You will be presented with the full text of a biomedical research paper. Please write an abstract for this paper. Your response should include the abstract and no additional text.

Paper text:
keratoconus is a progressive corneal ectatic disorder that may have a variable expression in early stages , with subtle signs and borderline abnormal features that are difficult to detect.13 corneal topography represented a true revolution in the diagnosis and management of corneal diseases like keratoconus as it could detect subtle changes on the anterior corneal surface prior to loss of corrected distance visual acuity and the development of typical slit - lamp microscopy findings.47 topography measurement by placido reflection , however , was limited exclusively to the anterior corneal surface .
slit - imaging technology was an improvement in corneal imaging , as it could not only measure the anterior corneal surface but also the posterior surface , and was able to define the spatial relationship between the two , and to characterize corneal architecture in three dimensions .
this reconstruction of the cornea provides more information , greatly enhancing the sensitivity and specificity for detecting ectasia .
ambrsio and belin8 have previously proposed the term  tomography  to better reflect the three - dimensional characterization of the cornea instead of surface 
, ambrsio et al9 have previously reported on the use of pachymetric progression indices ( ppi ) and the concept of relational thickness in differentiating keratoconic and normal corneas compared with single - point thickness values . in particular , the study demonstrated that ambrsio relational thickness ( art ) parameters had the best receiver operating characteristics ( roc ) as a test , and art cutoffs for keratoconic eyes were determined . following the work of ambrsio et
al8,9 few other studies have evaluated the findings in an asian population.10,11 the purpose of this study is thus to analyze the keratometric and pachymetric properties of keratoconic corneas of asian eyes with the scheimpflug imaging camera , and to study the usefulness of art and ppi in differentiating keratoconus from normal eyes .
this study adhered to the tenets of the declaration of helsinki and was approved by the ethics committee of the singhealth centralised institutional review board .
cases in the keratoconic group were selected from a prospective study on collagen cross - linking for keratoconus .
inclusion criteria included visual acuity with contact lenses better than or equal to 6/12 ( 20/40 ) , good general health , and age of more than 18 years .
patients with eyes that met the amsler - krumeich criteria12 for stage 1 keratoconus ( eccentric steepening , absence of any corneal scarring , myopia , and astigmatism < 5.00 d and mean keratometry < 48.0 d ) were included in this study . in patients with both eyes that met the inclusion criteria , one of the eyes was randomly selected for analysis .
control cases were selected from a database of candidates for refractive surgery with normal corneas and myopia or myopic astigmatism .
eyes were considered normal if they had no ocular pathology , no previous ocular surgery , and no irregular corneal pattern on corneal tomography .
exclusion criteria included a history of corneal surgery , significant corneal scarring , and significant ophthalmic disease that may potentially affect the outcomes .
all eyes had a comprehensive ocular examination as well as rotating scheimpflug corneal tomography ( pentacam ; oculus .
patients that were using contact lenses were asked to discontinue use for at least 1 week before the topographic examination . during pentacam examination ,
subjects were positioned at the instrument with proper placement on the chin rest and forehead strap and asked to blink a few times before looking with both eyes at the fixation target . with proper alignment
achieved , all participants underwent scanning according to a standardized protocol . only cases with acceptable - quality images
the following anterior and posterior corneal surface parameters were evaluated with the pentacam : corneal keratometry power in the flattest meridian in the 3.0 mm central zone , corneal keratometry power in the steepest meridian in the 3.0 mm central zone , mean central keratometry in the 3.0 mm zone , and mean astigmatism in the 3.0 mm central zone . the minimum radius of corneal curvature was also measured .
the central corneal thickness at the apex ( geometric center of the examination ) , central corneal thickness at the pupil center , and the minimum corneal thickness at the thinnest point were recorded . also ,
the vertical , horizontal , as well as the distances from the cornea apex to the point of the thinnest corneal location were determined .
the pentacam calculates a ppi for every 1 meridian along the complete 360 , starting at the thinnest point .
