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Paper:
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A Joint Model for Multimodal Document Quality Assessment

The quality of a document is affected by various factors, including grammaticality, readability, stylistics, and expertise depth, making the task of document quality assessment a complex one. In this paper, we explore this task in the context of assessing the quality of Wikipedia articles and academic papers. Observing that the visual rendering of a document can capture implicit quality indicators that are not present in the document text --- such as images, font choices, and visual layout --- we propose a joint model that combines the text content with a visual rendering of the document for document quality assessment. Experimental results over two datasets reveal that textual and visual features are complementary, achieving state-of-the-art results.

Datasets
The Wikipedia dataset consists of articles from English Wikipedia, with quality class labels assigned by the Wikipedia community. Wikipedia articles are labelled with one of six quality classes, in descending order of quality: Featured Article (“FA”), Good Article (“GA”), B-class Article (“B”), C-class Article (“C”), Start Article (“Start”), and Stub Article (“Stub”). A description of the criteria associated with the different classes can be found in the Wikipedia grading scheme page. The quality class of a Wikipedia article is assigned by Wikipedia reviewers or any registered user, who can discuss through the article's talk page to reach consensus. We constructed the dataset by first crawling all articles from each quality class repository, e.g., we get FA articles by crawling pages from the FA repository: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Featured_articles. This resulted in around 5K FA, 28K GA, 212K B, 533K C, 2.6M Start, and 3.2M Stub articles.
We randomly sampled 5,000 articles from each quality class and removed all redirect pages, resulting in a dataset of 29,794 articles. As the wikitext contained in each document contains markup relating to the document category such as {Featured Article} or {geo-stub}, which reveals the label, we remove such information. We additionally randomly partitioned this dataset into training, development, and test splits based on a ratio of 8:1:1. Details of the dataset are summarized in Table 1 .
We generate a visual representation of each document via a 1,000 $\times $ 2,000-pixel screenshot of the article via a PhantomJS script over the rendered version of the article, ensuring that the screenshot and wikitext versions of the article are the same version. Any direct indicators of document quality (such as the FA indicator, which is a bronze star icon in the top right corner of the webpage) are removed from the screenshot.
The arXiv dataset BIBREF2 consists of three subsets of academic articles under the arXiv repository of Computer Science (cs), from the three subject areas of: Artificial Intelligence (cs.ai), Computation and Language (cs.cl), and Machine Learning (cs.lg). In line with the original dataset formulation BIBREF2 , a paper is considered to have been accepted (i.e. is positively labeled) if it matches a paper in the DBLP database or is otherwise accepted by any of the following conferences: ACL, EMNLP, NAACL, EACL, TACL, NIPS, ICML, ICLR, or AAAI. Failing this, it is considered to be rejected (noting that some of the papers may not have been submitted to one of these conferences). The median numbers of pages for papers in cs.ai, cs.cl, and cs.lg are 11, 10, and 12, respectively. To make sure each page in the PDF file has the same size in the screenshot, we crop the PDF file of a paper to the first 12; we pad the PDF file with blank pages if a PDF file has less than 12 pages, using the PyPDF2 Python package. We then use ImageMagick to convert the 12-page PDF file to a single 1,000 $\times $ 2,000 pixel screenshot. Table 2 details this dataset, where the “Accepted” column denotes the percentage of positive instances (accepted papers) in each subset.

