You are presented with multiple paper abstracts, alongside the associated literature review and chapter titles. Given the provided information, you are going to do a literature review. Please generate a coherent literature review that synthesizes the content, draws connections between different works, highlights major findings, and identifies any gaps in the existing research.

Literature Review Title: A Survey on Security Verification of Blockchain Smart Contracts 
Chapter Title:  B. VULNERABILITY SCANNING 
1. Abstract of Cited Paper (BIB001):  Smart contracts are computer programs that can be correctly executed by a network of mutually distrusting nodes, without the need of an external trusted authority. Since smart contracts handle and transfer assets of considerable value, besides their correct execution it is also crucial that their implementation is secure against attacks which aim at stealing or tampering the assets. We study this problem in Ethereum, the most well-known and used framework for smart contracts so far. We analyse the security vulnerabilities of Ethereum smart contracts, providing a taxonomy of common programming pitfalls which may lead to vulnerabilities. We show a series of attacks which exploit these vulnerabilities, allowing an adversary to steal money or cause other damage.

Literature Review:
Vulnerabilities caused by contract design defects can also cause huge losses. Vulnerability scanning is the study of vulnerabilities that have been discovered, which aimed at avoiding the same mistakes. It can help us discover potential vulnerabilities in the execution of contracts, which is important to improve the security and credibility of contracts. To avoid the vulnerabilities, some studies systematically summarized the contract vulnerabilities caused by negligent design in recent years and analyzed the security risks in the contract BIB002 , BIB001 . For example, Atzei et al. BIB002 summed up the contract vulnerabilities that have been discovered into 12 categories, explaining the reasons for the vulnerabilities. At present, reentrancy (DAO attack event), access control (Parity wallet stolen event), denial of services, bad randomness have caused huge losses in the discovered vulnerabilities, so it is important to avoid the recurrence of the vulnerability. To solve the vulnerabilities, there are special solutions and common solutions that have been proposed. Below we discuss these two aspects.