You will be provided with the titles and abstracts of a collection of medical RCT reports studying a clinical question -- for instance, the efficacy of an intervention on some medical outcome. Please write a few sentences synthesizing the findings of these reports, which could serve as a conclusion section for a systematic review article. Your response should not include any other text. The RCT reports are below.



Title 1:
Hypnosis and self-hypnosis in the management of nocturnal enuresis: a comparative study with imipramine therapy.
Abstract 1:
Various therapeutic modalities have been used for treating enuresis due to the lack of a single identifiable cause. We carried out a comparative study of imipramine and direct hypnotic suggestions with imagery used for the management of functional nocturnal enuresis. Enuretic children, ranging in age from 5 to 16 years, underwent 3 months of therapy with imipramine (N = 25) or hypnosis (N = 25). After termination of the active treatment, the hypnosis group continued practicing self-hypnosis daily during the follow-up period of another 6 months. Of the patients treated with imipramine, 76% had a positive response (all dry beds); for patients treated with hypnotic strategies, 72% responded positively. At the 9-month follow-up, 68% of patients in the hypnosis group maintained a positive response, whereas only 24% of the imipramine group did. Hypnosis and self-hypnosis strategies were found to be less effective in younger children (5-7 years old) compared to imipramine treatment. The treatment response was not related to the hypnotic responsivity of the patient in either group.


Title 2:
A controlled trial of desmopressin and behavioral therapy for nocturnal enuresis.
Abstract 2:
The combination of desmopressin (DDAVP) and behavioral therapy for treatment of nocturnal enuresis was compared with use of each of these modes alone. We randomly assigned 226 enuretic children being treated in primary care clinics of a major medical center in the largest health maintenance organization in Israel into 3 groups: Group A) DDAVP plus behavioral therapy (double-blind); Group B) behavioral therapy plus placebo (double-blind); and Group C) DDAVP alone (open group). DDAVP (20 micrograms/naris) and placebo were administered by intranasal spray. Both pharmacologic and behavioral therapy were initiated after a 2-week observation period and continued for 8 weeks. All patients were followed for 2 months after completion of treatment. A significant reduction in the number of wet nights/week was registered for all 3 groups: 49% in Group A, 45% in Group B, and 19% in Group C. After controlling for confounding factors, no significant difference in effect was noted among the 3 types of treatment during the trial period. However, on follow-up the results for the DDAVP patients were significantly less stable compared with the other 2 groups (p = 0.015). Minor side effects were registered, but none of the participants withdrew from the trial. To our knowledge, this is the largest randomized trial of nocturnal enuresis conducted to date. Our findings suggest that simply discussing the problem with the patient and family leads to improvement, and that behavioral therapy is also beneficial. DDAVP can help, but the relapse rate on discontinuation is high.


Title 3:
Effect of diet treatment on enuresis in children with migraine or hyperkinetic behavior.
Abstract 3:
Twenty-one children with migraine and/or hyperkinetic behavior disorder which was successfully treated with an oligoantigenic (few-foods) diet also suffered from nocturnal and/or diurnal enuresis. On diet, the enuresis stopped in 12 of these children and improved in an additional four. Identification of provoking foods was by sequential reintroduction of the foods that were avoided on the oligoantigenic diet. In eight of the 12 children who recovered on the oligoantigenic diet and in the four who improved, reintroduction of one or more foods provoked a reproducible relapse of the enuresis. Nine children were subjected to a placebo-controlled, double-blind reintroduction of provoking foods. Six children relapsed during testing with incriminated foods; none reacted to placebo. Enuresis in food-induced migraine and/or behavior disorder seems to respond, in some patients, to avoidance of provoking foods.


Title 4:
Our experience with faradization of urinary bladder in enuretic children.
Abstract 4:
nan


Title 5:
Chiropractic management of primary nocturnal enuresis.
Abstract 5:
To evaluate chiropractic management of primary nocturnal enuresis in children.
                A controlled clinical trial for 10 wk preceded by and followed by a 2-wk nontreatment period.
                Chiropractic clinic of the Palmer Institute of Graduate Studies and Research.
                Forty-six nocturnal enuretic children (31 treatment and 15 control group), from a group of 57 children initially included in the study, participated in the trial.
                High velocity, short lever adjustments of the spine consistent with the Palmer Package Techniques; or a sham adjustment using an Activator at a nontension setting administered to the examiner's underlying contact point. Two 5th-year chiropractic students under the supervision of two clinic faculty performed the adjustments.
                Frequency of wet nights.
                The post-treatment mean wet night frequency of 7.6 nights/2 wk for the treatment group was significantly less than its baseline mean wet night frequency of 9.1 nights/2 wk (p = 0.05). For the control group, there was practically no change (12.1 to 12.2 nights/2 wk) in the mean wet night frequency from the baseline to the post-treatment. The mean pre- to post-treatment change in the wet night frequency for the treatment group compared with the control group did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.067). Twenty-five percent of the treatment-group children had 50% or more reduction in the wet night frequency from baseline to post-treatment while none among the control group had such reduction.
                Results of the present study strongly suggest the effectiveness of chiropractic treatment for primary nocturnal enuresis. A larger study of longer duration with a 6-month follow-up is therefore warranted.


