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the incidence of depression in adolescence ranges from 2.5% to 8%.1 major depression in adolescence is also associated with an increased risk of suicide , poor school performance , impaired social skills , social withdrawal , and substance abuse.2 depressive symptoms in adolescents can be different from those in adults . in adolescent depression , symptoms are more heterogeneous and can fluctuate . symptoms of major depression can also manifest as somatic complaints and are highly comorbid with anxiety disorders , substance abuse , disruptive behavior disorders ( eg , conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder ) , personality disorders , and attention deficit disorder.36 effective treatments for mild to moderate depression in adolescents may include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors , cognitive - behavioral therapy , and interpersonal therapy.7 however , these treatments may be of limited efficacy in patients with severe symptoms .
moreover , psychotropic medications can frequently produce intolerable side effects.8 furthermore , bipolar depression is poorly understood in youth and there is a dearth of evidence - based treatments . in general , selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used with caution because there are limited data to suggest these agents are effective and concern that they may induce manic episodes.9,10 also , recent meta - analyses showed that adolescent patients initiating therapy with a high dose of antidepressants seem to be at heightened risk of deliberate self - harm and that the efficacy of antidepressant therapy for youth seems to be modest.11,12 further , separate evidence suggests that the antidepressant dose is generally unrelated to the therapeutic efficacy.1318 electroconvulsive therapy ( ect ) may be of significant benefit in adolescents who present with treatment - resistant depression.8 however , ect is often associated with significant memory impairment and its use in adolescents with depression is still controversial.19 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rtms ) has also been used to treat adolescent depression with very good tolerability and few adverse effects.2022 early evidence also suggests that treatment of resistant depression by rtms in adolescents is not associated with long - term cognitive deterioration and that some patients may derive long - term benefit from rtms.23 however , although rtms is relatively well tolerated in adolescent patients with major depression , there are also reports suggesting that rtms may not be perceived as being very helpful by patients and their parents,24 and its efficacy in adolescents has only been evaluated in a small number of open - label studies . magnetic seizure therapy ( mst )
has shown efficacy in adult patients with treatment - resistant depression without significant impairment in memory.2527 a small randomized clinical trial of mst and ect demonstrated equivalent antidepressant efficacy with minimal cognitive side effects in adult treatment - resistant depression.28 to date , the use of mst in adolescent depression has not been reported .
herein , we describe the first use of mst in an adolescent patient with a treatment - resistant major depressive episode in the context of bipolar ii disorder who experienced full remission of depressive symptoms with no deleterious effects on memory .
the current report describes the case of a patient with adolescent bipolar depression who achieved remission in an ongoing open - label study of mst ( nct01596608 ) .
the patient s diagnosis of a major depressive episode in the context of bipolar ii disorder was confirmed using the scid - iv ( structured clinical interviews for the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , fourth edition ) . in the acute treatment phase
, mst was administered at a frequency of 23 times per week on nonconsecutive days . in the continuation treatment phase
, mst was administered at a frequency of once per week for 4 weeks , one treatment every 2 weeks for 2 months , and one treatment every 3 weeks for one month , in succession .
this patient had a total of 18 mst treatment sessions in the acute treatment phase and nine treatment sessions in the continuation phase .
a twin coil was used for mst ( mag venture a / s , farum , denmark ) , and the center of each coil was placed over f3 and f4 using the 1020 electroencephalography system .
the mst determination of seizure threshold used 100% machine output applied at 100 hz at progressively increasing train durations , commencing at 2 seconds and increasing by 2 seconds with each subsequent stimulation until an adequate seizure was produced . during subsequent sessions , one stimulation per session was delivered using a train duration that was 4 seconds longer than the train duration at threshold ( with a maximum train duration of 10 seconds ) .
methohexital sodium 0.75 mg / kg and succinylcholine 0.5 mg / kg were administered for induction of anesthesia and muscle relaxation .
the primary outcome measure was remission on the 24-item version of the hamilton depression rating scale ( hdrs ) .
remission was defined as an hdrs 24-item score 10 and a 60% reduction in scores on two consecutive assessments , consistent with other larger convulsive therapy trials.29,30 clinical / cognitive assessments were performed by trained research analysts .
