You will be presented with the full text of a biomedical research paper. Please write an abstract for this paper. Your response should include the abstract and no additional text.

Paper text:
the prevalence of prediabetes is increasing world - wide and this condition predisposes to substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease in addition to developing diabetes mellitus ( dm ) .
screening methods exist for cardiovascular disease , but the models have diabetes and smoking status as dichotomous variables . a [ yes or no ] response in regards to diabetes then ignores dysglycemia in prediabetes individuals who may nevertheless have hyperglycemia - induced oxidative stress .
the problem is worse especially in the low - mid income countries where diagnostic services are either inaccessible or unaffordable for comprehensive testing .
to improve early intervention of cardiovascular risk in subclinical diabetes , a model that employs a combination of blood glucose level and an index of oxidative damage is imperative to cater for prediabetes .
the prevalence of diabetes may differ between countries or regions , but an estimated 304 million people in the world had prediabetes in 2003 and this is expected to increase to 472 million by 2025 . with such figures showing the prevalence of diabetes on the rise
there is a call to screen for diabetes and prediabetes with a view to prevent the disease and its complications . in this debate article , prediabetes ( whether impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance ) should be viewed as synonymous to diabetes in terms of dysglycemia , which predisposes to increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases .
imagine a hypothetical situation whereby you are a medical or allied health practitioner and faced with two cases involving yourself and/or members of your family [ table 1 ] .
the debate question is regarding  assessment of the risk of cardiovascular disease ( cvd ) in first and second person : which of the model formula is useful in assessing the risk of cvd in prediabetes ?  hypothetical two family members having diabetes and prediabetes in a previously published scenario , a hypothetical apparently non - diabetic and non - smoking person aged 49-years - old presents with total cholesterol / high density lipoprotein ( hdl ) ratio 6.5 mmol / l , fasting blood sugar 5.9 mmol / l and blood pressure 140/90 mmhg given that fasting blood sugar 5.9 mmol / l is dysglycemia / hyperglycemia / prediabetes , which is not provided for in the available models of screening cvd in diabetes mellitus ( dm ) ; the question is  how would the patient with dysglycemia be classified or accounted for during screening ?  in low - mid income countries , evidence - base pathology practice is limited , especially in the rural communities where diagnostic laboratory services are either inaccessible or unaffordable .
the new zealand guidelines group ( nzgg ) model requires lipid profile , which is unavailable in rural communities and most urban health services .
similarly , british united provident association ( bupa ) model requires  history of coronary artery disease  [ figure 1 ] , and this can be problematic because such information may be unavailable in rural communities and some urban health services .
the same reason applies to framingham model of  general cvd risk prediction using lipids  [ figure 2 ] .
thus , the third question is  which of the three models is best applicable to people in the rural communities of low - middle income society ?
 cvd risk assessment of a hypothetical 49-year - old male by framingham models cvd risk assessment of a hypothetical 49-year - old male by bupa method the objective of this debate is to propagate the need for a separate model chart for the screening of future cvd in people with prediabetes or undiagnosed diabetes .
another objective is to discuss the necessity for governmental agencies or primary health care departments from rural and low - middle income countries to have a fact sheet regarding cost effectiveness and feasibility to adopt a screening model , based on data generated from comparative study done in their areas .
this debate article is mindful of the fact that the prevalence of prediabetes is on the increase and predisposes to substantially increased risk of cvd in addition to developing diabetes .
the risk abounds due to ongoing hyperglycaemic toxicity vis -  - vis oxidative damage . screening to identify such individuals at risk has the potential to initiate appropriate early interventions as well as improve quality of life and reduce health care costs .
although , screening models for cvd exist , the models have diabetes and smoking status as dichotomous (  yes  or  no  ) variables .
the high blood glucose level in the prediabetes person is over - looked via a  no  answer .
furthermore , the non - smoking individual who may be suffering other forms of stress - induced cvd risk is also over - looked by a 
people with prediabetes are at increased risk of developing diabetes , cvd and other macrovascular disease .
management includes reducing cvd risk factors , specifically lipid and blood pressure abnormalities , and smoking - cessation as well as provision of counseling .
while the prescription of anti - hyperglycaemic agents may still be another topic of debate , the importance of early identification and intervention is important .
the preferred treatment is intensive lifestyle management and aggressive pharmacologic therapies directed toward individual coronary heart disease risk factors .
it is pertinent to emphasize that considering hyperglycemia in relation to cardiometabolic syndrome ( cms ) and the risk of cvd after adjusting for all conventional risk factors ; addition of cms to diabetes does not change the cvd risk , but such addition to prediabetes increases the risk of cvd by 250% .
interestingly , it has been reported from a population study that the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose ( ifg ) in cms is about 250% of diabetes in cms .
this means , for example , that categorical  yes or no  diabetes would be unhelpful in assessing the true cvd risk in an obese or overweight individual ; whereas cms plus hyperglycemia equate to higher risk .
thus , there is at least one group of persons , the cms individuals without diabetes , in whom prediction of incidence of cvd could be helped by considering the prediabetes status .
it is important to acknowledge that there have been great developments , courtesy of dagostino et al .
this debate article calls for effort to improve , not duplicate , what is already achieved .
the prediabetes and/or oxidative damage sufferer is being treated like a healthy person in the current screening models .
the problem being emphasized is that the significance of dysglycemia in contributing to , and predicting , future cvd is inadequately assessed .
therefore , the recommended combination of blood glucose level ( bgl ) , blood pressure ( bp ) , erythrocyte glutathione ( gsh ) and total count ( tc ) to provide a clinically acceptable standard for identifying cvd risk in individuals with prediabetes , is hereby revisited .
with a view to prevent or slow - down the developments of diabetes and its complications it is important to consider dysglycemia toxicity in the prediabetes . it is also imperative to consider adoptability of any suggested model of risk assessment in rural communities of low - mid income countries , especially considering the need for availability and affordability of composite screening tests .
background : the prevalence of prediabetes is increasing world - wide and this condition predisposes to substantially increased risk of cardiovascular disease in addition to developing diabetes mellitus ( dm ) . 
 this article debates screening for early identification and intervention of cardiovascular risk in prediabetes.discussion:screening methods exist for cardiovascular disease , but the models have diabetes and smoking status as dichotomous variables . a [ yes or no ] response in regards to diabetes then ignores dysglycemia in prediabetes individuals who may nevertheless have hyperglycemia - induced oxidative stress . 
 therefore , the sufferers are treated like healthy persons in such screening models . 
 the problem is worse especially in the low - mid income countries where diagnostic services are either inaccessible or unaffordable for comprehensive testing.conclusion:to improve early intervention of cardiovascular risk in subclinical diabetes , a model that employs a combination of blood glucose level and an index of oxidative damage is imperative to cater for prediabetes .