You are provided with the abstract of a scientific paper and the abstracts of the papers it references. Your task is to write a Related Work section for the main paper. This section should concisely summarize and integrate the key points from the cited abstracts, reflecting how they relate to the main paper's contributions and context. In your summary, use numerical citation markers like [1], [2], etc., to refer to the corresponding papers.

Main Abstract:
This paper presents a novel framework in which video image segmentation and localization are cast into a single optimization problem that integrates information from low level appearance cues with that of high level localization cues in a very weakly supervised manner. The proposed framework leverages two representations at different levels, exploits the spatial relationship between bounding boxes and superpixels as linear constraints and simultaneously discriminates between foreground and background at bounding box and superpixel level. Different from previous approaches that mainly rely on discriminative clustering, we incorporate a foreground model that minimizes the histogram difference of an object across all image frames. Exploiting the geometric relation between the superpixels and bounding boxes enables the transfer of segmentation cues to improve localization output and vice-versa. Inclusion of the foreground model generalizes our discriminative framework to video data where the background tends to be similar and thus, not discriminative. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our unified framework on the YouTube Object video dataset, Internet Object Discovery dataset and Pascal VOC 2007.

Cited Abstract(s):
[1]: 

[2]: Video co-localization is the task of jointly localizing common objects across videos. Due to the appearance variations both across the videos and within the video, it is a challenging problem to identify and track them without any supervision. In contrast to previous joint frameworks that use bounding box proposals to attack the problem, we propose to leverage co-saliency activated tracklets to address the challenge. To identify the common visual object, we first explore inter-video commonness, intra-video commonness, and motion saliency to generate the co-saliency maps. Object proposals of high objectness and co-saliency scores are tracked across short video intervals to build tracklets. The best tube for a video is obtained through tracklet selection from these intervals based on confidence and smoothness between the adjacent tracklets, with the help of dynamic programming. Experimental results on the benchmark YouTube Object dataset show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.

[3]: Object detectors are typically trained on a large set of still images annotated by bounding-boxes. This paper introduces an approach for learning object detectors from real-world web videos known only to contain objects of a target class. We propose a fully automatic pipeline that localizes objects in a set of videos of the class and learns a detector for it. The approach extracts candidate spatio-temporal tubes based on motion segmentation and then selects one tube per video jointly over all videos. To compare to the state of the art, we test our detector on still images, i.e., Pascal VOC 2007. We observe that frames extracted from web videos can differ significantly in terms of quality to still images taken by a good camera. Thus, we formulate the learning from videos as a domain adaptation task. We show that training from a combination of weakly annotated videos and fully annotated still images using domain adaptation improves the performance of a detector trained from still images alone.

[4]: This paper addresses the problem of automatically localizing dominant objects as spatio-temporal tubes in a noisy collection of videos with minimal or even no supervision. We formulate the problem as a combination of two complementary processes: discovery and tracking. The first one establishes correspondences between prominent regions across videos, and the second one associates successive similar object regions within the same video. Interestingly, our algorithm also discovers the implicit topology of frames associated with instances of the same object class across different videos, a role normally left to supervisory information in the form of class labels in conventional image and video understanding methods. Indeed, as demonstrated by our experiments, our method can handle video collections featuring multiple object classes, and substantially outperforms the state of the art in colocalization, even though it tackles a broader problem with much less supervision.
Video localization is a relatively new problem where the end goal is to localize the common object across videos. Prest [3] tackles this problem by proposing candidate tubes and selecting the best one. Joulin [1] leverages discriminative clustering and proposes an integer quadratic problem to solve video colocalization. Kwak [4] goes a step further and simultaneously tackles object discovery as well as localization in videos. Jerripothula [2] obtains state of the art results by first pooling different saliency maps and then, choosing the most salient tube. Most of the approaches [4] [2] leverage a large set of videos to discriminate or build a foreground model. In contrast, we segment and localize the foreground separately on each video, making our approach much more scalable.