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Paper text:
a 68-year - old women presented the chief complaint of severe left perioral and chin pain .
the patient had been diagnosed with phn in the left v3 area 15 months ago .
the left facial pain had continued for 1 year despite medical treatment . during this period
, 1,200 mg gabapentin , 300 mg phenytoin , 30 mg duloxetine , and 300 mg hydantoin per day were administrated but had little effect .
when the acute pain attack began , it continued for about 1 hour with eating difficulty .
the pain was aggravated by touching the left mandibular area , brushing her teeth , and was associated with talking .
we initially blocked the left mental nerve under us with a 10 - 12 mhz linear transducer ( vivid e ; general electronics , fairfield , ct , usa ) using a mixture of 2 ml 2% mepivacaine and 20 mg triamcinolone .
her pain severity 1 month after this intervention was 1 - 2/10 on the vas , and 80 - 90% on a pain relief scale . because pain relief was maintained continuously throughout the 2 , 4 , 6 , and 12 months follow - ups after us - assisted mental nerve block , no additional treatment including medication was provided .
a 45-year - old man visited our pain clinic with the chief complaint of right mandibular area pain .
the patient had been diagnosed with facial herpes zoster in the right v3 area 9 months previously .
the right facial pain had continued for 9 months despite medical treatment . during this period , 300 mg
pregabalin , 10 mg amitriptyline , and three 37.5 mg tramadol/375 mg acetaminophen combination tablets were administrated per os daily but had little effect .
the pain was aggravated by touching the right mandibular area , and palpation over the right mental foramen reproduced the pain .
we initially blocked the right mental nerve under us with a 10 - 12 mhz linear transducer using a mixture of 2 ml 2% mepivacaine and 20 mg triamcinolone .
this procedure decreased the pain immediately , and pain severity was 0 - 1/10 on a vas .
one month after this intervention , his pain relief was > 90% . because relief was maintained continuously throughout the 2 , 4 , 6 , and 12 months follow - ups after us - assisted mental nerve block , no additional treatment including medication was provided .
a 26-year - old women with phn in the left v3 area for 1 month visited our pain clinic for treatment by injection .
she had a cold , burning sensation on one her left teeth spreading to the left posterior ear .
her pain was aggravated by touching the left mandibular area , and palpation over the left mental foramen reproduced the pain .
we initially blocked the left mental nerve under us with a 10 - 12 mhz linear transducer using a mixture of 2 ml 2% mepivacaine and 20 mg triamcinolone .
when she returned to our pain clinic 1 month after the mental nerve block , the patient stated that the vas score had decreased from 9 to 4 for about 2 weeks following the mental nerve block but that her symptoms had then returned to their previous state .
therefore , we tried the same additional us - assisted left mental nerve treatment , but the outcome was the same with the earlier one .
the us - assisted mental nerve blocks were effective , but the effects were only maintained for 2 weeks , so we decided to perform prft .
after explaining the procedure , efficacy , and possible side effects of prft , the patient was placed in a supine position .
the transducer was applied transversely at the level of the second premolar , midway between the upper and lower borders of the mandible .
we scanned her mandible in the cephalad direction from the inferior border of the mandible and easily identified the mental foramen with a hypoechoic cleft ( fig .
a radiofrequency needle ( 10 cm ) insulated with a 5-mm active tip ( 22 g , smk - c10 ; radionics inc , burlington , ma , usa ) was advanced slightly via the mental foramen under us assistance ( fig .
2 ) . confirmation of the needle position inside the mental foramen was achieved under fluoroscopy . following negative aspiration ,
0.5 ml of radio - contrast agent ( omnipaque ge healthcare , cork , ireland ) was injected to confirm no vascular uptake through the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery ( fig .
