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central cusps ( occlusal supernumerary cusps ) are situated between the buccal and the lingual cusp tips in the occlusal surface of the premolars and molars and on the lingual surface of the incisors and canines .
the first description was provided by leigh ( 1975 ) , who reported an enamel tubercle on the maxillary right third molar of an eskimo skull .
such changes may be found on the crown either in the form of anomalous cusps or in an increased number of roots , which in some instances is associated with an anomalous cusp .
accessory cusps are common variations of tooth morphology that are occasionally seen clinically . however , their incidence differs depending on the type and the tooth affected .
the most commonly reported accessory cusps are cusp of carrabelli of the molars , talons cusps of the incisors and leong 's tubercle of premolar .
the frequencies of occurrence of these variations differ depending on the type , between 1% and 7.7% for the talon cusp , 52%[35 ] and 68% for carabelli cusp and 8% for the leong 's turbecle .
presence of these extra cusps may have dental problems such as caries in the pits or developmental grooves between the accessory cusp and the tooth , sensitivity or devitalisation of tooth due to fracture or attrition of the protruded portion of the cusp that has pulpal extension .
however , previously , it was said that , genetically , these features are probably due to overactivity of the dental lamina .
but , now , it is believed that the pax and msx genes are responsible for the abnormal shape of the teeth .
it is thought to develop from an abnormal proliferation and folding of a portion of the inner enamel epithelium and subjacent ectomesenchymal cells of the dental papilla into the stellate reticulum of the enamel organ during the bell stage of tooth formation.[1315 ] the resultant formation is defined as a tubercle or supplemental solid elevation on some portion of the crown surface .
current embryological evidence indicates that tooth morphogenesis is characterized by transient signaling centers in the epithelium , consisting of epithelial cell clusters that correspond to the initiation of individual cusps .
these signaling centers of non - proliferative transitory epithelial cells , the primary and secondary enamel knots , serve a regulatory function and are surrounded by strongly proliferative epithelium and underlying mesenchyme .
the primary enamel knot appears at the late bud stage , grows in size until the cap stage of tooth development is reached and is responsible for the induction of the dental papilla .
the primary enamel knot regulates the advancing cuspal morphogenesis of the crown through expression of up to 20 molecules , such as fibroblast growth factors ( fgf-4 and 9 ) , transforming growth factor-(tgf- ) and bone morphogenic proteins ( bmp-2 , 4 and 7 ) .
it has been suggested that mesenchymal bmp-4 induces expression of p21 , a cyclin - dependant kinase inhibitor associated with terminal differentiation and possibly linked to the programme disappearance of the primary knot cells .
one theory is that these cells are induced to undergo a process of apoptosis and , by the early bell stage , are no longer visible .
the accumulation of molecules expressed by the primary enamel knot is thought to induce the initiation of the secondary enamel knots at the sites of epithelial findings that mark cusp formation during the early bell stage of tooth development .
the phenomenon of embryonic induction within and between different cell types is considered to be an important factor in the orderly formation of various parts of the tooth .
the resultant cusp morphogenesis and positions appear to be determined sequentially , and cusps that form late in development , after the main cusps , are typically small .
the secondary enamel knots disperse after formation of the cusp tips , indicating the termination of crown morphogenesis .
furthermore , the actual number of cusps realized in each tooth is also determined by the initiation of root formation .
thus , specific signaling molecules diffusing from the mesenchymal cells may act as inhibitors for the cusp tips while simultaneous production of other molecular signals may induce differentiation of hertwig 's epithelial root sheath at the cervical loop .
when the developmental anomaly appears in the anterior dentition , the tubercle most often forms on the lingual surface and is referred to as talon cusp . when associated with the posterior dentition
, the tubercle is variously located on the occlusal surface , primarily from the central groove , followed next in frequency by developing on the inclined plane of the buccal cusp .
the purpose of this report is to highlight an incidental clinical finding of unilateral accessory central cusp of the maxillary left second primary molar and problems associated with it .
a south indian girl aged 12 years reported to the department of pediatric dentistry for treatment of carious teeth . family and health histories were non - contributory .
the teeth present ( in fdi notation ) were detailed dental evaluation was carried out and it was noted that her right maxillary second primary molar had a large carious lesion .
in addition to the above findings , a large central projection of a cusp was seen on the occlusal surface of the left maxillary second primary molar [ figure 1 ] .
the projection was 4 mm  4 mm in size with a rhomboid base and was present on the center of the oblique ridge .
