, we aim to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed approach in a similar domain and to enhance the reproducibility of our results by using an open dataset.
Moreover, we plan to evaluate our tag recommendation approaches in a study with domain users. Also, we want to improve our similarity-based approaches by integrating novel embedding approaches BIBREF16 , BIBREF17 as we did, for example, with our proposed semantic similarity evaluation metric. Finally, we aim to incorporate explanations for recommended tags so that editors of e-book annotations receive additional support in annotating e-books BIBREF21 . By making the underlying (semantic) reasoning visible to the editor who is in charge of tailoring annotations, we aim to support two goals: (i) allowing readers to discover e-books more efficiently, and (ii) enabling publishers to leverage semi-automatic categorization processes for e-books. In turn, providing explanations fosters control over which vocabulary to choose when tagging e-books for different application contexts.
Acknowledgments. The authors would like to thank Peter Langs, Jan-Philipp Wolf and Alyona Schraa from HGV GmbH for providing the e-book annotation data. This work was funded by the Know-Center GmbH (FFG COMET Program), the FFG Data Market Austria project and the AI4EU project (EU grant 825619). The Know-Center GmbH is funded within the Austrian COMET Program - Competence Centers for Excellent Technologies - under the auspices of the Austrian Ministry of Transport, Innovation and Technology, the Austrian Ministry of Economics and Labor and by the State of Styria. COMET is managed by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG).

Table 1: Statistics of our e-book annotation dataset used to generate and evaluate tag recommendations.

Figure 1: Accuracy results with respect to nDCG for (a) popularity-based, (b) similarity-based and (c) hybrid tag recommendation approaches. All results are reported for different numbers of recommended tags (i.e., k ∈ [1, 10]).

Figure 2: Beyond-accuracy evaluation results of our tag recommendation approaches. We use the list of 10 recommended tags to calculate the (a) semantic similarity, and (b) recommendation diversity. We provide the boxplots and the mean values for the approaches.

Question: what algorithms did they use?
{"answer": ["popularity-based", "similarity-based", "hybrid"], "evidence": ["Approach and findings. We exploit editor tags and user-generated search terms as input for tag recommendation approaches. Our evaluation comprises of a rich set of 19 different algorithms to recommend tags for e-books, which we group into (i) popularity-based, (ii) similarity-based (i.e., using content information), and (iii) hybrid approaches. We evaluate our approaches in terms of accuracy, semantic similarity and diversity on the review content of Amazon users, which reflects the readers\u0027 vocabulary. With semantic similarity, we measure how semantically similar (based on learned Doc2Vec BIBREF7 embeddings) the list of recommended tags is to the list of relevant tags. We use this additional metric to measure not only exact \u201chits\u201d of our recommendations but also semantic matches."]}