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the type species for the genus ensifer , ensifer adhaerens atcc 33212 was initially characterized due to its predation activity against other bacteria in addition to its nitrogen - fixing activity under nutrient - limited growth conditions 1 .
the nitrogen - fixing genus sinorhizobium were later found to be synonymous with the ensifer .
in addition , since the genus ensifer were classified first , this synonymy was initially resolved by re - classifying members of the sinorhizobium as ensifer species .
however , given that sinorhizobium sp . were significant members of the rhizosphere , this created great consternation in the rhizobium scientific community 2 . adding to
this confusion was additional analyses that suggested a clear separation of the ensifer and sinorhizobium into two separate genera 3 .
the recently published method for genus delineation based on protein conservation 4 and the availability of whole genome of various type strains in this group ( including the recently published ensifer adhaerens atcc 33212 ) invite a genome - based investigation of the molecular taxonomy of the genera ensifer and sinorhizobium 
 1 .
the goals of this study were aimed to : 1 ) improve taxon sampling of the genus ensifer by sequencing and annotating eight additional genomes of ensifer strains isolated from two pristine cave environments , 2 ) identify putative gene(s ) associated with adaptation to cave environments and 3 ) utilize various genomic / proteomic information to resolve the question of whether the genera sinorhizobium and ensifer should be separated into two distinct genera or be combined into a single genus .
strain sd006 was isolated from water in calcite lake , which is formed where wind cave intersects the madison aquifer at a depth of -200 m in wind cave national park , south dakota , usa and maintained on half - strength tryptic soy agar medium ( merck , germany ) . the lechuguilla cave ( lc ) strains ( lc11 , lc13 , lc14 , lc54
, lc163 , lc384 , and lc499 ) were isolated from cave dry wall environment in new mexico as previously described by bhullar et al .
dna extraction was performed using e.z.n.a tissue dna kit ( omega bio - tek , norcross , ga ) . the extracted dna was subsequently processed using nextera xt ( illumina , san diego , ca ) , quantified using qubit 2.0 ( invitrogen , waltham , ma ) and sequenced on the miseq illumina sequencing platform located at the monash university malaysia genomics facility .
illumina adapter removal , whole genome assembly , in - silico scaffolding and gap closing were performed using trimmomatic v0.35 , spades v3.6.2 , sspace v3.0 and gapfiller v1.10 , respectively 6 - 9 .
genomic relatedness among different strains was inferred based on average nucleotide identity ( ani ) using jspecies v1.2.1 10 .
phylophlan v0.99 was subsequently used to infer the evolutionary relationship among the sequenced strains and related strains / species 11 .
pangenome analysis was performed with roary ( https://sanger-pathogens.github.io/roary/ ) using a protein identity cut - off of 90% for clustering orthologs .
genus delineation was determined based on the percentage of conserved proteins ( pocp ) as described by qin et al 4 whereby strains sharing pairwise pocp value of > 50% belong to the same prokaryotic genus .
the genome size of the strains sequenced in this study ranges between 6.0 to 7.5 megabases with n50 and gc content ranging from 180,000 to 232,000 bp and 61.5% to 62.3% , respectively ( table 1 ) . by rooting the constructed tree with several members of the order rhizobiales as the outgroup , maximum likelihood inference based on the alignment of 400 conserved proteins shows a clear separation of the ensifer / sinorhizobium group into two clades ( clade i and clade ii ) with maximal local support values inferred by the shimodaira - hasegawa test ( sh - like local supports ) .
clade 1 consists of mainly strains from the genus ensifer including the type strain e. adhaerens . on the other hand , clade 2 consists of mostly strains from the genus sinorhizobium including 3 type strains e.g. sinorhizobium arboris lmg14919 , sinorhizobium saheli lmg7837 and sinorhizobium fredii usda205 .
ensifer sojae ccbau05684 is the only strain with ensifer species designation that demonstrated monophyletic clustering within the  sinorhizobium  clade .
1c ) , the cave isolates reported in this study were designated as members of the genus ensifer .
additionally , these strains represent at least two genospecies of ensifer distinct from the type species e. adhaerens atcc 33499 , as evidence by their pairwise average nucleotide identity of less than 85% ( ani of > 95% indicates identical genospecies ; fig .
the first cave genospecies consists of strains lc163 , lc54 , lc384 and sd006 and the second consists of strains lc11 , lc14 and lc499 .
although the separation of ensifer and sinorhizobium into two distinct clades corroborates with previous study by martens et al . 3 who observed similar separation based on the phylogenetic analysis of ten concatenated house - keeping genes ( atpd , dnk , gap , glna , glta , gyrb , pnp , reca , rpob and thrc ) , all pairwise pocp values among members of ensifer and sinorhizobium are consistently higher than 50% ( fig .
1b ) thus providing convincing genomic evidence that they represent two major clades within the same genus .
strain sd006 , the only isolate from an aquatic cave environment , has the largest genome size among the eight cave isolates with more than 427,000 bps of additional genomic information than the strain that exhibits the smallest genome ( lc11 ; table 1 ) .
pan - genome analysis of sd006 and members of its genospecies identified up to 2,106 unique genes .
functional annotation of this unique proteome in sd006 led to the identification of a gene coding for aquaporin ( uniprot entry : a0a0l8bez5 ; locus tag : ac244_32060 ) .
the aquaporin protein has been shown to be involved in regulating responses related to changes in environmental osmolality 13 that may be more prevalent in the isolation source of strain sd006 e.g. an aqueous environment , compared to a dry limestone surface where the seven other strains were isolated .
the putative aquaporin protein has the highest similarity score of 82.8% ( as of 15 august 2016 ) to uniprot entry a0a072cg14 from the soil isolate sinorhizobium americanum ccgm7 .
strain lc11 has been previously demonstrated to exhibit in - vitro predation activity against micrococcus sp .
strain lc524 using methods such as the cross streak and predation activity assay , followed by the visualization of the predation activity using a scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) 14 .
however , its predation requirement(s ) differs substantially from the type strain e. adhaerans atcc 33499 e.g. while strain lc11 readily tracks prey at ph 8.0 , similar to the ph of the cave environment .
e. adhaerens atcc 33499 usually exhibits predation at a more acidic ph of 6.0 - 6.5 . the availability of whole genome sequences of seven ensifer sp
. will be useful for the identification of genes associated with bacterial predation and/or cave adaptation in members of the genus ensifer .
the genome sequences of strains described in this study have been deposited at genbank as described in table 1 .
the genome sequences of strains described in this study have been deposited at genbank as described in table 1 .
a total of eight ensifer sp . strains were isolated from two pristine cave environments . 
 one strain was isolated from a cave water pool located in the wind cave national park , south dakota , usa and the remaining seven strains were isolated from lechuguilla cave of carlsbad caverns national park , new mexico , usa . 
 whole genome sequencing and comparative genomic analyses of the eight isolates compared to various type strains from the genera ensifer and sinorhizobium demonstrates that although members in these genera can be phylogenetically separated into two distinct clades , the percentage of conserved proteins ( pocp ) between various type strains from ensifer and sinorhizobium are consistently higher than 50% , providing strong genomic evidence to support the classification of the genera ensifer and sinorhizobium into a single genus .