You will be presented with the full text of a biomedical research paper. Please write an abstract for this paper. Your response should include the abstract and no additional text.

Paper text:
it has a profound impact on every aspect of quality of life and is thus the dominant cause of total suffering for cancer patients even though pain relief is achievable in more than 90% of the cases .
inadequate pain relief in practice is well documented and can involve up to 40% of patients .
nurses have a key role in effective pain management ; therefore , nurses knowledge is of critical importance in the care of patients with cancer pain.[46 ] the nurse 's accurate assessment , prompt intervention , and adequate evaluation of pain relief measures are necessary for better clinical outcomes .
however , nurses may not be prepared to assume a critical role because their lack of knowledge and individual attitudes on pain can interfere with their ability to effectively manage pain .
the most common explanation is that nurses receive too little pain management education in their nursing curricula .
the majority of studies determined that nurses answered less than 70% of questions correctly , indicating that many nurses continue to lack sufficient knowledge regarding appropriate pain management .
one of the most important deficiencies of nurses about cancer pain assessment is that their assessment often focuses on patients behaviors rather than pain intensity and other descriptive characteristics of pain . as a result
, most nurses have overestimated the percentage of patients who over - report their pain .
it has been reported that opioid knowledge of nurses who cared for patients with cancer was generally weak .
nurses also were unaware that a common side effect of opioid analgesics , constipation , does not decrease over time .
in addition , many nurses do not know that the incidence of psychologic dependence in patients with cancer is less than 1 in 1000 patients .
many studies have also demonstrated that negative nursing attitudes create barriers to effective cancer pain management .
howell et al . , found that nurses believed that their patients should experience pain first before being given pain medication .
in their study affirmed that nurses have poor knowledge and negative attitudes toward the approach and treatment of patients in pain .
the health belief model ( hbm ) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors .
the hbm was spelled out in terms of four constructs representing the perceived threat and net benefits : perceived susceptibility , perceived severity , perceived benefits , and perceived barriers .
 the purpose of this study was to identify the level of knowledge , attitude , and hbm constructs among aalzahra hospital nurses regarding the management of cancer pain .
the health belief model ( hbm ) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors .
the hbm was spelled out in terms of four constructs representing the perceived threat and net benefits : perceived susceptibility , perceived severity , perceived benefits , and perceived barriers .
 the purpose of this study was to identify the level of knowledge , attitude , and hbm constructs among aalzahra hospital nurses regarding the management of cancer pain .
in this cross - sectional study , 98 randomly selected nurses , who were employed in alzahra educational hospital in isfahan , iran , were enrolled in the study .
all nurses agreed to participate in the study and therefore they did sign the consent form .
content and construct validity of the questionnaire was revised by a group of specialists in the field of health education , anesthesiology , and oncology .
reliability analysis was conducted for testing the reliability of knowledge and hbm constructs . internal consistency of these sections of the questionnaire was calculated using cronbach 's alpha technique ( 0.82 for knowledge , 0.79 for attitude , 0.75 for perceive benefits , 0.68 for perceived barriers , 0.72 for perceived threat , 0.74 for self - efficacy , and 0.85 for cues to action ) . the questionnaire contained two sections : ( a ) socio - demographic characteristics of nurses ( such as sex , education , marital status ) and ( b ) knowledge and hbm constructs . to assess the knowledge of nurses regarding cancer pain management
each correct answer was given a score of 1 and each wrong answer a score of 0 .
hbm constructs section consisted of attitude ( 10 items ) , perceived benefits ( 5 items ) , perceived barriers ( 5 items ) , perceived threat ( 5 items ) , self - efficacy ( 5 items ) , and cues to action ( 5 items ) . for scoring this section of questionnaire ,
5-point likert scale ( 0=strongly disagree , 1=disagree , 2=no opinion , 3=agree , and 4=strongly agree ) was used . for negative questions ,
after completion of the questionnaire by the nurses , the obtained data were analyzed by spss ( version 11.5 , chicago , il , usa ) using statistical tests ( descriptive , pearson correlation , independent t - test ) at the significance level of =0.05 .
the demographic characteristics of the 98 nurses who responded to the questionnaire are presented in table 1 . as shown in the table , of the 98 nurses participating in the study ,
81.6% were females , 67.3% were married , 80.6% had bachelors degree , and 68.4% had moderate income .
the majority of nurses had insufficient knowledge and attitude regarding cancer pain management . among the hbm constructs , perceived barriers and perceived threat were in low range .
the nurses also reported high self - efficacy in cancer pain management [ table 2 ] .
pearson correlation test showed that the knowledge of the nurses had a direct relationship with their attitude , perceived benefits , self - efficacy , and cues to action .
but knowledge had reverse relationship with perceived barriers and perceived threat . the same test ( pearson correlation ) also indicated that nurses attitude regarding cancer pain management had a direct relationship with perceived benefits , self - efficacy , and cues to action , but had reverse relationship with perceived barriers and perceived threat [ table 3 ] .
