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this type of 
 exercise is used for improving strength , endurance , and muscle power . a previous study 
 conducted by fiatarone et al . involved 9 subjects with a mean age of 90  years ( standard 
 deviation [ sd ] 1  year)1 .
the program 
 involved performance of the quadriceps exercise with resistance for 8 weeks . at the end of 
 the study ,
this resistance 
 exercise is recommended in the elderly and is used widely in home care facilities in the 
 united states .
a sedentary lifestyle is defined as a lack of regular exercise fewer than 25 minutes per 
 day2 .
it is associated with obesity and 
 metabolic syndrome , resulting in impaired cardiopulmonary function or increased risk of 
 cardiovascular diseases1,2,3 .
, we aimed to 
 investigate the effects of resistance exercise on cardiopulmonary functions in young thai 
 adults with a sedentary lifestyle .
the inclusion criteria were as 
 follows : subjects over 15  years of age , who had no co - morbid diseases ; those who did not 
 take any medications or bronchodilators ; and those who did not have a regular exercise 
 schedule in the past 6 months .
the eligible subjects were randomly divided into control and experimental groups , using a 
 simple random sampling method .
the control group received basic instructions on health 
 education , whereas the experimental group received the same health education as that given 
 to the control group and resistance exercise for 8 consecutive weeks .
the exercises were 
 performed 3 times a week as per the recommendations in the 1998 american college of sports 
 medicine guidelines .
each session consisted of 10 minutes of warm - up stretches , resistance 
 exercise for 25 minutes , and 10 minutes of cool - down stretches .
the subjects in the experimental group participated in 3 types of exercises : chest press , 
 dumbbell pullover , and flat - bench dumbbell fly4 .
each exercise was carried out as a set of 10 repetitions , 3 
 sets / day , for 3 days / week .
each set consisted of 100% of 10 repetition maximum ( rm ) , 75% of 
 10 rm , and 50% of 10 rm .
the baseline characteristics of all subjects were recorded at the beginning of the study , 
 which included age , height , weight , blood pressure , and pulse rate .
cardiopulmonary outcomes 
 were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study .
these outcomes were a 6-minute 
 walk test ( 6mwt ) score , peak expiratory flow ( pef ) , forced vital capacity ( fvc ) , forced 
 expiratory volume in 1 second ( fev1 ) , maximal voluntary ventilation ( mvv ) , and 
 chest expansions .
the pulmonary function tests were performed using a spirometer ( conmed 
 pony fx , italy ) .
the subjects were instructed to refrain from eating and drinking for at 
 least 1 hour before the measurements .
the details of each measurement were as follows : 6mwt : this test was used to measure cardiovascular endurance . for this test ,
the subjects 
 walked in a square for 6 minutes , with no breaks ; this was repeated twice .
lung function test7 , 8 : the volunteers were instructed in the operation of tools , related 
 to the spirometer , which measured different values .
then , all components of the spirometer 
 were checked to see if they were in a good condition .
each volunteer was asked to hold the 
 flow sensor to enter data into the spirometer , which included the date , i d number , age , 
 height , and gender .
vital capacity measurement ( vc ) : the vc and start buttons were pressed by the researcher so 
 that the graph correlated to the vc .
the mouthpiece was held by the volunteer in his mouth ; 
 the volunteer also had a clip on his nose .
the volunteer then inhaled and exhaled normally 3 
 times , which was followed by deep inhalation and exhalation .
the results were observed , and 
 the fvc , fev1 , and pef were recorded .
mvv measurement : each volunteer was asked to breathe into the spirometer as deeply and 
 rapidly as possible for 15 seconds .
the value was 
 expressed as a percentage of the predicted normal values according to the european 
 respiratory society ( ers ) criteria9 .
chest expansion4 was measured in 
 centimeters with a tape measure placed circumferentially around the chest wall at the 
 second , fourth , and sixth intercostal spaces .
this study protocol was approved by the human research ethics committee , khon kaen 
 university and was based on the declaration of helsinki and good clinical practices ( ichgcp ) 
 [ no .
the final 6mwt scores , lung function test scores , and all 
 outcome results of the 2 groups were compared using the wilcoxon rank sum test .
the signed 
 rank test was used to compare the differences in all outcome variables between the baseline 
 and the end of the study in each group .
the analyses were performed using the stata 
 software , version 10.1 ( college station , texas , usa ) .