the average of all meridians and the ones with lowest and highest values are presented .
the pachymetric index will be higher if the cornea gets thicker in a more accentuated pattern from the thinnest point out to the periphery .
art was calculated by the following formulae : statistical analysis was performed using spss software ( version 11.0 ; spss inc . ,
whitney u - test ( wilcoxon rank sum test ) was used to compare each parameter between two groups . a p - value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant .
roc curves13 were used to determine the overall predictive accuracy of the parameters when used as a test to identify eyes with keratoconus .
the area under these curves14 ( auc ) measure discrimination ; that is , the ability of the test to correctly classify eyes with and without disease .
an area of 1.0 represents a perfect test while an area of 0.5 represents a worthless test .
the keratoconus group comprised 22 eyes , while the control group consisted of 48 eyes .
the mean age of study subjects was 29.47.9 ( standard deviation [ sd ] ) years , while that of the control group was 31.09.2 ( sd ) years .
racially , the study group was constituted of chinese ( 66.6% ) , malays ( 12.1% ) , indians ( 12.1% ) , and eurasians ( 9.0% ) .
table 1 shows the mean tomographic , ppi , and art values in both groups . of note , while most tomographic readings did not show significant differences between the study and control groups , all ppi and art values indicated significant differences .
cornea minimum radius of curvature , absolute distance from the corneal apex , as well as the distance from corneal apex in y - axis were also significantly different between study and control groups .
the mean art values for the normal group were 404 and 563 m for art - max and art - avg , respectively .
in the keratoconus group , the mean values were 241 and 352 m for art - max and art - avg , respectively .
table 2 shows the mean art values of normal and keratoconic eyes in the present study , as well as the best cutoff values as reported by ambrsio et al9 for eyes with keratoconus and susceptibility for ectasia .
table 3 shows the results of the roc curve analysis auc , 95% confidence intervals , and significance levels for each parameter tested in keratoconus and normal groups . in discriminating keratoconus from control eyes , ppi and art
while the means of cornea minimum radius of curvature , absolute distance from the corneal apex , as well as the distance from corneal apex in y - axis were significantly different between the two groups , their lower aucs meant that using these parameters to test for keratoconus would result in poor diagnostic performances .
mcneil method,14 are shown in table 4 . of note , no statistically significant difference was found between the art and ppi indices .
table 1 shows the mean tomographic , ppi , and art values in both groups . of note , while most tomographic readings did not show significant differences between the study and control groups , all ppi and art values indicated significant differences .
cornea minimum radius of curvature , absolute distance from the corneal apex , as well as the distance from corneal apex in y - axis were also significantly different between study and control groups .
the mean art values for the normal group were 404 and 563 m for art - max and art - avg , respectively . in the keratoconus group , the mean values were 241 and 352 m for art - max and art - avg , respectively .
table 2 shows the mean art values of normal and keratoconic eyes in the present study , as well as the best cutoff values as reported by ambrsio et al9 for eyes with keratoconus and susceptibility for ectasia .
table 3 shows the results of the roc curve analysis auc , 95% confidence intervals , and significance levels for each parameter tested in keratoconus and normal groups . in discriminating keratoconus from control eyes ,
ppi and art produced high auc values , indicating good diagnostic performance when used as a test .
while the means of cornea minimum radius of curvature , absolute distance from the corneal apex , as well as the distance from corneal apex in y - axis were significantly different between the two groups , their lower aucs meant that using these parameters to test for keratoconus would result in poor diagnostic performances .
of note , no statistically significant difference was found between the art and ppi indices .
in this study , keratometric , pachymetric , as well as novel thickness metrics from pentacam tomography are presented and evaluated in normal and keratoconic asian eyes .
significant differences in these parameters have been found between normal and study eyes , in line with published reports on latin american and middle eastern populations.9,15 in terms of diagnostic performance , the ppi and art parameters produced the highest aucs amongst all the other parameters .
