You are provided with the abstract of a scientific paper and the abstracts of the papers it references. Your task is to write a Related Work section for the main paper. This section should concisely summarize and integrate the key points from the cited abstracts, reflecting how they relate to the main paper's contributions and context. In your summary, use numerical citation markers like [1], [2], etc., to refer to the corresponding papers.

Main Abstract:
Distance plays a fundamental role in measuring similarity between objects. Various visualization techniques and learning tasks in statistics and machine learning such as shape matching, classification, dimension reduction and clustering often rely on some distance or similarity measure. It is of tremendous importance to have a distance that can incorporate the underlying structure of the object. In this paper, we focus on proposing such a distance between network objects. Our key insight is to define a distance based on the long term diffusion behavior of the whole network. We first introduce a dynamic system on graphs called Laplacian flow. Based on this Laplacian flow, a new version of diffusion distance between networks is proposed. We will demonstrate the utility of the distance and its advantage over various existing distances through explicit examples. The distance is also applied to subsequent learning tasks such as clustering network objects.

Cited Abstract(s):
[1]: The spectrum of a graph has been widely used in graph theory to characterise the properties of a graph and extract information from its structure. It has also been employed as a graph representation for pattern matching since it is invariant to the labelling of the graph. There are, however, a number of potential drawbacks in using the spectrum as a representation of a graph. Firstly, more than one graph may share the same spectrum. It is well known, for example, that very few trees can be uniquely specified by their spectrum. Secondly, the spectrum may change dramatically with a small change structure. There are a wide variety of graph matrix representations from which the spectrum can be extracted. Among these are the adjacency matrix, combinatorial Laplacian, normalised Laplacian and unsigned Laplacian. Spectra can also be derived from the heat kernel matrix and path length distribution matrix. The choice of matrix representation clearly has a large effect on the suitability of spectrum in a number of pattern recognition tasks. In this paper we investigate the performance of the spectra as a graph representation in a variety of situations. Firstly, we investigate the cospectrality of the various matrix representations over large graph and tree sets, extending the work of previous authors. We then show that the Euclidean distance between spectra tracks the edit distance between graphs over a wide range of edit costs, and we analyse the accuracy of this relationship. We then use the spectra to both cluster and classify the graphs and demonstrate the effect of the graph matrix formulation on error rates. These results are produced using both synthetic graphs and trees and graphs derived from shape and image data.

[2]: The study of the topological structure of complex networks has fascinated researchers for several decades, and today we have a fairly good understanding of the types and reoccurring characteristics of many different complex networks. However, surprisingly little is known today about models to compare complex graphs, and quantitatively measure their similarity. This paper proposes a natural similarity measure for complex networks: centrality distance, the difference between two graphs with respect to a given node centrality. Centrality distances allow to take into account the specific roles of the different nodes in the network, and have many interesting applications. As a case study, we consider the closeness centrality in more detail, and show that closeness centrality distance can be used to effectively distinguish between randomly generated and actual evolutionary paths of two dynamic social networks.

[3]: The author was led to the study given in this paper from a consideration of large scale computing machines in which a large number of operations must be performed without a single error in the end result. This problem of “doing things right” on a large scale is not essentially new; in a telephone central office, for example, a very large number of operations are performed while the errors leading to wrong numbers are kept well under control, though they have not been completely eliminated. This has been achieved, in part, through the use of self-checking circuits. The occasional failure that escapes routine checking is still detected by the customer and will, if it persists, result in customer complaint, while if it is transient it will produce only occasional wrong numbers. At the same time the rest of the central office functions satisfactorily. In a digital computer, on the other hand, a single failure usually means the complete failure, in the sense that if it is detected no more computing can be done until the failure is located and corrected, while if it escapes detection then it invalidates all subsequent operations of the machine. Put in other words, in a telephone central office there are a number of parallel paths which are more or less independent of each other; in a digital machine there is usually a single long path which passes through the same piece of equipment many, many times before the answer is obtained.
Several measures have been proposed to describe dissimilarity based on direct observables of the network. One simple way is to count the number of matching edges from two networks [3] , the popular Hamming distance. In [1] , Wilson and Zhu suggested to use the Euclidean distance between the spectra of two adjacency matrices. From a network-theoretic perspective, [2] claimed the discrepancy of node-defined centrality measures be a candidate for dissimilarity measure.