You will be shown the title of a chemistry paper, together with sections excerpted from the body of the paper. The paper sections may include HTML tags like `<p>` and `</p>`; please ignore these. Your task is to write an abstract for the paper. Your response should include the abstract and no other text.

Title:
Synthesis and evaluation of aza-peptidyl inhibitors of the lysosomal asparaginyl endopeptidase, legumain

Paper sections:

<p>Legumain is a lysosomal cysteine protease that is conserved in diverse cell types including, plants, invertebrate parasites and mammals. It has a high propensity to cleave protein substrates on the C-terminal side of asparagine residues1. Mammalian legumain is known to have a role in antigen processing2, 3, albumin maturation4 and matrix degradation5, 6 and it is also implicated in various pathological conditions including parasitic infection7, 8, atherosclerosis9, inflammation10 and tumorigenesis11, 12. In addition, legumain is found to be over-expressed in the majority of human solid tumors such as carcinomas of the breast, colon and prostate11, and knock-down of legumain in mouse models of cancer results in a marked decrease in tumor growth and metastasis12. Based on these recent findings, legumain may be a therapeutically important enzyme, especially in tumor progression and metastasis. Therefore, highly selective and potent legumain inhibitors will be valuable for studying the roles of legumain in diseases but also potentially useful for the treatment of these diseases. A number of legumain inhibitors have been developed and tested in vitro13–16. Notably, Powers and coworkers have developed highly selective and potent inhibitors of legumain in blood flukes and hard ticks17. However, only a few of these inhibitors have been tested in mammalian cells or disease models that have therapeutic impact18.</p><p>Previously, we have reported the development of irreversible inhibitors and active site probes of legumain in intact cells and mice19. A unique feature of these inhibitors is that they contain both an aza-asparagine and a proline moiety in the P2 position that minimizes cross-reactivity towards other cysteine proteases such as the cathepsins. In an effort to optimize selectivity and potency of these inhibitors, we decided to extend our dipeptidyl aza-asparaginyl scaffold by adding various non-natural amino acids in the P3 position. We also wanted to test several different electrophilic reactive groups (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Based on the previously published study from our group20, 21, we selected twelve non-natural amino acids that were found to prefer legumain over the caspases in a P3 positional scan of a caspase inhibitor library. We initially synthesized a group of compounds containing the core aza-asparagine and proline from our previously reported lead compound19 linked to each of the selected non-natural amino acids in the P3 position and an aza Michael acceptor electrophile. In addition, we also prepared original dipeptidyl scaffold found in our original lead compound to determine the effects of using this electrophile in place of the original epoxide functional group. We synthesized all compounds using the solid phase synthetic methods previously reported by our laboratory22 with a slight modification in order to attach the third amino acid (Scheme 1 and supplementary data).</p><p>We carried out a simple IC50 determination of each compound against recombinant mouse legumain and the results are shown in Table 1. Within this compound series, we found that when the P3 side chains were small alkyl groups (i.e R = NN1, NN4, NN6), these compounds showed excellent inhibitory effect. If these R groups were relatively bulky groups such as aromatic or piperazine groups (R = NN7, NN9, NN10, NN12), these compounds showed a substantial drop in activity. It should be noted that all the previous work done by other groups mainly focused on modifications of the P1' site17, however our results suggest that additional specificity and potency may be achieved by modifications at sites distal to the active site cysteine.</p><p>Next, we chose three Michael acceptor inhibitors (R = NN1, NN4, NN6) with the most optimal IC50 values and replaced the Michael acceptor electrophile with the epoxide group from our initial lead compound. All six compounds, both with Michael acceptor and epoxide electrophiles had similar potency with IC50 values in the low nano molar range. Interestingly, the second-order inhibition rate constants (kobs/[I]), indicated that the epoxide-containing compounds were approximately 1.5~2-fold more potent than their Michael acceptor counterparts. These data suggest that the epoxide electrophile reacts with the active site cysteine faster than the Michael acceptor electrophile. However, this faster reactivity may lead to an increase in overall off-target modification. In agreement with this idea, we found that while all the compounds had weak inhibition of cathepsin L (> 100 μM), all inhibitors containing the epoxide electrophile showed slightly higher reactivity toward cathepsin compared to the Michael acceptor compounds.</p><p>In order to further assess the potential cross reactivity of the compounds, we generated activity based probe of the most potent compounds for use in cells. This was accomplished by attachment of a Cy5 fluorophore followed by labeling of RAW264.7 macrophages. We chose to focus on the compounds containing NN1 with the Michael acceptor electrophile and NN4 with the epoxide electrophile since these two inhibitors showed the highest potency in each series. The results of the cellular labeling study are shown in Figure 2. As expected, all four probes showed highly selective labeling of legumain at nanomolar concentrations. However, the epoxide containing probes (LP-1, LP-4) labeled cathepsins at high probe concentrations indicating that higher reactivity probably contributed to this off-target labeling. We did not observe significant differences in labeling intensity for all four probes, although it seems that epoxide probes were slightly more sensitive compared to the Michael acceptor probes (LP-2, LP-3). Regardless, all the synthesized probes were cell permeable and highly selective toward legumain.</p><p>In conclusion, we have designed and synthesized aza epoxide and aza Michael acceptor inhibitors for legumain. We incorporated non-natural amino acids to improve potency and selectivity of the previously developed dipeptidyl scaffold. We found that inhibitors with small alkyl groups in the P3 position demonstrated slightly enhanced inhibitory effect compared to the inhibitor without a P3 amino acid, whereas inhibitors with bulkier aromatic groups had significantly reduced activity. In addition, inhibitors containing the aza-epoxide electrophile have faster inhibition kinetics compared to the Michael acceptor compounds, but also showed more cross-reactivity toward cathepsins. We also attached a Cy5 fluorophore to the selected inhibitors to test specificity and reactivity inside living cells and all the synthesized probes selectively labeled legumain in intact RAW264.7 macrophages. Currently we are moving forward to scale up some of these inhibitors to investigate the therapeutic applications of legumain inhibitors in various mouse models of inflammation and cancer.</p>
Legumain or asparaginly endopeptidase (AEP) is a lysosomal cysteine protease with a high level of specificity for cleavage of protein substrates after an asparagine residue. It is also capable of cleaving after aspartic acids sites when in the acidic environment of the lysosome. Legumain expression and activity is linked to a number of pathological conditions including cancer, atherosclerosis and inflammation, yet its biological role in these pathologies is not well-understood. Highly potent and selective inhibitors of legumain would not only be valuable for studying the functional roles of legumain in these conditions, but may have therapeutic potential as well. We describe here the design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of selective legumain inhibitors based on the aza-asparaginyl scaffold. We synthesized a library of aza-peptidyl inhibitors with various non-natural amino acids and different electrophilic warheads, and characterized the kinetic properties of inactivation of legumain. We also synthesized fluorescently labeled inhibitors to investigate cell permeability and selectivity of the compounds. The inhibitors have second order rate constants of up to 5\xc3\x97104 M\xe2\x88\x921s\xe2\x88\x921 and IC50 values as low as 4 nM against recombinant mouse legumain. In addition, the inhibitors are highly selective toward legumain and have little or no cross-reactivity with cathepsins. Overall, we have identified several valuable new inhibitors of legumain that can be used to study legumain function in multiple disease models.