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unlike its common perception , a vacuum is surprisingly strange and mysterious .
although the name implies emptiness or nothingness , the reality is quite different . before the twentieth century , in order to come up with an explanation of the mysterious nature of light , a vacuum was often thought to be filled with aether that acted as a medium for the light wave .
after einstein formulated special relativity without requiring aether , the idea of an aether - filled vacuum faded away .
however , with the development of quantum theory , it soon became evident that even vacuums contain non - zero energy .
this quantum effect became problematic again with physics at the cosmological scale .
while the cosmological constant from observation yielded a value close to zero , the theoretical computation yielded a huge discrepancy @xcite .    in this paper , we wish to argue that this discrepancy may have resulted from the error of looking at the structure of the universe at the fundamental level . for centuries , science has been studied based on causality .
that is , for a given result , there is a corresponding cause .
this method of revealing an objective pattern in natural phenomenon began to shatter with the development of quantum mechanics at the beginning of the twentieth century . indeed , rather than the objective description for a given physical system , quantum theory started to describe the subjective relation between the observer and the object being observed .    in @xcite , it was noticed that this subjective description , which was often considered an incomplete aspect of a full description @xcite , may correspond to not only the limit of scientific knowledge but to existence itself . by considering the observable in quantum theory as the reference frame of the observing party
, it was discussed that the two - picture formulation of quantum theory no longer correctly described self - observing consciousness .
moreover , it was argued that this contradiction could be solved by changing the way we look at the structure of the universe at the fundamental level .
that is , the observer and the object being observed ( i.e. , the universe ) , are inseparable .
number of irreversible computations , fills up the universe @xcite .
, title="fig : " ]    in @xcite , motivated by the black hole information problem @xcite , a more specific description of what it means for the observer and the universe to be inseparable has been provided . in particular , it was argued that the two - system measurement protocol , which places the observing party on the same footing as the object being observed objectively , could be made equivalent to the single - system copenhagen measurement protocol , which treats the observing party with a special status . in @xcite ,
the argument with black hole case was extended to the cosmological model .
in particular , the nature of negative sea was discussed in more detail by identifying it as the time reversal of the irreversible computation since the big bang . in this paper
, we wish to discuss the difference between the theory and experiment in the context of the previously proposed universe model with negative sea , or the aether @xcite , filling up the universe .
when the general theory of relativity was first published in 1915 , the universe was known to not be expanding or shrinking , at least in the cosmological scale .
indeed , in order to come up with a static model of the universe , einstein originally introduced an additional constant term , @xmath3 , in his field equation .
based on the assumption that the universe is isotropic , meaning it looks symmetric rotationally , and homogeneous , meaning its density is roughly the same anywhere , the metric can be simplified greatly at a sufficiently large scale . from the metric
, einstein s field equation yields a solution which was found by friedman .
this then implies adding a new vacuum energy density to the universe with @xmath4 .     to @xmath5 ( i.e. , in time - forward manner )
, the classical vector @xmath6 chooses @xmath7 . in ( ii ) , the quantum vector @xmath8 evolves to equate itself with the classical vector from @xmath5 to @xmath9 .
this cyclical process is equivalent to the self - observing consciousness discussed in @xcite .
, title="fig : " ]    in 1998 , two research teams @xcite measured the cosmological parameters with the observation of a type ia supernova .
surprisingly , it was found that the universe is accelerating in its expansion with non - zero cosmological constant value . in order to determine the value of @xmath3
, astronomers used the equation that relates the luminosity of distant stars and the redshift , and the cosmological constant value was estimated to be @xmath10 while the vacuum energy density was estimated to be @xmath11 .    in @xcite ,
the subjective aspect of existence was motivated by the contradiction appearing in the self - observation of consciousness .
in particular , it was argued that one may consider the observable as the reference frame of the observer observing the given quantum system @xcite .
another mysterious and highly debated subject was in regard to free will ( see @xcite ) .
this is due to the newtonian deterministic worldview until the development of quantum theory .
however , with randomness as an essential part of the theory , many suspected quantum theory may open the opportunity of free will . in fact
, it has two seemingly contradictory aspects : first , the observer can freely choose ; second , the choice should be random and unpredictable .    , which therefore leads to the observation of the energy difference as seen in quantum theory .
however , in the case of self - observing consciousness , the observer observes his or her own reference frame of @xmath0 as seen in ( ii ) .
this is the case of vacuum observation .
, title="fig : " ]    the statistical meaning of black hole entropy has been debated over the years @xcite , and the quantum memory model @xcite suggests that it corresponds in a number of ways to the observer s choice in measuring the black hole .
it is interesting to note that free will associated with black hole entropy indeed has the dual aspect discussed above .
that is , from the observer s subjective view , he or she is able to freely choose , yet its randomness comes from quantum probability .    in @xcite
, it was further elaborated how free will may play an important role in building the model of the universe using nondeterministic computation .
the nondeterministic computation chooses the acceptable path of computational process ( i.e. , the observer s choice ) , which is different from probabilistic computation @xcite . again , considering nondeterministic computation as free will fits the dual aspect discussed above . in computational complexity ,
it is known as the language accepted by the algorithm .    , from @xmath9 to @xmath5 , the classical vector performs an irreversible computation with energy @xmath0 . from @xmath5 to @xmath9 , the quantum vector performs the computation with energy @xmath0 as well .
, title="fig : " ]
it was discussed @xcite that , in the subjective model ( fig .
