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Paper text:
macular edema is the most serious complication of central retinal vein occlusion ( crvo ) with respect to the visual prognosis .
we have previously reported that various inflammatory factors may have a role in the pathogenesis of macular edema associated with crvo , suggesting that inflammation may contribute to the onset and/or exacerbation of macular edema in these patients.1,2 the standard care versus corticosteroid for retinal vein occlusion study3 demonstrated that intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide ( ivta ) maintains improvement in visual acuity and macular edema for 12 months in patients with crvo . however , that study only measured visual acuity ( which purely reflects foveal function ) to evaluate the visual prognosis , even though macular edema usually involves the larger macular area .
the micro perimeter 1 ( mp-1 ) is an instrument that can evaluate both the fovea and the larger macular area by combining digital fundus imaging with automated perimetry.4 we recently demonstrated that retinal thickness and retinal volume are correlated with both retinal sensitivity and best - corrected visual acuity ( bcva ) in patients with crvo and macular edema.5 here , we report on the changes in macular sensitivity and macular thickness after ivta was done to treat macular edema in two patients with crvo .
the treatment described herein was reviewed by our institutional ethics committee and adhered to the tenets of the declaration of helsinki . written informed consent
was obtained from both patients , who had crvo and macular edema , and underwent ivta for one eye each .
for intravitreal therapy , 4.0 mg of triamcinolone acetonide was administered in a volume of 0.1 ml via the pars plana at 34 mm posterior to the limbus .
the injection was performed with a sterile technique , and prophylactic topical antibiotics were applied for one week afterwards .
macular sensitivity was investigated by microperimetry ( mp-1 microperimeter ; nidek , gamagori , japan ) , and macular thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography ( zeiss stratus oct3 , carl zeiss meditec , dublin , ca ) before and at 3 and 6 months after ivta . as previously reported,5 a retinal thickness map and a retinal volume map were obtained by scanning 6  6 mm ( 20  20 degrees ) areas of the macular region , which was divided into nine subfields , ie , the fovea , superior inner macula , nasal inner macula , inferior inner macula , temporal inner macula , superior outer macula , nasal outer macula , inferior outer macula , and temporal outer macula . the mean macular thickness at the one subfield ( fovea ) covering the central 1  1 mm ( 4  4 degrees ) , at five subfields ( fovea , superior inner , nasal inner , inferior inner , and temporal inner ) covering the central 3  3 mm ( 10  10 degrees ) , and at all nine subfields covering the entire central 6  6 mm ( 20  20 degrees ) were thus determined .
as previously reported,5 mean retinal sensitivity was calculated from the sensitivity of each of the nine subfields on the retinal map generated by optical coherence tomography .
in addition , mean macular sensitivity was measured at five locations covering the central 4 degree field , 29 locations covering the central 10 degree field ( five subfields , ie , fovea , superior inner , nasal inner , inferior inner , and temporal inner ) , and 57 locations covering the entire central 20 degree field ( all nine subfields ) .
a 72-year - old man presented to our hospital complaining of loss of vision in his right eye from one month earlier .
bcva was 20/100 for his right eye and 20/20 for his left eye , and intraocular pressure was 11 mmhg in both eyes .
anterior segment examination did not demonstrate any neovascularization or other changes . in the left eye ,
however , the fundus of the right eye showed flame - shaped intraretinal hemorrhages in all four quadrants .
findings on fluorescein angiography ( figure 1 ) and electroretinography ( a slight decrease of the b wave amplitude ) were compatible with nonischemic crvo .
the mean macular thickness within the 10 degree and 20 degree fields showed a decrease at 3 and 6 months after ivta ( figure 2 ) .
although the mean macular sensitivity within the central 4 , 10 , and 20 degree fields was increased at 3 months after ivta , it showed a decrease at 6 months compared with 3 months ( figures 4 and 5 ) .
there was also no progression of cataract after ivta , and infectious endophthalmitis did not occur .
a 70-year - old woman presented to our hospital with loss of vision in her right eye for 2 months .
an afferent pupillary defect was found in her right eye , the intraocular pressure was 10 mmhg , and there was no anterior segment neovascularization .
examination of the right fundus revealed flame - shaped intraretinal hemorrhages in all four quadrants , while the fluorescein angiography ( figure 1 ) and electroretinographic findings ( a marked decrease of the b wave amplitude ) were compatible with a diagnosis of ischemic crvo .