2 ) . sensory stimulation using a 50 hz , 0.3 - 0.5 v electrical current showed paresthesia over the mandibular area . after confirming the needle position
her pain severity was 1 - 2/10 on the vas 1 month after prft , and her pain relief scale was 80 - 90% . because this pain relief was maintained continuously throughout the 2 , 4 , and 6 months follow - ups after prft , no additional treatment including medication was provided .
a 68-year - old women presented the chief complaint of severe left perioral and chin pain .
the patient had been diagnosed with phn in the left v3 area 15 months ago .
the left facial pain had continued for 1 year despite medical treatment . during this period
, 1,200 mg gabapentin , 300 mg phenytoin , 30 mg duloxetine , and 300 mg hydantoin per day were administrated but had little effect .
when the acute pain attack began , it continued for about 1 hour with eating difficulty .
the pain was aggravated by touching the left mandibular area , brushing her teeth , and was associated with talking .
we initially blocked the left mental nerve under us with a 10 - 12 mhz linear transducer ( vivid e ; general electronics , fairfield , ct , usa ) using a mixture of 2 ml 2% mepivacaine and 20 mg triamcinolone .
her pain severity 1 month after this intervention was 1 - 2/10 on the vas , and 80 - 90% on a pain relief scale . because pain relief was maintained continuously throughout the 2 , 4 , 6 , and 12 months follow - ups after us - assisted mental nerve block , no additional treatment including medication was provided .
a 45-year - old man visited our pain clinic with the chief complaint of right mandibular area pain .
the patient had been diagnosed with facial herpes zoster in the right v3 area 9 months previously .
the right facial pain had continued for 9 months despite medical treatment . during this period
, 300 mg pregabalin , 10 mg amitriptyline , and three 37.5 mg tramadol/375 mg acetaminophen combination tablets were administrated per os daily but had little effect .
the pain was aggravated by touching the right mandibular area , and palpation over the right mental foramen reproduced the pain .
we initially blocked the right mental nerve under us with a 10 - 12 mhz linear transducer using a mixture of 2 ml 2% mepivacaine and 20 mg triamcinolone .
this procedure decreased the pain immediately , and pain severity was 0 - 1/10 on a vas .
one month after this intervention , his pain relief was > 90% . because relief was maintained continuously throughout the 2 , 4 , 6 , and 12 months follow - ups after us - assisted mental nerve block , no additional treatment including medication was provided
a 26-year - old women with phn in the left v3 area for 1 month visited our pain clinic for treatment by injection .
she had a cold , burning sensation on one her left teeth spreading to the left posterior ear .
her pain was aggravated by touching the left mandibular area , and palpation over the left mental foramen reproduced the pain .
we initially blocked the left mental nerve under us with a 10 - 12 mhz linear transducer using a mixture of 2 ml 2% mepivacaine and 20 mg triamcinolone .
when she returned to our pain clinic 1 month after the mental nerve block , the patient stated that the vas score had decreased from 9 to 4 for about 2 weeks following the mental nerve block but that her symptoms had then returned to their previous state .
therefore , we tried the same additional us - assisted left mental nerve treatment , but the outcome was the same with the earlier one .
the us - assisted mental nerve blocks were effective , but the effects were only maintained for 2 weeks , so we decided to perform prft . after explaining the procedure , efficacy , and possible side effects of prft , the patient was placed in a supine position .
the transducer was applied transversely at the level of the second premolar , midway between the upper and lower borders of the mandible .
we scanned her mandible in the cephalad direction from the inferior border of the mandible and easily identified the mental foramen with a hypoechoic cleft ( fig .
a radiofrequency needle ( 10 cm ) insulated with a 5-mm active tip ( 22 g , smk - c10 ; radionics inc , burlington , ma , usa ) was advanced slightly via the mental foramen under us assistance ( fig .
2 ) . confirmation of the needle position inside the mental foramen was achieved under fluoroscopy .
following negative aspiration , 0.5 ml of radio - contrast agent ( omnipaque ge healthcare , cork , ireland ) was injected to confirm no vascular uptake through the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery ( fig .
2 ) . sensory stimulation using a 50 hz , 0.3 - 0.5 v electrical current showed paresthesia over the mandibular area . after confirming the needle position , we performed prft three times at 42 for 120 seconds .
her pain severity was 1 - 2/10 on the vas 1 month after prft , and her pain relief scale was 80 - 90% . because this pain relief was maintained continuously throughout the 2 , 4 , and 6 months follow - ups after prft , no additional treatment including medication was provided .
treatment for trigeminal phn is controversial . however , in our cases , precisely performed us - assisted mental nerve block and us - assisted prft resulted in excellent outcomes with no adverse effects .
trigeminal phn usually responds to pharmacotherapy , which should be employed before any intervention is attempted .
