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Paper text:
telemedicine can be considered as the application of telecommunications technology to assist in delivering health services at a distance and is not new.1 teleophthalmology was long considered as one of telemedicine s most challenging applications.2 spectral domain ocular coherence tomography ( sd oct ) imaging is being used in optometric primary care with referral of sd oct images to hospital eye services ( he s ) .
collaboration between primary and secondary care in the application of retinal imaging technology in this way , while innovative , is not unique.3,4 however no such previous publications included oct imaging .
the primary care to specialist interface is a key organizational feature of many health care systems .
patients are referred to specialist care when investigations or therapeutic options are exhausted and more specialized care is needed , or thought to be needed . in united kingdom ophthalmology practice , the community optometrist ( co ) is usually the source of most referrals .
there is evidence that referral processes can be improved.5,6 currently , patients attending a co in the authors area , following general practitioner ( gp ) referral or self - referral , can expect waiting times of up to 2 days in the community .
those community optometric patients requiring forward referral by the gp for specialist ophthalmic opinion or treatment may , depending on the efficiency and work pressures at the gp s practice , perhaps wait several days for a referral to be made by the gp to an ophthalmologist .
at present there is no reliable method for the co to check that such referral has occurred or has been received by the he s .
critically there is a clinical risk of patient referrals being lost or delayed as a result of the multiple steps in referral .
furthermore , in the authors experience , some gps add little additional clinical information to the optometric referral .
there is then often a possible additional waiting time of 18 weeks in the english national health service ( nhs ) for nonurgent cases .
further pathway delay can occur , even in urgent cases , as retinal patients are frequently first seen in the general clinic or 
eye casualty  in the he s and only then often referred to a medical retina consultant .
several retinal conditions are time sensitive and require prompt treatment if good clinical outcomes are to be achieved . timely access to nhs services for macular patients is under pressure and follow - up appointment capacity is problematic and is a patient safety concern.7 a recent study from scotland highlighted further patient safety concern that optometrists find it difficult to accurately elicit the signs of macular disease.8 traditional methods of retinal image transfer in the nhs are often unsatisfactory and described in table 1 .
optometrists undertake retinal examinations in the community and generally inform the patient s gp of any detected eye disease .
it is usually at the discretion of the gp ( acting as a gatekeeper ) to make a further referral ( acting as a mailbox ) to an ophthalmologist for further specialist review .
many gps in the united kingdom see merit in direct referral by cos as many gps lack instruments for , or advanced training in , assessment of eye disorders.9,10 many retinal conditions can be better diagnosed with sd oct imaging .
the objective in this report was to evaluate the novel service innovation of attaching sd oct images to emailed clinical correspondence and consider implications for telemedicine ophthalmology consultation ( teleophthalmology ) involving patients with suspected macular disease .
the authors were keen to improve triage of age - related macular degeneration ( amd ) patients from optometry .
this manuscript is an evaluation of 50 retinal e - consultations undertaken from june 2010 to august 2011 based on sd oct imaging in the community .
in contrast to many telemedicine reports involving rural and or remote areas , these locations are within 6 miles of each other , in greater manchester , united kingdom .
the patients referred were examined at the co practice and all had , or were suspected of having , macular disorders .
patients attending for diabetic retinopathy screening were not included as separate local pathways exist for such patients .
the co forwarded referrals with sd oct images captured in primary care to an ophthalmologist for consideration , triage , advice , and diagnosis .
a topcon 3d oct-2000 instrument ( topcon corporation , tokyo , japan ) was used by the co. a color fundus image is included with oct images captured from this instrument .
oct images were stored onsite at the optometrist s facility in the oct instrument and offsite backup was made .
the images were forwarded by secure email ( nhsmail ) and viewed by the ophthalmologist at the hospital or on a secure personal laptop computer .
images and text from the referrals were stored in a personal folder on the hospital nhs foundation trust s network in accordance with the trust s data protection guidance .
the co also printed out the email correspondence and provided it on paper to the patients gps .