the mean macular thickness within the central 4 , 10 , and 20 degree fields was reduced at 3 months after ivta , but was increased again at 6 months compared with 3 months ( figure 2 ) .
visual acuity did not improve after either 3 or 6 months ( figure 3 ) .
moreover , mean macular sensitivity within the central 4 , 10 , and 20 degree fields showed little change after 3 or 6 months ( figures 4 and 5 ) .
intraocular pressure remained normal in both eyes and neovascular glaucoma was not detected after ivta .
we found decreased visual acuity , and treatment was started one month later , ie , in the second month .
this patient was also observed for one month without improvement , and ivta was performed in the fourth month . in case 1 ,
considering this course , changes in mp-1 may be a prelude to functional or structural deterioration .
such changes may be attributable to fluctuation . in the first patient , who had nonischemic crvo
, mean macular thickness within the central 4 , 10 , and 20 degree fields showed a decrease at 3 and 6 months after ivta .
triamcinolone acetonide may improve macular edema by decreasing retinal capillary permeability via an influence on tight junctions6 or it could inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor ( vegf ) signaling cascade that increases microvascular permeability.7,8 corticosteroids may also inhibit the production of inflammatory factors9,10 promoting leukocyte adhesion and breakdown of the blood - retinal barrier , thus preventing an increase in vascular permeability.11 therefore , macular thickness may have been reduced by ivta , resulting in improvement of macular sensitivity
. however , the mean macular sensitivity within the central 4 , 10 , and 20 degree fields was lower at 6 months than at 3 months after ivta , although macular thickness maintained its improvement at 6 months . this may have been due to differences in the temporal profile for improvement of macular thickness and macular sensitivity . in the second patient ,
the dynamic range of most microperimeters is rather narrow compared with that of standard automatic perimetry .
therefore , it is considered that the true sensitivity in the second case was 0 due to absolute scotoma .
in addition , macular ischemia may decrease macular function , as well as macular edema .
a different outcome was seen in our patient with ischemic crvo , with both macular thickness and macular sensitivity showing little change at 3 or 6 months after ivta .
we have previously demonstrated that vitreous fluid levels of inflammatory factors are significantly higher in patients with ischemic crvo than in patients with nonischemic crvo.1,2 therefore , it is possible that the inflammatory factor levels are too high in patients with ischemic crvo for one ivta procedure to have much effect , resulting in minimal change in mean macular thickness and macular sensitivity after 3 and 6 months .
however , mean macular sensitivity within the 20 degree field was improved after 3 and 6 months compared with that for the central 4 degree field .
this suggests that retinal function may recover more rapidly in the macular region outside the fovea in patients with ischemic crvo .
recently , senturk et al12 reported that short - term improvement in retinal sensitivity can be achieved by ivta in patients with nonischemic crvo and macular edema .
although their study did not include any patients with ischemic crvo , this finding is in agreement with the outcome for the patient described in our first case report .
it has also been reported that macular function improves after intravitreal injection of an anti - vegf agent in patients with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion.13,14 accordingly , a larger prospective investigation is required to confirm the changes in macular function after ivta or anti - vegf therapy in patients suffering from crvo with or without ischemia . in conclusion , ivta achieves improvement in macular sensitivity and morphology in nonischemic crvo , suggesting that further evaluation of this treatment is justified .
it has been reported that microperimetry is effective for evaluating macular function . 
 the aim of this paper is to report and discuss changes seen in macular sensitivity and macular thickness after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide ( ivta ) in two patients with macular edema and central retinal vein occlusion ( crvo ) . 
 two eyes from two patients with crvo ( one each with ischemic and nonischemic crvo ) received ivta for macular edema . 
 microperimetry was performed to measure macular sensitivity within the central 4 , 10 , and 20 degree fields , while the macular thickness within these fields was measured by optical coherence tomography . 
 the mean macular thickness and macular sensitivity within the central 4 , 10 , and 20 degree fields improved after ivta in the patient with nonischemic crvo . 
 in contrast , the mean macular thickness and sensitivity within the central 4 , 10 , and 20 degree fields showed little change after ivta in the patient with ischemic crvo . 
 ivta improves macular sensitivity and morphology in nonischemic crvo , so further evaluation of this treatment is justified .