You will be provided with the titles and abstracts of a collection of medical RCT reports studying a clinical question -- for instance, the efficacy of an intervention on some medical outcome. Please write a few sentences synthesizing the findings of these reports, which could serve as a conclusion section for a systematic review article. Your response should not include any other text. The RCT reports are below.



Title 1:
Effects of maintenance sessions on smoking relapse: delaying the inevitable?
Abstract 1:
nan


Title 2:
Partial component analysis of a comprehensive smoking program.
Abstract 2:
nan


Title 3:
Rapid puffing as a treatment component of a community smoking program.
Abstract 3:
Twenty-six persons participated in a community smoking program, which required a $40 contribution to the sponsoring health organization and a $25 refundable deposit. Clients were assigned to one of two treatment groups; one involved group discussion and rapid puffing, and the other involved group discussion only. The number of cigarettes smoked before treatment and one week, two months, and five months after treatment were determined for each client. Smoking decreased substantially following treatment in both groups and did not differ significantly between the groups across the follow-up periods. Females, however, showed significantly greater relapse in smoking following treatment than did males. Overall, approximately 15% of the clients in each group were abstinent five months after treatment.


Title 4:
The effects of rapid smoking and hypnosis in the treatment of smoking behavior.
Abstract 4:
nan


Title 5:
Comparison of symbolic and overt aversion in the self-control of smoking.
Abstract 5:
nan


Title 6:
Aversive smoking therapies: a conditioning analysis of therapeutic effectiveness.
Abstract 6:
nan


Title 7:
Aversive and cognitive factors in the modification of smoking behaviour.
Abstract 7:
nan


Title 8:
Successful treatment of habitual smokers with warm, smoky air and rapid smoking.
Abstract 8:
nan


Title 9:
Behavior modification of smoking: the experimental investigation of diverse techniques.
Abstract 9:
nan


Title 10:
Nicotine fading and smokeholding methods to smoking cessation.
Abstract 10:
We tested a multicomponent behavioural package to stop smoking that contained nicotine fading and smokeholding techniques. 73 smokers were randomly assigned to one of five treatment programmes: (1) nicotine fading and cigarette fading, (2) nicotine fading and concurrent smokeholding, (3) nicotine fading and subsequent smokeholding, (4) a nonintensive smokeholding programme, and (5) an intensive smokeholding programme (daily sessions). Common components of the programmes were self-monitoring, information on smoking, stimulus control, CO feedback, and strategies to avoid withdrawal symptoms. Each treatment was carried out during a total of 10 sessions over 4 weeks (Treatments 1-4) or 2 weeks (Treatment 5). End-of-treatment quit rates ranged from 85% to 91%. At 12-mo. follow-up, the most effective package proved to have been nicotine fading and cigarette fading, with an abstinence rate of 57% as against 25 to 37% for the other treatments.


Title 11:
A comparison of excessive and rapid smoking in the modification of chronic smoking behavior.
Abstract 11:
nan


Title 12:
Self-initiated, cue extinction, and covert sensitization procedures in smoking cessation.
Abstract 12:
Two studies tested the utility of self-control procedures and covert sensitization as alternatives to rapid smokers in smoking cessation. Subjects were at least 21 years old and had smoked at least one pack per day for at least 5 years. Relaxation training and discussion of goals were given in three meetings per week for 2 weeks prior to subject-chosen quit dates. A total of 10 sessions was held during the 90 days following cessation. In Study I, both groups received self-control strategies. One group also received covert sensitization. At 3-month follow-up, 33% of those without and 27% of those with covert sensitization were abstinent. At 6-month follow-up these percentages were 33 and 13, respectively. Covert sensitization apparently added nothing to the effects of the self-control package. In Study II, one group received the same combination of self-control manual and the basic package as in Study I. A second group received the basic package with cue extinction procedures designed to extinguish associations between desires for cigarettes and cues paired with previous smoking. A third group received a combination of both sets of procedures. At 3-month follow-up, 71 and 60%, respectively, of the first two groups were abstinent, while only 31% of the combination group was abstinent. At 6-month follow-up, these percentages were 29, 27, and 8, respectively. The low abstinence rate for the combination group likely reflects problems associated with presenting too much material in the 2 weeks prior to cessation.


Title 13:
Preventing relapse to cigarette smoking by behavioral skill training.
Abstract 13:
nan


Title 14:
Effectiveness of negative practice and self-control techniques in the reduction of smoking behavior.
Abstract 14:
nan


Title 15:
Aversive smoking using printed instructions and audiotape adjuncts.
Abstract 15:
nan


Title 16:
Comparison of rapid smoking, warm, smoky air, and attention placebo in the modification of smoking behavior.
Abstract 16:
nan


Title 17:
A factorial analysis of preparation, aversion, and maintenance in the elimination of smoking.
Abstract 17:
The present investigation initiated a dismantling strategy in which subjects were assigned to treatment stages (preparation, aversion, maintenance) or to combinations of stages in a factorial design. It was hypothesized that multistage conditions would be superior to single stage conditions and that maintenance would retard relapse. Forty men and 33 women were randomly assigned to one of seven conditions. Results supported both hypotheses although significant effects were no longer evident at 12-month follow-up. Considerable relapse occurred in all conditions. Specific treatment components appeared to be of limited importance as indicated by generally very similar results for preparation and aversion. Booster sessions appeared to be ineffective. Interpretation of the findings is limited, however, by a relatively small subject enrollment in each condition. It was concluded that attempts to isolate extremely precise treatment elements are unlikely to be successful. Suggestions for further research included adoption of more structured maintenance strategies emphasizing coping skills and a more systematic focus upon potentially important process variables, notably group cohesiveness.


Title 18:
A multiple-component treatment approach to smoking reduction.
Abstract 18:
nan


Title 19:
Treatments for cigarette smoking: an evaluation of the contributions of aversion and counseling procedures.
Abstract 19:
nan
The existing studies provide insufficient evidence to determine the efficacy of rapid smoking, or whether there is a dose-response to aversive stimulation. Milder versions of aversive smoking seem to lack specific efficacy. Rapid smoking is an unproven method with sufficient indications of promise to warrant evaluation using modern rigorous methodology.