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Paper text:
frc posts consist of fibers ( carbon , quartz , silica , zirconia , or glass ) in a resin matrix with a silane coupling agent binding the fibers and matrix together .
in addition , the major advantage of the frc posts is the elastic modulus , which is equal to that of dentin , as well as high durability which may lead to a better distribution of the occlusal loads along the root .
the use of resin - based luting agents indicated for the retention of fiber post avoid friction between root canal walls and passively retained posts .
in addition , the retention of the post is one of the critical factors that could influence the quality of the restoration .
therefore , for adequate clinical function and for reliable bond formation at the root - postcore interfaces , the use of dual - cured or self - curing resin - based cements has been recommended . to convert monomer into polymer in resin - based material
moreover , the higher degree of monomer conversion is associated with improvements in the mechanical properties and of resin - based materials .
besides , the posts should transmit light to reach an adequate degree of cure at depth to permit curing of the cement throughout the apical region of the tooth .
therefore , translucent fiber posts are used to overcome the problem of lack of curing in deep regions of root . to improve bonding of resin cements to posts , various surface pretreatment procedures including the use of mechanical or chemical agents for posts have been suggested .
previously reported surface treatments such as airborne - particle abrasion and acid etching with hydrofluoric acid ( hf ) are commonly used methods that result in roughened surface or manage chemical bonding between a resin cement and post .
recently , laser etching technology has become available as an alternative for improving roughness and bond strength of dental substrates and materials .
the laser types employed in dentistry are argon laser , neodymium - doped yttrium aluminum garnet ( nd : yag ) laser , diode laser , erbium - doped yag ( er : yag ) , and erbium , chromium : yttrium , scandium , gallium , garnet ( er , cr : ysgg ) , and traditionally classified based on the active medium , for example , gas , liquid , solid state , or semiconductor diode . the newly introduced laser , er , cr : ysgg , is proposed for treatment of both soft and hard tissues with minimal thermal side - effects with a wavelength of 2.79 m and represents strong absorption in water ( a = 7000/cm ) .
previously , few reports have evaluated the light transmitting ability of posts . however , to date , no studies have examined the effect of surface treatment including laser treatment on light transmitting ability of fiber posts . therefore , the tested null hypothesis was the surface treatment of fiber posts adversely affect light transmitting ability of fiber posts . based on these considerations , the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of surface treatments on light transmittance of fiber posts .
prefabricated glass fiber posts ( snowpost ; carbotech , ganges , france ) ( n = 7/per group ) were prepared to a length of 10 mm and a coronal diameter of 1.5 mm .
the surface treatments were confined to a 8 mm wide parallel band measured from the coronal end . in group 1 ,
no surface treatment was performed , and it served as control . in group 2 , posts were etched with 9.6% hf for 60 s and rinsed with deionized water for 2 min . then silanization ( espe sil ) was performed for 60 s. in group 3 , the posts were sandblasted with 110 m diameter aluminum oxide particles ( rocatec pre ; 3 m espe ) at a distance of 1 cm at 2.8 bar for 5 s. in group 4 , the posts were also sandblasted with 110 m diameter aluminum oxide particles for 5 s and silanated for 60 s. in group 5 , the posts were irradiated with erbium , chromium : yttrium , aluminum , garnet laser .
the bonding surfaces of the post specimens were irradiated with an er - cr : ysgg laser system ( waterlase md , biolase technology inc . , san clemente , ca , usa ) operating at a wavelength of 2780 nm and having pulse duration of 140200 s with a repetition rate of 10 hz .
the power output was set at 1.5 w. in addition , the average exposure time was set at 10 s , and the distance of application was 10 mm .
moreover , air and water spray from the handpiece was adjusted to a level of 85% air and 85% water during the lasing of the specimens .
light transmission was measured using a transmission optical light microscope coupled with a spectrometer ( perkin - elmer ft - ir system 2000 model , ca , usa ) .
the referenced light source up were transmitted through the cut end and measured the intensity percentage of light ( compared with the reference of 100% ) for each post .
values are given as the percentage of incident light measured at the opposite length of the post .
schematic test set - up statistical significance was determined by a one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) followed by tukey 's post hoc test .
statistical analyses were performed using spss , version 20.0 ( spss inc . , chicago , il , usa ) .
statistical significance was determined by a one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) followed by tukey 's post hoc test .
statistical analyses were performed using spss , version 20.0 ( spss inc . , chicago , il , usa ) .
the mean light transmittance percentage values , standard deviations , and the differences within the groups are presented in figure 2 .
one - way anova revealed that the surface treatments had significant effects on bond strength values ( p < 0.001 ) .
while the highest light transmittance value was achieved following laser treatment ( 49.83  4.28 ) , the lowest value was obtained with silane treatment following hf application ( 38.19  1.01 ) .