ambrsio et al9 previously reported that the best aucs were produced by art - avg ( 0.987 ) , art - max ( 0.983 ) followed by ppi - average ( 0.980 ) .
interestingly , in this study , ppi - average returned the highest auc ( 0.880 ) , followed by art - avg ( 0.865 ) and ppi - minimum ( 0.849 ) . however , pairwise comparisons did not show any significant difference between any of these parameters .
comparing against the art - avg and art - max cutoffs previously reported by ambrsio et al9 for the identification of keratoconic eyes ( table 3 ) , the mean art - avg and art - max values found in the study group fell below the cutoff values .
similarly , the mean art - avg and art - max values found in the control group were above the cutoff values for detecting eyes with ectasia susceptibility .
these findings support the use of these pentacam indices for the evaluation of stage 1 keratoconus in asian eyes .
while the results validate the usefulness of the pentacam in differentiating keratoconic from normal eyes in asians as a group , the sample size is too small to establish population norms for the measured parameters .
however , there is no current evidence of differing clinical presentations of keratoconus between male and female patients , and thus , this is unlikely to skew the results of this study . in a recent study conducted by ruisenor vazquez et al16 in a non - asian population
, pentacam scheimpflug imaging tomography was found to be able to detect most subclinical keratoconus cases with unremarkable topography .
auc values obtained for ppi and art indices were mostly higher than in the current study , ranging from 0.79 to 0.93 .
however , test specificity was highlighted as an issue , as up to 10% of subclinical keratoconus cases may be undetected by such evaluation . using the pentacam , bae et
al17 evaluated topographic and tomographic changes in fellow eyes of asian patients with unilateral keratoconus to compare them with normal eyes .
previous research indicates that true unilateral keratoconus is very rare , and thus the normal fellow eye may be the ideal model for the mildest form of subclinical keratoconus .
the group found that fellow eyes in unilateral keratoconus patients showed differences in several parameters that were not detectable with the pentacam detection program .
however , to be used as a test , each single parameter alone was not sufficient to detect these early changes .
pentacam indices derived in this study are thus from clinically detectable keratoconus . as a test
, it might be more useful if these were based on early or forme fruste keratoconus so that they can be detected even when not manifested clinically .
nonetheless , the current study supports the findings previously reported on the usefulness of scheimpflug imaging in assessing keratoconic eyes . in order to develop it further into a deployable early detection tool
, further studies will be needed to both determine its test performance as well as establish cutoff values for asian eyes .
this study demonstrated significant differences in keratometric and pachymetric parameters between stage 1 keratoconic and normal corneas in asians .
pachymetric indices such as the ppi and the art indices are useful tools for detecting keratoconus in this population . the findings also support the previously reported findings of the usefulness of the art in identifying keratoconus .
purposeto evaluate the keratometric and pachymetric parameters of keratoconic corneas of asian eyes with the scheimpflug imaging camera.patients and methodsthis is a cross - sectional study of 22 eyes with amsler - krumeich stage 1 keratoconus and 48 eyes from normal subjects conducted in a tertiary eye hospital . a rotating scheimpflug imaging system , the pentacam , was used to evaluate all eyes for tomographic parameters , as well as pachymetric progression indices ( ppi ) and ambrsio relational thickness ( art).resultsall ppi and art parameter values were significantly different between study and control groups . 
 cornea minimum radius of curvature , absolute distance from corneal apex to thinnest location , as well as the distance from corneal apex to thinnest location in y - axis also demonstrated statistically significant differences . 
 the mean art values for keratoconus eyes were 241 m ( art - maximum ) and 352 m ( art - average ) , falling within previously reported best cutoff values for detecting keratoconus . on receiver 
 operating characteristics curve analysis , the area under the curve values were highest for ppi and art parameters.conclusionthere are significant differences in tomographic parameters between stage 1 keratoconic and normal asian eyes . 
 pachymetric indices such as the ppi and the art index can serve as additional tools in differentiating keratoconic from normal eyes . 
 the findings validate the usefulness of the art in identifying keratoconic eyes in asians .