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the genus acanthotrema ( digenea : heterophyidae ) are intestinal parasites of fish - eating birds and mammals .
acanthotrema acanthotrema , the type species , was originally described from a bird ( sterna maxima ) in 1928 in brazil , and other species were subsequently documented .
currently , 8 species are included in this genus ; a. acanthotrema , a. armata , a. cursitans , a. felis , a. hancocki , a. martini , a. tanayensis , and a. tridactyla .
the newest species is a. felis , which was described in 2003 from the small intestine of stray cats in the republic of korea .
various brackish water fish have been reported to be the second intermediate host for acanthotrema species including the mud sucker gillichthys mirabilis and the southern california killifish for a. hancocki   and the goby acanthogobius flavimanus for a. felis .
for example , a. acanthotrema has been reported from brazil , a. hancocki , a. martini , and a. cursitans from the united states , a. tridactyla from egypt   and kuwait , a. armata from spain , a. tanayensis from the philippines , and a. felis from korea .
the definitive hosts for a. acanthotrema , a. armata , a. hancocki , and a. martini are birds , including sea gulls , and those of a. felis , a. cursitans , and a. tanayensis are mammals , particularly cats .
, with the exception of a. felis . a 70-year - old man residing in muan - gun , korea , expelled a single adult worm of a. felis after praziquantel treatment , together with 148 heterophyes nocens , 65 gymnophalloides seoi , 30 stictodora fuscata , 1 stictodora lari , and 1 stellantchasmus falcatus .
we describe here 4 additional human cases naturally infected with a. felis in southern coastal areas of korea .
during surveys of human intestinal flukes in shinan - gun ( 1990 ) , muan - gun ( 1995 ) , and yeongam - gun ( 2003 ) , jeollanam - do , korea , small trematode egg ( ste ) positive cases in kato - katz fecal smears were subjected to adult fluke collection after anthelmintic treatment and purging .
briefly , praziquantel at a dose of 10 - 15 mg / kg was orally administered and an hour later the patient was given 30 g of magnesium sulfate .
all the diarrheic stools were collected from each case for 4 - 5 hr and examined under a stereomicroscope .
ten specimens of a. felis were recovered from 4 patients ( 1 - 7 per person , average 2.5 worms ) ( table 1 ) .
all 4 patients were commonly infected with other heterophyid flukes including h. nocens , pygidiopsis summa , s. fuscata , and heterophyopsis continua .
the number of specimens of the aforementioned fluke species was much higher than that of a. felis ( table 1 ) .
the patients were suffering from vague abdominal discomfort and indigestion , sometimes accompanied by frequent stool , lethargy , and anorexia .
however , it was considered that these symptoms were not necessarily due to a. felis infection .
the patients had habitually eaten raw flesh of brackish water fish , such as the mullet and goby .
the morphological characteristics and measurements ( m ) of the recovered a. felis adults are as follows ( table 2 ) .
the worms were pear - shaped and were covered with fine tegumental spines , except near the posterior extremity ( fig .
their average body size was 472 in length ( range , 405 - 510 ) and 269 ( 230 - 300 ) in width .
the ventral sucker was embedded in the ventrogenital sac which had a distinct membranous covering .
the ventrogenital sac was located in the median line , usually at the anterior end of the middle third of the body . inside the ventrogenital sac ,
3 sclerites were observed ; 1 was short and thumb - like , 1 was long and blunt - ended , and 1 was long and broadly tipped ( fig .
the gonotyl was u - shaped , unspined , located right to the sclerite complex , and was included in the ventrogenital sac .
two testes were ovoid , posterolateral to the ovary , and a little obliquely side - by - side , and were located at the posterior half of the body .
the bipartite seminal vesicle was connected to the genital sinus and then to the genital opening in the ventrogenital sac .
vitellaria distributed from the post - testicular level to the posterior extremity , forming 2 large groups of follicles .
the uterus formed a transverse loop immediately in front of the ovary , and nearly filled up the posterior half of the body .
the morphological characteristics and measurements ( m ) of the recovered a. felis adults are as follows ( table 2 ) . the worms were pear - shaped and were covered with fine tegumental spines , except near the posterior extremity ( fig .
