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encephalitis cases positive for antibodies against n - methyl - d - aspartate receptor ( nmda - r ) show clinical features consistent with autoimmune disease , with a predominance of psychiatric symptoms .
this condition was first described in 2007 in a group of 12 women with ovarian teratomas who suffered from a paraneoplastic syndrome.1 all forms of anti - nmda - r encephalitis are associated with the failure to detect tumor tissue and present a unique type of autoimmune reaction.2 this disease is much more common in women ( 80% ) and younger individuals ( median 23 years ) , although it may occur at any age.3 in addition , a large number of cases are unrelated to cancer.4 in most cases , the first symptoms of the disease are behavioral and psychiatric , including psychosis , anxiety , insomnia , mania , and catatonic symptoms.4,5 these symptoms typically develop very rapidly , and a few days before their development , nonspecific  flu - like  symptoms may be present .
short - term memory disturbances , speech disorders , delirium , seizures , and extrapyramidal symptomatology characteristic of autonomic dysfunction , in the form of hypotension , heart rhythm disorders , hyperthermia , and central hypoventilation requiring complex intensive care , including artificial lung ventilation , may also develop .
milder cases may present with psychiatric symptomatology as well as memory disorders , epileptic seizures , or dyskinesia.2 the underlying mechanism for this disease is the binding of immunoglobulin ( ig)g1 and igg3 antibodies to the nr1 subunit of nmda - r . the diagnosis of anti - nmda - r encephalitis is based on the detection of specific igg autoantibodies from serum and cerebrospinal fluid ( csf ) samples .
the sensitivity of detection is higher in csf samples compared with serum samples ( up to 100% of patients are positive for nmda - r antibodies in the csf compared with the 85% of patients who are positive for antibodies in the serum).2 the specificity of antibody detection is very high ; however , in individual cases , positivity of serum antibodies has been recorded in other diseases ( schizophrenia , narcolepsy , and herpes encephalitis).6,7 antibodies against nmda - r may be associated with psychoses for several reasons .
psychotic symptoms are observed in 65% of encephalitis cases with antibodies against nmda - r.8 immune and autoimmune abnormalities are also found in patients with schizophrenia , although these findings are inconsistent and have no practical use in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia.5 dysfunction of nmda - r and the glutamatergic system may be associated with the pathogenesis of schizophrenia , as antagonists of nmda - r , including phencyclidine and ketamine , have been shown to induce psychotic symptoms ( positive and negative ) and behavioral and cognitive impairments similar to those observed in patients with schizophrenia.9,10 furthermore , the administration of ketamine , as well as csf containing anti - nmda - r antibodies , has been shown to increase the extracellular glutamate level in animals.11,12 the occurrence of antibodies against nmda - r in patients with schizophrenia has been the focus of seven studies,6,1318 which were included in a recent meta - analysis.5 of the 1,441 patients included in this analysis , 115 ( 7.98% ) ( 95% confidence interval [ ci ] 6.69 to 9.50 ) patients tested positive for antibodies against nmda - r ; of these patients , 21 ( 1.46% ) ( 95% ci 0.94 to 2.23 ) presented antibodies of the igg subclass .
of the 272 patients with first - episode psychosis ( fep ) , 14 tested positive for anti - nmda - r antibodies ( 5.15% ) ( 95% ci 3.02 to 8.52 ) , and five cases showed antibodies of the igg subclass . in the current work
, we investigated the presence of antibodies against nmda - r in patients with fep in comparison with corresponding healthy volunteers .
this study included 50 patients with fep and 50 healthy volunteers of comparable age and sex .
the patients were recruited for the study in the department of psychiatry of the university hospital in hradec krlov .
the inclusion criteria were as follows : hospitalized patients with fep ( schizophrenia f20 and acute schizophreni - form psychosis f23.2 , according to the icd-10 classification ) ; between 1855 years of age ; antipsychotic - nave ; and without serious medical comorbidities .
we excluded patients with preexisting cardiovascular , pulmonary , or neurological diseases by reviewing patient medical records .
we conducted a comprehensive physical and laboratory assessment , which was supplemented with patient family history .
healthy volunteers without any mental or serious somatic disorder were matched to the patient sample with respect to age and sex .
