You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["HealthCareActivity", "InjuryOrPoisoning", "BodySubstance", "IntellectualProduct", "AnatomicalStructure", "SpatialConcept", "Chemical", "Bacterium", "MedicalDevice", "Organization", "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline", "Finding", "BiologicFunction", "Virus", "ResearchActivity", "ClinicalAttribute", "PopulationGroup", "Eukaryote", "BodySystem", "Food", "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup"].

Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Virus": ["HIV", ...], "Bacterium": ["MRSA", ...], "AnatomicalStructure": ["Lung", ...], "BodySystem": ["CNS", ...], "BodySubstance": ["Serum", ...], "Finding": ["Headache", ...], "InjuryOrPoisoning": ["Fracture", ...], "BiologicFunction": ["Death", ...], "HealthCareActivity": ["Biopsy", ...], "ResearchActivity": ["Clinical trial", ...], "MedicalDevice": ["Lenses", ...], "SpatialConcept": ["Camps", ...], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": ["Forensic medicine", ...], "Organization": ["WHO", ...], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": ["Provider", ...], "PopulationGroup": ["Swimmers", ...], "Chemical": ["Gold", ...], "Food": ["Rice", ...], "IntellectualProduct": ["RPAM", ...], "ClinicalAttribute": ["Biomarker", ...], "Eukaryote": ["Dogs", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].

Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.

Abstract:

Structural Modification of Lipopolysaccharide Conferred by mcr-1 in Gram-Negative ESKAPE Pathogens mcr-1 was initially reported as the first plasmid -mediated colistin resistance gene in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in China and has subsequently been identified worldwide in various species of the family Enterobacteriaceae mcr-1 encodes a phosphoethanolamine transferase, and its expression has been shown to generate phosphoethanolamine -modified bis-phosphorylated hexa-acylated lipid A in E. coli Here, we investigated the effects of mcr-1 on colistin susceptibility and on lipopolysaccharide structures in laboratory and clinical strains of the Gram-negative ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) pathogens, which are often treated clinically by colistin. The effects of mcr-1 on colistin resistance were determined using MIC assays of laboratory and clinical strains of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa Lipid A structural changes resulting from MCR-1 were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The introduction of mcr-1 led to colistin resistance in E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and A. baumannii but only moderately reduced susceptibility in P. aeruginosa Phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid A was observed consistently for all four species. These findings highlight the risk of colistin resistance as a consequence of mcr-1 expression among ESKAPE pathogens, especially in K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii Furthermore, the observation that lipid A structures were modified despite only modest increases in colistin MICs in some instances suggests more sophisticated surveillance methods may need to be developed to track the dissemination of mcr-1 or plasmid -mediated phosphoethanolamine transferases in general.
{"AnatomicalStructure": ["mcr-1"], "Bacterium": ["Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "E. coli", "K. pneumoniae", "family Enterobacteriaceae", "Escherichia coli", "Staphylococcus aureus", "Enterococcus faecium", "Enterobacter species", "Gram-Negative ESKAPE", "P. aeruginosa", "Gram-negative ESKAPE", "A. baumannii", "Acinetobacter baumannii", "ESKAPE", "Klebsiella pneumoniae"], "BiologicFunction": ["phosphoethanolamine transferase", "expression", "phosphoethanolamine transferases"], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": [], "BodySubstance": [], "BodySystem": [], "Chemical": ["colistin", "Lipid A", "clinical isolates", "Lipopolysaccharide", "bis-phosphorylated hexa-acylated lipid A", "MCR-1", "phosphoethanolamine", "lipid A", "plasmid", "lipopolysaccharide", "Phosphoethanolamine"], "ClinicalAttribute": [], "Eukaryote": [], "Finding": ["susceptibility", "modification"], "Food": [], "HealthCareActivity": ["mass spectrometry", "Structural Modification", "MICs", "MIC assays"], "InjuryOrPoisoning": [], "IntellectualProduct": ["species"], "MedicalDevice": [], "Organization": ["laboratory"], "PopulationGroup": [], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": [], "ResearchActivity": ["surveillance methods"], "SpatialConcept": ["China", "structures", "structural", "dissemination"], "Virus": []}