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14 special attention has been paid to the cytotoxicity of benzalkonium chloride ( bak ) , included in solutions as a preservative.511 glaucoma surgery using mitomycin c leads to a reduction in the density of corneal endothelial cells ( cecs).12 by comparison , little is known about the toxicity of antiglaucoma eye drops to cecs.1316 the aim of the present study is to evaluate the toxicity of antiglaucoma medications on human ( h ) cecs using a cell culture system .
our investigation will contribute to better long - term patient care especially in the cases with decreased cec density and history of invasive intraocular surgeries , since glaucoma medication may continue throughout life .
the present study was approved by the institutional review board of showa university , fujigaoka rehabilitation hospital ( formerly the affiliation of the corresponding author ) .
we established primary cultures of hcecs derived from human eye bank specimens ( sightlife , seattle , washington , usa ) , as described previously.17 when sufficient cell numbers for bioassay were obtained , cells were harvested .
a 100-l aliquot of the culture , containing approximately 2  10 cells , was replated , and cells were cultured for 2 days before exposure to test solutions .
preservative - free 0.5% timolol maleate and preservative - free 1% dorzolamide were prepared for the present investigation only .
test solutions were used undiluted or diluted 2- , 10- , 100- , 1,000- , or 10,000-fold .
0.01% and 0.005% bak ( wako pure chemical industries , osaka , japan ) were also tested . after exposure to the test solutions for 10 , 30 , or 60 minutes , or 48 hours , cell viability was assayed using 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2h-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate ( wst-1 ; dojindo laboratories , kumamoto , japan ) .
the wst-1 assay is a quantitative colorimetric assay that measures mitochondrial activity as an index of cell viability and proliferation .
it only detects living cells , and the signal generated is directly proportional to the number of live cells . at the completion of the assays ,
absorbance was read on a spectrophotometer ( benchmark microplate reader ; bio - rad , hercules , california , usa ) .
control wells were incubated with growth media without test solution . to calculate cell viability ,
the value of the signal from the treated culture well was expressed as a percentage of that of the control well .
experiments were repeated between 8 and 16 times , and results were expressed as the mean  standard deviation .
the first established cell line was used for assays after 48 hours exposure , and the second one was for 10 , 30 , and 60 minutes exposure .
statistical analysis with student s t test was performed using microsoft excel ( tokyo , japan ) .
we expressed the results of the viability of cells after 10 , 30 , or 60 minutes exposure as a cell viability score ( cvs ) to enable easy comparison of the effects of different drugs .
this concept is similar to the minimum inhibitory concentration ( mic50 ) of a drug required to inhibit the growth of 50% of organisms .
cvss are calculated as follows : ( 1 ) the toxicological tests are performed in undiluted , 2-fold or 10-fold diluted solutions for 10 , 30 , or 60 minutes exposure .
( 2 ) the cell viability value in any solution is found to be < 80% in any conditions , and confirmed cell viability is 80% after adequate dilutions for every solution .
( 3 ) the cvs50 is determined for each solution in each condition as the number of experiments for a viability value 50% .
the cvs40/80 is calculated as follows : cvs40/80 = ( number of experiments for a viability value > 80% ) = ( number of experiments for viability value < 40% ) .
( 4 ) a total of cvs for multiple ( 2 or more concentrations or exposure times ) conditions is relevant for general evaluation .
although some cvs for a single condition seems suitable to determine the order of toxicity such as 2-fold dilution after 30 or 60 minutes exposure ( eg , figure 1 ) , note especially that these results are not always consistent with the result from a total of cvs or the general trend observed in graphic expression .
