You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["Chemical"].

Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Chemical": ["Arsenic", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].

Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.

Abstract:

Mechanistic models describing active renal reabsorption and secretion: a simulation-based study. The objective of the present study was to evaluate mechanistic pharmacokinetic models describing active renal secretion and reabsorption over a range of Michaelis-Menten parameter estimates and doses. Plasma concentration and urinary excretion profiles were simulated and renal clearance (CL(r)) was calculated for two pharmacokinetic models describing active renal reabsorption (R1/R2), two models describing active secretion (S1/S2), and a model containing both processes. A range of doses (1-1,000 mg/kg) was evaluated, and V (max) and K (m) parameter estimates were varied over a 100-fold range. Similar CL(r) values were predicted for reabsorption models (R1/R2) with variations in V (max) and K (m). Tubular secretion models (S1/S2) yielded similar relationships between Michaelis-Menten parameter perturbations and CL(r), but the predicted CL(r) values were threefold higher for model S1. For both reabsorption and secretion models, the greatest changes in CL(r) were observed with perturbations in V (max), suggesting the need for an accurate estimate of this parameter. When intrinsic clearance was substituted for Michaelis-Menten parameters, it failed to predict similar CL(r) values even within the linear range. For models S1 and S2, renal secretion was predominant at low doses, whereas renal clearance was driven by fraction unbound in plasma at high doses. Simulations demonstrated the importance of Michaelis-Menten parameter estimates (especially V (max)) for determining CL(r). K (m) estimates can easily be obtained directly from in vitro studies. However, additional scaling of in vitro V (max) estimates using in vitro/in vivo extrapolation methods are required to incorporate these parameters into pharmacokinetic models.
{"Chemical": []}