You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["Chemical"].

Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Chemical": ["Arsenic", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].

Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.

Abstract:

Differential Effects of Cholinergic and Noradrenergic Neuromodulation on Spontaneous Cortical Network Dynamics. Cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation play a key role in determining overall behavioral state by shaping the underlying cortical network dynamics. The effects of these systems on synaptic and intrinsic cellular targets are quite diverse and a comprehensive understanding of how these neuromodulators regulate (spontaneous) cortical network activity has remained elusive. Here, we used multielectrode electrophysiology in vitro to investigate the effect of these neuromodulators on spontaneous network dynamics in acute slices of mouse visual cortex. We found that application of Carbachol (CCh) and Norepinephrine (NE) both enhanced the spontaneous network dynamics by increasing (1) the activity levels, (2) the temporal complexity of the network activity, and (3) the spatial complexity by decorrelating the network activity over a wide range of neuromodulator concentrations (1μM, 10μM, 50μM, and 100μM). Interestingly, we found that cholinergic neuromodulation was limited to the presence of CCh in the bath whereas the effects of NE, in particular for higher concentrations, induced plasticity that caused outlasting effects most prominently in the deep cortical layers. Together, these results provide a comprehensive network-level understanding of the similarities and differences of cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation of spontaneous network dynamics.
{"Chemical": ["Carbachol", "Norepinephrine", "CCh"]}