( 5 ) as for determination of the order of toxicity of the tested solutions , the significant difference in actual scores should be > 20% of a total number of experiments under the condition for cvs . consequently , the order of toxicity is expressed by 
<  and  >  for the difference 20% ,    ,    , and 
a total of 9 experiments were conducted , and we defined significant difference as 2 or more scores .
when the orders determined by cvs50 and cvs40/80 are conflicting , a final decision is made by uniting both results or by considering cvs for individual concentration or exposure time to explore the trend .
the cvs system is subject to change according to tested solutions , cell lines , toxicological methods , and other factors .
comparisons of cell viability were also made between a drug with bak and the corresponding drug without bak .
hcec viabilities after exposure to 10-fold dilutions of test solutions for 48 hours were , eg , 48.5% for 0.5% timoptol ( banyu pharmaceutical , tokyo , japan ) , 80.9% for preservative - free 0.5% timolol maleate , 47.0% for 1% trusopt ( banyu pharmaceutical ) , 71.7% for preservative - free 1% dorzolamide , 55.5% for travatan ( alcon laboratories , fort worth , texas , usa ) , 88.5% for travatan z ( alcon laboratories ) , and 52.5% for xalatan ( pfizer , new york , ny , usa ) .
cell viability > 80% was seen after incubation with 100-fold dilutions of test solutions , with the exception of preservative - free 1% dorzolamide , which resulted in 72.0% viability .
we confirmed cell viability exceeded 80% in 1,000-fold or 10,000-fold dilution for every solution including 48 hours exposure . using cvs as an indicator of cytotoxicity , the order of cell viability after short exposure ( 10 , 30 , or 60 minutes ) to the solutions was travatan z  preservative - free timolol maleate = preservative - free dorzolamide > 0.5% timoptol = 1% trusopt > travatan
 xalatan ( table 1 ) . as for the cell viability after 48 hours exposure ,
the difference between the solutions with bak and those without bak was clear in 10-fold dilution ( figure 1 , far right panel ) .
however , cell viabilities were > 70% in all of the 100-fold diluted solutions and the difference was not clear .
we assessed the effect of antiglaucoma medications with and without bak statistically , which revealed that cell viability in the presence of bak was markedly lower , especially with higher concentrations and following longer exposure ( figure 1 ) .
cell viabilities following treatment with bak alone or antiglaucoma solutions containing comparable bak concentrations are shown in figure 2 .
cell viabilities were lower for 0.5% timoptol and 1% trusopt than for 0.005% bak ( p < 0.01 ) . in comparison ,
higher cell viabilities were seen with xalatan ( used at a 2-fold dilution , containing 0.01% bak ) and travatan ( used at a 2-fold dilution , containing 0.0075% bak ) than for 0.01% bak alone ( p < 0.01 , p < 0.01 ) .
bak is toxic for cecs , and several clinical cases have been reported2125 for accidental introduction of bak into the anterior chamber and for instillation of bak - containing solutions to the eyes with or without disrupted ocular surface barrier function .
the antiglaucoma medications containing bak were significantly more toxic to hcecs than solutions without bak .
our results are similar to those of other studies using ocular surface cells.111 considering the actual concentration of drugs ( 1,000- to 10,000-fold dilution in aqueous humor)26,27 to which hcecs are exposed after topical administration and the fact that toxicity decreased markedly after dilution in the present study , hcec loss due to antiglaucoma medication may only occur in rare cases .
previous studies of its side effects on ocular surface cells demonstrated that timolol maleate itself has acceptable toxicity and that bak and other ingredients in commercial timolol maleate eye drops , as well as interaction of each component , play a major role in their toxicity,9,28,29 which was confirmed by the present results for hcecs .
treatment with trusopt has been reported to result in corneal edema ; however , this side effect only appeared in patients with compromised corneas and a previous history of corneal pathology.30 previous studies and the results of the present study suggest that trusopt and preservative - free dorzolamide are not significantly toxic to cecs under usual ocular conditions.15,29,3133 travatan z was less toxic to hcecs than travatan containing the preservative bak .
travatan z uses sofzia , a unique ionic buffering preservative system containing borate , sorbitol , propylene glycol , and zinc.11,34 our assessment of the combined effect of antiglaucoma compounds and bak revealed that cell viability for timolol maleate ( timoptol ) and dorzolamide ( trusopt ) eye drops with bak was much lower than that for comparable concentration of bak , whereas latanoprost ( xalatan ) , and probably travoprost ( travatan ) did not exhibit lower cell viability to hcecs than bak alone ( figure 2 ) .
our results on hcecs could not confirm previous findings for a protective effect of latanoprost and travoprost against the toxicity of bak on conjunctival cells.35 owing to the limited number of cultured hcecs available , we were not able to examine the effect of bak at exactly the same concentration as that contained in travatan .
further investigations with additional methodologies are necessary to properly evaluate the cytotoxicity of antiglaucoma medications .
the comparison of drug toxicity with graphic expression of a series of measurements is often difficult .
using cvs reference values of 40% , 50% , or 80% enables numerical expression , leading to a better comparison of solution toxicity .