[ diracsea ] ) , the entropy of the observable universe corresponds to a logarithm of possible choices the observer is able to choose .
indeed , it was argued that among equally accessible microstates of the universe , existence corresponds to the observer s freely chosen will .
therefore , the subjective model proposed in @xcite suggests that the observer s freely chosen will is actual existence , subjective reality , and it has the dual aspect of free will discussed earlier .    in order to discuss the difference between the observed and quantum vacuum energies ,
let us review cyclical time @xcite .
unlike linear time as commonly used in physics , cyclical time evolves from @xmath9 to @xmath5 , @xmath5 to @xmath12 , etc . , and
at certain @xmath13 , @xmath14 evolves back to @xmath9 . in @xcite , a cyclical model of consciousness with @xmath15
was introduced . as shown in fig .
[ cyclical1 ] , two vectors are considered ; one is a quantum reference frame , or an observable , and the other is the corresponding classical vector .
as discussed in @xcite , quantum vectors are defined in complex vector space , and the observation of these vectors takes place in classical space in terms of eigenvalues .
therefore , the process of measurement involves the object of quantum vector and the corresponding classical vector , as well as the quantum and classical reference frames . in the case of self - observation ,
the object to be observed is the reference frame itself ; therefore , only quantum and classical reference frames are considered , as shown in fig .
[ cyclical1 ] .
initially , both vectors are pointing at @xmath16 in the bloch sphere notation . from @xmath9 to @xmath5 , the classical reference frame points at @xmath7 ( fig .
[ cyclical1 ] ( i ) ) . in the cyclical model ,
@xmath5 evolves back to @xmath9 , which is the case of quantum evolution ( fig .
[ cyclical1 ] ( ii ) ) .
the interpretation could be considered as while the physical ( or classical ) choice is made in a time - forward manner , being aware of the choice is done through the quantum process ( i.e. , the dirac - type negative sea of consciousness ) .
it is noted that the presented cyclical model of consciousness incorporates both the classical and quantum aspects and places them on an equal footing .     in a time - forward manner .
the cyclical model adopts small and large cycles of time .
( ii ) in one large cycle , the quantum vector may evolve backward in time all the way to the big bang with @xmath2 number of computations .
, title="fig : " ]    let us now consider the cyclical process of consciousness in terms of energy .
the unit of irreversible computation with dissipated energy , which will be called @xmath0 , was considered in @xcite . in @xcite
, it was discussed that the degrees of freedom for reference frame ought to be the same as that of the state vectors .
for example , if the outcome of a spin is up or down , the reference frame in measuring the spin is up or down as well . in a similar manner , in regard to the observation of energy states , the observer s reference frame is in one of the states as well .
therefore , the observer observes only the relative difference ( fig .
[ va ] ( i ) ) .
however , in the case of consciousness , the observer is observing his or her own reference frame .    in the case of observing energy
, the vacuum corresponds with the observer observing his or her own reference frame of the ground state energy ( fig .
[ va ] ( ii ) ) . the observation of the vacuum energy as consciousness in cyclical time may be considered as follows : from @xmath9 to @xmath5 , the physical or classical irreversible computation is carried out with energy @xmath0 .
next , the cyclical time evolution takes place , and , from @xmath5 to @xmath9 , the quantum process is carried with the energy of @xmath0 of negative sea ( fig .
[ circle ] ) .    in @xcite ,
small and large cycles of time were discussed . in particular , it was discussed that time circulates in small and large cycles in such a way that small cycles of time make up a larger cycle . for example , small cycles of seconds make up a larger cycle of a minute , minutes make up an hour , etc . the cyclical model of consciousness , as in fig .
[ cyclical1 ] , may also be considered as a large cycle . as shown in fig .
[ cyclical2 ] , while the classical vector chooses , i.e. , one unit of classical computation is carried out in the time forward manner , the quantum vector may evolve backward in time not only a single unit of computation as in fig .
[ cyclical1 ] ( ii ) , but all the way back to big bang as seen in fig .
[ diracsea ] with @xmath2 number of computations .
the energy in the process of the classical computation should correspond to classical vacuum energy while the energy corresponding to the negative sea would be @xmath17 where @xmath2 is the number of computations since the big bang , which has been estimated in @xcite as , @xmath18    previously , it was often considered that the vacuum energy predicted from quantum theory may correspond to the observed value of the vacuum energy , which resulted in one of the largest discrepancies between the theory and experimental verification .
however , as argued above and as a continuation of the specification of the subjective model , the energy calculated from quantum theory should correspond to the energy of the negative sea , or the aether , that fills up the universe as the conscious state of the observer ( fig . [
fill ] ) .
is filled with the dirac - type negative sea of energy @xmath1 where @xmath2 is the number of computations since the big bang.,title="fig : " ]
we have discussed the difference between observed and theoretical values in regard to vacuum energy . in particular , we have used the previously proposed subjective model and the cyclical time to discuss that      that is , a classical vacuum should correspond to the unit of computation which is filled with the negative energy of the time - reversal process of irreversible computation since the big bang .
one of the puzzling aspects in physics has been the seemingly different classical and quantum worlds . the argument presented in this paper explains how classical is connected to quantum in such a manner that it explains the difference between the classical and quantum vacuum energies .
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it is discussed that the proposal of the vacuum being filled with negative sea , or the aether , is in fact consistent in terms of energy observation . when consciousness is considered in cyclical time 
 , the vacuum yields the energy with @xmath0 while being filled with negative sea of @xmath1 where @xmath2 is the number of computations since the big bang . 
 this effectively provides a consistent explanation of the difference between the observed and the theoretical values of the vacuum energy , namely , the cosmological constant problem .