independent t - test showed that the mean scores of model variables in the two sexes had no significant difference ( p>0.05 ) .
in other words , no relationship was observed between the two sexes and the mean score of hbm variables .
pearson correlation indicated that there was no significant relationship of age and work experience with the score of model variables ( p>0.05 ) .
demographic characteristics of the nurses participating in the study mean ( sd ) of the knowledge , attitude , and hbm constructs of nurses regarding cancer pain management pearson correlation coefficient between knowledge , attitude and hbm constructs
this study provides important information about the level of nurses pain knowledge and attitude in isfahan , iran .
the findings showed that on average , the nurses included in this study showed low scores on knowledge and attitudes regarding cancer pain management . in other words , these results demonstrated that the nurses knowledge and attitude about cancer pain management is far from optimal . regarding knowledge section ,
inadequacy of health care professionals knowledge and education has been proposed as one of the major factors contributing to inadequate pain relief in cancer patients worldwide .
it is also well documented that there is a lack of professional health care education about pain management , which has resulted in less than optimal pain management for cancer patients .
an earlier survey has shown that an addiction to opioid is observed in less than 1% of cancer patients . in this study
, only 12.4% of nurses correctly identified that less than 1% of patients who receive opioids for pain relief will develop addiction and 87.6% erroneously believed that addiction will occur in patients . compared with the nurses in western countries , more nurses in this study
our study 's results revealed that among the hbm constructs , the highest mean score was related to self - efficacy .
in other words , the participating nurses believed that they had enough ability to manage cancer pain issues such as emotional relationship with patients , to use the needed dose of opioid , and to give relevant information to the patient and his / her caregivers .
's study which had reported low self - efficacy among nurses regarding cancer pain management .
we considered that , this difference may arise from work experience of our study subjects who have long - term clinical experiences .
regarding cues to action , results of this study indicate that 78.5% of nurses agreed with the important role of seminars and workshops to increase their knowledge toward cancer pain management . in mamishi
's study , the most important source of information from nurses viewpoint was university curriculum . in our study , there was direct correlation between knowledge and other hbm constructs except for perceived barriers and perceived threat .
it means with increasing knowledge of nurses , their perceived barriers and perceived threat regarding cancer pain management have been decreased .
there was also a reverse correlation between nurse 's self - efficacy and their perceived barriers and perceived threat .
this finding is in accordance with earlier findings in this regard.[2931 ] the present study provides important information about nurse 's knowledge and attitude deficits in pain management of cancer patients .
when major medical and nursing textbooks published worldwide are examined , it is seen that pain makes up a small part of the content . in a study by ferrell et al . in 2000 , it was observed that pain - related issues and pain management were addressed in only 284 of 45,683 pages in nurses textbooks .
additionally , it is reported that baccalaureate nursing programs allocate little time to pain management .
first , the sample size was relatively small and may not represent all nurses in isfahan .
additionally , the study sample was taken from a university hospital , so it can not necessarily be generalized to other staff populations .
first , the sample size was relatively small and may not represent all nurses in isfahan .
additionally , the study sample was taken from a university hospital , so it can not necessarily be generalized to other staff populations .
the deficits in knowledge and attitude identified in this survey are a significant barrier to the effective management of pain in cancer patients .
we believe that pain management issues in master nursing programs in iran are insufficient as well .
national and local course programs about pain management are also insufficient , although remedial interventions such as rearing palliative care nurses to improve the standard of clinical practice are currently being implemented and the impact on knowledge and outcomes of these interventions will be the subject of future studies in a countrywide continual quality improvement project .
background : effective cancer pain management requires accurate knowledge , attitudes , and assessment skills . the purpose of this study was to obtain information about the knowledge and attitudes of nurses concerning cancer pain management with the use health belief model ( hbm ) as conceptual framework.materials and methods : the study was a descriptive survey and included 98 randomly selected nurses from alzahra hospital , isfahan , iran . 
 a self - administered questionnaire which was designed on the basis of hbm was used to collect the data . 
 knowledge , attitudes , and hbm constructs regarding cancer pain were the main research variables . 
 the obtained data were analyzed by spss ( version11.5 ) using descriptive statistics , independent t  
 test , and pearson correlation at the significant level of =0.05.results : ninety - eight nurses aged 38.7  7.04 years were studied in this survey . from the 10 pain knowledge questions assessed , the mean number of correctly answered question was 61.2 ( sd=16.5 ) , with a range of 30100 . 
 there was a direct correlation between knowledge and attitude of nurses with hbm constructs except for perceived barriers and perceived threat . among the hbm constructs , 
 the highest score was related to self - efficacy with mean score of 87.2 ( sd=16.4).conclusions : the findings support the concern of inadequate knowledge and attitudes in relation to cancer pain management . 
 we believe that basic and continuing education programs may improve the knowledge level of nursing about pain management .