You are provided with the abstract of a scientific paper and the abstracts of the papers it references. Your task is to write a Related Work section for the main paper. This section should concisely summarize and integrate the key points from the cited abstracts, reflecting how they relate to the main paper's contributions and context. In your summary, use numerical citation markers like [1], [2], etc., to refer to the corresponding papers.

Main Abstract:
Programmable, intelligent surfaces can manipulate electromagnetic waves impinging upon them, producing arbitrarily shaped reflection, refraction and diffraction, to the benefit of wireless users. Moreover, in their recent form of HyperSurfaces, they have acquired inter-networking capabilities, enabling the Internet of Material Properties with immense potential in wireless communications. However, as with any system with inputs and outputs, accurate sensing of the impinging wave attributes is imperative for programming HyperSurfaces to obtain a required response. Related solutions include field nano-sensors embedded within HyperSurfaces to perform minute measurements over the area of the HyperSurface, as well as external sensing systems. The present work proposes a sensing system that can operate without such additional hardware. The novel scheme programs the HyperSurface to perform compressed sensing of the impinging wave via simple one-antenna power measurements. The HyperSurface can jointly be programmed for both wave sensing and wave manipulation duties at the same time. Evaluation via simulations validates the concept and highlight its promising potential.

Cited Abstract(s):
[1]: Programmable wireless environments use unique customizable software processes rather than traditional rigid channel models.

[2]: 

[3]: A recently proposed class of materials, called software-defined metamaterials, can change their electromagnetic behavior on demand, utilizing a nanonetwork embedded in their structure. The present work focuses on 2D metamaterials, known as metasurfaces, and their electromagnetically programmable counterparts, the HyperSurfaces. The particular focus of the study is to propose a nanonetworking protocol that can support the intended macroscopic functionality of a Hyper-Surface, such as sensing and reacting to impinging waves in a customizable manner. The novel protocol is derived analytically, using the Lyapunov drift minimization approach, taking into account nano-node energy, communication latency and complexity concerns. The proposed scheme is evaluated via simulations, covering both the macroscopic HyperSurface functionality and the microscopic, nanonetwork behavior.
In the present work, we extend the related studies by combining wave manipulation and wavefront sensing at the same time, using the capabilities of HSFs. Thus, the same HSF can sense the direction and attributes of an EM emission from one user device (smartphone, laptop, IoT device), and adaptively steer it toward an access point at the same time [1] [2] . This task is accomplished without adding field sensing hardware to the setup [3] .