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determination of a person 's identity is a difficult job in cases of traffic accidents , acts of terrorism , and mass disasters .
visual identification , finger printing , and dna comparison are the most common techniques employed in forensic identification for fast and reliable identification . however , dna testing is very costly and can not be conducted for everyone .
hence , analysis by dental arches , cheiloscopy , antemortem periapical radiographs , pulp and gingival morphology , missing teeth , restorative material , palatal rugae , etc . can be considered to be sources of comparative material because mouth allows for a myriad of possibilities .
identification of an individual is possible which can legitimize the identification process , even in highly difficult circumstances .
the palatal rugae pattern will not be modified even in cases of severe illness , chemical injury , or trauma .
palatal rugae also called  plicae palatinae transversae  and  rugae palatine  are asymmetrical and irregular elevations of the mucosa located in the anterior third of the palate , made from the lateral membrane of the incisive papilla and arranged in transverse direction from palatine raphe located in the mid sagittal plane .
it is a well - established fact that the rugae pattern is as unique to a human as his / her fingerprints and it retains its shape throughout life . even in twins ,
the anatomical position of the rugae inside the mouth surrounded by the cheeks , lips , tongue , buccal pad of fat , teeth , and bone keeps them well - protected from trauma and high temperatures .
palatal rugae pattern of an individual may be considered to be a useful tool for sex determination and identification , which is also supported by a study conducted in 2012 by manjunath et al .
the palatine rugae could be used as a reference landmark during forensic identification of an individual .
many victims of natural disasters such as fires and floods can be identified by dental means .
the advantage of palatal rugae is its internal position , which leads to stability and perenity .
it is a cost - effective , noninvasive , and easily available mode for human identification .
the aim of the present study is to analyze the morphology of palatal rugae patterns in central indian population by studying the cast .
the present clinical study was planned and designed in the department of oral medicine and radiology , hitkarini dental college and hospital , jabalpur , madhya pradesh , india .
ethical clearance was obtained by the college ethical committee . all individuals who participated in the study
were recruited from patients attending the outpatient department of hitkarini dental college and hospital from 2013 to 2015 .
a detailed case history was recorded in a specially designed proforma [ annexure 1 ] for the study .
thorough clinical examination was performed , patients were informed about the study , and a written consent was obtained .
click here for additional data file . on the basis of result obtained from pilot study using n - master software
2,0 version the sample size came out to be 497 which was then rounded off to 500 ( 95% confidence interval and 5% allowable error and 80% power of the study ) .
five hundred healthy adult participants were then equally divided into 250 males and 250 females according to the below inclusion and exclusion criteria .
patients in the age group 1725 years were considered for the study , and 250 healthy males and 250 healthy females were included in each group .
participants with palatal abnormalities such as cleft palate , soft tissue protuberances , trauma of palate , and patients with braces , were excluded from the study .
the rugae seen as elevated impression were marked on these casts using a black permanent marker pen [ figure 1 ] under adequate light , which enhanced the clarity of the pattern on the cast . a divider with an adjustable screw and measuring scale
the palatal rugae were then analyzed on these casts on the basis of primary rugae , number of rugae , direction , unification and pattern , using the classification by thomas and kotze [ figures 2 and 3 ] .
marking of palatal rugae shape of pattern  a : curved pattern , b : straight pattern , c : wavy pattern shape of pattern  circular rugae pattern the collected data were sorted , tabulated , and subjected to statistical analysis .
the data obtained was transferred to microsoft excel then to the statistical package of social sciences ( spss ) version 19 for analysis . the mann 
whitney u test was used to assess the significant difference of the total number of each type of palatal rugae between males and females .
descriptive statistical analysis was applied using spss to obtain the means and standard deviation from the data of each category .
all individuals who participated in the study were recruited from patients attending the outpatient department of hitkarini dental college and hospital from 2013 to 2015 .
a detailed case history was recorded in a specially designed proforma [ annexure 1 ] for the study .
thorough clinical examination was performed , patients were informed about the study , and a written consent was obtained .
click here for additional data file . on the basis of result obtained from pilot study using n - master software
2,0 version the sample size came out to be 497 which was then rounded off to 500 ( 95% confidence interval and 5% allowable error and 80% power of the study ) .
five hundred healthy adult participants were then equally divided into 250 males and 250 females according to the below inclusion and exclusion criteria .
patients in the age group 1725 years were considered for the study , and 250 healthy males and 250 healthy females were included in each group .
participants with palatal abnormalities such as cleft palate , soft tissue protuberances , trauma of palate , and patients with braces , were excluded from the study .
the rugae seen as elevated impression were marked on these casts using a black permanent marker pen [ figure 1 ] under adequate light , which enhanced the clarity of the pattern on the cast . a divider with an adjustable screw and measuring scale
the palatal rugae were then analyzed on these casts on the basis of primary rugae , number of rugae , direction , unification and pattern , using the classification by thomas and kotze [ figures 2 and 3 ] .
marking of palatal rugae shape of pattern  a : curved pattern , b : straight pattern , c : wavy pattern shape of pattern  circular rugae pattern
the data obtained was transferred to microsoft excel then to the statistical package of social sciences ( spss ) version 19 for analysis . the mann 
whitney u test was used to assess the significant difference of the total number of each type of palatal rugae between males and females .
descriptive statistical analysis was applied using spss to obtain the means and standard deviation from the data of each category .
