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two websites provide downloadable pdfs of comprehensive curricular materials , detailed teacher guides for each lesson , copymasters , and other resources .
a particular strength of these materials is their use of frameworks designed to guide students through the process of thoughtfully analyzing ethical controversies by 1 ) identifying the relevant facts , which helps students separate information from emotional response ; 2 ) identifying stakeholders  the people or institutions affected by the outcome of a situation ; 3 ) clarifying stakeholder values , interests , and concerns ; and 4 ) making a decision that is supported by a well - reasoned justification . employing stakeholders to introduce potentially opposing viewpoints can eliminate or diffuse tensions that might otherwise arise if students were asked to represent and defend their own personal views . while designed for grades 712 or 912 , many of these materials could be used or easily adapted for use with undergraduates .
the teacher center section of the northwest association for biomedical research ( nwabr ; www.nwabr.org ; 
 figure 1 ) includes six sets of excellent bioethics materials .
an ethics primer ( 202 pp . ) provides an easy to understand introduction to ethics , including a useful table that compares five ethical perspectives .
the 31 classroom strategies provide options for structuring ethical discussions ; grading rubrics are available for five writing assignments . also included are four ethical decision - making frameworks ; a detailed grading guide is provided for one of these . although additional online resources are listed , many of the urls no longer function .
provides a sequenced set of five interactive lessons that culminate in a case study about a clinical trial of a drug .
best of  strategies recommended by teachers who had used the primer for several years .
the science and ethics of  series provides sequenced sets of five to six lessons that address animal research ( 200 pp . ) , hiv vaccine research ( 204 pp . ) , humans in research ( 154 pp . ) , and stem cell research ( 168 pp . ) .
the nwabr materials include correlations to the common core state standards for english language arts and literacy ( council of chief state school officers , 2010 ) and a framework for k12 science education ( national research council , 2011 ) .
the teacher center section of the nwabr website features curricular materials that incorporate the three essential components of effective bioethics teaching  facilitating students understanding of ethical principles , well - structured lesson strategies , and ethical decision - making frameworks to guide students analysis of ethical controversies ( www.nwabr.org/teacher-center ) . exploring bioethics ( 350 pp . )
it includes six modules ( three lessons in each module ) that address the ethics of enhancement in sports , mandatory school vaccination policies , fair distribution of organs for transplantation , genetic testing for diseases , research involving human participants , and the use of animals in research .
the modules use a four - question ethical decision - making framework ; a grading guide is provided .
additional teacher support materials ( pp . 1011 ) provide answer keys , background materials , modifications and extensions , and a powerpoint for use with one of the modules .
new york university s school of medicine high school bioethics website ( www.med.nyu.edu/highschoolbioethics ) features bioethics briefs and modules .
they cover a range of healthcare - related topics , such as ethical issues associated with the hpv vaccine , h1n1 vaccinations , facial transplantation , and the use of ritalin and adderall as study aids .
one provides information on genetic testing for autism spectrum disorders ( 4:01 min ) , and one raises ethical questions in relation to the nfl and brain injury ( 9:27 min ) .
the nine instructional modules , available as pdfs , cover the nature of ethics , conceptual foundations of bioethics , organ transplantation , embryonic stem cell research , assisted reproductive technologies , lifestyle drugs , prolonging the life of a person in a persistent vegetative state , and animal research , and include a guide to jonathan d. moreno s 2011 book the body politic : the battle over science in america .
each module includes background information , a sequence of student activities and discussions , and supplemental readings .
while examples of student handouts are shown , they are too small to use as copymasters , so instructors would need to produce their own .
the nuffield council on bioethics in the united kingdom examines and reports on ethical issues in biology and medicine ( http://nuffieldbioethics.org ) .
the education section of their website includes seven sets of lessons under teaching resources , appropriate for a wide range of age levels .
the lessons address clinical research , organ and tissue donation , biofuels , personalized healthcare , dementia , forensic use of bioinformation , and research involving animals .
the teacher guides are very brief and are divided into multiple pdfs , which makes it difficult to follow the lesson plans .
some of the materials have a uk orientation , which may limit their usefulness for u.s .
for example , the organizations and mechanisms through which organ donation is coordinated in the uk or analyzing specific policies of the uk department of health are likely to interest u.s .
the policy section of the site provides summaries of european court judgments on the storage and use of genetic information . while ethical concerns about the storage and use of large amounts of genetic data are not appropriate for younger students , this resource could be useful for older students to make comparisons between countries .
in addition to text - based materials , one lesson also features a movie , processes , papers and professors : how clinical research in young people gets approved ( 16:19 min ) .
the movie begins with a case that motivates a proposal for an asthma study in children .
a mock institutional review board discussion of the simulated proposal provides a unique opportunity for students to observe an example of careful oversight of human research .
the film is available at http://nuffieldbioethics.org / project / children - research / films - young - peoples - perspectives - clinical - ethics - reviews/. pbs learningmedia also has short video excerpts from the nova episode  cracking your genetic code  that would be appropriate for use as case studies . 
( www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/cygc12.sci.life.gen.prediagnosis/the-ethics-of-preimplantation-genetic-diagnosis ; 4:44 min ; figure 2 ) and  should we screen for cancer genes ? 
