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study of rhesus ( rh ) blood group antigens , phenotype , and rh antibodies is very useful in routine and advanced clinical practice in blood transfusion centers .
the typing of blood group antigens and determination of phenotype for blood and blood components are a prerequisite for an efficient and safe blood transfusion .
the frequency of rh antigens and developed rh antibodies in patients after blood transfusion or after adverse transfusion reactions have been the theme of research in blood transfusion medicine .
in addition , the investigation of those antigens have much to offer to blood banking , making the role of workers in transfusion medicine more important in clinical practice . unfortunately , there are few systematic search for antigens c , c , e , e , and rh phenotypes in the donor and recipient , thereby exposing the transfused patient to high risk of alloimmunization .
based on available information and reviewing of published papers , the occurrences of alloimmunization in massive transfusion patients are < 4% .
recipients and patients who develop alloantibodies due to incompatible blood transfusion in their blood are at risk
. this risk can be avoided by transfusing blood units that are negative for the antigens , which the alloantibodies have been produced and developed against .
blood units that have been antigen detected and cross - matched for these important rh antigens will reduce the possibility of the complications and adverse transfusion reactions .
most of the alloantibodies are encountered during compatibility testing procedure in clinical practice and in most transfusion donation centers , are originally due to antigens that belong to rh blood grouping systems .
it is very important to study the frequencies of the different rh antigens and rh phenotypes concerning those who have developed multiple alloantibodies due to massive previous transfusions .
this information is necessary to check the availability of blood units that lack the corresponding antigen(s ) .
the current practice of providing compatible blood to patients in many areas is still depending on random cross matching of available units in the donation centers or availability of blood units from recipient relatives .
this study was conducted to provide sufficient data on the distribution of rh blood groups antigens , their frequency , and the most common rh phenotype among donors who donated blood or blood components at king abdulaziz medical city 
these findings would assist in the planning and coordinating blood - transfusion services in the kingdom of saudi arabia .
this is a retrospective chart review study conducted to determine the frequency of rh antigens and rh phenotypes among donors donating blood or blood products at king abdulaziz medical city 
donors who did not donate blood or blood products were excluded . finally , the raw data of rhd and rh sub - groups antigens obtained were analyzed using spss version 20 ( bm corporation , armonk , ny , usa ) computer program .
participants in this study included 600 donors ; donors are males and females and their ages above 18 years .
the incidence of rhd positive was 84.8% and only 15.2% of samples were negative for d antigen .
the incidence of other rh antigens , i.e. , c , e , c , and e were 62.3% , 23.5% , 74.3% , and 95.0% , respectively [ figure 1 and table 1 ] .
the most common rh phenotype among rhd positive donors was dccee ( 28.7% ) followed by dccee ( 24.5% ) , and the lowest rh phenotype among rhd positive was dccee ( 0.3% ) .
three donors ( 0.5% ) were negative for antithetical antigens c and c [ table 2 ] .
the incidence of rhesus antigen in present study the incidence of rhesus antigen positive / negative in present study the frequency and percentage of rhesus phenotypes
rh antigens , rh phenotypes , and rh genes are different from one group of population to another due to ethnic variations as well as across different races .
rh antigens , rh phenotypes , and rh genes are different [ table 3 ] from one group of population to another due to ethnic variations as well as across different races .
the frequency of rhesus antigens in present study compared with different populations rh antigens and rh phenotypes are stable during the human life , and the frequency of rh blood group antigens and rh phenotypes are very important among population .
they could help in determining the availability of blood matching and the occurrence of hemolytic diseases in neonates .
therefore , frequency of different rh antigens and rh phenotypes are important and useful for proper management of blood transfusion medicine services .
the rh blood group system includes many immunogenic antigens that are located on variant forms of rhd and rhce proteins .
the genes responsible for the rh proteins are located on the short arm of chromosome number one .
the immunologic responses to the major rh antigens will be beneficial in the management and treatment of hemolytic disease .
the frequency of d antigen in this study is 84.8% as compared to the findings in the us , france , and nigeria where it was shown that the respective prevalence was 85.4% , 85% , and 81.5% , respectively .
these results disagree with the work of joseph who found that the d antigen negative is 7.28% , whereas cabannes found that the d antigen negative values were ranging between 1.70 and 9.3% in sub - saharan africa .
the frequencies of c and e antigens in this study are high ( 74.3 and 95% ) , whereas the frequencies of c and e antigens are lower 62.3% and 23.5% , respectively . among whites european , and asian people ,
e antigen is the most common , and next comes c antigen . with regards to c and e antigens ,
their frequencies are higher than the results obtained in this study , which showed 62.3% and 23.5% , respectively .
the most frequently encountered phenotype in this study is the phenotype dccee ( 28.7% ) among rhd positive blood donors and dccee 13.7% among rhd negative blood donors .
this profile is different from that observed in the whites european where the phenotype dccee or dccee are the most common ones .
this study revealed that rh antigenic profile , phenotype , and genotype along with antibody screening and their identification are very important factors before blood transfusion , especially in patients with history of massive transfusion and multi - parity females .
our study shows that there is a wide range of racial and geographical variation in the distribution of rh antigens and phenotypes .
the rh blood group system has vital role in population genetic study in resolving medical legal issues and more importantly in transfusion practice .
background : the rhesus ( rh ) blood group system is one of the most polymorphic and immunogenic systems known in humans , because of its immunogenicity along with abo grouping , rhd antigen testing was made mandatory before issuing a compatible blood . at present 
 , there are five major antigens , i.e. , d , c , e , c , and e in rh blood group system.aims:the aim of this study is to provide essential data about the distribution of the major rh antigens and the most common phenotype among the saudi population.materials and methods : this is a retrospective study to evaluate the rh grouping and rh sub - groups performed among some donors who donated blood or blood products at the department of donation center at king abdulaziz medical city riyadh , saudi arabia from january 1 , 2014 to december 31 , 2014 . 
 sample size included 600 donors . 
 donors are males and females and their ages are above 18 years.results:the incidence of rhd was 84.8% and only 15.2% of samples were negative for d antigen . 
 the incidence of other rh antigens c , e , c , and e were 62.3% , 23.5% , 74.3% , and 95.0% , respectively . 
 the most common phenotype among rhd positive donors was dccee ( 28.7% ) and among rhd negative donors was dccee ( 13.7% ) . 
 however , three donors ( 0.5% ) were negative for antithetical antigens c and c.conclusion:this study shows that there is a wide racial and geographical variation in the distribution of rh antigens and phenotypes among study participants . 
 the rh blood group system has a vital role in population genetic study and in resolving medical legal issues and more importantly in transfusion medicine practice .