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the tissue dissolving ability of naocl depend on not only exposed time of the solution , concentration and its volume , but also its depend on the tissue surface area the effects of naocl solutions about tissue dissolution can be increased by : 
 raising the solution phincreasing the temperature of the naocl solutionsultrasonic activation of the solutionelongated working timecontinuous agitation of the irrigation solution . 
  raising the solution ph increasing the temperature of the naocl solutions ultrasonic activation of the solution elongated working time continuous agitation of the irrigation solution .
showed the  dynamic balance  of naocl as followed by the reaction : naocl + h2o  naoh + hocl  na + oh + h + ocl those chemical reactions between naocl and organic tissue were confirmed .
the dynamic balance of naocl resulted saponification reaction , amino acid neutralization reaction and chloramination reaction .
electrochemically activated solution ( eca ) are produced from water and low concentration solutions with salt .
the terms of eca is principally transferred liquids from the metastable membrane via to anode or cathode action using an elementary reactor . in vitro studies testing eca as an irrigant , suggested an alternative to naocl solution endodontic therapy , but eca
electrolysis is a method of using direct electric current by a potentiostat / galvanostat to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous chemical reaction . as a rule
, the activation liquid is performed in a diaphragm or nondiaphragm electrolysis device . during this activation , liquids
consequently , chemical structure of these liquids change and properties , as well as their microcluster structure , hydrogen concentration and oxidation reduction potential .
it is conceivable that electrically - activated sodium hypochlorite ( e - naocl ) could enhance its effect by electrochemistry .
however , there is no data available on the characteristics of electrolysis of naocl solutions relevant to the endodontist .
the purpose of this study was to compare the dissolution capacity achieved by solutions e - naocl on the dissolution of bovine muscle specimens at different concentrations and time periods .
stock solution of the 5% naocl ( naocl 5% , wizard , rehberkimya , istanbul , turkey ) was obtained from manufacturers .
1.25% and 2.5% solutions of the naocl were diluted from the stock solution using distilled tap water .
the solutions were covered amber glass bottles for protecting from co2 and stored at 4c and restored to room temperature before use .
bovine muscle tissue was used to test the dissolving capabilities of naocl at differing concentration , time and electrolysis activation .
the frozen bovine muscle tissues were cut into round pieces of 5 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness using sterilized tissue biopsy punch ( sterile dermal biopsy punch , kai industries ltd . , seki , japan ) .
( n = 154 ) , the tissue samples were preweighed using a digital scale ( presica 205a , dietikon , switzerland ) . after the weights were recorded ,
the samples were placed in 10 ml of the solution to be tested according to time periods . in the group of e - naocl
were conducted using autolab pgstat 302 potentiostat / galvanostat controlled by gpes 4.9 software ( ecochemie , the netherlands ) .
three electrodes were used for all computations ; a platinum electrode of 2 mm diameters as a working electrode , a pt electrode and an ag - agcl reference electrode [ figure 1 ] .
then , the electrodes were performed by triangular potential cycling 3v for 3 min or 5 min according to the groups .
schematic diagram of electrically activation of sodium hypochlorite ; ( a ) working electrode ( pyrolytic graphite electrode ) , ( b ) auxiliary electrode ( platinum sheet ) , ( c ) reference electrode ( ag / agcl ) all experiments were conducted at a room temperature and 10 ml liquids following experiment and control groups .
the samples pieces were then removed , dried , and then weighed again . the percentage of tissues weight loss were calculated .
the groups were as follows : group 1 : distilled water , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 2 : distilled water , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 3 : naocl 1.25% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 4 : naocl 1.25% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 5 : naocl 2.5% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 6 : naocl 2.5% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 7 : naocl 5% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 8 : naocl 5% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 9 : eca 1.25% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 10 : eca 1.25% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 11 : eca 2.5% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 12 : eca 2.5% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 13 : eca 5% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 14 : eca 5% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) .
the averages , standard deviation , minimum , maximum and median were calculated for each group .
resulting data were analyzed by statistically using the multi - way anova and tukey hsd tests .
stock solution of the 5% naocl ( naocl 5% , wizard , rehberkimya , istanbul , turkey ) was obtained from manufacturers .
1.25% and 2.5% solutions of the naocl were diluted from the stock solution using distilled tap water .
the solutions were covered amber glass bottles for protecting from co2 and stored at 4c and restored to room temperature before use .
bovine muscle tissue was used to test the dissolving capabilities of naocl at differing concentration , time and electrolysis activation .
the frozen bovine muscle tissues were cut into round pieces of 5 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness using sterilized tissue biopsy punch ( sterile dermal biopsy punch , kai industries ltd . , seki , japan ) .