cognition was assessed prior to and at the end of the acute treatment phase , and at 6 months post treatment .
additionally , the montreal cognitive assessment was administered at baseline and every six treatments during acute treatment , and also before the first continuation treatment .
the full cognitive battery included assessments of anterograde and retrograde memory , specifically looking at learning , retention , and retrieval in both the verbal and nonverbal domains .
this included assessments such as the autobiographical memory interview short form ( ami - sf),31 matrics consensus cognitive battery , stroop , and verbal fluency using the controlled oral word association test ( cowat ) .
we also evaluated general intellectual functioning through the wechsler test of adult reading prior to the start of treatment .
finally , time to reorientation was measured to assess the recovery of orientation post - mst treatment .
the patient was an 18-year - old male with a first refractory major depressive episode in the context of bipolar ii disorder .
prior to the onset of the depressive episode , he had intentionally deprived himself of sleep to study harder .
he felt he had the ability to study harder , stay up longer , and work harder than his classmates .
after approximately 3 weeks of intentionally staying up late and sleeping only 4 hours , he developed significant depressive symptoms that continued for more than 2 months . at the onset of this depressive episode , he was evaluated and treated by a psychiatrist , and had trials of citalopram , sertraline , methylphenidate , risperidone , aripiprazole , quetiapine , and lithium during the depressive episode for 12 months . however , these antidepressants and mood stabilizers had little effect on his depressive symptoms .
he received bilateral dorsal medial prefrontal cortex rtms treatment at 10 hz , 1,500 pulses per session32 delivered as an accelerated treatment of five sessions daily at 2-hour intervals for 5 days.3234 before rtms , his 17-item hdrs score was 16 , which improved to 9 after rtms .
he had a partial response of less than 50% that was not felt to be clinically significant .
his improvement was short - lived after completing rtms , and he was referred to the temerty centre for therapeutic brain intervention at the centre for addiction and mental health and met the eligibility criteria for the ongoing , open - label clinical trial of mst ( nct01596608 ) . at the time of initial assessment , his depressive episode had reached 58 weeks in duration and he was experiencing anhedonia . his energy was low and he reported poor concentration and low self - esteem .
other than the hypomania preceding the current depressive episode , there did not appear to be any other episodes of mania or hypomania .
he was euthyroid ( thyroid - stimulating hormone level 3.56 miu / l ) after thyroxine replacement therapy .
, both methylphenidate and lithium were tapered in consideration of the increased risk of cardiac sequelae and cognitive impairment associated with these drugs .
concomitant lithium therapy is prohibited during the mst clinical trial due to the potential for increased adverse cognitive effects when lithium is combined with ect.35 he had an acute course of 18 mst treatments over 6 weeks and nine continuation mst treatments over 6 months . during his course of mst treatments , he was on no medications other than thyroxine 0.05 mg per day orally . at baseline ,
after the 12th mst treatment , his hdrs 24-item score was reduced to 10 , and he stated that he had increased interest and wanted to return to school .
he achieved remission after his 18th mst treatment when his hdrs 24-item score was 8 .
although his processing speed and concentration improved , we continued his mst treatment according to the protocol described above as continuation mst for prevention of relapse .
after his 21st mst treatment , his hdrs 24-item score ranged from three to six .
the main results of the comprehensive neuropsychological battery at baseline and after acute and continuation treatment are reported in table 1 .
also , his average score on the montreal cognitive assessment was 291 points out of 30 ( cut - off point is 26 ) , suggesting that his general cognitive function was within normal limits during the entire course of mst .
the adverse effects of mst in the patient were intense nausea after the first mst treatment and multiple prolonged seizures that required termination with midazolam or extra methohexital .
after mst treatment , granisetron 1 mg or odansetron 4 mg was used to alleviate nausea at each subsequent treatment . for prolonged seizures over 150 seconds , in his acute course of mst , mean electroencephalographic and electromyographic seizures were 13262 seconds ( on frontal eeg ) and 9442 seconds ( physical manifestation ) . at the acute mst 1 , 3 , 8 , and 17 sessions ,
during the continuation course of mst , mean electroencephalographic and physical seizures were 17033 seconds and 14628 seconds , respectively .