the tip of the extra cusp lies 1 mm above the level of the other cusps of the teeth [ figure 2 ] .
presence of large carabelli cusp was also noted on the upper left maxillary second primary molar [ figure 3 ] .
because of the carious lesion , we could not determine whether the maxillary right molar tooth had an extra cusp or not .
the carious maxillary second primary molar was excavated with a fast speed hand piece , calcium hydroxide base given and restored with gc gold label 9 ( gc corporation , tokyo , japan ) .
preventive measures such as oral hygiene care , diet advice and topical fluoride gel were also instituted .
cast model showing accessory cusp on the left maxillary second primary molar cast model showing projection of the central cusp intraoral picture showing occlusal anatomy of the left maxillary second primary molar
central cusp and talon cusp both are referred to as dens evaginatus , which is composed of enamel and dentin with or without pulp projections .
because of this variation , accessory cusp formed on the maxillary or mandibular anterior teeth is often referred to as talon cusp and accessory cusp formed on the occlusal surface of the premolar or molar is referred to as dens evaginatus .
the central cusp on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth has also been given several descriptions such as supernumerary occlusal cusp , premolar odontome , occlusal tubercle , tuberculated premolar and leong 's premolar .
presence of central cusp or tubercle at the center of a tooth is often said to be due to abnormal proliferation of the epithelial fold during the morphodifferentiation stage of tooth development .
dens evaginatus occurs primarily in the people of asian descent , such as japanese , chinese , malay , eskimo , american indians , thai and filipinos .
dens evaginatus can arise on any tooth , but it is most commonly associated with premolars .
there is typically a bilateral symmetric distribution with a slight predilection for females . the dens evaginatus tubercles of posterior teeth average 2.0 mm in width and up to 3.5 mm in length , 3.5 mm in width and 6.0 mm in length for anterior teeth .
other than the cusp like variable size and shape tubercle of teeth with dens evaginatus , the remaining portion of the crown has a normal anatomy .
this is an additional distinguishing characteristic from the accessory cusp of carabelli , which , when present , shows that the associated teeth are often larger than the normal teeth , mesiodistally .
schulge distinguishes the following five types of dens evaginatus for posterior teeth by the location of the tubercle . 
 a cone - like enlargement of the lingual cusp.a tubercle on the inclined plane of the lingual cusp.a cone - like enlargement of the buccal cusp.a tubercle on the inclined plane of the buccal cusp.a tubercle arising from the occlusal surface obliterating the central groove . 
  a cone - like enlargement of the lingual cusp . a tubercle on the inclined plane of the lingual cusp . a cone - like enlargement of the buccal cusp . a tubercle on the inclined plane of the buccal cusp . a tubercle arising from the occlusal surface obliterating the central groove
accordingly , lau further classified each type of tubercle on the basis of four anatomical shapes of smooth , grooved , terraced and ridged .
finally , oehlers identified the evagination according to the pulp contents within the tubercle by examining the histological appearance of the pulp using the decalcified serial sections of extracted teeth with dens evaginatus .
these categories are listed as follows along with their percentage of occurrence : 
 wide pulp horns ( 34%)narrow pulp horns ( 22%)constricted pulp horns ( 14%)isolated pulp horn remanents ( 20%)no pulp horn ( 10% ) 
  wide pulp horns ( 34% ) narrow pulp horns ( 22% ) constricted pulp horns ( 14% ) isolated pulp horn remanents ( 20% ) dens evaginatus is more commonly found on permanent dentition .
most of the reported literatures were on the presence of talon cusps on permanent and primary dentitions and also on dens evaginatus on permanent dentition .
although it has been mentioned that the occurrence in central cusps in primary dentition is rare , there is no evidence to justify this statement .
there is only one reference of dens evaginatus on primary molars . in the present case
, we found that the accessory cusp is situated centrally in the oblique ridge and the cuspal tip is below the level of the other cusps .
looking at the clinical presentation , we assume that this case is similar to dens evaginatus .
the patient is kept under observation in order to know whether the permanent successors also show evidence of dens evaginatus later .
patients with additional tooth projections should be placed under routine and periodic dental surveillance , which include monitoring of the degree of attrition and tooth vitality .
accessory cusp present on the occlusal surface may seldom pose problems . while its presence may not be a cause for alarm in most instances 
 , it can sometimes lead to serious consequences if it is damaged . 
 this case presents a rare finding of unilateral central accessory cusp seen on the occlusal surface of the maxillary left second primary molar and discusses the need for continuous dental surveillance and preventive measures .