( www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/cygc12.sci.life.gen.cancergene/should-we-screen-for-cancer-genes ; 3:54 min ) are both available in english and spanish audio with optional closed captions and can be downloaded for offline viewing . the video clip 
the ethics of preimplantation genetic diagnosis  explores the current benefits and concerns regarding potential future uses of preimplantation diagnosis in screening for diseases and other traits .
blogs that publish and aggregate current opinions are particularly useful when approaching subjects of ongoing bioethical controversy , such as recent legal decisions and cases being reported in the media .
one of the best examples is the bioethics forum ( www.thehastingscenter.org/bioethicsforum ; 
 figure 3 ) by the hastings center , which generally posts several entries a month .
the opinions expressed in the blog are those of the authors  who range from medical students to professors of bioethics  and not official positions of the hastings center .
recent topics include pronoun use with transgender patients , the use of cognitive enhancers in university students , and the regulation of surrogate motherhood .
the previously mentioned nuffield council on bioethics website also has a blog that is updated regularly ( http://nuffieldbioethics.org/blog ) . in 2014 ,
the nuffield blog did a series of posts that focused specifically on bioethics and education ( http://nuffieldbioethics.org/education/materials-resources-educators/blog-series-bioethics-education ) .
post includes links to 15 short videos ( 1:576:08 min ) related to topics in seven council reports .
for example , a university of leicester  produced video on model organisms in biomedical research ( 6:24 min ) provides an overview of how yeast and drosophila research can be used to explore questions related to human health before moving to studies in mice .
the girl with three biological parents ( 6:08 min ) is a bbc - produced video on the controversy about use of mitochondrial replacement in infertility treatment .
the author also maintains a blog titled bioethicsbytes : multimedia resources for teaching bioethics ( https://bioethicsbytes.wordpress.com ) .
the posts include short videos from tv news , movie trailers , and student - produced videos ; inaccuracies in the videos are noted by the blog author .
the bioethics forum on the hastings center website publishes several posts a month about current issues in bioethics ( www.thehastingscenter.org/bioethicsforum ) .
the bioethics blog tracker on the georgetown university bioethics website ( https://bioethics.georgetown.edu/explore-bioethics/bioethics-blogs ) functions as an aggregator , republishing current posts from more than 30 separate bioethics blogs .
the collection often posts multiple entries in one day , with topics ranging from funding medical research through the viral ice bucket challenge to successful womb transplantation . in general , the articles are written for the educated layperson , but considering the specificity of the issues discussed in the posts , they would likely be more suitable for advanced students with prior experience in bioethics .
michael almereyda s experimenter depicts the work of yale psychologist stanley milgram , who tested obedience to authority by instructing his study participants to deliver what they believed were increasingly painful electric shocks to an unseen ( but not unheard ) actor whom participants believed to be a fellow research participant .
the stanford prison experiment is an r - rated film directed by kyle patrick alvarez .
it is based on the study of the same name conducted by philip zimbardo using a mock prison in the basement of the stanford psychology department .
college student participants were randomly assigned to the roles of prison guard or prisoner and , in relatively short time , began exhibiting sadistic behavior or mental breakdowns . both films , although not freely available online , could serve as material to facilitate discussions about informed consent and protecting human research participants .
the stanford prison experiment has an accompanying website ( www.prisonexp.org ; 
 figure 4 ) that is managed by the social psychology network .
the website features extensive educational materials : photos and documents from the original experiment ; a short film clip , stanford prison experiment : a student is arrested ( 0:28 ) ; interviews ; student discussion questions ; and links to zimbardo s other work . in general , the content is written for the educated layperson and is appropriate for older high school and undergraduate students .
the background and description of the experiment , located under the story tab on the website , are available in seven languages .
the stanford prison experiment website ( www.prisonexp.org ) features materials from the notorious 1971 experiment that took place in a mock prison in the basement of the stanford psychology department . to emphasize that protecting human research participants is not only of historical interest , there are resources on current controversies at fear and loathing in bioethics ( http://loathingbioethics.blogspot.com ) .
the blog was started in 2010 by carl elliott , a professor at the center for bioethics at the university of minnesota , to accompany his investigative journalism and bioethics class .
elliott is also the author of a lengthy 2014 article about how the homeless population , particularly in philadelphia , is exploited in healthy human participant research :  the best - selling , billion - dollar pills tested on homeless people : how the destitute and the mentally ill are being used as human lab rats  ( https://medium.com/matter/did-big-pharma-test-your-meds-on-homeless-people-a6d8d3fc7dfe ) . for educators who would like to focus on the ethics of scholarship , the blog retraction watch ( http://retractionwatch.com ) documents retractions of scientific articles .
the blog was started in august 2010 by two independent scholars , adam marcus and ivan oransky , in an effort to promote transparency and integrity in scientific publishing .
the blog provides a unique window into the scientific process by highlighting research errors and fraud .
bioethical controversies can provide a powerful way for students to see the relevance of science and thus engage them in learning science content .
particularly when carried out using an ethical decision - making framework , classroom discussions can also build students critical - thinking skills and assist them in better understanding the viewpoints of stakeholders whose values or perspectives are different from their own .
this review highlights free online resources for teaching bioethics that will be useful for educators working with high school and undergraduate students . 
 these materials provide frameworks of ethical analysis , curricula and lesson plans , case studies , and resources that have a special focus on protection of human research participants .