during the continuation mst 2 and 6 treatments , his prolonged seizures were terminated with midazolam 2 mg and at treatments 3 , 4 , 7 , 8 , and 9 they were terminated with methohexital 3040 mg . the details of his are shown in table 2 . despite experiencing multiple prolonged seizures
, he was able to return to and attend university for full - time studies following completion of the mst treatments .
this is the first case report of an adolescent who was experiencing a treatment - resistant major depressive episode in the context of bipolar ii who achieved remission of his previously refractory depression following a course of mst .
his symptoms were unresponsive to several antidepressants , mood stabilizers , and augmentation therapies , and had been present for more than one year .
due to multiple psychopharmacological treatment failures , treatment with rtms , ect , and mst were considered as treatment options.27,36,37 after the patient had a transient partial response to rtms , he and his family decided to participate in our mst treatment trial .
the patient reached remission after 18 acute ( ie , 23 times per week ) mst treatments .
he has maintained his remission for approximately 11 months at the time of this report .
he experienced no prolonged confusion after mst treatments , consistent with a previous report.38 finally , there was minimal subjective cognitive impairment during his mst course .
he did have a reduced autobiographical memory score on testing , but this did not lead to any functional impairment .
previous studies have reported that healthy subjects demonstrate decreased retrieval consistency in all components of the ami - sf .
for example , mean retrieval consistency in all components of the ami - sf was approximately 80% between the initial assessment and 6 months post reassessment.39 also , semkovska et al proposed cut - off values defining impairment for both initial assessment and consistency in autobiographical memory retrieval after 6 months .
these values were 33.5 and 23.5 , respectively.39 his scores of 52 on the ami - sf at the initial assessment and 35 at the 6 months post reassessment were within the normal range .
further , while patients with depression showed less episodic - specific autobiographical memory than healthy controls in the study by semkovska et al both groups showed equivalent amounts of consistency loss over a 2-month interval on all components of the ami - sf.39 based on these findings in healthy subjects , an approximately 20% reduction in ami - sf score can be expected between the initial assessment and 6 months post reassessment .
therefore , in this patient , we would anticipate an ami - sf score of 42 points at 6 months post assessment compared with his actual score of 35 points .
the gap between his expected 42 point ( ie , 20% reduction ) and his actual 35 point ( ie , 33% reduction ) may be related to normal variability in performance or possibly to a mild retrograde amnesia related to mst . in the case of ect
, the evidence suggests that impairment of autobiographical memory does occur after an acute course , with effect sizes ( cohen s d ) ranging from 2.69 to 0.01.40,41 for example , while post - ect deficits as cognitive adverse effects were observed with the mini - mental state examination , accuracy on the n - back test , the buschke selective reminding test , and ami - sf measures , the magnitude was substantially greater for the ami - sf.29 also , other studies demonstrated that loss of autobiographical memory is still present between one and 6 months after unilateral brief pulse ect29,4246 with large effect sizes,43,44 while ultrabrief pulse right unilateral ect shows less decline in autobiographical memory , with nil to small effect sizes.29,46,47 in summary , our case report suggests that mst may be promising for treatment - resistant depression in adolescents .
larger studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of mst in this population .
magnetic seizure therapy ( mst ) has shown efficacy in adult patients with treatment - resistant depression with limited impairment in memory . to date , the use of mst in adolescent depression has not been reported . 
 here we describe the first successful use of mst in the treatment of an adolescent patient with refractory bipolar depression . 
 this patient received mst in an ongoing open - label study for treatment - resistant major depression . 
 treatments employed a twin - coil mst apparatus , with the center of each coil placed over the frontal cortex ( ie , each coil centered over f3 and f4 ) . 
 mst was applied at 100 hz and 100% machine output at progressively increasing train durations . 
 depressive symptoms were assessed using the 24-item hamilton depression rating scale and cognitive function was assessed with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery . 
 this adolescent patient achieved full remission of clinical symptoms after an acute course of 18 mst treatments and had no apparent cognitive decline , other than some autobiographical memory impairment that may or may not be related to the mst treatment . 
 this case report suggests that mst may be a safe and well tolerated intervention for adolescents with treatment - resistant bipolar depression . 
 pilot studies to further evaluate the effectiveness and safety of mst in adolescents warrant consideration .