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Paper text:
a pregnant 23-year - old female with a six - year history of type 1 diabetes presented with a complaint of increased  blur  in both eyes for the previous two months .
best corrected visual acuity was 20/40 ou . slit - lamp examination was entirely unremarkable in both eyes .
dilated funduscopic examination was significant for flame - shaped , dot , and blot hemorrhages in the posterior segment , with associated macular edema and exudates bilaterally ( figures 1a and 1b ) .
optical coherence tomography ( oct ) revealed a foveal thickness of 578  5 microns and 667  8 microns in the right and left eye , respectively ( figures 2a and 2b ) .
all oct scans were performed with the stratus optical coherence tomograph ( zeiss - humphrey inc , dublin , ca ) .
examination findings were consistent with bilateral , nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and clinically significant macular edema . after careful deliberation with the patient and her obstetrician
, a decision was made to treat the bilateral macular edema with intra - vitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection .
the patient received 0.05 ml of triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg / ml in the left eye initially and in the right eye one week later .
best - corrected visual acuity was 20/20 and 20/25 in the right and left eye , respectively .
repeat oct revealed a foveal thickness of 159  5 microns and 202  6 microns in the right and left eye , respectively ( figures 3a and 3b ) .
slit - lamp examination and goldman applanation tonometry did not reveal any intraocular hypertension or significant lenticular changes at this visit or at any point after triamcinolone injection .
the patient delivered a full - term , healthy baby boy weeks prior to this examination .
progression of diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy has been described previously by several authors.1,2 visual impairment in these cases can result from both proliferative ( eg , vitreous hemorrhage , retinal detachment ) and nonproliferative etiologies ( eg , retinal hemorrhage , papillopathy , macular edema).1 although macular edema may regress in some cases after delivery , in other cases edema can persist and can be associated with severe and persistent visual dysfunction.1 data from large , randomized clinical trials have established the benefits of argon laser photocoagulation for clinically significant macular edema.3 focal laser photocoagulation of actively leaking blood vessels or grid laser for areas of diffuse permeability can decrease clinically significant edema . however , laser photocoagulation in close proximity to the fovea increases the risk of inducing iatrogenic central scotoma as a result of thermal injury to the tissues , or subsequent glial proliferation .
there are many reports of off - label use of intravitreal triamcinolone in cases of persistent and refractory diabetic macular edema.4 improved visual acuity and decreased foveal thickness have been documented by serial oct after a single injection .
however , these effects do not appear to persist beyond 34 months without repeated administration.5 a medline search using keywords  pregnancy 
 revealed no case reports or case series documenting the treatment of clinically significant macular edema with intravitreal corticosteroids in a pregnant patient .
side effects of systemic corticosteroid administration are well known . major ophthalmic complications of intravitreal corticosteroid injection include , but are not limited to , cataract formation and increased intraocular pressure .
although corticosteroid equivalents can be measured in the aqueous three months after a single intravitreal injection , it is not known how much corticosteroid is released into the systemic circulation after a single intravitreal injection.6 thus , it is hard to estimate the systemic effects of intravitreal corticosteroid therapy . to date , there are no reports of teratogenic outcomes with systemic corticosteroid use in pregnant human females .
however , teratogenic effects have been observed in many species receiving equivalent systemic human doses.7 many authors have noted maxillofacial deformity and , in particular , cleft palate in mice which have received corticosteroids early in gestation .
the area of greatest thickening was within the fovea of both the right and left eyes , with little edema observed in the extrafoveal area .
laser photocoagulation to this area carried a significant risk of inducing a permanent central scotoma .
given the patient s late stage of pregnancy , we felt that intravitreal steroid posed little risk to either mother or fetus .
we were able to achieve resolution of macular edema and improved visual acuity with a single intravitreal dose to each eye . in conclusion
, we propose that intravitreal triamcinolone injection may be a viable treatment modality for management of clinically significant macular edema in pregnant patients .
the safety profile with administration of this medication is enhanced if the steroid is administered after the first trimester .
we suggest a multidisciplinary approach and consultation with an obstetrician whenever using corticosteroid therapy in pregnant patients .
we present a case of diabetic macular edema in a pregnant patient treated with a single intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonomide . 
 initial presentation and serial examinations after treatment included visual acuity , slit - lamp examination , indirect ophthalmoscopy , and optical coherence tomography . 
 resolution of visual acuity and macular edema were present six weeks after injection and persisted throughout the duration of the pregnancy without further intervention . 
 no adverse outcomes for either mother or fetus were noted . to our knowledge , this is the first report of intravitreal triamcinolone administration in this patient population to be published in the medical literature .