trainee ophthalmologists were also able to participate in the e - consultation using secured smartphones .
sd oct imaging was conducted by the co with the patient s permission and at an additional charge to the sight test fee .
if patients could not afford oct imaging , the cost was born by the optometry practice .
it is at the discretion of the co to decide what further examinations are appropriate.11 an email assessment of the patients consultation was sent by the co if an ophthalmic opinion on suspected macular disease was required . where appropriate , other clinical data such as previous color fundus images captured by the co or descriptions of visual fields or amsler testing were included .
patients who subsequently attended hospital had oct imaging by nurses on the zeiss cirrus sd oct ( carl zeiss meditec ag , jena , germany ) instrument and other investigations as required .
specifically , in 96% of cases , analysis of the referrals and a working diagnosis / care pathway was provided by the ophthalmologist to the optometrist within the next calendar day ( tables 2 and 3 ) .
the patient pathway is outlined in figure 1 . where the teleophthalmology consultation recommended referral to the he s , the optometrist made recommendations to the gp for referral for further ophthalmic care . on occasion
the telemedicine ophthalmologist advised direct urgent referral to he s based on the e - referral .
this was either direct referral for  face - to - face  examination at the local he s in bolton ( n = 30 ) or tertiary he s retinal care ( n = 2 ) in manchester or by the gp ( n = 1 ) . if needed , the ophthalmologist contacted patients by telephone to arrange direct urgent attendance at the next day s ophthalmic clinic ( n = 5 ) .
seventeen cases ( 34% ) did not , in the consensus opinion of the optometrist and ophthalmologist , require medical review and were further managed in primary optometric care . in all cases
the community sd oct image quality was considered by the ophthalmologist to be as good as , or better than , the sd oct images captured by the hospital nursing staff . in two cases
the community sd oct image was superior to that captured in hospital clinic on initial attempt .
figure 2 depicts an example of a wet amd case imaged at the co s practice and at the hospital clinic on successive days .
patient satisfaction was not formally accessed , but it was noted that most patients spontaneously remarked on how satisfied they were .
e - health and telemedicine has the potential for significant improvement in the quality and productivity of patient care compared to traditional methods .
service evaluation is conducted to judge current care and thus differs from clinical research or clinical audit inter alia in that no randomization is undertaken.12 a recent service evaluation showed e - consultation with hospital nephrologists promotes effective management of patients with mild - to - moderate chronic kidney disease in primary care.13 similarly in the current service evaluation retinal referrals from optometry to hospital ophthalmologists were reduced by e - consultation .
this reduction allowed swifter attention to referred cases and , importantly , urgent attention to clinically urgent retinal cases .
benefits also included more efficient triage and prioritization of referrals and appointments at the hospital .
the benefits in the community included ease of access to oct scanning at one - stop visits , enhanced education of optometrists in the care of retinal patients , and improved interdisciplinary professional working .
this innovation has the potential to support the quality , innovation , productivity and prevention scheme.14 with respect to suspected wet amd patients , direct faxed referral from the community to the he s is endorsed by relevant stakeholders.15 email is faster and superior in quality to such faxed and often handwritten optometric or gp urgent referral documents . specifically , typed text is clearer than handwritten text and the author and date of writing are easy to determine . in the authors opinion ,
secondly , it is also often at the discretion of the gp and or ophthalmologist to inform the referring optometrist with the outcome if referred to he s .
importantly , despite written patient consent , such feedback to cos is often lacking.16 such disconnect has the potential to lead to breakdown in continuity of care at the patient s next visit to the co and may lead to further referrals .
waste  in the healthcare system and a lost opportunity for multidisciplinary education and audit .
furthermore as well as providing savings to the nhs by reduced hospital and gp clinic visits , this service development also benefits the economy and ecology by reduced patient travel and importantly reduces patient concern by swift response to consultation .
it is not intended that teleophthalmology would replace  face - to - face  consultation ; rather , electronic referral of oct images is , in the authors opinion , a useful tool to assist , prioritize , and refine referral of retinal patients in the digital age .