Baseline Approaches
We compare our models against the following five baselines:
Majority: the model labels all test samples with the majority class of the training data.
Benchmark: a benchmark method from the literature. In the case of Wikipedia, this is BIBREF5 , who use structural features and readability scores as features to build a random forest classifier; for arXiv, this is BIBREF2 , who use hand-crafted features, such as the number of references and TF-IDF weighted bag-of-words in abstract, to build a classifier based on the best of logistic regression, multi-layer perception, and AdaBoost.
Doc2Vec: doc2vec BIBREF11 to learn document embeddings with a dimension of 500, and a 4-layer feed-forward classification model on top of this, with 2000, 1000, 500, and 200 dimensions, respectively.
biLSTM: first derive a sentence representation by averaging across words in a sentence, then feed the sentence representation into a biLSTM and a maxpooling layer over output sequence to learn a document level representation with a dimension of 512, which is used to predict document quality.
Inception $_{\text{fixed}}$ : the frozen Inception model, where only parameters in the last layer are fine-tuned during training.
The hyper-parameters of Benchmark, Doc2Vec, and biLSTM are based on the corresponding papers except that: (1) we fine-tune the feed forward layer of Doc2Vec on the development set and train the model 300 epochs on Wikipedia and 50 epochs on arXiv; (2) we do not use hand-crafted features for biLSTM as we want the baselines to be comparable to our models, and the main focus of this paper is not to explore the effects of hand-crafted features (e.g., see BIBREF12 ).

Experimental Results
Table 3 shows the performance of the different models over our two datasets, in the form of the average accuracy on the test set (along with the standard deviation) over 10 runs, with different random initializations.
On Wikipedia, we observe that the performance of biLSTM, Inception, and Joint is much better than that of all four baselines. Inception achieves 2.9% higher accuracy than biLSTM. The performance of Joint achieves an accuracy of 59.4%, which is 5.3% higher than using textual features alone (biLSTM) and 2.4% higher than using visual features alone (Inception). Based on a one-tailed Wilcoxon signed-rank test, the performance of Joint is statistically significant ( $p<0.05$ ). This shows that the textual and visual features complement each other, achieving state-of-the-art results in combination.
For arXiv, baseline methods Majority, Benchmark, and Inception $_{\text{fixed}}$ outperform biLSTM over cs.ai, in large part because of the class imbalance in this dataset (90% of papers are rejected). Surprisingly, Inception $_{\text{fixed}}$ is better than Majority and Benchmark over the arXiv cs.lg subset, which verifies the usefulness of visual features, even when only the last layer is fine-tuned. Table 3 also shows that Inception and biLSTM achieve similar performance on arXiv, showing that textual and visual representations are equally discriminative: Inception and biLSTM are indistinguishable over cs.cl; biLSTM achieves 1.8% higher accuracy over cs.lg, while Inception achieves 1.3% higher accuracy over cs.ai. Once again, the Joint model achieves the highest accuracy on cs.ai and cs.cl by combining textual and visual representations (at a level of statistical significance for cs.ai). This, again, confirms that textual and visual features complement each other, and together they achieve state-of-the-art results. On arXiv cs.lg, Joint achieves a 0.6% higher accuracy than Inception by combining visual features and textual features, but biLSTM achieves the highest accuracy. One characteristic of cs.lg documents is that they tend to contain more equations than the other two arXiv datasets, and preliminary analysis suggests that the biLSTM is picking up on a correlation between the volume/style of mathematical presentation and the quality of the document.

Joint
Table 4 shows the confusion matrix of Joint on Wikipedia. We can see that more than 50% of documents for each quality class are correctly classified, except for the C class where more documents are misclassified into B. Analysis shows that when misclassified, documents are usually misclassified into adjacent quality classes, which can be explained by the Wikipedia grading scheme, where the criteria for adjacent quality classes are more similar.
We also provide a breakdown of precision (“ $\mathcal {P}$ ”), recall (“ $\mathcal {R}$ ”), and F1 score (“ $\mathcal {F}_{\beta =1}$ ”) for biLSTM, Inception, and Joint across the quality classes in Table 5 . We can see that Joint achieves the highest accuracy in 11 out of 18 cases. It is also worth noting that all models achieve higher scores for FA, GA, and Stub articles than B, C and Start articles. This can be explained in part by the fact that FA and GA articles must pass an official review based on structured criteria, and in part by the fact that Stub articles are usually very short, which is discriminative for Inception, and Joint. All models perform worst on the B and C quality classes. It is difficult to differentiate B articles from C articles even for Wikipedia contributors. As evidence of this, when we crawled a new dataset including talk pages with quality class votes from Wikipedia contributors, we found that among articles with three or more quality labels, over 20% percent of B and C articles have inconsistent votes from Wikipedia contributors, whereas for FA and GA articles the number is only 0.7%.
We further visualize the learned document representations of biLSTM, Inception, and Joint in the form of a t-SNE plot BIBREF42 in Figure 4 . The degree of separation between Start and Stub achieved by Inception is much greater than for biLSTM, with the separation between Start and Stub achieved by Joint being the clearest among the three models. Inception and Joint are better than biLSTM at separating Start and C. Joint achieves slightly better performance than Inception in separating GA and FA. We can also see that it is difficult for all models to separate B and C, which is consistent with the findings of Tables 4 and 5 .
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Question: Which languages do they use?