, 42 subjects met the study 
 criteria , who were divided into 2 groups of 21 subjects each .
the other 18 subjects were 
 excluded because of hypertension ( 6 subjects ) , wrist injury ( 4 subjects ) , smoking ( 3 
 subjects ) , and inconvenient participation ( 5 subjects ) . the data on baseline characteristics 
 including age , weight , height , body mass index , blood pressure , and heart rate of the 2 
 groups were comparable ( table 1table 1.anthropometric and baseline characteristics of subjectsdata / groupscg ( n=21)eg ( n=21)gender ( male / female)13/815/6age ( years)18.10.418.20.4weight ( kg)64.27.765.56.3height ( cm)1690.061700.1bmi ( kg / m)22.41.322.31.0sbp ( mmhg)113.85.3119.15.9dbp ( mmhg)80.26.182.26.5hr ( beats / minute)81.45.686.85.8data are presented as meansd .
cg : control group ; eg : experimental group ;  kg : 
 kilogram ; cm : centimeter ; m : meter ; mmhg : millimeters of mercury ; bmi : body mass 
 index ; sbp : systolic blood pressure ; dbp : diastolic blood pressure ; hr : heart rate ) .
the average age of the subjects in the control group ( n=21 ) was 
 18.10.4  years , whereas that in the experimental group or resistance exercise group ( n=21 ) 
 was 18.20.4  years ( fig .
cg : control group ; eg : experimental group ;  kg : 
 kilogram ; cm : centimeter ; m : meter ; mmhg : millimeters of mercury ; bmi : body mass 
 index ; sbp : systolic blood pressure ; dbp : diastolic blood pressure ; hr : heart rate recruitment and randomization of subjects the 8 outcome variables , as shown in tables 
 2table 2.lung function and 6 mwt in the control ( n=21 ) and experimental ( n=21 ) 
 groupsvariablesgroupsbaseline8 weeks6mwt ( m)cg595.029.9594.136.9eg599.342.3637.941.9pef ( l)cg11.30.710.80.9eg11.70.813.40.8fvc ( l)cg4.60.44.70.3eg4.50.54.80.5fev1 ( l)cg4.20.34.20.4eg4.10.54.60.5mvv ( l / min)cg174.78.9172.89.5eg172.110.3189.09.5data are presented as meansd .
cg : control group ; eg : experimental group ; 6mwt : 
 6-minute walk test ; pef : peak expiratory flow ; fvc : forced vital capacity ; 
 fev1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second ; mvv : maximal voluntary 
 ventilation ; m : meter ; l : liter ;  min : minute . significantly different from corresponding control group ( p<0.05 ) . * significantly different from corresponding before period ( p<0.05 ) , 3table 3.lung function in the control ( n=21 ) and experimental ( n=21 ) groupsvariablesgroupbaseline8 weekspef ( % pred.)cg82.96.783.05.6eg84.76.789.35.3fvc ( % pred.)cg91.05.690.94.8eg92.05.695.64.1fev1 ( % pred.)cg90.04.288.44.8eg90.13.595.34.2mvv ( % pred.)cg85.17.684.35.7eg85.87.690.8 6.3data are presented as meansd .
cg : control group ; eg : experimental group ; 6mwt : 
 6-minute walk test ; pef : peak expiratory flow ; fvc : forced vital capacity ; 
 fev1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second ; mvv : maximal voluntary 
 ventilation ; % : percent ; m : meter ; l : liter ;  min : minute . significantly different from corresponding control group ( p<0.05 ) . * significantly different from corresponding before period ( p<0.05 ) , and 4table 4.chest expansion in the control ( n=21 ) and experimental ( n=21 ) groupsvariablesgroupbaseline8 weeksupper chest ( cm)cg2.90.42.80.3eg2.90.33.10.3middle chest ( cm)cg3.10.43.00.4eg3.10.33.30.2lower chest ( cm)cg3.40.53.30.5eg3.30.33.60.3data are presented as meansd .
cg : control group ; eg : experimental group ; cm : 
 centimeter . significantly different from corresponding control group ( p<0.05 ) . * significantly different from corresponding before period ( p<0.05 ) , included 6mwt , pef , fvc , fev1 , mvv , and 3 chest expansions ( upper , middle , 
 and lower ) .
all outcome values in the resistance exercise group at week 8 were significantly 
 higher than the respective baseline values and those in the control group ( tables 2 , 
 3 , and 4 ) . in the control group ,
the 
 pef and upper and middle chest expansions at the end of study were significantly lower than 
 the respective baseline values ( tables 2 
 and 4 ) .
