You will be shown an abstract from a biomedical research paper. Given this abstract, your task is to extract all unique entities of the following types: ["HealthCareActivity", "InjuryOrPoisoning", "BodySubstance", "IntellectualProduct", "AnatomicalStructure", "SpatialConcept", "Chemical", "Bacterium", "MedicalDevice", "Organization", "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline", "Finding", "BiologicFunction", "Virus", "ResearchActivity", "ClinicalAttribute", "PopulationGroup", "Eukaryote", "BodySystem", "Food", "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup"].

Please return the output as a JSON object of the format: {"Virus": ["HIV", ...], "Bacterium": ["MRSA", ...], "AnatomicalStructure": ["Lung", ...], "BodySystem": ["CNS", ...], "BodySubstance": ["Serum", ...], "Finding": ["Headache", ...], "InjuryOrPoisoning": ["Fracture", ...], "BiologicFunction": ["Death", ...], "HealthCareActivity": ["Biopsy", ...], "ResearchActivity": ["Clinical trial", ...], "MedicalDevice": ["Lenses", ...], "SpatialConcept": ["Camps", ...], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": ["Forensic medicine", ...], "Organization": ["WHO", ...], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": ["Provider", ...], "PopulationGroup": ["Swimmers", ...], "Chemical": ["Gold", ...], "Food": ["Rice", ...], "IntellectualProduct": ["RPAM", ...], "ClinicalAttribute": ["Biomarker", ...], "Eukaryote": ["Dogs", ...]}. The keys should be entity types and values should be lists of extracted entities belonging to the corresponding type. If you cannot find entities belonging to a specific type, the value should be [].

Only output the JSON object and do not include any additional text.

Abstract:

Involvement Of Vascular Aldosterone Synthase In Phosphate - Induced Osteogenic Transformation Of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Vascular calcification resulting from hyperphosphatemia is a major determinant of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Vascular calcification is driven by aldosterone -sensitive osteogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). We show that even in absence of exogenous aldosterone, silencing and pharmacological inhibition (spironolactone, eplerenone) of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) ameliorated phosphate - induced osteo- / chondrogenic transformation of primary human aortic smooth muscle cells (HAoSMCs). High phosphate concentrations up-regulated aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression in HAoSMCs. Silencing and deficiency of CYP11B2 in VSMCs ameliorated phosphate - induced osteogenic reprogramming and calcification. Phosphate treatment was followed by nuclear export of APEX1, a CYP11B2 transcriptional repressor. APEX1 silencing up-regulated CYP11B2 expression and stimulated osteo- / chondrogenic transformation. APEX1 overexpression blunted the phosphate - induced osteo- / chondrogenic transformation and calcification of HAoSMCs. Cyp11b2 expression was higher in aortic tissue of hyperphosphatemic klotho-hypomorphic (kl/kl) mice than in wild-type mice. In adrenalectomized kl/kl mice, spironolactone treatment still significantly ameliorated aortic osteoinductive reprogramming. Our findings suggest that VSMCs express aldosterone synthase, which is up-regulated by phosphate - induced disruption of APEX1 -dependent gene suppression. Vascular CYP11B2 may contribute to stimulation of VSMCs osteo- / chondrogenic transformation during hyperphosphatemia.
{"AnatomicalStructure": ["Cyp11b2", "Vascular", "aortic", "vascular", "VSMCs", "tissue", "smooth muscle cells", "HAoSMCs", "CYP11B2", "Smooth Muscle Cells", "wild-type"], "Bacterium": [], "BiologicFunction": ["silencing", "pharmacological inhibition", "Vascular calcification", "calcification", "up-regulated", "overexpression", "nuclear export", "CKD", "expression", "Silencing", "deficiency", "gene suppression", "hyperphosphatemia", "chronic kidney disease", "hyperphosphatemic"], "BiomedicalOccupationOrDiscipline": [], "BodySubstance": [], "BodySystem": [], "Chemical": ["Aldosterone Synthase", "CYP11B2", "mineralocorticoid receptor", "APEX1", "eplerenone", "transcriptional repressor", "spironolactone", "Phosphate", "phosphate", "aldosterone synthase", "aldosterone", "MR"], "ClinicalAttribute": [], "Eukaryote": ["klotho-hypomorphic (kl/kl) mice", "mice", "adrenalectomized kl/kl mice", "human"], "Finding": ["osteo-", "chondrogenic transformation", "osteogenic transformation", "Osteogenic Transformation"], "Food": [], "HealthCareActivity": [], "InjuryOrPoisoning": [], "IntellectualProduct": [], "MedicalDevice": [], "Organization": [], "PopulationGroup": [], "ProfessionalOrOccupationalGroup": [], "ResearchActivity": [], "SpatialConcept": [], "Virus": []}