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research is hampered by the fact that her majesty 's coroners are not required to include this information in their annual reports to the office for national statistics .
place of death is a mandatory field , but this may differ from the location of the suicidal act if the individual is transferred to hospital and dies there .
information about the location at which a suicidal act took place often remains buried in the hand - written text of coroners files and is time - consuming to extract .
individuals who are non - resident in the area in which they choose to die are more likely to use public spaces .
moreover , they are considered more newsworthy than those occurring at home , and media reporting may encourage further suicides .
suicides in public places may be more easily preventable than those occurring at home , due to greater potential for observation and intervention . restricting access to means
recent uk guidance has drawn attention to the fact that particular public locations may provide means or opportunity for suicide and has outlined a range of measures that can be taken to reduce risk at such sites .
the guidance is being widely implemented within the uk and has been translated into japanese .
however , the role of location in suicide remains a neglected issue within the wider literature .
we hand - searched coroners files relating to all suicides and undetermined deaths in the county of devon during the period 1 january 2000 to 31 december 2004 .
no undetermined deaths were excluded . along with basic demographic data , we collected information on the date and time of death , and of suicidal act if different , and the method of suicide . using free text
, we also recorded as much detail as available about the location of the act .
this information was later used to classify deaths as having occurred in either a public or private location , and was geo - coded for mapping purposes .
public place as any location at which there was a likelihood of the death being witnessed , or the body being found , by a member of the public .
this included street , highway or car park ; railway ; industrial area ; open country or woods ; cliffs , beach or in the sea . 
private encompassed the deceased 's own or another 's home ( including garage and outbuildings ) , private business premises ( including warehouse , farm buildings or store ) and any residential establishment , including prison , psychiatric inpatient unit , nursing home and hotel .
if the individual jumped from a residence into the street or public area , the location was classified as public . in accordance with the uk guidance
hotspot to refer to a specific public site ( e.g. a particular bridge ) that has been used for suicidal acts on two or more occasions within the study period .
devon is a large county in south - west england with a population of 1  135  000 , mainly concentrated in two medium - sized cities and one dense cluster of neighbouring seaside towns .
the county contains two national parks , both consisting of wild open moors , and is bordered on two sides by spectacularly beautiful coastline . during the 5-year period , 610 suicides and undetermined deaths were recorded within its three coroners jurisdictions .
information relating to location of act was missing in 28 cases , which meant that these deaths ( 5% ) could not be classified . in one jurisdiction ,
of the 582 deaths that were classifiable , 182 ( 31% ) resulted from acts carried out in public places .
suicide tourism , or travelling into the area for the purposes of killing oneself , is not a major contributory factor .
a quarter of the 182 deaths involved jumping from a height ( table 1 ) . almost as many ( 23% ) involved car exhaust poisoning , and deaths involving drowning , hanging and jumping or lying in front of a moving object account for substantial numbers . 

table 1relationship between method and locationjumping from heightcar exhaust poisoningdrowninghangingjumping or lying in front of moving objectpoisoning ( other than co)burningotherunknowntotal ( % ) at each locationbeach , foot of cliff or in sea1801700200239 ( 21)open country or woods1100160433138 ( 21)rural car park or highway124002233035 ( 19)urban car park or street165050212233 ( 18)railway500113000019 ( 10)river , lake or reservoir301000000114 ( 8)industrial area0200000103 ( 2)not known1000000001 ( 1)total ( % ) by each method45 ( 25)41 ( 23)27 ( 15)22 ( 12)15 ( 8)10 ( 5)7 ( 4)10 ( 5)5 ( 3)182 ( 100)suicides and undetermined deaths occurring in public places , devon , uk 200004 . relationship between method and location suicides and undetermined deaths occurring in public places , devon , uk 200004 .
public places were used in 100% of the drownings recorded during 200004 and all cases of jumping / lying in front of a moving object ; also in 98% of deaths involving jumping from a height ( all except one , which occurred within a military establishment ) , 79% of car exhaust poisonings and 70% of burnings . on the other hand , only 12% of all hangings , 12% of cases involving firearms and 8% of overdoses occurred in public places .
this includes 38 ( 21% ) occurring in open countryside , woods , moors or farmland ; 35 ( 19% ) in rural car parks or country highways ; and 14 ( 8% ) involving rivers , lakes or reservoirs .
most of the cases of car exhaust poisoning occurred in remote rural locations , particularly in car parks at beauty spots , and several rural car parks were identified as suicide hotspots .
coastal deaths also formed a large category , accounting for 39 ( 21% ) of the 182 deaths in public places .
this number included 18 jumps from cliff - tops , 17 cases of drowning in the sea and 4 others in which the deceased 's body was found on the beach or in the sea .
thirty - three deaths ( 18% of those in public places ) occurred in an urban car park or street .
these included 16 jumps from high buildings , 5 cases of car exhaust poisoning and 5 hangings .
railways were the site of 19 ( 10% ) of the deaths in public places . within the county we identified 22 hotspots , which accounted for 67 ( 37% ) of the deaths in public places .
three urban multi - storey car parks , one high - rise hotel and one river bridge also acted as hotspots . some of the hotspots were associated with a range of methods .
at one wooded country park there were six suicides during the 5-year period : three involved car exhaust poisoning , two individuals hung themselves from trees and one jumped from a tower .
elsewhere , seven deaths occurred within a 3-mile stretch of coastline : five involved jumping from cliffs , one individual drowned in the sea and another set fire to himself in his car in a quiet lane .
. the pattern of locations is heavily influenced by local geography and would obviously be different for a land - locked county dominated by urban industrial landscapes .
whilst some methods of suicide , such as suffocation with a plastic bag , lend themselves to being carried out at home , others can only be accomplished in public spaces .
the association of bridges and high buildings with suicide by jumping is well - known , but many other public places offer means or opportunity for suicide . hanging ,
every area will have particular sites and structures that lend themselves to suicide attempts and detailed analysis of local data is the only way to identify high - risk locations .
effective management may reduce their attractiveness and accessibility , but is dependent on the formation of strong local multi - agency alliances .
lack of consistency in reporting procedures is a barrier to large - scale research into locations of suicidal acts .
the introduction in the uk of a standardized tool for population - based suicide audit may help to address this problem .
little is known about where suicides take place . 
 we collected data from coroners files on all suicides and undetermined deaths in one large english county from 2000 to 2004 . 
 the data show that > 30% of suicides occurred in public places . 
 a quarter of these involved jumping from a height and nearly a quarter involved car exhaust poisoning . 
 several sites were associated with multiple methods of suicide . identifying and 
 managing high - risk locations should be an important part of an overall suicide prevention strategy and is best tackled at local level .