You are provided with the abstract of a scientific paper and the abstracts of the papers it references. Your task is to write a Related Work section for the main paper. This section should concisely summarize and integrate the key points from the cited abstracts, reflecting how they relate to the main paper's contributions and context. In your summary, use numerical citation markers like [1], [2], etc., to refer to the corresponding papers.

Main Abstract:
Despite the remarkable success of modern monocular depth estimation methods, the accuracy achievable from a single image is limited, making it is practically useful to incorporate other sources of depth information. Currently, depth estimation from different combinations of sources are treated as different applications, and solved via separate networks trained to use the set of available sources as input for each application. In this paper, we propose a common versatile model that outputs a probability distribution over scene depth given an input color image, as a sample approximation using outputs from a conditional GAN. This distributional output is useful even in the monocular setting, and can be used to estimate depth, pairwise ordering, etc. More importantly, these outputs can be combined with a variety of other depth cues---such as user guidance and partial measurements---for use in different application settings, without retraining. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach through experiments on the NYUv2 dataset for a number of tasks, and find that our results from a common model, trained only once, are comparable to those from state-of-the-art methods with separate task-specific models.

Cited Abstract(s):
[1]: There are two major types of uncertainty one can model. Aleatoric uncertainty captures noise inherent in the observations. On the other hand, epistemic uncertainty accounts for uncertainty in the model - uncertainty which can be explained away given enough data. Traditionally it has been difficult to model epistemic uncertainty in computer vision, but with new Bayesian deep learning tools this is now possible. We study the benefits of modeling epistemic vs. aleatoric uncertainty in Bayesian deep learning models for vision tasks. For this we present a Bayesian deep learning framework combining input-dependent aleatoric uncertainty together with epistemic uncertainty. We study models under the framework with per-pixel semantic segmentation and depth regression tasks. Further, our explicit uncertainty formulation leads to new loss functions for these tasks, which can be interpreted as learned attenuation. This makes the loss more robust to noisy data, also giving new state-of-the-art results on segmentation and depth regression benchmarks.

[2]: Depth sensing is crucial for 3D reconstruction and scene understanding. Active depth sensors provide dense metric measurements, but often suffer from limitations such as restricted operating ranges, low spatial resolution, sensor interference, and high power consumption. In this paper, we propose a deep learning (DL) method to estimate per-pixel depth and its uncertainty continuously from a monocular video stream, with the goal of effectively turning an RGB camera into an RGB-D camera. Unlike prior DL-based methods, we estimate a depth probability distribution for each pixel rather than a single depth value, leading to an estimate of a 3D depth probability volume for each input frame. These depth probability volumes are accumulated over time under a Bayesian filtering framework as more incoming frames are processed sequentially, which effectively reduces depth uncertainty and improves accuracy, robustness, and temporal stability. Compared to prior work, the proposed approach achieves more accurate and stable results, and generalizes better to new datasets. Experimental results also show the output of our approach can be directly fed into classical RGB-D based 3D scanning methods for 3D scene reconstruction.

[3]: We propose a monocular depth estimation algorithm based on whole strip masking (WSM) and reliability-based refinement. First, we develop a convolutional neural network (CNN) tailored for the depth estimation. Specifically, we design a novel filter, called WSM, to exploit the tendency that a scene has similar depths in horizonal or vertical directions. The proposed CNN combines WSM upsampling blocks with a ResNet encoder. Second, we measure the reliability of an estimated depth, by appending additional layers to the main CNN. Using the reliability information, we perform conditional random field (CRF) optimization to refine the estimated depth map. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides the state-of-the-art depth estimation performance.
Monocular depth estimators commonly output a single estimate of the depth value at each pixel, preventing their use in different estimation settings. Some existing methods do produce distributional outputs, but as per-pixel variance maps [1] [3] or per-pixel probability distributions [2] . Note that depth values at different locations are not statistically independent, i.e., different values at different locations may be plausible independently, but not in combination. Thus, per-pixel distributions provide only a limited characterization that, while useful in some applications, can not be used more generally, , to infer relative depth, or spatially propagate information from sparse measurements.