( n = 154 ) , the tissue samples were preweighed using a digital scale ( presica 205a , dietikon , switzerland ) .
after the weights were recorded , the samples were placed in 10 ml of the solution to be tested according to time periods .
in the group of e - naocl were conducted using autolab pgstat 302 potentiostat / galvanostat controlled by gpes 4.9 software ( ecochemie , the netherlands ) .
three electrodes were used for all computations ; a platinum electrode of 2 mm diameters as a working electrode , a pt electrode and an ag - agcl reference electrode [ figure 1 ] .
then , the electrodes were performed by triangular potential cycling 3v for 3 min or 5 min according to the groups .
schematic diagram of electrically activation of sodium hypochlorite ; ( a ) working electrode ( pyrolytic graphite electrode ) , ( b ) auxiliary electrode ( platinum sheet ) , ( c ) reference electrode ( ag / agcl ) all experiments were conducted at a room temperature and 10 ml liquids following experiment and control groups .
the groups were as follows : group 1 : distilled water , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 2 : distilled water , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 3 : naocl 1.25% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 4 : naocl 1.25% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 5 : naocl 2.5% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 6 : naocl 2.5% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 7 : naocl 5% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 8 : naocl 5% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 9 : eca 1.25% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 10 : eca 1.25% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 11 : eca 2.5% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 12 : eca 2.5% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) group 13 : eca 5% , 3 min ( n = 11 ) group 14 : eca 5% , 5 min ( n = 11 ) .
the averages , standard deviation , minimum , maximum and median were calculated for each group .
resulting data were analyzed by statistically using the multi - way anova and tukey hsd tests .
tissue weight loss with different concentrations of naocl and e - naocl for two different time periods is shown in table 1 .
effect of electrically activation on tissue dissolution ( percentage of tissue weight change loss  sd ) by the solutions compared with distilled 
 water tissue dissolution increased in concentration of naocl and e - naocl .
a significant weight loss was observed after exposure to 2.5% and 5% ( p < 0.001 ) of naocl compared with distilled water and 1.25% naocl .
the concentrations of 2.5% and 5% e - naocl solutions greatly increased the tissue dissolution to same concentrations of naocl groups ( p < 0.001 ) . when times were grouped for evaluation , it was shown that longer exposure times resulted in improved tissue dissolution in control and experimental groups ( p < 0.05 ) . comparing time periods within groups ;
tissue weight loss was significantly higher on the 2.5% and 5% e - naocl at 3 min than 2.5% and 5% naocl at 5 min ( p < 0.05 ) .
there were no significant differences between the 2.5% e - naocl and 5% naocl at 5 min ( p = 0.087 ) .
these results showed that the e - naocl was used , the less time or less concentrations that were required for solution contact to get similar tissue dissolution [ figure 2 ] .
bar chart depicting relative amounts ( percent of original weight ) of remaining bovine tissue , ( n = 11/group ) after 10 ml of sodium hypochlorite
this study focused on the effect of electrically activation of naocl at different concentration and time on the fresh bovine muscle tissue .
bovine pulp , muscle tissue of porcine , rabbit liver , connective tissue of rat , and oral mucosa of pig have been studied as a model to achieve dissolution capability of irrigants .
the main reason of using different type tissues except human dental pulp has been a possibility to obtained and the easier standardization of the surface area of each sample . the importance of many activation methods on the tissue dissolving capability of naocl has been reported , but there are no studies about the effect of electrically activation on naocl solution . the present study showed that the electrically activation of naocl raised its capacity of dissolving organic material .
for the same concentrations of naocl and e - naocl within the same time intervals , the percent of tissue loss was greater in e - naocl ( p < 0.001 ) .
therefore , this irrigation solution is supposed to use less concentration during the endodontic therapy preventing toxic effects .
previous studies have shown that if naocl as irrigation solutions is diluted , the tissue - dissolving ability decreases .
results from the present study showed that tissue weight loss after 5 min in 5% naocl was no significant difference to 2.5% e - naocl ( p > 0.05 ) .
it should be emphasized that lower concentrations of e - naocl have a similar effect to more concentrated naocl solutions on tissue .
tissue specimens immersed in 1.25% naocl , and distilled water increased in weight during the 5-min and 1.25% e - naocl at 3-min after exposure . low - concentration hypochlorite solutions and distilled water can probably cause hydration of the bovine tissue .
previous studies have also reported that a similar effect on the organic tissue by these concentrations and distilled water .
the e - naocl experiments conducted 3v potential and current did not exceed 10 ma .
it should be recorded that the present study was performed in an ideal in vitro study model to test tissue dissolving ability of e - naocl .
furthermore , it still unclear whether e - naocl solutions would be more or less effective than agitation and ultrasonic - activation methods of naocl at different temperatures .
objective : sodium hypochlorite ( naocl ) is a common antimicrobial and tissue - dissolving irrigant . 
 the aim of this in vitro study is to evaluate and compare dissolution capacities of sodium hypochlorite solutions after electrically activation ( e - naocl ) on bovine muscle specimens at various time periods and concentrations.materials and methods : three sodium hypochlorite solutions of 1.25% , 2.5% , and 5% were tested at 3-min . 
 and 5-min . with and without activation by electrically . 
 distilled water and naocl solutions without electrically activation were used as controls . 
 pieces of bovine muscle tissue ( 34  2 mg ) were placed in 10 ml of each solution at room temperature . in the group of e - naocl , 
 electrically activation was performed through the potentiostat . 
 the tissue specimens were weighed before and after treatment , and the percentage of weight loss was calculated.results:weight loss of the tissue increased with the concentration of e - naocl and naocl . 
 higher concentration and electrically activation considerably enhanced the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite . 
 the effect of electrically activation on tissue dissolution was much greater than that of same concentrations in the groups of naocl ( p < 0.001 ) . 
 tissue weight loss was significantly higher in 2.5% and 5% e - naocl at 3 min . 
 than in 2.5% and 5% naocl at 5 min . 
 ( p < 0.05 ) . 
 there were not any significant differences between the 2.5% e - naocl and 5% naocl at 5 min . 
 ( p > 0.05).conclusion : electrically activation can improve the tissue - dissolving effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite .