You will be provided with the titles and abstracts of a collection of medical RCT reports studying a clinical question -- for instance, the efficacy of an intervention on some medical outcome. Please write a few sentences synthesizing the findings of these reports, which could serve as a conclusion section for a systematic review article. Your response should not include any other text. The RCT reports are below.



Title 1:
Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with lecithin.
Abstract 1:
Six patients with moderate or severe tardive dyskinesia participated in a 14-day double-blind crossover comparison of placebo with 50 g/day of lecithin. There were no side effects, and Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) ratings of videotaped examinations indicated significant improvement in the dyskinesias of all subjects during the lecithin trial, even with concomitant administration of a constant dose of neuroleptic medication to five patients.


Title 2:
[Treatment with dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) in neuroleptic induced tardive dyskinesia].
Abstract 2:
A double blind cross-over study of 20 patients wiht tardive dyskinesia due to chronic use of neuroleptics showed no difference between efficacity of Deanol (Deaner) and placebo. Several patients improved with Deanol (Deaner), whereas several other patients showed increasing dyskinesia. The same phenomenon could be observed in the placebo group. Tolerance of the compound was very good. Results of an additional open study however suggest that the administration of Deanol (Deaner) may be tried as long as no other means are available to define those patients who will react favorably to this medication.


Title 3:
A crossover study of lecithin treatment of tardive dyskinesia.
Abstract 3:
The authors enrolled 21 patients in a random-order, crossover, double-blind trial of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) 20 g/day and placebo. Fourteen patients completed at least 6 weeks of the second 8-week trial and were used for efficacy analyses. Side effects were minimal. The lecithin treatment effect--about one half of an Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale point--was seen as a statistical effect of treatment order, based on differences between patients who took the active compound before or after they took the placebo. Clinically, however, the lecithin effect was negligible.


Title 4:
Double blind controlled trial of deanol in tardive dyskinesia.
Abstract 4:
Thirty three chronic psychiatric hospital subjects with oral tardive dyskinesia were divided into three groups. The subjects were matched for severity of symptoms then randomly assigned to treatment with a placebo, 1 g deanol or 2 g deanol per day. Statistical analysis showed that after 30 days treatment, there was a significant reduction in the mean rating of the movements of the group of 11 subjects on 2 g deanol per day. Six of these subjects showed substantial reduction in movement. Further studies using this dosage of deanol are unwarranted.


Title 5:
Deanol acetamidobenzoate treatment in choreiform movement disorders.
Abstract 5:
Deanol acetamidobenzoate was administered in double-blind, crossover fashion with placebo to five patients with tardive dyskinesia, three patients with Huntington's chorea, and one patient with posthemiplegic chorea. No significant effect on dyskinesia was observed. Preliminary administration of physostigmine salicylate to patients with tardive dyskinesia had a variable effect, while benztropine mesylate produced no change. Since the status of deanol as an effective precursor of acetylcholine is uncertain, further trials with putative cholinergic agents remain warranted in choreiform syndromes.


Title 6:
Ineffectiveness of deanol in tardive dyskinesia: a placebo controlled study.
Abstract 6:
In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, deanol acetamidobenzoate, administered in doses up to 1.5 g q.d. for three weeks to chronic schizophrenic patients presenting moderate to severe tardive dyskinesia, failed to alleviate the dyskinetic movements. However, there was a tendency for a significant increase in the schizophrenic symptoms of the deanol-treated group relative to the control group. The ineffectiveness of deanol in alleviating tardive dyskinesia is consistent with its inability to enhance brain acetylcholine synthesis. The worsening of the schizophrenic symptoms may possibly result from an interference by deanol with central cholinergic function.
Tardive dyskinesia remains a major public health problem. The clinical effects of older cholinergic drugs are unclear, as too few, too small studies leave many questions unanswered. Cholinergic drugs should remain of interest to researchers and currently have little place in routine clinical work. However, with the advent of new cholinergic agents now used for treating Alzheimer's disease, scope exists for more informative trials. If these new cholinergic agents are to be investigated for treating people with tardive dyskinesia, their effects should be demonstrated in well-designed, conducted and reported randomised trials.