80% for cvs40/80 is a border between nontoxic and toxic , and 40% is a border between toxic and very toxic according to our experience of assay with numerous cells and reagents .
the cvs was a useful evaluation method for comparison of cell viability values obtained from multiple series of toxicity assays .
the concentration of tested solutions was very high compared with the actual concentration in aqueous humor after instillation , because the present study is a so - called accelerated experiment .
we were unable to construct a culture system to observe toxicity over a long time in the solution of very low concentration .
consequently , we set up experiments in solutions of high concentrations to detect significant toxicity after reasonable incubation .
the major difficulties in eye drop toxicity studies include setting exposure time and concentration , since both tear and aqueous humor are continuously exchanged in a living eye .
this is the reason why our setting covers many exposure times and dilutions to explore toxicity in various environments .
the short exposures may simulate accidental introduction of the drug to endothelial cells , and 48 hours exposure may simulate long - term or repeated instillations .
antiglaucoma eye drops produced hcec toxicity that appeared to depend on the presence of bak .
the cvs was useful in comparing the cytotoxicity of different drugs , and the order of cell viability in tested solutions determined by cvs was travatan z  preservative - free timolol maleate = preservative - free dorzolamide > 0.5% timoptol = 1% trusopt > travatan  xalatan . because dilution of the antiglaucoma solutions resulted in markedly lower hcec toxicity , hcec damage due to antiglaucoma medication
purposethe toxicity of antiglaucoma medications to ocular surface cells has been evaluated extensively ; however , the toxicity to corneal endothelial cells ( cecs ) remains elusive . 
 our aim is to evaluate the toxicity of antiglaucoma medications to cecs using an in vitro toxicity assay.methodsprimary cultures of human ( h ) cecs derived from eye bank specimens were established . following exposure of hcecs to test solutions for 10 , 30 , or 60 minutes , or 48 hours , we measured cell viability using a wst-1 assay . 
 test solutions were diluted in culture media and included 0.5% timoptol , preservative - free 0.5% timolol maleate , 1% trusopt , preservative - free 1% dorzolamide , travatan , travatan z , xalatan , and benzalkonium chloride ( bak ) . to assess cell viability , the value of the test culture well after treatment was expressed as a percentage of that of the control well . 
 toxicity of each solution was compared using the cell viability score ( cvs).resultsafter exposure to 10-fold dilutions of test solutions for 48 hours , hcec viabilities were 48.5% for 0.5% timoptol , 80.9% for preservative - free 0.5% timolol maleate , 47.0% for 1% trusopt , 71.7% for preservative - free 1% dorzolamide , 55.5% for travatan , 88.5% for travatan z , and 52.5% for xalatan . 
 exposure to test solutions diluted 100-fold or more resulted in hcec viabilities > 80% , with the exception of preservative - free 1% dorzolamide , which resulted in a viability of 72.0% at a dilution of 100-fold . 
 based on cvs , the order of cell viability was travatan z  preservative - free timolol maleate = preservative - free dorzolamide > 0.5% timoptol = 1% trusopt > travatan  xalatan . 
 assessment of the combined effect of drug and bak revealed that latanoprost reduced the toxicity of bak.conclusionantiglaucoma eye drops produced hcec toxicity that appeared to depend on the presence of bak . because dilution of the antiglaucoma solutions resulted in markedly lower hcec toxicity , hcec damage due to antiglaucoma medication 
 may occur only in rare cases . 
 the cvs was useful for comparison of the toxicity of the drugs .