You will be presented with the full text of a biomedical research paper. Please write an abstract for this paper. Your response should include the abstract and no additional text.

Paper text:
main indications for a prostate biopsy are an elevated prostate specific antigen ( psa ) level or abnormal digital rectal examination ( dre ) .
there are several prostate biopsy strategies used today and they are distinguishable according to the number of biopsy cores .
the traditional sextant prostate biopsy is not recommended anymore . by sampling more cores it is possible to improve the rate of cancer detection . according to the current eau guidelines ( 2011 )
, 8 - 12 cores should be sampled from the peripheral zone of the prostate .
sampling of more than 12 cores during a prostate biopsy is not significantly more conclusive .
a prostate biopsy can result in such minor complications as : hematuria , rectal bleeding , pain in hypogastrium , perineal and urethral pain , high body temperature , nausea and vomiting .
severe complications such as : post - procedural infections ( also with urosepsis ) , urine retention , prostatitis , epididymitis , or other adverse events leading to repeated patient hospitalization have also been observed .
the aim of this research was to estimate complication rates after a prostate biopsy based on the number of cores .
in our research we asked all patients admitted to the 2 clinic of urology to undergo a prostate biopsy to complete a questionnaire regarding post - procedure complications .
we obtained 114 completed questionnaires from patients who were divided into two groups according to the number of cores sampled during the biopsy .
the first group ( 41 patients ) had 5 - 8 cores sampled and the second group ( 73 patients ) had 12 or more cores sampled .
the questionnaires were qualitative  patients were asked if the complication had occurred or not .
questions were related to the occurrence of adverse events within the first two days after the prostate biopsy , such as hematuria , rectal bleeding , hypogastric pain , perineal and urethral pain , body temperature 37 - 38c , body temperature in excess of 38c , nausea , vomiting , need of bladder catheterization , and repeated patient hospitalization .
the complication rate was evaluated on the basis of questionnaires filled out by patients from both groups . questionnaire 
the prostate biopsy procedure in 2 clinic of urology involves of a three - day hospitalization . on the first day
, patients are admitted to the hospital and prepared for the procedure using intravenous antibiotic therapy ( 100 mg ciprofloxacin twice a day ) . on the second day , cleansing enema is administered to every patient and the biopsy procedure is performed . on the third day , patients are discharged from the hospital with a recommendation for oral antibiotic therapy within the following five days ( 500 mg ciprofloxacin twice a day ) .
contraindications for biopsy are prostatitis or other genitourinary tract infections and the use of anticoagulants .
we ask patients to discontinue anticoagulant therapy for seven days prior to the biopsy procedure . as a standard procedure in our clinic ,
if a patient does not tolerate local anesthesia or rectal bleeding is heavy , eight cores are sampled .
fewer cores are sampled in the case of a formal biopsy ( for example for patients with excessive psa , with positive dre , or hypoechogenic zone in trus ) .
a statistical comparison between the two groups was performed using the chi - squared test , yates chi - squared test and v - squared test .
all analyses were performed using statistica 9 statistical software ( statsoft , cracow , poland ) .
there was no significant statistical difference in the occurrence of complications mentioned in the questionnaires from both groups .
the biggest difference was recorded for hematuria  on the 1 day : 39% in the 1 and 53% in the 2 group ( p = 0.1398 ) ; on the 2 day : 15% in the 1 and 30% in the 2 group ( p = 0.0650 ) .
rectal bleeding on the 1 day also seems to vary : 12% in the 1 and 26% in the 2 group ( p = 0.0835 ) .
