You will be presented with a collection of medical randomized controlled trial (RCT) reports addressing a shared clinical question -- for instance, the efficacy of a medical intervention on a disease or condition. Given the titles and abstracts of these reports, your task is to generate the conclusion of the systematic review article synthesizing the key findings. Your conclusion should be a few sentences long. In your response, include only the conclusion and no other text. The RCT reports are below.



Title 1:
Mindful Eating Reduces Impulsive Food Choice in Adolescents and Adults
Abstract 1:
Objective : The present study tested the extent to which age and obesity predicted impulsive choices for food and monetary outcomes and tested how a brief mindful-eating training would alter delay discounting for food and money choices compared with control groups . Method : First , 172 adolescents ( Mage = 13.13 years ) and 176 ( Mage = 23.33 years ) adults completed the Food Choice Question naire ( FCQ ) and Monetary Choice Question naire ( MCQ ) as measures of food and money delay discounting , respectively . Then , participants returned to the lab and were r and omly assigned to complete a brief mindful-eating training , watch a DVD on nutrition , or serve as a control . Participants completed the  FCQ  and  MCQ  again as a postmanipulation measure . Results : Participants with high percent body fat ( PBF ) were more impulsive for food than those with low PBF . Adults with high PBF were also more impulsive for money compared with adults with low PBF ; no PBF-related differences were found for adolescents . Participants in the mindful-eating group exhibited more self-controlled choices for food , but not for money . The control conditions did not exhibit changes . Conclusion : The study suggests that individuals with high PBF make more impulsive food choices relative to those with low PBF , which could increase the risk of obesity over time . It also is the first to demonstrate shifts in choice patterns for food and money using a brief mindful-eating training with adolescents . Mindful eating is a beneficial strategy to reduce impulsive food choice , at least temporarily , that may impede weight gain


Title 2:
Effects of mindful eating training on delay and probability discounting for food and money in obese and healthy-weight individuals.
Abstract 2:
Obese individuals tend to behave more impulsively than healthy weight individuals across a variety of measures , but it is unclear whether this pattern can be altered . The present study examined the effects of a mindful eating behavioral strategy on impulsive and risky choice patterns for hypothetical food and money . In Experiment 1 , 304 participants completed computerized delay and probability discounting tasks  for food-related and monetary outcomes . High percent body fat ( PBF ) predicted more impulsive choice for food , but not small-value money , replicating previous work . In Experiment 2 , 102 r and omly selected participants from Experiment 1 were assigned to participate in a 50-min workshop on mindful eating or to watch an educational video . They then completed the discounting tasks again . Participants who completed the mindful eating session showed more self-controlled and less risk-averse discounting patterns for food compared to baseline ; those in the control condition discounted similarly to baseline rates . There were no changes in discounting for money for either group , suggesting stimulus specificity for food for the mindful eating condition


Title 3:
Relationship between weight status and delay discounting in a sample of adolescent cigarette smokers
Abstract 3:
Obesity and cigarette smoking are often cited separately as the top two preventable causes of death in the United States ; however , little research has explored the factors associated with being both obese and a smoker . Delay discounting is a behavioral characteristic that may underlie both of these conditions/behaviors . Delay discounting describes the extent to which an individual discounts the value of an outcome because of a delay in its occurrence . Higher rates of discounting are often considered as an index of impulsivity and have been linked with obesity and cigarette smoking . No research to date has explored  delay discounting  in a sample of obese smokers . For this study , adolescent smokers classified as obese ( body mass index > 95th percentile ) and healthy weight ( body mass index between the 5th and 85th percentiles ) were compared on a laboratory assessment of delay discounting .  Obese smokers  discounted significantly more by delay than healthy weight smokers . This difference remained statistically significant even after controlling for demographic variables that differed across groups . These findings suggest that the relationships between  delay discounting and obesity and cigarette smoking may be additive , such that extreme discounting might proportionally increase the risk of becoming an obese smoker . However , future prospect i ve study is needed to fully determine the veracity of this hypothesis
Conclusions This review suggests that the mixed evidence to date is a result of method ological heterogeneity , and that future studies should utilise ‘ best practice ’ methods