the possibility of mental illness among the volunteers was excluded by a psychiatric examination , performed by a psychiatrist .
venous blood from the patients and healthy volunteers was obtained between 7 and 9 am , after 12 hours of fasting .
nmda - r autoantibodies were detected , using a commercial indirect immunofluorescence assay , with a neurology mosaics test ( euroimmun ag , lbeck , germany ) .
autoantibodies against glutamate receptors of the nmda type show the typical fluorescence of transfected cells .
all samples were classified as positive or negative for nmda - r antibodies ( figure 1 ) .
psychopathology was assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale ( panss).19 we also measured the body weight and height of the subjects to calculate the body mass index ( bmi ) .
we used statistica 8 statistical software to test for differences between the patients and healthy volunteers ( for age , weight , and bmi ) .
the details of this study were approved by the ethical committee of the university hospital in hradec krlov .
even when the patients had signed the written informed consent in a state of acute psychosis , they later agreed to continue in the study during remission .
this study included 50 patients with fep and 50 healthy volunteers of comparable age and sex .
the patients were recruited for the study in the department of psychiatry of the university hospital in hradec krlov .
the inclusion criteria were as follows : hospitalized patients with fep ( schizophrenia f20 and acute schizophreni - form psychosis f23.2 , according to the icd-10 classification ) ; between 1855 years of age ; antipsychotic - nave ; and without serious medical comorbidities .
we excluded patients with preexisting cardiovascular , pulmonary , or neurological diseases by reviewing patient medical records .
we conducted a comprehensive physical and laboratory assessment , which was supplemented with patient family history .
healthy volunteers without any mental or serious somatic disorder were matched to the patient sample with respect to age and sex .
the possibility of mental illness among the volunteers was excluded by a psychiatric examination , performed by a psychiatrist .
venous blood from the patients and healthy volunteers was obtained between 7 and 9 am , after 12 hours of fasting .
nmda - r autoantibodies were detected , using a commercial indirect immunofluorescence assay , with a neurology mosaics test ( euroimmun ag , lbeck , germany ) .
autoantibodies against glutamate receptors of the nmda type show the typical fluorescence of transfected cells .
all samples were classified as positive or negative for nmda - r antibodies ( figure 1 ) .
psychopathology was assessed using the positive and negative syndrome scale ( panss).19 we also measured the body weight and height of the subjects to calculate the body mass index ( bmi ) .
we used statistica 8 statistical software to test for differences between the patients and healthy volunteers ( for age , weight , and bmi ) .
the details of this study were approved by the ethical committee of the university hospital in hradec krlov .
even when the patients had signed the written informed consent in a state of acute psychosis , they later agreed to continue in the study during remission .
a total of 50 patients with fep and 50 age - and sex - matched healthy volunteers were analyzed .
neither the patients with an fep or the healthy controls showed positive antibodies against nmda - r .
nmda - rs are ionotropic glutamate receptors that allow excitatory neurotransmission and contribute to the plasticity of the brain and to learning and memory processes , through specific long - term potentiation of neuronal connections .
these receptors consist of two subunits , nr1 and nr2 , which exist in several isoforms with differential expression throughout the brain and during development.20 the highest density of receptors is found in the amygdala , prefrontal cortex , hippocampus and hypothalamus .
autoantibodies against nmda - r may be produced in the context of cross - reactivity against the tumor cells of teratomas , which contain heterogeneous cell types , including nerve cells .
autoantibodies are directed specifically against the nr1a subunit , and receptor binding leads to internalization of the nmda - r . however , the reduction in the number of surface receptors is reversible and depends on the antibody titer.2 schizophrenia includes a heterogeneous group of disorders .
the catatonic symptoms of schizophrenia may be related to glutamatergic dysfunction , and the use of the noncompetitive nmda antagonist memantine has been suggested for the treatment of catatonia.21 in schizophrenic patients resistant to treatment , normal findings of dopaminergic neurotransmission in brain imaging could be presumed to result from autoimmune dysfunction in a conditional glutamatergic system.5 in previous studies , positivity for antibodies against nmda - r was investigated in 1,441 patients with psychosis and 1,598 healthy controls , although the occurrence of any subtype of these antibodies ( igg , igm , or iga ) was significantly higher in healthy volunteers compared with patients with fep ( p=0.003).5 of the 144 healthy volunteers with positive subtype antibodies , 143 were from the study of hammer et al.18 although it remains unclear whether the results would have been the same if age - matched controls were included , the igg subtype was significantly more frequent in patients with fep than in the control group ( p<0.01 ) .