the light transmittance values were ranked as follows : control > laser > sandblasting  silane application following sandblasting  silane treatment following hf application [ figure 2 ] .
the null hypothesis was accepted as statistical analysis revealed differences between light transmittance percentage values of the posts following different surface treatments . it is known that the most important aspect in cementation of a fiber post in the root canal is the limitation of the cure rate as a function of the depth .
in addition , residual unreacted monomers formed as a result of incomplete polymerization of the resin cement and adhesive . moreover , these materials might leak through the apical root filling and could result in inflammatory , cytotoxic , and mutagenic reactions of periodontal tissue .
therefore , to perform adequate light polymerization , the posts should transmit light to permit curing of the cement throughout the apical region of the tooth . a previous study by radovic et al . investigated the light transmission through fiber posts and concluded that cementation of fiber post with no light transmitting ability using dual - cured resin cement resulted in lower percentage of continuity of resin cement - root dentin and resin cement - fiber post in comparison to cementation of light transmitting fiber post .
similarly , the fiber posts used in this study was an esthetic post , composed of silica - zirconia fibers embedded in a resin matrix which might adversely influenced its light transmitting properties as the value of the control group was 54.22  3.09% .
in addition , a previous study by goracci et al . evaluated light transmission behavior of translucent posts and found values lower than 40% of incident light .
however , in this study , except the group treated with silane following hf application ( 38.19  1.01 ) , all the groups showed values higher than 40% .
this could be attributed to the differences between fiber contents and matrix structure of the posts . in a previous study ,
the authors evaluated the effect of surface treatments on bond strength of resin core materials to three different types of fiber posts .
they indicated that surface treatment with hf was found to be effective method for improving the bonding of resin core materials to fiber posts except one post group and related this result with modification of the fiber post surfaces with hf .
in addition , an enhancement of the surface roughness and a greater exposure of the fibers in comparison to the untreated post might have occurred .
in addition , a previous study by samimi et al . compared pretreatment methods ( hf + silane and h2o2 + silane ) of a fiber post on the push - out bond strength to root and showed that dissolution of resin matrix and glass fibers created a rough surface . besides , in a previous study by hsu et al . , it was stated that surface roughness might affect light scattering properties .
therefore , the lower light transmission values of the group treated with silane following hf application might be related with the surface roughness and thereby decrease in light transmission values .
in addition , a previous study by harada et al . indicated that the light scattering intensity increases as the substrate roughness increases .
the er , cr : ysgg laser chosen in this study was introduced with two different wavelengths to avoid the increase in the temperature of the dental pulp and absorption problems of carbon dioxide laser and the nd : yag laser .
the lasers are also used to prepare dental materials for bonding on or into tooth surfaces .
the specimens treated with laser demonstrated a higher percentage of light transmittance than hf treated and sandblasted groups . this could be attributed to lower deterioration of fiber post surfaces with laser treatment .
furthermore , a previous study evaluated the surface roughness and bond strength of glass fiber posts to a resin cement after various surface treatment and found fiber ruptures in the sandblasted posts when compared with er : yag laser irradiated specimens .
moreover , in this study , lower power setting was used ( 1.5 w ) in accordance with a previous study , and the surfaces were irradiated with constant water and air cooling . besides , application parameters of lasers such as energy , output power , pulse duration , and distance could affect surface characteristics and thereby light transmission values of posts .
assimilated glass fiber to a multimode fiber optic . as they reported previously , the fiber acts like a core , the matrix like a cladding . in accordance with that study , the differences in the percentage of light transmission values among the posts could be possibly explained by the differences in refraction indices between the core and the cladding materials . since the conversion of the present in vitro data to clinical outcomes constitutes great difficulty , clinical studies focusing on the effect of laser on dental materials '
therefore , further research is necessary to evaluate the optical properties of fiber posts in correlation with bond strength of posts to the resin cement in the root canal .
objective : the objective of this study was to compare the light transmittance of fiber posts following application of various surface treatments.materials and methods : fiber post specimens ( snowpost red size # 14 ) were tested ( n = 7 ) . 
 the fiber posts were divided into five groups according to the application of surface treatments : group 1 : no surface treatment ; group 2 : etched with hydrofluoric acid ( hf ) + silane application ; group 3 : airborne - particle abraded with 110 m al2o3 ; group 4 : irradiated with erbium : yttrium - aluminum - garnet laser ; group 5 : airborne - particle abraded with 110 m al2o3 + silane application . 
 the light transmittance of the specimens was compared using a spectrophotometer . 
 statistical significance was determined using one - way analysis of variance ( anova ) (  = 0.05).results : one - way anova revealed that surface treatment had significant effects on light transmittance of posts ( p < 0.001 ) . while laser treatment had the highest percentage of light transmittance , treatment with silane following hf application had the lowest.conclusion:application of surface treatments might negatively affect the light transmission property of fiber posts .