medical treatments result in good initial pain relief , but relief rates fall off dramatically over the long - term .
cases refractory to medical management can be treated with minimally invasive procedures such as a nerve block .
nerve blocks with local anesthetics and steroids for the painful area are a reasonable next step if pharmacological modalities fail to control the pain .
phn impairs all sensory fiber groups such as c , a , and a fibers that cause sharp pain , burning pain , allodynia and/or hypersensitivity .
the exact mechanism of pain relief from neural blockade during treatment of phn is unknown , but it may be related to modulating pain transmission .
reported that prft has repeatedly been demonstrated as a safe and effective procedure , even in instances where other treatment modalities have failed .
its use in a variety of conditions demonstrates the attractiveness of prft as a less invasive alternative to surgical intervention that may involve significant morbidity .
microstructure research has indicated that prf causes axonal changes more obviously in c fibers than that in a or a fibers , which is largely manifested within the mitochondria as micro - cytoskeletal edema , leading to an abnormality in atp metabolism and ion channel and pump function , thereby blocking the pain transfer in relevant nerves .
a neuroanatomic study suggested that the abnormal neuron conduction properties and synaptic activity in the hippocampus induced by prft can be quickly restored , which is unique and different from conventional radiofrequency lesioning .
therefore , the acute effects of prft are more reversible and less destructive in nature than the classic conventional rf mode .
the analgesic action of prft also involves enhancing noradrenergic and serotonergic descending pain inhibitory pathways .
although the precise mechanism is elusive , most studies suggest that the analgesia achieved by prft is through the pulse electric current and the biological effects induced thereby , including the effects on the drg , c - fos gene expression regulation in the cornu dorsale medullae spinalis , and nerve fiber edema .
long - term analgesia of prf is also closely connected with the gene expression alteration of neurons . according to koscielniak - nielsen , us - guided peripheral nerve block significantly shortens performance time and reduces the number of needle passages to the target .
the occurrence of paresthesia during block is also reduced but not the incidence of short - lasting post - operative neuropraxia .
however , limited information is available on the use of us for identifying bony structures .
reported complications of blind injections for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia include soreness , infection , swelling , dysesthesia , and headache .
definitive identification of osseous landmarks may be important when the target nerve of the block is unidentifiable with us due to its small size or imaging artifacts .
when we perform us - assisted mental nerve block , bone appears as a hyperechoic linear structure . during transverse scanning over the inferior portion of the mandible at the level of the second premolar and scanning in the cephalad direction
after we advanced the needle slightly into the mental canal , we checked the needle position with fluoroscopy .
then , we reconfirmed that there was no vascular uptake through the mental branch of the inferior alveolar artery with radio - contrast agent ( fig .
2 ) . the mental foramen , which lies inferior to the outer lip at the level of the second premolar , midway between the upper and lower borders of the mandible , is localized using a transverse scanning in a cephalad direction from the inferior border of the mandible
. the most common position of the mental foramen in relation with the teeth appears to be below the second premolar regardless of race or age .
it lies at the level of root of second premolar in about 50% of cases , between the two premolars in about 20 - 25% and posterior to the second premolar in about 24% . in approximately 1 - 2% of cases
the mental foramen lies either anterior to the first premolar or posterior to the first molar . in summary
thus , we decided to perform us - assisted prft of the mental nerve and gained excellent results . here , we have presented our experience of us - assisted mental nerve block and us - assisted prft , which are safer and more effective techniques than that of the landmark method .
but , further randomized controlled studies will be needed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of this treatment .
postherpetic neuralgia ( phn ) is one of the most difficult pain syndromes to treat . 
 invasive treatments may be considered when patients fail to obtain adequate pain relief from noninvasive treatment approaches . here , we present three cases of phn in the mandibular branch treated with ultrasound - assisted mental nerve block and pulsed radiofrequency treatment . none of the patients had adequate pain relief from the medical therapy , so we performed the mental nerve block on the affected side under ultrasound assistance . 
 two patients showed satisfactory pain relief continuously over 12 months without any further interventions , whereas one patient only had short - term pain relief . 
 for the patient had short - term pain relief we performed pulsed radiofrequency treatment ( prft ) on the left mental nerve under ultrasound assistance . 
 after prft , the patient had adequate pain relief for 6 months and there was no need for further management .