cg : control group ; eg : experimental group ; 6mwt : 
 6-minute walk test ; pef : peak expiratory flow ; fvc : forced vital capacity ; 
 fev1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second ; mvv : maximal voluntary 
 ventilation ; m : meter ; l : liter ;  min : minute . significantly different from corresponding control group ( p<0.05 ) . * significantly different from corresponding before period ( p<0.05 ) data are presented as meansd .
cg : control group ; eg : experimental group ; 6mwt : 
 6-minute walk test ; pef : peak expiratory flow ; fvc : forced vital capacity ; 
 fev1 : forced expiratory volume in 1 second ; mvv : maximal voluntary 
 ventilation ; % : percent ; m : meter ; l : liter ;  min : minute . significantly different from corresponding control group ( p<0.05 ) . * significantly different from corresponding before period ( p<0.05 ) data are presented as meansd .
cg : control group ; eg : experimental group ; cm : 
 centimeter . significantly different from corresponding control group ( p<0.05 ) .
in this study , an 8-week resistance exercise program was shown to improve cardiopulmonary 
 functions in young healthy adults with a sedentary lifestyle .
the exercise program was 
 performed regularly for 45 minutes , 3 times / week .
the 6mwt scores , which represented cardiorespiratory endurance , were significantly higher 
 after the regular performance of resistance exercise . at week 8 , the average 6mwt was 
 637.9  m in the experimental group and 594.1  m in the control group .
a 6-week thai 
 dance exercise program was shown to improve 6mwt in the elderly5 .
the other 2 study populations that had better 6mwt scores 
 following intervention were patients with ankylosing spondylitis and chronic obstructive 
 airway disease .
these exercises were aerobic exercises or exercises based on the global 
 posture reeducation7 , 8 . similar to other aerobic exercises
, resistance exercise improved all pulmonary function 
 outcomes in the experimental group compared to the control group ( tables 2 , 3 , and 4 ) , including the pef , fvc , fev1 , and mvv . 
 increased pef , fvc , and fev1 in the resistance exercise group indicated improvement in total 
 lung capacity and airway flow . a better mvv value in the experimental group implied 
 improvement in the respiratory muscle strength .
these results are compatible with those of 
 previous studies by spruit et al . and abrahin et al.9 , 
 10 .
the studies showed that resistance 
 exercise improved lung function in patients with copd after 12 weeks and in elderly 
 women . a previous study by durmus et al .
this study provided additional information regarding all levels of 
 chest expansion , showing significant improvement after the 8-week resistance exercise 
 program in the experimental group compared to the control group and the baseline values .
the 
 chest expansion is one of the factors that indicate the strength of striated respiratory 
 muscles .
resistance exercise can be performed either as a single set or as multiple sets to 
 improve respiratory muscle strength10 .
this study showed that young adults with a sedentary lifestyle were compliance to the 
 8-week resistance exercise program .
however , further studies are needed to study the 
 long - term effects of resistance exercise on cardiovascular outcomes and its effects in other 
 patient settings11,12,13,14,15,16,17 .
the other advantage of 
 this study is that it was a randomized control trial . in conclusion ,
[ purpose ] this study investigated the effects of resistance exercise on cardiopulmonary 
 functions in young sedentary subjects . [ subjects ] forty - two young and healthy subjects 
 with a sedentary lifestyle were included in this study . 
 [ methods ] the subjects were 
 randomly divided into 2 groups : control and experimental . 
 the control group ( n=21 ) 
 received health education and continued with normal activities of daily living . 
 the 
 experimental group ( n=21 ) underwent resistance training , health education , and continued 
 with normal activities of daily living . the resistance exercise program consisted of 3 
 postural exercises : chest press , dumbbell pullover , and flat - bench dumbbell 
 fly . 
 the 
 subjects received this intervention 3 times / week for 8 weeks . 
 [ results ] the baseline 
 characteristics were comparable between the 2 groups . the 6-minute - walk test score , peak 
 expiratory flow , forced vital capacity , forced expiratory volume in 1 second , maximal 
 voluntary ventilation , and chest expansions were significantly improved post - intervention 
 in the experimental group and between the 2 groups . 
 [ conclusion ] cardiopulmonary functions 
 in young sedentary subjects were significantly improved with the 8-week resistance 
 exercise program .