the proportion of referrals from optometrists compared to those from gps is increasing.17 currently , there are fewer ophthalmologists in the united kingdom , pro rata , than in any other european union nation . together with a high level of undetected , yet
treatable visual morbidity and an increasing elderly and diabetic population , improvements in primary eye care are also needed .
treatment of wet amd patients requires regular intravitreal injections and is an area of high volume care under pressure in england and wales.7 in the authors opinion , teleophthalmology may assist with such pressures .
a recent report described a pilot teleconsultation network of general and specialist ophthalmologists in italy for retinal cases.18 others have used teleophthalmology in glaucoma , acute eye conditions , retinopathy of prematurity , and strabismus.1922 there is merit of teleophthalmology in challenging locations , such as in rural areas,3,20 prisons,23 and in military settings.24 this project did not include diabetic patients , as separate pathways for such patients exist locally within diabetic retinal screening services .
the potential for teleophthalmology with oct in such diabetic retinal screening services , and which are now embedded in the nhs , requires further analysis .
the present evaluation of a pilot scheme highlights the potential wider application of innovation in clinical imaging and information technology transfer such as has occurred within picture archiving and communication systems .
access to nhsmail by optometrists is available from the nhs on request and this requires publicity and adoption within the optometry profession .
optometry connection to the nhs n3 network  for picture archiving and communication systems transfer  and or use of image exchange portals are further quality improvements that could be rolled out . if teleophthalmology services do develop , it is important that they are compliant with data protection and patient safety aspirations .
the comprehensive guidelines on teleradiology services developed by the royal college of radiologists may be of merit to those seeking to roll out teleophthalmology services.25 teleophthalmology consultation with community optometry enables ophthalmologists to focus on macular patients with significant / urgent disease and , if applied more widely , could reduce referrals , costs , and waiting times for such services in the united kingdom .
a limitation is that a 24/7/365 rapid response teleophthalmology service is unlikely to be sustained unless motivation or remuneration is provided to those ophthalmologists , optometrists , and providers involved .
this innovation would therefore need to be recognized in service planning or commissioning . in conclusion
, this service evaluation indicates the value of ophthalmic images transfer between primary and secondary care in the better management of patients with macular conditions .
telemedicine is of known benefit in image dependent specialties such as radiology and ophthalmology . in england ,
remote review of ocular fundus images is in use to underpin nhs diabetic retinopathy screening services .
the merits of teamwork in community optometric and hospital opthalmic practice for patients using innovative technology .
telemedicine is of known benefit in image dependent specialties such as radiology and ophthalmology . in england ,
remote review of ocular fundus images is in use to underpin nhs diabetic retinopathy screening services .
the merits of teamwork in community optometric and hospital opthalmic practice for patients using innovative technology .
purposeto describe a quality improvement for referral of national health service patients with macular disorders from a community optometry setting in an urban area.methodsservice evaluation of teleophthalmology consultation based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography images acquired by the community optometrist and transmitted to hospital eye services.resultsfifty patients with suspected macular conditions were managed via telemedicine consultation over 1 year . 
 responses were provided by hospital eye service - based ophthalmologists to the community optometrist or patient within the next day in 48 cases ( 96% ) and in 34 ( 68% ) patients on the same day . in the consensus opinion of the optometrist and ophthalmologist , 33 ( 66% ) 
 patients required further  
 face - to - face  medical examination and were triaged on clinical urgency . 
 seventeen cases ( 34% ) were managed in the community and are a potential cost improvement . 
 specialty trainees were supervised in telemedicine consultations.conclusioninnovation and quality improvement were demonstrated in both optometry to ophthalmology referrals and in primary optometric care by use of telemedicine with spectral domain optical coherence tomography images . 
 e - referral of spectral domain optical coherence tomography images assists triage of macular patients and swifter care of urgent cases . 
 teleophthalmology is also , in the authors opinion , a tool to improve interdisciplinary professional working with community optometrists . 
 implications for progress are discussed .