table 1 and graph 1 show statistically significant difference [ p = 0.000 ( < 0.001 ) ] with total number of rugae .
males exhibited higher number of rugae with a mean and standard deviation of 10.52  2.64 among study population .
females had a less number of rugae with a mean and standard deviation of 9.60  2.08 .
table 2 and graph 2 show statistically significant difference [ p = 0.000 ( < 0.001 ) ] between shapes of rugae pattern .
males showed more wavy rugae pattern with 129 ( 51.6% ) followed by straight rugae pattern 80 ( 32.0% ) , curved rugae pattern 35 ( 14.0% ) , and circular rugae pattern 06 ( 2.4% ) .
females presented more straight rugae pattern with 138 ( 55.2% ) followed by wavy rugae pattern 85 ( 34.0% ) , curved rugae pattern 20 ( 8.0% ) , and circular rugae pattern 07 ( 2.8% ) .
overall , it was observed that straight rugae pattern was more in number 218 ( 43.6% ) .
graph 4 shows significant difference [ p = 0.000 ( < 0.001 ) ] between direction of rugae between the genders among study population .
number of rugae among study population number of rugae among study population comparison of shape of rugae among study population comparison of shape of rugae among study population comparison of unification of rugae among study population comparison of direction of rugae among gender
palatoscopy or palatal rugoscopy is the study of palatal rugae in order to establish a person 's identity .
transverse palatine folds or palatal rugae are asymmetrical and irregular elevations of the mucosa located in the anterior third of the palate , made from the lateral membrane of the incisive papilla and arranged in transverse direction from palatine raphe located in the mid - sagittal plane .
palatoscopy is very useful in identification of decomposed or burnt bodies when fingerprint data are missing .
palatoscopy is a valuable technique in aeronautical accidents , pilots antemortem data is used for identification purpose .
it is the most valuable technique in a areonautical accidents in order to ensure identification of pilots making use of ante - mortem data . in our study , males had more number of rugae when compared to females 10.52  2.64 with p < 0.001 which was statistically significant .
this result was in agreement with a study conducted by indira et al . where number of rugae were slightly higher in males .
. also found in his study that the number of rugae were higher in males .
also found higher number of rugae in males ; whereas verma et al . and manjunath et al .
found that there was more rugae in females . in our study , males were having more wavy rugae with 129 ( 51.6% ) .
, saraf et al . , kamala et al . , nagalaxmi et al . , and bing et al . also found wavy pattern to be higher in males .
in contrast , babu et al . found wavy pattern to be common in both the genders where males were having 4.82  1.91 and females were having 4.74  1.91 .
our study observed that males with 40 ( 16.0% ) diverging type of rugae , 139 ( 55.6% ) converging type of rugae and females with 49 ( 19.6% ) diverging type of rugae , 144 ( 57.6% ) converging type of rugae .
therefore , there was no significant difference in unification between males and females because p value was > 0.05 .
manjunath et al . , narang et al . , sharma et al . , azab et al . , and rajan et al .
studies conducted by chandra et al . , fahmi et al . , and saraf et al .
our study conducted in a central indian population observed that males were having more backwardly directed rugae with 64 ( 25.6% ) .
females were having more forward - directed rugae with 156 ( 62.4% ) ( p < 0.001 ) .
reddy et al . found forward - directed rugae more commonly in north and south indian population .
saxena et al . did not find any significant difference with direction of rugae between males and females .
dental identification has always played a role in natural and manmade disaster situations and in mass casualties normally associated with aviation disaster .
because of the lack of comprehensive fingerprint database , dental identification continues to be crucial .
the central dogma of dental identification is that postmortem dental remains can be compared with antemortem dental records , including written notes , study casts , and radiographs to confirm identity .
the palate not only represents a suitable repository for such unique and identifying features they also survive most postmortem events that can disrupt or change other body tissues .
thus , further studies are needed to investigate the possibility that there is a distinct ethnic difference in the palatal rugae morphology in human identification .
aim : the aim of this study was to analyze the morphological study of palatal rugae pattern in a central indian population and to determine sex differentiation.objectives:to investigate the distinctive rugae patterns of the study population and determine the contribution of rugae patterns in gender identification.material and methods : the present cross - sectional study was conducted among a central indian population with a sample size of 500 participants . 
 the study involved 250 males and 250 females who were randomly selected from the outpatient department of oral medicine diagnosis and radiology , hitkarini dental college and hospital , jabalpur , madhya pradesh . 
 after collection of impression , casts were made and analyzed to evaluate the palatal rugae pattern in a central indian population by using thomas and kotze classification ( 1983 ) for number , shape , direction , and unification of palatal rugae pattern . 
 the statistical analysis was carried out using mann  
 whitney test and chi - square ( 2 ) tests for categorical variables.result:males showed more number of rugae than females [ p = 0.00 ( 0.001 ) ] . 
 males had more number of wavy rugae pattern whereas females showed more number of straight rugae patterns [ p = 0.00 ( 0.001 ) ] . 
 males showed more backwardly directed rugae whereas females showed more forwardly directed rugae [ p = 0.00 ( 0.001 ) ] . 
 the unification did not show any significant difference.conclusion:this study showed that there was a significant relationship between palatoscopy , human identification , and sex determination . 
 thus , palatoscopy can be considered as a cost effective , easy , unique , and stable method for human identification .