their average body size was 472 in length ( range , 405 - 510 ) and 269 ( 230 - 300 ) in width .
the ventral sucker was embedded in the ventrogenital sac which had a distinct membranous covering .
the ventrogenital sac was located in the median line , usually at the anterior end of the middle third of the body . inside the ventrogenital sac ,
3 sclerites were observed ; 1 was short and thumb - like , 1 was long and blunt - ended , and 1 was long and broadly tipped ( fig .
the gonotyl was u - shaped , unspined , located right to the sclerite complex , and was included in the ventrogenital sac .
two testes were ovoid , posterolateral to the ovary , and a little obliquely side - by - side , and were located at the posterior half of the body .
the bipartite seminal vesicle was connected to the genital sinus and then to the genital opening in the ventrogenital sac .
vitellaria distributed from the post - testicular level to the posterior extremity , forming 2 large groups of follicles .
the uterus formed a transverse loop immediately in front of the ovary , and nearly filled up the posterior half of the body .
since the first discovery of a. felis in korea , its presence has been documented several times in the country .
adult flukes were reported from feral cats caught near pusan   and shinan - gun   and from a human in muan - gun .
the present study adds shinan - gun and yeongam - gun as new localities for human infections .
metacercariae of a. felis were discovered in 7 ( 35.0% ) of 20 a. flavimanus in haenam - gun , and in 31 ( 91.2% ) of 34 a. flavimanus in muan - gun , with the total number of metacercariae being 116 ( 17 per fish ) and 7,292 ( 235 per fish ) , respectively . among the 8 species of acanthotrema , only a. felis is so far known to distribute in korea , and is the only species infecting humans around the world , based on a previous report   and the present study .
however , humans seem to be a less susceptible host than birds or mammals , and the pathogenicity of acanthotrema worms to humans is unknown . in the 5 known human cases ,
the number of worms recovered per individual was usually 1 with the present exception of 1 patient who expelled 7 worms .
this low number of infected worms probably would not cause any harmful effect to humans .
humans may have innate resistance against this fluke , although this issue needs further clarification .
however , acanthotrema has fewer than 12 spines or sclerotizations , and stictodora has more than 12 spines on the ventral sucker or ventrogenital sac .
it was not difficult to assign our specimens to acanthotrema because they typically had 3 sclerotizations in the ventrogenital sac .
other morphological characters included a submedian ovary , a bipartite seminal vesicle , a short prepharynx , absence of spines on the gonotyl , and the presence of 3 sclerites on the ventrogenital sac .
a. tanayensis has 4 sclerites which are unarmed   and the sclerites of a. acanthotrema consist of 2 armed pieces and a third unarmed piece .
a. armata has 2 armed sclerites , and a. cursitans has 2 unarmed , branched sclerites .
the present specimens displayed 3 sclerites with spines on the tip , differing from a. acanthotrema and a. tridactyla , which have 2 - 3 clerites with minute spines on the tip .
the shape of the sclerites in our specimens was slightly different from that in the original report of this species .
the sclerites in the original report consisted of 1 short , thumb - like piece and 2 long and pointed ones . however , in our specimens , the sclerites consisted of 1 short and thumb - like piece , 1 long and broadly tipped piece , and 1 long and blunt - ended piece .
the present study is the second report on human a. felis infection following the report of cho et al . .
this fluke should be included among the list of human - infecting foodborne intestinal flukes in korea   and asia .
further studies are required to clarify the geographical distribution and host - parasite relationships of a. felis infection .
acanthotrema felis is an intestinal trematode of cats originally reported from the republic of korea . 
 only 1 human case infected with a single adult worm has been previously recorded . in the present study , 
 we report 4 human cases infected with a total of 10 worms recovered after anthelmintic treatment and purging . 
 all 4 patients reside in coastal areas of jeollanam - do , korea , and have consumed brackish water fish including the gobies , acanthogobius flavimanus . 
 the worms averaged 0.47 mm in length and 0.27 mm in width , and had 3 sclerites on the ventrogenital sac ; 1 was short and thumb - like , another was long and blunt - ended , and the 3rd was long and broad - tipped . 
 they were identified as a. felis sohn , han , & chai , 2003 . 
 surveys on coastal areas to detect further human cases infected with a. felis are required .