Below are a collection of excerpts from biomedical research articles. Excerpts are separated by newlines. Your task is to answer a question based these excerpts. Your response should be formatted as a `json` array.

For instance, given excerpts from articles studying breast cancer, and the question "what are some common genes associated with breast cancer?", an answer might be formatted like: ["BRCA1", "BRCA2", "TP53", ...]. Only include answers that are mentioned in the provided exerpts. The array should always have at least one answer; do not respond with an empty array []. Do not include any text in your response other than the answer array.

Context: the biochemical hallmark of apoptosis is internucleosomal DNA cleavage into oligonucleosome-length fragments.
terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling of DNA fragments (TUNEL) and in situ end labeling (ISEL) techniques
TUNEL labeling of DNA fragments
Apoptotic cells in the specimens were quantitated after terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase labeling of DNA fragments with digoxigenin-deoxyuridine triphosphate
The outcome of chronic ethanol consumption recorded in liver by in situ staining of the genomic DNA in fragmented nuclei indicates the course of cellular events that has been coined as apoptosis or programmed cell death.
levels of cytosolic histone-bound DNA fragments (cell death ELISA assays)
Measurement of apoptosis-associated internucleosomal DNA fragmentation through determination of the percentage of fragmented DNA by electrophoresis or centrifugation of whole cell lysates is by far the most common means of quantifying apoptosis.
Treatment with silica resulted in morphological changes typical of apoptotic cells, enhanced DNA fragmentation (a characteristic feature of programmed cell death), and significant alveolar macrophage apoptosis as observed by cell death ELISA assays.
Programmed cell death and DNA fragmentation were detected by Nile blue staining and cytochemical labeling of DNA fragmentation, respectively, in the interdigital mesoderm and in the regions of presumptive joints of the digit.
Treatment with silica resulted in morphological changes typical of apoptotic cells, enhanced DNA fragmentation (a characteristic feature of programmed cell death), and significant alveolar macrophage apoptosis as observed by cell death ELISA assays.
Cell were treated with these particulates in vitro for 6 and 24 hr and examined for apoptosis by morphological analysis, DNA fragmentation, and levels of cytosolic histone-bound DNA fragments (cell death ELISA assays).
Featured in this unit is the TUNEL method of detecting cells that exhibit DNA fragmentation, which can also be performed on tissue sections to locate apoptotic cells in situ.
Single-cell gel electrophoresis, or the comet assay, a technique widely used for DNA damage analysis, has been used recently for detecting DNA fragmentation in cells undergoing apoptosis
Programmed cell death and DNA fragmentation were detected by Nile blue staining and cytochemical labeling of DNA fragmentation, respectively, in the interdigital mesoderm and in the regions of presumptive joints of the digit
Single-cell gel electrophoresis assay monitors precise kinetics of DNA fragmentation induced during programmed cell death.
In addition, flow cytometry and DNA fragmentation assays confirmed DAPI staining assay results and indicated the occurrence of a programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the treated cells
Four frequently used flow cytometric techniques were evaluated: (i) Annexin V/Propidium Iodide assay, detecting the translocation of phosphatidylserine to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, simultaneously with preservation of the membrane integrity; (ii) Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT) Uridine triphosphate (UTP) nick end labelling (TUNEL), revealing the presence of DNA strand breaks; (iii) DNA-flow cytometry, measuring DNA-stainability (DNA-fragmentation assay) and (iv) Phycoerythrin-labelled (PE) Apo2.7-assay, a monoclonal antibody against 7A6 antigen, a protein, which becomes exposed upon the mitochondrial membrane during apoptosis
The present single-cell gel electrophoresis assay offers a significant improvement in monitoring the kinetics of DNA fragmentation induced during programmed cell death

Question:
Which assays can be used for detecting DNA fragmentation resulting from programmed cell death (apoptosis)?
["electrophoresis of whole cell lysates", "centrifugation of whole cell lysates", "terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling of DNA fragments (TUNEL)", "in situ end labeling (ISEL) of the genomic DNA in fragmented nuclei", "measurement of cytosolic histone-bound DNA fragments (cell death ELISA assays)", "comet assay", "DAPI staining assay", "anti-DNA immunoelectron microscopy", "fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS)"]