there was heterogeneity between studies in terms of the assay used to establish the presence of the autoantibodies .
methodologically , the most sophisticated study was that of steiner et al17 who used a prospective study design , had both psychiatric and nonpsychiatric control groups , and looked at multiple ig subtypes aimed at different nmda - r epitopes.5 our study of 50 patients contributes to the findings of a previous study , which included 272 patients with fep.5 although we did not detect antibodies against nmda - r in the serum of any of the patients with feb or healthy controls , identical results were obtained , in the study by masdeu et al16 in a group of 80 patients with fep and 40 controls .
in addition , the absence of nmda - r antibodies was also reported in studies by rhoads et al14 and haussleiter et al15 who enrolled patients undergoing long - term treatment for psychosis .
in contrast , zandi et al13 found positive results in 6.52% of 46 fep patients ( n=3 ) , and one patient improved after immunotherapy . in a study by tsutsui et al6 of 51 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder , there were four positive findings .
in addition , steiner et al17 examined the prevalence of antibodies against nmda - r in serum samples from 121 patients initially diagnosed with schizophrenia , and nr1 igg antibodies were detected in four patients , two of whom presented retrospectively with overdiagnosed encephalitis and antibodies against nmda - r .
however , one discrepant study18 yielded positive findings for igg antibodies in seven of 1,081 patients with psychosis ( including fep ) .
indeed , the various methods used in previous studies appear to contribute to the heterogeneity of these results .
the recommended three - stage diagnosis22 was used in the study of masdeu et al16 although whether antibodies should be measured in the serum or csf remains controversial.5,11,23 relatively small study sample size may be an additional limitation of our study . the interpretation of nmda - r antibody positivity in patients with fep and the implications for therapeutic procedures remain unclear .
clean  psychotic presentation to catatonic symptoms following the full expression of encephalitis , which carries a potentially lethal outcome .
the presence of antibodies against nmda - r in other diseases ( bipolar disorder , depression , narcolepsy with psychosis , autism , and creutzfeld  jakob disease ) highlights the possibility that their presence is caused by neuronal damage or other causes.5 in previous analyses , patients with psychotic symptoms who were diagnosed with encephalitis and showed the presence of antibodies against nmda - r , generally responded well to immunotherapy.13,24 thus , some authors recommend screening for the presence of antibodies against nmda - r in all patients with fep.8 this possibility should undoubtedly be considered in cases of rapid - onset psychosis , catatonic manifestations ,  flu - like  prodromal symptoms , incidence of seizures or other neurological dysfunctions ( aphasia ) , severe autonomic manifestations , or deterioration during the administration of antipsychotics.25
however , it remains uncertain to what extent this finding contributes to the etiopathogenesis of psychosis or the response to antipsychotic medication , and it is also unknown whether immunomodulatory therapy should be indicated in these cases .
backgroundencephalitis with antibodies against n - methyl - d - aspartate receptor ( nmda - r ) is classified as an autoimmune disorder with psychotic symptoms , which are frequently dominant . 
 however , it remains unclear how frequently nmda - r antibodies lead to a condition that mimics psychosis and first - episode schizophrenia . in our work , we investigated the presence of antibodies against nmda - r in patients with first - episode psychosis ( fep ) in comparison with healthy volunteers.methodsthis study included 50 antipsychotic - nave patients with fep ( including 21 women ) and 50 healthy volunteers ( including 21 women ) . 
 the mean age of the patients was 27.4 ( 7.4 ) years and that of the healthy controls was 27.0 ( 7.3 ) years . 
 antibodies against nmda - r in the serum were detected by immunofluorescence.resultsnone of the investigated patients with an fep and none of the healthy controls showed positive antibodies against nmda-rs.conclusionaccording to results of studies , a small proportion of patients with an fep possess antibodies against nmda - r . 
 however , the extent to which this finding contributes to the etiopathogenesis of the response to antipsychotic medication and whether immunomodulatory therapy is indicated in these cases remains uncertain .