. thirty - two percent of patients in the 1 and 29% in the 2 group ( p = 0.7419 ) had no complications at all .
five percent of patients in the 1 and 1% of patients in the 2 group required bladder catheterization due to urine retention ( p = 0.6077 ) .
five percent of patients in the second group were admitted to the hospital again because of prostatitis and septic complications . in the first group
in our research we attempted to verify whether sampling more cores during a prostate biopsy will cause higher occurrence of post - biopsy complications .
usually , complications are connected with various factors , for example : the level of experience of the operator who performs the biopsy . in our study , all procedures were performed by the same operator .
they were divided into two groups of different sizes on the basis of the number of cores .
a 5 - 8-core biopsy is performed rarely , because sampling less than 8 cores is not recommended anymore .
based on the results of the research , there is no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of complications between biopsies with sampling 5 - 8 cores and 12 or more cores .
the lowest p value was recorded in the case of hematuria on the 2 day ( p = 0.0650 ) .
further statistical analysis indicates that the rate of occurrence of other complications was similar and was not related to the number of sampled cores .
he identified hematospermia as the most common complication after a prostate biopsy , which was confirmed by other authors .
this complication was not estimated in our study because the questionnaire questions only focused on the first two days after the procedure .
what is more , literature on the subject demonstrates a huge difference in the occurrence of hematospermia because of difficulties in the proper evaluation of ejaculation [ 6 , 7 ] . according to subject literature ,
hematuria occurrence ranged from 47% to 58% and rectal bleeding occurrence ranged from 10% to 37% [ 8 , 9 , 10 ] .
additionally , there were also some similarities in the low occurrence of other minor complications , such as : hypogastric pain , perineal and urethral pain , temporarily elevated body temperature 37 - 38c , and nausea and vomiting [ 4 , 8 , 9 , 10 ] .
these complications usually do not require treatment . in our research , we asked patients to discontinue anticoagulant therapy for seven days prior to the biopsy . despite withdrawing anticoagulants ,
interestingly enough , in a paper by maan et al . , a relationship between anticoagulant intake and post - biopsy bleeding was not identified .
more severe adverse events , such as prostatitis and septic complications , occurred in 5% of patients from the group in which 12 or more cores were sampled .
the low presence of septic complications is related to the antibiotic prophylaxis performed in our study .
different prophylactic regimens have been used in different studies , but the use of antibiotics in general significantly decreases the septic complication rate .
biopsies performed without this kind of prophylaxis can result in a high septic complication rate [ 9 , 12 , 13 ] . before a prostate biopsy in our clinic ,
zaytoun et al . concluded that the cleansing enema is redundant in the case of decreasing infectious complications , and it can even be harmful : the use of routine enemas could increase the level of bacteria in the rectum and has an adverse impact on ultrasound imaging .
therefore , the administration of a cleansing enema in our clinic requires debate . sampling more cores during a prostate biopsy increases
cancer detection and does not seem to be associated with a higher complication rate , as shown in our research and in the subject literature [ 2 , 14 ] .
other complication rates are low . in general , complication rates after a prostate biopsy procedure
introductiona prostate biopsy can result in such complications as : hematuria , rectal bleeding , pain in hypogastrium , perineum or urethra , fever , nausea , vomiting , retention of urine or other adverse events . 
 the aim of this research was to estimate complication rates after a prostate biopsy based on the number of cores.material and methodsthe complication rate was evaluated on the basis of questionnaires filled out by patients . 
 questions were related to the occurrence of mentioned complications on the first and second day after prostate biopsy . 
 patients were divided into two groups : 1st group ( 41 patients ) 5 - 8 cores and 2nd group ( 73 patients ) 12 or more cores.resultsthere was no significant statistical difference in the occurrence of complications mentioned in the questionnaires in both groups . 
 the biggest difference was recorded for hematuria  
 1st day : 39% in the 1st and 53% in the 2nd group ( p = 0.1398 ) ; 2nd day : 15% in the 1st and 30% in the 2nd group ( p = 0.0650 ) . 
 rectal bleeding on the 1st day also seems to vary : 12% in the 1st and 26% in the 2nd group ( p = 0.0835 ) . 
 other complications occurred in 3 - 8% of patients . 
 32% of patients in the 1st and 29% in the 2nd group ( p = 0.7419 ) had no complications at all.conclusionsthe most common complications after a prostate biopsy are hematuria and rectal bleeding . 
 other complication rates are low . in general , complication rates after a prostate biopsy procedure 
 are not related to the number of sampled cores .