You are provided with the abstract of a scientific paper and the abstracts of the papers it references. Your task is to write a Related Work section for the main paper. This section should concisely summarize and integrate the key points from the cited abstracts, reflecting how they relate to the main paper's contributions and context. In your summary, use numerical citation markers like [1], [2], etc., to refer to the corresponding papers.

Main Abstract:
Segmenting a chunk of text into words is usually the first step of processing Chinese text, but its necessity has rarely been explored. In this paper, we ask the fundamental question of whether Chinese word segmentation (CWS) is necessary for deep learning-based Chinese Natural Language Processing. We benchmark neural word-based models which rely on word segmentation against neural char-based models which do not involve word segmentation in four end-to-end NLP benchmark tasks: language modeling, machine translation, sentence matching paraphrase and text classification. Through direct comparisons between these two types of models, we find that char-based models consistently outperform word-based models. Based on these observations, we conduct comprehensive experiments to study why word-based models underperform char-based models in these deep learning-based NLP tasks. We show that it is because word-based models are more vulnerable to data sparsity and the presence of out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words, and thus more prone to overfitting. We hope this paper could encourage researchers in the community to rethink the necessity of word segmentation in deep learning-based Chinese Natural Language Processing. Yuxian Meng and Xiaoya Li contributed equally to this paper.

Cited Abstract(s):
[1]: We describe the application of the LingPipe toolkit to Chinese word segmentation and named entity recognition for the 3rd SIGHAN bakeoff.

[2]: In this paper, we describe a Chinese word segmentation system that we developed for the Third SIGHAN Chinese Language Processing Bakeoff (Bakeoff2006). We took part in six tracks, namely the closed and open track on three corpora, Academia Sinica (CKIP), City University of Hong Kong (CityU), and University of Pennsylvania University of Colorado (UPUC). Based on a conditional random field based approach, our word segmenter achieved the highest F measures in four tracks, and the third highest in the other two tracks. We found that the use of a 6-tag set, tone feature of Chinese character and assistant segmenters trained on other corpora further improve Chinese word segmentation performance.

[3]: Chinese word segmentation is a difficult, important and widely-studied sequence modeling problem. This paper demonstrates the ability of linear-chain conditional random fields (CRFs) to perform robust and accurate Chinese word segmentation by providing a principled framework that easily supports the integration of domain knowledge in the form of multiple lexicons of characters and words. We also present a probabilistic new word detection method, which further improves performance. Our system is evaluated on four datasets used in a recent comprehensive Chinese word segmentation competition. State-of-the-art performance is obtained.

[4]: We present conditional random fields , a framework for building probabilistic models to segment and label sequence data. Conditional random fields offer several advantages over hidden Markov models and stochastic grammars for such tasks, including the ability to relax strong independence assumptions made in those models. Conditional random fields also avoid a fundamental limitation of maximum entropy Markov models (MEMMs) and other discriminative Markov models based on directed graphical models, which can be biased towards states with few successor states. We present iterative parameter estimation algorithms for conditional random fields and compare the performance of the resulting models to HMMs and MEMMs on synthetic and natural-language data.
With the rise of statistical machine learning methods, the task of CWS is formalized as a tagging task, i.e., assigning a BEMS label to each character of a string that indicates whether the character is the start of a word(Begin), the end of a word(End), inside a word (Middel) or a single word(Single). Traditional sequence labeling models such as HMM, MEMM and CRF are widely used [4] [3] [2] [1] . .