To answer the question, format your response as a `json` object with two fields:

"answer": A string providing a succinct answer to the question, in your own words.
"evidence": An array of strings. Each entry should be a full paragraph from the paper. Together, the evidence should serve as a justification for the answer.

For instance, for the question "What baselines did the authors compare against?", a sample response might be:

{
  "answer": "BERT and RoBERTa."
  "evidence": ["We compare our approach against two baselines. In Table 1, we compare against BERT. In Table 2, we compare against RoBERTa. Our findings indicate that our approach improves over both baeslines..."]
}

The "answer" field should be roughly 7 characters in length.

Do not include any text in your response other than the json. If the question is unanswerable given the provided excerpts, respond with the single word "null".

To repeat, the question is: Which languages do they use?

Answer JSON object:
{"answer": "English", "evidence": ["The Wikipedia dataset consists of articles from English Wikipedia, with quality class labels assigned by the Wikipedia community. Wikipedia articles are labelled with one of six quality classes, in descending order of quality: Featured Article (\u201cFA\u201d), Good Article (\u201cGA\u201d), B-class Article (\u201cB\u201d), C-class Article (\u201cC\u201d), Start Article (\u201cStart\u201d), and Stub Article (\u201cStub\u201d). A description of the criteria associated with the different classes can be found in the Wikipedia grading scheme page. The quality class of a Wikipedia article is assigned by Wikipedia reviewers or any registered user, who can discuss through the article\u0027s talk page to reach consensus. We constructed the dataset by first crawling all articles from each quality class repository, e.g., we get FA articles by crawling pages from the FA repository: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Featured_articles. This resulted in around 5K FA, 28K GA, 212K B, 533K C, 2.6M Start, and 3.2M Stub articles.", "The arXiv dataset BIBREF2 consists of three subsets of academic articles under the arXiv repository of Computer Science (cs), from the three subject areas of: Artificial Intelligence (cs.ai), Computation and Language (cs.cl), and Machine Learning (cs.lg). In line with the original dataset formulation BIBREF2 , a paper is considered to have been accepted (i.e. is positively labeled) if it matches a paper in the DBLP database or is otherwise accepted by any of the following conferences: ACL, EMNLP, NAACL, EACL, TACL, NIPS, ICML, ICLR, or AAAI. Failing this, it is considered to be rejected (noting that some of the papers may not have been submitted to one of these conferences). The median numbers of pages for papers in cs.ai, cs.cl, and cs.lg are 11, 10, and 12, respectively. To make sure each page in the PDF file has the same size in the screenshot, we crop the PDF file of a paper to the first 12; we pad the PDF file with blank pages if a PDF file has less than 12 pages, using the PyPDF2 Python package. We then use ImageMagick to convert the 12-page PDF file to a single 1,000 $\\times $ 2,000 pixel screenshot. Table 2 details this dataset, where the \u201cAccepted\u201d column denotes the percentage of positive instances (accepted papers) in each subset."]}