Title 6:
ENURESIS--AN ETIOLOGIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDY.
Abstract 6:
nan


Title 7:
Treatment of primary nocturnal enuresis: A randomized clinical trial comparing hypnotherapy and alarm therapy.
Abstract 7:
nan


Title 8:
Primary enuresis: relative success of three methods of treatment.
Abstract 8:
A total of 169 children with primary enuresis were treated by one of three methods--use of a special diet, imipramine, or a waking device (the Mozes detector). Of 64 who received the diet 1 (1.6%) was cured; of 62 who were treated with imipramine 13 (20.9%) were cured; and of 43 who used the detector 23 (53.5%) were cured. Results at follow-up remained substantially unchanged for cure. Improvement rate without cure during treatment was higher for the children treated with imipramine than for those treated with the detector, but at follow-up the reverse was true. Parents of children who received the special diet, because they were unimpressed by the rate of improvement, would not permit their children to continue this form of therapy for longer than 1 or 2 months.


Title 9:
Psychological changes associated with conditioning functional enuresis.
Abstract 9:
nan


Title 10:
Chiropractic care of children with nocturnal enuresis: a prospective outcome study.
Abstract 10:
Functional nocturnal enuresis is a common problem which causes a great deal of stress to the suffering children and their families. Some chiropractors advocate chiropractic care as a mode of therapy for this complaint. One hundred and seventy-one enuretic children, aged 4 to 15, were treated with chiropractic adjustments, and their number of wet nights was monitored by their parents. The median number of wet nights per week was 7.0 at the onset of the study. After 2 wk without any therapy, the number of wet nights had decreased to 5.6 (p = .01) and by the end of the treatment this figure was 4.0 (p less than .0001). Following the course of treatment, 15.5% of subjects wet a maximum of 2 nights per fortnight, or, where data for the last 2 wk of therapy were unavailable, a maximum of 1 night/wk. This result is less favorable than the therapeutic success of other common types of therapy, which have reported "cure" rates well above 50%. The only variable which predicted treatment outcome was the initial estimate of bed-wetting; the more severe the condition at the onset, the less likely was the child to improve by the end of the study. In the absence of a control group there appears to be no validity in the claim that chiropractic is a treatment of choice for functional nocturnal enuresis.


Title 11:
Treatment of nocturnal enuresis: a placebo-controlled trial with piracetam, diphenylhydantoin and psychotherapy.
Abstract 11:
The study population consisted of 100 children with nocturnal enuresis (NE) aged between six and 14 years, who had been randomly selected amongst the enuretic outpatients at the Ankara S.S.K. Children's Hospital. A placebo-controlled evaluation of piracetam, diphenylhydantoin and psychotherapy was carried out. At the end of the eighth week of the study, it was discovered that the therapeutic effects observed in the patients administered piracetam did not differ from those given the placebo. Therefore, we recommend that psychotherapy in association with a placebo be the first step in the treatment of NE children.


Title 12:
Prospective randomized trial using laser acupuncture versus desmopressin in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis.
Abstract 12:
Several treatment modalities for children suffering from monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis are available, but desmopressin is a well-established option. On the other hand, alternative nonpharmacological therapies such as laser acupuncture are more frequently requested by the parents. To our knowledge, there is no prospective randomized trial which evaluated the efficacy of such an alternative approach in comparison with the widespread use of desmopressin.
                Forty children aged over 5 years presenting with primary nocturnal enuresis underwent a previous evaluation of their voiding function to assure normal voiding patterns and a high nighttime urine production. Then the children were randomized into two groups: group A children were treated with desmopressin alone, and group B children underwent laser acupuncture. All children were investigated after a minimum follow-up period of 6 month to evaluate the duration of the response.
                The children of both groups had an initial mean frequency of 5.5 wet nights per week. After a minimum follow-up period of 6 months reevaluation revealed a complete success rate of 75% in the desmopressin-treated group. Additional 10% of the children had a reduction of their wet nights of more than 50%. On the other hand, 6 months after laser acupuncture, 65% of the randomized children were completely dry. Another 10% had a reduction of the enuresis frequency of more than 50% per week. 20% of the children in the desmopressin-treated group did not respond at all as compared with 15% in the acupuncture-treated group. Statistical evaluation revealed no significant differences among the response rates in both groups.
                Im comparison with pharmacological therapy using desmopressin, our study shows that laser acupuncture should be taken into account as an alternative, noninvasive, painless, cost-effective, and short-term therapy for children with primary nocturnal enuresis in case of a normal bladder function and high nighttime urine production. Success rates indicated no statistically significant differences between the well-established desmopressin therapy and the alternative laser acupuncture.
There was weak evidence to support the use of hypnosis, psychotherapy, acupuncture, chiropractic and medicinal herbs but it was provided in each case by single small trials, some of dubious methodological rigour. Robust randomised trials are required with efficacy, cost-effectiveness and adverse effects clearly reported.